Datasets:
BrightData
/
Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
url
stringlengths
31
184
title
stringlengths
1
146
⌀
table_of_contents
stringlengths
2
24.4k
raw_text
stringlengths
16
424k
⌀
cataloged_text
stringlengths
2
1.2M
images
stringlengths
2
86.9k
see_also
stringlengths
2
149k
⌀
references
stringlengths
2
542k
external_links
stringlengths
2
292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_International_Bank_of_Israel
First International Bank of Israel
["1 History","2 Subsidiaries","3 Criticism","3.1 Involvement in Israeli settlements","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Israeli bank founded in 1970 First International Bank of Israel, Ltd.First International Bank Tower in Tel AvivCompany typePublicIndustryBankingFounded4 August 1970HeadquartersTel Aviv, IsraelKey peopleEli Cohen, CEONet income ₪577 million (2012)Total equity₪5787.0 million (2010)Number of employees5,173ParentFIBI Holdings Ltd.Websitewww.fibi.co.ilFootnotes / references The First International Bank of Israel (Hebrew: הבנק הבינלאומי, romanized: HaBank HaBeinleumi) is an Israel-based bank. Its commercial base consists primarily of large corporate clients as well as end-market consumers. The company is traded in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under the symbol "FIBI", and is part of the Tel Aviv 35 Index. History First International Bank of Israel was founded in the early 1970s when then Israeli Finance Minister Pinchas Sapir approved the merger of several smaller banks into the former. Edmond Safra (through his distant cousin Jacques Nasser) acquired control of FIBI in the 1980s. After Safra's death, the Safra Group sold off its business interests in Israel. As of 2010, FIBI's largest current shareholder is the FIBI Holding Company Ltd, whose largest shareholder is the Bino-Liberman Group; in addition, the Israel Discount Bank holds a significant block of shares. The bank opened branches in London in 1981, and in Zürich in 1984. In 2006 it acquired a 68% interest in Bank Otsar Ha-Hayal for NIS 702 million. It is notable for being the only major bank in Israel which was not involved in the bank stock crisis in Israel in the early-1980s and as such was the only prominent bank in the country not nationalized as result of the crisis. For a long time, FIBI was unique among Israeli banks in offering complete paperwork in English. In 2015, Tungsten Corporation plc acquired FIBI's UK division for £30 million. Subsidiaries Bank Massad (51%) – jointly owned with Israel's teachers' trade union Bank Otsar Ha-Hayal U-Bank Israel – specializes in private banking Poaley Agudat Israel Bank (PAGI) – serving mainly the Jewish Orthodox community Criticism Involvement in Israeli settlements See also: List of companies operating in West Bank settlements On 12 February 2020, the United Nations published a database of 112 companies helping to further Israeli settlement activity in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as well as in the occupied Golan Heights. These settlements are considered illegal under international law. First International Bank of Israel was listed on the database on account of its "provision of services and utilities supporting the maintenance and existence of settlements" and "banking and financial operations helping to develop, expand or maintain settlements and their activities" in these occupied territories. On 5 July 2021, Norway's largest pension fund Kommunal Landspensjonskasse said it would divest from First International Bank of Israel together with 15 other business entities implicated in the UN report for their links to Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank. See also Banks portal Economy of Israel References ^ Katsovitch, Guy (20 March 2013). "First International Bank profit jumps 20% in 2012". Globes. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013. ^ a b c First International Bank of Israel (FIBI) - Profile - Dun's 100 Archived 2013-10-21 at the Wayback Machine Dun & Bradstreet ^ "דף הבית - הבורסה לניירות ערך בתל אביב | אתר הבורסה". market.tase.co.il. Retrieved 2024-05-05. ^ First International Bank of Israel, Ltd. - Company Profile BusinessWeek ^ Irit Avissar; Ron Stein (10 July 2014). "Tungsten Corp. Acquires First International Bank Of Israel UK For £30 Million". Jewishbusiness.com. Retrieved 24 June 2020. ^ "UN rights office issues report on business activities related to settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021. ^ "UN Security Council Resolution 2334, 2016 (S/RES/2334(2016))". United Nations Security Council. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2021. ^ "Database of all business enterprises involved in certain activities relating to Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank (A/HRC/43/71)". UN OCHA. 12 Feb 2020. Retrieved 2021-09-12. ^ Fouche, Gwladys; Jessop, Simon (5 July 2021). "Nordic fund KLP excludes 16 companies over links to Israeli settlements in West Bank". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-09-13. External links Official website vteBanks in IsraelCentral bank Bank of Israel Major banks Bank Hapoalim Bank Leumi (Arab Israel Bank) Israel Discount Bank (Mercantile Discount Bank) Other banks Bank of Jerusalem Bank Mizrahi-Tefahot First International Bank of Israel (Bank Massad Bank Otsar Ha-Hayal) Union Bank of Israel See also: Banking in Israel vte TA 125 companies of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange Africa Israel Investments Alvarion Alrov Group Babylon Bank Hapoalim Bank Leumi Bank Mizrahi-Tefahot Brack Capital Properties BAZAN Group Bezeq - The Israel Telecommunication Corp Israel Canada LTD. Cellcom Ceragon Networks Delek Group Delta Galil Industries Gilat Satellite Networks Discount Investment Corporation El Al Elco Electra Consumer Products Evogene Elbit Systems EZchip Semiconductor Elron Electronic Industries First International Bank of Israel Frutarom Fox Group Gazit-Globe Given Imaging Harel Insurance and Financial Services Shikun & Binui Israel Chemicals Israel Corporation Israel Discount Bank Isramco Ituran Kenon Holdings Kamada LivePerson Magic Software Enterprises Mazor Robotics Mellanox Technologies Migdal Insurance and Financial Holdings Mivtach Shamir NICE Ltd. Oramed Ormat Technologies Osem Rami Levy Hashikma Marketing Partner Communications Company Paz Oil Company Perion Network Perrigo Company Plasson Strauss Group Shufersal SodaStream Union Bank of Israel Teva Pharmaceuticals Tower Semiconductor Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dun-2"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TA-35_Index"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The First International Bank of Israel (Hebrew: הבנק הבינלאומי, romanized: HaBank HaBeinleumi) is an Israel-based bank. Its commercial base consists primarily of large corporate clients as well as end-market consumers.[2]The company is traded in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange under the symbol \"FIBI\", and is part of the Tel Aviv 35 Index.[3]","title":"First International Bank of Israel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pinchas Sapir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchas_Sapir"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edmond Safra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Safra"},{"link_name":"Safra Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safra_Group"},{"link_name":"Israel Discount Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Discount_Bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dun-2"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Bank Otsar Ha-Hayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Otsar_Ha-Hayal"},{"link_name":"bank stock crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_stock_crisis_(Israel_1983)"},{"link_name":"nationalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dun-2"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"First International Bank of Israel was founded in the early 1970s when then Israeli Finance Minister Pinchas Sapir approved the merger of several smaller banks into the former.[4]Edmond Safra (through his distant cousin Jacques Nasser) acquired control of FIBI in the 1980s. After Safra's death, the Safra Group sold off its business interests in Israel. As of 2010, FIBI's largest current shareholder is the FIBI Holding Company Ltd, whose largest shareholder is the Bino-Liberman Group; in addition, the Israel Discount Bank holds a significant block of shares.[2]The bank opened branches in London in 1981, and in Zürich in 1984. In 2006 it acquired a 68% interest in Bank Otsar Ha-Hayal for NIS 702 million. It is notable for being the only major bank in Israel which was not involved in the bank stock crisis in Israel in the early-1980s and as such was the only prominent bank in the country not nationalized as result of the crisis.[2]For a long time, FIBI was unique among Israeli banks in offering complete paperwork in English.In 2015, Tungsten Corporation plc acquired FIBI's UK division for £30 million.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bank Massad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Massad"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"Bank Otsar Ha-Hayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Otsar_Ha-Hayal"},{"link_name":"U-Bank Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U-Bank_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"private banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_banking"},{"link_name":"Jewish Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"}],"text":"Bank Massad (51%) – jointly owned with Israel's teachers' trade union\nBank Otsar Ha-Hayal\nU-Bank Israel – specializes in private banking\nPoaley Agudat Israel Bank (PAGI) – serving mainly the Jewish Orthodox community","title":"Subsidiaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of companies operating in West Bank settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_operating_in_West_Bank_settlements"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_operating_in_West_Bank_settlements"},{"link_name":"Israeli settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unlist_ohchr-6"},{"link_name":"illegal under international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unsc2334-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Kommunal Landspensjonskasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunal_Landspensjonskasse"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Involvement in Israeli settlements","text":"See also: List of companies operating in West Bank settlementsOn 12 February 2020, the United Nations published a database of 112 companies helping to further Israeli settlement activity in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as well as in the occupied Golan Heights.[6] These settlements are considered illegal under international law.[7] First International Bank of Israel was listed on the database on account of its \"provision of services and utilities supporting the maintenance and existence of settlements\" and \"banking and financial operations helping to develop, expand or maintain settlements and their activities\" in these occupied territories.[8]On 5 July 2021, Norway's largest pension fund Kommunal Landspensjonskasse said it would divest from First International Bank of Israel together with 15 other business entities implicated in the UN report for their links to Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank.[9]","title":"Criticism"}]
[]
[{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"Economy of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Israel"}]
[{"reference":"Katsovitch, Guy (20 March 2013). \"First International Bank profit jumps 20% in 2012\". Globes. Archived from the original on April 12, 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130412223329/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000831368&fid=1725","url_text":"\"First International Bank profit jumps 20% in 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globes_(newspaper)","url_text":"Globes"},{"url":"http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000831368&fid=1725","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"דף הבית - הבורסה לניירות ערך בתל אביב | אתר הבורסה\". market.tase.co.il. Retrieved 2024-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://market.tase.co.il/he/market_data/security/763011/major_data","url_text":"\"דף הבית - הבורסה לניירות ערך בתל אביב | אתר הבורסה\""}]},{"reference":"Irit Avissar; Ron Stein (10 July 2014). \"Tungsten Corp. Acquires First International Bank Of Israel UK For £30 Million\". Jewishbusiness.com. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishbusinessnews.com/2014/06/10/tungsten-corp-acquires-first-international-bank-of-israel-uk-for-30-million/","url_text":"\"Tungsten Corp. Acquires First International Bank Of Israel UK For £30 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"UN rights office issues report on business activities related to settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory\". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25542","url_text":"\"UN rights office issues report on business activities related to settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights","url_text":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights"}]},{"reference":"\"UN Security Council Resolution 2334, 2016 (S/RES/2334(2016))\". United Nations Security Council. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://undocs.org/S/RES/2334(2016)","url_text":"\"UN Security Council Resolution 2334, 2016 (S/RES/2334(2016))\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council","url_text":"United Nations Security Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Database of all business enterprises involved in certain activities relating to Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank (A/HRC/43/71)\". UN OCHA. 12 Feb 2020. Retrieved 2021-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/database-all-business-enterprises-involved-certain-activities","url_text":"\"Database of all business enterprises involved in certain activities relating to Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank (A/HRC/43/71)\""}]},{"reference":"Fouche, Gwladys; Jessop, Simon (5 July 2021). \"Nordic fund KLP excludes 16 companies over links to Israeli settlements in West Bank\". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nordic-fund-klp-excludes-16-companies-over-links-israeli-settlements-west-bank-2021-07-05/","url_text":"\"Nordic fund KLP excludes 16 companies over links to Israeli settlements in West Bank\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.fibi.co.il/","external_links_name":"www.fibi.co.il"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130412223329/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000831368&fid=1725","external_links_name":"\"First International Bank profit jumps 20% in 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000831368&fid=1725","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://duns100.dundb.co.il/ts.cgi?tsscript=comp_eng&duns=600009823","external_links_name":"First International Bank of Israel (FIBI) - Profile - Dun's 100"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021035401/http://duns100.dundb.co.il/ts.cgi?tsscript=comp_eng&duns=600009823","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://market.tase.co.il/he/market_data/security/763011/major_data","external_links_name":"\"דף הבית - הבורסה לניירות ערך בתל אביב | אתר הבורסה\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120709222124/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=FTIN:IT","external_links_name":"First International Bank of Israel, Ltd. - Company Profile"},{"Link":"https://jewishbusinessnews.com/2014/06/10/tungsten-corp-acquires-first-international-bank-of-israel-uk-for-30-million/","external_links_name":"\"Tungsten Corp. Acquires First International Bank Of Israel UK For £30 Million\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25542","external_links_name":"\"UN rights office issues report on business activities related to settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory\""},{"Link":"https://undocs.org/S/RES/2334(2016)","external_links_name":"\"UN Security Council Resolution 2334, 2016 (S/RES/2334(2016))\""},{"Link":"https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/database-all-business-enterprises-involved-certain-activities","external_links_name":"\"Database of all business enterprises involved in certain activities relating to Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank (A/HRC/43/71)\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nordic-fund-klp-excludes-16-companies-over-links-israeli-settlements-west-bank-2021-07-05/","external_links_name":"\"Nordic fund KLP excludes 16 companies over links to Israeli settlements in West Bank\""},{"Link":"http://www.fibi.co.il/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/124869969","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299933005171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_K%C3%B6ppen
Gerhard Köppen
["1 Military career","1.1 Eastern Front","1.2 Oak Leaves and death","2 Summary of career","2.1 Aerial victory claims","2.2 Awards","3 Notes","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography","4.3 Further reading"]
German World War II flying ace (1918–1942) Gerhard KöppenKöppen as a LeutnantBorn17 May 1918HolzendorfDied5 May 1942(1942-05-05) (aged 23)over the Sea of Azov, RussiaAllegiance Nazi GermanyService/branch LuftwaffeYears of service1936–1942RankLeutnant (second lieutenant)UnitJG 52Battles/warsWorld War II Operation Barbarossa Battle of the Kerch Peninsula  † AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Gerhard Köppen (17 May 1918 – 5 May 1942) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 85 aerial victories claimed in 380 combat missions. Born in Holzendorf, Köppen joined military service in 1936 and initially served with a bomber before he was trained as a fighter pilot. He was then posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in 1941. Köppen claimed his first aerial victories on 24 June 1941 during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Following his 45th aerial victory, he was nominated for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross which he received on 18 December 1942. On 27 February 1942, Köppen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves after 72 aerial victories and promoted to an officers rank. On 5 May 1942, he was posted missing in action after he made a forced landing in the Sea of Azov. Military career Köppen was born on 17 May 1918, in Holzendorf, present-day part of Kuhlen-Wendorf, at the time in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin within the German Empire. He joined the military service in 1936. His initial posting was with Kampfgeschwader 1 "Hindenburg" (KG 1–1st Bomber Wing) before he was selected for fighter pilot conversion training in 1939. Following flight training, he was posted to the 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), a squadron of III. Gruppe, on 6 October 1940. At the time, 8. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Günther Rall and the Gruppe was headed by Major Gotthard Handrick. Until 12 October, the Gruppe was based at Schönwalde-Glien near Berlin where the pilots continued their training. The rise of General Ion Antonescu in Romania in 1940 led to a reorganization of his country's armed forces. In this, he was supported by a military mission from Germany, the Luftwaffenmission Rumänien (Luftwaffe Mission Romania) under the command of Generalleutnant (equivalent to major general) Wilhelm Speidel . III. Gruppe of JG 52 was transferred to Bucharest in mid-October and temporarily renamed I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 28 (JG 28—28th Fighter Wing) until 4 January 1941. Its primary task was to train Romanian Air Force personnel. Eastern Front Following its brief deployment in the Balkan Campaign, III. Gruppe was ordered to Bucharest by mid-June. There, the unit was again subordinated to the Luftwaffenmission Rumänien and reequipped with the new, more powerful Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 model. On 21 June 1941, the Gruppe was ordered to Mizil in preparation of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Its primary objective was to provide fighter protection for the oil fields and refineries at Ploiești. The invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June. The next day, the Gruppe moved to Mamaia, the northern district of Constanța on the Black Sea coast. There, Köppen claimed his first two aerial victories on 24 June. He was credited with shooting down two Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bombers in the morning near Constanța. Two days later, he again claimed two DB-3 bombers in that combat area. III./JG 52 emblem The Gruppe moved to Belaya Tserkov on 1 August during the Battle of Kiev and also used an airfield at Yampil from 6 to 8 August. There, Köppen claimed a Polikarpov I-16 fighter on 2 August and another I-16 fighter on 4 August near Kiev. On 6 August, he claimed an aerial victory over Polikarpov I-16 fighter. Three days later, two Tupolev SB-2 bombers were claimed by him followed by two further SB-2 bombers on 17 August. He claimed his twelfth aerial victory on 19 August over a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter. This put him in second place within III. Gruppe with respect to number of aerial victories claimed, one behind his Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) Oberleutnant Günther Rall. On 27 August, III. Gruppe had reached an airfield named Stschastliwaja located approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) east-southeast of Oleksandriia. In the early morning of 2 September, elements of III. Gruppe moved to Myronivka where they escorted Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers heading for Novomoskovsk. Near Kremenchuk on the Dnieper, Köppen claimed two Vultee V-11 attack aircraft shot down. On 12 September, 8. and 9. Staffel moved to an airfield at Beryslav, staying there for three days. Here, Köppen claimed two Polikarpov I-153 fighters shot down, one on 13 September and another the next day. By 23 September, Köppen had increased his number of aerial victories to 17. The next day, III. Gruppe moved to the Poltava Air Base, supporting the 17th Army in the First Battle of Kharkov. Köppen's total number of aerial victories stood at 31 on 23 October, making him the leading fighter pilot of III. Gruppe at the time. On 2 November, the Gruppe moved to Taganrog where they stayed until 1 January 1942. On 18 December 1941, Köppen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), the first pilot of III. Gruppe to receive the distinction. He had qualified for this distinction after 40 aerial victories. The presentation was made by General der Flieger Kurt Pflugbeil. By the end of 1941, his total number of aerial victories had increased to 62, making him the most successful fighter pilot of III. Gruppe. Oak Leaves and death Köppen claimed four aircraft shot down on 24 February 1942, and was decorated with Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) after 72 aerial victories on 27 February 1942. He was the second non-commissioned officer and 79th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honored. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler, who also promoted him to Leutnant effective as of 1 April 1942. On 29 April, III. Gruppe had relocated to Zürichtal, a small village at the Inhul in the former German settlement west of Feodosia in the Crimea during the Crimean campaign. On 1 May, the Gruppe was subordinated to VIII. Fliegerkorps and was supporting the 11th Army in the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula and the Siege of Sevastopol. The next day, Köppen became an "ace-in-a-day", claiming five Soviet fighter aircraft shot down. Following combat with a Petlyakov Pe-2 on 5 May, Köppen was posted as missing in action flying Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 "white 4" (Werknummer 7303—factory number) 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Ak-Monai (present-day Kam'yans'ke) near the Arabat Fortress. He was last seen swimming in the Sea of Azov when Soviet boats closed in on him. Feldwebel Alfred Grislawski made a strafing attack on these boats. Köppen was officially declared dead on 30 May 1969 by a court in Dillingen. His brother, Eckhardt Köppen, was killed in action on 15 January 1945; he was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross on 15 March 1945. Summary of career Aerial victory claims According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Köppen was credited with 86 aerial victories. Spick lists Köppen with 85 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. All of his victories were recorded over the Eastern Front. Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 85 aerial victory claims, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front. Chronicle of aerial victories   This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Köppen an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day. Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941 1 24 June 1941 07:30 DB-3 vicinity of Constanța 25 2 October 1941 09:39 I-61 (MiG-3) 2 24 June 1941 07:50 DB-3 vicinity of Constanța 26 4 October 1941 12:00 R-10 (Seversky) 3 26 June 1941 05:50 DB-3 vicinity of Constanța 27 4 October 1941 12:40 R-10 (Seversky) 4 26 June 1941 05:55 DB-3 vicinity of Constanța 28 5 October 1941 16:33 R-10 (Seversky) 5 2 August 1941 05:05 I-16 29 5 October 1941 16:36 R-10 (Seversky) 6 4 August 1941 05:55 I-16 30 14 October 1941 10:10 V-11 (Il-2) 7 6 August 1941 10:30 I-15 31 23 October 1941 13:34 I-61 (MiG-3) 8 9 August 1941 05:33 SB-2 32 25 October 1941 15:20 I-61 (MiG-3) 9 9 August 1941 05:48 SB-2 33 25 October 1941 15:23 I-61 (MiG-3) 10 17 August 1941 18:54 SB-2 34 28 October 1941 06:50 Pe-2 11 17 August 1941 18:56 SB-2 35 31 October 1941 16:01 I-61 (MiG-3) southeast of Simferopol 12 19 August 1941 05:50 MiG-3 36 8 November 1941 11:40 I-61 (MiG-3) 13 2 September 1941 12:10 V-11 (Il-2) east of Kremenchuk 37 9 November 1941 13:52 I-18 (MiG-1) 14 2 September 1941 12:15 V-11 (Il-2) east of Kremenchuk 38 9 November 1941 13:55 I-26 (Yak-1) 15 13 September 1941 13:00 I-153 39 16 November 1941 13:42 I-26 (Yak-1) 16 14 September 1941 17:45 I-153 40 16 November 1941 13:43 I-26 (Yak-1) 17 18 September 1941 15:30 I-16 41 23 November 1941 13:38 Il-2 southeast of Rostov 18 24 September 1941 07:43 MiG-3 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Chudovo 42 27 November 1941 12:45 I-16 19 24 September 1941 07:45 SB-2 43 29 November 1941 07:28 I-16 20 24 September 1941 09:50 SB-2 44 1 December 1941 15:03 DB-3 21 26 September 1941 13:24 R-10 (Seversky) 45 2 December 1941 08:15 I-61 (MiG-3) 22 26 September 1941 13:25 R-10 (Seversky) 46 2 December 1941 12:10 I-16 23 27 September 1941 10:38 DB-3 east of Poltava 47 5 December 1941 10:09 I-16 24 27 September 1941 15:20 DB-3 west of Poltava 48 5 December 1941 10:41 I-61 (MiG-3) – 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 25 April 1942 49 6 December 1941 08:31 I-16 61 22 December 1941 15:05 I-16 50 7 December 1941 13:52 I-16 62 22 December 1941 15:10 I-16 51 8 December 1941 09:50 I-15 63 15 February 1942 14:04 Pe-2 52 8 December 1941 09:50 I-15 64 15 February 1942 15:48 I-61 (MiG-3) 53 8 December 1941 13:10 I-16 65 15 February 1942 15:51 Il-2 54 9 December 1941 12:31 I-15 66 18 February 1942 08:50 I-26 (Yak-1) 55 9 December 1941 12:32 I-15 67 18 February 1942 08:52 I-26 (Yak-1) 56 9 December 1941 12:36 I-15 68 21 February 1942 12:32 I-16 57 9 December 1941 12:45 SB-2 69 22 February 1942 15:35 V-11 (Il-2) 58 11 December 1941 09:35 SB-3 70 22 February 1942 15:37 V-11 (Il-2) 59 11 December 1941 13:34 I-26 (Yak-1) 71 22 February 1942 15:39 I-26 (Yak-1) 60 11 December 1941 13:40 SB-2 72 22 February 1942 15:42 U-2 – 7. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –Eastern Front — 25 April – 5 May 1942 73 25 April 1942 11:40 I-16 80♠ 2 May 1942 04:36 I-15 74 29 April 1942 17:55 I-153 81♠ 2 May 1942 05:08 I-153 75 30 April 1942 16:45 I-61 (MiG-3) 82♠ 2 May 1942 08:55 I-153 76 1 May 1942 04:30 R-5 83♠ 2 May 1942 18:05 I-61 (MiG-3) 77 1 May 1942 04:31 Su-2 (Seversky) 84♠ 2 May 1942 18:10 I-16 78 1 May 1942 04:34 Su-2 (Seversky) 85 5 May 1942 11:13 MiG-1 79 1 May 1942 04:58 I-61 (MiG-3) Awards Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 17 November 1941 as Feldwebel and pilot German Cross in Gold on 15 December 1941 as Feldwebel in the 8./Jagdgeschwader 52 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Knight's Cross on 18 December 1941 as Feldwebel and pilot in the 7./Jagdgeschwader 52 79th Oak Leaves on 27 February 1942 as Feldwebel and pilot in the 8./Jagdgeschwader 52 Notes ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. ^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the 8./Jagdgeschwader 52. References Citations ^ Saintes 2022, p. 67. ^ a b c Stockert 2012, p. 377. ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 48. ^ Prien et al. 2003a, p. 229. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 23. ^ a b Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, pp. 23–31. ^ Weal 2004, p. 54. ^ Weal 2004, p. 55. ^ a b Weal 2004, p. 56. ^ Prien et al. 2003b, p. 53. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 60. ^ Weal 2007, p. 14. ^ a b Barbas 2010, p. 327. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 62. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 328. ^ a b Barbas 2010, p. 63. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 329. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Prien et al. 2003b, p. 70. ^ Barbas 2010, pp. 64–65. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 66. ^ Weal 2004, p. 69. ^ Page 2020, p. 71. ^ Bergström & Mikhailov 2001, p. 138. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 175. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 67. ^ a b Barbas 2010, p. 93. ^ Barbas 2010, p. 338. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 566. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 378. ^ Zabecki 2014, p. 1614. ^ Spick 1996, p. 235. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 669–671. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 669–670. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003b, p. 68. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003b, p. 72. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 69. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 74. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2003b, p. 75. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003b, p. 76. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2003b, p. 77. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 670–671. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Prien et al. 2005, p. 153. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 155. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2005, p. 156. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2005, p. 157. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 671. ^ Prien et al. 2005, p. 158. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 544. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 542. ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 122. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 246. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 266. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 460. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 58. Bibliography Barbas, Bernd (2010). Die Geschichte der III. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52 (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-94-6. Bergström, Christer ; Mikhailov, Andrey (2001). Black Cross / Red Star Air War over the Eastern Front, Volume II, Resurgence January–June 1942. Pacifica, California: Pacifica Military History. ISBN 978-0-935553-51-2. Bergström, Christer ; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7. Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6. Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6. Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7. Page, Neil (2020). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1939–42. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-849-3. Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8. Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3. Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7. Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0. Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2. Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9. Saintes, Philippe (2022). Luftwaffe Victory Markings 1939–45. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63624-091-6. Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2. Schreier, Hans (1990). JG 52 Das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader des 2. Weltkriegs (in German). Berg am See: K. Vowinckel. ISBN 978-3-921655-66-5. Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1. Stockert, Peter (2012) . Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1 (in German) (4th ed.). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. ISBN 978-3-9802222-7-3. Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6. Weal, John (2004). Jagdgeschwader 52: The Experten. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 15. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-786-4. Weal, John (2007). More Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 76. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-177-9. Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3. Further reading Khazanov, Dmitriy; Medved, Aleksander (2015). Bf 109E/F vs Yak-1/7: Eastern Front 1941–42. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0580-5. Trigg, Jonathan (2016). The Defeat of the Luftwaffe: The Eastern Front 1941–45, A Strategy for Disaster. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-5187-3. Portals: Aviation Biography Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"military aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"fighter ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_ace"},{"link_name":"Holzendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhlen-Wendorf"},{"link_name":"Jagdgeschwader 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_52"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves"},{"link_name":"missing in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action"},{"link_name":"forced landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_landing"},{"link_name":"Sea of Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov"}],"text":"Gerhard Köppen (17 May 1918 – 5 May 1942) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 85 aerial victories claimed in 380 combat missions.Born in Holzendorf, Köppen joined military service in 1936 and initially served with a bomber before he was trained as a fighter pilot. He was then posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in 1941. Köppen claimed his first aerial victories on 24 June 1941 during Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Following his 45th aerial victory, he was nominated for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross which he received on 18 December 1942. On 27 February 1942, Köppen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves after 72 aerial victories and promoted to an officers rank. On 5 May 1942, he was posted missing in action after he made a forced landing in the Sea of Azov.","title":"Gerhard Köppen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuhlen-Wendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhlen-Wendorf"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintes202267-1"},{"link_name":"Kampfgeschwader 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockert2012377-2"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jagdgeschwader 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_52"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObermaier198948-5"},{"link_name":"Günther Rall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Rall"},{"link_name":"Gotthard Handrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthard_Handrick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003a229-6"},{"link_name":"Schönwalde-Glien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nwalde-Glien"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201023-7"},{"link_name":"Ion Antonescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Antonescu"},{"link_name":"Generalleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalleutnant"},{"link_name":"major general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Speidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Speidel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Speidel_(General)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergstr%C3%B6mAntipovSundin200323%E2%80%9331-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal200454-9"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal200455-10"},{"link_name":"Romanian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergstr%C3%B6mAntipovSundin200323%E2%80%9331-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal200456-11"}],"text":"Köppen was born on 17 May 1918, in Holzendorf, present-day part of Kuhlen-Wendorf, at the time in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin within the German Empire.[1] He joined the military service in 1936. His initial posting was with Kampfgeschwader 1 \"Hindenburg\" (KG 1–1st Bomber Wing) before he was selected for fighter pilot conversion training in 1939.[2] Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to the 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), a squadron of III. Gruppe, on 6 October 1940.[4] At the time, 8. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Günther Rall and the Gruppe was headed by Major Gotthard Handrick.[5] Until 12 October, the Gruppe was based at Schönwalde-Glien near Berlin where the pilots continued their training.[6]The rise of General Ion Antonescu in Romania in 1940 led to a reorganization of his country's armed forces. In this, he was supported by a military mission from Germany, the Luftwaffenmission Rumänien (Luftwaffe Mission Romania) under the command of Generalleutnant (equivalent to major general) Wilhelm Speidel [de].[7][8] III. Gruppe of JG 52 was transferred to Bucharest in mid-October and temporarily renamed I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 28 (JG 28—28th Fighter Wing) until 4 January 1941.[9] Its primary task was to train Romanian Air Force personnel.[7][10]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balkan Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Campaign_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal200456-11"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"Mizil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizil"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Ploiești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b53-12"},{"link_name":"Mamaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamaia"},{"link_name":"Constanța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201060-13"},{"link_name":"Ilyushin DB-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_DB-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal200714-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas2010327-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:III-JG52-ins.svg"},{"link_name":"Belaya Tserkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_Tserkva"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Yampil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yampil,_Vinnytsia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201062-16"},{"link_name":"Polikarpov I-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarpov_I-16"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas2010327-15"},{"link_name":"Polikarpov I-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarpov_I-16"},{"link_name":"Tupolev SB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_SB"},{"link_name":"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas2010328-17"},{"link_name":"Staffelkapitän","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffelkapit%C3%A4n"},{"link_name":"Günther Rall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Rall"},{"link_name":"Oleksandriia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandriia"},{"link_name":"Myronivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myronivka"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87"},{"link_name":"dive bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_bomber"},{"link_name":"Novomoskovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novomoskovsk,_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201063-18"},{"link_name":"Kremenchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenchuk"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"Vultee V-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_V-11"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas2010329-19"},{"link_name":"Beryslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryslav"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201063-18"},{"link_name":"Polikarpov I-153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarpov_I-153"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2003b70-20"},{"link_name":"Poltava Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"17th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Kharkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201064%E2%80%9365-21"},{"link_name":"Taganrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taganrog"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201066-22"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeal200469-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage202071-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergstr%C3%B6mMikhailov2001138-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreier1990175-26"},{"link_name":"Kurt Pflugbeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Pflugbeil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockert2012377-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201067-27"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Front","text":"Following its brief deployment in the Balkan Campaign, III. Gruppe was ordered to Bucharest by mid-June.[10] There, the unit was again subordinated to the Luftwaffenmission Rumänien and reequipped with the new, more powerful Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 model. On 21 June 1941, the Gruppe was ordered to Mizil in preparation of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Its primary objective was to provide fighter protection for the oil fields and refineries at Ploiești.[11] The invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June. The next day, the Gruppe moved to Mamaia, the northern district of Constanța on the Black Sea coast.[12] There, Köppen claimed his first two aerial victories on 24 June. He was credited with shooting down two Soviet Ilyushin DB-3 bombers in the morning near Constanța.[13] Two days later, he again claimed two DB-3 bombers in that combat area.[14]III./JG 52 emblemThe Gruppe moved to Belaya Tserkov on 1 August during the Battle of Kiev and also used an airfield at Yampil from 6 to 8 August.[15] There, Köppen claimed a Polikarpov I-16 fighter on 2 August and another I-16 fighter on 4 August near Kiev.[14] On 6 August, he claimed an aerial victory over Polikarpov I-16 fighter. Three days later, two Tupolev SB-2 bombers were claimed by him followed by two further SB-2 bombers on 17 August. He claimed his twelfth aerial victory on 19 August over a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter.[16] This put him in second place within III. Gruppe with respect to number of aerial victories claimed, one behind his Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) Oberleutnant Günther Rall. On 27 August, III. Gruppe had reached an airfield named Stschastliwaja located approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) east-southeast of Oleksandriia. In the early morning of 2 September, elements of III. Gruppe moved to Myronivka where they escorted Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers heading for Novomoskovsk.[17] Near Kremenchuk on the Dnieper, Köppen claimed two Vultee V-11 attack aircraft shot down.[18]On 12 September, 8. and 9. Staffel moved to an airfield at Beryslav, staying there for three days.[17] Here, Köppen claimed two Polikarpov I-153 fighters shot down, one on 13 September and another the next day.[19] By 23 September, Köppen had increased his number of aerial victories to 17. The next day, III. Gruppe moved to the Poltava Air Base, supporting the 17th Army in the First Battle of Kharkov. Köppen's total number of aerial victories stood at 31 on 23 October, making him the leading fighter pilot of III. Gruppe at the time.[20]On 2 November, the Gruppe moved to Taganrog where they stayed until 1 January 1942.[21] On 18 December 1941, Köppen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), the first pilot of III. Gruppe to receive the distinction.[22][23] He had qualified for this distinction after 40 aerial victories.[24][25] The presentation was made by General der Flieger Kurt Pflugbeil.[2] By the end of 1941, his total number of aerial victories had increased to 62, making him the most successful fighter pilot of III. Gruppe.[26]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves"},{"link_name":"non-commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockert2012377-2"},{"link_name":"Inhul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhul"},{"link_name":"Feodosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Crimean campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_campaign"},{"link_name":"VIII. Fliegerkorps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"11th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Kerch Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Siege of Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201093-28"},{"link_name":"ace-in-a-day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviators_who_became_ace_in_a_day"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas2010338-29"},{"link_name":"Petlyakov Pe-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-2"},{"link_name":"missing in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"Arabat Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabat_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrienStemmerRodeikeBock2006566-30"},{"link_name":"Sea of Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov"},{"link_name":"Alfred Grislawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Grislawski"},{"link_name":"strafing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafing"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbas201093-28"},{"link_name":"Dillingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillingen_(district)"},{"link_name":"killed in action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockert2012378-31"}],"sub_title":"Oak Leaves and death","text":"Köppen claimed four aircraft shot down on 24 February 1942, and was decorated with Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) after 72 aerial victories on 27 February 1942. He was the second non-commissioned officer and 79th member of the Wehrmacht to be so honored. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler, who also promoted him to Leutnant effective as of 1 April 1942.[2]On 29 April, III. Gruppe had relocated to Zürichtal, a small village at the Inhul in the former German settlement west of Feodosia in the Crimea during the Crimean campaign. On 1 May, the Gruppe was subordinated to VIII. Fliegerkorps and was supporting the 11th Army in the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula and the Siege of Sevastopol.[27] The next day, Köppen became an \"ace-in-a-day\", claiming five Soviet fighter aircraft shot down.[28]Following combat with a Petlyakov Pe-2 on 5 May, Köppen was posted as missing in action flying Messerschmitt Bf 109 F-4 \"white 4\" (Werknummer 7303—factory number) 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Ak-Monai (present-day Kam'yans'ke) near the Arabat Fortress.[29] He was last seen swimming in the Sea of Azov when Soviet boats closed in on him. Feldwebel Alfred Grislawski made a strafing attack on these boats.[27] Köppen was officially declared dead on 30 May 1969 by a court in Dillingen. His brother, Eckhardt Köppen, was killed in action on 15 January 1945; he was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross on 15 March 1945.[30]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary of career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David T. Zabecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Zabecki"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki20141614-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpick1996235-33"},{"link_name":"German Federal Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Federal_Archives"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathewsForeman2015669%E2%80%93671-34"}],"sub_title":"Aerial victory claims","text":"According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Köppen was credited with 86 aerial victories.[31] Spick lists Köppen with 85 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. All of his victories were recorded over the Eastern Front.[32] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found documentation for 85 aerial victory claims, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.[33]","title":"Summary of career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_Goblet_of_the_Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Feldwebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldwebel"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatzwall2008122-52"},{"link_name":"German Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Cross"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatzwallScherzer2001246-53"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel2000266-54"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel200058-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007460-55"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 17 November 1941 as Feldwebel and pilot[51]\nGerman Cross in Gold on 15 December 1941 as Feldwebel in the 8./Jagdgeschwader 52[52]\nKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\nKnight's Cross on 18 December 1941 as Feldwebel and pilot in the 7./Jagdgeschwader 52[53][Note 2]\n79th Oak Leaves on 27 February 1942 as Feldwebel and pilot in the 8./Jagdgeschwader 52[55][54]","title":"Summary of career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergstr%C3%B6mAntipovSundin200317-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007460-55"}],"text":"^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[3]\n\n^ According to Scherzer as pilot in the 8./Jagdgeschwader 52.[54]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"III./JG 52 emblem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/III-JG52-ins.svg/130px-III-JG52-ins.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Barbas, Bernd (2010). Die Geschichte der III. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52 [The History of 3rd Group of Fighter Wing 52] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-94-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-94-6","url_text":"978-3-923457-94-6"}]},{"reference":"Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Mikhailov, Andrey (2001). Black Cross / Red Star Air War over the Eastern Front, Volume II, Resurgence January–June 1942. Pacifica, California: Pacifica Military History. ISBN 978-0-935553-51-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christer_Bergstr%C3%B6m","url_text":"Bergström, Christer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935553-51-2","url_text":"978-0-935553-51-2"}]},{"reference":"Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christer_Bergstr%C3%B6m","url_text":"Bergström, Christer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9721060-4-7","url_text":"978-0-9721060-4-7"}]},{"reference":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther-Peer_Fellgiebel","url_text":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6","url_text":"978-3-7909-0284-6"}]},{"reference":"Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906592-19-6","url_text":"978-1-906592-19-6"}]},{"reference":"Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87341-065-7","url_text":"978-3-87341-065-7"}]},{"reference":"Page, Neil (2020). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe 1939–42. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61200-849-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_Publishers","url_text":"Casemate Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-849-3","url_text":"978-1-61200-849-3"}]},{"reference":"Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931533-45-8","url_text":"978-3-931533-45-8"}]},{"reference":"Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931533-08-3","url_text":"978-3-931533-08-3"}]},{"reference":"Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 5—Heimatverteidigung—10. Mai 1940 bis 31 Dezember 1941—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—Oktober 1940 bis November 1941—Einsatz im Westen—22. Juni bis 31. Dezember 1941—Die Ergänzungsjagdgruppen—Einsatz 1941 bis zur Auflösung Anfang 1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 5—Defense of the Reich—10 May 1940 to 31 December 1941—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—October 1940 to November 1941—Action in the West—22 June to 31 December 1941—The Supplementary Fighter Groups—Action from 1941 until their Breakup in Early 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-68-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-68-7","url_text":"978-3-923457-68-7"}]},{"reference":"Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen \"BARBAROSSA\"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation \"BARBAROSSA\"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-70-0","url_text":"978-3-923457-70-0"}]},{"reference":"Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2005). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/I—Winterkampf im Osten—6.12.1941 bis 30.4.1942 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/I—Winter War in the East—6 December 1941 to 30 April 1942] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-76-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-76-2","url_text":"978-3-923457-76-2"}]},{"reference":"Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-923457-77-9","url_text":"978-3-923457-77-9"}]},{"reference":"Saintes, Philippe (2022). Luftwaffe Victory Markings 1939–45. Casemate Publishers. ISBN 978-1-63624-091-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_Publishers","url_text":"Casemate Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63624-091-6","url_text":"978-1-63624-091-6"}]},{"reference":"Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2","url_text":"978-3-938845-17-2"}]},{"reference":"Schreier, Hans (1990). JG 52 Das erfolgreichste Jagdgeschwader des 2. Weltkriegs [JG 52 The Most Successful Fighter Wing of World War II] (in German). Berg am See: K. Vowinckel. ISBN 978-3-921655-66-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-921655-66-5","url_text":"978-3-921655-66-5"}]},{"reference":"Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 978-0-8041-1696-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/luftwaffefighter00mike","url_text":"Luftwaffe Fighter Aces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Books","url_text":"Ivy Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8041-1696-1","url_text":"978-0-8041-1696-1"}]},{"reference":"Stockert, Peter (2012) [1996]. Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1] (in German) (4th ed.). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. ISBN 978-3-9802222-7-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9802222-7-3","url_text":"978-3-9802222-7-3"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7648-2299-6","url_text":"978-3-7648-2299-6"}]},{"reference":"Weal, John (2004). Jagdgeschwader 52: The Experten. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 15. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-786-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-786-4","url_text":"978-1-84176-786-4"}]},{"reference":"Weal, John (2007). More Bf 109 Aces of the Russian Front. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 76. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-177-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osprey_Publishing","url_text":"Osprey Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-177-9","url_text":"978-1-84603-177-9"}]},{"reference":"Zabecki, David T., ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_T._Zabecki","url_text":"Zabecki, David T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-Clio","url_text":"ABC-Clio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-981-3","url_text":"978-1-59884-981-3"}]},{"reference":"Khazanov, Dmitriy; Medved, Aleksander (2015). Bf 109E/F vs Yak-1/7: Eastern Front 1941–42. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0580-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0580-5","url_text":"978-1-4728-0580-5"}]},{"reference":"Trigg, Jonathan (2016). The Defeat of the Luftwaffe: The Eastern Front 1941–45, A Strategy for Disaster. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-5187-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-5187-3","url_text":"978-1-4456-5187-3"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/luftwaffefighter00mike","external_links_name":"Luftwaffe Fighter Aces"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/87149542808700301921","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmPBbPGc67dvhG7JTfv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1132155746","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_ramp
Unused highway
["1 Examples","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Roads that were closed or never used This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Unused highway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A now-unused ramp in Portland, Oregon at the western terminus of I-84 on the east bank of the Willamette River formerly a connection to US99W/Steel Bridge An unused section of divided highway approaching Interstate 189 in Burlington, Vermont (looking southward from: 44°26′57″N 73°13′3″W / 44.44917°N 73.21750°W / 44.44917; -73.21750); some lanes are now blocked by discarded electronics; VTDOT has since begun work to make this segment part of Champlain Parkway. The 1956 span of the Gandy Bridge between Tampa and St. Petersburg was closed to traffic in 1997 and used as a recreational trail from 1999 until 2008, when it was closed for safety reasons. It remained in place as officials decided between demolition or renovation. In 2015, demolition of the unused bridge began. An unused highway is a highway or highway ramp that was partially or fully constructed, but went unused or was later closed. An unused roadway or ramp may often be referred to as an abandoned road, ghost road, highway to nowhere, stub ramp, ghost ramp, ski jump, stub street, stub-out, or simply stub. Examples A section of the 1915 Ridge Route in Lebec, abandoned when US 99 (later upgraded to I-5) was constructed over the Tejon Pass in order to make the travel straighter and safer Some examples of reasons for unused highways include: An older portion of roadway being left unused by a highway realignment. The Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike is one instance of this, where two 2-lane tunnels and 4-lane approaches were bypassed with 4-lane cuts. The old tunnels and approach roadways in this case are being rehabilitated for a multi-use trail. Some parts of the A1 and A3 motorways in Italy have been recently abandoned after some dangerous, curvy and narrow mountain stretches were replaced by wider and straighter alignments through new viaducts and tunnels. In many roads in the Alps, some dangerous sections were replaced by tunnels and the abandoned parts are usually closed to traffic and used as hiking trails. A road which existed to serve a bridge becomes a dead-end once the bridge is demolished or left to deteriorate to the point where it can no longer be safely used. This is common on some older alignments of U.S. Route 66 which were bypassed, as the route was changed through multiple realignments before becoming a decommissioned highway in 1985. A road becomes a dead end once a railway level crossing is closed and replaced by an overpass/underpass some distance away from the former level crossing (common in Greece). A highway being closed and demolished, where stubs remain on intersecting roads. Examples include ramps from the Embarcadero Freeway that remained on the Bay Bridge approach (Interstate 80) in San Francisco after the demolition of the Embarcadero Freeway proper. The remaining ramps were demolished in 2010–11 during demolition of the old Transbay Terminal to make way for the new Transbay Transit Center. Highway construction begins but is cancelled, possibly because of a freeway revolt. Examples include: The Pennsylvania Route 23 "Goat Path" east of Lancaster, which was graded for a four-lane expressway. The project was cancelled before paving could commence, so the roadbeds were planted over with grass. In London, the M11 motorway has two short unused slips at Junction 4 (Charlie Brown's) which would have been a link for the M12 motorway to head east into Essex. The R.H. Thomson Expressway in Seattle was never built, leaving stub ramps. Likewise, there are unused ramps for the never-built Inner Belt and Southwest Corridor (respectively, I-695 and part of an unused alignment for I-95) in Boston, Massachusetts. There was a similar situation on the A4 motorway near Delft, Netherlands, where works started in the 1960s but were stopped (and finished in 2016). In Italy, the A31 motorway ends in Chiuppano, because works for extending it towards the A22 were stopped after protests in the late 1970s. The 5-kilometre-long (3.1 mi) Guinza tunnel, part of the planned European route E78 Grosseto–Fano expressway, was completed in 1991, and never opened to traffic. Another example is in Connecticut, along I-84, near Hartford. It is the only four-level stack interchange in the state, however it is only partly used as the begin/terminus of Connecticut Route 9. New York's parkway system has many stubs because it was the primary freeway system in the state (and still makes up a major portion of it, particularly in and near NYC) before the Interstate Highway System came to fruition. Once New York started building Interstate Highways, however, many of the expansion projects in progress for the state's parkways were abandoned. Examples include exit 2 and exit 9 on the Cross County Parkway, the Taconic State Parkway at I-90, the Northern State Parkway at NY 454, and both the eastern and western terminus of the Lake Ontario State Parkway. Cape Town's Foreshore Freeway Bridge, which has stood unfinished since construction was halted in 1977. Stubs are built to connect to a highway that is not yet constructed. These stubs are very common in the state of North Carolina, where they will eventually connect to new stretches of I-73, I-74, and I-840, among others, along the Greensboro Urban Loop. Remnants of stub ramps can be seen on the Massachusetts Turnpike in West Stockbridge. The ramps were used to connect the newly built highway, completed in May 1957, with local roads prior to the connection with the New York State Thruway, completed to the NY-MA state line in May 1959. When a divided highway ends, sometimes a stub exists where more of the highway could become a divided highway and tie into the stub. A part of the highway can become unused due to changes in national borders. Some stretches of the Berlin–Königsberg autobahn are unused after the partition of East Prussia because the highway lacks a border crossing between Poland and Russia. Some small roads between different European countries did not have border crossing facilities and were closed to traffic until those countries joined the Schengen Agreement. Some border roads are closed when the two countries have bad relations or are at war with each other, for example between Algeria-Morocco, North Korea-South Korea, Israel-Lebanon, Israel-Syria, Turkey-Armenia, and Azerbaijan-Armenia. Even countries on good terms with each other have decided to close some less-trafficked cross-border roads for security reasons, as the US and Canada did along the Canada–United States border south of Montreal prior to the 1976 Summer Olympics there. The highway is used for a purpose different from what was originally intended. The east end of I-70 in Baltimore and the stub of I-95 inside the Capital Beltway northeast of Washington, DC, are two examples because of the cancellations of their alignments within the inner city. Both of these stubs are used for park-and-ride facilities. In England, improvement works in 1987 rerouted the A47 in Rutland near Wardley, resulting in an unused stretch of carriageway that was left behind, which functions only as access to a transmitting station. Part of the A2 in Kent was realigned in 2009, leaving a substantial part of the original road intact. Part of the road has been made into a public park. On I-90 near Albany, New York, an interchange was built for the planned I-687; that interchange (labeled as exit 5A off I-90) now serves as an exit for Corporate Woods Boulevard. The exit ramps occupy nearly as much space as the area they serve. The highway has unused lanes. The 1000 Islands Parkway contains two "ghost lanes" for its entire 40 kilometres (25 mi) length. Its right-of-way is four-lane divided, as it was part of Highway 401, Canada's busiest highway, during that freeway's construction. When Highway 401 was ultimately completed in 1968, the final 1000 Islands bypass took a path further inland. Two lanes of the original four-lane waterfront right-of-way were retained and used for the scenic parkway, the rest becoming small pedestrian or bicycle trails laid out in an otherwise-vacant freeway-grade right-of-way. Abandoned section of Pennsylvania Route 61 covered in graffiti, which was abandoned due to the Centralia mine fire See also Bridge to nowhere References ^ Google (23 March 2010). "I-5 at I-84, Portland, Oregon" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010. ^ City of Union, Kentucky (23 June 2006). "Special Business Meeting Minutes". City of Union, Kentucky. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2007. ^ Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. "PA 23 EIS: Project History". Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved 28 December 2006. ^ Google (23 March 2010). "Essex" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010. ^ Google (23 March 2010). "Essex" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010. ^ Google (23 March 2010). "Essex" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010. ^ Lindblom, Mike (24 January 2013). "520 'Ramps to Nowhere' to Come Down". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. ^ Google (July 2011). "Marche". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved 25 February 2024. ^ Google (12 September 2017). "Masspike Ghost Ramps" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 12 September 2017. ^ Google (23 March 2010). "I-70, Baltimore, MD" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010. ^ Wikimapia contributors (23 February 2008). "Unused Stretch of A47, Rutland" (Map). Wikimapia. Retrieved 23 February 2008. ^ Google (23 March 2010). "Corporate Woods Blvd. Albany, NY" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010. External links Media related to Disused roads and streets at Wikimedia Commons vteRoad hierarchyTypes of roadLimited-access Bike freeway Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Nepal Pakistan Poland Portugal Spain Taiwan United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express-collector setup Farm-to-market road Highway Link road Two-lane expressway 2+1 road 2+2 road Parkway Ring road Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Avenue Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single-track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number special route business route Street hierarchy Stroad Toll road Winter road Road junctionsInterchanges(grade-separated) Cloverleaf Diamond Free-flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single-point urban (SPUI) Stack Three-level diamond Trumpet Intersections(at-grade) 3-way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T-intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right-in/right-out (RIRO) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Plastic Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road safetyfactorsRoad andenvironment Aquaplaning Avalanche Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Traffic light Traffic sign Washboarding Washout Whiteout Snowsquall Human factors Driver's education Driving under the influence Drowsy driving Road rage Single-vehicle crash Vehicles Airbag Automotive safety Seat belts Risk compensation (road transport) Underride guard Space andtime allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High-occupancy toll lane High-occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Truck bypass Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts' dots Cable barrier Cat's eye (road) Concrete step barrier Constant-slope barrier Curb F-Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Performanceindicators Pavement condition index International roughness index Present serviceability index Pavement performance modeling Granular base equivalency Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PDX_US_30_Ghost_Ramp.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"I-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Willamette River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ghostrampbtv.JPG"},{"link_name":"Interstate 189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_189"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"44°26′57″N 73°13′3″W / 44.44917°N 73.21750°W / 44.44917; -73.21750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Unused_highway&params=44_26_57_N_73_13_3_W_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandybridge2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Gandy Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandy_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A now-unused ramp in Portland, Oregon at the western terminus of I-84 on the east bank of the Willamette River[1] formerly a connection to US99W/Steel BridgeAn unused section of divided highway approaching Interstate 189 in Burlington, Vermont (looking southward from: 44°26′57″N 73°13′3″W / 44.44917°N 73.21750°W / 44.44917; -73.21750); some lanes are now blocked by discarded electronics; VTDOT has since begun work to make this segment part of Champlain Parkway.The 1956 span of the Gandy Bridge between Tampa and St. Petersburg was closed to traffic in 1997 and used as a recreational trail from 1999 until 2008, when it was closed for safety reasons. It remained in place as officials decided between demolition or renovation. In 2015, demolition of the unused bridge began.An unused highway is a highway or highway ramp that was partially or fully constructed, but went unused or was later closed. An unused roadway or ramp may often be referred to as an abandoned road, ghost road, highway to nowhere, stub ramp, ghost ramp, ski jump, stub street, stub-out, or simply stub.[2]","title":"Unused highway"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dead-Man%27s_Curve_in_Lebec,_California,_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ridge Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge_Route"},{"link_name":"I-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_5"},{"link_name":"Tejon Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejon_Pass"},{"link_name":"Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abandoned_Pennsylvania_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"multi-use trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-use_trail"},{"link_name":"motorways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorways"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_66"},{"link_name":"decommissioned highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_highway"},{"link_name":"Embarcadero Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarcadero_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Bay Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Interstate 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80_(California)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Transbay Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Transbay_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Transbay Transit Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbay_Transit_Center"},{"link_name":"freeway revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_revolts"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 23 \"Goat Path\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_23#Freeway_proposals"},{"link_name":"Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"M11 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M11_motorway"},{"link_name":"M12 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A12_road_(England)#M12_motorway"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"R.H. Thomson Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.H._Thomson_Expressway"},{"link_name":"stub ramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Route_520#Ghost_ramps"},{"link_name":"broken anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Southwest Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Corridor_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"I-695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_695_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Delft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"European route E78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E78"},{"link_name":"Grosseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosseto"},{"link_name":"Fano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"I-84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_84_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Route 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Route_9"},{"link_name":"parkway system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkways_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Interstate Highway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System"},{"link_name":"Cross County Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_County_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Taconic State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taconic_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Northern State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Lake Ontario State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Foreshore Freeway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshore_Freeway_Bridge"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_73"},{"link_name":"I-74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_74_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"I-840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_840_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Greensboro Urban Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_Urban_Loop"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"West Stockbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Stockbridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New York State Thruway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway"},{"link_name":"to the NY-MA state line in May 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike#Construction_and_opening"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"divided highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriageway"},{"link_name":"Berlin–Königsberg autobahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinka"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"border crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_crossing"},{"link_name":"Schengen Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Canada–United States border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"1976 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Capital Beltway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(Capital_Beltway)"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"park-and-ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park-and-ride"},{"link_name":"A47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A47_road"},{"link_name":"Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland"},{"link_name":"Wardley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardley,_Rutland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"I-687","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_687"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1000 Islands Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_Islands_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Highway 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abandoned_PA_61_2019_(7).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Route 61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Route_61"},{"link_name":"Centralia mine fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralia_mine_fire"}],"text":"A section of the 1915 Ridge Route in Lebec, abandoned when US 99 (later upgraded to I-5) was constructed over the Tejon Pass in order to make the travel straighter and saferSome examples of reasons for unused highways include:An older portion of roadway being left unused by a highway realignment. The Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike is one instance of this, where two 2-lane tunnels and 4-lane approaches were bypassed with 4-lane cuts. The old tunnels and approach roadways in this case are being rehabilitated for a multi-use trail.\nSome parts of the A1 and A3 motorways in Italy have been recently abandoned after some dangerous, curvy and narrow mountain stretches were replaced by wider and straighter alignments through new viaducts and tunnels. In many roads in the Alps, some dangerous sections were replaced by tunnels and the abandoned parts are usually closed to traffic and used as hiking trails.\nA road which existed to serve a bridge becomes a dead-end once the bridge is demolished or left to deteriorate to the point where it can no longer be safely used. This is common on some older alignments of U.S. Route 66 which were bypassed, as the route was changed through multiple realignments before becoming a decommissioned highway in 1985.\nA road becomes a dead end once a railway level crossing is closed and replaced by an overpass/underpass some distance away from the former level crossing (common in Greece).\nA highway being closed and demolished, where stubs remain on intersecting roads. Examples include ramps from the Embarcadero Freeway that remained on the Bay Bridge approach (Interstate 80) in San Francisco after the demolition of the Embarcadero Freeway proper. The remaining ramps were demolished in 2010–11 during demolition of the old Transbay Terminal to make way for the new Transbay Transit Center.\nHighway construction begins but is cancelled, possibly because of a freeway revolt. Examples include:\nThe Pennsylvania Route 23 \"Goat Path\" east of Lancaster, which was graded for a four-lane expressway. The project was cancelled before paving could commence, so the roadbeds were planted over with grass.[3]\nIn London, the M11 motorway has two short unused slips at Junction 4 (Charlie Brown's) which would have been a link for the M12 motorway to head east into Essex.[4][5][6]\nThe R.H. Thomson Expressway in Seattle was never built, leaving stub ramps[broken anchor].[7]\nLikewise, there are unused ramps for the never-built Inner Belt and Southwest Corridor (respectively, I-695 and part of an unused alignment for I-95) in Boston, Massachusetts.\nThere was a similar situation on the A4 motorway near Delft, Netherlands, where works started in the 1960s but were stopped (and finished in 2016).\nIn Italy, the A31 motorway ends in Chiuppano, because works for extending it towards the A22 were stopped after protests in the late 1970s.\nThe 5-kilometre-long (3.1 mi) Guinza tunnel, part of the planned European route E78 Grosseto–Fano expressway, was completed in 1991, and never opened to traffic.[8]\nAnother example is in Connecticut, along I-84, near Hartford. It is the only four-level stack interchange in the state, however it is only partly used as the begin/terminus of Connecticut Route 9.\nNew York's parkway system has many stubs because it was the primary freeway system in the state (and still makes up a major portion of it, particularly in and near NYC) before the Interstate Highway System came to fruition. Once New York started building Interstate Highways, however, many of the expansion projects in progress for the state's parkways were abandoned. Examples include exit 2 and exit 9 on the Cross County Parkway, the Taconic State Parkway at I-90, the Northern State Parkway at NY 454, and both the eastern and western terminus of the Lake Ontario State Parkway.[citation needed]\nCape Town's Foreshore Freeway Bridge, which has stood unfinished since construction was halted in 1977.\nStubs are built to connect to a highway that is not yet constructed. These stubs are very common in the state of North Carolina, where they will eventually connect to new stretches of I-73, I-74, and I-840, among others, along the Greensboro Urban Loop. Remnants of stub ramps can be seen on the Massachusetts Turnpike in West Stockbridge. The ramps were used to connect the newly built highway, completed in May 1957, with local roads prior to the connection with the New York State Thruway, completed to the NY-MA state line in May 1959.[9]\nWhen a divided highway ends, sometimes a stub exists where more of the highway could become a divided highway and tie into the stub.\nA part of the highway can become unused due to changes in national borders. Some stretches of the Berlin–Königsberg autobahn are unused after the partition of East Prussia because the highway lacks a border crossing between Poland and Russia. Some small roads between different European countries did not have border crossing facilities and were closed to traffic until those countries joined the Schengen Agreement. Some border roads are closed when the two countries have bad relations or are at war with each other, for example between Algeria-Morocco, North Korea-South Korea, Israel-Lebanon, Israel-Syria, Turkey-Armenia, and Azerbaijan-Armenia. Even countries on good terms with each other have decided to close some less-trafficked cross-border roads for security reasons, as the US and Canada did along the Canada–United States border south of Montreal prior to the 1976 Summer Olympics there.\nThe highway is used for a purpose different from what was originally intended. The east end of I-70 in Baltimore[10] and the stub of I-95 inside the Capital Beltway northeast of Washington, DC, are two examples because of the cancellations of their alignments within the inner city. Both of these stubs are used for park-and-ride facilities. In England, improvement works in 1987 rerouted the A47 in Rutland near Wardley, resulting in an unused stretch of carriageway that was left behind, which functions only as access to a transmitting station.[11] Part of the A2 in Kent was realigned in 2009, leaving a substantial part of the original road intact. Part of the road has been made into a public park. On I-90 near Albany, New York, an interchange was built for the planned I-687; that interchange (labeled as exit 5A off I-90) now serves as an exit for Corporate Woods Boulevard. The exit ramps occupy nearly as much space as the area they serve.[12]\nThe highway has unused lanes. The 1000 Islands Parkway contains two \"ghost lanes\" for its entire 40 kilometres (25 mi) length. Its right-of-way is four-lane divided, as it was part of Highway 401, Canada's busiest highway, during that freeway's construction. When Highway 401 was ultimately completed in 1968, the final 1000 Islands bypass took a path further inland. Two lanes of the original four-lane waterfront right-of-way were retained and used for the scenic parkway, the rest becoming small pedestrian or bicycle trails laid out in an otherwise-vacant freeway-grade right-of-way.Abandoned section of Pennsylvania Route 61 covered in graffiti, which was abandoned due to the Centralia mine fire","title":"Examples"}]
[{"image_text":"A now-unused ramp in Portland, Oregon at the western terminus of I-84 on the east bank of the Willamette River[1] formerly a connection to US99W/Steel Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PDX_US_30_Ghost_Ramp.jpeg/220px-PDX_US_30_Ghost_Ramp.jpeg"},{"image_text":"An unused section of divided highway approaching Interstate 189 in Burlington, Vermont (looking southward from: 44°26′57″N 73°13′3″W / 44.44917°N 73.21750°W / 44.44917; -73.21750); some lanes are now blocked by discarded electronics; VTDOT has since begun work to make this segment part of Champlain Parkway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ghostrampbtv.JPG/220px-Ghostrampbtv.JPG"},{"image_text":"The 1956 span of the Gandy Bridge between Tampa and St. Petersburg was closed to traffic in 1997 and used as a recreational trail from 1999 until 2008, when it was closed for safety reasons. It remained in place as officials decided between demolition or renovation. In 2015, demolition of the unused bridge began.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gandybridge2.JPG/220px-Gandybridge2.JPG"},{"image_text":"A section of the 1915 Ridge Route in Lebec, abandoned when US 99 (later upgraded to I-5) was constructed over the Tejon Pass in order to make the travel straighter and safer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dead-Man%27s_Curve_in_Lebec%2C_California%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Dead-Man%27s_Curve_in_Lebec%2C_California%2C_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abandoned section of Pennsylvania Route 61 covered in graffiti, which was abandoned due to the Centralia mine fire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Abandoned_PA_61_2019_%287%29.jpg/220px-Abandoned_PA_61_2019_%287%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Bridge to nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_to_nowhere"}]
[{"reference":"Google (23 March 2010). \"I-5 at I-84, Portland, Oregon\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&ll=45.526299,-122.666216&spn=0.005337,0.009109&t=h&z=17","url_text":"\"I-5 at I-84, Portland, Oregon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"City of Union, Kentucky (23 June 2006). \"Special Business Meeting Minutes\". City of Union, Kentucky. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142120/http://www.cityofunionky.org/files/19078672.htm","url_text":"\"Special Business Meeting Minutes\""},{"url":"http://www.cityofunionky.org/files/19078672.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. \"PA 23 EIS: Project History\". Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Retrieved 28 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Pennsylvania Department of Transportation"},{"url":"http://www.paroute23.com/about_project/history.htm","url_text":"\"PA 23 EIS: Project History\""}]},{"reference":"Google (23 March 2010). \"Essex\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://local.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=essex&layer=&sll=51.585177,0.148315&sspn=0.178765,0.692139&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=18&ll=51.597044,0.044101&spn=0.001396,0.005407&t=k&iwloc=addr","url_text":"\"Essex\""}]},{"reference":"Google (23 March 2010). \"Essex\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://local.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=essex&layer=&sll=51.585177,0.148315&sspn=0.178765,0.692139&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=19&ll=51.601051,0.048052&spn=0.000698,0.002704&t=k&iwloc=addr","url_text":"\"Essex\""}]},{"reference":"Google (23 March 2010). \"Essex\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://local.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=essex&layer=&sll=51.585177,0.148315&sspn=0.178765,0.692139&ie=UTF8&z=19&ll=51.602298,0.048607&spn=0.000698,0.002704&t=k&om=1&iwloc=addr","url_text":"\"Essex\""}]},{"reference":"Lindblom, Mike (24 January 2013). \"520 'Ramps to Nowhere' to Come Down\". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130203221639/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2020208721_520arboretumxml.html","url_text":"\"520 'Ramps to Nowhere' to Come Down\""},{"url":"http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2020208721_520arboretumxml.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Google (July 2011). \"Marche\". Google Street View. Google. Retrieved 25 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/@43.635566,12.3183663,3a,75y,273.28h,102.52t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1soaYGeVjyGPY-WrEOr0DnmA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?shorturl=1","url_text":"\"Marche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View","url_text":"Google Street View"}]},{"reference":"Google (12 September 2017). \"Masspike Ghost Ramps\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/@42.3481884,-73.4116577,389m/data=!3m1!1e3","url_text":"\"Masspike Ghost Ramps\""}]},{"reference":"Google (23 March 2010). \"I-70, Baltimore, MD\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=i-70,+baltimore,+md&sll=39.217293,-76.756496&sspn=0.058052,0.104713&ie=UTF8&ll=39.30137,-76.711832&spn=0.007049,0.013089&t=h&z=17&iwloc=addr","url_text":"\"I-70, Baltimore, MD\""}]},{"reference":"Wikimapia contributors (23 February 2008). \"Unused Stretch of A47, Rutland\" (Map). Wikimapia. Retrieved 23 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://wikimapia.org/#lat=52.596427&lon=-0.772605&z=15&l=0&m=h&v=2","url_text":"\"Unused Stretch of A47, Rutland\""}]},{"reference":"Google (23 March 2010). \"Corporate Woods Blvd. Albany, NY\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 23 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=corporate+woods+blvd.+albany,+ny&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=59.769082,107.226563&ie=UTF8&ll=42.68335,-73.768945&spn=0.013771,0.026178&t=h&z=16","url_text":"\"Corporate Woods Blvd. Albany, NY\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Unused+highway%22","external_links_name":"\"Unused highway\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Unused+highway%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Unused+highway%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Unused+highway%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Unused+highway%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unused+highway%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Unused_highway&params=44_26_57_N_73_13_3_W_","external_links_name":"44°26′57″N 73°13′3″W / 44.44917°N 73.21750°W / 44.44917; -73.21750"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&ll=45.526299,-122.666216&spn=0.005337,0.009109&t=h&z=17","external_links_name":"\"I-5 at I-84, Portland, Oregon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927142120/http://www.cityofunionky.org/files/19078672.htm","external_links_name":"\"Special Business Meeting Minutes\""},{"Link":"http://www.cityofunionky.org/files/19078672.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.paroute23.com/about_project/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"PA 23 EIS: Project History\""},{"Link":"http://local.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=essex&layer=&sll=51.585177,0.148315&sspn=0.178765,0.692139&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=18&ll=51.597044,0.044101&spn=0.001396,0.005407&t=k&iwloc=addr","external_links_name":"\"Essex\""},{"Link":"http://local.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=essex&layer=&sll=51.585177,0.148315&sspn=0.178765,0.692139&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=19&ll=51.601051,0.048052&spn=0.000698,0.002704&t=k&iwloc=addr","external_links_name":"\"Essex\""},{"Link":"http://local.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=essex&layer=&sll=51.585177,0.148315&sspn=0.178765,0.692139&ie=UTF8&z=19&ll=51.602298,0.048607&spn=0.000698,0.002704&t=k&om=1&iwloc=addr","external_links_name":"\"Essex\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130203221639/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2020208721_520arboretumxml.html","external_links_name":"\"520 'Ramps to Nowhere' to Come Down\""},{"Link":"http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2020208721_520arboretumxml.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/@43.635566,12.3183663,3a,75y,273.28h,102.52t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1soaYGeVjyGPY-WrEOr0DnmA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656?shorturl=1","external_links_name":"\"Marche\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/@42.3481884,-73.4116577,389m/data=!3m1!1e3","external_links_name":"\"Masspike Ghost Ramps\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=i-70,+baltimore,+md&sll=39.217293,-76.756496&sspn=0.058052,0.104713&ie=UTF8&ll=39.30137,-76.711832&spn=0.007049,0.013089&t=h&z=17&iwloc=addr","external_links_name":"\"I-70, Baltimore, MD\""},{"Link":"http://wikimapia.org/#lat=52.596427&lon=-0.772605&z=15&l=0&m=h&v=2","external_links_name":"\"Unused Stretch of A47, Rutland\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=corporate+woods+blvd.+albany,+ny&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=59.769082,107.226563&ie=UTF8&ll=42.68335,-73.768945&spn=0.013771,0.026178&t=h&z=16","external_links_name":"\"Corporate Woods Blvd. Albany, NY\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWV_discography
SWV discography
["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Christmas albums","1.3 Compilation albums","2 Extended plays","3 Singles","3.1 As lead artist","3.2 Featured singles","4 Album appearances","5 Music videos","6 References"]
SWV discographyStudio albums5Compilation albums5Music videos14EPs1Singles18 This is the discography of American female R&B trio SWV. Albums Studio albums Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales Certifications US US R&B AUS CAN GER NLD NZ SWE UK UK R&B It's About Time Released: October 27, 1992 Label: RCA Format: CD, CS, LP 8 2 74 19 84 — 7 — 17 — US: 2,600,000 RIAA: 3× Platinum RMNZ: Gold New Beginning Released: April 23, 1996 Label: RCA Format: CD, CS, LP 9 3 54 12 — 62 35 — 26 4 US: 706,000 RIAA: Platinum MC: Gold Release Some Tension Released: July 29, 1997 Label: RCA Format: CD, CS, LP 24 5 — 19 65 18 — 23 19 3 US: 489,000 RIAA: Gold MC: Gold I Missed Us Released: April 17, 2012 Label: Mass Appeal / E1 Music Format: CD, download 25 6 — — — — — — — — Still Released: February 5, 2016 Label: Mass Appeal / E1 Music Format: CD, download 80 11 — — — — — — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. Christmas albums Title Album details Peak chart positions US R&B A Special Christmas Released: November 18, 1997 Label: RCA Format: CD 85 Compilation albums Greatest Hits (1999, RCA) Greatest Hits (1999, Simitar) Best of SWV (2001) Platinum & Gold Collection (2003) The Encore Collection (2004) S.O.U.L. (2011) Extended plays Title EP details Peak chart positions Certifications(sales thresholds) US US R&B The Remixes Released: May 10, 1994 Label: RCA 92 9 RIAA: Gold Singles As lead artist Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US US R&B AUS CAN FRA GER NLD NZ SWE UK "Right Here" 1992 92 16 — — — — — — — — RIAA: Gold It's About Time "I'm So into You" 1993 6 2 40 72 — — 45 42 — 17 RIAA: Platinum "Weak" 1 1 92 42 — — — 6 — 33 RIAA: 3× Platinum "Right Here (Human Nature)"/"Downtown" 2 1 20 19 31 33 14 7 21 3 RIAA: Platinum ARIA: Gold BPI: Silver "You're Always on My Mind" 54 8 — — — — — 35 — — "Anything" 1994 18 4 — — — — — 49 — 30 Above the Rim soundtrack/It's About Time "You're the One" 1996 5 1 99 53 — — — 6 — 13 RIAA: Gold RMNZ: Gold New Beginning "Use Your Heart" 22 6 — — — — — — — — "It's All About U" 61 32 — — — — — 46 — 36 "Can We"(featuring Missy Elliott) 1997 75 31 — — — — — 1 — 18 RMNZ: Gold Release Some Tension "Someone"(featuring Puff Daddy) 19 5 — 28 — — — 28 — 34 RIAA: Gold "Lose My Cool"(featuring Redman) — — — — — — — — — — "Rain" 1998 25 7 — — — — — — — — "Co-Sign" 2011 — 48 — — — — — — — — I Missed Us "Love Unconditionally" 2012 — — — — — — — — — — "All About You" 2014 — — — — — — — — — — "Ain't No Man" 2015 — — — — — — — — — — Still "MCE (Man Crush Everyday)" — — — — — — — — — — "On Tonight" 2016 — — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released. Featured singles Title Year Artist Peak chart positions Album US US R&B US Adult R&B "Freedom (Theme from Panther)" 1995 Various Artists 45 18 34 Panther soundtrack "Tonight's the Night" Blackstreet 80 27 — Blackstreet "Hey AZ" 1997 AZ — 50 — Non-album single "Finally" 2017 Bell Biv DeVoe — — 18 Three Stripes Notes ^ "Right Here (Human Nature)" and "Downtown" were released as double A-side singles. "Downtown" was released separated as a radio-only single in the United Kingdom and peaked at number 19 on the UK Singles chart. ^ "Lose My Cool" did not chart on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts, as Billboard rules at the time prevented album cuts from charting). It reached number 31 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart. ^ "Hey AZ" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100. Album appearances Year Song Album 1993 "Right Here/Human Nature" Free Willy 1994 "Anything" (featuring Wu-Tang Clan) Above the Rim 1995 "Freedom (Theme from Panther)" (with Various Artists) Panther "All Night Long" Waiting to Exhale 1996 "I'll Take You There" NBA at 50: A Musical Celebration 1997 "Can We" (featuring Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott) Booty Call "Tell Me How You Want It" Money Talks 1998 "I Wanna Be Where You Are" Hav Plenty Music videos Year Single Director 1992 "Right Here" Lionel C. Martin 1993 "I'm So into You" "Weak" "Right Here/Human Nature" "Downtown" "Always on My Mind" Diane Martel 1994 "Anything" (featuring Wu-Tang Clan) Lionel C. Martin 1995 "Freedom (Theme from Panther)" (with Various Artists) Antoine Fuqua "Tonight's the Night" (with Blackstreet) Hype Williams 1996 "You're the One" Lionel C. Martin "Use Your Heart" Michael Martin 1997 "It's All About U" Kevin Bray "Can We" (featuring Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott) Jesse Vaughan "Someone" (featuring Puff Daddy) Joseph Kahn "Hey AZ" (with AZ) Michael Marting "Lose My Cool" (featuring Redman) GZA and Chase "Rain" Darren Grant 2012 "Co-Sign" Derek Blanks 2015 "Ain't No Man" References ^ a b c d e f g h i j "SWV Billboard Chart History - Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-06-05. ^ a b Australian (ARIA Chart) peaks: Top 50 peaks: "Australian Charts > SWV". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2011-04-26. Top 100 peaks to December 2010: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 273. "Weak": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 13 Mar 1994". ARIA. Retrieved 2016-02-25. "You're the One": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 09 Jun 1996". ARIA. Retrieved 2016-02-25. ^ a b Canadian peaks: Albums: "Canadian Charts > SWV". RPM. Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05. New Beginning (not shown in the main link): "Canadian Charts > Sisters With Voices". RPM. Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05. Singles: "Canadian Charts > SWV". RPM. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2019-06-05. ^ a b "German Charts > SWV". Media Control Charts. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved 2011-12-21. ^ a b "Dutch Charts > SWV". MegaCharts. Retrieved 2011-12-21. ^ a b "New Zealand Charts > SWV". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 2019-06-05. ^ a b "Swedish Charts > SWV". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 2011-12-21. ^ a b "Official Charts > SWV". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 2016-02-25. ^ UK R&B albums chart peaks: For New Beginning: "Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. April 27, 1996. Retrieved September 16, 2023. For Release Some Tension: "Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart". Official Charts Company. August 9, 1997. Retrieved September 16, 2023. ^ Anderson, Trevor (August 7, 2015). "SWV Returns With 'Ain't No Man' Single & New Album". Billboard. Retrieved September 26, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "American certifications – SWV". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 7, 2019. ^ "New Zealand album certifications – SWV – It's About Time". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ a b Hay, Carla (July 17, 1999). "SWV's Coko Aims To Make A Solo Splash". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 29. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 3, 2018. ^ a b "Canadian certifications – SWV". Music Canada. Retrieved June 7, 2019. ^ "FRA Charts > SWV". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 2011-12-20. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 273. ^ "SWV: Right Here". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 12, 2021. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – SWV – You're the One". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – SWV – Can We". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ All About You - Single - SWV. Released: 25 Feb, 2014. Retrieved 2014-06-29 ^ All About You: SWV: Amazon.co.uk: MP3 Downloads. Original release date: 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-06-29 ^ "New Music: SWV – 'Ain't No Man'". Rap-Up. Retrieved 2015-08-07. ^ a b c US chart peaks for featured singles: "Freedom": "Various Artists Chart History | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-06-05. "Tonight's the Night": "Blackstreet Chart History | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-06-05. ^ "Chart Search | Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-06-05. vteSWV Cheryl "Coko" Gamble Tamara "Taj" Johnson-George Leanne "Lelee" Lyons Studio albums It's About Time New Beginning Release Some Tension A Special Christmas I Missed Us Still Other releases The Remixes Singles "Right Here" "I'm So into You" "Weak" "Right Here (Human Nature Remix)" "You're the One" "Use Your Heart" "It's All About U" "Can We" "Someone" "Lose My Cool" "Rain" "Co-Sign" "Ain't No Man" Related articles Discography Queens of R&B Tour
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWV"}],"text":"This is the discography of American female R&B trio SWV.","title":"SWV discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Christmas albums","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","text":"Greatest Hits (1999, RCA)\nGreatest Hits (1999, Simitar)\nBest of SWV (2001)\nPlatinum & Gold Collection (2003)\nThe Encore Collection (2004)\nS.O.U.L. (2011)","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Extended plays"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As lead artist","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-bubbling-26"}],"sub_title":"Featured singles","text":"Notes^ \"Right Here (Human Nature)\" and \"Downtown\" were released as double A-side singles. \"Downtown\" was released separated as a radio-only single in the United Kingdom and peaked at number 19 on the UK Singles chart.\n\n^ \"Lose My Cool\" did not chart on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts, as Billboard rules at the time prevented album cuts from charting). It reached number 31 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart.\n\n^ \"Hey AZ\" did not enter the Billboard Hot 100, but peaked at number 17 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.[24]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Album appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music videos"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"SWV Billboard Chart History - Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/swv/","url_text":"\"SWV Billboard Chart History - Billboard 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Charts > SWV\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 2011-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","url_text":"\"Australian Charts > SWV\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 273.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 13 Mar 1994\". ARIA. Retrieved 2016-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/wiIAjS8.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 13 Mar 1994\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 09 Jun 1996\". ARIA. Retrieved 2016-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/YmNLtTQ.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 09 Jun 1996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Charts > SWV\". RPM. Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=SWV&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs&","url_text":"\"Canadian Charts > SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605181212/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=SWV&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs&","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Charts > Sisters With Voices\". RPM. Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Sisters+With+Voices&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs&","url_text":"\"Canadian Charts > Sisters With Voices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605183000/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Sisters+With+Voices&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs&","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Charts > SWV\". RPM. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2019-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022153142/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=9s7bdedgspf6k69nk8spigp4u4&q1=SWV&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20","url_text":"\"Canadian Charts > SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=9s7bdedgspf6k69nk8spigp4u4&q1=SWV&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"German Charts > SWV\". Media Control Charts. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved 2011-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903114133/http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=swv&x=3&y=7&country=de","url_text":"\"German Charts > SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control_Charts","url_text":"Media Control Charts"},{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=swv&x=3&y=7&country=de","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Charts > SWV\". MegaCharts. Retrieved 2011-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","url_text":"\"Dutch Charts > SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MegaCharts","url_text":"MegaCharts"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Charts > SWV\". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Retrieved 2019-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","url_text":"\"New Zealand Charts > SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Swedish Charts > SWV\". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 2011-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","url_text":"\"Swedish Charts > SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Charts > SWV\". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 2016-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/28807/swv/","url_text":"\"Official Charts > SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"The Official UK Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. April 27, 1996. Retrieved September 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/official-hip-hop-and-r-and-b-albums-chart/19960428/115/","url_text":"\"Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart\". Official Charts Company. August 9, 1997. Retrieved September 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/official-hip-hop-and-r-and-b-albums-chart/19970810/115/","url_text":"\"Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Trevor (August 7, 2015). \"SWV Returns With 'Ain't No Man' Single & New Album\". Billboard. Retrieved September 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/6656730/swv-aint-no-man-single-album","url_text":"\"SWV Returns With 'Ain't No Man' Single & New Album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"American certifications – SWV\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=SWV&ti=&format=&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American certifications – SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand album certifications – SWV – It's About Time\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=23595","url_text":"\"New Zealand album certifications – SWV – It's About Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"Hay, Carla (July 17, 1999). \"SWV's Coko Aims To Make A Solo Splash\". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 29. p. 24. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved July 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kAgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=swv&pg=PA24","url_text":"\"SWV's Coko Aims To Make A Solo Splash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian certifications – SWV\". Music Canada. Retrieved June 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=%20SWV","url_text":"\"Canadian certifications – SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"FRA Charts > SWV\". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 2011-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","url_text":"\"FRA Charts > SWV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique","url_text":"Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 273.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"SWV: Right Here\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/12959-5652-1","url_text":"\"SWV: Right Here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand single certifications – SWV – You're the One\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3728","url_text":"\"New Zealand single certifications – SWV – You're the One\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand single certifications – SWV – Can We\". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3792","url_text":"\"New Zealand single certifications – SWV – Can We\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"New Music: SWV – 'Ain't No Man'\". Rap-Up. Retrieved 2015-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rap-up.com/2015/08/07/new-music-swv-aint-no-man/","url_text":"\"New Music: SWV – 'Ain't No Man'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Various Artists Chart History | Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/various-artists/chart-history","url_text":"\"Various Artists Chart History | Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackstreet Chart History | Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/blackstreet/chart-history","url_text":"\"Blackstreet Chart History | Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Search | Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved 2019-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ts_chart_artistname%3ASWV&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3ABubbling%20Under%20Hot%20100&f%5b2%5d=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=SWV","url_text":"\"Chart Search | Billboard\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/swv/","external_links_name":"\"SWV Billboard Chart History - Billboard 200\""},{"Link":"http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","external_links_name":"\"Australian Charts > SWV\""},{"Link":"http://i.imgur.com/wiIAjS8.jpg","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 13 Mar 1994\""},{"Link":"http://i.imgur.com/YmNLtTQ.jpg","external_links_name":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 09 Jun 1996\""},{"Link":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=SWV&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs&","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Charts > SWV\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605181212/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=SWV&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs&","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Sisters+With+Voices&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs&","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Charts > Sisters With Voices\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605183000/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Sisters+With+Voices&ChartEn=Top+Albums%2fCDs&","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022153142/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=9s7bdedgspf6k69nk8spigp4u4&q1=SWV&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Charts > SWV\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-110.01-e.php?PHPSESSID=9s7bdedgspf6k69nk8spigp4u4&q1=SWV&q2=Top+Singles&interval=20","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903114133/http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=swv&x=3&y=7&country=de","external_links_name":"\"German Charts > SWV\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.de/suche.asp?search=swv&x=3&y=7&country=de","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","external_links_name":"\"Dutch Charts > SWV\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Charts > SWV\""},{"Link":"http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","external_links_name":"\"Swedish Charts > SWV\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/28807/swv/","external_links_name":"\"Official Charts > SWV\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/official-hip-hop-and-r-and-b-albums-chart/19960428/115/","external_links_name":"\"Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/official-hip-hop-and-r-and-b-albums-chart/19970810/115/","external_links_name":"\"Official Hip Hop and R&B Albums Chart\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/6656730/swv-aint-no-man-single-album","external_links_name":"\"SWV Returns With 'Ain't No Man' Single & New Album\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=SWV&ti=&format=&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American certifications – SWV\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=23595","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand album certifications – SWV – It's About Time\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kAgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=swv&pg=PA24","external_links_name":"\"SWV's Coko Aims To Make A Solo Splash\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=%20SWV","external_links_name":"\"Canadian certifications – SWV\""},{"Link":"http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=SWV","external_links_name":"\"FRA Charts > SWV\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/12959-5652-1","external_links_name":"\"SWV: Right Here\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3728","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand single certifications – SWV – You're the One\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3792","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand single certifications – SWV – Can We\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/all-about-you-single/id816440658","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B00IOB0CNC/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.rap-up.com/2015/08/07/new-music-swv-aint-no-man/","external_links_name":"\"New Music: SWV – 'Ain't No Man'\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/various-artists/chart-history","external_links_name":"\"Various Artists Chart History | Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/blackstreet/chart-history","external_links_name":"\"Blackstreet Chart History | Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5b0%5d=ts_chart_artistname%3ASWV&f%5b1%5d=itm_field_chart_id%3ABubbling%20Under%20Hot%20100&f%5b2%5d=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=SWV","external_links_name":"\"Chart Search | Billboard\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Lake
Upper Klamath Lake
["1 Geology","2 History","3 Ecology","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°23′32″N 121°52′49″W / 42.39222°N 121.88028°W / 42.39222; -121.88028Large lake in southern Oregon, United States Upper Klamath LakeAerial view of Williamson River and Agency LakeUpper Klamath LakeLocation of Upper Klamath Lake in OregonShow map of OregonUpper Klamath LakeUpper Klamath Lake (the United States)Show map of the United StatesUpper Kalamath Lake WatershedLocationKlamath County, Oregon,United StatesCoordinates42°23′32″N 121°52′49″W / 42.39222°N 121.88028°W / 42.39222; -121.88028Lake typeHypereutrophicPrimary inflowsWilliamson River, Wood River, Crooked Creek, Fourmile CreekPrimary outflowsLink RiverCatchment area3,768 sq mi (9,760 km2)Basin countriesUnited StatesMax. length20 mi (32 km)Max. width8 mi (13 km)Surface area61,543 acres (24,906 ha)Average depth14 ft (4.3 m)Water volume849,290 acre⋅ft (1.04758 km3)Residence time0.5 monthsShore length187.8 mi (141.3 km)Surface elevation4,140 feet (1,260 m)1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. Upper Klamath Lake (sometimes called Klamath Lake) (Klamath: ?ews, "lake") is a large, shallow freshwater lake east of the Cascade Range in south-central Oregon in the United States. The largest body of fresh water by surface area in Oregon, it is approximately 25 miles (40 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide and extends northwest from the city of Klamath Falls. It sits at an average elevation of 4,140 feet (1,260 m). In the early 20th century, most of the wetlands and marshes surrounding the lake were drained for agricultural purposes, damaging the larger habitat. The lake's water has been used to support the federal Klamath Project for irrigation by local farmers for a century. The lake depth fluctuates due to regulation of its water supply, averaging between 8 and 50 feet (2.4 and 15.2 m) deep. The lake level is kept within 4,137 to 4,143 ft (1,261 to 1,263 m) above sea level to ensure a viable fishery in the lake and to protect coho salmon in the Klamath River below the lake. Upper Klamath Lake is fed by a watershed of 3,768 square miles (9,760 km2) including the Williamson and Wood Rivers, and is drained by the Klamath River (known here as the Link River), which issues from the south end of the lake. The lake is connected by a short channel to the smaller Agency Lake to the north. The Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge has been established on land along the northern edge of the lake to preserve natural habitat. Geology Upper Klamath Lake is the largest remnant of Lake Modoc, a giant pluvial lake that existed in the region until about 10,000 years ago. At its largest, Lake Modoc covered over 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2), joining Upper Klamath, Lower Klamath, and Tule Lakes, as well as all of the major wetlands in the upper Klamath River basin, into a contiguous body of water. The lake was more than ten times the size of present-day Upper Klamath Lake and sat nearly 100 feet (30 m) higher in elevation. Lake Modoc disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene due to a warming and drying climate. History Klamath Falls and Lake Ewauna in 1930 The region around Upper Klamath Lake and the Williamson, Sprague and Wood rivers to the north of the lake were originally inhabited by the Klamath people. The Modoc people inhabited the lands to the south of Upper Klamath Lake, around the Lower Klamath and Tule lakes. The first recorded persons of European descent to visit Upper Klamath Lake were a party of Hudson's Bay Company fur trappers commanded by Peter Skene Ogden in December 1826. Ogden called the lake "Dog Lake", after obtaining nine dogs from the local Klamaths for food. They explored the lake and the Klamath River headwaters, helped by native guides. However, they did not stay in the area for long, instead moving south to tributaries of the Klamath River in search of beaver. Animosity between American immigrants and Native Americans led to armed conflicts. In 1846, a military expedition led by John C. Frémont and Kit Carson were attacked by Native American warriors near Upper Klamath Lake. In revenge, Frémont and Carson's party attacked a local village, killing fourteen people. As more settlers entered the region, the Modoc people resisted by raiding parties along the South Emigrant Trail, which passed through the Klamath River Valley south of Upper Klamath Lake. In 1873, the Native Americans were defeated in the Modoc War, and were relocated to a reservation on the north side of the lake. Being naturally eutrophic, the lake has been known since early times for its poor water quality. Frémont noted the "often foul smelling waters" of the lake, and the Applegate Trail was purposely routed away from the lake because the water was "so bad that it might be too dangerous for livestock to drink late in the season". Starting in the mid-1800s, the valleys both north and south of Upper Klamath were settled and developed for agriculture. Since 1917, the water level in the lake has been regulated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)'s Link River Dam as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project, to supply irrigation waters to support agriculture in the upper Klamath Basin. The original timber crib dam was replaced by a more permanent concrete structure in 1921. Ecology Prior to the 20th century, the lake was surrounded by widespread marshes and wetlands, which supported fish, birds and wildlife, as well as protecting water quality in the lake. Much of these important habitats were drained to be converted to cultivated farmland, as farmers did not understand the value of the wetlands for the environment. The lake is naturally eutrophic, due to a high concentration of nutrients. In the 20th century, the augmentation of nutrients by agricultural runoff from the surrounding farming valley has caused the lake to become hypereutrophic, resulting in blue-green algae blooms over the lake (largely Aphanizomenon flos-aquae). The algae blooms turn the water an opaque green in the summer and reduce the opportunity for recreational uses of the lake. State standards for dissolved oxygen are routinely violated, meaning that fish are endangered. The lake is still a vital stop for waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway, and is known for its rainbow trout fishery. Canoe trail Upper Klamath Lake The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is responsible for protecting and maintaining sucker populations in the lake. In 1988, the FWS placed the Lost River sucker and the shortnose sucker (Catostomidae) on the federal endangered species list; the numbers of the two formerly abundant Upper Klamath Lake fish species had sharply fallen due to the decline in water quality. As a result, the government abandoned a planned dredging project, which would have further damaged the water quality. The project was to dredge a deeper navigation channel from one end of the lake to the other; it was planned between several government agencies and Aqua Farm's Inc. A drought in the summer of 2001 heightened environmental concerns about the lake. The BOR stopped withdrawing irrigation water for the Klamath Project in order to protect the sucker population. The farming community protested, as they depended on a supply of lake waters for their operations. As of 2003, the FWS was monitoring the lake regularly due to water shortfalls, which endangered both fish in the lake and salmon in the Klamath River. The future uses of Klamath Lake are of national interest because of competing claims between farmers' property rights (supported by federal subsidies and programs) and larger environmental goals. See also Upper Klamath Lake, reflecting the morning sun Eagle Ridge County Park Klamath County, Oregon List of lakes in Oregon Link River Link River Dam Lakes portal Oregon portal Pacific Northwest portal References ^ a b c d e "Upper Klamath Lake" (PDF). Atlas of Oregon Lakes. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ "Vocabulary". The Klamath Tribes. Retrieved 2021-03-01. ^ "Klamath Lake" Archived 2009-06-27 at the Wayback Machine, Oregon Lake Association, 2005 ^ "Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Most, Stephen. "Inhabiting the Land: Mountain Men". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ Most, Stephen. "Fremont & Kit Carson at Upper Klamath Lake". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ Fisher, Don C. (June 1937). "Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War". Nature Notes From Crater Lake, Volume 10, No. 1. Crater Lake Institute. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ Whitsett, Doug (2013-08-10). "Environmentalist Claims About Upper Klamath Lake Fall Short". Klamath News. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ Aschbrenner, Joel (2012-03-08). "The Klamath River Dams: Link River dam built in 1921 to prevent floods". Herald and News. Retrieved 2013-10-12. ^ "Upper Klamath Lake | Atlas of Oregon Lakes". Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. ^ Dylan Darling, "All Eyes on Upper Klamath Lake", Klamath Falls Herald and News, July 2003, accessed 2 November 201 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Klamath Lake. USGS: Upper Klamath Lake nutrient study Oregon Lakes: Upper Klamath Lake Klamath Waters Digital Library vteKlamath RiverStates and counties Oregon Klamath Lake Jackson California Siskiyou Modoc Humboldt Trinity Del Norte Significant cities Klamath Falls Happy Camp Weitchpec Orleans Klamath Glen Klamath Major tributaries Williamson River Sprague River Lost River Butte Creek Shasta River Scott River Salmon River Trinity River Geography Course of the Klamath River Upper Klamath Lake Lower Klamath Lake Tule Lake Klamath Basin Trinity Lake Mount Shasta Klamath Mountains Trinity Alps Cascade Range Six Rivers National Forest Klamath National Forest Lava Beds National Monument Native American tribes Klamath Tribes Hupa Karuk Klamath Modoc Yurok History California Gold Rush Hudson's Bay Company Klamath County (defunct) Klamath Diversion Modoc War Siskiyou Trail Dams and infrastructure Klamath Project (United States Bureau of Reclamation) Klamath River Hydroelectric Project (PacifiCorp) Link River Dam Keno Dam John C. Boyle Dam Copco Dam #1 Copco Dam #2 Iron Gate Dam California State Route 96 California State Route 169 Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Klamath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater"},{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Cascade Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Klamath Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Falls,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Klamath Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Project"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"coho salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coho_salmon"},{"link_name":"Klamath River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_River_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Wood Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_River_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Link River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_River"},{"link_name":"Agency Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_Lake"},{"link_name":"Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Basin_National_Wildlife_Refuge_Complex"}],"text":"Large lake in southern Oregon, United StatesUpper Klamath Lake (sometimes called Klamath Lake) (Klamath: ?ews, \"lake\"[2]) is a large, shallow freshwater lake east of the Cascade Range in south-central Oregon in the United States. The largest body of fresh water by surface area in Oregon, it is approximately 25 miles (40 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide and extends northwest from the city of Klamath Falls. It sits at an average elevation of 4,140 feet (1,260 m).In the early 20th century, most of the wetlands and marshes surrounding the lake were drained for agricultural purposes, damaging the larger habitat. The lake's water has been used to support the federal Klamath Project for irrigation by local farmers for a century. The lake depth fluctuates due to regulation of its water supply, averaging between 8 and 50 feet (2.4 and 15.2 m) deep. The lake level is kept within 4,137 to 4,143 ft (1,261 to 1,263 m) above sea level to ensure a viable fishery in the lake and to protect coho salmon in the Klamath River below the lake.[3]Upper Klamath Lake is fed by a watershed of 3,768 square miles (9,760 km2)[4] including the Williamson and Wood Rivers, and is drained by the Klamath River (known here as the Link River), which issues from the south end of the lake. The lake is connected by a short channel to the smaller Agency Lake to the north. The Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge has been established on land along the northern edge of the lake to preserve natural habitat.","title":"Upper Klamath Lake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Modoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Modoc"},{"link_name":"pluvial lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvial_lake"},{"link_name":"Lower Klamath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Klamath_Lake"},{"link_name":"Tule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_Lake"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Upper Klamath Lake is the largest remnant of Lake Modoc, a giant pluvial lake that existed in the region until about 10,000 years ago. At its largest, Lake Modoc covered over 1,000 square miles (2,600 km2), joining Upper Klamath, Lower Klamath, and Tule Lakes, as well as all of the major wetlands in the upper Klamath River basin, into a contiguous body of water. The lake was more than ten times the size of present-day Upper Klamath Lake and sat nearly 100 feet (30 m) higher in elevation. Lake Modoc disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene due to a warming and drying climate.[5]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klamath_Falls,_Oregon_(3387077611).jpg"},{"link_name":"Klamath Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Falls,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Klamath people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_people"},{"link_name":"Modoc people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modoc_people"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"Peter Skene Ogden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Skene_Ogden"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"John C. Frémont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont"},{"link_name":"Kit Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Carson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Modoc people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modoc_people"},{"link_name":"Modoc War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modoc_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"eutrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophic"},{"link_name":"Applegate Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applegate_Trail"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"United States Bureau of Reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation"},{"link_name":"Link River Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_River_Dam"},{"link_name":"Klamath Reclamation Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_Reclamation_Project"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Klamath Falls and Lake Ewauna in 1930The region around Upper Klamath Lake and the Williamson, Sprague and Wood rivers to the north of the lake were originally inhabited by the Klamath people. The Modoc people inhabited the lands to the south of Upper Klamath Lake, around the Lower Klamath and Tule lakes.The first recorded persons of European descent to visit Upper Klamath Lake were a party of Hudson's Bay Company fur trappers commanded by Peter Skene Ogden in December 1826. Ogden called the lake \"Dog Lake\", after obtaining nine dogs from the local Klamaths for food. They explored the lake and the Klamath River headwaters, helped by native guides. However, they did not stay in the area for long, instead moving south to tributaries of the Klamath River in search of beaver.[6]Animosity between American immigrants and Native Americans led to armed conflicts. In 1846, a military expedition led by John C. Frémont and Kit Carson were attacked by Native American warriors near Upper Klamath Lake. In revenge, Frémont and Carson's party attacked a local village, killing fourteen people.[7]As more settlers entered the region, the Modoc people resisted by raiding parties along the South Emigrant Trail, which passed through the Klamath River Valley south of Upper Klamath Lake. In 1873, the Native Americans were defeated in the Modoc War, and were relocated to a reservation on the north side of the lake.[8]Being naturally eutrophic, the lake has been known since early times for its poor water quality. Frémont noted the \"often foul smelling waters\" of the lake, and the Applegate Trail was purposely routed away from the lake because the water was \"so bad that it might be too dangerous for livestock to drink late in the season\".[9]Starting in the mid-1800s, the valleys both north and south of Upper Klamath were settled and developed for agriculture. Since 1917, the water level in the lake has been regulated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)'s Link River Dam as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project, to supply irrigation waters to support agriculture in the upper Klamath Basin. The original timber crib dam was replaced by a more permanent concrete structure in 1921.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eutrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophic"},{"link_name":"hypereutrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypereutrophic"},{"link_name":"blue-green algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-green_algae"},{"link_name":"Aphanizomenon flos-aquae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphanizomenon_flos-aquae"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"Pacific Flyway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Flyway"},{"link_name":"rainbow trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canoe_8179.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klamath_Lake_a_Study_in_Blue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"Lost River sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_River_sucker"},{"link_name":"shortnose sucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortnose_sucker"},{"link_name":"federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"endangered species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"property rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_rights"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"}],"text":"Prior to the 20th century, the lake was surrounded by widespread marshes and wetlands, which supported fish, birds and wildlife, as well as protecting water quality in the lake. Much of these important habitats were drained to be converted to cultivated farmland, as farmers did not understand the value of the wetlands for the environment. The lake is naturally eutrophic, due to a high concentration of nutrients. In the 20th century, the augmentation of nutrients by agricultural runoff from the surrounding farming valley has caused the lake to become hypereutrophic, resulting in blue-green algae blooms over the lake (largely Aphanizomenon flos-aquae). The algae blooms turn the water an opaque green in the summer and reduce the opportunity for recreational uses of the lake. State standards for dissolved oxygen are routinely violated, meaning that fish are endangered. The lake is still a vital stop for waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway, and is known for its rainbow trout fishery.[11]Canoe trailUpper Klamath LakeThe US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is responsible for protecting and maintaining sucker populations in the lake. In 1988, the FWS placed the Lost River sucker and the shortnose sucker (Catostomidae) on the federal endangered species list; the numbers of the two formerly abundant Upper Klamath Lake fish species had sharply fallen due to the decline in water quality. As a result, the government abandoned a planned dredging project, which would have further damaged the water quality. The project was to dredge a deeper navigation channel from one end of the lake to the other; it was planned between several government agencies and Aqua Farm's Inc.A drought in the summer of 2001 heightened environmental concerns about the lake. The BOR stopped withdrawing irrigation water for the Klamath Project in order to protect the sucker population. The farming community protested, as they depended on a supply of lake waters for their operations. As of 2003, the FWS was monitoring the lake regularly due to water shortfalls, which endangered both fish in the lake and salmon in the Klamath River.[12] The future uses of Klamath Lake are of national interest because of competing claims between farmers' property rights (supported by federal subsidies and programs) and larger environmental goals.","title":"Ecology"}]
[{"image_text":"Klamath Falls and Lake Ewauna in 1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Klamath_Falls%2C_Oregon_%283387077611%29.jpg/220px-Klamath_Falls%2C_Oregon_%283387077611%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Canoe trail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Canoe_8179.jpg/220px-Canoe_8179.jpg"},{"image_text":"Upper Klamath Lake","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Klamath_Lake_a_Study_in_Blue.jpg/220px-Klamath_Lake_a_Study_in_Blue.jpg"},{"image_text":"Upper Klamath Lake, reflecting the morning sun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Upper_Klamath_Lake_aerial.jpg/220px-Upper_Klamath_Lake_aerial.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Klamath_Lake_aerial.jpg"},{"title":"Eagle Ridge County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Ridge_County_Park"},{"title":"Klamath County, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_County,_Oregon"},{"title":"List of lakes in Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Oregon"},{"title":"Link River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_River"},{"title":"Link River Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_River_Dam"},{"title":"Lakes portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lakes"},{"title":"Oregon portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Oregon"},{"title":"Pacific Northwest portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest"}]
[{"reference":"\"Upper Klamath Lake\" (PDF). Atlas of Oregon Lakes. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://aol.research.pdx.edu/atlas_pages/AOL_136.pdf","url_text":"\"Upper Klamath Lake\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vocabulary\". The Klamath Tribes. Retrieved 2021-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://klamathtribes.org/language/vocabulary/","url_text":"\"Vocabulary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units\". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html","url_text":"\"Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014125800/http://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/OHC/docs/klamath_klamathbasin_context.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/OHC/docs/klamath_klamathbasin_context.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Most, Stephen. \"Inhabiting the Land: Mountain Men\". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/nature-and-history-in-the-klamath-basin/inhabiting-the-land/fremont-and-kit-carson-at-upper-klamath-lake/#.XRe91cplDmo","url_text":"\"Inhabiting the Land: Mountain Men\""}]},{"reference":"Most, Stephen. \"Fremont & Kit Carson at Upper Klamath Lake\". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohs.org/the-oregon-history-project/narratives/the-klamath-basin/inhabiting-the-land/fremon-kit-carson-upper-klamath-lake.cfm","url_text":"\"Fremont & Kit Carson at Upper Klamath Lake\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Don C. (June 1937). \"Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War\". Nature Notes From Crater Lake, Volume 10, No. 1. Crater Lake Institute. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/nature-notes/vol10no1-modoc-war.htm","url_text":"\"Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War\""}]},{"reference":"Whitsett, Doug (2013-08-10). \"Environmentalist Claims About Upper Klamath Lake Fall Short\". Klamath News. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://klamathnews.net/senator-doug-whitsett/2013/8/10/environmentalist-claims-about-upper-klamath-lake-fall-short","url_text":"\"Environmentalist Claims About Upper Klamath Lake Fall Short\""}]},{"reference":"Aschbrenner, Joel (2012-03-08). \"The Klamath River Dams: Link River dam built in 1921 to prevent floods\". Herald and News. Retrieved 2013-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldandnews.com/news/article_f2acdaf4-5869-11e1-b01d-0019bb2963f4.html","url_text":"\"The Klamath River Dams: Link River dam built in 1921 to prevent floods\""}]},{"reference":"\"Upper Klamath Lake | Atlas of Oregon Lakes\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014144708/http://aol.research.pdx.edu/?q=lake/387","url_text":"\"Upper Klamath Lake | Atlas of Oregon Lakes\""},{"url":"http://aol.research.pdx.edu/?q=lake/387","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Upper_Klamath_Lake&params=42_23_32_N_121_52_49_W_region:US-OR_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"42°23′32″N 121°52′49″W / 42.39222°N 121.88028°W / 42.39222; -121.88028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Upper_Klamath_Lake&params=42_23_32_N_121_52_49_W_region:US-OR_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"42°23′32″N 121°52′49″W / 42.39222°N 121.88028°W / 42.39222; -121.88028"},{"Link":"http://aol.research.pdx.edu/atlas_pages/AOL_136.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Upper Klamath Lake\""},{"Link":"https://klamathtribes.org/language/vocabulary/","external_links_name":"\"Vocabulary\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlakes.org/gallery/klamath/klamath.html","external_links_name":"\"Klamath Lake\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627194039/http://www.oregonlakes.org/gallery/klamath/klamath.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/huc_name.html","external_links_name":"\"Boundary Descriptions and Names of Regions, Subregions, Accounting Units and Cataloging Units\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014125800/http://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/OHC/docs/klamath_klamathbasin_context.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregon.gov/oprd/HCD/OHC/docs/klamath_klamathbasin_context.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/nature-and-history-in-the-klamath-basin/inhabiting-the-land/fremont-and-kit-carson-at-upper-klamath-lake/#.XRe91cplDmo","external_links_name":"\"Inhabiting the Land: Mountain Men\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohs.org/the-oregon-history-project/narratives/the-klamath-basin/inhabiting-the-land/fremon-kit-carson-upper-klamath-lake.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Fremont & Kit Carson at Upper Klamath Lake\""},{"Link":"http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/online-library/nature-notes/vol10no1-modoc-war.htm","external_links_name":"\"Outline of Events in the History of the Modoc War\""},{"Link":"http://klamathnews.net/senator-doug-whitsett/2013/8/10/environmentalist-claims-about-upper-klamath-lake-fall-short","external_links_name":"\"Environmentalist Claims About Upper Klamath Lake Fall Short\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldandnews.com/news/article_f2acdaf4-5869-11e1-b01d-0019bb2963f4.html","external_links_name":"\"The Klamath River Dams: Link River dam built in 1921 to prevent floods\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014144708/http://aol.research.pdx.edu/?q=lake/387","external_links_name":"\"Upper Klamath Lake | Atlas of Oregon Lakes\""},{"Link":"http://aol.research.pdx.edu/?q=lake/387","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.propertyrightsresearch.org/articles/all_eyes_are_on_the_upper_klamat.htm","external_links_name":"Dylan Darling, \"All Eyes on Upper Klamath Lake\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100608205055/http://or.water.usgs.gov/projs_dir/pn381/pn381.html","external_links_name":"USGS: Upper Klamath Lake nutrient study"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090627194039/http://www.oregonlakes.org/gallery/klamath/klamath.html","external_links_name":"Oregon Lakes: Upper Klamath Lake"},{"Link":"http://klamathwaterlib.oit.edu/","external_links_name":"Klamath Waters Digital Library"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315528510","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Ogilvie
Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie
["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]
American historian of women in science Marilyn Bailey OgilvieOgilvie in 2007Born1936Alma materUniversity of OklahomaBaker UniversityUniversity of KansasSpousePhilip W. Ogilvie (divorced)Children3Scientific careerFieldsHistorian of ScienceInstitutionsUniversity of Oklahoma Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie (born March 22, 1936) is an American historian of science known especially for her work on the history of women in science. She taught at Oklahoma Baptist University before becoming curator of the History of Science Collections and professor at the University of Oklahoma. She is currently Curator Emeritus, History of Science Collections and Professor Emeritus, Department of the History of Science at the university. Biography Dr. Ogilvie earned an A.B. degree in Biology from Baker University (1957), an M.A. in Zoology from the University of Kansas (1959), plus a Ph.D. in the History of Science (1973) and an M.A. in Library Science (1983) from the University of Oklahoma. After working as an associate professor and division chair at Oklahoma Baptist University from 1979 to 1991, Dr. Ogilvie returned to the University of Oklahoma as the Curator of the History of Science Collections. As curator, she expanded the holdings of the collection from 79,000 to 94,000 volumes. After her retirement in 2008, a fellowship for graduate studies in the History of Science was established in her name. She is currently Curator Emeritus, History of Science Collections, and Professor Emeritus, Department of the History of Science, at the university. Dr. Ogilvie's books reflect her interest in the history of women in science. In addition to biographical dictionaries, she has written biographies of biologist Alice Middleton Boring, physicist and chemist Marie Curie, astronomer Caroline Herschel and ornithologist Margaret Morse Nice. In 1998, her book Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century was listed in the American Library Association Outstanding Reference Sources. The book, which contains profiles of 186 women, was described by Chet Raymo of The Boston Globe as follows: "What comes across is the great love of doing science that many women have shared with men. What is also apparent are the formidable barriers that have been thrown up against them." This theme was taken up again in Marie Curie: A Biography (2004; paperback edition 2011), in which Dr. Ogilvie discusses Marie Curie's partnership with her husband Pierre. She also describes their individual contributions to the discoveries for which they jointly received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, and Marie received the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Dr. Ogilvie's books are currently held by hundreds of libraries around the world. She was honored on the occasion of her 80th birthday at the Annual Meeting of the History of Science Society in November 2016 as a "leading historian of women in science." According to her colleague Pnina G. Abir-Am of the Women's Studies Research Center at Brandeis University, Dr. Ogilvie, through her work on biographical dictionaries of women in science, was instrumental in drawing attention to the sheer number of women in scientific fields throughout history. Dr. Ogilvie was married to Philip W. Ogilvie, who taught zoology at the University of Oklahoma and served as director of the Oklahoma City Zoo and other zoos. The couple co-authored at least one scholarly article. They had three children and later divorced. Publications The following is a selection of Ogilvie's publications: Ogilvie, Marilyn (2021). Marie Curie: A Reference Guide to her Life and Works. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-3001-8 Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2018). For the Birds: American Ornithologist Margaret Morse Nice. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-6069-6 Ogilvie, Marilyn B. (2008). Searching the Stars: The Story of Caroline Herschel. Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0752442778 Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2004). Marie Curie: A Biography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32529-8. Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the mid-20th Century. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92038-4. Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1999). A Dame Full of Vim and Vigor: A Biography of Alice Middleton Boring, Biologist in China. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic. ISBN 978-90-5702-575-4. Ogilvie, Marilyn (1986). Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century: A Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-15031-6. References ^ a b "Marilyn B. Ogilvie". The University of Oklahoma, Department of History of Science. ^ Livesey, Steven. "Marilyn B. Ogilvie Alumni Graduate Fellowship". Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2014. ^ Seajay, Carol (December 1, 1990). "Zone Books: Women in Science". Feminist Bookstore News. 13 (4): 127 – via JSTOR. ^ Harris, Martha (March 2012). "Book Reviews Modern (Nineteenth Century to 1950) Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Marie Curie: A Biography. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2011. (paper)". Isis. 103 (1): 200. doi:10.1086/666438. ^ The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. OCLC 434302053. ^ Abir-Am, Pnina G. (January 2018). "The Making of a Historian of Women in Science: Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie at 80!" (PDF). History of Science Society Newsletter. 47 (1): 22–25. ^ Ogilvie, Philip W.; Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (May 1964). "Observations of a Roost of Yellow or Giant Fruit-Eating Bats, Eidolon helvum". Journal of Mammalogy. 45 (2): 309–311. doi:10.2307/1377005. JSTOR 1377005. ^ Bernstein, Adam (September 6, 2002). "Philip W. Ogilvie, 70". The Washington Post. External links Marilyn Ogilvie's faculty home page Works by Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie at Project Gutenberg Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historian of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology"},{"link_name":"women in science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_science"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"}],"text":"Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie (born March 22, 1936) is an American historian of science known especially for her work on the history of women in science. She taught at Oklahoma Baptist University before becoming curator of the History of Science Collections and professor at the University of Oklahoma. She is currently Curator Emeritus, History of Science Collections and Professor Emeritus, Department of the History of Science at the university.","title":"Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baker University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_University"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alumni_Graduate_Fellowship-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Alice Middleton Boring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Middleton_Boring"},{"link_name":"Marie Curie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie"},{"link_name":"Caroline Herschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Herschel"},{"link_name":"Margaret Morse Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Morse_Nice"},{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"},{"link_name":"Chet Raymo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Raymo"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"History of Science Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_Society"},{"link_name":"Brandeis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dr. Ogilvie earned an A.B. degree in Biology from Baker University (1957), an M.A. in Zoology from the University of Kansas (1959), plus a Ph.D. in the History of Science (1973) and an M.A. in Library Science (1983) from the University of Oklahoma.[1]After working as an associate professor and division chair at Oklahoma Baptist University from 1979 to 1991, Dr. Ogilvie returned to the University of Oklahoma as the Curator of the History of Science Collections. As curator, she expanded the holdings of the collection from 79,000 to 94,000 volumes. After her retirement in 2008, a fellowship for graduate studies in the History of Science was established in her name.[2] She is currently Curator Emeritus, History of Science Collections, and Professor Emeritus, Department of the History of Science, at the university.[1]Dr. Ogilvie's books reflect her interest in the history of women in science. In addition to biographical dictionaries, she has written biographies of biologist Alice Middleton Boring, physicist and chemist Marie Curie, astronomer Caroline Herschel and ornithologist Margaret Morse Nice.In 1998, her book Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century was listed in the American Library Association Outstanding Reference Sources. The book, which contains profiles of 186 women, was described by Chet Raymo of The Boston Globe as follows: \"What comes across is the great love of doing science that many women have shared with men. What is also apparent are the formidable barriers that have been thrown up against them.\"[3]This theme was taken up again in Marie Curie: A Biography (2004; paperback edition 2011), in which Dr. Ogilvie discusses Marie Curie's partnership with her husband Pierre. She also describes their individual contributions to the discoveries for which they jointly received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, and Marie received the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[4]Dr. Ogilvie's books are currently held by hundreds of libraries around the world.[5]She was honored on the occasion of her 80th birthday at the Annual Meeting of the History of Science Society in November 2016 as a \"leading historian of women in science.\" According to her colleague Pnina G. Abir-Am of the Women's Studies Research Center at Brandeis University, Dr. Ogilvie, through her work on biographical dictionaries of women in science, was instrumental in drawing attention to the sheer number of women in scientific fields throughout history.[6]Dr. Ogilvie was married to Philip W. Ogilvie, who taught zoology at the University of Oklahoma and served as director of the Oklahoma City Zoo and other zoos. The couple co-authored at least one scholarly article.[7] They had three children and later divorced.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5381-3001-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-3001-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8061-6069-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6069-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0752442778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752442778"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-313-32529-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32529-8"},{"link_name":"The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the mid-20th Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-92038-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92038-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-5702-575-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5702-575-4"},{"link_name":"Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century: A Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/womeninscience00mari"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-262-15031-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-15031-6"}],"text":"The following is a selection of Ogilvie's publications:Ogilvie, Marilyn (2021). Marie Curie: A Reference Guide to her Life and Works. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-3001-8\nOgilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2018). For the Birds: American Ornithologist Margaret Morse Nice. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-6069-6\nOgilvie, Marilyn B. (2008). Searching the Stars: The Story of Caroline Herschel. Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0752442778\nOgilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2004). Marie Curie: A Biography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32529-8.\nOgilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the mid-20th Century. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92038-4.\nOgilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1999). A Dame Full of Vim and Vigor: A Biography of Alice Middleton Boring, Biologist in China. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic. ISBN 978-90-5702-575-4.\nOgilvie, Marilyn (1986). Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century: A Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-15031-6.","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (2004). Marie Curie: A Biography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-32529-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32529-8","url_text":"978-0-313-32529-8"}]},{"reference":"Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the mid-20th Century. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92038-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0","url_text":"The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the mid-20th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92038-4","url_text":"978-0-415-92038-4"}]},{"reference":"Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1999). A Dame Full of Vim and Vigor: A Biography of Alice Middleton Boring, Biologist in China. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic. ISBN 978-90-5702-575-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5702-575-4","url_text":"978-90-5702-575-4"}]},{"reference":"Ogilvie, Marilyn (1986). Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century: A Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-15031-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/womeninscience00mari","url_text":"Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century: A Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-15031-6","url_text":"978-0-262-15031-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Marilyn B. Ogilvie\". The University of Oklahoma, Department of History of Science.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ou.edu/cas/hsci/people/faculty/marilyn-ogilvie","url_text":"\"Marilyn B. Ogilvie\""}]},{"reference":"Livesey, Steven. \"Marilyn B. Ogilvie Alumni Graduate Fellowship\". Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130524161959/http://www.ou.edu/cas/hsci/hsci/Ogilvie.html","url_text":"\"Marilyn B. Ogilvie Alumni Graduate Fellowship\""},{"url":"http://www.ou.edu/cas/hsci/hsci/Ogilvie.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Seajay, Carol (December 1, 1990). \"Zone Books: Women in Science\". Feminist Bookstore News. 13 (4): 127 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Seajay","url_text":"Seajay, Carol"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.28036336","url_text":"\"Zone Books: Women in Science\""}]},{"reference":"Harris, Martha (March 2012). \"Book Reviews Modern (Nineteenth Century to 1950) Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Marie Curie: A Biography. Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2011. (paper)\". Isis. 103 (1): 200. doi:10.1086/666438.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F666438","url_text":"10.1086/666438"}]},{"reference":"The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. OCLC 434302053.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/434302053","url_text":"434302053"}]},{"reference":"Abir-Am, Pnina G. (January 2018). \"The Making of a Historian of Women in Science: Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie at 80!\" (PDF). History of Science Society Newsletter. 47 (1): 22–25.","urls":[{"url":"https://hssonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Jan-2018-newsletter.pdf","url_text":"\"The Making of a Historian of Women in Science: Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie at 80!\""}]},{"reference":"Ogilvie, Philip W.; Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (May 1964). \"Observations of a Roost of Yellow or Giant Fruit-Eating Bats, Eidolon helvum\". Journal of Mammalogy. 45 (2): 309–311. doi:10.2307/1377005. JSTOR 1377005.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1377005","url_text":"10.2307/1377005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1377005","url_text":"1377005"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Adam (September 6, 2002). \"Philip W. Ogilvie, 70\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/09/06/philip-w-ogilvie-70/62ef147b-a57e-4a43-aac5-66bf32401292/","url_text":"\"Philip W. Ogilvie, 70\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict00ogil_0","external_links_name":"The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives from Ancient Times to the mid-20th Century"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/womeninscience00mari","external_links_name":"Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century: A Biographical Dictionary with Annotated Bibliography"},{"Link":"https://www.ou.edu/cas/hsci/people/faculty/marilyn-ogilvie","external_links_name":"\"Marilyn B. Ogilvie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130524161959/http://www.ou.edu/cas/hsci/hsci/Ogilvie.html","external_links_name":"\"Marilyn B. Ogilvie Alumni Graduate Fellowship\""},{"Link":"http://www.ou.edu/cas/hsci/hsci/Ogilvie.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.28036336","external_links_name":"\"Zone Books: Women in Science\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F666438","external_links_name":"10.1086/666438"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/434302053","external_links_name":"434302053"},{"Link":"https://hssonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Jan-2018-newsletter.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Making of a Historian of Women in Science: Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie at 80!\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1377005","external_links_name":"10.2307/1377005"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1377005","external_links_name":"1377005"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/09/06/philip-w-ogilvie-70/62ef147b-a57e-4a43-aac5-66bf32401292/","external_links_name":"\"Philip W. Ogilvie, 70\""},{"Link":"http://www.ou.edu/cas/hsci/people/faculty/marilyn-ogilvie","external_links_name":"Marilyn Ogilvie's faculty home page"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/35096","external_links_name":"Works by Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115858403","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2494080","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth9FdHvXBDCdwydwrTHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90250662","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120713557","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120713557","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058591972606706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089289383","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604742005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13929184","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85210468","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2012691712&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072624019","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810532228205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028993446","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobo_(TV_series)
Lobo (TV series)
["1 Overview","1.1 Production","2 Summary","3 Episodes","4 Cast and characters","4.1 Main cast","4.2 Supporting cast","4.3 Extended cast","4.4 Guest cast","5 Reception","5.1 Ratings","5.2 Theme song","5.3 Awards and recognitions","5.4 International release","6 International broadcast","7 Sequel series","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
This article is about the Philippine TV series. For the American series, see The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo. Filipino TV series or program LoboTitle cardAlso known asShe Wolf: The Last SentinelGenreDramaSupernaturalFantasyHorrorActionRomanceCreated byABS-CBN StudiosDanilo M. Maceda Jr.Developed byMalou N. SantosWritten byABS-CBN StudiosMark Dunae AngosFelina V. BagasTanya Winona BautistaDirected byCathy Garcia-Molina Jerry Lopez Sineneng FM ReyesStarringAngel Locsin Piolo PascualEnding theme"Ikaw Ang Pangarap" by Martin NieveraComposerOgie AlcasidCountry of originPhilippinesOriginal languageFilipinoNo. of episodes118ProductionExecutive producersCarlo KatigbakCory VidanesLaurenti DyogiProducersMyleen H. OngkikoAnnaliza A. GomaDes M. De GuzmanProduction locationsMetro Manila Antipolo, Rizal Tanay, Rizal BulacanCamera setupMulti-camera setupRunning time30-45 minutesProduction companyStar CreativesOriginal releaseNetworkABS-CBNReleaseJanuary 28 (2008-01-28) –July 11, 2008 (2008-07-11)RelatedImortal (2010)La Luna Sangre (2017) Lobo (International title: She Wolf: The Last Sentinel / transl. Wolf) is a Philippine supernatural–fantasy horror TV series produced by ABS-CBN Studios. It premiered from January 28 to July 11, 2008, replacing Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara and was replaced by Iisa Pa Lamang and Dyosa on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel. It was topbilled by Piolo Pascual with Angel Locsin and was the most expensive teleserye made by ABS-CBN Studios. The series is streaming online on YouTube. Overview Production In 2004, Lobo was already planned as a project by ABS-CBN Studios with the original storyline centering on siblings who are both wolves. Robin Padilla was the first choice of ABS-CBN for the role "Noah" with Claudine Barretto as "Lyka". Kristine Hermosa and Bea Alonzo were also considered but these pairings was scrapped when Padilla transferred to GMA-7. In early 2007, John Lloyd Cruz and Anne Curtis were also offered the lead roles but turned them down due to a prior commitment to return to their roles for the sequel to the television drama Maging Sino Ka Man. The show finally began formal preparations, training, and filming with the transfer of Angel Locsin to ABS-CBN. The management decided to pair her with Piolo Pascual. Heart Evangelista was also offered "Gabriella"'s role now played by Shaina Magdayao. The choice of the dog who portrays Lyka's white wolf alter-ego brought about ABS-CBN's decision to buy a purebred dog named Brasca a White Shepherd all the way from France costing P200,000. Summary The plot revolves around young lovers Lyka Raymundo (played by Angel Locsin) and Noah Ortega (played by Piolo Pascual). Lyka is a young woman aspiring to be a fashion designer, working as a fashion assistant in the House of Elle. She lives with her aunt Clara and her step cousin Anton. Noah is the adopted son of General Leon Cristobal, who takes over guardianship of Noah after his real father, Emil Ortega, dies in a tragic accident involving an unknown wolf. Noah is a second lieutenant of the Philippine Army, being actively recruited to join the Luna force, an elite team specializing in protecting humans from dangerous werewolves and vampires. Lyka's position as fashion assistant to Lady Elle is foreshadowed by the fact that she is a werewolf who hasn't transformed yet, who doesn't know she is one because her werewolf mother abandons her as a child. Her mother is Vanessa Blancaflor Raymundo, daughter of Lorenzo Blancaflor, the twin brother of Eleanor Blancaflor (played by Pilar Pilapil), owner of the fashion house icon, House of Elle. Secretly, the Blancaflors are a powerful werewolf clan who leads the Waya Council for generations. Destiny brings Lyka to the seat of the Wayas. Lyka is believed to be the last hope, the "Huling Bantay" ("Last hope/Last Guardian") of her fellow Werewolves. Lady Elle instantly senses her presence at a chance encounter, and immediately hires Lyka to work directly with her team so she could closely watch over her and help her through her transformation, which she believes would occur sometime or after her 21st birthday. At about the same time when Lyka applies at the House of Elle, the Wayas are searching for their Huling Bantay who would have the strength and power to save the werewolf population from the deadly rays of the upcoming Red Moon ("Pulang Buwan"), a phenomenon that occurs every 500 years, which could potentially purge and destroy all the werewolves. Only the Last Guardian, the strongest Waya, can save the species by "raising the stone of Remus". The last "Huling Bantay" is Remus, who keeps the talisman for the next Guardian to use. Lady Elle is certain that Lyka is worthy and strong enough to be their Last Guardian. In the House of Elle, Lyka crosses paths with Noah, Lady Elle's bodyguard and driver. Lyka and Noah fall in love, but their relationship is hindered by Noah's deep hatred for werewolves, as he blames them for killing his father and foster father. By the time they fall deeply in love, Lyka reaches her “time” - fully accepting her werewolf nature and the bigger responsibility as the Last Guardian. Despite the many obstacles, Noah and Lyka's love for each other prevails. They marry, and together battle and defeat their enemies. Three other characters create additional conflict: Noah's friend, Gabrielle Dizon (played by Shaina Magdayao), a deep penetration agent tasked to bring Noah over to the Luna Force for the sinister purposes to destroy and rid the country of all werewolves altogether, complicated by the fact that she is in love with Noah and truly cares for him; Anton Rivero, Lyka's step cousin, her protector against his abusive step mother Clara, and obsessively in love with Lyka; and General Silva, a secret rogue werewolf banished by the Wayas, out to seek revenge and destroy the council. There are two opposing groups in the story— the Lunas and the Wayas. The Lunas are organized by the Philippine Army to protect humans against werewolves and vampires, but a small faction under General Silva, holds a personal grudge against the werewolves, aiming to undermine Luna leadership and destroy the entire werewolf population. Silva has a special interest in Noah, who is recruited not only for his superior skills, but mainly because flowing through his blood is a natural immunity to werewolf bites, a gene inherited from his father. General Silva, together with Anton, manipulates Noah to join the force to obtain his blood and develop an antidote for the poisonous werewolf bites. The other opposing group, the Waya Inc. is led by Lady Elle. Wayas control and preside over the affairs of the white werewolves and execute justice over the black werewolves and vampires who prey on humans. Since the vampires had retreated into hiding, the Waya mostly has to deal with the rogue werewolves, secretly working with the Lunas to provide protection for their species. There are two warring factions among the werewolves that threaten the agreement between the Wayas and the Lunas and disturbs the peace within the population. While the white werewolves respect the human beings in their midst and live in peace with them, albeit secretly; the black werewolves kill humans, perpetuating the biggest reason why werewolves are feared. The Wayas control their species and impose justice on werewolves who drink human blood, doing their best to apprehend and kill the black werewolves. On the night of the Red Moon, Lyka, fully accepting her role as "Huling Bantay", successfully retrieves the Stone of Remus, narrowly losing her life, and saves her people from the purge. She exhorts them to co-exist harmoniously with human beings, and to stop the prejudice against the black wolves. She becomes their Head Guardian, leading the council for an integrated black and white werewolf population. Lyka later defeats the bigger threat of her stepcousin's metamorphosis into a demon werewolf. Anton is an accomplished chemist, whose specialty is animal diseases and virus mutations. All his life, he works towards finding a cure for his werewolf nature, believing that he was infected and does not have an inherited gene. As a child, he is accidentally bitten by Vanessa, then in werewolf form. General Silva hires him to work on the antidote for poisonous werewolf bites. Anton discovers a more potent formulation, a mixture of Lyka's and Noah's blood which he injects into his system, giving him an immunity to werewolf bites, and the ability to heal his wounds quickly. Using the Stone of Remus which he steals from Lyka, and following instructions from an ancient book General Silva has in his possession, he transforms into a powerful werewolf. Unfortunately, his distorted love and obsession for Lyka changes his soul and personality, turning him into a formidable enemy, who almost defeats Lyka and Noah in their last battle. Celebrating their victory and the peaceful coexistence of humans and werewolves, Lady Elle toasts Noah and Lyka's pregnancy, foreshadowing two sequels, Imortal and La Luna Sangre. Lyka and Noah are pushing two twin strollers. Episodes Main article: List of Lobo episodes Cast and characters Main cast Cast Character Summary Angel Locsin Lyka B. Raymundo-Ortega Lyka wanted to be a famous fashion designer and she thought her job as a fashion assistant in the "House of Elle" was the best opportunity. However, her dreams are derailed by the harsh truth of her real nature. She faces a Herculean task as “Huling Bantay”, the savior of her werewolf race. Possessing superior powers than the normal werewolves, Lyka is the strongest and most powerful of her species. She falls in love with a mortal man, Noah Ortega, breaching destiny's law of the commingling of mortal and werewolf. Piolo Pascual Noah Ortega Noah is a Second Lieutenant in the Philippine Army, working undercover as personal guard for Eleanora Blancafloran, a suspected Waya Leader. Noah belongs to an elite force tasked with uncovering werewolves. He is known for his intelligence, skills and speed in combat. Behind his quiet and mysterious look lies a man who is capable of loving deeply. He falls in love with Lyka but encounters resistance from numerous forces. He defies everything he believes in for the sake of his love. Supporting cast Cast Character Summary Shaina Magdayao Gabrielle Dizon An asset of the military who belongs in the Intelligence Division, Gabrielle is Noah's mistah and best friend. But her dedication to her craft will push her to fight against Noah who happens to be the man she secretly loves. She will do anything to make Noah happy even if it hurts her in the process. Geoff Eigenmann Alec Aragon / Remus A werewolf descendant of Remus who came to train Lyka in her role as Huling Bantay. He fell in love with Lyka. He also plays Remus, the last Huling Bantay. The role of the Huling Bantay comes every five hundred years, meaning the Last Guardian of the werewolves, tasked to save the race from the deadly rays of the Pulang Buwan (“Red Moon”) a phenomenon that serves to purge the werewolf population. Ryan Eigenmann Anton Rivero He is deeply in love with Lyka whom he grew up with as a cousin. Using his intelligence as a chemist and his innate ferociousness, Anton will do everything in his power to have Lyka even if one of the choices is to kill Noah. He is the last villain that Lyka and Noah defeats. Pilar Pilapil Eleanora Blancaflor a.k.a. Lady Elle Her fabulous contribution in the fashion industry is famed across Asia. She is president of the "House of Elle," leader of an organization called "Waya" and was tagged the strongest Waya before Lyka. Hidden beneath her glamorous image and lifestyle is her ultimate secret known to a selected few. Lady Elle is also the stern protector of Lyka. She learns that Lyka is her twin brother Lorenzo's long lost granddaughter. Agot Isidro Nessa Blancaflor- Raymundo Nessa is Lorenzo Blancaflor's daughter who did not know she was a werewolf because her father had died. She transformed past her scheduled time, a “Nilaktawan”, accidentally killed her mother and later on, her fiancé. Her dangerous nature forced Nessa to abandon her only child (Lyka) for the sake of the latter's safety. She was captured and imprisoned as a lab study in a top secret facility owned by a secret faction of the Lunas. Dante Rivero Gen. Leon Cristobal He is Noah's adoptive father. He took over raising Noah after his father died. He is a military man who raises his kids with an iron fist. He takes his responsibility at work more seriously that his mysterious missions come first before his duty as a father to Noah and Zoe. Robert Arevalo Manolo Sebastian Owner of the "House of Elle" and a former member of the Luna organization. The Luna was formed to catch and destroy all werewolves. Manolo fell in love with Lady Elle and got to know the werewolves as kind, fair and peace-loving beings, who did not tolerate their own kind's killing of humans. He uses his power and influence to protect the werewolves, especially Lady Elle's community. He is willing to risk everything he owns in the name of love. Dimples Romana Trixie Works as a costume mistress in the "House of Elle". She is Lyka's closest friend and guardian ("tag-alaga") and is a direct descendant from a line of seers; her grandmother was Remus’ seer, who has passed on the legacy to Trixie. She serves as Lyka's seer. Irma Adlawan Clara Rivero She acts as surrogate mother to both Lyka and Anton. Clara's world mainly revolves around Anton since she sees him as a real son while Lyka suffers from her callousness. At one point of the story, she has to decide if she will kill Lyka for Anton. Extended cast Lauren Young as Zoe Cristobal AJ Perez as Bayani "Yani" Mendoza Spanky Manikan as General Crisostoco Silva / Alberto de la Rama Nash Aguas as Enrico "Tikboy" Kabigting Gio Alvarez as Elton Maritoni Fernandez as Dr. Vivian Lee Simon Ibarra as Father Ben Cris Villanueva as Minyong Ahron Villena as Andrew/Omar Archie Adamos as Leo Evelyn Buenaventura as "Mananangal" Janus del Prado as Choy Eric Fructuoso as Rodolfo Dionne Monsanto as Clarrise Eri Neeman as Dan Crispin Pineda KC Aboloc as Annie Timmy Cruz as Ylvana Zaragoza Guest cast Kier Legaspi as Nicholas Raymundo Liza Lorena as Mrs. Blancaflor Susan Africa as older Savannah Bobby Andrews as Emilio "Emil" Ortega Angel Aquino as young Savannah Sheryl Cruz as young Elle Blancaflor Diether Ocampo as Lorenzo Blancaflor Christian Vasquez as young Leon Cristobal Chinggoy Alonzo as Mr. Blancaflor Alexander Romano as young Anton Beatriz Saw as young Trixie Jacob Dionisio as young Noah Ortega / Jay-Jay Sharlene San Pedro as young Lyka Raymundo / Ulay Reception Ratings The show premiered on January 28, 2008, with a rating of 27.7%. This registered a higher pilot reception compared to Palos and Kung Fu Kids in Mega Manila ratings. The series finale got the high ratings of 33.4% (together with The Singing Bee, which garnered 33.2% in the nationwide ratings game according to the NUTAM (Nationwide Urban TV Audience Measurement) conducted by AGB Nielsen. Its average rating was 32%, ranked 8th for the year 2008, in AGB Nielsen NUTAM survey. Theme song Lobo's theme song, Ikaw Ang Aking Pangarap (literal English translation: "You Are My Dream" or "You Are My Desire"), was composed by Ogie Alcasid and was originally sung by Martin Nievera. Halfway through the season, a duet version of the song, performed by Martin Nievera and Raki Vega, was introduced. Awards and recognitions Year Organization Host City/Country Category Result 2008 22nd PMPC Star Awards for Television Philippines Best Primetime Drama Series Won Philippines Best Drama Actor (Piolo Pascual) Won Philippines Best Drama Actress (Angel Locsin) Nominated 7th Gawad Tanglaw Philippines Best Primetime Drama Series Won Anak TV Seal Awards Philippines Most Well-Liked TV Program Won 2009 BANFF World Television Festival Toronto, Canada Best Telenovela Program Won 37th International Emmy Awards New York, USA Best Performance by an Actress (Angel Locsin) Nominated 2010 National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines Philippines Recognition (Angel Locsin) Won Recognition (Best Telenovela International Award) Won International release According to ABS-CBN International Sales & Distribution, the series will soon be shown in different countries in Asia with the English title of She Wolf: The Last Sentinel. ABS-CBN Teleseryes penetrate TV landscape in other countries as it was also set to be aired in Thailand television. The series re-aired again on Jeepney TV starting March 11, 2013. International broadcast Country Alternate title/translation TV network(s) Year Airdate Weekly schedule  Nigeria She Wolf Mytv promo 2013 January - May Daily at 22:00 Kenya Shewolf Citizen TV 2010 Uganda Lobo Urban TV 2017 Sequel series Main articles: Imortal and La Luna Sangre In 2010, ABS-CBN decided to produce a sequel to the series entitled, Imortal. According to ABS-CBN.com, Lia, also played by Angel Locsin, is the daughter of Noah and Lyka Ortega. A second sequel entitled La Luna Sangre, starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla premiered on June 19, 2017, to March 2, 2018. The sequel series was first revealed at the company's trade launch on November 22, 2016. See also Imortal La Luna Sangre List of programs aired by ABS-CBN List of ABS-CBN drama series References ^ a b "Angel Locsin admits she feels pressured to make 'Imortal' as successful as 'Lobo'". ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved December 30, 2013. ^ "Behind the scenes of "Lobo"". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Archived from the original on April 28, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2013. ^ Lobo | Full Episodes. YouTube. ABS-CBN Entertainment. Retrieved May 15, 2017. ^ Lobo | English Dubbed | Full Episode. YouTube. ABS-CBN Entertainment. Retrieved December 27, 2022. ^ "TV Ratings (Jan. 25-28): Good start for three new ABS-CBN primetime shows". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Retrieved December 30, 2013. ^ ""Lobo" devours July primetime NUTAM rating contest". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Retrieved December 30, 2013. ^ "AGB Nielsen recaps 2008's NUTAM top-rating programs". ^ DLS (February 26, 2010). "Congrats Angel Locsin, Direk Cathy / Eric / Jerry, Piolo and Lobo - ABS-CBN!". darlasauler.com. Retrieved December 30, 2013. ^ "ABS-CBN teleseryes penetrate TV landscape in other countries". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013. ^ Felipe, MJ. "WATCH: Kathryn, Daniel star in 'Imortal' sequel". ABS-CBN News. External links Lobo at IMDb vteMoonstone UniverseTelevision trilogy series Lobo (2008) Lobo is a Philippine supernatural–fantasy horror TV series produced by ABS-CBN. It premiered from January 28, 2008 to July 11, 2008 replacing Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel. Imortal (2010) Imortal is a Philippine television drama produced by ABS-CBN starring John Lloyd Cruz and Angel Locsin. This series was aired from October 4, 2010 to April 29, 2011. It is the sequel to the 2008 fantasy series, Lobo. The series is streaming online on YouTube. La Luna Sangre (2017) La Luna Sangre is a 2017 Philippine horror-fantasy drama television series. Directed by Richard Arellano, Rory Quintos and Mae Cruz-Alviar, it stars Kathryn Bernardo, Daniel Padilla, Angel Locsin and Richard Gutierrez. It is the third installment of Lobo and the sequel to Imortal. Other media Moonchasers.ph The Hack Youtopia vteFilms directed by Cathy Garcia-Molina Bcuz of U (2004) Close to You (2006) You Are the One (2006) You Got Me! (2007) One More Chance (2007) A Very Special Love (2008) My Only Ü (2008) You Changed My Life (2009) Miss You like Crazy (2010) Cinco (2010) My Amnesia Girl (2010) Forever and a Day (2011) Unofficially Yours (2012) It Takes a Man and a Woman (2013) Four Sisters and a Wedding (2013) She's Dating the Gangster (2014) A Second Chance (2015) Just the 3 of Us (2016) My Ex and Whys (2017) Seven Sundays (2017) Unexpectedly Yours (2017) My Perfect You (2018) The Hows of Us (2018) Three Words to Forever (2018) Hello, Love, Goodbye (2019) Love at First Stream (2021) Partners in Crime (2022)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Misadventures_of_Sheriff_Lobo"},{"link_name":"Philippine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine"},{"link_name":"supernatural–fantasy horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_series"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN#ABS-CBN_Studios"},{"link_name":"Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patayin_sa_Sindak_si_Barbara_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Iisa Pa Lamang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisa_Pa_Lamang"},{"link_name":"Dyosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyosa"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN"},{"link_name":"The Filipino Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Filipino_Channel"},{"link_name":"Piolo Pascual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piolo_Pascual"},{"link_name":"Angel Locsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Locsin"},{"link_name":"teleserye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleserye"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the Philippine TV series. For the American series, see The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo.Filipino TV series or programLobo (International title: She Wolf: The Last Sentinel / transl. Wolf) is a Philippine supernatural–fantasy horror TV series produced by ABS-CBN Studios. It premiered from January 28 to July 11, 2008, replacing Patayin sa Sindak si Barbara and was replaced by Iisa Pa Lamang and Dyosa on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on The Filipino Channel. It was topbilled by Piolo Pascual with Angel Locsin and was the most expensive teleserye made by ABS-CBN Studios.[2]The series is streaming online on YouTube.[3][4]","title":"Lobo (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABS-CBN Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN#ABS-CBN_Studios"},{"link_name":"Robin Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Padilla"},{"link_name":"Claudine Barretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_Barretto"},{"link_name":"Kristine Hermosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Hermosa"},{"link_name":"Bea Alonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea_Alonzo"},{"link_name":"GMA-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"John Lloyd Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lloyd_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Anne Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Maging Sino Ka Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maging_Sino_Ka_Man_(2006_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Angel Locsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Locsin"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Piolo Pascual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piolo_Pascual"},{"link_name":"Heart Evangelista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Evangelista"},{"link_name":"Shaina Magdayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaina_Magdayao"},{"link_name":"White Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Shepherd"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"In 2004, Lobo was already planned as a project by ABS-CBN Studios with the original storyline centering on siblings who are both wolves. Robin Padilla was the first choice of ABS-CBN for the role \"Noah\" with Claudine Barretto as \"Lyka\". Kristine Hermosa and Bea Alonzo were also considered but these pairings was scrapped when Padilla transferred to GMA-7. In early 2007, John Lloyd Cruz and Anne Curtis were also offered the lead roles but turned them down due to a prior commitment to return to their roles for the sequel to the television drama Maging Sino Ka Man. The show finally began formal preparations, training, and filming with the transfer of Angel Locsin to ABS-CBN. The management decided to pair her with Piolo Pascual. Heart Evangelista was also offered \"Gabriella\"'s role now played by Shaina Magdayao. The choice of the dog who portrays Lyka's white wolf alter-ego brought about ABS-CBN's decision to buy a purebred dog named Brasca a White Shepherd all the way from France costing P200,000.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imortal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imortal"},{"link_name":"La Luna Sangre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Luna_Sangre"}],"text":"The plot revolves around young lovers Lyka Raymundo (played by Angel Locsin) and Noah Ortega (played by Piolo Pascual). Lyka is a young woman aspiring to be a fashion designer, working as a fashion assistant in the House of Elle. She lives with her aunt Clara and her step cousin Anton.Noah is the adopted son of General Leon Cristobal, who takes over guardianship of Noah after his real father, Emil Ortega, dies in a tragic accident involving an unknown wolf. Noah is a second lieutenant of the Philippine Army, being actively recruited to join the Luna force, an elite team specializing in protecting humans from dangerous werewolves and vampires.Lyka's position as fashion assistant to Lady Elle is foreshadowed by the fact that she is a werewolf who hasn't transformed yet, who doesn't know she is one because her werewolf mother abandons her as a child. Her mother is Vanessa Blancaflor Raymundo, daughter of Lorenzo Blancaflor, the twin brother of Eleanor Blancaflor (played by Pilar Pilapil), owner of the fashion house icon, House of Elle. Secretly, the Blancaflors are a powerful werewolf clan who leads the Waya Council for generations. Destiny brings Lyka to the seat of the Wayas.Lyka is believed to be the last hope, the \"Huling Bantay\" (\"Last hope/Last Guardian\") of her fellow Werewolves. Lady Elle instantly senses her presence at a chance encounter, and immediately hires Lyka to work directly with her team so she could closely watch over her and help her through her transformation, which she believes would occur sometime or after her 21st birthday.At about the same time when Lyka applies at the House of Elle, the Wayas are searching for their Huling Bantay who would have the strength and power to save the werewolf population from the deadly rays of the upcoming Red Moon (\"Pulang Buwan\"), a phenomenon that occurs every 500 years, which could potentially purge and destroy all the werewolves. Only the Last Guardian, the strongest Waya, can save the species by \"raising the stone of Remus\". The last \"Huling Bantay\" is Remus, who keeps the talisman for the next Guardian to use. Lady Elle is certain that Lyka is worthy and strong enough to be their Last Guardian.In the House of Elle, Lyka crosses paths with Noah, Lady Elle's bodyguard and driver. Lyka and Noah fall in love, but their relationship is hindered by Noah's deep hatred for werewolves, as he blames them for killing his father and foster father. By the time they fall deeply in love, Lyka reaches her “time” - fully accepting her werewolf nature and the bigger responsibility as the Last Guardian. Despite the many obstacles, Noah and Lyka's love for each other prevails. They marry, and together battle and defeat their enemies.Three other characters create additional conflict: Noah's friend, Gabrielle Dizon (played by Shaina Magdayao), a deep penetration agent tasked to bring Noah over to the Luna Force for the sinister purposes to destroy and rid the country of all werewolves altogether, complicated by the fact that she is in love with Noah and truly cares for him; Anton Rivero, Lyka's step cousin, her protector against his abusive step mother Clara, and obsessively in love with Lyka; and General Silva, a secret rogue werewolf banished by the Wayas, out to seek revenge and destroy the council.There are two opposing groups in the story— the Lunas and the Wayas. The Lunas are organized by the Philippine Army to protect humans against werewolves and vampires, but a small faction under General Silva, holds a personal grudge against the werewolves, aiming to undermine Luna leadership and destroy the entire werewolf population. Silva has a special interest in Noah, who is recruited not only for his superior skills, but mainly because flowing through his blood is a natural immunity to werewolf bites, a gene inherited from his father. General Silva, together with Anton, manipulates Noah to join the force to obtain his blood and develop an antidote for the poisonous werewolf bites.The other opposing group, the Waya Inc. is led by Lady Elle. Wayas control and preside over the affairs of the white werewolves and execute justice over the black werewolves and vampires who prey on humans. Since the vampires had retreated into hiding, the Waya mostly has to deal with the rogue werewolves, secretly working with the Lunas to provide protection for their species.There are two warring factions among the werewolves that threaten the agreement between the Wayas and the Lunas and disturbs the peace within the population. While the white werewolves respect the human beings in their midst and live in peace with them, albeit secretly; the black werewolves kill humans, perpetuating the biggest reason why werewolves are feared. The Wayas control their species and impose justice on werewolves who drink human blood, doing their best to apprehend and kill the black werewolves.On the night of the Red Moon, Lyka, fully accepting her role as \"Huling Bantay\", successfully retrieves the Stone of Remus, narrowly losing her life, and saves her people from the purge. She exhorts them to co-exist harmoniously with human beings, and to stop the prejudice against the black wolves. She becomes their Head Guardian, leading the council for an integrated black and white werewolf population.Lyka later defeats the bigger threat of her stepcousin's metamorphosis into a demon werewolf. Anton is an accomplished chemist, whose specialty is animal diseases and virus mutations. All his life, he works towards finding a cure for his werewolf nature, believing that he was infected and does not have an inherited gene. As a child, he is accidentally bitten by Vanessa, then in werewolf form. General Silva hires him to work on the antidote for poisonous werewolf bites. Anton discovers a more potent formulation, a mixture of Lyka's and Noah's blood which he injects into his system, giving him an immunity to werewolf bites, and the ability to heal his wounds quickly. Using the Stone of Remus which he steals from Lyka, and following instructions from an ancient book General Silva has in his possession, he transforms into a powerful werewolf. Unfortunately, his distorted love and obsession for Lyka changes his soul and personality, turning him into a formidable enemy, who almost defeats Lyka and Noah in their last battle.Celebrating their victory and the peaceful coexistence of humans and werewolves, Lady Elle toasts Noah and Lyka's pregnancy, foreshadowing two sequels, Imortal and La Luna Sangre. Lyka and Noah are pushing two twin strollers.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main cast","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Supporting cast","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lauren Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Young"},{"link_name":"AJ Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJ_Perez"},{"link_name":"Spanky Manikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanky_Manikan"},{"link_name":"Nash Aguas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nash_Aguas"},{"link_name":"Gio Alvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gio_Alvarez"},{"link_name":"Maritoni Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritoni_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Simon Ibarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ibarra"},{"link_name":"Cris Villanueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cris_Villanueva"},{"link_name":"Ahron Villena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahron_Villena"},{"link_name":"Janus del Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_del_Prado"},{"link_name":"Eric Fructuoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Fructuoso"},{"link_name":"Dionne Monsanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Monsanto"},{"link_name":"Timmy Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timmy_Cruz"}],"sub_title":"Extended cast","text":"Lauren Young as Zoe Cristobal\nAJ Perez as Bayani \"Yani\" Mendoza\nSpanky Manikan as General Crisostoco Silva / Alberto de la Rama\nNash Aguas as Enrico \"Tikboy\" Kabigting\nGio Alvarez as Elton\nMaritoni Fernandez as Dr. Vivian Lee\nSimon Ibarra as Father Ben\nCris Villanueva as Minyong\nAhron Villena as Andrew/Omar\nArchie Adamos as Leo\nEvelyn Buenaventura as \"Mananangal\"\nJanus del Prado as Choy\nEric Fructuoso as Rodolfo\nDionne Monsanto as Clarrise\nEri Neeman as Dan\nCrispin Pineda\nKC Aboloc as Annie\nTimmy Cruz as Ylvana Zaragoza","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kier Legaspi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kier_Legaspi"},{"link_name":"Liza Lorena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Lorena"},{"link_name":"Susan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Bobby Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Angel Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Sheryl Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Diether Ocampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diether_Ocampo"},{"link_name":"Christian Vasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Vasquez"},{"link_name":"Chinggoy Alonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinggoy_Alonzo"},{"link_name":"Beatriz Saw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz_Saw"},{"link_name":"Sharlene San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharlene_San_Pedro"}],"sub_title":"Guest cast","text":"Kier Legaspi as Nicholas Raymundo\nLiza Lorena as Mrs. Blancaflor\nSusan Africa as older Savannah\nBobby Andrews as Emilio \"Emil\" Ortega\nAngel Aquino as young Savannah\nSheryl Cruz as young Elle Blancaflor\nDiether Ocampo as Lorenzo Blancaflor\nChristian Vasquez as young Leon Cristobal\nChinggoy Alonzo as Mr. Blancaflor\nAlexander Romano as young Anton\nBeatriz Saw as young Trixie\nJacob Dionisio as young Noah Ortega / Jay-Jay\nSharlene San Pedro as young Lyka Raymundo / Ulay","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palos_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Kids"},{"link_name":"Mega Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Manila"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Singing Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singing_Bee_(Philippines_game_show)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"The show premiered on January 28, 2008, with a rating of 27.7%. This registered a higher pilot reception compared to Palos and Kung Fu Kids in Mega Manila ratings.[5] The series finale got the high ratings of 33.4% (together with The Singing Bee, which garnered 33.2% in the nationwide ratings game according to the NUTAM (Nationwide Urban TV Audience Measurement) conducted by AGB Nielsen.[6] Its average rating was 32%, ranked 8th for the year 2008, in AGB Nielsen NUTAM survey.[7]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ogie Alcasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogie_Alcasid"},{"link_name":"Martin Nievera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Nievera"},{"link_name":"Martin Nievera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Nievera"}],"sub_title":"Theme song","text":"Lobo's theme song, Ikaw Ang Aking Pangarap (literal English translation: \"You Are My Dream\" or \"You Are My Desire\"), was composed by Ogie Alcasid and was originally sung by Martin Nievera. Halfway through the season, a duet version of the song, performed by Martin Nievera and Raki Vega, was introduced.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and recognitions","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABS-CBN International Sales & Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_International"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jeepney TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeepney_TV"}],"sub_title":"International release","text":"According to ABS-CBN International Sales & Distribution, the series will soon be shown in different countries in Asia with the English title of She Wolf: The Last Sentinel.[9] ABS-CBN Teleseryes penetrate TV landscape in other countries as it was also set to be aired in Thailand television. The series re-aired again on Jeepney TV starting March 11, 2013.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Angel Locsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Locsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imortal_sequel-1"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Bernardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Bernardo"},{"link_name":"Daniel Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Padilla"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-la_luna_sangre_sequel-10"}],"text":"In 2010, ABS-CBN decided to produce a sequel to the series entitled, Imortal. According to ABS-CBN.com, Lia, also played by Angel Locsin, is the daughter of Noah and Lyka Ortega.[1]A second sequel entitled La Luna Sangre, starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla premiered on June 19, 2017, to March 2, 2018. The sequel series was first revealed at the company's trade launch on November 22, 2016.[10]","title":"Sequel series"}]
[]
[{"title":"Imortal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imortal"},{"title":"La Luna Sangre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Luna_Sangre"},{"title":"List of programs aired by ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_aired_by_ABS-CBN"},{"title":"List of ABS-CBN drama series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ABS-CBN_drama_series"}]
[{"reference":"\"Angel Locsin admits she feels pressured to make 'Imortal' as successful as 'Lobo'\". ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs-cbn.com/Feature/Article/8488/Angel-Locsin-admits-she-feels-pressured-to-make-Imortal-as-successful-as-Lobo-.aspx","url_text":"\"Angel Locsin admits she feels pressured to make 'Imortal' as successful as 'Lobo'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation","url_text":"ABS-CBN Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Behind the scenes of \"Lobo\"\". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Archived from the original on April 28, 2010. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100428091246/http://www.pep.ph/guide/1554/Behind-the-scenes-of-Lobo","url_text":"\"Behind the scenes of \"Lobo\"\""},{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/guide/1554/Behind-the-scenes-of-Lobo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lobo | Full Episodes. YouTube. ABS-CBN Entertainment. Retrieved May 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPcB0_P-Zlj55wQoTgZlhE4z2Bp49zTP2","url_text":"Lobo | Full Episodes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Lobo | English Dubbed | Full Episode. YouTube. ABS-CBN Entertainment. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPcB0_P-Zlj4udTNNz15aoMFhCcFH5Tq1","url_text":"Lobo | English Dubbed | Full Episode"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Ratings (Jan. 25-28): Good start for three new ABS-CBN primetime shows\". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/news/16234/TV-Ratings-(Jan.-25-28):-Good-start-for-three-new-ABS-CBN-primetime-shows/","url_text":"\"TV Ratings (Jan. 25-28): Good start for three new ABS-CBN primetime shows\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Lobo\" devours July primetime NUTAM rating contest\". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/news/18743/Lobo-devours-July-primetime-NUTAM-rating-contest","url_text":"\"\"Lobo\" devours July primetime NUTAM rating contest\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGB Nielsen recaps 2008's NUTAM top-rating programs\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/news/20584/agb-nielsen-recaps-200839s-nutam-top-rating-programs","url_text":"\"AGB Nielsen recaps 2008's NUTAM top-rating programs\""}]},{"reference":"DLS (February 26, 2010). \"Congrats Angel Locsin, Direk Cathy / Eric / Jerry, Piolo and Lobo - ABS-CBN!\". darlasauler.com. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.darlasauler.com/2010/02/congrats-angel-locsin-direk-cathy-piolo.html","url_text":"\"Congrats Angel Locsin, Direk Cathy / Eric / Jerry, Piolo and Lobo - ABS-CBN!\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABS-CBN teleseryes penetrate TV landscape in other countries\". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206221442/http://www.pep.ph/news/25075/abs-cbn-teleseryes-penetrate-tv-landscape-in-other-countries","url_text":"\"ABS-CBN teleseryes penetrate TV landscape in other countries\""},{"url":"http://www.pep.ph/news/25075/ABS-CBN-teleseryes-penetrate-TV-landscape-in-other-countries","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Felipe, MJ. \"WATCH: Kathryn, Daniel star in 'Imortal' sequel\". ABS-CBN News.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/11/22/16/watch-kathryn-daniel-star-in-imortal-sequel","url_text":"\"WATCH: Kathryn, Daniel star in 'Imortal' sequel\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.abs-cbn.com/Feature/Article/8488/Angel-Locsin-admits-she-feels-pressured-to-make-Imortal-as-successful-as-Lobo-.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Angel Locsin admits she feels pressured to make 'Imortal' as successful as 'Lobo'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100428091246/http://www.pep.ph/guide/1554/Behind-the-scenes-of-Lobo","external_links_name":"\"Behind the scenes of \"Lobo\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.pep.ph/guide/1554/Behind-the-scenes-of-Lobo","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPcB0_P-Zlj55wQoTgZlhE4z2Bp49zTP2","external_links_name":"Lobo | Full Episodes"},{"Link":"https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPcB0_P-Zlj4udTNNz15aoMFhCcFH5Tq1","external_links_name":"Lobo | English Dubbed | Full Episode"},{"Link":"http://www.pep.ph/news/16234/TV-Ratings-(Jan.-25-28):-Good-start-for-three-new-ABS-CBN-primetime-shows/","external_links_name":"\"TV Ratings (Jan. 25-28): Good start for three new ABS-CBN primetime shows\""},{"Link":"http://www.pep.ph/news/18743/Lobo-devours-July-primetime-NUTAM-rating-contest","external_links_name":"\"\"Lobo\" devours July primetime NUTAM rating contest\""},{"Link":"http://www.pep.ph/news/20584/agb-nielsen-recaps-200839s-nutam-top-rating-programs","external_links_name":"\"AGB Nielsen recaps 2008's NUTAM top-rating programs\""},{"Link":"http://www.darlasauler.com/2010/02/congrats-angel-locsin-direk-cathy-piolo.html","external_links_name":"\"Congrats Angel Locsin, Direk Cathy / Eric / Jerry, Piolo and Lobo - ABS-CBN!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131206221442/http://www.pep.ph/news/25075/abs-cbn-teleseryes-penetrate-tv-landscape-in-other-countries","external_links_name":"\"ABS-CBN teleseryes penetrate TV landscape in other countries\""},{"Link":"http://www.pep.ph/news/25075/ABS-CBN-teleseryes-penetrate-TV-landscape-in-other-countries","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/11/22/16/watch-kathryn-daniel-star-in-imortal-sequel","external_links_name":"\"WATCH: Kathryn, Daniel star in 'Imortal' sequel\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1168411/","external_links_name":"Lobo"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Collection_1989%E2%80%932003
The Collection 1989–2003
["1 Content","2 Track listing","3 Release history","4 References"]
2014 box set by Lisa Stansfield The Collection 1989–2003Box set by Lisa StansfieldReleased10 November 2014 (2014-11-10)Recorded1989–2003Genre R&B soul pop disco dance funk pop rock acid house LabelEdselLisa Stansfield chronology People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology(2014) The Collection 1989–2003(2014) Live in Manchester(2015) The Collection 1989–2003 is a thirteen-CD and five DVD box set by British recording artist Lisa Stansfield. It was released by Edsel Records in the United Kingdom on 10 November 2014 and in Europe on 21 November 2014. It includes five of Stansfield's studio albums and additionally many rare tracks, remixes, promo videos, live concert footage and new interviews. All albums were also released individually on the same date. Content This eighteen-disc box set brings together deluxe 2CD+DVD editions of Stansfield's albums recorded for Arista label: Affection (1989), Real Love (1991), So Natural (1993), Lisa Stansfield (1997) and Face Up (2001), plus the three-CD set People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology in a unique outer slipcase. Track listing Affection (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."This Is the Right Time"Lisa Stansfield, Ian Devaney, Andy MorrisColdcut4:302."Mighty Love"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:163."Sincerity"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:484."The Love in Me"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:025."All Around the World"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:296."What Did I Do to You?"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:507."Live Together"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:108."You Can't Deny It"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:319."Poison"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:1910."When Are You Coming Back?"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:2311."Affection"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:5212."Wake Up Baby"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris3:5413."The Way You Want It"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:5914."This Is the Right Time" (Miles Ahead Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut7:4515."All Around the World" (Long Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:08 Affection (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."My Apple Heart"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:172."Lay Me Down"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:213."Something's Happenin'"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris3:574."Sing It"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:325."This Is the Right Time" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut5:406."All Around the World" (Around the House Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:037."Live Together" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris8:558."What Did I Do to You?" (Mark Saunders Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:529."You Can't Deny It" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:5310."The Love in Me" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:0611."This Is the Right Time" (Kick Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut6:4512."All Around the World" (Runaway Love Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:3713."Live Together" (Home Sweet Home Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:42 Affection (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."People Hold On" (with Coldcut) (Promo Video)Matt Black, Jonathan More, StansfieldColdcut 2."This Is the Right Time" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut 3."All Around the World" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 4."Live Together" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 5."What Did I Do to You?" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 6."You Can't Deny It" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 7."This Is the Right Time" (US Version) (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut 8."This Is the Right Time" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut 9."Mighty Love" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 10."You Can't Deny It" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 11."The Love in Me" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 12."Sincerity" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 13."Poison" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 14."Live Together" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 15."Good Morning Heartache" (Live! All Around the World)Irene Higginbotham, Ervin Drake, Dan Fisher  16."What Did I Do to You?" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 17."All Around the World" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 18."People Hold On" (Live! All Around the World)Black, More, StansfieldColdcut 19."Affection" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 20."The Way You Want It" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 21."2014 Interview with Mark Goodier"    Real Love (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Change"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:392."Real Love"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:013."Set Your Loving Free"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:034."I Will Be Waiting"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:035."All Woman"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:176."Soul Deep"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:107."Make Love to Ya"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:548."Time to Make You Mine"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:559."Symptoms of Loneliness & Heartache"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:4310."It's Got to Be Real"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:1711."First Joy"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:2512."Tenderly"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris3:2013."A Little More Love"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:3514."Whenever You're Gone"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:0615."Time to Make You Mine" (Sugar Lips Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:4316."Change" (Knuckles Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:29 Real Love (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Set Your Loving Free" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:002."Everything Will Get Better" (Extended Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris8:043."Change" (Driza Bone Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:084."Time to Make You Mine" (Bomb Squad Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:125."Make Love to Ya" (The Floor Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:266."Everything Will Get Better" (Underground Club Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris9:547."Time to Make You Mine" (House Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:458."Set Your Loving Free" (Kenlou 12")Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:269."Everything Will Get Better" (Sax on the Beach Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:3510."Time to Make You Mine" (Kenlou Supa Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:3011."Set Your Loving Free" (Mellow Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:5312."Change" (Misty Dub Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:23 Real Love (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Change" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 2."All Woman" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 3."Time to Make You Mine" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 4."Set Your Loving Free" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 5."Change" (US Version) (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 6."A Little More Love" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 7."'Tain't Nobody's Biz-ness if I Do" (Live)Porter Grainger, Everett Robbins  8."All Woman" (Live)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 9."2014 Interview with Mark Goodier"    So Natural (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."So Natural"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Bobby Boughton5:052."Never Set Me Free"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:003."I Give You Everything"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:404."Marvellous & Mine"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:145."Goodbye"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:356."Little Bit of Heaven"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:277."Sweet Memories"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:328."She's Always There"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:049."Too Much Love Makin'"Tom BrockDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:3410."Turn Me On"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:3911."Be Mine"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:3212."In All the Right Places"John Barry, Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:0313."Wish It Could Always Be This Way"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:4314."Gonna Try It Anyway"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton3:5315."So Natural" (Be Boy Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:1916."Little Bit of Heaven" (Bad Yard Club Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton7:27 So Natural (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Someday (I'm Coming Back)"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:342."In All the Right Places" (Soundtrack Version)Barry, Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:463."So Natural" (US Remix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:254."I Give You Everything" (US Remix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:465."Little Bit of Heaven" (Junior Vocal Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton6:436."Someday (I'm Coming Back)" (Absolute Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:347."So Natural" (No Preservatives Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton7:278."Little Bit of Heaven" (Seventh Heaven Vocal Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton6:219."Marvellous & Mine" (Sure Is Pure Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton9:4310."So Natural" (Roger's Club Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:4111."Little Bit of Heaven" (Roach Motel Dub)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton9:0612."Someday (I'm Coming Back)" (Classic 12" Club Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:43 So Natural (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Someday (I'm Coming Back)" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 2."In All the Right Places" (Promo Video)Barry, Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 3."So Natural" (Promo Video)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton 4."Little Bit of Heaven" (Promo Video)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton 5."So Natural" (Natural Cut Version) (Promo Video)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton 6."2014 Interview with Mark Goodier"   7."2014 Interview with Mark Goodier"    Lisa Stansfield (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Never Gonna Fall"Stansfield, DevaneyIan Devaney, Peter Mokran5:162."The Real Thing"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran4:203."I'm Leavin'"Crayge Lindesay, Telisa StinsonDevaney, Mokran4:384."Suzanne"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran4:595."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up"Barry WhiteDevaney, Mokran5:026."Don't Cry for Me"Stansfield, Devaney, Cory Rooney, Mark MoralesDevaney, Mokran, Rooney, Morales5:037."The Line"Stansfield, Devaney, Terry GamwellDevaney, Mokran4:268."The Very Thought of You"Stansfield, Devaney, Richard DarbyshireDevaney, Mokran5:239."You Know How to Love Me"Reggie Lucas, James MtumeDevaney, Mokran5:3210."I Cried My Last Tear Last Night"Diane WarrenDevaney, Mokran4:1311."Honest"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney, Mokran4:5412."Somewhere in Time"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney, Mokran4:4413."Got Me Missing You"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran4:4314."Footsteps"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, Frank MuskerDevaney, Mokran3:4815."Baby Come Back"J.C. Crowley, Peter BeckettDevaney, Mokran4:4316."People Hold On" (Jon Is the Don Mix)Stansfield, Black, MoreDan Bewick, Matt Frost8:09 Lisa Stansfield (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."The Real Thing" (Touch Extended Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran6:272."Breathtaking"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney4:503."You Get Me"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:374."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (77th Heaven Mix)WhiteDevaney, Mokran7:105."The Line" (Devaney & Mokran Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran5:556."The Real Thing" (Silk's Real House Thang)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran9:457."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (Frankie's Hard R&B Club Mix)WhiteDevaney, Mokran6:548."The Line" (Hippie Torrales Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran6:419."The Real Thing" (Dirty Rotten Scoundrels Vocal Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran7:3810."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (Nikolas & Sibley Club Mix)WhiteDevaney, Mokran8:3611."Never Gonna Fall" (Junior's Return To 27th & 10th Anthem)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran10:23 Lisa Stansfield (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."The Real Thing" (Promo Video)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran 2."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (Promo Video)WhiteDevaney, Mokran 3."The Line" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran 4."Don't Cry for Me" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, Rooney, MoralesDevaney, Mokran, Rooney, Morales 5."People Hold On" (Bootleg Mix) (Promo Video)Stansfield, Black, MoreBewick, Frost 6."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (US Edit) (Promo Video)WhiteDevaney, Mokran 7."The Real Thing" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran 8."I'm Leavin'" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Lindesay, StinsonDevaney, Mokran 9."People Hold On" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Black, MoreBewick, Frost 10."Suzanne" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran 11."Don't Cry for Me" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Devaney, Rooney, MoralesDevaney, Mokran, Rooney, Morales 12."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)WhiteDevaney, Mokran 13."Change" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 14."You Know How to Love Me" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Lucas, MtumeDevaney, Mokran 15."The Line" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran 16."All Around the World" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 17."2014 Interview with Mark Goodier"    Face Up (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."I've Got Something Better"Stansfield, Devaney, Richard DarbyshireDevaney4:252."Let's Just Call It Love"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:173."You Can Do That"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, MuskerDevaney4:304."How Could You?"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:345."Candy"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:066."I'm Coming to Get You"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney3:547."8-3-1"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, Charlotte KellyDevaney4:318."Wish on Me"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:499."Boyfriend"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney4:4410."Don't Leave Now I'm in Love"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:1711."Didn't I"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:5112."Face Up"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:5213."When the Last Sun Goes Down"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, MuskerDevaney3:5714."All over Me"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:0915."Can't Wait To"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney4:2716."Let's Just Call It Love" (Original Vocal Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:3017."8-3-1" (Ian Devaney Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney6:02 Face Up (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Let's Just Call It Love" (Dreemhouse Full Extended Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:362."More Than Sex"  5:013."8-3-1" (Morales Radio Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney3:234."I've Got Something Better" (Trackmasters Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney3:545."All Around the World" (Norty Cotto Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, Andy MorrisDevaney, Morris7:336."Let's Just Call It Love" (Silk Cut Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:377."8-3-1" (Morales Alternative Club Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney9:348."All Around the World" (Junior Vasquez Earth Anthem)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris10:509."Let's Just Call It Love" (D.Y.N.K. Vocal)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney6:1210."8-3-1" (Morales Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney8:1211."All Around the World" (Norty's World Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:5212."Let's Just Call It Love" (K-Warren Full Vocal)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney6:13 Face Up (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Let's Just Call It Love" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney 2."8-3-1" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney 3."The Real Thing" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran 4."So Natural" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton 5."Make Love to Ya" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 6."Tenderly" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 7."Someday (I'm Coming Back)" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 8."Don't Explain" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Billie Holiday, Arthur Herzog, Jr.  9."They Can't Take That Away from Me" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin  10."Didn't I" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney 11."Change" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 12."Live Together" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 13."I've Got Something Better" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney 14."Face Up" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney 15."All Woman" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 16."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Barry WhiteDevaney, Mokran 17."People Hold On" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Black, MoreBewick, Frost 18."All Around the World" (Live at Ronnie Scott's) (+ q & a)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 19."2014 Interview with Mark Goodier"    People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."People Hold On" (Full Length Disco Mix)Lisa Stansfield, Matt Black, Jonathan MoreColdcut9:242."What Did I Do to You?" (Morales Mix)Stansfield, Ian Devaney, Andy MorrisDevaney, Morris7:593."Change" (Ultimate Club Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:544."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (Frankie's Classic Club Mix)Barry WhiteDevaney, Peter Mokran8:155."This Is the Right Time" (The Rhythm Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut7:516."The Real Thing" (K-Klassic Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran8:397."Let's Just Call It Love" (Feel It Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, Richard DarbyshireDevaney7:428."Make Love to Ya" (Light Me Up Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:029."Set Your Loving Free" (Dubmaster Edit)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:4210."Time to Make You Mine" (Sunship Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:0011."All Around the World" (The Global Quest)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:17 People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Live Together" (Live It Up)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:422."This Is the Right Time" (Shep Pettibone Extended Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut9:443."I'm Leavin'" (Hex Hector N.Y.C. Rough Mix)Crayge Lindesay, Telisa StinsonDevaney, Mokran10:094."Let's Just Call It Love" (Bass City Rollaz Rollin' Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:525."Never Gonna Fall" (Wyclef Remix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran3:526."Set Your Loving Free" (Low Life Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:477."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (After Hours Mix)WhiteDevaney, Mokran7:108."The Love in Me" (12" Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:109."You Can't Deny It" (Sky King Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris8:2110."What Did I Do to You?" (Anti Poll Tax Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:3111."Change" (Metamorphosis Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:54 People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology (disc three – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."All Around the World" (American Club Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris11:342."The Line" (Pure Funk Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, Terry GamwellDevaney, Mokran4:203."Change" (Bone-Idol Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:574."Live Together" (Big Beat Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:005."The Real Thing" (Yūtenji Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran4:556."You Can't Deny It" (Yvonne Turner Extended Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:397."The Line" (Ian O'Brien's Benfleet 3:30 Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran10:068."Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" (Franktified Off the Hook Dub)WhiteDevaney, Mokran7:149."What Did I Do to You?" (Red Zone Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:4510."Time to Make You Mine" (In My Dreams Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris9:2411."All Around the World" (Attack Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:00 Release history Region Date Label Format Catalog United Kingdom 10 November 2014 Edsel 13 CD + 5 DVD LSBOX 001 Europe 21 November 2014 References ^ "Lisa Stansfield – The Collection: tracklists". lisa-stansfield.com. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ "Exclusive: First pictures takes you inside the reissues 'The Collection 1989–2003'". lisastansfield.net. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ "Lisa Stansfield – The Collection 1989–2003". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ "The Collection 1989–2003 (Box Set)". Amazon.de. Retrieved 27 October 2014. vteLisa Stansfield Blue Zone Discography Awards Studio albums Affection Real Love So Natural Lisa Stansfield Face Up The Moment Seven Deeper Compilations In Session Biography: The Greatest Hits The Complete Collection The Collection 1989–2003 Remix albums The Remix Album Seven+ People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology Live albumsLive in ManchesterSoundtracksSwingExtended playsFive LiveSingles "Your Alibis" "The Only Way" "Listen to Your Heart" "I Got a Feeling" "This Is the Right Time" "All Around the World" "Live Together" "What Did I Do to You?'" "You Can't Deny It" "Change "All Woman" "Time to Make You Mine" "Set Your Loving Free" "A Little More Love" "Someday (I'm Coming Back)" "In All the Right Places" "So Natural" "Little Bit of Heaven" "Marvellous & Mine" "Make It Right" "Dream Away" "The Real Thing" "Never, Never Gonna Give You Up" "The Line" "Don't Cry for Me" "Let's Just Call It Love" "8-3-1" "Easier" "Treat Me Like a Woman" "If I Hadn't Got You" "He Touches Me" "Can't Dance" "Carry On" "So Be It" "There Goes My Heart" Featuring "Love Will Wait" "Finest Thing" "On Fire" "Thinking About His Baby" "Big Thing" "Jackie" "People Hold On" "My Telephone" "Do They Know It's Christmas?" "The Longer We Make Love" Promotional "Never Gonna Fall" "I'm Leavin'" "Too Hot" Video releases Biography: The Greatest Hits Live at Ronnie Scott's Live in Manchester ToursSeven Tour Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"Lisa Stansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Stansfield"},{"link_name":"Edsel Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Collection 1989–2003 is a thirteen-CD and five DVD box set by British recording artist Lisa Stansfield. It was released by Edsel Records in the United Kingdom on 10 November 2014 and in Europe on 21 November 2014. It includes five of Stansfield's studio albums and additionally many rare tracks, remixes, promo videos, live concert footage and new interviews.[1][2] All albums were also released individually on the same date.","title":"The Collection 1989–2003"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"box set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"Arista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Records"},{"link_name":"Affection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection_(Lisa_Stansfield_album)"},{"link_name":"Real Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Love_(Lisa_Stansfield_album)"},{"link_name":"So Natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Natural_(Lisa_Stansfield_album)"},{"link_name":"Lisa Stansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Stansfield_(album)"},{"link_name":"Face Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_Up_(album)"},{"link_name":"People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Hold_On_..._The_Remix_Anthology"}],"text":"This eighteen-disc box set brings together deluxe 2CD+DVD editions of Stansfield's albums recorded for Arista label: Affection (1989), Real Love (1991), So Natural (1993), Lisa Stansfield (1997) and Face Up (2001), plus the three-CD set People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology in a unique outer slipcase.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Affection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection_(Lisa_Stansfield_album)"},{"link_name":"This Is the Right Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_the_Right_Time"},{"link_name":"Lisa Stansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Stansfield"},{"link_name":"Coldcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldcut"},{"link_name":"All Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Around_the_World_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"What Did I Do to You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Did_I_Do_to_You%3F"},{"link_name":"Live Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Together"},{"link_name":"You Can't Deny It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can%27t_Deny_It"},{"link_name":"Mark Saunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Saunders_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Runaway Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Gordon"},{"link_name":"People Hold On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Hold_On"},{"link_name":"Matt Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Black_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldcut"},{"link_name":"Good Morning Heartache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_Heartache"},{"link_name":"Irene Higginbotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Higginbotham"},{"link_name":"Ervin Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervin_Drake"},{"link_name":"Mark Goodier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Goodier"},{"link_name":"Real Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Love_(Lisa_Stansfield_album)"},{"link_name":"Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Set Your Loving Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_Your_Loving_Free"},{"link_name":"All Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Woman"},{"link_name":"Time to Make You Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_to_Make_You_Mine"},{"link_name":"A Little More Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Little_More_Love_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Knuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles"},{"link_name":"Everything Will Get Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Woman"},{"link_name":"Driza Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driza_Bone"},{"link_name":"Bomb Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bomb_Squad"},{"link_name":"Underground Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Tenaglia"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_at_Work"},{"link_name":"Kenlou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_at_Work"},{"link_name":"Sax on the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Tenaglia"},{"link_name":"Kenlou Supa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_at_Work"},{"link_name":"Mellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_at_Work"},{"link_name":"Misty Dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles"},{"link_name":"'Tain't Nobody's Biz-ness if I Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_Nobody%27s_Business"},{"link_name":"Porter Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Grainger"},{"link_name":"Everett Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Robbins"},{"link_name":"So Natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Natural_(Lisa_Stansfield_album)"},{"link_name":"So Natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Natural_(song)"},{"link_name":"Marvellous & Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvellous_%26_Mine"},{"link_name":"Little Bit of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bit_of_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Tom Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Brock_(singer)"},{"link_name":"In All the Right Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_All_the_Right_Places"},{"link_name":"John Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Bad Yard Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"Someday (I'm Coming Back)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someday_(I%27m_Coming_Back)"},{"link_name":"Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indecent_Proposal#Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Junior Vocal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Heller"},{"link_name":"Absolute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_(production_team)"},{"link_name":"No Preservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sanchez"},{"link_name":"Seventh Heaven Vocal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamus_Haji"},{"link_name":"Roger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Sanchez"},{"link_name":"Classic 12\" Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"Lisa Stansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Stansfield_(album)"},{"link_name":"Never Gonna Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gonna_Fall"},{"link_name":"Peter Mokran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mokran"},{"link_name":"The Real Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Thing_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"I'm Leavin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Leavin%27_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never,_Never_Gonna_Give_Ya_Up#Lisa_Stansfield_version"},{"link_name":"Barry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_White"},{"link_name":"Don't Cry for Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Cry_for_Me"},{"link_name":"Cory Rooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Rooney"},{"link_name":"Mark Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Markie_Dee"},{"link_name":"The Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Richard Darbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Darbyshire"},{"link_name":"You Know How to Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Know_How_to_Love_Me_(song)"},{"link_name":"Reggie Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Lucas"},{"link_name":"James Mtume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mtume"},{"link_name":"Diane Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Warren"},{"link_name":"Frank Musker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Musker"},{"link_name":"Baby Come Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Come_Back_(Player_song)"},{"link_name":"J.C. Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.C._Crowley"},{"link_name":"Peter Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Beckett"},{"link_name":"People Hold On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Hold_On#%22People_Hold_On%22_(The_Bootleg_Mixes)"},{"link_name":"Jon Is the Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Bewick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dan Bewick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Bewick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"77th Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mokran"},{"link_name":"Mokran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mokran"},{"link_name":"Silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_%22Silk%22_Hurley"},{"link_name":"Frankie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles"},{"link_name":"Dirty Rotten Scoundrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Bewick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Junior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Vasquez"},{"link_name":"Riverside Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Studios"},{"link_name":"Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"All Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Around_the_World_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Face Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_Up_(album)"},{"link_name":"Richard Darbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Darbyshire"},{"link_name":"Let's Just Call It Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Just_Call_It_Love"},{"link_name":"8-3-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-3-1"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"Trackmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trackmasters"},{"link_name":"All Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Around_the_World_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"Junior Vasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Vasquez"},{"link_name":"Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"K-Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Warren"},{"link_name":"Live at Ronnie Scott's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_Ronnie_Scott%27s_(video)"},{"link_name":"The Real Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Thing_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"So Natural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_Natural_(song)"},{"link_name":"Someday (I'm Coming Back)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Someday_(I%27m_Coming_Back)"},{"link_name":"Don't Explain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Explain_(song)"},{"link_name":"Billie Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Arthur Herzog, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Herzog,_Jr."},{"link_name":"They Can't Take That Away from Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Can%27t_Take_That_Away_from_Me"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Live Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Together"},{"link_name":"All Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Woman"},{"link_name":"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never,_Never_Gonna_Give_Ya_Up#Lisa_Stansfield_version"},{"link_name":"Barry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_White"},{"link_name":"People Hold On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Hold_On#%22People_Hold_On%22_(The_Bootleg_Mixes)"},{"link_name":"People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Hold_On_..._The_Remix_Anthology"},{"link_name":"People Hold On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Hold_On"},{"link_name":"Full Length Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldcut"},{"link_name":"Lisa Stansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Stansfield"},{"link_name":"Matt Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Black_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan More","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldcut"},{"link_name":"Coldcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldcut"},{"link_name":"What Did I Do to You?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Did_I_Do_to_You%3F"},{"link_name":"Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles"},{"link_name":"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never,_Never_Gonna_Give_Ya_Up#Lisa_Stansfield_version"},{"link_name":"Frankie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles"},{"link_name":"Barry White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_White"},{"link_name":"Peter Mokran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Mokran"},{"link_name":"This Is the Right Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_the_Right_Time"},{"link_name":"The Real Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Thing_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"K-Klassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Klass"},{"link_name":"Let's Just Call It Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Just_Call_It_Love"},{"link_name":"Richard Darbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Darbyshire"},{"link_name":"Set Your Loving Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_Your_Loving_Free"},{"link_name":"Dubmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_at_Work"},{"link_name":"Time to Make You Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_to_Make_You_Mine"},{"link_name":"Sunship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceri_Evans_(Sunship)"},{"link_name":"All Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Around_the_World_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"The Global Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Live Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Together"},{"link_name":"Live It Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Shep Pettibone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shep_Pettibone"},{"link_name":"I'm Leavin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Leavin%27_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Hex Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_Hector"},{"link_name":"Never Gonna Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gonna_Fall"},{"link_name":"Wyclef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyclef_Jean"},{"link_name":"12\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_de_Vries"},{"link_name":"You Can't Deny It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Can%27t_Deny_It"},{"link_name":"Anti Poll Tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"Metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles"},{"link_name":"American Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_45_King"},{"link_name":"The Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_(Lisa_Stansfield_song)"},{"link_name":"Pure Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Beedle"},{"link_name":"Bone-Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driza_Bone"},{"link_name":"Big Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massive_Attack"},{"link_name":"Red Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Morales"},{"link_name":"In My Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Orb"},{"link_name":"Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_45_King"}],"text":"Affection (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"This Is the Right Time\"Lisa Stansfield, Ian Devaney, Andy MorrisColdcut4:302.\"Mighty Love\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:163.\"Sincerity\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:484.\"The Love in Me\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:025.\"All Around the World\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:296.\"What Did I Do to You?\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:507.\"Live Together\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:108.\"You Can't Deny It\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:319.\"Poison\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:1910.\"When Are You Coming Back?\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:2311.\"Affection\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:5212.\"Wake Up Baby\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris3:5413.\"The Way You Want It\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:5914.\"This Is the Right Time\" (Miles Ahead Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut7:4515.\"All Around the World\" (Long Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:08Affection (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"My Apple Heart\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:172.\"Lay Me Down\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:213.\"Something's Happenin'\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris3:574.\"Sing It\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:325.\"This Is the Right Time\" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut5:406.\"All Around the World\" (Around the House Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:037.\"Live Together\" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris8:558.\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Mark Saunders Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:529.\"You Can't Deny It\" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:5310.\"The Love in Me\" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:0611.\"This Is the Right Time\" (Kick Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut6:4512.\"All Around the World\" (Runaway Love Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:3713.\"Live Together\" (Home Sweet Home Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:42Affection (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"People Hold On\" (with Coldcut) (Promo Video)Matt Black, Jonathan More, StansfieldColdcut 2.\"This Is the Right Time\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut 3.\"All Around the World\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 4.\"Live Together\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 5.\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 6.\"You Can't Deny It\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 7.\"This Is the Right Time\" (US Version) (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut 8.\"This Is the Right Time\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut 9.\"Mighty Love\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 10.\"You Can't Deny It\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 11.\"The Love in Me\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 12.\"Sincerity\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 13.\"Poison\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 14.\"Live Together\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 15.\"Good Morning Heartache\" (Live! All Around the World)Irene Higginbotham, Ervin Drake, Dan Fisher  16.\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 17.\"All Around the World\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 18.\"People Hold On\" (Live! All Around the World)Black, More, StansfieldColdcut 19.\"Affection\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 20.\"The Way You Want It\" (Live! All Around the World)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 21.\"2014 Interview with Mark Goodier\"Real Love (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Change\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:392.\"Real Love\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:013.\"Set Your Loving Free\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:034.\"I Will Be Waiting\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:035.\"All Woman\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:176.\"Soul Deep\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:107.\"Make Love to Ya\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:548.\"Time to Make You Mine\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:559.\"Symptoms of Loneliness & Heartache\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:4310.\"It's Got to Be Real\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:1711.\"First Joy\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:2512.\"Tenderly\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris3:2013.\"A Little More Love\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:3514.\"Whenever You're Gone\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:0615.\"Time to Make You Mine\" (Sugar Lips Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:4316.\"Change\" (Knuckles Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:29Real Love (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Set Your Loving Free\" (Extended Version)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:002.\"Everything Will Get Better\" (Extended Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris8:043.\"Change\" (Driza Bone Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:084.\"Time to Make You Mine\" (Bomb Squad Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:125.\"Make Love to Ya\" (The Floor Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:266.\"Everything Will Get Better\" (Underground Club Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris9:547.\"Time to Make You Mine\" (House Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:458.\"Set Your Loving Free\" (Kenlou 12\")Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:269.\"Everything Will Get Better\" (Sax on the Beach Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:3510.\"Time to Make You Mine\" (Kenlou Supa Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:3011.\"Set Your Loving Free\" (Mellow Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:5312.\"Change\" (Misty Dub Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:23Real Love (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Change\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 2.\"All Woman\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 3.\"Time to Make You Mine\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 4.\"Set Your Loving Free\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 5.\"Change\" (US Version) (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 6.\"A Little More Love\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 7.\"'Tain't Nobody's Biz-ness if I Do\" (Live)Porter Grainger, Everett Robbins  8.\"All Woman\" (Live)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 9.\"2014 Interview with Mark Goodier\"So Natural (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"So Natural\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Bobby Boughton5:052.\"Never Set Me Free\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:003.\"I Give You Everything\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:404.\"Marvellous & Mine\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:145.\"Goodbye\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:356.\"Little Bit of Heaven\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:277.\"Sweet Memories\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:328.\"She's Always There\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:049.\"Too Much Love Makin'\"Tom BrockDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:3410.\"Turn Me On\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:3911.\"Be Mine\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:3212.\"In All the Right Places\"John Barry, Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:0313.\"Wish It Could Always Be This Way\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:4314.\"Gonna Try It Anyway\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton3:5315.\"So Natural\" (Be Boy Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:1916.\"Little Bit of Heaven\" (Bad Yard Club Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton7:27So Natural (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Someday (I'm Coming Back)\"Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:342.\"In All the Right Places\" (Soundtrack Version)Barry, Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:463.\"So Natural\" (US Remix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:254.\"I Give You Everything\" (US Remix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton4:465.\"Little Bit of Heaven\" (Junior Vocal Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton6:436.\"Someday (I'm Coming Back)\" (Absolute Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:347.\"So Natural\" (No Preservatives Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton7:278.\"Little Bit of Heaven\" (Seventh Heaven Vocal Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton6:219.\"Marvellous & Mine\" (Sure Is Pure Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton9:4310.\"So Natural\" (Roger's Club Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton5:4111.\"Little Bit of Heaven\" (Roach Motel Dub)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton9:0612.\"Someday (I'm Coming Back)\" (Classic 12\" Club Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:43So Natural (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Someday (I'm Coming Back)\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 2.\"In All the Right Places\" (Promo Video)Barry, Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 3.\"So Natural\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton 4.\"Little Bit of Heaven\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton 5.\"So Natural\" (Natural Cut Version) (Promo Video)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton 6.\"2014 Interview with Mark Goodier\"   7.\"2014 Interview with Mark Goodier\"Lisa Stansfield (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Never Gonna Fall\"Stansfield, DevaneyIan Devaney, Peter Mokran5:162.\"The Real Thing\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran4:203.\"I'm Leavin'\"Crayge Lindesay, Telisa StinsonDevaney, Mokran4:384.\"Suzanne\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran4:595.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\"Barry WhiteDevaney, Mokran5:026.\"Don't Cry for Me\"Stansfield, Devaney, Cory Rooney, Mark MoralesDevaney, Mokran, Rooney, Morales5:037.\"The Line\"Stansfield, Devaney, Terry GamwellDevaney, Mokran4:268.\"The Very Thought of You\"Stansfield, Devaney, Richard DarbyshireDevaney, Mokran5:239.\"You Know How to Love Me\"Reggie Lucas, James MtumeDevaney, Mokran5:3210.\"I Cried My Last Tear Last Night\"Diane WarrenDevaney, Mokran4:1311.\"Honest\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney, Mokran4:5412.\"Somewhere in Time\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney, Mokran4:4413.\"Got Me Missing You\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran4:4314.\"Footsteps\"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, Frank MuskerDevaney, Mokran3:4815.\"Baby Come Back\"J.C. Crowley, Peter BeckettDevaney, Mokran4:4316.\"People Hold On\" (Jon Is the Don Mix)Stansfield, Black, MoreDan Bewick, Matt Frost8:09Lisa Stansfield (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"The Real Thing\" (Touch Extended Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran6:272.\"Breathtaking\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney4:503.\"You Get Me\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:374.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (77th Heaven Mix)WhiteDevaney, Mokran7:105.\"The Line\" (Devaney & Mokran Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran5:556.\"The Real Thing\" (Silk's Real House Thang)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran9:457.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (Frankie's Hard R&B Club Mix)WhiteDevaney, Mokran6:548.\"The Line\" (Hippie Torrales Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran6:419.\"The Real Thing\" (Dirty Rotten Scoundrels Vocal Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran7:3810.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (Nikolas & Sibley Club Mix)WhiteDevaney, Mokran8:3611.\"Never Gonna Fall\" (Junior's Return To 27th & 10th Anthem)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran10:23Lisa Stansfield (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"The Real Thing\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran 2.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (Promo Video)WhiteDevaney, Mokran 3.\"The Line\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran 4.\"Don't Cry for Me\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, Rooney, MoralesDevaney, Mokran, Rooney, Morales 5.\"People Hold On\" (Bootleg Mix) (Promo Video)Stansfield, Black, MoreBewick, Frost 6.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (US Edit) (Promo Video)WhiteDevaney, Mokran 7.\"The Real Thing\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran 8.\"I'm Leavin'\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Lindesay, StinsonDevaney, Mokran 9.\"People Hold On\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Black, MoreBewick, Frost 10.\"Suzanne\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran 11.\"Don't Cry for Me\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Devaney, Rooney, MoralesDevaney, Mokran, Rooney, Morales 12.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)WhiteDevaney, Mokran 13.\"Change\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 14.\"You Know How to Love Me\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Lucas, MtumeDevaney, Mokran 15.\"The Line\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran 16.\"All Around the World\" (Live at Riverside Studios, 1997)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 17.\"2014 Interview with Mark Goodier\"Face Up (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"I've Got Something Better\"Stansfield, Devaney, Richard DarbyshireDevaney4:252.\"Let's Just Call It Love\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:173.\"You Can Do That\"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, MuskerDevaney4:304.\"How Could You?\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:345.\"Candy\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:066.\"I'm Coming to Get You\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney3:547.\"8-3-1\"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, Charlotte KellyDevaney4:318.\"Wish on Me\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:499.\"Boyfriend\"Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney4:4410.\"Don't Leave Now I'm in Love\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:1711.\"Didn't I\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:5112.\"Face Up\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:5213.\"When the Last Sun Goes Down\"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, MuskerDevaney3:5714.\"All over Me\"Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:0915.\"Can't Wait To\"Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney4:2716.\"Let's Just Call It Love\" (Original Vocal Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:3017.\"8-3-1\" (Ian Devaney Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney6:02Face Up (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Let's Just Call It Love\" (Dreemhouse Full Extended Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney4:362.\"More Than Sex\"  5:013.\"8-3-1\" (Morales Radio Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney3:234.\"I've Got Something Better\" (Trackmasters Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney3:545.\"All Around the World\" (Norty Cotto Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, Andy MorrisDevaney, Morris7:336.\"Let's Just Call It Love\" (Silk Cut Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:377.\"8-3-1\" (Morales Alternative Club Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney9:348.\"All Around the World\" (Junior Vasquez Earth Anthem)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris10:509.\"Let's Just Call It Love\" (D.Y.N.K. Vocal)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney6:1210.\"8-3-1\" (Morales Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney8:1211.\"All Around the World\" (Norty's World Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:5212.\"Let's Just Call It Love\" (K-Warren Full Vocal)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney6:13Face Up (disc three – DVD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Let's Just Call It Love\" (Promo Video)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney 2.\"8-3-1\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, Darbyshire, KellyDevaney 3.\"The Real Thing\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran 4.\"So Natural\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Stansfield, Boughton 5.\"Make Love to Ya\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 6.\"Tenderly\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 7.\"Someday (I'm Coming Back)\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 8.\"Don't Explain\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Billie Holiday, Arthur Herzog, Jr.  9.\"They Can't Take That Away from Me\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin  10.\"Didn't I\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney 11.\"Change\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 12.\"Live Together\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 13.\"I've Got Something Better\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney 14.\"Face Up\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney 15.\"All Woman\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 16.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Barry WhiteDevaney, Mokran 17.\"People Hold On\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's)Stansfield, Black, MoreBewick, Frost 18.\"All Around the World\" (Live at Ronnie Scott's) (+ q & a)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris 19.\"2014 Interview with Mark Goodier\"People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology (disc one – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"People Hold On\" (Full Length Disco Mix)Lisa Stansfield, Matt Black, Jonathan MoreColdcut9:242.\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Morales Mix)Stansfield, Ian Devaney, Andy MorrisDevaney, Morris7:593.\"Change\" (Ultimate Club Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:544.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (Frankie's Classic Club Mix)Barry WhiteDevaney, Peter Mokran8:155.\"This Is the Right Time\" (The Rhythm Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut7:516.\"The Real Thing\" (K-Klassic Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran8:397.\"Let's Just Call It Love\" (Feel It Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, Richard DarbyshireDevaney7:428.\"Make Love to Ya\" (Light Me Up Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:029.\"Set Your Loving Free\" (Dubmaster Edit)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris4:4210.\"Time to Make You Mine\" (Sunship Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:0011.\"All Around the World\" (The Global Quest)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:17People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology (disc two – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Live Together\" (Live It Up)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:422.\"This Is the Right Time\" (Shep Pettibone Extended Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisColdcut9:443.\"I'm Leavin'\" (Hex Hector N.Y.C. Rough Mix)Crayge Lindesay, Telisa StinsonDevaney, Mokran10:094.\"Let's Just Call It Love\" (Bass City Rollaz Rollin' Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, DarbyshireDevaney5:525.\"Never Gonna Fall\" (Wyclef Remix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran3:526.\"Set Your Loving Free\" (Low Life Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:477.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (After Hours Mix)WhiteDevaney, Mokran7:108.\"The Love in Me\" (12\" Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:109.\"You Can't Deny It\" (Sky King Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris8:2110.\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Anti Poll Tax Dub)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris6:3111.\"Change\" (Metamorphosis Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:54People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology (disc three – CD)No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"All Around the World\" (American Club Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris11:342.\"The Line\" (Pure Funk Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, Terry GamwellDevaney, Mokran4:203.\"Change\" (Bone-Idol Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:574.\"Live Together\" (Big Beat Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:005.\"The Real Thing\" (Yūtenji Mix)Stansfield, DevaneyDevaney, Mokran4:556.\"You Can't Deny It\" (Yvonne Turner Extended Remix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:397.\"The Line\" (Ian O'Brien's Benfleet 3:30 Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, GamwellDevaney, Mokran10:068.\"Never, Never Gonna Give You Up\" (Franktified Off the Hook Dub)WhiteDevaney, Mokran7:149.\"What Did I Do to You?\" (Red Zone Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris7:4510.\"Time to Make You Mine\" (In My Dreams Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris9:2411.\"All Around the World\" (Attack Mix)Stansfield, Devaney, MorrisDevaney, Morris5:00","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Lisa Stansfield – The Collection: tracklists\". lisa-stansfield.com. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027202405/http://lisa-stansfield.com/lisa-stansfield-the-collection-tracklists/","url_text":"\"Lisa Stansfield – The Collection: tracklists\""},{"url":"http://lisa-stansfield.com/lisa-stansfield-the-collection-tracklists/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive: First pictures takes you inside the reissues 'The Collection 1989–2003'\". lisastansfield.net. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lisastansfield.net/latest--blog/exclusive-first-pictures-takes-you-inside-the-reissues-the-collection-1989-2003","url_text":"\"Exclusive: First pictures takes you inside the reissues 'The Collection 1989–2003'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lisa Stansfield – The Collection 1989–2003\". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Lisa-Stansfield-Collection-1989-2003/dp/B00MTGQ4QC/ref=sr_1_5?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1415703464&sr=1-5","url_text":"\"Lisa Stansfield – The Collection 1989–2003\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.co.uk"}]},{"reference":"\"The Collection 1989–2003 (Box Set)\". Amazon.de. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/Collection-1989-2003-Box-Set/dp/B00MTGQ4QC/ref=sr_1_6?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1415703565&sr=1-6","url_text":"\"The Collection 1989–2003 (Box Set)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.de"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027202405/http://lisa-stansfield.com/lisa-stansfield-the-collection-tracklists/","external_links_name":"\"Lisa Stansfield – The Collection: tracklists\""},{"Link":"http://lisa-stansfield.com/lisa-stansfield-the-collection-tracklists/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lisastansfield.net/latest--blog/exclusive-first-pictures-takes-you-inside-the-reissues-the-collection-1989-2003","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: First pictures takes you inside the reissues 'The Collection 1989–2003'\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Lisa-Stansfield-Collection-1989-2003/dp/B00MTGQ4QC/ref=sr_1_5?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1415703464&sr=1-5","external_links_name":"\"Lisa Stansfield – The Collection 1989–2003\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.de/Collection-1989-2003-Box-Set/dp/B00MTGQ4QC/ref=sr_1_6?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1415703565&sr=1-6","external_links_name":"\"The Collection 1989–2003 (Box Set)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/4a136836-4ca9-4bb1-a5e5-c325d34b9511","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coastal_Forest
Northern California coastal forests
["1 Setting","2 Habitats","2.1 Coastal redwood forests","2.2 Mixed evergreen forests","2.3 Closed-cone conifer forests and woodlands","2.4 Maritime chaparral","2.5 Coastal grassland","2.6 Coastal scrub","2.7 Riparian woodlands and shrublands","2.8 Live oak woodlands and savannas","2.9 Ponderosa pine forests","3 Protected areas","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Temperate coniferous forests ecoregion in northern California and southwestern Oregon Northern California coastal forestsCoast Redwood forest in Redwood National Park, California.EcologyRealmNearcticBiomeTemperate coniferous forestsBordersCalifornia interior chaparral and woodlandsCentral Pacific coastal forestsKlamath-Siskiyou forestsBird species232Mammal species77GeographyArea13,300 km2 (5,100 sq mi)CountryUnited StatesStatesCaliforniaOregonClimate typeMediterranean (Csb)ConservationConservation statusCritical/EndangeredHabitat loss4.6828%Protected15.76% The Northern California coastal forests are a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of coastal Northern California and southwestern Oregon. Setting This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The ecoregion covers 13,300 square kilometres (5,100 sq mi), extending from just north of the California-Oregon border south, to southern Monterey County. The ecoregion rarely extends more than 65 km inland from the coast, narrower in the southernmost parts of the ecoregion. The ecoregion is a sub-ecoregion of the Pacific temperate rain forests ecoregion, which extends up the Pacific Coast to Kodiak Island in Alaska. The ecoregion lies close to the Pacific Ocean, and is kept moist by Pacific Ocean storms during the winter months, and by coastal fogs in the summer months. These factors keep the ecoregion cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter, as compared to ecoregions further inland. The ecoregion is also defined by the distribution of the Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), with isolated groves located in protected canyons as far south as Redwood Gulch, in southern Monterey County. The greatest concentration of remaining Old-growth forest are in the northernmost portion of the ecoregion, primarily within Humboldt and Del Norte counties. Major urban centers located within this ecoregion include the montane portions of various cities of the San Francisco Peninsula, Fort Bragg, Eureka, and Brookings. Habitats Redwood forests are interspersed with several other plant communities throughout this ecoregion. Coastal redwood forests Notholithocarpus densiflorus, with Coast Douglas-firs Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii and Coast Redwood behind in Sunset Trail, Big Basin Redwoods State Park, Santa Cruz Mountains, California. The dominant forest type in this ecoregion is the coastal redwood forest. These are the tallest forests on Earth, with individual redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) trees reaching heights of 100 metres (330 ft). These forests are generally found in areas exposed to coastal fog. In the north, they occur on upland slopes, in riparian zones, and on riverine terraces. In the south, where annual precipitation is lower, they are constrained to coves and ravines. Coast Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) are nearly always associated with redwoods, but in the north the forests can also include Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Like coast Douglas-fir, tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) is often present. Other hardwoods include California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), red alder (Alnus rubra), madrone (Arbutus menziesii), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). The deep shade cast by redwoods often results in a sparse understory, but shade-tolerant species include thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), redwood sorrel (Oxalis oregana), elk clover (Aralia californica), dwarf Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and many ferns, such as deer fern (Blechnum spicant), sword fern (Polystichum munitum), and leathery polypody (Polypodium scouleri). Mixed evergreen forests Mixed evergreen forests are found just inland of the redwood forests, on Franciscan Assemblage soils that receive moderate to high rainfall. The trees are a variety of needle-leaved and broad-leaved evergreen species. Characteristic trees include coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus), madrone (Arbutus menziesii), California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), and golden chinquapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla). The shrub understory is dense and diverse; beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), Sadler's oak (Quercus sadleriana), dwarf Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa), and poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) are typically found. Closed-cone conifer forests and woodlands Pinus muricata forest growing at Point Reyes, California Closed-cone conifer forests are found in small, scattered patches throughout the ecoregion, typically adjacent to maritime chaparral. Common pines are lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), bishop pine (Pinus muricata), Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), and knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata). These forests can also be home to several endemic cypresses, including Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa), Gowen cypress (Cupressus goveniana), and Santa Cruz cypress (Cupressus abramsiana). Shrub species include glossyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos nummularia), bog Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), and California bayberry (Myrica californica). Soil conditions sometimes cause these forests to take on a pygmy form. Lichens and mosses are diverse and can be abundant. Maritime chaparral Maritime chaparral is composed of a variety of shrubs that grow in the fog belt. Endemic species of manzanita (Arctostaphylos) and Ceanothus are locally common. Manzanita species include woolyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos tomentosa), glossyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos nummularia), Hooker's manzanita (Arctostaphylos hookeri), pajaro manzanita (Arctostaphylos pajaroensis), Montara manzanita (Arctostaphylos montaraensis), and others. Gasquet manzanita (Arctostaphylos hispidula) occurs in southern Oregon. Among Ceanothus, hairy ceanothus (Ceanothus oliganthus) is common, while Mason's ceanothus (Ceanothus masonii), Carmel ceanothus (Ceanothus griseus), and wart-stem ceanothus (Ceanothus verrucosus) are local endemics. Other widespread shrubs and trees include chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), black sage (Salvia mellifera), coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), buckthorn (Rhamnus crocea), and coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). This habitat is often found near closed-cone conifer forests and woodlands. Coastal grassland Iris douglasiana patch at Point Reyes Northern coastal grasslands, or coastal prairies, are generally found below 1,000 feet (300 m) on coastal terraces or mountain balds. In areas where fire has been suppressed, coastal scrub plants invade. Common grasses include bentgrass (Agrostis spp.), California brome (Bromus carinatus), Nootka reedgrass (Calamagrostis nutkaensis), California oatgrass (Danthonia californica), red fescue (Festuca rubra), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia caespitosa), prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), tall trisetuem (Trisetum canescens). Common forbs include Douglas iris (Iris douglasiana), western blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium bellum), hairy gumplant (Grindelia hirsutula), and footsteps of spring (Sanicula arctopoides). Coastal scrub Northern coastal scrub consists of shrublands found at elevations below 1,500 feet (460 m) on bluffs, terraces, dunes, and hills near the coast. This habitat is often subject to wind and maritime fog. The shrubs are mostly evergreen, small-leaved, and sclerophyllous. Characteristic species include coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis), yellow bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus), blueblossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus), seaside woolly sunflower (Eriophyllum stoechadifolium), sticky monkey-flower (Mimulus aurantiacus), poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), salal (Gaultheria shallon), cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum), and western sword fern (Polystichum munitum). Coastal grassland succeeds to coastal scrub in the absence of fire, and coastal scrub succeeds to mixed evergreen forest under further absence of fire. Riparian woodlands and shrublands Riparian woodlands and shrublands are a mosaic of tree-dominated plant communities and open shrublands found along rivers. Species composition varies with elevation, slope, floodplain width, and flooding history. Nevertheless, common trees include white alder (Alnus rhombifolia), red alder (Alnus rubra), box elder (Acer negundo), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), red willow (Salix laevigata), coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), California sycamore (Platanus racemosa), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). Common shrubs include sandbar willow (Salix exigua) and arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis). Live oak woodlands and savannas Live oak woodlands and savannas are dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). Canopy cover varies from dense forest to open savannas. In forests, California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), creeping snowberry (Symphoricarpos mollis), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), and poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) are common in the understory. Ponderosa pine forests Some of the rarest forests that occurs in this coastal region are the Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests, an example of which occurs in the Carbonera Creek watershed of Santa Cruz County, California. These forest are dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Protected areas Samuel H. Boardman State Scenic Corridor Tolowa Dunes State Park Patricks Point State Park Redwood National and State Parks Humboldt Redwoods State Park Headwaters Forest Reserve King Range Sinkyone Wilderness State Park South Fork Eel River Wilderness Jackson Demonstration State Forest Mendocino Headlands State Park Jenner Headlands Preserve Montgomery Woods State Reserve Van Damme State Park Manchester State Park Salt Point State Park Austin Creek State Recreation Area Grove of Old Trees Sonoma Coast State Beach Golden Gate National Recreation Area San Bruno Mountain State Park San Bruno Mountain Ecological Reserve Montara State Beach Rancho Corral de Tierra Mill Creek Redwood Preserve Miramontes Ridge Open Space Preserve Pulgas Ridge Open Space Preserve Edgewood County Park Teague Hill Open Space Preserve Wunderlich County Park El Corte de Madera Creek Open Space Preserve Tunitas Creek Open Space Preserve La Honda Creek Open Space Preserve Windy Hill Open Space Preserve La Honda Creek Open Space Preserve Palo Alto Foothills Park Los Trancos Open Space Preserve Monte Bello Open Space Preserve Skyline Ridge Open Space Preserve Stevens Creek County Park Saratoga Gap Open Space Preserve Long Ridge Open Space Preserve Sanborn Skyline County Park Castle Rock State Park Sam McDonald County Park Pescadero Creek County Park Pescadero State Beach Butano State Park Burleigh H. Murray Ranch Purisima Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve Big Basin Redwoods State Park Ano Nuevo State Reserve Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park Wilder Ranch State Park The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park Bear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve Portola Redwoods State Park See also List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF) Cedar hemlock douglas-fir forest References ^ a b c d "Atlas of Global Conservation". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ "Northern California coastal forests | Ecoregions | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved November 16, 2020. ^ "Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Redwood Forest". NatureServe. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^ "Comprehensive Report Ecological System - Mediterranean California Mixed Evergreen Forest". NatureServe. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^ "Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Closed-Cone Conifer Forest and Woodland". NatureServe. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^ "Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Maritime Chaparral". NatureServe. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^ "Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Northern Coastal Grassland". NatureServe. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^ "Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Northern Coastal Scrub". NatureServe. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^ "Comprehensive Report Ecological System - Mediterranean California Foothill and Lower Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrubland". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^ "Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Live Oak Woodland and Savanna". NatureServe. Retrieved November 26, 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern California coastal forests. "Northern California coastal forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Sempervirens Fund Northern California Coastal Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu (slow modem version) Conifers of Northwest California
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temperate coniferous forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests"},{"link_name":"ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"Northern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_California"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"}],"text":"The Northern California coastal forests are a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of coastal Northern California and southwestern Oregon.","title":"Northern California coastal forests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monterey County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Pacific temperate rain forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_temperate_rain_forests"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Sequoia sempervirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"Monterey County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Old-growth forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Del Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Fort Bragg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg,_California"},{"link_name":"Eureka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eureka,_California"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_Oregon"}],"text":"The ecoregion covers 13,300 square kilometres (5,100 sq mi), extending from just north of the California-Oregon border south, to southern Monterey County. The ecoregion rarely extends more than 65 km inland from the coast, narrower in the southernmost parts of the ecoregion.The ecoregion is a sub-ecoregion of the Pacific temperate rain forests ecoregion, which extends up the Pacific Coast to Kodiak Island in Alaska. The ecoregion lies close to the Pacific Ocean, and is kept moist by Pacific Ocean storms during the winter months, and by coastal fogs in the summer months. These factors keep the ecoregion cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter, as compared to ecoregions further inland. The ecoregion is also defined by the distribution of the Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), with isolated groves located in protected canyons as far south as Redwood Gulch, in southern Monterey County. The greatest concentration of remaining Old-growth forest are in the northernmost portion of the ecoregion, primarily within Humboldt and Del Norte counties.Major urban centers located within this ecoregion include the montane portions of various cities of the San Francisco Peninsula, Fort Bragg, Eureka, and Brookings.","title":"Setting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Redwood forests are interspersed with several other plant communities throughout this ecoregion.[citation needed]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Notholithocarpus_densiflorus_Big_Basin_State_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Notholithocarpus densiflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notholithocarpus_densiflorus"},{"link_name":"Coast Redwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Redwood"},{"link_name":"Sequoia sempervirens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._menziesii"},{"link_name":"Picea sitchensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picea_sitchensis"},{"link_name":"Tsuga heterophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla"},{"link_name":"Thuja plicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuja_plicata"},{"link_name":"Notholithocarpus densiflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notholithocarpus_densiflorus"},{"link_name":"Umbellularia californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbellularia_californica"},{"link_name":"Alnus rubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_rubra"},{"link_name":"Arbutus menziesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus_menziesii"},{"link_name":"Acer macrophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_macrophyllum"},{"link_name":"Rubus parviflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_parviflorus"},{"link_name":"Oxalis oregana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxalis_oregana"},{"link_name":"Aralia californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aralia_californica"},{"link_name":"Mahonia nervosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahonia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"Gaultheria shallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaultheria_shallon"},{"link_name":"Blechnum spicant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blechnum_spicant"},{"link_name":"Polystichum munitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystichum_munitum"},{"link_name":"Polypodium scouleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypodium_scouleri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Coastal redwood forests","text":"Notholithocarpus densiflorus, with Coast Douglas-firs Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii and Coast Redwood behind in Sunset Trail, Big Basin Redwoods State Park, Santa Cruz Mountains, California.The dominant forest type in this ecoregion is the coastal redwood forest. These are the tallest forests on Earth, with individual redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) trees reaching heights of 100 metres (330 ft). These forests are generally found in areas exposed to coastal fog. In the north, they occur on upland slopes, in riparian zones, and on riverine terraces. In the south, where annual precipitation is lower, they are constrained to coves and ravines. Coast Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) are nearly always associated with redwoods, but in the north the forests can also include Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata). Like coast Douglas-fir, tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) is often present. Other hardwoods include California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), red alder (Alnus rubra), madrone (Arbutus menziesii), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). The deep shade cast by redwoods often results in a sparse understory, but shade-tolerant species include thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), redwood sorrel (Oxalis oregana), elk clover (Aralia californica), dwarf Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), salal (Gaultheria shallon), and many ferns, such as deer fern (Blechnum spicant), sword fern (Polystichum munitum), and leathery polypody (Polypodium scouleri).\n[3]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mixed evergreen forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_mixed_evergreen_forest"},{"link_name":"Franciscan Assemblage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Assemblage"},{"link_name":"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._menziesii"},{"link_name":"Quercus chrysolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_chrysolepis"},{"link_name":"Notholithocarpus densiflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notholithocarpus_densiflorus"},{"link_name":"Arbutus menziesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus_menziesii"},{"link_name":"Umbellularia californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbellularia_californica"},{"link_name":"Chrysolepis chrysophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysolepis_chrysophylla"},{"link_name":"Corylus cornuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corylus_cornuta"},{"link_name":"Vaccinium ovatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_ovatum"},{"link_name":"Rhododendron macrophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron_macrophyllum"},{"link_name":"Gaultheria shallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaultheria_shallon"},{"link_name":"Quercus sadleriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_sadleriana"},{"link_name":"Mahonia nervosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahonia_nervosa"},{"link_name":"Toxicodendron diversilobum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_diversilobum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Mixed evergreen forests","text":"Mixed evergreen forests are found just inland of the redwood forests, on Franciscan Assemblage soils that receive moderate to high rainfall. The trees are a variety of needle-leaved and broad-leaved evergreen species. Characteristic trees include coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), tanoak (Notholithocarpus densiflorus), madrone (Arbutus menziesii), California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), and golden chinquapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla). The shrub understory is dense and diverse; beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), Sadler's oak (Quercus sadleriana), dwarf Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa), and poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) are typically found.[4]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P20130507-0077%E2%80%94Pinus_muricata%E2%80%94Point_Reyes_(8742046080).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pinus muricata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_muricata"},{"link_name":"Point Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Closed-cone conifer forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-cone_conifer_forest"},{"link_name":"Pinus contorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta"},{"link_name":"Pinus muricata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_muricata"},{"link_name":"Pinus radiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_radiata"},{"link_name":"Pinus attenuata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_attenuata"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Cupressus macrocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_macrocarpa"},{"link_name":"Cupressus goveniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_goveniana"},{"link_name":"Cupressus abramsiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_abramsiana"},{"link_name":"Arctostaphylos nummularia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_nummularia"},{"link_name":"Rhododendron groenlandicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron_groenlandicum"},{"link_name":"Vaccinium ovatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_ovatum"},{"link_name":"Gaultheria shallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaultheria_shallon"},{"link_name":"Rhododendron macrophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron_macrophyllum"},{"link_name":"Myrica californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_californica"},{"link_name":"pygmy form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_forest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Closed-cone conifer forests and woodlands","text":"Pinus muricata forest growing at Point Reyes, CaliforniaClosed-cone conifer forests are found in small, scattered patches throughout the ecoregion, typically adjacent to maritime chaparral. Common pines are lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), bishop pine (Pinus muricata), Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), and knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata). These forests can also be home to several endemic cypresses, including Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa), Gowen cypress (Cupressus goveniana), and Santa Cruz cypress (Cupressus abramsiana). Shrub species include glossyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos nummularia), bog Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), salal (Gaultheria shallon), Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), and California bayberry (Myrica californica). Soil conditions sometimes cause these forests to take on a pygmy form. Lichens and mosses are diverse and can be abundant.[5]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Arctostaphylos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos"},{"link_name":"Ceanothus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceanothus"},{"link_name":"Arctostaphylos tomentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_tomentosa"},{"link_name":"Arctostaphylos nummularia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_nummularia"},{"link_name":"Arctostaphylos hookeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_hookeri"},{"link_name":"Arctostaphylos pajaroensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_pajaroensis"},{"link_name":"Arctostaphylos montaraensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_montaraensis"},{"link_name":"Arctostaphylos hispidula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctostaphylos_hispidula"},{"link_name":"Ceanothus oliganthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceanothus_oliganthus"},{"link_name":"Ceanothus masonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceanothus_masonii"},{"link_name":"Ceanothus griseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceanothus_griseus"},{"link_name":"Ceanothus verrucosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceanothus_verrucosus"},{"link_name":"Adenostoma fasciculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenostoma_fasciculatum"},{"link_name":"Eriogonum fasciculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriogonum_fasciculatum"},{"link_name":"Salvia mellifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_mellifera"},{"link_name":"Rhamnus californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnus_californica"},{"link_name":"Rhamnus crocea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnus_crocea"},{"link_name":"Quercus agrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Maritime chaparral","text":"Maritime chaparral is composed of a variety of shrubs that grow in the fog belt. Endemic species of manzanita (Arctostaphylos) and Ceanothus are locally common. Manzanita species include woolyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos tomentosa), glossyleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos nummularia), Hooker's manzanita (Arctostaphylos hookeri), pajaro manzanita (Arctostaphylos pajaroensis), Montara manzanita (Arctostaphylos montaraensis), and others. Gasquet manzanita (Arctostaphylos hispidula) occurs in southern Oregon. Among Ceanothus, hairy ceanothus (Ceanothus oliganthus) is common, while Mason's ceanothus (Ceanothus masonii), Carmel ceanothus (Ceanothus griseus), and wart-stem ceanothus (Ceanothus verrucosus) are local endemics. Other widespread shrubs and trees include chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), black sage (Salvia mellifera), coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), buckthorn (Rhamnus crocea), and coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). This habitat is often found near closed-cone conifer forests and woodlands.[6]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DouglasIris.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iris douglasiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_douglasiana"},{"link_name":"Point Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Northern coastal grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_coastal_grasslands"},{"link_name":"Agrostis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrostis"},{"link_name":"Bromus carinatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromus_carinatus"},{"link_name":"Calamagrostis nutkaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamagrostis_nutkaensis"},{"link_name":"Danthonia californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danthonia_californica"},{"link_name":"Festuca rubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festuca_rubra"},{"link_name":"Festuca idahoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festuca_idahoensis"},{"link_name":"Deschampsia caespitosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deschampsia_caespitosa"},{"link_name":"Koeleria macrantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeleria_macrantha"},{"link_name":"Trisetum canescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisetum_canescens"},{"link_name":"Iris douglasiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_douglasiana"},{"link_name":"Sisyrinchium bellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyrinchium_bellum"},{"link_name":"Grindelia hirsutula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindelia_hirsutula"},{"link_name":"Sanicula arctopoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanicula_arctopoides"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Coastal grassland","text":"Iris douglasiana patch at Point ReyesNorthern coastal grasslands, or coastal prairies, are generally found below 1,000 feet (300 m) on coastal terraces or mountain balds. In areas where fire has been suppressed, coastal scrub plants invade. Common grasses include bentgrass (Agrostis spp.), California brome (Bromus carinatus), Nootka reedgrass (Calamagrostis nutkaensis), California oatgrass (Danthonia californica), red fescue (Festuca rubra), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia caespitosa), prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), tall trisetuem (Trisetum canescens). Common forbs include Douglas iris (Iris douglasiana), western blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium bellum), hairy gumplant (Grindelia hirsutula), and footsteps of spring (Sanicula arctopoides).[7]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern coastal scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_coastal_scrub"},{"link_name":"sclerophyllous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerophyllous"},{"link_name":"Baccharis pilularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccharis_pilularis"},{"link_name":"Lupinus arboreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_arboreus"},{"link_name":"Ceanothus thyrsiflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceanothus_thyrsiflorus"},{"link_name":"Eriophyllum stoechadifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriophyllum_stoechadifolium"},{"link_name":"Mimulus aurantiacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimulus_aurantiacus"},{"link_name":"Toxicodendron diversilobum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_diversilobum"},{"link_name":"Rubus ursinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_ursinus"},{"link_name":"Rubus parviflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_parviflorus"},{"link_name":"Rubus spectabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_spectabilis"},{"link_name":"Rhamnus californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnus_californica"},{"link_name":"Holodiscus discolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodiscus_discolor"},{"link_name":"Gaultheria shallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaultheria_shallon"},{"link_name":"Heracleum maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracleum_maximum"},{"link_name":"Polystichum munitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystichum_munitum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Coastal scrub","text":"Northern coastal scrub consists of shrublands found at elevations below 1,500 feet (460 m) on bluffs, terraces, dunes, and hills near the coast. This habitat is often subject to wind and maritime fog. The shrubs are mostly evergreen, small-leaved, and sclerophyllous. Characteristic species include coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis), yellow bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus), blueblossom (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus), seaside woolly sunflower (Eriophyllum stoechadifolium), sticky monkey-flower (Mimulus aurantiacus), poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), salal (Gaultheria shallon), cow parsnip (Heracleum maximum), and western sword fern (Polystichum munitum). Coastal grassland succeeds to coastal scrub in the absence of fire, and coastal scrub succeeds to mixed evergreen forest under further absence of fire.[8]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alnus rhombifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_rhombifolia"},{"link_name":"Alnus rubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnus_rubra"},{"link_name":"Acer negundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_negundo"},{"link_name":"Populus fremontii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus_fremontii"},{"link_name":"Salix laevigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_laevigata"},{"link_name":"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._menziesii"},{"link_name":"Platanus racemosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanus_racemosa"},{"link_name":"Quercus agrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia"},{"link_name":"Acer macrophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_macrophyllum"},{"link_name":"Salix exigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_exigua"},{"link_name":"Salix lasiolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salix_lasiolepis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Riparian woodlands and shrublands","text":"Riparian woodlands and shrublands are a mosaic of tree-dominated plant communities and open shrublands found along rivers. Species composition varies with elevation, slope, floodplain width, and flooding history. Nevertheless, common trees include white alder (Alnus rhombifolia), red alder (Alnus rubra), box elder (Acer negundo), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), red willow (Salix laevigata), coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), California sycamore (Platanus racemosa), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum). Common shrubs include sandbar willow (Salix exigua) and arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis).[9]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quercus agrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_agrifolia"},{"link_name":"Rubus ursinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubus_ursinus"},{"link_name":"Symphoricarpos mollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphoricarpos_mollis"},{"link_name":"Heteromeles arbutifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteromeles_arbutifolia"},{"link_name":"Toxicodendron diversilobum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicodendron_diversilobum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Live oak woodlands and savannas","text":"Live oak woodlands and savannas are dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). Canopy cover varies from dense forest to open savannas. In forests, California blackberry (Rubus ursinus), creeping snowberry (Symphoricarpos mollis), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), and poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum) are common in the understory.[10]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Coast_Range_Ponderosa_Pine_forests"},{"link_name":"Carbonera Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonera_Creek"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Pinus ponderosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_ponderosa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ponderosa pine forests","text":"Some of the rarest forests that occurs in this coastal region are the Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests, an example of which occurs in the Carbonera Creek watershed of Santa Cruz County, California. These forest are dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa).[citation needed]","title":"Habitats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel H. Boardman State Scenic Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Boardman_State_Scenic_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Tolowa Dunes State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolowa_Dunes_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Patricks Point State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricks_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Redwood National and State Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_National_and_State_Parks"},{"link_name":"Humboldt Redwoods State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_Redwoods_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Headwaters Forest Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwaters_Forest_Reserve"},{"link_name":"King Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Range_(California)"},{"link_name":"Sinkyone Wilderness State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkyone_Wilderness_State_Park"},{"link_name":"South Fork Eel River Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Jackson Demonstration State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Demonstration_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Mendocino Headlands State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_Headlands_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Jenner Headlands Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenner_Headlands_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Woods State Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Woods_State_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Van Damme State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Damme_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Manchester State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_State_Park_(California)"},{"link_name":"Salt Point State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Point_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Austin Creek State Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Creek_State_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"Grove of Old Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_of_Old_Trees"},{"link_name":"Sonoma Coast State Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma_Coast_State_Beach"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_National_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"San Bruno Mountain State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno_Mountain_State_Park"},{"link_name":"San Bruno Mountain Ecological Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Bruno_Mountain_Ecological_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Montara State Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montara_State_Beach"},{"link_name":"Rancho Corral de Tierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Corral_de_Tierra"},{"link_name":"Mill Creek Redwood Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Creek_Redwood_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Miramontes Ridge Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miramontes_Ridge_Open_Space_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pulgas Ridge Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulgas_Ridge_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Edgewood County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewood_County_Park"},{"link_name":"Teague Hill Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teague_Hill_Open_Space_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wunderlich County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wunderlich_County_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"El Corte de Madera Creek Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Corte_de_Madera_Creek_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Tunitas Creek Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tunitas_Creek_Open_Space_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Honda Creek Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Honda_Creek_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Windy Hill Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_Hill_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"La Honda Creek Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Honda_Creek_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Palo Alto Foothills Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foothills_Park,_Palo_Alto"},{"link_name":"Los Trancos Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Trancos_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Monte Bello Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Bello_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Skyline Ridge Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skyline_Ridge_Open_Space_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stevens Creek County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens_Creek_County_Park"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Gap Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Gap_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Long Ridge Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Ridge_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Sanborn Skyline County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanborn_Skyline_County_Park"},{"link_name":"Castle Rock State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rock_State_Park_(California)"},{"link_name":"Sam McDonald County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McDonald_County_Park"},{"link_name":"Pescadero Creek County Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescadero_Creek_County_Park"},{"link_name":"Pescadero State Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescadero_State_Beach"},{"link_name":"Butano State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butano_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Burleigh H. Murray Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burleigh_H._Murray_Ranch"},{"link_name":"Purisima Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purisima_Creek_Redwoods_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_Redwoods_State_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Big Basin Redwoods State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Basin_Redwoods_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Ano Nuevo State Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano_Nuevo_State_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cowell_Redwoods_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Wilder Ranch State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Ranch_State_Park"},{"link_name":"The Forest of Nisene Marks State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forest_of_Nisene_Marks_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Bear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Creek_Redwoods_Open_Space_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Portola Redwoods State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portola_Redwoods_State_Park"}],"text":"Samuel H. Boardman State Scenic Corridor\nTolowa Dunes State Park\nPatricks Point State Park\nRedwood National and State Parks\nHumboldt Redwoods State Park\nHeadwaters Forest Reserve\nKing Range\nSinkyone Wilderness State Park\nSouth Fork Eel River Wilderness\nJackson Demonstration State Forest\nMendocino Headlands State Park\nJenner Headlands Preserve\nMontgomery Woods State Reserve\nVan Damme State Park\nManchester State Park\nSalt Point State Park\nAustin Creek State Recreation Area\nGrove of Old Trees\nSonoma Coast State Beach\nGolden Gate National Recreation Area\nSan Bruno Mountain State Park\nSan Bruno Mountain Ecological Reserve\nMontara State Beach\nRancho Corral de Tierra\nMill Creek Redwood Preserve\nMiramontes Ridge Open Space Preserve\nPulgas Ridge Open Space Preserve\nEdgewood County Park\nTeague Hill Open Space Preserve\nWunderlich County Park\nEl Corte de Madera Creek Open Space Preserve\nTunitas Creek Open Space Preserve\nLa Honda Creek Open Space Preserve\nWindy Hill Open Space Preserve\nLa Honda Creek Open Space Preserve\nPalo Alto Foothills Park\nLos Trancos Open Space Preserve\nMonte Bello Open Space Preserve\nSkyline Ridge Open Space Preserve\nStevens Creek County Park\nSaratoga Gap Open Space Preserve\nLong Ridge Open Space Preserve\nSanborn Skyline County Park\nCastle Rock State Park\nSam McDonald County Park\nPescadero Creek County Park\nPescadero State Beach\nButano State Park\nBurleigh H. Murray Ranch\nPurisima Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve\nArmstrong Redwoods State Reserve\nBig Basin Redwoods State Park\nAno Nuevo State Reserve\nHenry Cowell Redwoods State Park\nWilder Ranch State Park\nThe Forest of Nisene Marks State Park\nBear Creek Redwoods Open Space Preserve\nPortola Redwoods State Park","title":"Protected areas"}]
[{"image_text":"Notholithocarpus densiflorus, with Coast Douglas-firs Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii and Coast Redwood behind in Sunset Trail, Big Basin Redwoods State Park, Santa Cruz Mountains, California.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Notholithocarpus_densiflorus_Big_Basin_State_Park.jpg/220px-Notholithocarpus_densiflorus_Big_Basin_State_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pinus muricata forest growing at Point Reyes, California","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/P20130507-0077%E2%80%94Pinus_muricata%E2%80%94Point_Reyes_%288742046080%29.jpg/220px-P20130507-0077%E2%80%94Pinus_muricata%E2%80%94Point_Reyes_%288742046080%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Iris douglasiana patch at Point Reyes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DouglasIris.jpg/220px-DouglasIris.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_United_States_(WWF)"},{"title":"Cedar hemlock douglas-fir forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_hemlock_douglas-fir_forest"}]
[{"reference":"\"Atlas of Global Conservation\". The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://maps.tnc.org/globalmaps.html","url_text":"\"Atlas of Global Conservation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northern California coastal forests | Ecoregions | WWF\". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved November 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0519","url_text":"\"Northern California coastal forests | Ecoregions | WWF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Redwood Forest\". NatureServe. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20160310082904/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722760","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Redwood Forest\""},{"url":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722760","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - Mediterranean California Mixed Evergreen Forest\". NatureServe. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722762","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - Mediterranean California Mixed Evergreen Forest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Closed-Cone Conifer Forest and Woodland\". NatureServe. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20190602014737/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722759","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Closed-Cone Conifer Forest and Woodland\""},{"url":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722759","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Maritime Chaparral\". NatureServe. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722752","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Maritime Chaparral\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Northern Coastal Grassland\". NatureServe. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20190602035325/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722740","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Northern Coastal Grassland\""},{"url":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722740","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Northern Coastal Scrub\". NatureServe. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20190602035555/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722749","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Northern Coastal Scrub\""},{"url":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722749","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - Mediterranean California Foothill and Lower Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrubland\". NatureServe. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20170923090949/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722737","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - Mediterranean California Foothill and Lower Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrubland\""},{"url":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722737","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Live Oak Woodland and Savanna\". NatureServe. Retrieved November 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722744","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Live Oak Woodland and Savanna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Northern California coastal forests\". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0519","url_text":"\"Northern California coastal forests\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://maps.tnc.org/globalmaps.html","external_links_name":"\"Atlas of Global Conservation\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0519","external_links_name":"\"Northern California coastal forests | Ecoregions | WWF\""},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20160310082904/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722760","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Redwood Forest\""},{"Link":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722760","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722762","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - Mediterranean California Mixed Evergreen Forest\""},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20190602014737/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722759","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Closed-Cone Conifer Forest and Woodland\""},{"Link":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722759","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722752","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Maritime Chaparral\""},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20190602035325/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722740","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Northern Coastal Grassland\""},{"Link":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722740","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20190602035555/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722749","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Northern Coastal Scrub\""},{"Link":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722749","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20170923090949/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722737","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - Mediterranean California Foothill and Lower Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrubland\""},{"Link":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722737","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchSystemUid=ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722744","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Report Ecological System - California Coastal Live Oak Woodland and Savanna\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0519","external_links_name":"\"Northern California coastal forests\""},{"Link":"http://www.sempervirens.org/","external_links_name":"Sempervirens Fund"},{"Link":"http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50519frame.htm","external_links_name":"Northern California Coastal Forests images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu"},{"Link":"http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoregions/50519.htm","external_links_name":"slow modem version"},{"Link":"http://www.conifercountry.com/","external_links_name":"Conifers of Northwest California"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edouard_Chavannes
Édouard Chavannes
["1 Life and career","2 Scholarship","2.1 History","2.2 Epigraphy","2.3 Religion","3 Selected works","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Citation","5.2 Works cited","6 External links"]
French sinologist (1865-1918) Édouard ChavannesBorn(1865-10-05)5 October 1865Lyon, FranceDied29 January 1918(1918-01-29) (aged 52)Paris, FranceSpouse Alice Dor ​(m. 1891⁠–⁠1918)​Scientific careerFieldsChinese history, religionInstitutionsCollège de FranceAcademic advisorsHenri CordierMarquis d'Hervey-Saint-DenysNotable studentsPaul Demiéville, Marcel Granet, Henri Maspero, Paul Pelliot Chinese nameChinese沙畹TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShā Wǎn Émmanuel-Édouard Chavannes (5 October 1865 – 29 January 1918) was a French sinologist and expert on Chinese history and religion, and is best known for his translations of major segments of Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the work's first ever translation into a Western language. Chavannes was a prolific and influential scholar, and was one of the most accomplished Sinologists of the modern era notwithstanding his relatively early death at age 52 in 1918. A successor of 19th century French sinologists Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat and Stanislas Julien, Chavannes was largely responsible for the development of Sinology and Chinese scholarship into a respected field in the realm of French scholarship. Life and career Édouard Chavannes was born on 5 October 1865 in Lyon, France. As a youth he studied at the lycée in Lyon, where, like most students of his era, his education focused mainly on the Latin and Greek classics. Chavannes was then sent to Paris to attend the prestigious Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where he and his classmates studied and prepared for the entrance exams to one of the French Grandes Écoles. Chavannes passed his entrance exams and was admitted to the Lettres ("literature") section of the École Normale Supérieure in 1885. Chavannes spent three years at the school, finishing in 1888 after successfully passing his agrégation in philosophy. Georges Perrot, a French archaeologist and newly appointed director of the École Normale Supérieure, advised Chavannes to begin studying China after he finished his schooling. Chavannes first considered studying Chinese philosophy, which was nearer to his own educational background, but on the advice of the French scholar Henri Cordier he ultimately decided to focus on Chinese history, which up to that time had been much less widely studied in the West. Chavannes began attending Classical Chinese courses given by the Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys at the Collège de France and the Mandarin Chinese classes of Maurice Jametel (1856–1889) at the École des Langues Orientales Vivantes (School of Living Oriental Languages). Desiring to advance his studies with actual experience in China, Chavannes used the connections of certain friends of his to obtain a position as an attaché to a scientific mission associated with the French Legation in Peking (modern Beijing). He departed for China in January 1889 and arrived two months later. As a sinologist, Chavannes took the Chinese name Sha Wan (沙畹) and the courtesy name Zilan (滋蘭), and he also had an art name Shicheng Boshi (獅城博士, "The Doctor of Lyon"). Chavannes and his wife, Alice Dor, during trip to Japan (c. 1892) In 1891, Chavannes briefly returned to France where he married Alice Dor, the daughter of a well-known optometrist in Lyon, before returning to China with her. Together they had a son, Fernand Henri Chavannes, who later became a highly decorated flying ace during World War I, and two daughters. Chavannes stayed in China until 1893, when he returned to France to take up the position of Professor of Chinese at the Collège de France, which had been vacated upon the death of the Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys in November 1892. Although Chavannes had only been studying Chinese for five years, the quality and value of his early Chinese scholarship had already been widely recognized in the academic community, and convinced the regents of the Collège de France to give the position to him. Chavannes opened his tenure with a lecture entitled "Du Rôle social de la littérature chinoise" ("On the Social Role of Chinese Literature"). During his tenure at the Collège, Chavannes was widely active in French academic circles: he was a member of the Institut de France, was an honorary member of a number of foreign societies, served as a French co-editor of the noted sinological journal T'oung Pao from 1904 until 1916, and was elected President of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1915. Chavannes's granddaughter Claire Chavannes had a son with physicist Paul Langevin's grandson Bernard Langevin: the french mathematician Remi Langevin. Scholarship Chavannes (c. 1905) History Chavannes' first scholarly publication, "Le Traité sur les sacrifices Fong et Chan de Se-ma Ts'ien, traduit en français" ("Sima Qian's Treatise on the Feng and Shan Sacrifices, Translated into French"), which was published in 1890 while he was in Beijing, inspired him to begin a translation of Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the first of China's dynastic histories. The first volume of the translation was published in Paris in 1895, and begins with a 249-page introduction which the German anthropologist Berthold Laufer described as "a masterpiece of historical and critical analysis... not surpassed by anything of this character written before or after him." Chavannes produced four additional volumes between 1896 and 1905, covering 47 of the 130 chapters of the Records and complete with full commentary and indices. His translations also include a large number of appendices covering topics of special interests. Epigraphy Chavannes was major pioneer in the field of modern epigraphy, and was praised by Berthold Laufer as "the first European scholar who approached this difficult subject with sound and critical methods and undisputed success." His first epigraphical article, "Les Inscriptions des Ts'in" ("Qin Inscriptions"), was published in Journal Asiatique in 1893, which was followed later by a number of works in which Chavannes was the first Western scholar to successfully analyze and translate the unusual epigraphical style of the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty. Chavannes returned to China in 1907 to study ancient monuments and inscriptions, taking hundreds of photographs and rubbings that were published in 1909 in a large album entitled Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale (Archaeological Mission to Northern China). He published two volumes of translations and analysis of the inscription material before his death: La Sculpture à l'époque des Han (Sculpture in the Han Era), published in 1913, and La Sculpture bouddhique (Buddhist Sculpture), published in 1915. Religion Chavannes was intrigued by and performed extensive research into the major religions of ancient and medieval China: Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Daoism, Nestorian Christianity, and Manichaeism. His Mémoire composé à l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les religieux éminents qui allèrent chercher la loi dans les pays d'occident par I-Tsing (Memoir Written in the Grand Tang Dynasty by Yijing on the Religious Men Who Went to Search for the Law in the Western Lands), which was published in 1894 and won the Prix Julien, contains translations of the biographies and travelogues of sixty Buddhist monks who journeyed from China to India during the Tang dynasty in search of Buddhist scriptures and Sanskrit books. Chavannes' best-known work on Chinese Buddhism is his three-volume work Cinq cents contes et apologues extraits du Tripiṭaka chinois (Five Hundred Tales and Fables from the Chinese Tripiṭaka). Chavannes' 1910 book Le T'ai Chan, essai de monographie d'un culte chinois (Tai Shan: Monographic Essay on a Chinese Religion), is a detailed study of the indigenous Chinese folk religion, which predates Buddhism and religious Daoism, and focuses on an ancient mountain cult centered on Mt. Tai that Chavannes visited personally. This monumental work begins with introductory essays on the generally sacred role of mountains in Chinese history and culture, then examines the personality of Mt. Tai itself in great detail. Chavannes includes translations of dozens of relevant passages from ancient, medieval, and pre-modern Chinese literature, including comments and passages gathered by medieval scholars Zhu Xi and Gu Yanwu. His study also includes eleven translations from rubbings of stone inscriptions Chavannes made himself in temples he visited on and around Mt. Tai, as well as a detailed hand-drawn topographic map of the mountain that Chavannes drew himself. Chavannes' style in Le T'ai Chan, with his annotated translations, extensive commentary, and exhaustively researched sources was inspirational and influential to later French sinologists. In 1912, Chavannes and his former student Paul Pelliot edited and translated a Chinese Manichaean treatise that Pelliot had discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts in the Mogao caves. The book, published in Paris as Un traité manichéen retrouvé en Chine (A Manichaean Treatise Found in China), was praised by Berthold Laufer upon Chavannes' death in 1918 as "perhaps the most brilliant achievement in modern sinology." Selected works (in French) Chavannes, Édouard (1890). "Le Traité sur les sacrifices Fong et Chan de Se-ma Ts'ien, traduit en français" ("Sima Qian's Treatise on the Feng and Shan Sacrifices, Translated into French"). Journal of the Peking Oriental Society. (in French) – – – (1893). La Sculpture sur pierre en Chine au temps des deux dynasties Han (Stone Sculpture in China during the Han dynasty). (in French) – – – (1894). Mémoire composé à l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les religieux éminents qui allèrent chercher la loi dans les pays d'occident par I-Tsing (Memoir Written in the Grand Tang Dynasty by I-Tsing on the Religious Men Who Went to Search for the Law in the Western Lands). (in French) – – – (1895–1905). Les Mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien traduits et annotés (The Historical Memoirs of Sima Qian, Translated and Annotated), 5 vols. (in French) – – – (1902). Dix inscriptions chinoises de l'Asie centrale (Ten Chinese Inscriptions From Central Asia). (in French) – – – (1903). Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turks) occidentaux (Documents on the Western Turks). (in French) – – – (1910). Le T'ai Chan, essai de monographie d'un culte chinois (Tai Shan: Monographic Essay on a Chinese Cult). (in French) – – – (1910–1911). Cinq cents contes et apologues extraits du Tripiṭaka chinois (Five Hundred Tales and Fables Extracted from the Chinese Tripiṭaka), 3 vols. (A fourth volume, containing notes and indices, was published posthumously.) (in French) (1913) Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.1 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.2 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.3 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.4 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.5 Notes ^ Birth name as given in Noël Péri's obituary of Chavannes. References Citation ^ a b c d e f g h Péri (1918), p. 73. ^ a b c Honey (2001), p. 45. ^ Cordier (1917): 115. ^ 孙沛阳. "一枚与沙畹的字有关的印章". 澎湃新闻・上海书评.。Shicheng(獅城), which is literature meaning City of lion, it is coming from the meaning of Lyon in French. ^ a b Cordier (1917): 116. ^ de la Vallée Poussin (1918): 147. ^ Laufer (1918), p. 202. ^ a b c Laufer (1918), p. 205. ^ a b c d Laufer (1918), p. 203. ^ a b c d e Laufer (1918), p. 204. ^ Honey (2001), p. 46. ^ a b c Honey (2001), pp. 54–55. ^ Honey (2001), p. 53. Works cited Laufer, Berthold (1918). "Édouard Chavannes". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 38: 202–205. doi:10.2307/592605. JSTOR 592605. (in French) Cordier, Henri (1917). "Nécrologie – Édouard Chavannes" ("Obituary – Édouard Chavannes"), T'oung Pao 18, pp. 114–147. Honey, David B. (2001). Incense at the Altar: Pioneering Sinologists and the Development of Classical Chinese Philology. New Haven: American Oriental Society. Péri, Noël (1918), "Nécrologie – Edouard Chavannes" , Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (in French), vol. 18, pp. 73–75 (in French) de la Vallée Poussin, Louis (1918). "Obituary Notice – Édouard Chavannes", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 147–151. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Édouard Chavannes. Certain works and translations are available at the site of the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi Xi Tujue Shiliao by Shawan vteFrench sinologistsHistorical sinologists Arcade Huang (1679–1716) Étienne Fourmont (1683–1745) Stanislas Julien (1797–1873) Séraphin Couvreur (1835–1919) Édouard Chavannes (1865–1918) George Soulié de Morant (1878–1955) Post-1900 sinologists Paul Pelliot (1878–1945) Henri Maspero (1883–1945) Marcel Granet (1884–1940) René Grousset (1885–1952) Paul Demiéville (1894–1979) Étienne Balazs (1905–1963) Yves Hervouet (1921–1999) Jacques Gernet (1921–2018) Current sinologists Léon Vandermeersch (1928–) Jacques Pimpaneau (1934–) Pierre-Étienne Will (1944–) Jean Levi (1948–) Jean-Philippe Béja (1949–) Joël Bellassen (1950–) José Frèches (1950–) François Jullien (1951–) Marie Holzman (1952–) Anne Cheng (1955–) École française d'Extrême-Orient Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland SNAC IdRef Portals: France China Biography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sinologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinologist"},{"link_name":"Chinese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_history"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_China"},{"link_name":"Sima Qian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian"},{"link_name":"Records of the Grand Historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Abel-R%C3%A9musat"},{"link_name":"Stanislas Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislas_Julien"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%A9ri191873-2"}],"text":"Émmanuel-Édouard Chavannes[a] (5 October 1865 – 29 January 1918) was a French sinologist and expert on Chinese history and religion, and is best known for his translations of major segments of Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the work's first ever translation into a Western language.Chavannes was a prolific and influential scholar, and was one of the most accomplished Sinologists of the modern era notwithstanding his relatively early death at age 52 in 1918. A successor of 19th century French sinologists Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat and Stanislas Julien, Chavannes was largely responsible for the development of Sinology and Chinese scholarship into a respected field in the realm of French scholarship.[1]","title":"Édouard Chavannes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon,_France"},{"link_name":"lycée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Latin and Greek classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Louis-le-Grand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand"},{"link_name":"Grandes Écoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes_%C3%89coles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%A9ri191873-2"},{"link_name":"École Normale Supérieure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%A9ri191873-2"},{"link_name":"agrégation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agr%C3%A9gation"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%A9ri191873-2"},{"link_name":"Georges Perrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Perrot"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%A9ri191873-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Henri Cordier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Cordier"},{"link_name":"Chinese history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_history"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%A9ri191873-2"},{"link_name":"Classical Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_d%27Hervey-Saint-Denys"},{"link_name":"Collège de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France"},{"link_name":"Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"École des Langues Orientales Vivantes (School of Living Oriental Languages)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INALCO"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%A9ri191873-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200145-3"},{"link_name":"Legation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legation"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEP%C3%A9ri191873-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c115-4"},{"link_name":"courtesy name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavannes_and_wife.gif"},{"link_name":"optometrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optometry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c116-6"},{"link_name":"Fernand Henri Chavannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Henri_Chavannes"},{"link_name":"flying ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c116-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200145-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918202-8"},{"link_name":"Institut de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_France"},{"link_name":"T'oung Pao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27oung_Pao"},{"link_name":"Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200145-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918205-9"},{"link_name":"Paul Langevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Langevin"}],"text":"Édouard Chavannes was born on 5 October 1865 in Lyon, France. As a youth he studied at the lycée in Lyon, where, like most students of his era, his education focused mainly on the Latin and Greek classics. Chavannes was then sent to Paris to attend the prestigious Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where he and his classmates studied and prepared for the entrance exams to one of the French Grandes Écoles.[1] Chavannes passed his entrance exams and was admitted to the Lettres (\"literature\") section of the École Normale Supérieure in 1885.[1] Chavannes spent three years at the school, finishing in 1888 after successfully passing his agrégation in philosophy.[1]Georges Perrot, a French archaeologist and newly appointed director of the École Normale Supérieure, advised Chavannes to begin studying China after he finished his schooling.[1] Chavannes first considered studying Chinese philosophy, which was nearer to his own educational background, but on the advice of the French scholar Henri Cordier he ultimately decided to focus on Chinese history, which up to that time had been much less widely studied in the West.[1] Chavannes began attending Classical Chinese courses given by the Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys at the Collège de France and the Mandarin Chinese classes of Maurice Jametel (1856–1889) at the École des Langues Orientales Vivantes (School of Living Oriental Languages).[1][2] Desiring to advance his studies with actual experience in China, Chavannes used the connections of certain friends of his to obtain a position as an attaché to a scientific mission associated with the French Legation in Peking (modern Beijing).[1] He departed for China in January 1889 and arrived two months later.[3] As a sinologist, Chavannes took the Chinese name Sha Wan (沙畹) and the courtesy name Zilan (滋蘭), and he also had an art name Shicheng Boshi (獅城博士, \"The Doctor of Lyon\").[4]Chavannes and his wife, Alice Dor, during trip to Japan (c. 1892)In 1891, Chavannes briefly returned to France where he married Alice Dor, the daughter of a well-known optometrist in Lyon, before returning to China with her.[5] Together they had a son, Fernand Henri Chavannes, who later became a highly decorated flying ace during World War I, and two daughters.[6]Chavannes stayed in China until 1893, when he returned to France to take up the position of Professor of Chinese at the Collège de France, which had been vacated upon the death of the Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys in November 1892.[5] Although Chavannes had only been studying Chinese for five years, the quality and value of his early Chinese scholarship had already been widely recognized in the academic community, and convinced the regents of the Collège de France to give the position to him.[2] Chavannes opened his tenure with a lecture entitled \"Du Rôle social de la littérature chinoise\" (\"On the Social Role of Chinese Literature\").[7] During his tenure at the Collège, Chavannes was widely active in French academic circles: he was a member of the Institut de France, was an honorary member of a number of foreign societies, served as a French co-editor of the noted sinological journal T'oung Pao from 1904 until 1916, and was elected President of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1915.[2][8]Chavannes's granddaughter Claire Chavannes had a son with physicist Paul Langevin's grandson Bernard Langevin: the french mathematician Remi Langevin.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edouard_Chavannes.png"}],"text":"Chavannes (c. 1905)","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sima Qian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian"},{"link_name":"Records of the Grand Historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918203-10"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Berthold Laufer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_Laufer"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918203-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918203-10"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Chavannes' first scholarly publication, \"Le Traité sur les sacrifices Fong et Chan de Se-ma Ts'ien, traduit en français\" (\"Sima Qian's Treatise on the Feng and Shan Sacrifices, Translated into French\"), which was published in 1890 while he was in Beijing, inspired him to begin a translation of Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, the first of China's dynastic histories.[9] The first volume of the translation was published in Paris in 1895, and begins with a 249-page introduction which the German anthropologist Berthold Laufer described as \"a masterpiece of historical and critical analysis... not surpassed by anything of this character written before or after him.\"[9] Chavannes produced four additional volumes between 1896 and 1905, covering 47 of the 130 chapters of the Records and complete with full commentary and indices. His translations also include a large number of appendices covering topics of special interests.[9]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918205-9"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Journal Asiatique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Asiatique"},{"link_name":"Mongol-ruled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918205-9"},{"link_name":"Han Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918203-10"}],"sub_title":"Epigraphy","text":"Chavannes was major pioneer in the field of modern epigraphy, and was praised by Berthold Laufer as \"the first European scholar who approached this difficult subject with sound and critical methods and undisputed success.\"[8] His first epigraphical article, \"Les Inscriptions des Ts'in\" (\"Qin Inscriptions\"), was published in Journal Asiatique in 1893, which was followed later by a number of works in which Chavannes was the first Western scholar to successfully analyze and translate the unusual epigraphical style of the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty.[8] Chavannes returned to China in 1907 to study ancient monuments and inscriptions, taking hundreds of photographs and rubbings that were published in 1909 in a large album entitled Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale (Archaeological Mission to Northern China). He published two volumes of translations and analysis of the inscription material before his death: La Sculpture à l'époque des Han (Sculpture in the Han Era), published in 1913, and La Sculpture bouddhique (Buddhist Sculpture), published in 1915.[9]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Daoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoism"},{"link_name":"Nestorian Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Manichaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918204-11"},{"link_name":"Yijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yijing_(monk)"},{"link_name":"Prix Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Julien"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200146-12"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918204-11"},{"link_name":"Tripiṭaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918204-11"},{"link_name":"Tai Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Tai"},{"link_name":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Mt. Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Tai"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918204-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200154%E2%80%9355-13"},{"link_name":"Zhu Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Xi"},{"link_name":"Gu Yanwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Yanwu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200154%E2%80%9355-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200154%E2%80%9355-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoney200153-14"},{"link_name":"Paul Pelliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelliot"},{"link_name":"Dunhuang manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"Mogao caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogao_caves"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaufer1918204-11"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Chavannes was intrigued by and performed extensive research into the major religions of ancient and medieval China: Chinese folk religion, Buddhism, Daoism, Nestorian Christianity, and Manichaeism.[10] His Mémoire composé à l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les religieux éminents qui allèrent chercher la loi dans les pays d'occident par I-Tsing (Memoir Written in the Grand Tang Dynasty by Yijing on the Religious Men Who Went to Search for the Law in the Western Lands), which was published in 1894 and won the Prix Julien,[11] contains translations of the biographies and travelogues of sixty Buddhist monks who journeyed from China to India during the Tang dynasty in search of Buddhist scriptures and Sanskrit books.[10] Chavannes' best-known work on Chinese Buddhism is his three-volume work Cinq cents contes et apologues extraits du Tripiṭaka chinois (Five Hundred Tales and Fables from the Chinese Tripiṭaka).[10]Chavannes' 1910 book Le T'ai Chan, essai de monographie d'un culte chinois (Tai Shan: Monographic Essay on a Chinese Religion), is a detailed study of the indigenous Chinese folk religion, which predates Buddhism and religious Daoism, and focuses on an ancient mountain cult centered on Mt. Tai that Chavannes visited personally.[10] This monumental work begins with introductory essays on the generally sacred role of mountains in Chinese history and culture, then examines the personality of Mt. Tai itself in great detail.[12] Chavannes includes translations of dozens of relevant passages from ancient, medieval, and pre-modern Chinese literature, including comments and passages gathered by medieval scholars Zhu Xi and Gu Yanwu.[12] His study also includes eleven translations from rubbings of stone inscriptions Chavannes made himself in temples he visited on and around Mt. Tai, as well as a detailed hand-drawn topographic map of the mountain that Chavannes drew himself.[12] Chavannes' style in Le T'ai Chan, with his annotated translations, extensive commentary, and exhaustively researched sources was inspirational and influential to later French sinologists.[13]In 1912, Chavannes and his former student Paul Pelliot edited and translated a Chinese Manichaean treatise that Pelliot had discovered among the Dunhuang manuscripts in the Mogao caves. The book, published in Paris as Un traité manichéen retrouvé en Chine (A Manichaean Treatise Found in China), was praised by Berthold Laufer upon Chavannes' death in 1918 as \"perhaps the most brilliant achievement in modern sinology.\"[10]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-1/"},{"link_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-2/"},{"link_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-3/"},{"link_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-4/"},{"link_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-5/"}],"text":"(in French) Chavannes, Édouard (1890). \"Le Traité sur les sacrifices Fong et Chan de Se-ma Ts'ien, traduit en français\" (\"Sima Qian's Treatise on the Feng and Shan Sacrifices, Translated into French\"). Journal of the Peking Oriental Society.\n(in French) – – – (1893). La Sculpture sur pierre en Chine au temps des deux dynasties Han (Stone Sculpture in China during the Han dynasty).\n(in French) – – – (1894). Mémoire composé à l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les religieux éminents qui allèrent chercher la loi dans les pays d'occident par I-Tsing (Memoir Written in the Grand Tang Dynasty by I-Tsing on the Religious Men Who Went to Search for the Law in the Western Lands).\n(in French) – – – (1895–1905). Les Mémoires historiques de Se-ma Ts'ien traduits et annotés (The Historical Memoirs of Sima Qian, Translated and Annotated), 5 vols.\n(in French) – – – (1902). Dix inscriptions chinoises de l'Asie centrale (Ten Chinese Inscriptions From Central Asia).\n(in French) – – – (1903). Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turks) occidentaux (Documents on the Western Turks).\n(in French) – – – (1910). Le T'ai Chan, essai de monographie d'un culte chinois (Tai Shan: Monographic Essay on a Chinese Cult).\n(in French) – – – (1910–1911). Cinq cents contes et apologues extraits du Tripiṭaka chinois (Five Hundred Tales and Fables Extracted from the Chinese Tripiṭaka), 3 vols. (A fourth volume, containing notes and indices, was published posthumously.)\n(in French) (1913) Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.1 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.2 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.3 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.4 Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.5","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Birth name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name"}],"text":"^ Birth name as given in Noël Péri's obituary of Chavannes.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Chavannes and his wife, Alice Dor, during trip to Japan (c. 1892)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chavannes_and_wife.gif/300px-Chavannes_and_wife.gif"},{"image_text":"Chavannes (c. 1905)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Edouard_Chavannes.png/200px-Edouard_Chavannes.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"孙沛阳. \"一枚与沙畹的字有关的印章\". 澎湃新闻・上海书评.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2116513","url_text":"\"一枚与沙畹的字有关的印章\""}]},{"reference":"Laufer, Berthold (1918). \"Édouard Chavannes\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 38: 202–205. doi:10.2307/592605. JSTOR 592605.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_Laufer","url_text":"Laufer, Berthold"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/592605","url_text":"\"Édouard Chavannes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F592605","url_text":"10.2307/592605"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/592605","url_text":"592605"}]},{"reference":"Honey, David B. (2001). Incense at the Altar: Pioneering Sinologists and the Development of Classical Chinese Philology. New Haven: American Oriental Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Oriental_Society","url_text":"American Oriental Society"}]},{"reference":"Péri, Noël (1918), \"Nécrologie – Edouard Chavannes\" [Obituary – Édouard Chavannes\"], Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (in French), vol. 18, pp. 73–75","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-1/","external_links_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.1"},{"Link":"http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-2/","external_links_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.2"},{"Link":"http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-3/","external_links_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.3"},{"Link":"http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-4/","external_links_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.4"},{"Link":"http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-2/V-5/","external_links_name":"Mission archéologique dans la Chine septentrionale : vol.5"},{"Link":"https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2116513","external_links_name":"\"一枚与沙畹的字有关的印章\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/592605","external_links_name":"\"Édouard Chavannes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F592605","external_links_name":"10.2307/592605"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/592605","external_links_name":"592605"},{"Link":"http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/chine_ancienne/auteurs_chinois.html","external_links_name":"Certain works and translations"},{"Link":"http://ishare.edu.sina.com.cn/cgi-bin/fileid.cgi?fileid=4911607","external_links_name":"Xi Tujue Shiliao by Shawan"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/118563/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108561273","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/27099281","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXQjyYQYDgc7gPYhw3cP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12124383b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12124383b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/11649316X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV100073","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275251605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14044336","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83182763","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435816","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20121012006&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35027626","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record100817","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070140367","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662439105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/168673","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03217111?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11649316X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/801085","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/043196","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nx3dfz","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029668638","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennaro_Troianiello
Gennaro Troianiello
["1 Football career","1.1 Frosinone","1.2 Siena","1.3 Sassuolo","1.4 Palermo","1.5 Bologna","1.6 Salernitana","1.7 Ternana","1.8 Verona","1.9 Fano","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"]
Italian footballer (born 1983) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Gennaro Troianiello" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gennaro TroianielloPersonal informationFull name Gennaro TroianielloDate of birth (1983-03-21) 21 March 1983 (age 41)Place of birth Naples, ItalyHeight 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Right wingerTeam informationCurrent team Parma (staff)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2001–2003 Calangianus 50 (12)2003–2004 Ischia 14 (4)2004–2007 Nuorese 86 (45)2007–2010 Frosinone 44 (11)2008 → Ternana (loan) 2 (0)2008–2009 → Foggia (loan) 33 (6)2010–2012 Siena 25 (2)2012–2013 Sassuolo 45 (9)2013–2015 Palermo 15 (0)2014–2015 → Bologna (loan) 10 (0)2015–2017 Salernitana 15 (1)2016 → Ternana (loan) 3 (0)2016–2017 → Verona (loan) 14 (0)2017 Sambenedettese 15 (1)2018 Fano 3 (0)2018–2019 Nola 31 (0)2019–2020 Gladiator 15 (0)Managerial career2022– Parma (staff) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Gennaro Troianiello (or spells as Troianello; born 21 March 1983) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a midfielder. Football career Troianiello started his career at regional league Eccellenza. He then followed Calangianus which was promoted to Serie D. After helping them finish 7th, he was signed by Ischia of Eccellenza. In summer 2004, he was signed by Nuorese, where he helped bring the club from Eccellenza to Serie C2 in two years. In the 2006–07 season, Nuorese finished as a losing side of promotion playoffs. In January 2007 he was signed by Frosinone, effective on 1 July. Frosinone On 1 July 2007 Troianiello became a player for Frosinone. On 10 July Serie A side Chievo also acquired half of the registration rights for €180,000 (paid via the transfer of Alfredo Cariello; Troianiello at first joined Chievo in definitive deal and was sold back to Frosinone in co-ownership). He made only five appearances in his first Serie B season, and was loaned to Ternana of Serie C1 in January 2008. In the 2008–09 season, he was loaned to Foggia of Lega Pro Prima Divisione (ex-Serie C1). In June 2009, Frosinone bought Troianiello outright for €265,000, and Angelo Antonazzo was bought back by Chievo also for €265,000, Troianiello scored 11 league goals and started 39 Serie B matches for Frosinone in the 2009–10 season. Siena On 24 June 2010, Frosinone bought his teammate Caetano outright from Siena, and sold Troianiello to Siena for €2 million. As part of the deal, Frosinone also signed Gianluca Sansone from Siena in a co-ownership deal for €400,000. Troianiello signed a 3-year contract. Sassuolo In June 2012 Sassuolo signed Troianiello for €575,000 and 50% registration rights of Sansone for €425,000. In the 2012/13 season, Troianiello scored five goals and managed six assists in 31 appearances as his side were promoted from Serie B. Palermo On 2 July 2013 he was signed by U.S. Città di Palermo for free. He was used only sparingly, making 16 appearances in all competitions as Palermo were promoted from Serie B. Bologna Troianiello was loaned out from Palermo to Bologna for the 2014–15 season. He made only 11 appearances as Bologna achieved promotion from Serie B, making it his third successive promotion from Serie B, with three different clubs. Salernitana Troianiello played the first half of the 2015–2016 season with Salernitana. Ternana In January 2016, he was loaned out to Ternana. He made 3 appearances in Serie B. Verona On 31 August 2016, he was signed by Verona. Fano After being released by Sambenedettese, he joined Fano in February. Honours Calangianus Eccellenza (Group Sardegna) champions: 2002 Nuorese Serie D champions: 2006 Eccellenza (Group Sardegna) champions: 2005 References ^ "MERCATO, TORNA DI DEO, TROIANELLO DA LUGLIO" (in Italian). Frosinone Calcio. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2014. ^ A.C. Chievo Verona Srl bilancio (financial report and accounts) on 30 June 2008 (in Italian) ^ "CHIUSO IL MERCATO. IN ROSSOVERDE ARRIVANO GIACOMINI E TROIANIELLO". Ternana Calcio (in Italian). 31 January 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2013. ^ a b A.C. Chievo Verona Srl bilancio (financial report and accounts) on 30 June 2009 (in Italian) ^ "COMPROPRIETA': GLI ULTIMI MOVIMENTI DI MERCATO". AC ChievoVerona (in Italian). 26 June 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009. ^ "FROSINONE, PRIMI MOVIMENTI DI MERCATO". Frosinone Calcio (in Italian). 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2009. ^ a b AC Siena SpA bilancio (financial report and accounts) on 30 June 2011 (in Italian) ^ "L'Ac Siena acquista Mastronunzio e Troianiello". AC Siena (in Italian). 24 June 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010. ^ "MERCATO, BASHA ALL'ALATALANTA E TROIANIELLO AL SIENA". Frosinone Calcio (in Italian). 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2010. ^ AC Siena SpA bilancio (financial report and accounts) on 30 June 2012 (in Italian) ^ "UFFICIALE L'ARRIVO DI TROIANIELLO KURTIC CEDUTO AL SASSUOLO" (in Italian). US Città di Palermo. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2014. ^ U.S. Sassuolo Calcio S.r.l. bilancio (financial report and accounts) on 31 December 2013, PDF purchased from Italian C.C.I.A.A. (in Italian) ^ "Gennaro Troianiello è un giocatore della Salernitana" (in Italian). U.S. Salernitana 1919. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2016. ^ "Gennaro Troianiello alla Ternana a titolo temporaneo" (in Italian). U.S. Salernitana 1919. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016. ^ "GENNARO TROIANIELLO E' DELL'ALMA" (in Italian). Alma Juventus Fano 1906. 20 February 2018. External links Gennaro Troianiello at Carriere Calciatori Profile at AIC.Football.it (in Italian) Gennaro Troianiello at Soccerway
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"}],"text":"Gennaro Troianiello (or spells as Troianello; born 21 March 1983) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a midfielder.","title":"Gennaro Troianiello"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eccellenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza"},{"link_name":"Calangianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.B.C._Calangianus_1905"},{"link_name":"promoted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Ischia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S.D._Ischia_Isolaverde"},{"link_name":"Nuorese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Nuorese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Frosinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosinone_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Troianiello started his career at regional league Eccellenza. He then followed Calangianus which was promoted to Serie D. After helping them finish 7th, he was signed by Ischia of Eccellenza.In summer 2004, he was signed by Nuorese, where he helped bring the club from Eccellenza to Serie C2 in two years. In the 2006–07 season, Nuorese finished as a losing side of promotion playoffs. In January 2007 he was signed by Frosinone, effective on 1 July.[1]","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frosinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosinone_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Chievo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._ChievoVerona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Cariello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Cariello"},{"link_name":"Ternana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternana_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Foggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Foggia_1920"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro Prima Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chievo2009bilancio-4"},{"link_name":"Angelo Antonazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Antonazzo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chievo2009bilancio-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Frosinone","text":"On 1 July 2007 Troianiello became a player for Frosinone. On 10 July Serie A side Chievo also acquired half of the registration rights for €180,000[2] (paid via the transfer of Alfredo Cariello; Troianiello at first joined Chievo in definitive deal and was sold back to Frosinone in co-ownership). He made only five appearances in his first Serie B season, and was loaned to Ternana of Serie C1 in January 2008.[3]In the 2008–09 season, he was loaned to Foggia of Lega Pro Prima Divisione (ex-Serie C1). In June 2009, Frosinone bought Troianiello outright for €265,000,[4] and Angelo Antonazzo was bought back by Chievo also for €265,000,[4][5][6]Troianiello scored 11 league goals and started 39 Serie B matches for Frosinone in the 2009–10 season.","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caetano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caetano_Pr%C3%B3speri_Calil"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena2011bilancio-7"},{"link_name":"Gianluca Sansone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluca_Sansone"},{"link_name":"co-ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ownership_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siena2011bilancio-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Siena","text":"On 24 June 2010, Frosinone bought his teammate Caetano outright from Siena, and sold Troianiello to Siena for €2 million.[7] As part of the deal, Frosinone also signed Gianluca Sansone from Siena in a co-ownership deal for €400,000.[7] Troianiello signed a 3-year contract.[8][9]","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Sassuolo","text":"In June 2012 Sassuolo signed Troianiello for €575,000 and 50% registration rights of Sansone for €425,000.[10] In the 2012/13 season, Troianiello scored five goals and managed six assists in 31 appearances as his side were promoted from Serie B.","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Città di Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citt%C3%A0_di_Palermo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Palermo","text":"On 2 July 2013 he was signed by U.S. Città di Palermo for free.[11][12] He was used only sparingly, making 16 appearances in all competitions as Palermo were promoted from Serie B.","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bologna","text":"Troianiello was loaned out from Palermo to Bologna for the 2014–15 season. He made only 11 appearances as Bologna achieved promotion from Serie B, making it his third successive promotion from Serie B, with three different clubs.","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Salernitana","text":"Troianiello played the first half of the 2015–2016 season with Salernitana.[13]","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ternana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternana_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Ternana","text":"In January 2016, he was loaned out to Ternana.[14] He made 3 appearances in Serie B.","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_Verona_FC"}],"sub_title":"Verona","text":"On 31 August 2016, he was signed by Verona.","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sambenedettese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Sambenedettese"},{"link_name":"Fano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Juventus_Fano_1906"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Fano","text":"After being released by Sambenedettese, he joined Fano in February.[15]","title":"Football career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calangianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.B.C._Calangianus_1905"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza"},{"link_name":"Nuorese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Nuorese_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza"}],"text":"CalangianusEccellenza (Group Sardegna) champions: 2002NuoreseSerie D champions: 2006\nEccellenza (Group Sardegna) champions: 2005","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"MERCATO, TORNA DI DEO, TROIANELLO DA LUGLIO\" (in Italian). Frosinone Calcio. 31 January 2007. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407043305/http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=641","url_text":"\"MERCATO, TORNA DI DEO, TROIANELLO DA LUGLIO\""},{"url":"http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=641","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CHIUSO IL MERCATO. IN ROSSOVERDE ARRIVANO GIACOMINI E TROIANIELLO\". Ternana Calcio (in Italian). 31 January 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ternanacalcio.com/index.php?module=loadArticolo&idArticolo=1871","url_text":"\"CHIUSO IL MERCATO. IN ROSSOVERDE ARRIVANO GIACOMINI E TROIANIELLO\""}]},{"reference":"\"COMPROPRIETA': GLI ULTIMI MOVIMENTI DI MERCATO\". AC ChievoVerona (in Italian). 26 June 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chievoverona.it/societa/notizia.aspx?id=9174","url_text":"\"COMPROPRIETA': GLI ULTIMI MOVIMENTI DI MERCATO\""}]},{"reference":"\"FROSINONE, PRIMI MOVIMENTI DI MERCATO\". Frosinone Calcio (in Italian). 26 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716151734/http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=2162","url_text":"\"FROSINONE, PRIMI MOVIMENTI DI MERCATO\""},{"url":"http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=2162","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"L'Ac Siena acquista Mastronunzio e Troianiello\". AC Siena (in Italian). 24 June 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acsiena.it/dettaglionews_1.php?id=8505","url_text":"\"L'Ac Siena acquista Mastronunzio e Troianiello\""}]},{"reference":"\"MERCATO, BASHA ALL'ALATALANTA E TROIANIELLO AL SIENA\". Frosinone Calcio (in Italian). 25 June 2010. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716152439/http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=2857","url_text":"\"MERCATO, BASHA ALL'ALATALANTA E TROIANIELLO AL SIENA\""},{"url":"http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=2857","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UFFICIALE L'ARRIVO DI TROIANIELLO KURTIC CEDUTO AL SASSUOLO\" (in Italian). US Città di Palermo. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://palermocalcio.it/it/1314/news/scheda.php?id=28593","url_text":"\"UFFICIALE L'ARRIVO DI TROIANIELLO KURTIC CEDUTO AL SASSUOLO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gennaro Troianiello è un giocatore della Salernitana\" (in Italian). U.S. Salernitana 1919. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ussalernitana1919.it/gennaro-troianiello-e-un-giocatore-della-salernitana/","url_text":"\"Gennaro Troianiello è un giocatore della Salernitana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gennaro Troianiello alla Ternana a titolo temporaneo\" (in Italian). U.S. Salernitana 1919. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ussalernitana1919.it/gennaro-troianiello-alla-ternana-a-titolo-temporaneo/","url_text":"\"Gennaro Troianiello alla Ternana a titolo temporaneo\""}]},{"reference":"\"GENNARO TROIANIELLO E' DELL'ALMA\" (in Italian). Alma Juventus Fano 1906. 20 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/almajuventusfano1906/photos/a.1383550361944602/1528035744162729/?type=3&theater","url_text":"\"GENNARO TROIANIELLO E' DELL'ALMA\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gennaro+Troianiello%22","external_links_name":"\"Gennaro Troianiello\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gennaro+Troianiello%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gennaro+Troianiello%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gennaro+Troianiello%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gennaro+Troianiello%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gennaro+Troianiello%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120407043305/http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=641","external_links_name":"\"MERCATO, TORNA DI DEO, TROIANELLO DA LUGLIO\""},{"Link":"http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=641","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ternanacalcio.com/index.php?module=loadArticolo&idArticolo=1871","external_links_name":"\"CHIUSO IL MERCATO. IN ROSSOVERDE ARRIVANO GIACOMINI E TROIANIELLO\""},{"Link":"http://www.chievoverona.it/societa/notizia.aspx?id=9174","external_links_name":"\"COMPROPRIETA': GLI ULTIMI MOVIMENTI DI MERCATO\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716151734/http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=2162","external_links_name":"\"FROSINONE, PRIMI MOVIMENTI DI MERCATO\""},{"Link":"http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=2162","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.acsiena.it/dettaglionews_1.php?id=8505","external_links_name":"\"L'Ac Siena acquista Mastronunzio e Troianiello\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716152439/http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=2857","external_links_name":"\"MERCATO, BASHA ALL'ALATALANTA E TROIANIELLO AL SIENA\""},{"Link":"http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/news.php?id=2857","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://palermocalcio.it/it/1314/news/scheda.php?id=28593","external_links_name":"\"UFFICIALE L'ARRIVO DI TROIANIELLO KURTIC CEDUTO AL SASSUOLO\""},{"Link":"http://www.registroimprese.it/","external_links_name":"PDF purchased from Italian C.C.I.A.A."},{"Link":"http://www.ussalernitana1919.it/gennaro-troianiello-e-un-giocatore-della-salernitana/","external_links_name":"\"Gennaro Troianiello è un giocatore della Salernitana\""},{"Link":"http://www.ussalernitana1919.it/gennaro-troianiello-alla-ternana-a-titolo-temporaneo/","external_links_name":"\"Gennaro Troianiello alla Ternana a titolo temporaneo\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/almajuventusfano1906/photos/a.1383550361944602/1528035744162729/?type=3&theater","external_links_name":"\"GENNARO TROIANIELLO E' DELL'ALMA\""},{"Link":"https://www.carrierecalciatori.it/it/giocatori/23018-Gennaro%20Troianiello","external_links_name":"Gennaro Troianiello"},{"Link":"http://aic.football.it/scheda/17686/troianiello-gennaro.htm","external_links_name":"Profile at AIC.Football.it"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/gennaro-troianiello/18376/","external_links_name":"Gennaro Troianiello"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_election_in_Connecticut
1998 United States Senate election in Connecticut
["1 Major candidates","1.1 Democratic","1.2 Republican","2 Results","3 See also","4 References"]
1998 United States Senate election in Connecticut ← 1992 November 3, 1998 2004 →   Nominee Chris Dodd Gary Franks Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 628,306 312,177 Percentage 65.15% 32.39% County results Municipality resultsDodd:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%Franks:      40–50%      50–60% U.S. senator before election Chris Dodd Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Chris Dodd Democratic Elections in Connecticut Federal government U.S President 1788–89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate 1788 1790 1791 1791 (sp) 1793 1793 (sp) 1796 1796 (sp) 1797 1801 1803 1807 1807 (sp) 1809 1810 (sp) 1812 1813 1813 (sp) 1814 1818 1819 1821 1824 (sp) 1825 (sp) 1826 1831 1832 1835 (sp) 1837 1840 (sp) 1842 1848 (sp) 1852 (sp) 1854 1854 (sp) 1856 1860 1863 1866 1872 1876 (sp) 1879 1881 1885 1887 1891 1893 1897 1899 1903 1905 1905 (sp) 1909 1911 1914 1916 1920 1922 1924 (sp) 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1946 (sp) 1950 1950 (sp) 1952 1952 (sp) 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2012 2016 2018 2022 2024 2028 U.S. House 1788 1790 1790 (sp) 1791 (sp) 1792 1793 (sp) 1794 1795 (sp) 1796 1796 (sp) 1797 (sp) 1798 1798 (sp) 1799 (sp) 1800 (sp) 1800 1801 (sp) 1802 1803 (sp) 1804 1805 (sp) 1806 1806 (sp) 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1817 (sp) 1818 1818 (sp) 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837 1839 1840 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1865 1867 1869 1871 1873 1875 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1917 (4th sp) 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1987 (4th sp) 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State government State elections 2010 2014 2018 2022 Governor 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Apr Nov 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Attorney General 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Secretary of the State 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Treasurer 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 State Comptroller 2018 2022 State Senate 1920 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2015 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State House 2010 2018 2020 2022 2024 Bridgeport Mayor 2015 2019 2023-24 Hartford Mayor 1979 1981 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 New Haven Mayor 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Stamford Mayor 2017 2021 Waterbury Mayoral Elections 2019 vte The 1998 United States Senate election in Connecticut was held November 3, 1998 alongside other elections to the United States Senate in other states as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Chris Dodd won re-election for a fourth term against former Republican U.S. Congressman Gary Franks. Major candidates Democratic Chris Dodd, incumbent U.S. Senator Republican Gary Franks, former U.S. Representative Results Connecticut Senate election 1998 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Chris Dodd (incumbent) 628,306 65.15% Republican Gary Franks 312,177 32.39% Concerned Citizens William Kozak 12,261 1.27% Independent Lois A. Grasso 6,517 0.68% Libertarian Wildey J. Moore 5,196 0.54% Total votes 964,457 100.00% Democratic hold See also 1998 United States Senate elections References ^ "Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives". vteElections in ConnecticutGeneral 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1982 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2021 2022 State Senate 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 State House 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Governor 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 Apr 1876 Nov 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 U.S. President 1788–89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 U.S. Senate 1788 1790 1791 1793 1796 1797 1801 1803 1807 1809 1812 1813 1814 1818 1819 1821 1824 1826 1831 1832 1837 1842 1852 (sp) 1854 1856 1860 1863 1866 1872 1879 1881 1885 1887 1891 1893 1897 1899 1903 1905 1909 1911 1914 1916 1920 1922 1926 1928 1932 1934 1938 1940 1944 1946 1950 1952 1956 1958 1962 1964 1968 1970 1974 1976 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1994 1998 2000 2004 2006 2010 2012 2016 2018 2022 U.S. House 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1821 1823 1825 1827 1829 1831 1833 1835 1837 1839 1840 1843 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1865 1867 1869 1871 1873 1875 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1928 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1956 1958 1960 1962 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1978 1980 1982 1984 1990 1994 1998 2000 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 See also: Political party strength in Connecticut vte(1997 ←)   1998 United States elections   (→ 1999)U.S.Senate Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington Wisconsin U.S.House Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Lt. Gov Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming AttorneysGeneral California Florida Michigan Minnesota New York State legislatures Arizona Senate California Assembly Senate Iowa Senate Maryland House Senate Minnesota House Texas House State officials Michigan Secretary of State New York Comptroller Statesgenerally Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Mayors Long Beach, CA New Orleans, LA Oakland, CA Providence, RI San Jose, CA Washington, DC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Chris Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Gary Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Franks"}],"text":"The 1998 United States Senate election in Connecticut was held November 3, 1998 alongside other elections to the United States Senate in other states as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Chris Dodd won re-election for a fourth term against former Republican U.S. Congressman Gary Franks.","title":"1998 United States Senate election in Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Dodd"}],"sub_title":"Democratic","text":"Chris Dodd, incumbent U.S. Senator","title":"Major candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Franks"}],"sub_title":"Republican","text":"Gary Franks, former U.S. Representative","title":"Major candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
[]
[{"title":"1998 United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_elections"}]
[{"reference":"\"Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\".","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1998/98Stat.htm","url_text":"\"Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1998/98Stat.htm","external_links_name":"\"Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_M90_helmet
Iraqi M90 helmet
["1 References"]
Iraqi combat helmet This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Iraqi M90 helmet" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) an Iraqi M80 helmet, similar to what the M90 looks like. The Iraqi M90 helmet was a military helmet, and was a locally produced version of the Bangtan Helmet which was purchased from South Korea. The Iraqi M90 was of lower quality than the Bangtan Helmet, being made of plastic, but was issued in the Iraqi armed forces from 1990 until 2003. The Iraqi M90 helmet is sought by military collectors and is hard to find in good condition. References ^ "Iraqi M90". vteHelmetsIndividualhistoricalhelmets Agighiol Agris Benty Grange Broe Canterbury Ciumeşti Coppergate Coțofenești Coventry Sallet Crosby Garrett Emesa Gevninge Gjermundbu Guilden Morden Guisborough Hallaton Hellvi Henry VIII's Horned Horncastle Iron Gates Lokrume Meyrick Nemiya Newstead Nijmegen Peretu Pioneer Ribchester Shorwell Staffordshire Sutton Hoo Tjele Veksø Venetian Waterloo Witcham Gravel Yarm CombatAncient Attic Boar's tusk Boeotian Chalcidian Coolus Corinthian Galea Illyrian Imperial Kegelhelm Konos Late Roman ridge Montefortino Negau Phrygian Pilos Shmarjet Medieval andEarly Modern Armet Aventail Barbute Bascinet Burgonet Cervelliere Close Dragoon Enclosed Falling buffe Frog-mouth Germanic boar Great Hounskull Jingasa Kabuto Katapu Kettle Kulah khud Lamellenhelm Lobster-tailed pot Mempo Morion Nasal Paseki Pickelhaube Sallet Secrete Spangenhelm Takula tofao Turban Viking Late Modern Dragoon Pickelhaube Pith helmet Tarleton helmet 1914–1945 Adrian Brodie M36 (Bulgaria) M32 (Czechoslovakia) M1923 (Denmark) Stahlhelm (Germany) M1934/39 (Greece) Helmet Steel Airborne Troop M33 (Italy) M42 Duperite M1 M1C Mk II talker helmet Mk III Netherlands M34 Hełm wz. 31 M1940 (Portugal) RAC SSh-36 SSh-39 and SSh-40 M1921 (Spain) M1926 (Spain) M1934 (Spain) M1942 Modelo Z SSK 90 M1926 (Sweden) M1937 (Sweden) L'Eplattenier M1918 (Switzerland) Type 92 Tetsubo 1945–1980 Bangtan Helmet CABAL II Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet GK80 Hungarian M70 Romanian M73 helmet JK 96 Mº 44 E.T.A. M59/85 Hełm wz. 50 Hełm wz. 63 Hełm wz. 67 M63 M76 Para Mk IV Mk 6 Modèle 1951 Modèle 1978 MPC-1 OR-201 Paratrooper SSh-60 SSh-68 Swiss M71 Type 66 1980–2000 CG634 M92 GOLFO M90 (Iraq) M59/85 M87 PASGT Hełm wz. 93 Hełm wz. 2000 Sfera SPECTRA 6B7 2001–present A2 Helmet Advanced Combat Helmet BK-3 helmet QGF03 ECH (Australia) ECH (US) FAST 6B47 Hełm wz. 2005 IHPS KH-B2000 Lightweight Helmet MICH Mk 7 Athletic Batting Coolflo Boxing / Martial Arts Bicycle Cricket Equestrian Gridiron football Eyeshield Revolution Hockey Lacrosse Motorcycle Racing Scrum cap Ski Work Custodian Diving Firefighter's Hard hat Riot protection Welding Other Flight Helmet cover Mitznefet Heraldic use Horned Mahiole Tarnhelm Pith American fiber Winged Zuckerman This armour-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iraqhelm3300000.JPG"},{"link_name":"military helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_helmet"},{"link_name":"Bangtan Helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangtan_Helmet"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Iraqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraqi armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_armed_forces"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"an Iraqi M80 helmet, similar to what the M90 looks like.The Iraqi M90 helmet was a military helmet, and was a locally produced version of the Bangtan Helmet which was purchased from South Korea. The Iraqi M90 was of lower quality than the Bangtan Helmet, being made of plastic, but was issued in the Iraqi armed forces from 1990 until 2003. The Iraqi M90 helmet is sought by military collectors and is hard to find in good condition.[1]","title":"Iraqi M90 helmet"}]
[{"image_text":"an Iraqi M80 helmet, similar to what the M90 looks like.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iraqhelm3300000.JPG/220px-Iraqhelm3300000.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Iraqi M90\".","urls":[{"url":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/iraq-m90.html","url_text":"\"Iraqi M90\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iraqi+M90+helmet%22","external_links_name":"\"Iraqi M90 helmet\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iraqi+M90+helmet%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iraqi+M90+helmet%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iraqi+M90+helmet%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iraqi+M90+helmet%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iraqi+M90+helmet%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://brendonshelmets.weebly.com/iraq-m90.html","external_links_name":"\"Iraqi M90\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iraqi_M90_helmet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganiyu_Solomon
Ganiyu Solomon
["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","3 References"]
Nigerian politician (born 1959) Ganiyu SolomonSenator for Lagos WestIn office5 June 2007 – 6 June 2015Preceded byTokunbo AfikuyomiSucceeded bySolomon Adeola Personal detailsBorn (1959-12-19) 19 December 1959 (age 64)Lagos State, Nigeria Ganiyu Olarenwaju Solomon (born 19 December 1959) is a Nigerian politician. He was senator for the Lagos West constituency from 5 June 2007 to 6 June 2015. He is a member of the Action Congress (AC), now All Progressives Congress (APC). He is a former president of the Rotary Club of Isolo Early life and education Solomon was born on 19 December 1959. His father, Alhaji Rafiu Ishola Solomon, was politically influential as a contemporary of the first civilian governor of Lagos State, Alhaji Lateef Jakande. Solomon attended Oke-Ona Grammar School, Abeokuta, Ogun State. He obtained a B.Sc. in political science from the University of Lagos, and went into a private IT services business. Later he went into the property business, before entering politics during the regime of late General Sani Abacha. Political career He was elected into the Lagos State House of Assembly on the Democratic Party of Nigeria (DPN) platform in 1998, but did not take his seat before Abacha's death. During the return to democracy in 1999 with the Nigerian Fourth Republic, Solomon was elected chairman of Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State on the Alliance for Democracy (AD) platform. In 2003 he was a contender to be Alliance For Democracy (AD) Senate candidate for Lagos West, but was defeated by the incumbent senator Tokunbo Afikuyomi. His supporters greeted the primary results with violence, and governor Bola Tinubu was unable to leave the scene of the vote for several hours as the mob battled with police outside and other electoral observers. Solomon ran instead for the federal House of Assembly for Mushin Federal Constituency 1 and was elected. In April 2007, Solomon was elected to the Senate on the Action Congress (AC) platform for the Lagos West constituency. After taking his seat in the Senate, he was appointed to committees on Works, Sports, Rules & Business, Integration & Cooperation and Capital Markets (Chairman). In a mid-term evaluation of senators in May 2009, ThisDay noted that he had sponsored bills on amendment of the National Directorate of Act, Electronic Commerce, Whistleblowers Protection, Institute of Capital Market Registrars and Elderly Persons Centre, and had sponsored or co-sponsored ten motions. He was appointed chairman of the Senate Committee on Capital Market. His GOS Foundation provides assistance in skills acquisition, educational development, micro-credit, healthcare and poverty alleviation. In the run-up to the April 2011 elections, Solomon was unopposed in his bid in the Action Congress of Nigeria primaries to run for reelection. He was reelected on 9 April. In September 2011, it was reported that Solomon was arguing with ACN National Legal Advisor Muiz Banire over who would be the next Mushin Local Government Chairman. The bickering threatened to tear the party apart, with PDP chieftain Waheed Lawon saying it was making it more likely for the PDP to "sweep both Mushin and Surulere at the upcoming local government elections." But eventually the spirit of oneness prevailed through the intervention of the ACN elders which culminated in the emergence of the ACN candidate as the winner of Mushin Local Government Chairmanship election. Solomon participated in the 2014 APC governorship primaries ahead of the 2015 election Ganiyu Olanrewaju Solomon (GOS) was recently introduced as a new member of Lagos State Governor Advisory Council (GAC) In October 2022, Ganiyu Olanrewaju Solomon (GOS) was appointed as Director General of the Lagos State All Progressives Congress (APC) Campaign Council along with some grassroot politicians. References ^ a b "Sen. Ganiyu O. Solomon". National Assembly of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2010. ^ "What You Didn't Know About Senator Solomon". P.M. News. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2019. ^ a b c d "Ganiyu Solomon: Footprints of a people's Senator". The Nation. 19 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2010. ^ a b Samuel Olatunji (17 January 2010). "GOS: Portrait of a gentleman politician". Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010. ^ Kenneth Ehigiator & Sina Babasola (10 January 2003). "AD supporters hold Tinubu hostage, attack policemen with acidlExchange gunshots with police, accuse govt of backing Afikuyomi against Solomon in Senatorial primaries". Vanguard. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2010. ^ "An Improved Senate, But Some Uninspiring Senators..." ThisDay. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2010. ^ "N-Assembly to review 2011 budget, says Solomon". Vanguard. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011. ^ "What You Didn't Know About Senator Solomon". PM News. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011. ^ "Shocks of N'Assembly polls". The Guardian. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011. ^ "Lagos LG Election: Ganiyu Solomon, Banire Tear". African Examiner. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012. ^ "Despite loss to Ambode, I won't quit APC – Ganiyu Solomon | The Eagle Online". theeagleonline.com.ng. Retrieved 26 August 2019. ^ Seefinish (13 October 2022). "Ganiyu Solomon Joins Lagos GAC". Seefinish. Retrieved 9 November 2022. ^ Seefinish (19 October 2022). "Exclusive: Ganiyu Solomon To Lead Lagos APC Campaign Council, Fouad Oki, Oladejo, Razaq Ajala, Adewale, Mafe Make List". Seefinish. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022. vteMembers of the Senate of Nigeria in the 6th National Assembly (2007–2011) Abia S Enyinnaya Abaribe Harcourt (PDP) C Nkechi Justina Nwaogu (PDP) N Uche Chukwumerije (PPA) Abuja FCT Adamu Sidi Ali (PDP) Adamawa S Grace Folashade Bent (PDP) C Jubril Aminu (PDP) N Mohammed Mana (PDP) Akwa Ibom NW Aloysius Akpan Etok (PDP) NE Effiong Dickson Bob (PDP) S Eme Ufot Ekaette (PDP) Anambra C Annie Okonkwo (PDP) S Ikechukwu Obiorah (PDP) N Joy Emodi (PDP) (annulled) 0 Alphonsus Obi Igbeke (ANPP) Bauchi C Mohammed A Muhammed (ANPP) N Sulaiman Mohammed Nazif (AD) S Bala Mohammed (ANPP) Bayelsa W Heineken Lokpobiri (PDP) E Nimi Barigha-Amange (PDP) C Emmanuel Paulker (PDP) Benue S David Mark (PDP) NW George Akume (PDP) NE Joseph Akaagerger (PDP) Borno C Kaka Mallam Yale (ANPP) N Maina Maaji Lawan (ANPP) S Omar Hambagda (ANPP) Cross River S Bassey Ewa-Henshaw (PDP) N Gregory Ngaji (PDP) C Victor Ndoma-Egba (PDP) Delta S James Manager (PDP) N Patrick Osakwe (A) C Adego Erhiawarie Eferakeya (PDP) Ebonyi N Anthony Agbo (PDP) S Anyimchukwu Ude (PDP) C Julius Ucha (PDP) Edo S Ehigie Edobor Uzamere (PDP) C Odion Ugbesia (PDP) N Yisa Braimoh (PDP) Ekiti C Adefemi Kila (PDP) (Annulled) C Festus Olabode Ola (AC) N Ayodele S. Arise (PDP) S Sola Akinyede (PDP) Enugu N Ayogu Eze (PDP) E Chimaroke Nnamani (PDP) W Ike Ekweremadu (PDP) Gombe C Audu Idris Umar (PDP) N Kawu Peto Dukku (PDP) (died) 0 Sa'idu Ahmed Alkali S Tawar Umbi Wada (PDP) Imo E Chris Anyanwu (PDP) W Osita Izunaso (PDP) N Sylvester Anyanwu (PDP) Jigawa NE Abdulaziz Usman (PDP) NW Ibrahim Saminu Turaki (PDP) SW Mujitaba Mohammed Mallam (PDP) Kaduna N Ahmed Makarfi (PDP) S Caleb Zagi (PDP) C Mohammed Kabiru Jibril (PDP) Kano N Aminu Sule Garo (ANPP) (nullified) N Bello Hayatu Gwarzo (PDP) S Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya (ANPP) C Mohammed Adamu Bello (ANPP) Katsina S Garba Yakubu Lado (PDP) C Ibrahim M. Ida (PDP) N Mahmud Kanti Bello (PDP) Kebbi S Abubakar Tanko Ayuba (PDP) C Adamu Aliero (PDP) 0 Abubakar Atiku Bagudu (PDP) N Umaru Argungu (PDP) Kogi E Nicholas Ugbane (PDP) C Otaru Salihu Ohize (AC) W Smart Adeyemi (PDP) Kwara C Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki (PDP) N Ahmed Mohammed Inuwa (PDP) S Simon Ajibola (PDP) Lagos E Adeleke Mamora (AC) W Ganiyu Solomon (AC) C Munirudeen Adekunle Muse (AC) Nasarawa W Abubakar Sodangi(PDP) N Patricia Akwashiki (ANPP) S Suleiman Adokwe (PDP) Niger E Dahiru Awaisu Kuta (PDP) N Nuhu Aliyu Labbo (PDP) S Zainab Abdulkadir Kure (PDP) Ogun W Felix Kolawole Bajomo (PDP) C Iyabo Obasanjo-Bello (PDP) E Ramoni Olalekan Mustapha (PRP) Ondo N Bode Olajumoke (PDP) C Gbenga Ogunniya (PDP) S Hosea Ehinlanwo (PDP) Osun W Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke (PDP) E Iyiola Omisore (PDP) C Simeon Oduoye (PDP) Oyo N Andrew Babalola (PDP) S Kamorudeen Adekunle Adedibu (PDP) C Teslim Folarin (PDP) Plateau N Gyang Dalyop Datong (PDP) S John Nanzip Shagaya (PDP) C Satty Davies Gogwim (PDP) Rivers E George Thompson Sekibo (PDP) SE Lee Maeba (PDP) W Wilson Asinobi Ake (PDP) Sokoto E Abubakar Umar Gada (PDP) N Ahmed Muhammad Maccido (PDP) S Umaru Dahiru (PDP) Taraba N Anthony George Manzo (PDP) C Dahiru Bako Gassol (PDP) S Joel Danlami Ikenya (PDP) Yobe N Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan (ANPP) E Bukar Ibrahim (ANPP) S Adamu Garba Talba (PDP) Zamfara W Ahmad Rufai Sani (ANPP) C Hassan Muhammed Gusau (ANPP) N Sahabi Alhaji Yaú (ANPP) President David Mark (PDP) Deputy President Ike Ekweremadu (PDP) See also Members of the Senate of Nigeria in the 5th National Assembly (2003–2007) Members of the Senate of Nigeria in the 7th National Assembly (2011–2015) vteMembers of the Senate of Nigeria in the 7th National Assembly (2011–2015) Abia S Enyinnaya Abaribe Harcourt (PDP) C Nkechi Justina Nwaogu (PDP) N Uche Chukwumerije (PDP) Abuja FCT Philips Tanimu Aduda (PDP) Adamawa S Ahmed Hassan Barata (PDP) C Bello Mohammed Tukur (PDP) N Bindo Jibrilla (PDP) Akwa Ibom NW Aloysius Akpan Etok (PDP) NE Ita Enang (PDP) S Helen Esuene (PDP) Anambra C Chris Ngige (ACN) S Emmanuel Nnamdi Uba (PDP) N John Okechukwuemeka (PDP) Bauchi C Abdul Ahmed Ningi (PDP) N Babayo Garba Gamawa (PDP) S Adamu Gumba (PDP) Bayelsa W Heineken Lokpobiri (PDP) E Clever Ikisikpo (PDP) C Emmanuel Paulker (PDP) Benue S David Mark (PDP) NW George Akume (ACN) NE Barnabas Andyar Gemade (PDP) Borno C Ahmed Zanna (PDP) N Maina Maaji Lawan (ANPP) S Mohammed Ali Ndume (APC) Cross River S Bassey Otu (PDP) N Benedict Ayade (PDP) C Victor Ndoma-Egba (PDP) Delta S James Manager (PDP) N Arthur Okowa Ifeanyi (PDP) C Akpor Pius Ewherido (DPP) Ebonyi N Christopher Nwankwo (PDP) S Sonni Ogbuoji (PDP) C Paulinus Igwe Nwagu (PDP) Edo S Ehigie Edobor Uzamere (ACN) C Odion Ugbesia (PDP) N Domingo Alaba Obende (ACN) Ekiti C Babafemi Ojudu (ACN) N Olubunmi Adetunbi (ACN) S Anthony Adeniyi (ACN) Enugu N Ayogu Eze (PDP) E Gilbert Nnaji (PDP) W Ike Ekweremadu (PDP) Gombe C Mohammed Danjuma Goje (APC) N Sa'idu Ahmed Alkali (PDP) S Joshua M. Lidani (PDP) Imo E Chris Anyanwu (APGA) W Hope Uzodinma (PDP) N Matthew Ifeanyi Nwagwu (PDP) Jigawa NE Abdulaziz Usman (PDP) NW Danladi Abdullahi Sankara (PDP) SW Abdulmumini M. Hassan (PDP) Kaduna N Yusuf Datti Baba-Ahmed (CPC) S Nenadi Usman (PDP) C Mohammed Saleh (CPC) Kano N Bello Hayatu Gwarzo (PDP) S Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya (ANPP) C Basheer Garba Mohammed (PDP) Katsina S Abu Ibrahim (CPC) C Ahmed Sani Stores (CPC) N Hadi Sirika (CPC) Kebbi S Mohammed Magoro (PDP) C Abubakar Atiku Bagudu (PDP) N Isa Muhammed Galaudu (PDP) Kogi E Emmanuel Dangana Ocheja (PDP) C Nurudeen Abatemi Usman (PDP) W Smart Adeyemi (PDP) Kwara C Bukola Saraki (APC) N Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi (PDP) S Simon Ajibola (PDP) Lagos E Gbenga Bareehu Ashafa (ACN) W Ganiyu Solomon (ACN) C Oluremi Tinubu (ACN) Nasarawa W Abdullahi Adamu (APC) N Yusuf Musa Nagogo (CPC) S Suleiman Asonya Adokwe (PDP) Niger E Dahiru Awaisu Kuta (PDP) N Ibrahim Musa (CPC) S Zainab Abdulkadir Kure (PDP) Ogun W Akin Babalola Kamar Odunsi (ACN) C Olugbenga Onaolapo Obadara (ACN) E Sefiu Adegbenga Kaka (ACN) Ondo N Robert Ajayi Boroffice (LP) C Akinyelure Patrick Ayo (LP) S Boluwaji Kunlere (LP) Osun W Mudasiru Oyetunde Hussein (ACN) E Christopher Omoworare Babajide (ACN) C Olusola Adeyeye (ACN) Oyo N Hosea Ayoola Agbola (PDP) S Olufemi Lanlehin (ACN) C Ayoade Ademola Adeseun (ACN) Plateau N Gyang Datong (PDP) S Victor Lar (PDP) C Joshua Dariye (LP) Rivers E George Thompson Sekibo (PDP) S Magnus Ngei Abe (APC) W Wilson Asinobi Ake (APC) Sokoto E Abdullahi Ibrahim Gobir (APC) N Ahmed Muhammad Maccido (PDP) S Umaru Dahiru (APC) Taraba N Aisha Jummai (APC) C Abubakar Umar Tutare (PDP) S Emmanuel G. Bwacha (PDP) Yobe N Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan (ANPP) E Bukar Ibrahim (ANPP) S Alkali Abdulkadir Jajere (ANPP) Zamfara W Ahmad Rufai Sani (ANPP) C Kabir Garba Marafa (ANPP) N Sahabi Alhaji Yaú (PDP) ACN Action Congress of Nigeria ANPP All Nigeria People's Party APGA All Progressives Grand Alliance CPC Congress for Progressive Change DPP Democratic People's Party LP Labour Party PDP People's Democratic Party See also Members of the Senate of Nigeria in the 6th National Assembly (2007-2011)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nigerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian"},{"link_name":"Action Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Congress"},{"link_name":"All Progressives Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nassnig-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ganiyu Olarenwaju Solomon (born 19 December 1959) is a Nigerian politician. He was senator for the Lagos West constituency from 5 June 2007 to 6 June 2015. He is a member of the Action Congress (AC), now All Progressives Congress (APC).[1] He is a former president of the Rotary Club of Isolo[2]","title":"Ganiyu Solomon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lateef Jakande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateef_Jakande"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nation360-3"},{"link_name":"Abeokuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeokuta"},{"link_name":"Ogun State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_State"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun003-4"},{"link_name":"University of Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lagos"},{"link_name":"Sani Abacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nation360-3"}],"text":"Solomon was born on 19 December 1959. His father, Alhaji Rafiu Ishola Solomon, was politically influential as a contemporary of the first civilian governor of Lagos State, Alhaji Lateef Jakande.[3]\nSolomon attended Oke-Ona Grammar School, Abeokuta, Ogun State.[4]\nHe obtained a B.Sc. in political science from the University of Lagos, and went into a private IT services business. Later he went into the property business, before entering politics during the regime of late General Sani Abacha.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Party of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Nigerian Fourth Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Fourth_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mushin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushin,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Alliance for Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nation360-3"},{"link_name":"Alliance For Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_(Nigeria)"},{"link_name":"Tokunbo Afikuyomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokunbo_Afikuyomi"},{"link_name":"Bola Tinubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Tinubu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nation360-3"},{"link_name":"Action Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nassnig-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun003-4"},{"link_name":"Action Congress of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Congress_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Muiz Banire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiz_Banire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tear_Apart-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"He was elected into the Lagos State House of Assembly on the Democratic Party of Nigeria (DPN) platform in 1998, but did not take his seat before Abacha's death. During the return to democracy in 1999 with the Nigerian Fourth Republic, Solomon was elected chairman of Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State on the Alliance for Democracy (AD) platform.[3]\nIn 2003 he was a contender to be Alliance For Democracy (AD) Senate candidate for Lagos West, but was defeated by the incumbent senator Tokunbo Afikuyomi. His supporters greeted the primary results with violence, and governor Bola Tinubu was unable to leave the scene of the vote for several hours as the mob battled with police outside and other electoral observers.[5]\nSolomon ran instead for the federal House of Assembly for Mushin Federal Constituency 1 and was elected.[3]In April 2007, Solomon was elected to the Senate on the Action Congress (AC) platform for the Lagos West constituency.\nAfter taking his seat in the Senate, he was appointed to committees on Works, Sports, Rules & Business, Integration & Cooperation and Capital Markets (Chairman).[1]\nIn a mid-term evaluation of senators in May 2009, ThisDay noted that he had sponsored bills on amendment of the National Directorate of Act, Electronic Commerce, Whistleblowers Protection, Institute of Capital Market Registrars and Elderly Persons Centre, and had sponsored or co-sponsored ten motions.[6]\nHe was appointed chairman of the Senate Committee on Capital Market.[7]\nHis GOS Foundation provides assistance in skills acquisition, educational development, micro-credit, healthcare and poverty alleviation.[4]In the run-up to the April 2011 elections, Solomon was unopposed in his bid in the Action Congress of Nigeria primaries to run for reelection.[8]\nHe was reelected on 9 April.[9]In September 2011, it was reported that Solomon was arguing with ACN National Legal Advisor Muiz Banire over who would be the next Mushin Local Government Chairman. The bickering threatened to tear the party apart, with PDP chieftain Waheed Lawon saying it was making it more likely for the PDP to \"sweep both Mushin and Surulere at the upcoming local government elections.\" But eventually the spirit of oneness prevailed through the intervention of the ACN elders which culminated in the emergence of the ACN candidate as the winner of Mushin Local Government Chairmanship election.[10] Solomon participated in the 2014 APC governorship primaries ahead of the 2015 election[11]Ganiyu Olanrewaju Solomon (GOS) was recently introduced as a new member of Lagos State Governor Advisory Council (GAC)[12]In October 2022, Ganiyu Olanrewaju Solomon (GOS) was appointed as Director General of the Lagos State All Progressives Congress (APC) Campaign Council along with some grassroot politicians.[13]","title":"Political career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sen. Ganiyu O. Solomon\". National Assembly of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165544/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=93&page=1&state=3","url_text":"\"Sen. Ganiyu O. Solomon\""},{"url":"http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=93&page=1&state=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What You Didn't Know About Senator Solomon\". P.M. News. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/03/31/what-you-didnt-know-about-senator-solomon/","url_text":"\"What You Didn't Know About Senator Solomon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ganiyu Solomon: Footprints of a people's Senator\". The Nation. 19 December 2009. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120312060148/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/29360/1/Ganiyu-Solomon-Footprints-of-a-peoples-Senator/Page1.html","url_text":"\"Ganiyu Solomon: Footprints of a people's Senator\""},{"url":"http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/29360/1/Ganiyu-Solomon-Footprints-of-a-peoples-Senator/Page1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Samuel Olatunji (17 January 2010). \"GOS: Portrait of a gentleman politician\". Daily Sun. Archived from the original on 28 November 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101128130541/http://sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2010/jan/17/powergame-17-01-2010-003.htm","url_text":"\"GOS: Portrait of a gentleman politician\""},{"url":"http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2010/jan/17/powergame-17-01-2010-003.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kenneth Ehigiator & Sina Babasola (10 January 2003). \"AD supporters hold Tinubu hostage, attack policemen with acidlExchange gunshots with police, accuse govt of backing Afikuyomi against Solomon in Senatorial primaries\". Vanguard. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120524092324/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/coverstories/2003/jan/1002.html","url_text":"\"AD supporters hold Tinubu hostage, attack policemen with acidlExchange gunshots with police, accuse govt of backing Afikuyomi against Solomon in Senatorial primaries\""},{"url":"http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/coverstories/2003/jan/1002.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"An Improved Senate, But Some Uninspiring Senators...\" ThisDay. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200905250350.html?viewall=1","url_text":"\"An Improved Senate, But Some Uninspiring Senators...\""}]},{"reference":"\"N-Assembly to review 2011 budget, says Solomon\". Vanguard. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/n-assembly-to-review-2011-budget-says-solomon/","url_text":"\"N-Assembly to review 2011 budget, says Solomon\""}]},{"reference":"\"What You Didn't Know About Senator Solomon\". PM News. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/03/31/what-you-didnt-know-about-senator-solomon/","url_text":"\"What You Didn't Know About Senator Solomon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shocks of N'Assembly polls\". The Guardian. 11 April 2011. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823072634/http://nigerianbulletin.com/2011/04/11/shocks-of-n%E2%80%99assembly-polls-the-guardian/","url_text":"\"Shocks of N'Assembly polls\""},{"url":"http://nigerianbulletin.com/2011/04/11/shocks-of-n%E2%80%99assembly-polls-the-guardian/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lagos LG Election: Ganiyu Solomon, Banire Tear\". African Examiner. 6 September 2011. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502030342/http://africanexaminer.com/LagosLG0906","url_text":"\"Lagos LG Election: Ganiyu Solomon, Banire Tear\""},{"url":"http://africanexaminer.com/LagosLG0906","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Despite loss to Ambode, I won't quit APC – Ganiyu Solomon | The Eagle Online\". theeagleonline.com.ng. Retrieved 26 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theeagleonline.com.ng/despite-loss-to-ambode-i-wont-quit-apc-ganiyu-solomon/amp/","url_text":"\"Despite loss to Ambode, I won't quit APC – Ganiyu Solomon | The Eagle Online\""}]},{"reference":"Seefinish (13 October 2022). \"Ganiyu Solomon Joins Lagos GAC\". Seefinish. Retrieved 9 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://seefinishng.com/2022/10/13/ganiyu-solomon-joins-lagos-gac/","url_text":"\"Ganiyu Solomon Joins Lagos GAC\""}]},{"reference":"Seefinish (19 October 2022). \"Exclusive: Ganiyu Solomon To Lead Lagos APC Campaign Council, Fouad Oki, Oladejo, Razaq Ajala, Adewale, Mafe Make List\". Seefinish. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221109125010/https://seefinishng.com/2022/10/19/exclusive-ganiyu-solomon-to-lead-lagos-apc-campaign-council-fouad-oki-oladejo-razaq-ajala-adewale-mafe-make-list/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Ganiyu Solomon To Lead Lagos APC Campaign Council, Fouad Oki, Oladejo, Razaq Ajala, Adewale, Mafe Make List\""},{"url":"https://seefinishng.com/2022/10/19/exclusive-ganiyu-solomon-to-lead-lagos-apc-campaign-council-fouad-oki-oladejo-razaq-ajala-adewale-mafe-make-list/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165544/http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=93&page=1&state=3","external_links_name":"\"Sen. Ganiyu O. Solomon\""},{"Link":"http://www.nassnig.org/senate/member.php?senator=93&page=1&state=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/03/31/what-you-didnt-know-about-senator-solomon/","external_links_name":"\"What You Didn't Know About Senator Solomon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120312060148/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/29360/1/Ganiyu-Solomon-Footprints-of-a-peoples-Senator/Page1.html","external_links_name":"\"Ganiyu Solomon: Footprints of a people's Senator\""},{"Link":"http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/29360/1/Ganiyu-Solomon-Footprints-of-a-peoples-Senator/Page1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101128130541/http://sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2010/jan/17/powergame-17-01-2010-003.htm","external_links_name":"\"GOS: Portrait of a gentleman politician\""},{"Link":"http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2010/jan/17/powergame-17-01-2010-003.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120524092324/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/coverstories/2003/jan/1002.html","external_links_name":"\"AD supporters hold Tinubu hostage, attack policemen with acidlExchange gunshots with police, accuse govt of backing Afikuyomi against Solomon in Senatorial primaries\""},{"Link":"http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/coverstories/2003/jan/1002.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://allafrica.com/stories/200905250350.html?viewall=1","external_links_name":"\"An Improved Senate, But Some Uninspiring Senators...\""},{"Link":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/n-assembly-to-review-2011-budget-says-solomon/","external_links_name":"\"N-Assembly to review 2011 budget, says Solomon\""},{"Link":"http://pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/03/31/what-you-didnt-know-about-senator-solomon/","external_links_name":"\"What You Didn't Know About Senator Solomon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823072634/http://nigerianbulletin.com/2011/04/11/shocks-of-n%E2%80%99assembly-polls-the-guardian/","external_links_name":"\"Shocks of N'Assembly polls\""},{"Link":"http://nigerianbulletin.com/2011/04/11/shocks-of-n%E2%80%99assembly-polls-the-guardian/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502030342/http://africanexaminer.com/LagosLG0906","external_links_name":"\"Lagos LG Election: Ganiyu Solomon, Banire Tear\""},{"Link":"http://africanexaminer.com/LagosLG0906","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://theeagleonline.com.ng/despite-loss-to-ambode-i-wont-quit-apc-ganiyu-solomon/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Despite loss to Ambode, I won't quit APC – Ganiyu Solomon | The Eagle Online\""},{"Link":"https://seefinishng.com/2022/10/13/ganiyu-solomon-joins-lagos-gac/","external_links_name":"\"Ganiyu Solomon Joins Lagos GAC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221109125010/https://seefinishng.com/2022/10/19/exclusive-ganiyu-solomon-to-lead-lagos-apc-campaign-council-fouad-oki-oladejo-razaq-ajala-adewale-mafe-make-list/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Ganiyu Solomon To Lead Lagos APC Campaign Council, Fouad Oki, Oladejo, Razaq Ajala, Adewale, Mafe Make List\""},{"Link":"https://seefinishng.com/2022/10/19/exclusive-ganiyu-solomon-to-lead-lagos-apc-campaign-council-fouad-oki-oladejo-razaq-ajala-adewale-mafe-make-list/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Illustrated
George-Édouard Desbarats
["1 Life and career","2 References","2.1 Works cited","3 External links"]
George-Édouard-Amable Desbarats (5 April 1838 – 18 February 1893) was an influential Canadian printer and inventor. Life and career The Desbarats were an established printing family. The first of the family to settle was Joseph Desbarats from Auch in France, and who arrived in with the Régiment de la Sarre in New France in 1756. Joseph's son Pierre-Édouard co-purchased the Nouvelle Imprimière (New Printing Office) from William Vondenvelden in 1798; the printer was responsible for printing the Lower Canadian Statutes, and also published newspapers such as the Quebec Mercury and other publications. Pierre-Édouard's third son George-Paschal Desbarats took over the business in 1828 and was named Queen's Printer in 1841. George-Édouard was born to George-Paschal and his first wife Henriette, daughter of Amable Dionne. He was sent to College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1846. He studied law at the Université Laval, and was called to the bar of Lower Canada on 2 May 1859. In 1860 he married Lucianne (Lucie-Anne) Bossé, who was the eldest daughter of Joseph-Noël Bossé. They had two daughters and five sons together. On his father's death Desbarats became co-Queen's Printer with Malcolm Cameron for the Province of Canada. Desbarats had the Desbarats Block building constructed in Ottawa when the city was chosen as capital of the newly confederated Dominion of Canada. The building housed printing and binding equipment and employed up to a hundred people. Numerous government publications were among the works published there. It was burned down by arson in 1869; among the losses were the lithographic plates for a scholarly on Samuel de Champlain that his grandson Peter Desbarats stated was to have been his "monument as a publisher". Prime Minister John A. Macdonald made Desbarats the first official printer of the Dominion of Canada that year; this made him an official government employee, as per the Act Respecting the Office of the Queen's Printer and the Public Printing effected 1 October 1869. He stepped down the next year when he found it too difficult to run businesses in both Ottawa and Montreal; he then returned to Montreal. Canadian Illustrated News, 14 August 1880, front-cover illustration by Henri Julien Desbarats and Leggo were responsible for a number of pioneering printing, including the photoelectrotyping process Leggotype, the first halftone photography reproduction in commercial printing, and photolithographic techniques at a time when the technology was still rare. They employed these techniques when they published the Canadian Illustrated News from 1869 to 1883, which printed illustrations by artists such as Henri Julien; and L'Opinion publique from 1870 to 1883. They founded the New York Daily Graphic in 1873, the first daily illustrated paper. While it was a pioneering effort, it was not a financial success, and Desbarats returned to Montreal. In 1888 George-Édouard went into business with his son William-Amable, and as Desbarats & Son they published the Dominion Illustrated. After his death in 1893, he was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal. Desbarats left his printing business to three of his sons. A son was the engineer and civil servant George Joseph Desbarats. References ^ Fleming & Lamonde 2005, pp. 87–88. ^ a b c d e Fleming & Lamonde 2005, p. 88. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Galarneau, Claude (1990). "Desbarats, George-Édouard-Amable". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. ^ a b c d "George-Édouard Desbarats". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2007-09-17. ^ a b Fleming & Lamonde 2005, p. 325. ^ Davis 1995, p. 57. ^ Fleming & Lamonde 2005, pp. 88–89. ^ Fleming & Lamonde 2005, p. 317. ^ a b Phillipson, Donald J. C. (2008-01-24). "Georges-Édouard Desbarats". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 10 July 2015. ^ Fleming & Lamonde 2005, p. 311. ^ Black, Harry. Canadian Scientists and Inventors: Biographies of People who Shaped Our World, p. 57 (2d ed. 2008) ^ Répertoire des personnages inhumés au cimetière ayant marqué l'histoire de notre société (in French). Montreal: Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery. ^ Fleming & Lamonde 2005, p. 89. Works cited Davis, Angela E. (1995). Art and Work: A Social History of Labour in the Canadian Graphic Arts Industry to the 1940s. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-1280-1. Fleming, Patricia; Lamonde, Yvan (2005). History of the Book in Canada: 1840–1918. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8012-7. External links Media related to George-Édouard Desbarats at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists Scientific illustrators Musée d'Orsay
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"George-Édouard Desbarats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auch"},{"link_name":"Régiment de la Sarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_la_Sarre"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde200587%E2%80%9388-1"},{"link_name":"William Vondenvelden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Vondenvelden"},{"link_name":"Lower Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"Quebec Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Mercury"},{"link_name":"George-Paschal Desbarats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George-Paschal_Desbarats"},{"link_name":"Queen's Printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Printer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde200588-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde200588-2"},{"link_name":"Amable Dionne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amable_Dionne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"College of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Worcester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"Université Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval"},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-4"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Noël Bossé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-No%C3%ABl_Boss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Cameron_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Province of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-4"},{"link_name":"newly confederated Dominion of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde2005325-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde200588-2"},{"link_name":"Samuel de Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain"},{"link_name":"Peter Desbarats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Desbarats"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis199557-6"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"John A. Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde200588-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde2005325-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde200588-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Come_To_Stay.png"},{"link_name":"Canadian Illustrated News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Illustrated_News"},{"link_name":"Henri Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Julien"},{"link_name":"photoelectrotyping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectrotyping"},{"link_name":"halftone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halftone"},{"link_name":"photolithographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photolithography"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde200588%E2%80%9389-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde2005317-8"},{"link_name":"Canadian Illustrated News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Illustrated_News"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAC-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE-9"},{"link_name":"Henri Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Julien"},{"link_name":"L'Opinion publique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Opinion_publique"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde2005311-10"},{"link_name":"Daily Graphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Graphic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCE-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-des1-11"},{"link_name":"Dominion Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOCB-3"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_des_Neiges_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlemingLamonde200589-13"},{"link_name":"George Joseph Desbarats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Joseph_Desbarats"}],"text":"The Desbarats were an established printing family. The first of the family to settle was Joseph Desbarats from Auch in France, and who arrived in with the Régiment de la Sarre in New France in 1756.[1]Joseph's son Pierre-Édouard co-purchased the Nouvelle Imprimière (New Printing Office) from William Vondenvelden in 1798; the printer was responsible for printing the Lower Canadian Statutes, and also published newspapers such as the Quebec Mercury and other publications. Pierre-Édouard's third son George-Paschal Desbarats took over the business in 1828 and was named Queen's Printer in 1841.[2]George-Édouard was born to George-Paschal[2] and his first wife Henriette, daughter of Amable Dionne.[3] He was sent to College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1846.[3] He studied law at the Université Laval, and was called to the bar of Lower Canada on 2 May 1859.[3][4] In 1860 he married Lucianne (Lucie-Anne) Bossé, who was the eldest daughter of Joseph-Noël Bossé.[3] They had two daughters and five sons together.[3]On his father's death Desbarats became co-Queen's Printer with Malcolm Cameron for the Province of Canada.[3][4] Desbarats had the Desbarats Block building constructed in Ottawa when the city was chosen as capital of the newly confederated Dominion of Canada. The building housed printing and binding equipment and employed up to a hundred people. Numerous government publications were among the works published there.[5] It was burned down by arson in 1869;[2] among the losses were the lithographic plates for a scholarly on Samuel de Champlain that his grandson Peter Desbarats stated was to have been his \"monument as a publisher\".[6]Prime Minister John A. Macdonald made Desbarats the first official printer[3][4] of the Dominion of Canada that year;[2] this made him an official government employee, as per the Act Respecting the Office of the Queen's Printer and the Public Printing effected 1 October 1869.[5] He stepped down the next year when he found it too difficult to run businesses in both Ottawa and Montreal; he then returned to Montreal.[2]Canadian Illustrated News, 14 August 1880, front-cover illustration by Henri JulienDesbarats and Leggo were responsible for a number of pioneering printing, including the photoelectrotyping process Leggotype, the first halftone photography reproduction in commercial printing, and photolithographic techniques at a time when the technology was still rare.[7] They employed these techniques[8] when they published the Canadian Illustrated News from 1869 to 1883,[3][4][9] which printed illustrations by artists such as Henri Julien; and L'Opinion publique from 1870 to 1883.[10] They founded the New York Daily Graphic in 1873, the first daily illustrated paper.[3][9] While it was a pioneering effort, it was not a financial success, and Desbarats returned to Montreal.[11] In 1888 George-Édouard went into business with his son William-Amable, and as Desbarats & Son they published the Dominion Illustrated.[3]After his death in 1893, he was entombed at the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery in Montreal.[12] Desbarats left his printing business to three of his sons.[13] A son was the engineer and civil servant George Joseph Desbarats.","title":"Life and career"}]
[{"image_text":"Canadian Illustrated News, 14 August 1880, front-cover illustration by Henri Julien","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Come_To_Stay.png/220px-Come_To_Stay.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Galarneau, Claude (1990). \"Desbarats, George-Édouard-Amable\". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/desbarats_george_edouard_12E.html","url_text":"\"Desbarats, George-Édouard-Amable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Canadian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"}]},{"reference":"\"George-Édouard Desbarats\". Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2007-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070216120412/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/innovations/023020-3040-e.html","url_text":"\"George-Édouard Desbarats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada","url_text":"Library and Archives Canada"},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.ca/innovations/023020-3040-e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phillipson, Donald J. C. (2008-01-24). \"Georges-Édouard Desbarats\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 10 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/georges-edouard-desbarats/","url_text":"\"Georges-Édouard Desbarats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Canadian Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Répertoire des personnages inhumés au cimetière ayant marqué l'histoire de notre société (in French). Montreal: Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Davis, Angela E. (1995). Art and Work: A Social History of Labour in the Canadian Graphic Arts Industry to the 1940s. McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-1280-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3xsBiJ-dmkgC","url_text":"Art and Work: A Social History of Labour in the Canadian Graphic Arts Industry to the 1940s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_Press","url_text":"McGill-Queen's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1280-1","url_text":"978-0-7735-1280-1"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Patricia; Lamonde, Yvan (2005). History of the Book in Canada: 1840–1918. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8012-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4nHT2u0ovSMC","url_text":"History of the Book in Canada: 1840–1918"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8012-7","url_text":"978-0-8020-8012-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/desbarats_george_edouard_12E.html","external_links_name":"\"Desbarats, George-Édouard-Amable\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070216120412/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/innovations/023020-3040-e.html","external_links_name":"\"George-Édouard Desbarats\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.ca/innovations/023020-3040-e.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/georges-edouard-desbarats/","external_links_name":"\"Georges-Édouard Desbarats\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CfBMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57","external_links_name":"Canadian Scientists and Inventors: Biographies of People who Shaped Our World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3xsBiJ-dmkgC","external_links_name":"Art and Work: A Social History of Labour in the Canadian Graphic Arts Industry to the 1940s"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4nHT2u0ovSMC","external_links_name":"History of the Book in Canada: 1840–1918"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000073741580","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44180729","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhmVhdG4TQvXQvBMT8md","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/137749996","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94020588","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=6041","external_links_name":"Scientific illustrators"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/51858","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Mountain_(New_York)
Cliff Mountain (New York)
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°06′11″N 73°58′31″W / 44.1031102°N 73.9751452°W / 44.1031102; -73.9751452Mountain in New York, United States Cliff MountainCliff MountainLocation of Cliff Mountain within New YorkShow map of New York Adirondack ParkCliff MountainCliff Mountain (the United States)Show map of the United States Highest pointElevation3,960 ft (1,210 m) NGVD 29ListingAdirondack High Peaks 44thCoordinates44°06′11″N 73°58′31″W / 44.1031102°N 73.9751452°W / 44.1031102; -73.9751452GeographyLocationNewcomb / Keene, Essex County, New YorkParent rangeMarcy Group of the Great RangeTopo mapUSGS Mount MarcyClimbingFirst ascentJune 17, 1921, by Arthur S. HopkinsEasiest routeHike Cliff Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York. The mountain is part of the Marcy Group of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains. Cliff is flanked to the southeast by Mount Redfield. Cliff Mountain stands within the watershed of the Opalescent River, a tributary of the Hudson River, which in turn drains into New York Bay. The north and west sides of Cliff Mtn. drain directly into the Opalescent River. The southeast side drains into Upper Twin Brook, thence into the Opalescent River. According to the 1897 survey of the Adirondacks, the height of Cliff Mountain was over 4,000 feet (1,219 m), so it was included in the 46 High Peaks; the 1953 USGS survey found it and three other peaks to be lower, but the list has not been changed. The mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park. No marked trail leads to its summit. See also List of mountains in New York Northeast 111 4,000-footers Adirondack High Peaks Adirondack Forty-Sixers References ^ Goodwin, Tony, ed. (2021). Adirondack trails. High peaks region (15th ed.). Adirondack Mountain Club. pp. 286–287. ISBN 9780998637181. ^ "The Peaks – Adirondack 46ers". adk46er.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024. ^ "Cliff Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-01-29. ^ Carson, Russell M. L. (1927). Peaks and People of the Adirondacks. Garden City: Doubleday. p. 166. ISBN 9781404751200. External links "Cliff Mountain, New York". Peakbagger.com. "Cliff Mountain". SummitPost.org. vteThe High Peaks of New York's Adirondack MountainsNorthern Adirondacks Esther Whiteface Eastern Adirondacks Giant Rocky Peak Colvin Range Blake Colvin Dial Nippletop Dix Range Dix Grace Peak South Dix Hough Macomb Northern High Peaks Big Slide Cascade Phelps Porter Table Top Marcy Group Allen Cliff Colden Gray Haystack Marcy Redfield Skylight Other Great Range Armstrong Basin Gothics Saddleback Sawteeth Lower Wolfjaw Upper Wolfjaw MacIntyre Mountains Algonquin Iroquois Marshall Wright Santanoni Mountains Couchsachraga Panther Santanoni Seward Mountains Donaldson Emmons Seward Seymour Street Range (MacNaughton) Nye Street vteMountains of New YorkAdirondack MountainsDix Range Dix Mountain Grace Peak Hough Peak Macomb Mountain South Dix Great Range Armstrong Mountain Basin Mountain Gothics Lower Wolfjaw Mountain Saddleback Mountain Sawteeth Upper Wolfjaw Mountain MacIntyre Mountains Algonquin Peak Iroquois Peak Mount Marshall Wright Peak Marcy Group Allen Mountain Cliff Mountain Gray Peak Mount Colden Mount Haystack Mount Marcy Mount Redfield Mount Skylight Street Range MacNaughton Mountain Nye Mountain Street Mountain Others Ampersand Mountain Azure Mountain Baker Mountain Bald Mountain (Herkimer County) Bald Mountain (Lewis County) Belfry Mountain Bell Mountain Big Slide Mountain Bitch Mountain Black Mountain Blake Peak Blue Mountain Boreas Mountain Cascade Mountain Catamount Mountain Cathead Mountain Coney Mountain Couchsachraga Peak Crane Mountain Debar Mountain Dewey Mountain Dial Mountain Donaldson Mountain Dun Brook Mountain Esther Mountain Fort Noble Mountain Giant Mountain Goodnow Mountain Gore Mountain Hadley Mountain Hamilton Mountain Hurricane Mountain Jay Mountain Kempshall Mountain Loon Lake Mountains Lyon Mountain Makomis Mountain McCauley Mountain McKenzie Mountain Meenahga Mountain Moose River Mountain Mount Adams Mount Arab Mount Colvin Mount Electra Mount Emmons Mount Jo Mount McGregor Mount Morris Mount Pisgah Mount Van Hoevenberg Nippletop Noonmark Mountain Ohmer Mountain Owls Head Mountain Palmer Hill Panther Peak Phelps Mountain Pitchoff Mountain Poke-O-Moonshine Mountain Porter Mountain Prospect Mountain Rocky Peak Ridge Saint Regis Mountain Salmon Lake Mountain Santanoni Peak Seward Mountain Seymour Mountain Silver Lake Mountain Snowy Mountain Spruce Mountain Stillwater Mountain Swede Mountain T Lake Mountain Table Top Mountain Titus Mountain Tomany Mountain Vanderwhacker Mountain Wallface Mountain West Mountain Whiteface Mountain Whites Hill Woodhull Mountain Yard Mountain Catskill MountainsBlackhead Mountains Black Dome Blackhead Thomas Cole Mountain Burroughs Range Wittenberg Mountain Cornell Mountain Slide Mountain Devil's Path Hunter Mountain Indian Head Mountain Plateau Mountain Southwest Hunter Mountain Sugarloaf Mountain (Greene County) Twin Mountain West Kill Mountain Others Ashland Pinnacle Ashokan High Point Balsam Cap Balsam Lake Mountain Balsam Mountain Bearpen Mountain Big Indian Mountain Bramley Mountain Bump Mountain Chapin Hill Doubletop Mountain Eagle Mountain Evergreen Mountain Fir Mountain Friday Mountain Gallis Hill Graham Mountain Halcott Mountain Huntersfield Mountain Irish Mountain Kaaterskill High Peak The Knob Leonard Hill Lone Mountain Mount Jefferson Mount Sherrill Mount Tremper North Dome North Mountain Old Clump Mountain Overlook Mountain Panther Mountain Peekamoose Mountain Mount Pisgah Plattekill Mountain Red Hill Richmond Mountain Richtmyer Peak Rocky Mountain Rusk Mountain Table Mountain Tower Mountain Twadell Mountain Utsayantha Mountain Van Loan Hill Vly Mountain Windham High Peak Hudson Highlands Anthony's Nose Beacon Mountain Bear Mountain Breakneck Ridge Buckberg Bull Hill Crow's Nest Dunderberg Mountain Hook Mountain Jackie Jones Mountain Popolopen South Mountain Mount Nimham Storm King Mountain Sugarloaf Mountain (Dutchess County) Sugarloaf Hill Tallman Mountain Taconic Mountains Alander Mountain Berlin Mountain Brace Mountain Misery Mountain Mount Raimer Rounds Mountain Washburn Mountain White Rock Others Algerine Hill Alma Hill Angel Hill Badeau Hill Bellvale Mountain Bristol Mountain (Worden Hill) Calder Hill Castor Hill Clove Mountain Cornell Hill Cornish Hill Crumhorn Mountain Cumorah Dairy Hill Darling Hill Dog Hill Elliot Hill Filer Hill Fitch Hill Franklin Mountain Frost Hill Gifford Hill Gomer Hill Hartzfelt Mountain Hawk Hill Honey Hill Hooker Mountain Ingraham Hill Jersey Hill Joppenbergh Mountain Kilkenny Hill Klock Hill Marlboro Mountains McCarty Hill Metcalf Hill Morgan Hill Morrow Mountain Mount Colfax Mount Defiance Mount Irvine Mount Peter Mount Tuscarora Mount Wellington Mount Zion Noahs Rump Page Pond Hill Panther Mountain Penn Mountain Petersburg Mountain Pigeon Hill Pine Hill Pine Mountain Ramapo Mountains Red House Hill Rice Hill Rum Hill Schunemunk Mountain Science Hill Shawangunk Ridge South Hill Sproul Hill Stone Quarry Hill Strain Mountain Todt Hill Tunnicliff Hill Virgil Mountain Weaver Hill Windham Mountain This article about a location in Essex County, New York is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Essex County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Great Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Range"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mount Redfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Redfield"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Opalescent River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opalescent_River"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"New York Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Bay"},{"link_name":"High Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_High_Peaks"},{"link_name":"High Peaks Wilderness Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Peaks_Wilderness_Area"},{"link_name":"Adirondack State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_State_Park"}],"text":"Mountain in New York, United StatesCliff Mountain is a mountain located in Essex County, New York. \nThe mountain is part of the Marcy Group of the Great Range of the Adirondack Mountains.\nCliff is flanked to the southeast by Mount Redfield.Cliff Mountain stands within the watershed of the Opalescent River, a tributary of the Hudson River, which in turn drains into New York Bay.\nThe north and west sides of Cliff Mtn. drain directly into the Opalescent River.\nThe southeast side drains into Upper Twin Brook, thence into the Opalescent River.According to the 1897 survey of the Adirondacks, the height of Cliff Mountain was over 4,000 feet (1,219 m), so it was included in the 46 High Peaks; the 1953 USGS survey found it and three other peaks to be lower, but the list has not been changed.\nThe mountain is within the High Peaks Wilderness Area of Adirondack State Park. No marked trail leads to its summit.","title":"Cliff Mountain (New York)"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of mountains in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_New_York"},{"title":"Northeast 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_111"},{"title":"Adirondack High Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_High_Peaks"},{"title":"Adirondack Forty-Sixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Forty-Sixers"}]
[{"reference":"Goodwin, Tony, ed. (2021). Adirondack trails. High peaks region (15th ed.). Adirondack Mountain Club. pp. 286–287. ISBN 9780998637181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Mountain_Club","url_text":"Adirondack Mountain Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780998637181","url_text":"9780998637181"}]},{"reference":"\"The Peaks – Adirondack 46ers\". adk46er.org. Retrieved 30 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://adk46er.org/peaks/","url_text":"\"The Peaks – Adirondack 46ers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cliff Mountain\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/946865","url_text":"\"Cliff Mountain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Russell M. L. (1927). Peaks and People of the Adirondacks. Garden City: Doubleday. p. 166. ISBN 9781404751200.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tSsqAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Peaks and People of the Adirondacks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404751200","url_text":"9781404751200"}]},{"reference":"\"Cliff Mountain, New York\". Peakbagger.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=6052","url_text":"\"Cliff Mountain, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cliff Mountain\". SummitPost.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.summitpost.org/page/150738","url_text":"\"Cliff Mountain\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cliff_Mountain_(New_York)&params=44.1031102_N_73.9751452_W_type:mountain_region:US-NY_scale:100000_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"44°06′11″N 73°58′31″W / 44.1031102°N 73.9751452°W / 44.1031102; -73.9751452"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cliff_Mountain_(New_York)&params=44.1031102_N_73.9751452_W_type:mountain_region:US-NY_scale:100000_source:GNIS","external_links_name":"44°06′11″N 73°58′31″W / 44.1031102°N 73.9751452°W / 44.1031102; -73.9751452"},{"Link":"https://adk46er.org/peaks/","external_links_name":"\"The Peaks – Adirondack 46ers\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/946865","external_links_name":"\"Cliff Mountain\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tSsqAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Peaks and People of the Adirondacks"},{"Link":"http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=6052","external_links_name":"\"Cliff Mountain, New York\""},{"Link":"http://www.summitpost.org/page/150738","external_links_name":"\"Cliff Mountain\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cliff_Mountain_(New_York)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabui
Joseph Kabui
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Papua New Guinean politician Joseph Kabui1st President of the Autonomous Region of BougainvilleIn office15 June 2005 – 7 June 2008Vice PresidentJohn TabinamanPreceded byNoneSucceeded byJohn Tabinaman Personal detailsBorn1954Territory of New GuineaDied7 June 2008 (aged 53-54)Buka, Autonomous Region of BougainvillePolitical partyBougainville People's CongressSpouseRose Mary Kabui Joseph Canisius Kabui (1954 – 7 June 2008) was a secessionist leader and the first President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, off the coast of Papua New Guinea, from 2005 to 2008. He was also the leader of the Bougainville People's Congress. Kabui was a commander in the Bougainville Revolutionary Army during the war in Bougainville in the 1990s. In June 2005, after the island gained autonomy within Papua New Guinea, he was elected as President of Bougainville by a large majority, winning 38,000 out of 69,385 votes. While in office, he granted a Canadian company, Invincible Resources, access rights to 70% of Bougainville's mineral resources, and he was widely criticized for this decision. This was announced in 2008 with no prior discussion in Parliament, and shortly before Kabui's death it was expected that a motion of no-confidence would be presented against him. In an interview shortly before his death, he said that his dream was "to see Bougainville a Kuwait of the Pacific". Kabui went to Brisbane for medical treatment prior to his sudden death on 7 June 2008 at a hospital in Buka. United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called Kabui a "skilled mediator and peacemaker who had a genuine interest in the future of his people", and according to Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith, Kabui played a "key role in restoring Bougainville to peace following the bitter conflict on the island". A state funeral was held for Kabui at the St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, Boroko in Port Moresby on 10 June. His body was returned to Buka on 11 June, and a funeral mass was held for him in Buka on 12 June. His body was planned to be taken to Arawa, Panguna, and finally the village of Padorima in Central Bougainville. The Bougainville government declared a public holiday to mourn Kabui. Kabui was believed to have died of a heart attack. In an interview with the Port-Courier, a newspaper in Papua New Guinea, that he gave 12 hours before his death, Kabui said that he had stopped taking his heart medicine four months beforehand and was taking a water tonic instead because the medicine was too expensive. He dismissed suggestions of seeking help, saying that "I am not a man that would ask for things that concern me", and he also said that he had missed a medical check-up because he was too busy with work. His next check-up was scheduled for later in June, but he noted that the necessary trip to Australia was expensive as well. Vice-President John Tabinaman became Acting President following Kabui's death. The existing method for filling a vacancy in the presidency is to hold a new popular election, and Tabinaman described this as likely, while also noting the possibility of a constitutional amendment that would instead allow Parliament to elect one of its members as president. Planning for a new popular election subsequently began. See also Francis Ona References ^ a b c d "Bougainville president Kabui dies", theage.com.au, 7 June 2008. ^ "Bougainville Parliament at odds over resources deal", ABC News (Australia), 17 June 2008. ^ a b c "Funeral for Bougainville leader", BBC News, 10 June 2008. ^ a b "Papua New Guinea holds state funeral for president of autonomous Bougainville island", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), 10 June 2008. ^ a b c "Hundreds of mourners attend state funeral in Port Moresby for Joseph Kabui". Radio New Zealand International. 10 June 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ a b c d "Kabui couldn't afford medicine: reports", AAP (smh.com.au), 11 June 2008. ^ "Bougainville mourns president Kabui", smh.com.au, 12 June 2008. ^ "Bougainville constitution change mooted to choose Kabui successor". Radio New Zealand International. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011. ^ "PNG to fund Bougainville presidential election", ABC Radio Australia, 10 July 2008. External links The Age: Bougainville elects Joseph Kabui as president More about Kabui and the secessionists Brisbane Times: Bougainville president 'a man of peace' PNG Prime Minister's office: A Tribute By PM to Kabui Preceded byNone President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville June 2005 – 7 June 2008 Succeeded byJohn Tabinaman (acting) vtePresidents of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville Joseph Kabui John Tabinaman (acting) James Tanis John Momis Ishmael Toroama
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secessionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secessionist"},{"link_name":"President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Bougainville People's Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_People%27s_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-1"},{"link_name":"Bougainville Revolutionary Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Revolutionary_Army"},{"link_name":"war in Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bougainville#Civil_war"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-1"},{"link_name":"Invincible Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Invincible_Resources&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-1"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Buka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka,_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Age-1"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Stephen Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Smith_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funeral-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funeral-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holds-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hundreds-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afford-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hundreds-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afford-6"},{"link_name":"Port Moresby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moresby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funeral-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holds-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hundreds-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afford-6"},{"link_name":"Arawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawa,_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Panguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguna"},{"link_name":"Padorima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padorima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Afford-6"},{"link_name":"John Tabinaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tabinaman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNZI_40403-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Joseph Canisius Kabui (1954 – 7 June 2008) was a secessionist leader and the first President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, off the coast of Papua New Guinea, from 2005 to 2008. He was also the leader of the Bougainville People's Congress.[1]Kabui was a commander in the Bougainville Revolutionary Army during the war in Bougainville in the 1990s. In June 2005, after the island gained autonomy within Papua New Guinea, he was elected as President of Bougainville by a large majority, winning 38,000 out of 69,385 votes.[1]While in office, he granted a Canadian company, Invincible Resources, access rights to 70% of Bougainville's mineral resources, and he was widely criticized for this decision.[1] This was announced in 2008 with no prior discussion in Parliament, and shortly before Kabui's death it was expected that a motion of no-confidence would be presented against him. In an interview shortly before his death, he said that his dream was \"to see Bougainville [become] a Kuwait of the Pacific\".[2]Kabui went to Brisbane for medical treatment prior to his sudden death on 7 June 2008 at a hospital in Buka.[1] United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called Kabui a \"skilled mediator and peacemaker who had a genuine interest in the future of his people\", and according to Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith, Kabui played a \"key role in restoring Bougainville to peace following the bitter conflict on the island\".[3] A state funeral was held for Kabui[3][4][5][6] at the St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, Boroko[5][6] in Port Moresby on 10 June.[3][4][5][6] His body was returned to Buka on 11 June, and a funeral mass was held for him in Buka on 12 June. His body was planned to be taken to Arawa, Panguna, and finally the village of Padorima in Central Bougainville. The Bougainville government declared a public holiday to mourn Kabui.[7]Kabui was believed to have died of a heart attack. In an interview with the Port-Courier, a newspaper in Papua New Guinea, that he gave 12 hours before his death, Kabui said that he had stopped taking his heart medicine four months beforehand and was taking a water tonic instead because the medicine was too expensive. He dismissed suggestions of seeking help, saying that \"I am not a man that would ask for things that concern me\", and he also said that he had missed a medical check-up because he was too busy with work. His next check-up was scheduled for later in June, but he noted that the necessary trip to Australia was expensive as well.[6]Vice-President John Tabinaman became Acting President following Kabui's death. The existing method for filling a vacancy in the presidency is to hold a new popular election, and Tabinaman described this as likely, while also noting the possibility of a constitutional amendment that would instead allow Parliament to elect one of its members as president.[8] Planning for a new popular election subsequently began.[9]","title":"Joseph Kabui"}]
[]
[{"title":"Francis Ona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ona"}]
[{"reference":"\"Hundreds of mourners attend state funeral in Port Moresby for Joseph Kabui\". Radio New Zealand International. 10 June 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=40274","url_text":"\"Hundreds of mourners attend state funeral in Port Moresby for Joseph Kabui\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International","url_text":"Radio New Zealand International"}]},{"reference":"\"Bougainville constitution change mooted to choose Kabui successor\". Radio New Zealand International. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=40403","url_text":"\"Bougainville constitution change mooted to choose Kabui successor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International","url_text":"Radio New Zealand International"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/world/bougainville-president-kabui-dies-20080607-2n4n.html","external_links_name":"\"Bougainville president Kabui dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/17/2276997.htm?section=world","external_links_name":"\"Bougainville Parliament at odds over resources deal\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7445626.stm","external_links_name":"\"Funeral for Bougainville leader\""},{"Link":"http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/10/asia/AS-GEN-Papua-New-Guinea-President.php","external_links_name":"\"Papua New Guinea holds state funeral for president of autonomous Bougainville island\""},{"Link":"http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=40274","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds of mourners attend state funeral in Port Moresby for Joseph Kabui\""},{"Link":"http://news.smh.com.au/world/kabui-couldnt-afford-medicine-reports-20080611-2os0.html","external_links_name":"\"Kabui couldn't afford medicine: reports\""},{"Link":"http://news.smh.com.au/world/bougainville-mourns-president-kabui-20080612-2pj3.html","external_links_name":"\"Bougainville mourns president Kabui\""},{"Link":"http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=40403","external_links_name":"\"Bougainville constitution change mooted to choose Kabui successor\""},{"Link":"http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/news/stories/200807/s2300210.htm?tab=latest","external_links_name":"\"PNG to fund Bougainville presidential election\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Bougainville-elects-Joseph-Kabui-as-president/2005/06/05/1117825110779.html","external_links_name":"The Age: Bougainville elects Joseph Kabui as president"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061212020431/http://www.postcourier.com.pg/20050622/bville04.htm","external_links_name":"More about Kabui and the secessionists"},{"Link":"http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/national/bougainville-president-a-man-of-peace/2008/06/07/1212259164042.html","external_links_name":"Brisbane Times: Bougainville president 'a man of peace'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091115095403/http://www.pm.gov.pg/speeches/33-tributetokabui","external_links_name":"PNG Prime Minister's office: A Tribute By PM to Kabui"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q3_Academy_Tipton
Q3 Academy Tipton
["1 Admissions","2 History","2.1 Grammar school","2.2 Comprehensive","2.3 Academy","3 Academic performance","4 Notable former pupils","4.1 The ACE Academy","4.2 Alexandra High School and Sixth Form Centre","4.3 Tipton Grammar School","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°31′56″N 2°02′59″W / 52.53215°N 2.04972°W / 52.53215; -2.04972"Tipton Grammar School" redirects here. Not to be confused with Tupton Hall School. Academy in Tipton, West Midlands, EnglandQ3 Academy TiptonAddressAlexandra RoadTipton, West Midlands, DY4 7NREnglandCoordinates52°31′56″N 2°02′59″W / 52.53215°N 2.04972°W / 52.53215; -2.04972InformationTypeAcademyTrustQ3 Multi Academies TrustDepartment for Education URN146383 TablesOfstedReportsHead of SchoolKeziah FeatherstoneGenderCoeducationalAge11 to 16Number of students1371Colour(s)Blue, white, silverFormer namesTipton County Grammar School Alexandra High School and Sixth Form Centre The ACE AcademyWebsitewww.q3tipton.org.uk Q3 Academy Tipton is a coeducational secondary school located in Tipton in the West Midlands of England. Admissions Q3 Academy mainly serves children aged 11–16 years for KS3 and 16–18 for Sixth Form. Pupils who mainly live in the Great Bridge, Tibbington, Horseley Heath and Tipton Green areas of the town attend the school. It is situated on Alexandra Road (B4517) towards Toll End (and West Bromwich) and near the crossroads with Church Lane (B4163) and the fire station. It is about a mile from the A41/A461 roundabout at Great Bridge, and about a half-mile north of Dudley Port railway station. History Grammar school The school was opened in 1927 as Tipton Central School. It served the local area as a grammar school for boys and girls, and its title was soon altered to Tipton County Grammar School, situated on Alexandra Road. It was administered by the South-West Divisional Executive of Staffordshire Education Committee (based in Dudley), then West Bromwich Education Committee with around 700 boys and girls. The buildings were expanded in 1962 to include a new school hall, kitchen, dining hall, swimming pool, gymnasium and Science classrooms. This building was demolished in the mid-1990s following further extensions to the site. Comprehensive Tipton Grammar merged with nearby Park Lane Secondary School in Queens Road in September 1969 and became a comprehensive school. It took the title of Alexandra High School at this time. 'O' Level and 'A' Level pupils were educated at the original site in Alexandra Road, while the younger pupils mostly attended the Park Lane buildings (which dated back to 1904). New buildings were added to the Alexandra Road site at the beginning of the 1980s, giving younger pupils a chance to have three days a week at the main site, although they still used the Park Lane site twice a week until it closed in July 1990, being demolished the following year. Since September 1990, the school has also lost its popularity with children living in the Tipton Green area of the town, with a significant percentage of children in this area selecting Dormston School or High Arcal School in Sedgley as their destination for secondary school following the reduction in the Dudley borough's secondary transfer age from 12 to 11, bringing it into line with Sandwell and the rest of the region. A new sixth form centre was built in 1995 and the early 1980s extensions were demolished in 2011 to make way for new classrooms. The school went through a £23 million redevelopment in 2012 with a new STEM block, with the school now being called Alexandra College of Enterprise. Academy The school converted to academy status on 1 March 2013, and was reopened by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex as The ACE Academy. The school was sponsored by the University of Wolverhampton's Education Central Multi Academy Trust. The school changed hands in November 2018 and is now controlled by the Q3 Multi Academies Trust. Academic performance In 2006, 25% of GCSE students attained 5 grades at 'C' or above. This placed the school at 13th out of 18 schools in Sandwell. By 2009, it had progressed further with 38% of pupils achieving similar results, placing it as joint eighth of the 17 schools in the borough. This is well under the England average, similar to most schools in Sandwell: only two schools get GCSE results above average. At A level, results are low, similar again to most schools in Sandwell that offer A levels. Notable former pupils The ACE Academy Will Gill, Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Councillor for Great Bridge ward (2021 - Present) Alexandra High School and Sixth Form Centre David Burrows, former West Bromwich Albion and Liverpool player Shafiq Rasul, Asif Iqbal and Ruhal Ahmed, incarcerated in Guantanamo Bay detention camp after being accused of fighting for the Taliban in Afghanistan; later released without charge West End actor Sam Robinson who attended the school from 2002-2007. Tipton Grammar School Philip Bradbourn OBE, Conservative MEP since 1999 for the West Midlands Joe Mayo, former West Bromwich Albion and Leyton Orient footballer References ^ "Brief History of Tipton". Tiptoncivicsociety.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2011. ^ https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2012/12/11/first-glimpse-of-final-phase-in-alexandra-colleges-23m-redevelopment/ ^ "Countess of Wessex Sophie launches £77m West Bromwich college " Express & Star". Express & Star. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013. ^ Web Optic. "About Us – Alexandra School of Enterprise". Acesch.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013. ^ Guttridge, Richard. "Tipton's troubled Ace Academy to be taken over by new trust". www.expressandstar.com. Retrieved 28 October 2020. ^ "BBC NEWS | Education | League Tables | Secondary schools in Sandwell". ^ "JOE MAYO – TWICE TO THE ORIENT! | Sport". Black Country Bugle. 25 May 1951. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2013. External links School's website vteSchools in SandwellSecondary schools Bristnall Hall Academy George Salter Academy Gospel Oak School Health Futures UTC Holly Lodge High School Oldbury Academy Ormiston Forge Academy Ormiston Sandwell Community Academy Perryfields Academy The Phoenix Collegiate Q3 Academy Great Barr Q3 Academy Langley Q3 Academy Tipton St Michael's CE High School Sandwell Academy Shireland CBSO Academy Shireland Collegiate Academy Stuart Bathurst RC High School Wodensborough Ormiston Academy Wood Green Academy Special schools Shenstone Lodge School Further education Sandwell College Defunct schools Defunct schools
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tupton Hall School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupton_Hall_School"},{"link_name":"coeducational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Tipton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipton"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"}],"text":"\"Tipton Grammar School\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Tupton Hall School.Academy in Tipton, West Midlands, EnglandQ3 Academy Tipton is a coeducational secondary school located in Tipton in the West Midlands of England.","title":"Q3 Academy Tipton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bridge,_West_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Tibbington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibbington"},{"link_name":"Horseley Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseley_Heath"},{"link_name":"Tipton Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipton_Green"},{"link_name":"Toll End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_End"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich"},{"link_name":"A41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A41_road"},{"link_name":"A461","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A461_road"},{"link_name":"Dudley Port railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Port_railway_station"}],"text":"Q3 Academy mainly serves children aged 11–16 years for KS3 and 16–18 for Sixth Form. Pupils who mainly live in the Great Bridge, Tibbington, Horseley Heath and Tipton Green areas of the town attend the school.It is situated on Alexandra Road (B4517) towards Toll End (and West Bromwich) and near the crossroads with Church Lane (B4163) and the fire station. It is about a mile from the A41/A461 roundabout at Great Bridge, and about a half-mile north of Dudley Port railway station.","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Grammar school","text":"The school was opened in 1927 as Tipton Central School. It served the local area as a grammar school for boys and girls, and its title was soon altered to Tipton County Grammar School, situated on Alexandra Road. It was administered by the South-West Divisional Executive of Staffordshire Education Committee (based in Dudley), then West Bromwich Education Committee with around 700 boys and girls. The buildings were expanded in 1962 to include a new school hall, kitchen, dining hall, swimming pool, gymnasium and Science classrooms. This building was demolished in the mid-1990s following further extensions to the site.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park Lane Secondary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Lane_Secondary_School,_Tipton"},{"link_name":"Tipton Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipton_Green"},{"link_name":"Dormston School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormston_School"},{"link_name":"High Arcal School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Arcal_School"},{"link_name":"Sedgley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgley"},{"link_name":"Dudley borough's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Dudley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Comprehensive","text":"Tipton Grammar merged with nearby Park Lane Secondary School in Queens Road in September 1969 and became a comprehensive school. It took the title of Alexandra High School at this time. 'O' Level and 'A' Level pupils were educated at the original site in Alexandra Road, while the younger pupils mostly attended the Park Lane buildings (which dated back to 1904).New buildings were added to the Alexandra Road site at the beginning of the 1980s, giving younger pupils a chance to have three days a week at the main site, although they still used the Park Lane site twice a week until it closed in July 1990, being demolished the following year. Since September 1990, the school has also lost its popularity with children living in the Tipton Green area of the town, with a significant percentage of children in this area selecting Dormston School or High Arcal School in Sedgley as their destination for secondary school following the reduction in the Dudley borough's secondary transfer age from 12 to 11, bringing it into line with Sandwell and the rest of the region.A new sixth form centre was built in 1995 and the early 1980s extensions were demolished in 2011 to make way for new classrooms.The school went through a £23 million redevelopment in 2012 with a new STEM block, with the school now being called Alexandra College of Enterprise.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Earl_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Wolverhampton's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Wolverhampton%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Academy","text":"The school converted to academy status on 1 March 2013, and was reopened by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex as The ACE Academy.[3] The school was sponsored by the University of Wolverhampton's Education Central Multi Academy Trust.[4]The school changed hands in November 2018 and is now controlled by the Q3 Multi Academies Trust.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GCSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE"},{"link_name":"Sandwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwell"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"A level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_level"}],"text":"In 2006, 25% of GCSE students attained 5 grades at 'C' or above. This placed the school at 13th out of 18 schools in Sandwell. By 2009, it had progressed further with 38% of pupils achieving similar results, placing it as joint eighth of the 17 schools in the borough.[6] This is well under the England average, similar to most schools in Sandwell: only two schools get GCSE results above average.At A level, results are low, similar again to most schools in Sandwell that offer A levels.","title":"Academic performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The ACE Academy","text":"Will Gill, Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Councillor for Great Bridge ward (2021 - Present)","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Burrows_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Shafiq Rasul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafiq_Rasul"},{"link_name":"Asif Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Iqbal_(Guantanamo_captive_87)"},{"link_name":"Ruhal Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhal_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay detention camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"}],"sub_title":"Alexandra High School and Sixth Form Centre","text":"David Burrows, former West Bromwich Albion and Liverpool player\nShafiq Rasul, Asif Iqbal and Ruhal Ahmed, incarcerated in Guantanamo Bay detention camp after being accused of fighting for the Taliban in Afghanistan; later released without charge\nWest End actor Sam Robinson who attended the school from 2002-2007.","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Bradbourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bradbourn"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Joe Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mayo"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leyton Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Tipton Grammar School","text":"Philip Bradbourn OBE, Conservative MEP since 1999 for the West Midlands\nJoe Mayo, former West Bromwich Albion and Leyton Orient footballer[7]","title":"Notable former pupils"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Brief History of Tipton\". Tiptoncivicsociety.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120915100741/http://www.tiptoncivicsociety.co.uk/brief-history-of-tipton.php","url_text":"\"Brief History of Tipton\""},{"url":"http://www.tiptoncivicsociety.co.uk/brief-history-of-tipton.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Countess of Wessex Sophie launches £77m West Bromwich college \" Express & Star\". Express & Star. 28 March 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2013/03/28/countess-of-wessex-sophie-launches-77m-west-bromwich-college/28089320/","url_text":"\"Countess of Wessex Sophie launches £77m West Bromwich college \" Express & Star\""}]},{"reference":"Web Optic. \"About Us – Alexandra School of Enterprise\". Acesch.co.uk. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019053654/http://www.acesch.co.uk/page/about-us/17","url_text":"\"About Us – Alexandra School of Enterprise\""},{"url":"http://www.acesch.co.uk/page/about-us/17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guttridge, Richard. \"Tipton's troubled Ace Academy to be taken over by new trust\". www.expressandstar.com. Retrieved 28 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/education/2018/06/29/tiptons-troubled-ace-academy-to-be-taken-over/","url_text":"\"Tipton's troubled Ace Academy to be taken over by new trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC NEWS | Education | League Tables | Secondary schools in Sandwell\".","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/09/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/333_gcse_lea.stm","url_text":"\"BBC NEWS | Education | League Tables | Secondary schools in Sandwell\""}]},{"reference":"\"JOE MAYO – TWICE TO THE ORIENT! | Sport\". Black Country Bugle. 25 May 1951. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 18 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120721213157/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/Sport/JOE-MAYO-TWICE-TO-THE-ORIENT-2.htm","url_text":"\"JOE MAYO – TWICE TO THE ORIENT! | Sport\""},{"url":"http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/Sport/JOE-MAYO-TWICE-TO-THE-ORIENT-2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Q3_Academy_Tipton&params=52.53215_N_2.04972_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"52°31′56″N 2°02′59″W / 52.53215°N 2.04972°W / 52.53215; -2.04972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Q3_Academy_Tipton&params=52.53215_N_2.04972_W_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"52°31′56″N 2°02′59″W / 52.53215°N 2.04972°W / 52.53215; -2.04972"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/146383","external_links_name":"146383"},{"Link":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/146383","external_links_name":"Tables"},{"Link":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/146383","external_links_name":"Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.q3tipton.org.uk/","external_links_name":"www.q3tipton.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120915100741/http://www.tiptoncivicsociety.co.uk/brief-history-of-tipton.php","external_links_name":"\"Brief History of Tipton\""},{"Link":"http://www.tiptoncivicsociety.co.uk/brief-history-of-tipton.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2012/12/11/first-glimpse-of-final-phase-in-alexandra-colleges-23m-redevelopment/","external_links_name":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2012/12/11/first-glimpse-of-final-phase-in-alexandra-colleges-23m-redevelopment/"},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2013/03/28/countess-of-wessex-sophie-launches-77m-west-bromwich-college/28089320/","external_links_name":"\"Countess of Wessex Sophie launches £77m West Bromwich college \" Express & Star\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131019053654/http://www.acesch.co.uk/page/about-us/17","external_links_name":"\"About Us – Alexandra School of Enterprise\""},{"Link":"http://www.acesch.co.uk/page/about-us/17","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/education/2018/06/29/tiptons-troubled-ace-academy-to-be-taken-over/","external_links_name":"\"Tipton's troubled Ace Academy to be taken over by new trust\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/09/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/333_gcse_lea.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC NEWS | Education | League Tables | Secondary schools in Sandwell\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120721213157/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/Sport/JOE-MAYO-TWICE-TO-THE-ORIENT-2.htm","external_links_name":"\"JOE MAYO – TWICE TO THE ORIENT! | Sport\""},{"Link":"http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/Sport/JOE-MAYO-TWICE-TO-THE-ORIENT-2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.q3tipton.org.uk/","external_links_name":"School's website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_lock
Arrow lock
["1 Dimensions and mounting","1.1 Use in key keepers","1.2 Private use lock conversion","2 Process for obtaining arrow lock","3 Arrow key accountability","3.1 Illegal use of arrow keys","4 References"]
Type of mail lock A USPS Arrow Lock, uninstalled An arrow lock is a lock with standard dimensions used by the United States Postal Service for mail carriers to access collection boxes, outdoor parcel lockers, cluster box units, and apartment mailbox panels. Arrow locks are unlocked through the use of a corresponding arrow key. Arrow locks are also referred to as "Master Access Locks" Dimensions and mounting An arrow lock is metal and rectangular, measuring 2.005 in × 3.566 in × 0.620 in (50.9 mm × 90.6 mm × 15.7 mm) with a keyhole in the center. When the user turns the key, a metal bar that normally protrudes from one side is moved through the lock to the other side. This action may be used to release a door (as in the case of a collection or parcel box) or to press/release a switch (as in the case of an electronic door release). Arrow locks have four mounting holes, which are evenly spaced at the corners, providing for secure attachment to four 10-32 threaded studs with metal nuts. A 7⁄8 in (22 mm) hole in the mounting surface is necessary to accommodate the keyhole, which protrudes above the surface of the lock. USPS approved parcel lockers, cluster box units, and apartment mailbox panels will be manufactured with the hole and studs to accommodate an arrow lock. Schematic for a USPS Arrow Lock Use in key keepers An apartment building key keeper with the door open, showing a USPS arrow lock In addition to actual mail delivery receptacles, arrow locks can also be found in key keepers, which are small lock boxes containing another key to a secured area where the mail receptacles are located. Similar to knox boxes, key keepers secured with an arrow lock allow postal carriers to access the lobby of unstaffed multifamily buildings to deliver mail. Private use lock conversion Conversion locks are available that match the mechanism and dimensions of USPS arrow locks, but are keyed for private use. Process for obtaining arrow lock To obtain a new or replacement arrow lock, a property owner or manager must contact their local post office branch. The arrow lock will be installed by USPS personnel. Arrow key accountability Arrow keys are meticulously accounted for, and postal workers must check them out and return them daily. When checked out, the arrow key is connected to the postal worker's uniform with a chain to make it harder to misplace. A United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General audit in 2020 found the controls to be ineffective. It stated that the number of arrow keys in circulation is unknown and keys are not adequately reported lost or stolen. Illegal use of arrow keys Lost or stolen arrow keys have been used by criminals to gain entry to apartment buildings and steal mail, often to commit identity theft. Some criminals also would recreate the arrow keys to gain access. References ^ a b "3-3 USPS Master Access Lock". about.usps.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21. ^ "SPUSPS-STD-4C001". about.usps.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21. ^ https://about.usps.com/what-we-are-doing/current-initiatives/delivery-growth-management/section-632.pdf page 2 ^ "N1026342 - Private Use Lock Conversion for the Arrow Lock". www.mailproducts.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21. ^ "Arrow Key Management Controls. Report Number 19-033-R20" (PDF). United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General. 31 August 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022. ^ "Stolen USPS Master Keys Pose Continued Threat to Chicago Apartment, Condo Owners". NBC Chicago. Retrieved 2021-06-21. ^ Stanton, Sam (July 11, 2017). "They used fake mailbox keys to steal credit cards and mail, Postal Service says". The Sacramento Bee. ^ "San Fernando Valley mail thieves carve keys out of scissors". KABC-TV. July 28, 2017.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrow-lock.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"A USPS Arrow Lock, uninstalledAn arrow lock is a lock with standard dimensions used by the United States Postal Service for mail carriers to access collection boxes, outdoor parcel lockers, cluster box units, and apartment mailbox panels. Arrow locks are unlocked through the use of a corresponding arrow key. Arrow locks are also referred to as \"Master Access Locks\"[1]","title":"Arrow lock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"USPS approved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STD-4C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_13_-_Arrow_Lock_Assembly.jpg"}],"text":"An arrow lock is metal and rectangular, measuring 2.005 in × 3.566 in × 0.620 in (50.9 mm × 90.6 mm × 15.7 mm) with a keyhole in the center.[2] When the user turns the key, a metal bar that normally protrudes from one side is moved through the lock to the other side. This action may be used to release a door (as in the case of a collection or parcel box) or to press/release a switch (as in the case of an electronic door release).Arrow locks have four mounting holes, which are evenly spaced at the corners, providing for secure attachment to four 10-32 threaded studs with metal nuts. A 7⁄8 in (22 mm) hole in the mounting surface is necessary to accommodate the keyhole, which protrudes above the surface of the lock. USPS approved parcel lockers, cluster box units, and apartment mailbox panels will be manufactured with the hole and studs to accommodate an arrow lock.Schematic for a USPS Arrow Lock","title":"Dimensions and mounting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USPS_Arrow_Lock_in_Key_Keeper.png"},{"link_name":"knox boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_Box"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Use in key keepers","text":"An apartment building key keeper with the door open, showing a USPS arrow lockIn addition to actual mail delivery receptacles, arrow locks can also be found in key keepers, which are small lock boxes containing another key to a secured area where the mail receptacles are located. Similar to knox boxes, key keepers secured with an arrow lock allow postal carriers to access the lobby of unstaffed multifamily buildings to deliver mail.[3]","title":"Dimensions and mounting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Private use lock conversion","text":"Conversion locks are available that match the mechanism and dimensions of USPS arrow locks, but are keyed for private use.[4]","title":"Dimensions and mounting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"To obtain a new or replacement arrow lock, a property owner or manager must contact their local post office branch. The arrow lock will be installed by USPS personnel.[1]","title":"Process for obtaining arrow lock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service_Office_of_Inspector_General"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Arrow keys are meticulously accounted for, and postal workers must check them out and return them daily. When checked out, the arrow key is connected to the postal worker's uniform with a chain to make it harder to misplace.A United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General audit in 2020 found the controls to be ineffective. It stated that the number of arrow keys in circulation is unknown and keys are not adequately reported lost or stolen.[5]","title":"Arrow key accountability"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Illegal use of arrow keys","text":"Lost or stolen arrow keys have been used by criminals to gain entry to apartment buildings and steal mail, often to commit identity theft.[6] Some criminals also would recreate the arrow keys to gain access.[7][8]","title":"Arrow key accountability"}]
[{"image_text":"A USPS Arrow Lock, uninstalled","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Arrow-lock.jpg/220px-Arrow-lock.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schematic for a USPS Arrow Lock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Figure_13_-_Arrow_Lock_Assembly.jpg/220px-Figure_13_-_Arrow_Lock_Assembly.jpg"},{"image_text":"An apartment building key keeper with the door open, showing a USPS arrow lock","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USPS_Arrow_Lock_in_Key_Keeper.png/220px-USPS_Arrow_Lock_in_Key_Keeper.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"3-3 USPS Master Access Lock\". about.usps.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://about.usps.com/handbooks/po632/po632_03_003.htm","url_text":"\"3-3 USPS Master Access Lock\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPUSPS-STD-4C001\". about.usps.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://about.usps.com/publications/engineering-standards-specifications/spusps-std-4c001/welcome.html","url_text":"\"SPUSPS-STD-4C001\""}]},{"reference":"\"N1026342 - Private Use Lock Conversion for the Arrow Lock\". www.mailproducts.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mailproducts.com/product/N1026342/private-use-lock-conversion-for-the-arrow-lock.htm","url_text":"\"N1026342 - Private Use Lock Conversion for the Arrow Lock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arrow Key Management Controls. Report Number 19-033-R20\" (PDF). United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General. 31 August 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2020/19-033-R20.pdf","url_text":"\"Arrow Key Management Controls. Report Number 19-033-R20\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704095238/https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2020/19-033-R20.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Stolen USPS Master Keys Pose Continued Threat to Chicago Apartment, Condo Owners\". NBC Chicago. Retrieved 2021-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/stolen-usps-master-keys-pose-continued-threat-to-chicago-apartment-condo-owners/2515207/","url_text":"\"Stolen USPS Master Keys Pose Continued Threat to Chicago Apartment, Condo Owners\""}]},{"reference":"Stanton, Sam (July 11, 2017). \"They used fake mailbox keys to steal credit cards and mail, Postal Service says\". The Sacramento Bee.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article160733069.html","url_text":"\"They used fake mailbox keys to steal credit cards and mail, Postal Service says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacramento_Bee","url_text":"The Sacramento Bee"}]},{"reference":"\"San Fernando Valley mail thieves carve keys out of scissors\". KABC-TV. July 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7.com/news/san-fernando-valley-mail-thieves-carve-keys-out-of-scissors/2257059/","url_text":"\"San Fernando Valley mail thieves carve keys out of scissors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABC-TV","url_text":"KABC-TV"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://about.usps.com/handbooks/po632/po632_03_003.htm","external_links_name":"\"3-3 USPS Master Access Lock\""},{"Link":"https://about.usps.com/publications/engineering-standards-specifications/spusps-std-4c001/welcome.html","external_links_name":"\"SPUSPS-STD-4C001\""},{"Link":"https://about.usps.com/what-we-are-doing/current-initiatives/delivery-growth-management/section-632.pdf","external_links_name":"https://about.usps.com/what-we-are-doing/current-initiatives/delivery-growth-management/section-632.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.mailproducts.com/product/N1026342/private-use-lock-conversion-for-the-arrow-lock.htm","external_links_name":"\"N1026342 - Private Use Lock Conversion for the Arrow Lock\""},{"Link":"https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2020/19-033-R20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Arrow Key Management Controls. Report Number 19-033-R20\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704095238/https://www.uspsoig.gov/sites/default/files/document-library-files/2020/19-033-R20.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/stolen-usps-master-keys-pose-continued-threat-to-chicago-apartment-condo-owners/2515207/","external_links_name":"\"Stolen USPS Master Keys Pose Continued Threat to Chicago Apartment, Condo Owners\""},{"Link":"https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article160733069.html","external_links_name":"\"They used fake mailbox keys to steal credit cards and mail, Postal Service says\""},{"Link":"https://abc7.com/news/san-fernando-valley-mail-thieves-carve-keys-out-of-scissors/2257059/","external_links_name":"\"San Fernando Valley mail thieves carve keys out of scissors\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Lanford
Live from Lanford
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","3.1 Viewing figures","3.2 Critical response","4 References"]
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (May 2020) 12th episode of the 2nd season of The Conners "Live from Lanford"The Conners episodeEpisode no.Season 2Episode 12Directed byJody Margolin HahnWritten by Bruce Helford Bruce Rasmussen Dave Caplan Production code218Original air dateFebruary 11, 2020 (2020-02-11)Guest appearances Katey Sagal as Louise Jay R. Ferguson as Ben Stephen Monroe Taylor as Dwight Episode chronology ← Previous"Mud Turtles, A Good Steak and One Man in a Tub" Next →"Brothers, Babies and Breakdowns" List of episodes "Live from Lanford" is the twelfth episode of second season of the American sitcom television series The Conners, and the 23rd episode overall. It first aired live on February 11, 2020 on ABC, the night of the 2020 New Hampshire Democratic primary. The episode was performed twice; once for each coast. The episode was written by Bruce Helford, Bruce Rasmussen, and Dave Caplan, and was directed by Jody Margolin Hahn. It was the series' first to be broadcast live. Plot Mark and Harris watch the live coverage of the 2020 New Hampshire Democratic primary for Mark's school assignment, prompting the rest of the family to chime in with their own political opinions and stress the importance of voting. Mark resents assumptions that he supports Pete Buttigieg because he is gay. The family throws an impromptu going-away party for Louise, believing it will compel Dan to ask her to stay. Their plan backfires, forcing Dan to admit that he and Louise have broken up. Dan consults a priest about his inability to move past Roseanne's death, then determines he will when he is ready. Mark's anger over Harris leaving home comes out, leading her to take time to discuss his and Austin's renewed, though troubled, relationship. Production The episode was first announced at the TCA Winter Press Tour on January 8, 2020. The episode also incorporated updates from the 2020 New Hampshire Democratic primary into the story live as they happened, including naming Bernie Sanders as the winner of the primary. Due to the fact that the Conner family television is located on the wall not shown on camera, and because the television was an important part of the plot of the episode, it was moved temporally to a new location in the family's living room. To practice for the episode, the cast did a live commercial during the 92nd Academy Awards, on February 9, 2020. The script for the episode was shorter than normal, to allow for enough time to add in updates on the primary. To help eliminate the chance of a power outage, the crew brought in generators. Reception Viewing figures In the United States, the episode was watched live by 6.21 million viewers. Within seven days, the episode was watched by a total of 7.85 million viewers. Critical response Robyn Bahr of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "The episode couldn't have gone more smoothly, which is a feat for the production but actually somewhat of a letdown for the shark-like audience, constantly on the hunt for that little taste of blood... Overall, the cast and crew pulled off a flawless execution, which I attest to Helford's veteran producing skills and the trust between the castmembers, many of whom have been working together for more than 30 years. Goranson, in particular, is the MVP of the episode, delivering zinger after zinger with her signature serrated verve and impeccable timing. The next time The Conners attempts this format, I hope they inject a little more acid into the proceedings. In the words of Becky Conner, 'Take a hint and move on!'" References ^ Goodykoontz, Bill. "Why the New Hampshire primary was more entertaining than the 'Conners' episode about it". azcentral. Retrieved 2020-02-13. ^ a b "Sitcoms have gone political before. 'The Conners' did it live, as the New Hampshire primary results came in". The Washington Post. ^ a b "'The Conners: Live From Lanford': TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-13. ^ "'The Conners' Watches Bernie Sanders Win New Hampshire Primary In Live Broadcast + Some Putin Too – Update". Deadline. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-02-13. ^ "ABC'S 'THE CONNERS' CAST PREVIEWS 'LIVE FROM LANFORD' IN EPK INTERVIEWS". WDTV Press. 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2020-02-22. ^ "'The Conners' takes on New Hampshire primary in 1st live show". ABC News. Retrieved 2020-02-13. ^ Bennett, Anita (January 8, 2020). "'The Conners' To Air Politically-Themed Live Episode On Night Of New Hampshire Primary – TCA". Deadline. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ Turchiano, Danielle (February 10, 2020). "Inside 'The Conners' Live Episode: 14 Cameras, an ABC News Feed and 'Really Good Hospital' Generators". Variety. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ Metcalf, Mitch. "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.11.2020". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ Pucci, Douglas (February 26, 2020). "Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Zombies 2' Tops All Cable Entries in Overall Raw Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved June 8, 2020. vteRoseanne and The ConnersCharacters Dan Conner Roseanne Conner RoseanneEpisodesOriginal run "The Little Sister" "Brain-Dead Poets Society" "A Stash from the Past" "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" "December Bride" "Into That Good Night" Revival "Twenty Years to Life" "Knee Deep" See also Awards and nominations The ConnersEpisodes "Keep On Truckin'" "Live from Lanford" Portals: Politics Television United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Conners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conners"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"2020 New Hampshire Democratic primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_New_Hampshire_Democratic_primary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpost-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HR-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bruce Helford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Helford"},{"link_name":"Bruce Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"Dave Caplan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Caplan"},{"link_name":"Jody Margolin Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Margolin_Hahn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"12th episode of the 2nd season of The Conners\"Live from Lanford\" is the twelfth episode of second season of the American sitcom television series The Conners, and the 23rd episode overall. It first aired live on February 11, 2020 on ABC, the night of the 2020 New Hampshire Democratic primary.[1][2] The episode was performed twice; once for each coast.[3][4]The episode was written by Bruce Helford, Bruce Rasmussen, and Dave Caplan, and was directed by Jody Margolin Hahn.[5] It was the series' first to be broadcast live.[6]","title":"Live from Lanford"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Buttigieg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg"},{"link_name":"Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Conner"}],"text":"Mark and Harris watch the live coverage of the 2020 New Hampshire Democratic primary for Mark's school assignment, prompting the rest of the family to chime in with their own political opinions and stress the importance of voting. Mark resents assumptions that he supports Pete Buttigieg because he is gay. The family throws an impromptu going-away party for Louise, believing it will compel Dan to ask her to stay. Their plan backfires, forcing Dan to admit that he and Louise have broken up. Dan consults a priest about his inability to move past Roseanne's death, then determines he will when he is ready. Mark's anger over Harris leaving home comes out, leading her to take time to discuss his and Austin's renewed, though troubled, relationship.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2020 New Hampshire Democratic primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_New_Hampshire_Democratic_primary"},{"link_name":"Bernie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washpost-2"},{"link_name":"the wall not shown on camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall"},{"link_name":"92nd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The episode was first announced at the TCA Winter Press Tour on January 8, 2020.[7] The episode also incorporated updates from the 2020 New Hampshire Democratic primary into the story live as they happened, including naming Bernie Sanders as the winner of the primary.[2] Due to the fact that the Conner family television is located on the wall not shown on camera, and because the television was an important part of the plot of the episode, it was moved temporally to a new location in the family's living room. To practice for the episode, the cast did a live commercial during the 92nd Academy Awards, on February 9, 2020. The script for the episode was shorter than normal, to allow for enough time to add in updates on the primary. To help eliminate the chance of a power outage, the crew brought in generators.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Viewing figures","text":"In the United States, the episode was watched live by 6.21 million viewers.[9] Within seven days, the episode was watched by a total of 7.85 million viewers.[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hollywood Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HR-3"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Robyn Bahr of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: \"The episode couldn't have gone more smoothly, which is a feat for the production but actually somewhat of a letdown for the shark-like audience, constantly on the hunt for that little taste of blood... Overall, the cast and crew pulled off a flawless execution, which I attest to Helford's veteran producing skills and the trust between the castmembers, many of whom have been working together for more than 30 years. Goranson, in particular, is the MVP of the episode, delivering zinger after zinger with her signature serrated verve and impeccable timing. The next time The Conners attempts this format, I hope they inject a little more acid into the proceedings. In the words of Becky Conner, 'Take a hint and move on!'\"[3]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Goodykoontz, Bill. \"Why the New Hampshire primary was more entertaining than the 'Conners' episode about it\". azcentral. Retrieved 2020-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2020/02/12/new-hampshire-primary-the-conners-live-episode-abc-review/4732891002/","url_text":"\"Why the New Hampshire primary was more entertaining than the 'Conners' episode about it\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sitcoms have gone political before. 'The Conners' did it live, as the New Hampshire primary results came in\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2020/02/12/sitcoms-have-gone-political-before-conners-did-it-live-new-hampshire-primary-results-came/","url_text":"\"Sitcoms have gone political before. 'The Conners' did it live, as the New Hampshire primary results came in\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"'The Conners: Live From Lanford': TV Review\". The Hollywood Reporter. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/conners-live-lanford-review-1278953","url_text":"\"'The Conners: Live From Lanford': TV Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Conners' Watches Bernie Sanders Win New Hampshire Primary In Live Broadcast + Some Putin Too – Update\". Deadline. 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2020-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/02/the-connors-live-new-hampshire-primary-themed-episode-1202856860/","url_text":"\"'The Conners' Watches Bernie Sanders Win New Hampshire Primary In Live Broadcast + Some Putin Too – Update\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC'S 'THE CONNERS' CAST PREVIEWS 'LIVE FROM LANFORD' IN EPK INTERVIEWS\". WDTV Press. 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wdtvpress.com/abc/pressrelease/abcs-the-conners-cast-previews-live-from-lanford-in-epk-interviews/","url_text":"\"ABC'S 'THE CONNERS' CAST PREVIEWS 'LIVE FROM LANFORD' IN EPK INTERVIEWS\""}]},{"reference":"\"'The Conners' takes on New Hampshire primary in 1st live show\". ABC News. Retrieved 2020-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/conners-takes-hampshire-primary-1st-live-show-68928825","url_text":"\"'The Conners' takes on New Hampshire primary in 1st live show\""}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Anita (January 8, 2020). \"'The Conners' To Air Politically-Themed Live Episode On Night Of New Hampshire Primary – TCA\". Deadline. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/01/the-conners-to-air-live-episode-on-night-of-new-hampshire-primary-1202824240/","url_text":"\"'The Conners' To Air Politically-Themed Live Episode On Night Of New Hampshire Primary – TCA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline"}]},{"reference":"Turchiano, Danielle (February 10, 2020). \"Inside 'The Conners' Live Episode: 14 Cameras, an ABC News Feed and 'Really Good Hospital' Generators\". Variety. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/features/the-conners-live-political-episode-behind-the-scenes-sara-gilbert-john-goodman-interview-1203497319/","url_text":"\"Inside 'The Conners' Live Episode: 14 Cameras, an ABC News Feed and 'Really Good Hospital' Generators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Mitch. \"Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.11.2020\". Showbuzz Daily. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2020.html","url_text":"\"Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.11.2020\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200129214435/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tuesday-final-ratings-jan-28-2020/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pucci, Douglas (February 26, 2020). \"Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Zombies 2' Tops All Cable Entries in Overall Raw Gains\". Programming Insider. Retrieved June 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://programminginsider.com/live7-weekly-ratings-zombies-2-tops-all-cable-entries-in-overall-raw-gains/","url_text":"\"Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Zombies 2' Tops All Cable Entries in Overall Raw Gains\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/media/2020/02/12/new-hampshire-primary-the-conners-live-episode-abc-review/4732891002/","external_links_name":"\"Why the New Hampshire primary was more entertaining than the 'Conners' episode about it\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2020/02/12/sitcoms-have-gone-political-before-conners-did-it-live-new-hampshire-primary-results-came/","external_links_name":"\"Sitcoms have gone political before. 'The Conners' did it live, as the New Hampshire primary results came in\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/conners-live-lanford-review-1278953","external_links_name":"\"'The Conners: Live From Lanford': TV Review\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/02/the-connors-live-new-hampshire-primary-themed-episode-1202856860/","external_links_name":"\"'The Conners' Watches Bernie Sanders Win New Hampshire Primary In Live Broadcast + Some Putin Too – Update\""},{"Link":"https://www.wdtvpress.com/abc/pressrelease/abcs-the-conners-cast-previews-live-from-lanford-in-epk-interviews/","external_links_name":"\"ABC'S 'THE CONNERS' CAST PREVIEWS 'LIVE FROM LANFORD' IN EPK INTERVIEWS\""},{"Link":"https://goodmorningamerica.com/culture/story/conners-takes-hampshire-primary-1st-live-show-68928825","external_links_name":"\"'The Conners' takes on New Hampshire primary in 1st live show\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/01/the-conners-to-air-live-episode-on-night-of-new-hampshire-primary-1202824240/","external_links_name":"\"'The Conners' To Air Politically-Themed Live Episode On Night Of New Hampshire Primary – TCA\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/tv/features/the-conners-live-political-episode-behind-the-scenes-sara-gilbert-john-goodman-interview-1203497319/","external_links_name":"\"Inside 'The Conners' Live Episode: 14 Cameras, an ABC News Feed and 'Really Good Hospital' Generators\""},{"Link":"http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-tuesday-cable-originals-network-finals-2-11-2020.html","external_links_name":"\"Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 2.11.2020\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200129214435/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/tuesday-final-ratings-jan-28-2020/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://programminginsider.com/live7-weekly-ratings-zombies-2-tops-all-cable-entries-in-overall-raw-gains/","external_links_name":"\"Live+7 Weekly Ratings: 'Zombies 2' Tops All Cable Entries in Overall Raw Gains\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Rossi
Stéphane Rossi
["1 Coaching career","2 References"]
French footballer Stéphane RossiPersonal informationDate of birth (1964-03-26) 26 March 1964 (age 60)Place of birth Bastia, FrancePosition(s) Midfielder, forwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1981–1982 Bastia B 1982–1983 CA Bastia 1983–1984 Toulon B 1984–1986 CA Bastia 1986–1997 Cervione 1997–2001 Bastia Gallia Lucciana Managerial career1995–1997 Cervione (player-manager)2000–2003 Bastia Gallia Lucciana2003–2015 CA Bastia2016–2017 CA Bastia2017–2019 Bastia2019–2021 Cholet2021–2022 Bastia-Borgo2022–2023 Cholet *Club domestic league appearances and goals Stéphane Rossi (born 23 March 1964) is a French football manager and a former player. He played as a midfielder or forward. Coaching career On 4 November 2021, Rossi was hired by Championnat National club Bastia-Borgo. On 27 May 2022, Rossi was signed by Cholet. References ^ Stéphane Rossi at WorldFootball.net ^ Stéphane Rossi at FootballDatabase.eu ^ "Le club est heureux d'annoncer la nomination de Stéphane Rossi en tant qu'entraîneur général du club jusqu'à la fin de saison !" (in French). Bastia-Borgo. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021. ^ "COMMUNIQUÉ : STÉPHANE ROSSI NOUVEL ENTRAÎNEUR DU SO CHOLET" (in French). SO Cholet. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023. vteSC Bastia – managers Abderhamane (1957–61) Fassone (1961–63) Nagy (1963–64) Strappe (1964–65) Nagy (1965–66) Jasseron (1966–69) Mekhloufi (1969) Delfour & Mekhloufi (1969–70) Delfour (1970) Nagy (1970) Vincent (1970–71) Cahuzac (1971–79) Destrumelle (1979–80) Redin (1980–85) Moizan (1985–86) Redin (1986) Gransart (1986–91) Exbrayat (1991–93) Lavagne (1993–94) Antonetti (1994–98) Kasperczak (1998) Fournier (1998–99) Pasqualetti (1999) Antonetti (1999–2001) Nouzaret (2001–02) Gili (2002–04) Ciccolini (2004–05) Padovani & Durand (2005) Casoni (2005–09) Anziani (2009) Padovani (2009) Hadžibegić (2009–10) Hantz (2010–14) Makélélé (2014) Printant (2014–16) Ciccolini (2016–17) Almeida (2017) Ray (2017) Rossi (2017–19) Née (2019) Chabert (2019–21) Jeunechamp & Zago (2021) Brouard (2021–24) Moretti (2024–) This biographical article relating to French football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Stéphane Rossi (born 23 March 1964) is a French football manager and a former player.[1] He played as a midfielder or forward.[2]","title":"Stéphane Rossi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Championnat National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_National"},{"link_name":"Bastia-Borgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bastia-Borgo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cholet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO_Cholet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 4 November 2021, Rossi was hired by Championnat National club Bastia-Borgo.[3]On 27 May 2022, Rossi was signed by Cholet.[4]","title":"Coaching career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Le club est heureux d'annoncer la nomination de Stéphane Rossi en tant qu'entraîneur général du club jusqu'à la fin de saison !\" (in French). Bastia-Borgo. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/fcbastiaborgo/posts/1307225393053652","url_text":"\"Le club est heureux d'annoncer la nomination de Stéphane Rossi en tant qu'entraîneur général du club jusqu'à la fin de saison !\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bastia-Borgo","url_text":"Bastia-Borgo"}]},{"reference":"\"COMMUNIQUÉ : STÉPHANE ROSSI NOUVEL ENTRAÎNEUR DU SO CHOLET\" (in French). SO Cholet. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.socholet.fr/actualites/communique-stephane-rossi-nouvel-entraineur-du-so-cholet/","url_text":"\"COMMUNIQUÉ : STÉPHANE ROSSI NOUVEL ENTRAÎNEUR DU SO CHOLET\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/stephane-rossi/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Stéphane Rossi"},{"Link":"https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/76246","external_links_name":"Stéphane Rossi"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/fcbastiaborgo/posts/1307225393053652","external_links_name":"\"Le club est heureux d'annoncer la nomination de Stéphane Rossi en tant qu'entraîneur général du club jusqu'à la fin de saison !\""},{"Link":"https://www.socholet.fr/actualites/communique-stephane-rossi-nouvel-entraineur-du-so-cholet/","external_links_name":"\"COMMUNIQUÉ : STÉPHANE ROSSI NOUVEL ENTRAÎNEUR DU SO CHOLET\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A9phane_Rossi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Los_V%C3%A9lez
Marquess of Los Vélez
["1 Pedro Fajardo","2 Luisa Fajardo y Manrique","3 List of Marquesses of los Vélez","4 See also","5 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Marquess of Los Vélez" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Marquess of los Vélez is a Spanish noble title awarded in 1507 to the Spanish military Fajardo family. Pedro Fajardo The first to hold the title was Pedro Fajardo, the first son of Luisa Fajardo y Manrique. In 1477 she married a powerful Royal Accountant and financier named "Juan Chacón", a new nobleman jure uxoris. He was allowed by the Catholic Monarchs to use, as a privilege, his family name as "Pedro Fajardo y Chacón". Luisa Fajardo y Manrique Luisa Fajardo y Manrique, Lady of Cartagena, came from an important military family, with institutional powers over conquered Muslim lands in Murcia, Granada and Almeria. The marquisate was awarded on 15 October 1507 by Queen Joanna I of Castile. The awarded title of Grandee of Spain was given to the Fajardo family in 1520 by her eldest son, King Charles I of Spain. List of Marquesses of los Vélez The current Marquess is also known as Count of Niebla, Marquess of Villafranca del Bierzo (with Grandeza). Titular Period Remarks 1st Marquess of Los Vélez Pedro I Fajardo 1507-1542 son of Juan Chacón and Luisa Fajardo 2nd Marquess of los Vélez Luiz I Fajardo 1542-1575 3rd Marquess of los Vélez Pedro II Fajardo 1575-1579 4th Marquess of los Vélez Luiz II Fajardo 1579-1631 5th Marquess of los Vélez Pedro III Fajardo 1631-1647 6th Marquess of los Vélez Fernando Joaquín Fajardo 1647-1693 7th marchioness of los Vélez María Teresa Fajardo y Álvarez de Toledo 1693-1715 8th marchioness of los Vélez Catalina Moncada de Aragón y Fajardo 1715-1727 9th Duchess of Montalto 9th Marquess of los Vélez Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Aragón 1727-1753 9th Marquis of Villafranca 10th Marquess of los Vélez Antonio Álvarez de Toledo y Pérez de Guzmán 1753-1773 10th Marquis of Villafranca 11th Marquess of los Vélez José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba 1773-1796 15th Duke of Medina Sidonia11th Duke of Montalto10th Duke of Bivona 8th Duke of Fernandina 12th Marquess of los Vélez Francisco de Borja Álvarez de Toledo 1796-1821 16th Duke of Medina Sidonia 13th Marquess of los Vélez Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo y Palafox 1821-1867 17th Duke of Medina Sidonia 14th Marquess of los Vélez José Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo 1864-1892 18th Duke of Medina Sidonia 15th Marquess of los Vélez Alonso Álvarez de Toledo y Caro 1892-1897 16th Marquess of los Vélez José Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo 1901-1915 19th Duke of Medina Sidonia 17th Marquess of los Vélez Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo 1915-1948 20th Duke of Medina Sidonia 18th Marquess of los Vélez Luisa Isabel Álvarez de Toledo 1948-2008 21st Duchess of Medina Sidonia 19th Marquess of los Vélez Leoncio Alonso González de Gregorio 2010- 22nd Duke of Medina Sidonia See also Vélez (name) References ^ Gregorio, Gabriel González de (28 November 2012). "Nobleza y ley". El País. This biographical article of a European noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Marquess of los Vélez is a Spanish noble title awarded in 1507 to the Spanish military Fajardo family.","title":"Marquess of Los Vélez"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro Fajardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Fajardo,_1st_Marquis_of_los_V%C3%A9lez"},{"link_name":"jure uxoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_uxoris"},{"link_name":"Catholic Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"}],"text":"The first to hold the title was Pedro Fajardo, the first son of Luisa Fajardo y Manrique. In 1477 she married a powerful Royal Accountant and financier named \"Juan Chacón\", a new nobleman jure uxoris. He was allowed by the Catholic Monarchs to use, as a privilege, his family name as \"Pedro Fajardo y Chacón\".","title":"Pedro Fajardo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"Almeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeria"},{"link_name":"Joanna I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Grandee of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandee_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Charles I of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain"}],"text":"Luisa Fajardo y Manrique, Lady of Cartagena, came from an important military family, with institutional powers over conquered Muslim lands in Murcia, Granada and Almeria. The marquisate was awarded on 15 October 1507 by Queen Joanna I of Castile. The awarded title of Grandee of Spain was given to the Fajardo family in 1520 by her eldest son, King Charles I of Spain.","title":"Luisa Fajardo y Manrique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The current Marquess is also known as Count of Niebla, Marquess of Villafranca del Bierzo (with Grandeza).[1]","title":"List of Marquesses of los Vélez"}]
[]
[{"title":"Vélez (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lez_(name)"}]
[{"reference":"Gregorio, Gabriel González de (28 November 2012). \"Nobleza y ley\". El País.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2012/11/28/opinion/1354124328_776343.html","url_text":"\"Nobleza y ley\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marquess+of+Los+V%C3%A9lez%22","external_links_name":"\"Marquess of Los Vélez\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marquess+of+Los+V%C3%A9lez%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marquess+of+Los+V%C3%A9lez%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marquess+of+Los+V%C3%A9lez%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marquess+of+Los+V%C3%A9lez%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marquess+of+Los+V%C3%A9lez%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2012/11/28/opinion/1354124328_776343.html","external_links_name":"\"Nobleza y ley\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess_of_Los_V%C3%A9lez&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_de_Illescas
Alonso de Illescas
["1 Early life and time in Spain","2 Life in Esmeraldas","3 Death and fate of the Maroon community","4 Legacy","5 References"]
African Maroon leader Alonso de IllescasBorn1528 (1528)Portuguese Cape VerdeDied1600 (aged 71–72)Esmeraldas Province Alonso de Illescas (fl. 1528–1600s) was an African Maroon leader, perceived as the single most powerful person in the Esmeraldas region of colonial northwestern Ecuador. Early life and time in Spain Alonso de Illescas was born around 1528 and raised off the coast of western Africa on either the Cape Verde Islands or the island of Tenerife, a Spanish possession since the 15th century. As a child he was given the name of Enrique; however, he was later confirmed with the name he commonly used, which was also the name of his owner. The location of his homeland made it ideal as a slave-trading post, and between the ages of eight and ten years old he was taken to Seville, Spain where he served as a slave to one of the city's richest and most prominent merchant families, the Illescas. It was during this time he learned the Spanish language, religion, culture, and traditions. More specifically, he learned the Spanish style of formal address, how to play the vihuela (Spanish guitar), and became versed in Catholic prayers and learned the sacraments. He lived in Seville for seventeen years before he was sent to the Caribbean to assist his owners. He first spent time on the island of Santo Domingo where his owners established a merchant enterprise which included clothing, cured meats, swords, horses, olive oil, wine, and the selling of Africans. In contrast to the lives of other Africans who were brought to the Americas as slaves, Illescas more than likely never worked on a sugar plantation or in a rice field. Instead, he was a trusted personal servant expected to perform many duties for his owners and probably served as elder Illescas' personal servant during his youth in Seville. From the Indies he traveled to Panama and then to Peru, the silver-producing capital of the early Spanish Empire. Records indicate that he and Alvaro, one of his owners, were active in Peru by 1551. In 1553, he along with twenty-three "Guinea slaves" departed the port of Panama on the southbound journey to Lima, Peru. The journey proved to be typical in that the ship's pilot had to contend with north and westerly Pacific Ocean currents and therefore decided to seek harbor in San Mateo Bay on the Esmeraldas coast. In spite of this, the ship ran aground inside the bay and stranded the crew, passengers, and slaves onshore. They were forced to travel along ragged shorelines to reach the nearest settlement, Puerto Viejo. In the course of the journey, Illescas and the other slaves decided to seize the moment to head into dense forest and claim their freedom. None of the crew or passengers ever reached Puerto Viejo. Life in Esmeraldas Illescas, along with his fellow escapees, struggled to survive at first, making alliances with and attacks against native communities. The first leader of the group was an African named Antón. It is not quite clear what the exact fate of Antón was; however, historian Charles Beatty Medina offers two theories as to what became of him. One is that he died in battle and the other is he was ostracized from the community and might be the same person who was taken and executed as a sorcerer by Spanish soldiers in the 1580s. Illescas eventually rose to a position of leadership by way of alliances that he struck with the local Nigua indigenous communities. He officially became the leader of his Maroon community in the late 1560s. Throughout the rest of the sixteenth century under his leadership, the community came to include Amerindians and even a few Europeans. Examples include the Trinitarian friar named Alonso de Espinosa, who served as a minister at the request of Illescas, and most notably Illescas’ chief assistant, a Portuguese soldier named Gonzalo de Avila, who remained among the Maroons after the unsuccessful military campaign of Martín de Carranza. Similar to other maroon communities, Illescas' communities' inhabitants intermarried with and subjugated native communities, thus allowing him to establish a level of political authority and military power in the region. The African men intermarried with local native women, many formed polygamous partnerships, and their offspring at first were referred to as mulattoes by the Spanish and by the 1590s as zambos. In the 1570s Illescas' Maroon community also began trading with Spanish ships that periodically stopped on the Esmeraldas coast. However, he had to assert dominance over another group of African Maroons, called the Mangaches that formed after another coastal shipwreck. The region's remote geography with dense forests and mangroves and the indigenous inhabitants' (Campazes who lived south of the Bay of San Mateo) prolonged resistance to Spanish rule helped to enable the Maroon community to survive for generations. Illescas wanted to make peace with Spanish authorities in exchange for official recognition of himself and his community members as free Africans. However, after the Real Audiencia, the Crown Court in Quito, was formed in 1563 and by the urging of its first president, Hernando de Santillán, Spanish merchants asserted their desire for a port closer to Quito for increasing trade with Peru and Panama because of the cost of transporting their goods overland from Guayaquil. Therefore, in 1577 the Real Audienica proposed to appoint Illescas as governor of the region and to give him the honorific title of “Don,” a form of address denoting noble status. This unprecedented honor for an African Maroon was a royal decree that would have made Illescas ruler of the province. In exchange he was supposed to persuade other chieftaincies of the region, along with rival maroon bands, to settle at the mouth of the Esmeraldas River. Illescas’ attempt to do this led to internal warfare between both maroon communities and lowland native societies. In 1586, Illescas dictated a letter to Espinosa to the Spanish Crown and its authorities in Quito and Madrid. He petitioned the King of Spain to rescind the grant that Rodrigo de Ribadeneyra, a wealthy merchant, had received in 1585 to establish settlements in Esmeraldas. Instead of having outsiders come in, he offered to “pacify” his native neighbors. This statement demonstrates how there existed a territorial competition among lowland societies who were vying to dominate both the land and the people who lived there. By examining the letter further, the reader can discover how Illescas, like his fellow African Maroon leaders, formed dynamic relationships with the environment, native societies, and colonial authorities. Nevertheless, the letter was received as little more than a bothersome attempt by Espinosa to delay events that the royal authorities envisioned. Ribadeneyra failed to gain allegiance of Illescas and other Maroon leaders and never was able to create settlements in the region. Death and fate of the Maroon community Near the end of Illescas' life, he ruled his community with the help of two sons, Sebastián and Antonio. There is no historical record of Alonso de Illescas after the 1590s. Therefore, he must have died in the Esmeraldas region at some point between 1587 and 1596. While Illescas did not live long enough to witness a peace agreement with the Real Audiencia of Quito, it was achieved. His son Sebastián obtained the title of Don and was recognized as leader over the Illescas Maroons by 1600. In addition, Sebastián received the sacrament of confirmation by Quito's bishop in 1600 and he took Alonso as his confirmation name. Illescas' family ruled Esmeraldas for at least two more generations. Legacy In 1997, the National Congress of Ecuador officially declared 2 October as the national day of Black Ecuadorians and thus gave formal recognition to Alonso de Illescas as a national hero. References ^ Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero-Atlantic World, 1550-1812, ed. Kathryn Joy McKnight and Leo J. Garofalo (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2009), 32. ^ a b The Human Tradition in the Black Atlantic, 1500-2000, ed. Beatriz G. Mamigonian and Karen Racine (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 10. ^ The Human Tradition in the Black Atlantic, 1500-2000, ed. Beatriz G. Mamigonian and Karen Racine (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 11. ^ a b c The Human Tradition in the Black Atlantic, 1500-2000, ed. Beatriz G. Mamigonian and Karen Racine (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 13. ^ a b The Human Tradition in the Black Atlantic, 1500-2000, ed. Beatriz G. Mamigonian and Karen Racine (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 15. ^ a b c The Human Tradition in the Black Atlantic, 1500-2000, ed. Beatriz G. Mamigonian and Karen Racine (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 16. ^ Charles Beatty-Medina, "Caught Between Rivals: The Spanish-African Maroon Competition for Captive Indian Labor in the Region of Esmeraldas during the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries," The Americas 63, no. 1 (July 2006): 113. ^ a b c Charles Beatty-Medina, "Caught Between Rivals: The Spanish-African Maroon Competition for Captive Indian Labor in the Region of Esmeraldas during the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries," The Americas 63, no. 1 (July 2006): 119. ^ Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero-Atlantic World, 1550-1812, ed. Kathryn Joy McKnight and Leo J. Garofalo (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2009), 31. ^ "Alonso de Illescas to Real Audiencia in Quito, 1586", in Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero-Atlantic World, 1550-1812, ed. Kathryn Joy McKnight and Leo J. Garofalo (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2009), 35. ^ Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero-Atlantic World, 1550-1812, ed. Kathryn Joy McKnight and Leo J. Garofalo (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, 2009), 30. ^ Charles Beatty Medina, "Caught Between Rivals: The Spanish-African Maroon Competition for Captive Indian Labor in the Region of Esmeraldas during the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries," The Americas 63, no. 1 (July 2006): 129. ^ The Human Tradition in the Black Atlantic, 1500-2000, ed. Beatriz G. Mamigonian and Karen Racine (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010), 20. ^ Bill Smith, "In Recognition of Afro-Ecuadorian Heritage Day", African American – Latino World Blog.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"Maroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_(people)"},{"link_name":"Esmeraldas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmeraldas_Province"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"}],"text":"Alonso de Illescas (fl. 1528–1600s) was an African Maroon leader, perceived as the single most powerful person in the Esmeraldas region of colonial northwestern Ecuador.","title":"Alonso de Illescas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_10-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_13-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_10-2"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_13-4"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_13-4"},{"link_name":"San Mateo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Mateo_Bay,_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puerto Viejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoviejo"}],"text":"Alonso de Illescas was born around 1528 and raised off the coast of western Africa on either the Cape Verde Islands or the island of Tenerife, a Spanish possession since the 15th century.[1] As a child he was given the name of Enrique; however, he was later confirmed with the name he commonly used, which was also the name of his owner.[2] The location of his homeland made it ideal as a slave-trading post, and between the ages of eight and ten years old he was taken to Seville, Spain where he served as a slave to one of the city's richest and most prominent merchant families, the Illescas. It was during this time he learned the Spanish language, religion, culture, and traditions. More specifically, he learned the Spanish style of formal address, how to play the vihuela (Spanish guitar), and became versed in Catholic prayers and learned the sacraments.[3] He lived in Seville for seventeen years before he was sent to the Caribbean to assist his owners. He first spent time on the island of Santo Domingo where his owners established a merchant enterprise which included clothing, cured meats, swords, horses, olive oil, wine, and the selling of Africans.[4]In contrast to the lives of other Africans who were brought to the Americas as slaves, Illescas more than likely never worked on a sugar plantation or in a rice field.[2] Instead, he was a trusted personal servant expected to perform many duties for his owners and probably served as elder Illescas' personal servant during his youth in Seville.[4] From the Indies he traveled to Panama and then to Peru, the silver-producing capital of the early Spanish Empire. Records indicate that he and Alvaro, one of his owners, were active in Peru by 1551.[4] In 1553, he along with twenty-three \"Guinea slaves\" departed the port of Panama on the southbound journey to Lima, Peru. The journey proved to be typical in that the ship's pilot had to contend with north and westerly Pacific Ocean currents and therefore decided to seek harbor in San Mateo Bay on the Esmeraldas coast. In spite of this, the ship ran aground inside the bay and stranded the crew, passengers, and slaves onshore. They were forced to travel along ragged shorelines to reach the nearest settlement, Puerto Viejo. In the course of the journey, Illescas and the other slaves decided to seize the moment to head into dense forest and claim their freedom. None of the crew or passengers ever reached Puerto Viejo.","title":"Early life and time in Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_15-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_15-5"},{"link_name":"Maroon community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_community"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarian_Order"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_16-6"},{"link_name":"mulattoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulattoes"},{"link_name":"zambos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_16-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Human_Tradition_16-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivals_119-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivals_119-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rivals_119-8"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Illescas, along with his fellow escapees, struggled to survive at first, making alliances with and attacks against native communities. The first leader of the group was an African named Antón. It is not quite clear what the exact fate of Antón was; however, historian Charles Beatty Medina offers two theories as to what became of him. One is that he died in battle and the other is he was ostracized from the community and might be the same person who was taken and executed as a sorcerer by Spanish soldiers in the 1580s.[5] Illescas eventually rose to a position of leadership by way of alliances that he struck with the local Nigua indigenous communities.[5] He officially became the leader of his Maroon community in the late 1560s. Throughout the rest of the sixteenth century under his leadership, the community came to include Amerindians and even a few Europeans. Examples include the Trinitarian friar named Alonso de Espinosa, who served as a minister at the request of Illescas, and most notably Illescas’ chief assistant, a Portuguese soldier named Gonzalo de Avila, who remained among the Maroons after the unsuccessful military campaign of Martín de Carranza.[6] Similar to other maroon communities, Illescas' communities' inhabitants intermarried with and subjugated native communities, thus allowing him to establish a level of political authority and military power in the region. The African men intermarried with local native women, many formed polygamous partnerships, and their offspring at first were referred to as mulattoes by the Spanish and by the 1590s as zambos.[6]In the 1570s Illescas' Maroon community also began trading with Spanish ships that periodically stopped on the Esmeraldas coast. However, he had to assert dominance over another group of African Maroons, called the Mangaches that formed after another coastal shipwreck.[6] The region's remote geography with dense forests and mangroves and the indigenous inhabitants' (Campazes who lived south of the Bay of San Mateo)[7] prolonged resistance to Spanish rule helped to enable the Maroon community to survive for generations. Illescas wanted to make peace with Spanish authorities in exchange for official recognition of himself and his community members as free Africans.[8] However, after the Real Audiencia, the Crown Court in Quito, was formed in 1563 and by the urging of its first president, Hernando de Santillán, Spanish merchants asserted their desire for a port closer to Quito for increasing trade with Peru and Panama because of the cost of transporting their goods overland from Guayaquil. Therefore, in 1577 the Real Audienica proposed to appoint Illescas as governor of the region and to give him the honorific title of “Don,” a form of address denoting noble status. This unprecedented honor for an African Maroon was a royal decree that would have made Illescas ruler of the province. In exchange he was supposed to persuade other chieftaincies of the region, along with rival maroon bands, to settle at the mouth of the Esmeraldas River.[8][9] Illescas’ attempt to do this led to internal warfare between both maroon communities and lowland native societies.[8]In 1586, Illescas dictated a letter to Espinosa to the Spanish Crown and its authorities in Quito and Madrid. He petitioned the King of Spain to rescind the grant that Rodrigo de Ribadeneyra, a wealthy merchant, had received in 1585 to establish settlements in Esmeraldas. Instead of having outsiders come in, he offered to “pacify” his native neighbors.[10] This statement demonstrates how there existed a territorial competition among lowland societies who were vying to dominate both the land and the people who lived there. By examining the letter further, the reader can discover how Illescas, like his fellow African Maroon leaders, formed dynamic relationships with the environment, native societies, and colonial authorities.[11] Nevertheless, the letter was received as little more than a bothersome attempt by Espinosa to delay events that the royal authorities envisioned. Ribadeneyra failed to gain allegiance of Illescas and other Maroon leaders and never was able to create settlements in the region.","title":"Life in Esmeraldas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Near the end of Illescas' life, he ruled his community with the help of two sons, Sebastián and Antonio.[12] There is no historical record of Alonso de Illescas after the 1590s. Therefore, he must have died in the Esmeraldas region at some point between 1587 and 1596.[13] While Illescas did not live long enough to witness a peace agreement with the Real Audiencia of Quito, it was achieved. His son Sebastián obtained the title of Don and was recognized as leader over the Illescas Maroons by 1600. In addition, Sebastián received the sacrament of confirmation by Quito's bishop in 1600 and he took Alonso as his confirmation name. Illescas' family ruled Esmeraldas for at least two more generations.","title":"Death and fate of the Maroon community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 1997, the National Congress of Ecuador officially declared 2 October as the national day of Black Ecuadorians and thus gave formal recognition to Alonso de Illescas as a national hero.[14]","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://ahorasecreto.blogspot.com/2010/10/in-recognition-of-afro-ecuadorian.html","external_links_name":"\"In Recognition of Afro-Ecuadorian Heritage Day\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooray_for_Boobies
Hooray for Boobies
["1 Background and development","2 Music","2.1 Style","2.2 Lyricism","3 Release and promotion","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","4.2 Commercial performance","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 References"]
1999 studio album by Bloodhound GangHooray for BoobiesStudio album by Bloodhound GangReleasedOctober 4, 1999 (1999-10-04)GenreComedy rockrap rockalternative rockLength60:23LabelGeffenProducerJimmy PopRichard GavalisBloodhound Gang chronology One Fierce Beer Coaster(1996) Hooray for Boobies(1999) Hefty Fine(2005) Singles from Hooray for Boobies "Along Comes Mary"Released: May 24, 1999 "The Bad Touch"Released: September 3, 1999 "The Ballad of Chasey Lain"Released: February 14, 2000 "Mope"Released: July 4, 2000 "The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope"Released: 2000 Hooray for Boobies is the third studio album by American rock band Bloodhound Gang. It was released on October 4, 1999, in the United Kingdom and on February 29, 2000, in the United States. Produced by Jimmy Pop and Richard Gavalis, it is the band's second release with Geffen Records after One Fierce Beer Coaster (1996). This was the second and last album to feature drummer Spanky G, who left the band to finish his studies. The album was a commercial success that generated favorable reviews and brought the Bloodhound Gang into the mainstream consciousness. In the US, it peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 chart. It reached number one in Austria and Germany. Five singles were released from the album: "Along Comes Mary", "The Bad Touch", "The Ballad of Chasey Lain", "Mope", and "The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope". "The Bad Touch" was listed on 14 charts worldwide, and reached number one on five of them. Background and development Jimmy Pop, frontman for the Bloodhound Gang In March 1995, the Bloodhound Gang signed a record deal with Columbia Records and released their debut studio album, Use Your Fingers, that July, but were subsequently dropped by the label. After adjusting its lineup, the group began working on their second album, One Fierce Beer Coaster. Released on December 3, 1996, it eventually sold over 500,000 copies in the US. The album's first single, "Fire Water Burn", played a major role in the slow build of interest that ultimately led to the band's mainstream breakthrough. Geffen Records signed the band within two months as word-of-mouth praise for the album spread. Music Style "The Bad Touch" (sample) "The Bad Touch", from the group's 1999 album Hooray for Boobies. Problems playing this file? See media help. The album, reminiscent of the band's first album, features various skits in between songs. The first of these skits, entitled "Mama's Boy" is an impromptu phone conversation between Jimmy Pop and his mother. "R.S.V.P." features a short monologue from Vivid pornstar Chasey Lain. "That Cough Came With a Prize" is 15 seconds of coughing. "This Is Stupid" is an arbitrary track performed by the vocal duo who feature in "Right Turn Clyde." Finally, "The Ten Coolest Things About New Jersey" is simply ten seconds of silence. According to the liner notes, Jimmy Pop had to explain the track to band member DJ Q-Ball. Lyricism "A Lap Dance Is So Much Better When the Stripper Is Crying" is a parody of the narrative of Red Sovine's "trucker songs". Release and promotion "Right Turn Clyde" features a chorus parodying Pink Floyd's hit single "Another Brick in the Wall Part II"; "All in all you're just another dick with no balls." Because of the issue, the album was delayed in the US. It was eventually resolved and the album was finally released in the US. In Europe, the album was initially released without the song or "Take the Long Way Home", thus containing only 45 CD tracks. Later pressings featured the complete track list. The original version of "Take the Long Way Home", containing samples of someone saying "May I have your attention please? May I have your attention please?" before the verses and "That's enough. I said that's enough!" at the end of the song, can be heard on the 1999 acetate CD and a 2016 CD reissue of the album. Australian editions of the album only ever contained 45 tracks – the album was never reissued there with the complete track list, however in recent years, US imports with the complete track list have been available for sale in Australian shops. A "clean" version of the CD was released titled simply Hooray. It featured an alternative cover image of a cow's udder. The track "The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope" appeared on the Scary Movie soundtrack. The track "Magna Cum Nada" appeared in the movie Loser. A double vinyl version of the album, with the American track listing, was released in 2000 and is currently out of print. A new single vinyl release, on blue vinyl and with the original European track list, was released on July 22, 2016. Neither vinyl release includes the hidden track. A third reissue was announced for February 28, 2020, as a double album, with "Take the Long Way Home" and "Right Turn Clyde", on transparent vinyl. Reception Critical response Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRobert ChristgauEntertainment WeeklyCPopMatters7/10The Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin2/10 Hooray for Boobies received generally positive reviews. Many reviewers complimented the album's duncical, but ultimately enjoyable, humor. AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas wrote, "on one hand, it's easy to hate the Bloodhound Gang. On the other hand, you almost have to admire the lengths that they go to be, well, defiantly stupid." Many reviewers also complimented the album's eccentric plunderphonic-esque approach to music. PopMatters reviewer Patrick Schabe compared the Bloodhound Gang to Beck, saying, "if anomalous characterization, synthesis, and a popular culture repertoire make Beck the big brother of postmodern music, then surely he’s part of a family? If so, then perhaps the Bloodhound Gang are the snotty, juvenile, teenage brother in that family." Not all reviews were complimentary. Many critics criticized the band for its heavy use of outdated music and its toilet- and sex-based humor. Entertainment Weekly writer Doug Brod decried the album, saying "on Hooray for Boobies these knuckleheads tap into '80s-style metal and New Orderish dance-wave to back their dumbbell odes to oral sex, porn stars, revenge, and – did I mention oral sex?" Commercial performance Hooray for Boobies debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 19 on March 18, 2000. Four weeks later, on April 15, the album peaked at number 14, selling 85,924 copies. 24 weeks later, the album slipped to number 199, and fell out of the chart a week later, having spent a total of 29 weeks there. On May 17, 2000, it was certified both gold and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on the same day. Track listing All tracks are written by Jimmy Pop, except where notedNo.TitleLength1."I Hope You Die"3:412."The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope"4:023."Mama's Boy"0:344."Three Point One Four"3:555."Mope" (writers: Jimmy Pop, Falco, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Metallica)4:366."Yummy Down on This" (writers: Jimmy Pop, Lüpüs Thünder, Darrin "Dangerous" Pfeiffer)3:497."The Ballad of Chasey Lain"2:218."R.S.V.P."0:159."Magna Cum Nada"4:0010."The Bad Touch"4:2011."That Cough Came with a Prize"0:1412."Take the Long Way Home"3:0713."Hell Yeah"5:0214."Right Turn Clyde" (writers: Jimmy Pop, Roger Waters)5:2415."This Is Stupid"0:1016."A Lap Dance Is So Much Better When the Stripper Is Crying"5:3717."The Ten Coolest Things About New Jersey"0:1018."Along Comes Mary" (writer: Tandyn Almer)3:2519."Studio Bullshit" (hidden track)3:37Total length:60:49 Notes The CD release shows 47 tracks but the ones after track 18 are either empty or the sound for the hidden track. "Take the Long Way Home" and "Right Turn Clyde" do not appear on the European or Australian releases of the album. Personnel Band members Jimmy Pop – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, sampling, production Lüpüs Thünder – guitar, programming Spanky G – drums Evil Jared – bass DJ Q-Ball – vocals, co-lead vocals (track 5), turntables, keyboards, programming Other personnel Rich Gavalis – engineer, editing, mixing, assist producer Derron Nuhfer – saxophone Tavis Werts – trumpet Rich Balling – trombone Darrin "Dangerous" Pfeiffer – drums (Track 6) Parry Gripp – vocals (Track 1) Chasey Lain – vocals Production Avery Lipman – executive producer Monte Lipman – executive producer Joseph M. Palmaccio – mastering Charts Weekly charts Chart (1999–2000) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 38 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 22 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 6 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 58 European Albums (Music & Media) 5 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 3 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 1 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 26 Irish Albums (IRMA) 57 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 5 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 16 Scottish Albums (OCC) 33 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 19 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 2 UK Albums (OCC) 37 US Billboard 200 14 Year-end charts Chart (1999) Position Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 16 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 13 Chart (2000) Position Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 27 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 58 Canadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) 53 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 24 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 72 US Billboard 200 74 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) Gold 35,000^ Austria (IFPI Austria) Platinum 50,000* Canada (Music Canada) Platinum 100,000^ Finland (Musiikkituottajat) Gold 21,153 Germany (BVMI) Platinum 300,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) Gold 7,500^ Poland (ZPAV) Gold 50,000* Sweden (GLF) Gold 40,000^ Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) Platinum 50,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Gold 100,000* United States (RIAA) Platinum 1,000,000^ Summaries Europe (IFPI) Platinum 1,000,000* * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Rock music portal References ^ "Bloodhound Gang – Along Comes Mary". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved November 19, 2021. ^ "Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved November 19, 2021. ^ "Bloodhound Gang – The Ballad of Chasey Lain". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved November 19, 2021. ^ "Bloodhound Gang – Mope". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved November 19, 2021. ^ "Hooray For Boobies by The Bloodhound Gang on Amazon Music - Amazon.co.uk". www.amazon.co.uk. Retrieved November 4, 2019. ^ "Hooray for Boobies". Amazon. 2000. ^ Jeffries, David. "Bloodhound Gang | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved June 24, 2018. ^ "History 101". BloodhoundGang.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2010. ^ "Interview with Brett Alperowitz". HitQuarters. May 6, 2002. Retrieved November 19, 2010. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "One Fierce Beer Coaster – The Bloodhound Gang". AllMusic. Retrieved June 24, 2018. ^ a b c d e f Hooray for Boobies (liner). Bloodhound Gang. Geffen Records. 2000.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Bishop, Shane (May 2009). "Project playlist: Songs addressing sex can create atmosphere". KState Collegian. Retrieved March 8, 2011. ^ "The Bloodhound Gang – Hooray For Boobies". Discogs. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ "Bloodhound Gang – Hooray For Boobies". MVD Entertainment. Retrieved October 27, 2016. ^ "Shop | MusicVaultz". shop.musicvaultz.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020. ^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Hooray for Boobies – The Bloodhound Gang". AllMusic. Retrieved June 24, 2018. ^ Christgau, Robert. "Robert Christgau: The Bloodhound Gang". Robert Christgau. Retrieved May 18, 2011. ^ a b Brod, Doug (September 17, 1999). "Music Review: 'Hooray for Boobies'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 18, 2011. ^ Schabe, Patrick. "The Bloodhound Gang: Hooray for Boobies". PopMatters. Retrieved May 18, 2011. ^ Sarig, Roni (2004). "Bloodhound Gang". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York City: Simon & Schuster. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8 – via Internet Archive. Bloodhound Gang. ^ Sinagra, Laura (December 1999). "Reviews". Spin. Vol. 15, no. 12. p. 13. ISSN 0886-3032 – via Google Books. ^ "Billboard 200: The Week of March 18, 2000". Billboard. Retrieved June 24, 2018. ^ a b "Bloodhound Gang Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Previous Album Sales Chart – Chart Date: 04/10/2000". Hits Daily Double. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2011. ^ "Billboard 200: The Week of September 30, 2000". Billboard. Retrieved June 24, 2018. ^ a b "American album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies". Recording Industry Association of America. May 17, 2000. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Hooray for Boobies". Amazon. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Ultratop.be – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Bloodhound Gang Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Hits of the World". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 43. October 23, 1999. p. 63. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 24, 2018 – via Google Books. ^ "Bloodhound Gang: Hooray for Boobies" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2000. 33. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 20, 2000". Chart-Track. IRMA. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Charts.nz – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies". Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Jahreshitparade Alben 1999". austriancharts.at (in German). Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1999". Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). Retrieved September 8, 2016. ^ "Jahreshitparade Alben 2000". austriancharts.at (in German). Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2000". Ultratop. Retrieved August 2, 2020. ^ "Canada's Top 200 Albums of 2000". Jam!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2004. Retrieved March 24, 2022. ^ "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 2000". Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). Retrieved September 8, 2016. ^ "Swiss Year-End Charts 2000". swisscharts.com. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2000". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2020. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2000 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 18, 2011. ^ "Austrian album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies" (in German). IFPI Austria. January 10, 2000. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies". Music Canada. April 28, 2000. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ a b "Bloodhound Gang" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bloodhound Gang; 'Hooray for Boobies')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies". Recorded Music NZ. November 7, 1999. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2001 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved August 22, 2022. ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1999" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. December 15, 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2018. ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Hooray for Boobies')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "British album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies". British Phonographic Industry. July 22, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2018. ^ "IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2000". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 18, 2011. vteBloodhound Gang Jimmy Pop "Evil" Jared Hasselhoff DJ Q-Ball The Yin Denial P. Cartier Daddy Long Legs Blue Byron Piddly B Slave One Lazy I White Steve Bubba K. Love Foof Skip O'Pot2Mus Lupus Thunder M.S.G. Tard-E-Tard Spanky G Willie the New Guy Studio albums Use Your Fingers One Fierce Beer Coaster Hooray for Boobies Hefty Fine Hard-Off EPs Dingleberry Haze Compilations Show Us Your Hits Singles "Mama Say" "Fire Water Burn" "I Wish I Was Queer So I Could Get Chicks" "Why's Everybody Always Pickin' on Me?" "Along Comes Mary" "The Bad Touch" "The Ballad of Chasey Lain" "Mope" "Foxtrot Uniform Charlie Kilo" "Uhn Tiss Uhn Tiss Uhn Tiss" DVDs One Fierce Beer Run Related articles Discography Wolfpac Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloodhound Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhound_Gang"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Richard Gavalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gavalis"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"One Fierce Beer Coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Fierce_Beer_Coaster"},{"link_name":"mainstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(music)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Along Comes Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Comes_Mary#The_Bloodhound_Gang_version"},{"link_name":"The Bad Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_Touch"},{"link_name":"The Ballad of Chasey Lain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Chasey_Lain"},{"link_name":"Mope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mope"}],"text":"1999 studio album by Bloodhound GangHooray for Boobies is the third studio album by American rock band Bloodhound Gang. It was released on October 4, 1999, in the United Kingdom and on February 29, 2000, in the United States.[5][6] Produced by Jimmy Pop and Richard Gavalis, it is the band's second release with Geffen Records after One Fierce Beer Coaster (1996). This was the second and last album to feature drummer Spanky G, who left the band to finish his studies.The album was a commercial success that generated favorable reviews and brought the Bloodhound Gang into the mainstream consciousness. In the US, it peaked at number 14 on the Billboard 200 chart. It reached number one in Austria and Germany.Five singles were released from the album: \"Along Comes Mary\", \"The Bad Touch\", \"The Ballad of Chasey Lain\", \"Mope\", and \"The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope\". \"The Bad Touch\" was listed on 14 charts worldwide, and reached number one on five of them.","title":"Hooray for Boobies"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Pop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Use Your Fingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_Your_Fingers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicbeging-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Jimmy Pop, frontman for the Bloodhound GangIn March 1995, the Bloodhound Gang signed a record deal with Columbia Records and released their debut studio album, Use Your Fingers, that July, but were subsequently dropped by the label.[7][8] After adjusting its lineup, the group began working on their second album, One Fierce Beer Coaster.Released on December 3, 1996, it eventually sold over 500,000 copies in the US. The album's first single, \"Fire Water Burn\", played a major role in the slow build of interest that ultimately led to the band's mainstream breakthrough.[9] Geffen Records signed the band within two months as word-of-mouth praise for the album spread.[10]","title":"Background and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Bad Touch\" (sample)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bad_Touch_BHG.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"first album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_Your_Fingers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-11"},{"link_name":"Vivid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivid_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"pornstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor"},{"link_name":"Chasey Lain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasey_Lain"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-11"}],"sub_title":"Style","text":"\"The Bad Touch\" (sample)\n\n\"The Bad Touch\", from the group's 1999 album Hooray for Boobies.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The album, reminiscent of the band's first album, features various skits in between songs. The first of these skits, entitled \"Mama's Boy\" is an impromptu phone conversation between Jimmy Pop and his mother.[11] \"R.S.V.P.\" features a short monologue from Vivid pornstar Chasey Lain.[11] \"That Cough Came With a Prize\" is 15 seconds of coughing. \"This Is Stupid\" is an arbitrary track performed by the vocal duo who feature in \"Right Turn Clyde.\" Finally, \"The Ten Coolest Things About New Jersey\" is simply ten seconds of silence. According to the liner notes, Jimmy Pop had to explain the track to band member DJ Q-Ball.[11]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Sovine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sovine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapdance-12"}],"sub_title":"Lyricism","text":"\"A Lap Dance Is So Much Better When the Stripper Is Crying\" is a parody of the narrative of Red Sovine's \"trucker songs\".[12]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pink Floyd's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Another Brick in the Wall Part II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Brick_In_The_Wall"},{"link_name":"\"clean\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_of_music"},{"link_name":"Scary Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scary_Movie"},{"link_name":"Loser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loser_(film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"\"Right Turn Clyde\" features a chorus parodying Pink Floyd's hit single \"Another Brick in the Wall Part II\"; \"All in all you're just another dick with no balls.\" Because of the issue, the album was delayed in the US. It was eventually resolved and the album was finally released in the US. In Europe, the album was initially released without the song or \"Take the Long Way Home\", thus containing only 45 CD tracks. Later pressings featured the complete track list. The original version of \"Take the Long Way Home\", containing samples of someone saying \"May I have your attention please? May I have your attention please?\" before the verses and \"That's enough. I said that's enough!\" at the end of the song, can be heard on the 1999 acetate CD and a 2016 CD reissue of the album. Australian editions of the album only ever contained 45 tracks – the album was never reissued there with the complete track list, however in recent years, US imports with the complete track list have been available for sale in Australian shops.A \"clean\" version of the CD was released titled simply Hooray. It featured an alternative cover image of a cow's udder.The track \"The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope\" appeared on the Scary Movie soundtrack.The track \"Magna Cum Nada\" appeared in the movie Loser.A double vinyl version of the album, with the American track listing, was released in 2000 and is currently out of print.[13] A new single vinyl release, on blue vinyl and with the original European track list, was released on July 22, 2016.[14] Neither vinyl release includes the hidden track. A third reissue was announced for February 28, 2020, as a double album, with \"Take the Long Way Home\" and \"Right Turn Clyde\", on transparent vinyl.[15]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-16"},{"link_name":"plunderphonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunderphonics"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck"},{"link_name":"toilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_humor"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"New Orderish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(band)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew-18"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Hooray for Boobies received generally positive reviews. Many reviewers complimented the album's duncical, but ultimately enjoyable, humor. AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas wrote, \"on one hand, it's easy to hate the Bloodhound Gang. [...] On the other hand, you almost have to admire the lengths that they go to be, well, defiantly stupid.\"[16] Many reviewers also complimented the album's eccentric plunderphonic-esque approach to music. PopMatters reviewer Patrick Schabe compared the Bloodhound Gang to Beck, saying, \"if anomalous characterization, synthesis, and a popular culture repertoire make Beck the big brother of postmodern music, then surely he’s part of a family? If so, then perhaps the Bloodhound Gang are the snotty, juvenile, teenage brother in that family.\"Not all reviews were complimentary. Many critics criticized the band for its heavy use of outdated music and its toilet- and sex-based humor. Entertainment Weekly writer Doug Brod decried the album, saying \"on Hooray for Boobies these knuckleheads tap into '80s-style metal and New Orderish dance-wave to back their dumbbell odes to oral sex, porn stars, revenge, and – did I mention oral sex?\"[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard200-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-26"}],"sub_title":"Commercial performance","text":"Hooray for Boobies debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 19 on March 18, 2000.[22] Four weeks later, on April 15, the album peaked at number 14,[23] selling 85,924 copies.[24] 24 weeks later, the album slipped to number 199, and fell out of the chart a week later, having spent a total of 29 weeks there.[25] On May 17, 2000, it was certified both gold and platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on the same day.[26]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Mope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mope"},{"link_name":"Falco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Frankie Goes to Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"The Ballad of Chasey Lain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ballad_of_Chasey_Lain"},{"link_name":"The Bad Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bad_Touch"},{"link_name":"Roger Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters"},{"link_name":"Along Comes Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Along_Comes_Mary"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Jimmy Pop, except where notedNo.TitleLength1.\"I Hope You Die\"3:412.\"The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope\"4:023.\"Mama's Boy\"0:344.\"Three Point One Four\"3:555.\"Mope\" (writers: Jimmy Pop, Falco, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Metallica)4:366.\"Yummy Down on This\" (writers: Jimmy Pop, Lüpüs Thünder, Darrin \"Dangerous\" Pfeiffer)3:497.\"The Ballad of Chasey Lain\"2:218.\"R.S.V.P.\"0:159.\"Magna Cum Nada\"4:0010.\"The Bad Touch\"4:2011.\"That Cough Came with a Prize\"0:1412.\"Take the Long Way Home\"3:0713.\"Hell Yeah\"5:0214.\"Right Turn Clyde\" (writers: Jimmy Pop, Roger Waters)5:2415.\"This Is Stupid\"0:1016.\"A Lap Dance Is So Much Better When the Stripper Is Crying\"5:3717.\"The Ten Coolest Things About New Jersey\"0:1018.\"Along Comes Mary\" (writer: Tandyn Almer)3:2519.\"Studio Bullshit\" (hidden track)3:37Total length:60:49NotesThe CD release shows 47 tracks but the ones after track 18 are either empty or the sound for the hidden track.[27]\n\"Take the Long Way Home\" and \"Right Turn Clyde\" do not appear on the European or Australian releases of the album.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-11"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Pop"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocalist"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Evil Jared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Hasselhoff"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"turntables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-11"},{"link_name":"Rich Gavalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gavalis"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"Tavis Werts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavis_Werts"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Rich Balling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Balling"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"Darrin \"Dangerous\" Pfeiffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrin_Pfeiffer"},{"link_name":"Parry Gripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Gripp"},{"link_name":"Chasey Lain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasey_Lain"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-booklet-11"},{"link_name":"Monte Lipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Lipman"},{"link_name":"Joseph M. Palmaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Palmaccio"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"}],"text":"Band members[11]\n\nJimmy Pop – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, sampling, production\nLüpüs Thünder – guitar, programming\nSpanky G – drums\nEvil Jared – bass\nDJ Q-Ball – vocals, co-lead vocals (track 5), turntables, keyboards, programming\n\n\nOther personnel[11]\n\nRich Gavalis – engineer, editing, mixing, assist producer\nDerron Nuhfer – saxophone\nTavis Werts – trumpet\nRich Balling – trombone\nDarrin \"Dangerous\" Pfeiffer – drums (Track 6)\nParry Gripp – vocals (Track 1)\nChasey Lain – vocals\nProduction[11]\n\nAvery Lipman – executive producer\nMonte Lipman – executive producer\nJoseph M. Palmaccio – mastering","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooray_for_Boobies&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Bloodhound_Gang-28"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Bloodhound_Gang-29"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Bloodhound_Gang-30"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Bloodhound_Gang-31"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Bloodhound_Gang-32"},{"link_name":"European Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_Bloodhound_Gang-34"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Bloodhound_Gang-35"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_-36"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland_-37"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Bloodhound_Gang-38"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Bloodhound_Gang-39"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-40"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Bloodhound_Gang-41"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Bloodhound_Gang-42"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-43"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard200-23"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooray_for_Boobies&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1999–2000)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[28]\n\n38\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[29]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[30]\n\n22\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[31]\n\n6\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[32]\n\n58\n\n\nEuropean Albums (Music & Media)[33]\n\n5\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[34]\n\n3\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[35]\n\n1\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[36]\n\n26\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[37]\n\n57\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[38]\n\n5\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[39]\n\n16\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[40]\n\n33\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[41]\n\n19\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[42]\n\n2\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[43]\n\n37\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[23]\n\n14\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1999)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[44]\n\n16\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[45]\n\n13\n\n\n\n\nChart (2000)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[46]\n\n27\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[47]\n\n58\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Nielsen SoundScan)[48]\n\n53\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[49]\n\n24\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[50]\n\n72\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[51]\n\n74","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rock_music"}],"text":"Rock music portal","title":"Certifications"}]
[{"image_text":"Jimmy Pop, frontman for the Bloodhound Gang","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jimmy_Pop.jpg/170px-Jimmy_Pop.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bloodhound Gang – Along Comes Mary\". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved November 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-3970","url_text":"\"Bloodhound Gang – Along Comes Mary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment","url_text":"GfK Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch\". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved November 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-4006","url_text":"\"Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodhound Gang – The Ballad of Chasey Lain\". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved November 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-4170","url_text":"\"Bloodhound Gang – The Ballad of Chasey Lain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodhound Gang – Mope\". GfK Entertainment. Retrieved November 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-4382","url_text":"\"Bloodhound Gang – Mope\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hooray For Boobies [Explicit] by The Bloodhound Gang on Amazon Music - Amazon.co.uk\". www.amazon.co.uk. Retrieved November 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hooray-Boobies-Explicit-Bloodhound-Gang/dp/B00PICGLSA","url_text":"\"Hooray For Boobies [Explicit] by The Bloodhound Gang on Amazon Music - Amazon.co.uk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hooray for Boobies\". Amazon. 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Hooray-Boobies-Bloodhound-Gang/dp/B00001QGP4","url_text":"\"Hooray for Boobies\""}]},{"reference":"Jeffries, David. \"Bloodhound Gang | Biography & History\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bloodhound-gang-mn0000758402/biography","url_text":"\"Bloodhound Gang | Biography & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"History 101\". BloodhoundGang.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011130845/http://bloodhoundgang.com/history101/history101fn.html","url_text":"\"History 101\""},{"url":"http://bloodhoundgang.com/history101/history101fn.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Brett Alperowitz\". HitQuarters. May 6, 2002. Retrieved November 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Brett_Alperowitz_int.html","url_text":"\"Interview with Brett Alperowitz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HitQuarters","url_text":"HitQuarters"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"One Fierce Beer Coaster – The Bloodhound Gang\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/one-fierce-beer-coaster-mw0000079054","url_text":"\"One Fierce Beer Coaster – The Bloodhound Gang\""}]},{"reference":"Hooray for Boobies (liner). Bloodhound Gang. Geffen Records. 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records","url_text":"Geffen Records"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Shane (May 2009). \"Project playlist: Songs addressing sex can create atmosphere\". KState Collegian. Retrieved March 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kstatecollegian.com/project-playlist-songs-addressing-sex-can-create-atmosphere-1.1741529","url_text":"\"Project playlist: Songs addressing sex can create atmosphere\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bloodhound Gang – Hooray For Boobies\". Discogs. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Bloodhound-Gang-The-Hooray-For-Boobies/release/2013980","url_text":"\"The Bloodhound Gang – Hooray For Boobies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodhound Gang – Hooray For Boobies\". MVD Entertainment. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mvdb2b.com/s/BloodhoundGangHoorayForBoobies/MVD8152LP","url_text":"\"Bloodhound Gang – Hooray For Boobies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shop | MusicVaultz\". shop.musicvaultz.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200204125835/https://shop.musicvaultz.com/*/*/Hooray-For-Boobies-2LP-Clear-Translucent/6CVC0000000","url_text":"\"Shop | MusicVaultz\""},{"url":"https://shop.musicvaultz.com/*/*/Hooray-For-Boobies-2LP-Clear-Translucent/6CVC0000000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Hooray for Boobies – The Bloodhound Gang\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hooray-for-boobies-mw0000256428","url_text":"\"Hooray for Boobies – The Bloodhound Gang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert. \"Robert Christgau: The Bloodhound Gang\". Robert Christgau. Retrieved May 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=The+Bloodhound+Gang","url_text":"\"Robert Christgau: The Bloodhound Gang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Robert Christgau"}]},{"reference":"Brod, Doug (September 17, 1999). \"Music Review: 'Hooray for Boobies'\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,270760,00.html","url_text":"\"Music Review: 'Hooray for Boobies'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Schabe, Patrick. \"The Bloodhound Gang: Hooray for Boobies\". PopMatters. Retrieved May 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/bloodhoundgang-hooray/","url_text":"\"The Bloodhound Gang: Hooray for Boobies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Sarig, Roni (2004). \"Bloodhound Gang\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). New York City: Simon & Schuster. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8 – via Internet Archive. Bloodhound Gang.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Brackett","url_text":"Brackett, Nathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Hoard","url_text":"Hoard, Christian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/86","url_text":"86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"Sinagra, Laura (December 1999). \"Reviews\". Spin. Vol. 15, no. 12. p. 13. ISSN 0886-3032 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HJbW_6l-uRUC&pg=PT13","url_text":"\"Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032","url_text":"0886-3032"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200: The Week of March 18, 2000\". Billboard. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2000-03-18","url_text":"\"Billboard 200: The Week of March 18, 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Previous Album Sales Chart – Chart Date: 04/10/2000\". Hits Daily Double. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130126005233/http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/sales/archcht.cgi?cht689","url_text":"\"Previous Album Sales Chart – Chart Date: 04/10/2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hits_(magazine)","url_text":"Hits Daily Double"},{"url":"http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/sales/archcht.cgi?cht689","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200: The Week of September 30, 2000\". Billboard. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2000-09-30","url_text":"\"Billboard 200: The Week of September 30, 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\". Recording Industry Association of America. May 17, 2000. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Bloodhound+Gang&ti=Hooray+for+Boobies&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Hooray for Boobies\". Amazon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Hooray-Boobies-Bloodhound-Gang/dp/B00002064I","url_text":"\"Hooray for Boobies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hits of the World\". Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 43. October 23, 1999. p. 63. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 24, 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dwgEAAAAMBAJ&q=Bloodhound+Gang+Hooray+Boobies&pg=PA63","url_text":"\"Hits of the World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahreshitparade Alben 1999\". austriancharts.at (in German). Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=a&id=1999","url_text":"\"Jahreshitparade Alben 1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1999\". Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). Retrieved September 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1999","url_text":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jahreshitparade Alben 2000\". austriancharts.at (in German). Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=a&id=2000","url_text":"\"Jahreshitparade Alben 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2000\". Ultratop. Retrieved August 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2000&cat=a","url_text":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's Top 200 Albums of 2000\". Jam!. Archived from the original on August 12, 2004. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040812032100/http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2000_1.html","url_text":"\"Canada's Top 200 Albums of 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam!","url_text":"Jam!"},{"url":"http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2000_1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 2000\". Offizielle Deutsche Charts (in German). Retrieved September 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-2000","url_text":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swiss Year-End Charts 2000\". swisscharts.com. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/2000","url_text":"\"Swiss Year-End Charts 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2000\". Billboard. January 2, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2000/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2000 Albums\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved May 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAABeYGTvZErtZotNbXOr2Tza/2000%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2000 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\" (in German). IFPI Austria. January 10, 2000. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_per_page=100&fwp_interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&fwp_titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&fwp_format=album&","url_text":"\"Austrian album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\". Music Canada. April 28, 2000. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Hooray+for+Boobies%20Bloodhound+Gang","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Bloodhound Gang\" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifpi.fi/tutkimukset-ja-tilastot/kulta-ja-platinalevyt/?ulkomaiset=1&q=Bloodhound+Gang","url_text":"\"Bloodhound Gang\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiikkituottajat_%E2%80%93_IFPI_Finland","url_text":"Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bloodhound Gang; 'Hooray for Boobies')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Hooray+for+Boobies&strInterpret=Bloodhound+Gang&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bloodhound Gang; 'Hooray for Boobies')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\". Recorded Music NZ. November 7, 1999. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=1052","url_text":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2001 roku\" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved August 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2001","url_text":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2001 roku\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1999\" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. December 15, 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 17, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517224028/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/ar-19991.pdf","url_text":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1999\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI Sweden"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/ar-19991.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Hooray for Boobies')\". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Hooray_for_Boobies","url_text":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Hooray for Boobies')\""}]},{"reference":"\"British album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\". British Phonographic Industry. July 22, 2013. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/10223-2071-2","url_text":"\"British album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2000\". International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127154733/http://ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2000.html","url_text":"\"IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-3970","external_links_name":"\"Bloodhound Gang – Along Comes Mary\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-4006","external_links_name":"\"Bloodhound Gang – The Bad Touch\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-4170","external_links_name":"\"Bloodhound Gang – The Ballad of Chasey Lain\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-4382","external_links_name":"\"Bloodhound Gang – Mope\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hooray-Boobies-Explicit-Bloodhound-Gang/dp/B00PICGLSA","external_links_name":"\"Hooray For Boobies [Explicit] by The Bloodhound Gang on Amazon Music - Amazon.co.uk\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Hooray-Boobies-Bloodhound-Gang/dp/B00001QGP4","external_links_name":"\"Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bloodhound-gang-mn0000758402/biography","external_links_name":"\"Bloodhound Gang | Biography & History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011130845/http://bloodhoundgang.com/history101/history101fn.html","external_links_name":"\"History 101\""},{"Link":"http://bloodhoundgang.com/history101/history101fn.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Brett_Alperowitz_int.html","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Brett Alperowitz\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/one-fierce-beer-coaster-mw0000079054","external_links_name":"\"One Fierce Beer Coaster – The Bloodhound Gang\""},{"Link":"http://www.kstatecollegian.com/project-playlist-songs-addressing-sex-can-create-atmosphere-1.1741529","external_links_name":"\"Project playlist: Songs addressing sex can create atmosphere\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Bloodhound-Gang-The-Hooray-For-Boobies/release/2013980","external_links_name":"\"The Bloodhound Gang – Hooray For Boobies\""},{"Link":"http://mvdb2b.com/s/BloodhoundGangHoorayForBoobies/MVD8152LP","external_links_name":"\"Bloodhound Gang – Hooray For Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200204125835/https://shop.musicvaultz.com/*/*/Hooray-For-Boobies-2LP-Clear-Translucent/6CVC0000000","external_links_name":"\"Shop | MusicVaultz\""},{"Link":"https://shop.musicvaultz.com/*/*/Hooray-For-Boobies-2LP-Clear-Translucent/6CVC0000000","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/hooray-for-boobies-mw0000256428","external_links_name":"\"Hooray for Boobies – The Bloodhound Gang\""},{"Link":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=The+Bloodhound+Gang","external_links_name":"\"Robert Christgau: The Bloodhound Gang\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,270760,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Music Review: 'Hooray for Boobies'\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/bloodhoundgang-hooray/","external_links_name":"\"The Bloodhound Gang: Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac","external_links_name":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/86","external_links_name":"86"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HJbW_6l-uRUC&pg=PT13","external_links_name":"\"Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032","external_links_name":"0886-3032"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2000-03-18","external_links_name":"\"Billboard 200: The Week of March 18, 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Bloodhound-Gang/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Bloodhound Gang Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130126005233/http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/sales/archcht.cgi?cht689","external_links_name":"\"Previous Album Sales Chart – Chart Date: 04/10/2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.hitsdailydouble.com/sales/archcht.cgi?cht689","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-200/2000-09-30","external_links_name":"\"Billboard 200: The Week of September 30, 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Bloodhound+Gang&ti=Hooray+for+Boobies&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Hooray-Boobies-Bloodhound-Gang/dp/B00002064I","external_links_name":"\"Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Australiancharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Austriancharts.at – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Bloodhound-Gang/chart-history/CNA","external_links_name":"\"Bloodhound Gang Chart History (Canadian Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dwgEAAAAMBAJ&q=Bloodhound+Gang+Hooray+Boobies&pg=PA63","external_links_name":"\"Hits of the World\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://www.ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/Bloodhound+Gang/Hooray+for+Boobies","external_links_name":"Bloodhound Gang: Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-3066","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://slagerlistak.hu/album-top-40-slagerlista/2000/33","external_links_name":"\"Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2000. 33. hét\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180101010101/https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2000&year=2000&week=20","external_links_name":"\"GFK Chart-Track Albums: Week 20, 2000\""},{"Link":"https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Charts.nz – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Norwegiancharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20000430/40/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swedishcharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swisscharts.com – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20000430/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"http://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=a&id=1999","external_links_name":"\"Jahreshitparade Alben 1999\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-1999","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 1999\""},{"Link":"http://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=a&id=2000","external_links_name":"\"Jahreshitparade Alben 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2000&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Jaaroverzichten 2000\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040812032100/http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2000_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Canada's Top 200 Albums of 2000\""},{"Link":"http://www.jamshowbiz.com/JamMusicCharts/2000_1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-2000","external_links_name":"\"Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts – 2000\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/2000","external_links_name":"\"Swiss Year-End Charts 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2000/top-billboard-200-albums","external_links_name":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAABeYGTvZErtZotNbXOr2Tza/2000%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2000 Albums\""},{"Link":"https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_per_page=100&fwp_interpret=Bloodhound+Gang&fwp_titel=Hooray+for+Boobies&fwp_format=album&","external_links_name":"\"Austrian album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Hooray+for+Boobies%20Bloodhound+Gang","external_links_name":"\"Canadian album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://www.ifpi.fi/tutkimukset-ja-tilastot/kulta-ja-platinalevyt/?ulkomaiset=1&q=Bloodhound+Gang","external_links_name":"\"Bloodhound Gang\""},{"Link":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Hooray+for+Boobies&strInterpret=Bloodhound+Gang&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","external_links_name":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Bloodhound Gang; 'Hooray for Boobies')\""},{"Link":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=1052","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2001","external_links_name":"\"Wyróżnienia – Złote płyty CD - Archiwum - Przyznane w 2001 roku\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517224028/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/ar-19991.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1999\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/ar-19991.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Hooray_for_Boobies","external_links_name":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Hooray for Boobies')\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/10223-2071-2","external_links_name":"\"British album certifications – Bloodhound Gang – Hooray for Boobies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127154733/http://ifpi.org/content/section_news/plat2000.html","external_links_name":"\"IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2000\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/bafb68ab-3c2d-396f-83d9-99dd41bf3230","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_sumo
2006 in sumo
["1 Tournaments","1.1 Hatsu basho","1.2 Haru basho","1.3 Natsu basho","1.4 Nagoya basho","1.5 Aki basho","1.6 Kyushu basho","2 News","2.1 January","2.2 March","2.3 May","2.4 June","2.5 July","2.6 August","2.7 September","2.8 November","3 Deaths","4 See also","5 References"]
Overview of the events of 2006 in sumo Years in sumo ← 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 → 2006 in sports Air sports American football Aquatic sports Association football Athletics Australian rules football Badminton Baseball Basketball Canadian football Chess Climbing Combat sports Sumo Cricket 2005–06 2006 2006–07 Cycling Dance sports Darts Equestrianism Esports Field hockey Flying disc Golf Gymnastics Handball Ice hockey Ice sports Korfball Lumberjack sports Mind sports Modern pentathlon Motorsport Orienteering Paralympic sports Precision sports Shooting Racquetball Roller sports Sailing Skiing Speedway Rugby league‎ Rugby union Snooker 2005–06 2006–07 Strength sports Weightlifting Squash Table tennis Tennis Triathlon Volleyball The following are the events in professional sumo during 2006. Tournaments Hatsu basho Ryogoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 8 January – 22 January 2006 Hatsu basho results - Makuuchi Division Result East Rank West Result 11 - 4 - 0 Asashōryū Y 4 - 4 - 7 ø Chiyotaikai O ø Kaiō 3 - 6 - 6 14 - 1 - 0 Tochiazuma O Kotoōshū 10 - 5 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Kotomitsuki S Hakuhō 13 - 2 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Kyokutenhō K Tamanoshima 7 - 8 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Miyabiyama M1 Tokitenkū 5 - 10 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Rohō M2 Kokkai 8 - 7 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Takekaze M3 Tochinohana 4 - 11 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Hakurozan M4 Asasekiryū 5 - 10 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Iwakiyama M5 Kasuganishiki 4 - 11 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Ama M6 Dejima 8 - 7 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Aminishiki M7 Kakizoe 8 - 7 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Jūmonji M8 Futen'ō 9 - 6 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Kisenosato M9 Toyonoshima 7 - 8 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Takamisakari M10 Kotoshōgiku 8 - 7 - 0 12 - 3 - 0 Hokutōriki M11 Kyokushūzan 7 - 8 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Kasugaō M12 Toyozakura 7 - 8 - 0 4 - 10 - 1 ø Tochisakae M13 Yoshikaze 5 - 10 - 0 5 - 10 - 0 Tosanoumi M14 Tokitsuumi 12 - 3 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Shunketsu M15 Wakatoba 4 - 11 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Wakanosato M16 Katayama 6 - 9 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Kitazakura M17 ø - Indicates a pull-out or absent rank winning record in bold Yusho Winner Haru basho Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, 12 March – 26 March 2006 Haru basho results - Makuuchi Division Result East Rank West Result 13 - 2 - 0 Asashōryū* Y ø 12 - 3 - 0 Tochiazuma O Kotoōshū 9 - 6 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Chiyotaikai O Kaiō 8 - 7 - 0 13 - 2 - 0 Hakuhō S Kotomitsuki 8 - 7 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Rohō K Miyabiyama 10 - 5 - 0 5 - 10 - 0 Tamanoshima M1 Kokkai 5 - 10 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Ama M2 Hokutōriki 1 - 14 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Aminishiki M3 Iwakiyama 4 - 11 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Futen'ō M4 Dejima 6 - 9 - 0 11 - 4 - 0 Kyokutenhō M5 Tokitsuumi 2 - 13 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Kakizoe M6 Tokitenkū 8 - 7 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Kisenosato M7 Kasugaō 7 - 8 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Kotoshōgiku M8 Asasekiryū 10 - 5 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Jūmonji M9 Takekaze 9 - 6 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Tochinohana M10 Toyonoshima 6 - 9 - 0 11 - 4 - 0 Wakanosato M11 Takamisakari 7 - 8 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Hakurozan M12 Tochinonada 8 - 7 - 0 11 - 4 - 0 Kyokushūzan M13 Kasuganishiki 5 - 10 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Toyozakura M14 Kitazakura 7 - 8 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Tamakasuga M15 Ōtsukasa 4 - 11 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Ushiomaru M16 Yoshikaze 8 - 7 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Buyūzan M17 ø ø - Indicates a pull-out or absent rank winning record in bold Yusho Winner *Won Playoff Natsu basho Ryogoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 7 May – 21 May 2006 Natsu basho results - Makuuchi Division Result East Rank West Result 1 - 2 - 12 ø Asashōryū Y ø 2 - 5 - 8 ø Tochiazuma O Kotoōshū 8 - 7 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Chiyotaikai O Kaiō 9 - 6 - 0 ø O Hakuhō* 14 - 1 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Kotomitsuki S Miyabiyama 14 - 1 - 0 5 - 10 - 0 Kyokutenhō K Ama 4 - 11 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Kisenosato M1 Kakizoe 6 - 9 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Asasekiryū M2 Wakanosato 6 - 9 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Kotoshōgiku M3 Aminishiki 5 - 10 - 0 5 - 10 - 0 Tokitenkū M4 Takekaze 2 - 13 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Kyokushūzan M5 Rohō 8 - 7 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Tamanoshima M6 Kokkai 8 - 7 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Futen'ō M7 Dejima 8 - 7 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Kasugaō M8 Hakurozan 10 - 5 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Iwakiyama M9 Tochinonada 6 - 9 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Tamakasuga M10 Tochinohana 5 - 10 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Hōmashō M11 Baruto 11 - 4 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Takamisakari M12 Tosanoumi 8 - 7 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Toyonoshima M13 Hokutōriki 10 - 5 - 0 5 - 10 - 0 Katayama M14 Yoshikaze 9 - 6 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Buyūzan M15 Kitazakura 7 - 8 - 0 2 - 9 - 4 ø Tokitsuumi M16 Jūmonji 8 - 7 - 0 ø - Indicates a pull-out or absent rank winning record in bold Yusho Winner *Won Playoff Nagoya basho Aichi Prefectural Gymnasium, Nagoya, 9 July – 23 July 2006 Nagoya basho results - Makuuchi Division Result East Rank West Result 14 - 1 - 0 Asashōryū Y 13 - 2 - 0 Hakuhō O Chiyotaikai 9 - 6 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Kaiō O Kotoōshū 8 - 7 - 0 ø O Tochiazuma 8 - 7 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Miyabiyama S Kotomitsuki 8 - 7 - 0 1 - 2 - 12 ø Asasekiryū K Kisenosato 8 - 7 - 0 3 - 12 - 0 Kotoshōgiku M1 Kyokushūzan 3 - 12 - 0 2 - 13 - 0 Hakurozan M2 Kyokutenhō 6 - 9 - 0 8 - 5 - 2 Rohō M3 Kakizoe 4 - 11 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Ama M4 Baruto 9 - 6 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Futen'ō M5 Kokkai 10 - 5 - 0 3 - 2 - 10 ø Wakanosato M6 Dejima 8 - 7 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Hokutōriki M7 Aminishiki 8 - 7 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Tokitenkū M8 Takamisakari 7 - 8 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Yoshikaze M9 Tosanoumi 6 - 9 - 0 11 - 4 - 0 Tamanoshima M10 Iwakiyama 9 - 6 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Toyonoshima M11 Kasugaō 5 - 10 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Tochinonada M12 Tamakasuga 11 - 4 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Jūmonji M13 Takekaze 9 - 6 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Hōmashō M14 Toyozakura 5 - 10 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Tochinohana M15 Buyūzan 4 - 11 - 0 5 - 10 - 0 Kitazakura M16 Daimanazuru 2 - 13 - 0 ø - Indicates a pull-out or absent rank winning record in bold Yusho Winner Aki basho Ryogoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 10 September – 24 September 2006 Aki basho results - Makuuchi Division Result East Rank West Result 13 - 2 - 0 Asashōryū Y ø 8 - 7 - 0 Hakuhō O Chiyotaikai 10 - 5 - 0 1 - 6 - 8 ø Kaiō O Kotoōshū 10 - 5 - 0 ø O Tochiazuma 9 - 6 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Miyabiyama S Kotomitsuki 8 - 7 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Kisenosato K Kokkai 8 - 7 - 0 4 - 7 - 4 ø Baruto M1 Rohō 10 - 5 - 0 4 - 1 - 0 Tamanoshima M2 Tokitenkū 7 - 8 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Dejima M3 Aminishiki 11 - 4 - 0 1 - 14 - 0 Tamakasuga M4 Kyokutenhō 6 - 9 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Tochinonada M5 Iwakiyama 10 - 5 - 0 11 - 4 - 0 Ama M6 Toyonoshima 4 - 1 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Futen'ō M7 Kotoshōgiku 10 - 5 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Kyokushūzan M8 Kakizoe 9 - 6 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Takamisakari M9 Asasekiryū 7 - 8 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Takekaze M10 Hakurozan 5 - 10 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Hōmashō M11 Jūmonji 4 - 11 - 0 5 - 10 - 0 Yoshikaze M12 Tosanoumi 7 - 8 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Hokutōriki M13 Tochinohana 7 - 8 - 0 0 - 0 - 15 ø Wakanosato M14 Hōchiyama 5 - 10 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Kasuganishiki M15 Kasugaō 8 - 7 - 0 4 - 11 - 0 Ryūhō M16 Shimotori 7 - 8 - 0 ø - Indicates a pull-out or absent rank winning record in bold Yusho Winner Kyushu basho Fukuoka International Centre, Kyushu, 12 November – 26 November 2006 Kyushu basho results - Makuuchi Division Result East Rank West Result 15 - 0 - 0 Asashōryū Y ø 9 - 6 - 0 Chiyotaikai O Kotoōshū 10 - 5 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Tochiazuma O ø Hakuhō 0 - 0 - 15 ø O Kaiō 10 - 5 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Miyabiyama S Kotomitsuki 9 - 6 - 0 8 - 7 - 0 Kisenosato K Kokkai 3 - 12 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Aminishiki K Rohō 8 - 7 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Ama M1 Iwakiyama 2 - 13 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Kotoshōgiku M2 Futen'ō 5 - 10 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Tokitenkū M3 Dejima 10 - 5 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Takekaze M4 Kakizoe 6 - 9 - 0 0 - 9 - 6 ø Hokutōriki M5 Tochinonada 7 - 8 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Kyokutenhō M6 Baruto 10 - 5 - 0 2 - 9 - 4 ø Tamanoshima M7 Kasugaō 8 - 7 - 0 5 - 10 - 0 Toyozakura M8 Kakuryū 8 - 7 - 0 10 - 5 - 0 Takamisakari M9 Asasekiryū 10 - 5 - 0 0 - 2 - 0 ø Kyokushūzan M10 Toyonoshima 8 - 7 - 0 12 - 3 - 0 Hōmashō M11 Kitazakura 4 - 11 - 0 5 - 10 - 0 Ushiomaru M12 Tosanoumi 5 - 10 - 0 6 - 9 - 0 Asōfuji M13 Tochinohana 8 - 7 - 0 9 - 6 - 0 Tamakasuga M14 Hakurozan 7 - 8 - 0 7 - 8 - 0 Ōtsukasa M15 Katayama 6 - 9 - 0 ø - Indicates a pull-out or absent rank winning record in bold Yusho Winner News January At the Hatsu basho in Tokyo, ozeki Tochiazuma takes his third top division yusho or championship with a 14–1 record. This stops Asashoryu's record streak of consecutive championships at seven. Tochiazuma will likely be promoted to yokozuna if he wins the next tournament or posts at least 13 wins. Sekiwake Hakuho is runner-up with a 13–2 record and wins the Outstanding Performance Award. Ozeki Kaio and Chiyotaikai both drop out through injury. Maegashira Tokitsuumi and Hokutoriki both win an impressive twelve bouts; Tokitsuumi is awarded his fourth Technique Prize while Hokutoriki gets the Fighting Spirit Award. Veteran Tochinonada wins the juryo division championship with a 12–3 record and earns promotion back to the top makuuchi division. Estonian Baruto, recovered from appendicitis, wins the makushita division championship and returns to juryo. Former sekiwake Hayateumi, who has fallen to makushita 49, retires. March Action at the Osaka Prefectural Gym during the 2006 tournament. At the Haru basho in Osaka, Asashoryu defeats Hakuho in a playoff bout to take his 16th championship with a 13–2 score. Hakuho is promoted to ozeki nevertheless, and is awarded the Technique and Outstanding Performance prizes. He becomes the sixth non Japanese to reach sumo's second highest rank, and is also the fourth youngest ozeki ever. Fellow Mongolians Ama and Kyokushuzan win the Technique and Fighting Spirit prizes respectively. Tochiazauma, who was hoping for promotion to yokozuna, finishes in third place on 12–3 and narrowly misses out. Kaio and Chiyotaikai both post winning records to maintain their ozeki status. In the juryo division Baruto wins the championship with a perfect 15–0 record, the first man to do so since Kitanofuji in 1963. He is promoted to the top division for the first time, alongside Homasho. May A full house at the Kokugikan on the final day of the May 2006 tournament. At the Natsu basho in Tokyo, Asashoryu bows out of the tournament early due to injury. Tochiazuma also withdraws after seven days. Hakuho takes his first championship in his debut tournament as an ozeki, with a 14–1 record. He defeats sekiwake Miyabiyama in a playoff. Miyabiyama's 14–1 score is his best ever, and there is speculation he could return to ozeki for the first time in five years with a good performance in July. He is awarded the Technique and Outstanding Performance prizes. Baruto scores eleven wins in his top division debut and wins the Fighting Spirit prize, as does Asasekiryu for his ten wins at maegashira 2. Toyozakura wins his first juryo championship and is promoted back to makuuchi. Daimanazuru is also promoted to the top division, in his case for the first time after 14 years in sumo. In makushita, the championship goes to Shimoda, a Nihon University graduate who scores a perfect 7–0 record as a makushita tsukedashi debutant. Former komusubi Toki retires. June Following the death of its stablemaster, Hatachiyama stable is absorbed by the Kitanoumi stable. Oshiogawa Oyakata, the former ozeki Daikirin, retires from the Sumo Association at the age of 64. July After bowing out of the Natsu basho due to injury, Asashoryu comes back strong to win his 17th yusho with a 14–1 record. Hakuho defeats Asashoryu on the final day but the championship had already been decided on Day 14 and his runner-up score of 13–2 is not considered good enough by the Sumo Association for promotion to yokozuna. Miyabiyama, who scored 10–5, is also denied promotion to ozeki, despite accumulating 34 wins over three tournaments. Tochiazuma races to an 8–0 lead, only to lose seven in a row. Veteran Tamakasuga is awarded the Technique Prize, some nine years after his previous special prize. Tamanoshima wins the Fighting Spirit Prize. Russian wrestler Roho is suspended for three days after striking two photographers and breaking a bathroom window following a bad-tempered defeat to Chiyotaikai. Hochiyama wins the juryo division championship. In the makushita division, Kageyama wins promotion to juryo after a 6–1 performance, and changes his fighting name to Tochiozan. Former maegashira Wakatsutomu retires. August Hakuhō and Chiyotaikai in Taiwan. 1: Onoe Oyakata, the former komusubi Hamanoshima, leaves Mihogaseki stable to set up his own Onoe stable. He brings with him several sekitori, including Baruto. 20–21: The Sumo Association visits Taiwan for the first time. The 42 sekitori take part in a two-day tournament, won by Asashoryu. September At the Aki basho in Tokyo, Asashoryu's dominance continues as he chalks up thirteen wins for his 18th championship. Hakuho and Miyabiyama's promotion hopes end as they score only 8–7 and 9–6 respectively. Runners-up are maegashira Aminishiki who is awarded the Technique Prize, and Ama who gets the Fighting Spirit Award. Komusubi Kisenosato is awarded his first Outstanding Performance prize for his victory over Asashoryu. Kaio withdraws on the seventh day of the tournament with only one win. In the juryo division, former sekiwake Takanowaka wins the yusho. The makushita championship goes to Sawai, who wins with a perfect 7–0 record. He is rewarded with promotion to the elite sekitori ranks and a shikona change to Goeido. Former amateur champion Kaido, a stablemate of Kaio, retires. In addition, the 40-year-old former juryo wrestler Kotokanyu, veteran of 154 tournaments, is forced to retire by his stablemaster after punching young opponent Ikioi in the face in the locker room after a defeat. The Sumo Association raises the standard of qualification for former wrestlers who wish to open up their own stables. They must now have spent at least 25 tournaments at a sanyaku rank or at least 60 tournaments ranked in the top division. The move is seen as an attempt to limit the number of stables, which now stands at 54. November Banners announce the beginning of the 2006 Kyushu tournament. At the Kyushu basho, Asashoryu achieves a perfect 15–0 record to take his 19th championship. He has little competition; the closest being maegashira 11 Homasho, who finishes as runner-up on 12–3 and receives the Technique and Fighting Spirit Awards. Hakuho is missing, having injured himself in training shortly before the start of the tournament. Kotoshogiku shares the Technique Prize, scoring an impressive ten wins at maegashira 2. Kaio staves off retirement for another year by returning to win his first eight bouts in a row, although in the end he too finishes on 10–5. Jumonji wins the juryo championship. Former komusubi Kyokushuzan, who in 1996 was the first Mongolian to reach the top division, retires at the age of 33. He had been ranked as a maegashira for a record 58 consecutive tournaments. Former maegashira Harunoyama also announces his retirement. This tournament is also unique in sumo history in that there are three sets of brothers (Asofuji and Aminishiki, Kitazakura and Toyozakura, and Rohō and Hakurozan) in the top division simultaneously for the first and only time (Kitazakura is demoted back to juryo for January 2007). Isegahama Oyataka, the former ozeki Kiyokuni, reaches 65 and retires. Wakafuji Oyataka, the former Katsuhikari, takes over the running of Isegahama stable, but only on a short-term basis. Deaths 4 Feb: Former maegashira 1 Futatsuryu Tokuyoshi, aged 75. 25 Apr: Former maegashira 2 Kiyoenami Kazutsuna, aged 82. 29 May: The former sekiwake Tsurugamine, who as the head of Izutsu stable led his sons Sakahoko and Terao to the top division, dies of sepsis aged 77. 23 June: The former ozeki Hokutenyu, head coach of the Hatachiyama stable, dies of cancer of the kidney aged 45. 7 October: Former maegashira 2 Shishihō Yoshimasa, aged 51. 16 December: Former sekiwake Oginohana Masaaki, father of Oginohana Akikazu and Oginishiki, aged 71. See also Glossary of sumo terms List of active sumo wrestlers List of past sumo wrestlers List of years in sumo List of yokozuna References ^ "Shamed Sumo star quits". Fox Sports.au. 21 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-09-18. Retrieved 27 April 2009. ^ "Wrestler quits after punching rival". Japan Times. 20 September 2006. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2009. vteYears in sumo 1975 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo"}],"text":"Overview of the events of 2006 in sumoThe following are the events in professional sumo during 2006.","title":"2006 in sumo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryogoku Kokugikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryogoku_Kokugikan"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"}],"sub_title":"Hatsu basho","text":"Ryogoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 8 January – 22 January","title":"Tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefectural_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"}],"sub_title":"Haru basho","text":"Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium, Osaka, 12 March – 26 March","title":"Tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Natsu basho","text":"Ryogoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 7 May – 21 May","title":"Tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aichi Prefectural Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Prefectural_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"}],"sub_title":"Nagoya basho","text":"Aichi Prefectural Gymnasium, Nagoya, 9 July – 23 July","title":"Tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aki basho","text":"Ryogoku Kokugikan, Tokyo, 10 September – 24 September","title":"Tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fukuoka International Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_Kokusai_Center"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"}],"sub_title":"Kyushu basho","text":"Fukuoka International Centre, Kyushu, 12 November – 26 November","title":"Tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"News"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ozeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuuchi#%C5%8Czeki"},{"link_name":"Tochiazuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochiazuma_Daisuke"},{"link_name":"yusho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusho"},{"link_name":"Asashoryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asashoryu"},{"link_name":"Sekiwake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekiwake"},{"link_name":"Hakuho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuho"},{"link_name":"Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansho_(sumo)"},{"link_name":"Kaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaio_Hiroyuki"},{"link_name":"Chiyotaikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyotaikai"},{"link_name":"Maegashira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maegashira"},{"link_name":"Tokitsuumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokitsuumi"},{"link_name":"Hokutoriki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokutoriki"},{"link_name":"Tochinonada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochinonada"},{"link_name":"juryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juryo"},{"link_name":"makuuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuuchi"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_people"},{"link_name":"Baruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruto"},{"link_name":"appendicitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis"},{"link_name":"makushita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makushita"},{"link_name":"Hayateumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayateumi"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"At the Hatsu basho in Tokyo, ozeki Tochiazuma takes his third top division yusho or championship with a 14–1 record. This stops Asashoryu's record streak of consecutive championships at seven. Tochiazuma will likely be promoted to yokozuna if he wins the next tournament or posts at least 13 wins. Sekiwake Hakuho is runner-up with a 13–2 record and wins the Outstanding Performance Award. Ozeki Kaio and Chiyotaikai both drop out through injury. Maegashira Tokitsuumi and Hokutoriki both win an impressive twelve bouts; Tokitsuumi is awarded his fourth Technique Prize while Hokutoriki gets the Fighting Spirit Award. Veteran Tochinonada wins the juryo division championship with a 12–3 record and earns promotion back to the top makuuchi division. Estonian Baruto, recovered from appendicitis, wins the makushita division championship and returns to juryo. Former sekiwake Hayateumi, who has fallen to makushita 49, retires.","title":"News"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dohyo.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Kohei"},{"link_name":"Kyokushuzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyokushuzan"},{"link_name":"Kitanofuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanofuji"},{"link_name":"Homasho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homasho"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"Action at the Osaka Prefectural Gym during the 2006 tournament.At the Haru basho in Osaka, Asashoryu defeats Hakuho in a playoff bout to take his 16th championship with a 13–2 score. Hakuho is promoted to ozeki nevertheless, and is awarded the Technique and Outstanding Performance prizes. He becomes the sixth non Japanese to reach sumo's second highest rank, and is also the fourth youngest ozeki ever. Fellow Mongolians Ama and Kyokushuzan win the Technique and Fighting Spirit prizes respectively. Tochiazauma, who was hoping for promotion to yokozuna, finishes in third place on 12–3 and narrowly misses out. Kaio and Chiyotaikai both post winning records to maintain their ozeki status. In the juryo division Baruto wins the championship with a perfect 15–0 record, the first man to do so since Kitanofuji in 1963. He is promoted to the top division for the first time, alongside Homasho.","title":"News"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miyabiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyabiyama"},{"link_name":"Asasekiryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asasekiryu"},{"link_name":"Toyozakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyozakura"},{"link_name":"Daimanazuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimanazuru"},{"link_name":"Shimoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wakakeisho_Hiroki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nihon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_University"},{"link_name":"makushita tsukedashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makushita_tsukedashi"},{"link_name":"Toki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toki_Susumu"}],"sub_title":"May","text":"A full house at the Kokugikan on the final day of the May 2006 tournament.At the Natsu basho in Tokyo, Asashoryu bows out of the tournament early due to injury. Tochiazuma also withdraws after seven days. Hakuho takes his first championship in his debut tournament as an ozeki, with a 14–1 record. He defeats sekiwake Miyabiyama in a playoff. Miyabiyama's 14–1 score is his best ever, and there is speculation he could return to ozeki for the first time in five years with a good performance in July. He is awarded the Technique and Outstanding Performance prizes. Baruto scores eleven wins in his top division debut and wins the Fighting Spirit prize, as does Asasekiryu for his ten wins at maegashira 2. Toyozakura wins his first juryo championship and is promoted back to makuuchi. Daimanazuru is also promoted to the top division, in his case for the first time after 14 years in sumo. In makushita, the championship goes to Shimoda, a Nihon University graduate who scores a perfect 7–0 record as a makushita tsukedashi debutant. Former komusubi Toki retires.","title":"News"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hatachiyama stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatachiyama_stable&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kitanoumi stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitanoumi_stable"},{"link_name":"Daikirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikirin"}],"sub_title":"June","text":"Following the death of its stablemaster, Hatachiyama stable is absorbed by the Kitanoumi stable.\nOshiogawa Oyakata, the former ozeki Daikirin, retires from the Sumo Association at the age of 64.","title":"News"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yusho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusho"},{"link_name":"Sumo Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_Association"},{"link_name":"Tamakasuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamakasuga"},{"link_name":"Tamanoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanoshima"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_people"},{"link_name":"Roho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roho_Yukio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hochiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochiyama"},{"link_name":"Tochiozan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tochiozan"},{"link_name":"Wakatsutomu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakatsutomu"}],"sub_title":"July","text":"After bowing out of the Natsu basho due to injury, Asashoryu comes back strong to win his 17th yusho with a 14–1 record. Hakuho defeats Asashoryu on the final day but the championship had already been decided on Day 14 and his runner-up score of 13–2 is not considered good enough by the Sumo Association for promotion to yokozuna. Miyabiyama, who scored 10–5, is also denied promotion to ozeki, despite accumulating 34 wins over three tournaments. Tochiazuma races to an 8–0 lead, only to lose seven in a row. Veteran Tamakasuga is awarded the Technique Prize, some nine years after his previous special prize. Tamanoshima wins the Fighting Spirit Prize. Russian wrestler Roho is suspended for three days after striking two photographers and breaking a bathroom window following a bad-tempered defeat to Chiyotaikai.[1] Hochiyama wins the juryo division championship. In the makushita division, Kageyama wins promotion to juryo after a 6–1 performance, and changes his fighting name to Tochiozan. Former maegashira Wakatsutomu retires.","title":"News"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%99%BD%E9%B5%AC2006Taiwan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hakuhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Chiyotaikai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyotaikai"},{"link_name":"Hamanoshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamanoshima"},{"link_name":"Mihogaseki stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihogaseki_stable"},{"link_name":"Onoe stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onoe_stable"},{"link_name":"sekitori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekitori"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"sub_title":"August","text":"Hakuhō and Chiyotaikai in Taiwan.1: Onoe Oyakata, the former komusubi Hamanoshima, leaves Mihogaseki stable to set up his own Onoe stable. He brings with him several sekitori, including Baruto.\n20–21: The Sumo Association visits Taiwan for the first time. The 42 sekitori take part in a two-day tournament, won by Asashoryu.","title":"News"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aminishiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminishiki"},{"link_name":"Kisenosato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisenosato"},{"link_name":"Takanowaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takanowaka"},{"link_name":"sekitori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekitori"},{"link_name":"shikona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikona"},{"link_name":"Goeido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goeido"},{"link_name":"Kaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaido_Yasuhiro"},{"link_name":"Kotokanyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotokanyu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ikioi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikioi_Shota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"stables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heya_(sumo)"},{"link_name":"sanyaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanyaku"}],"sub_title":"September","text":"At the Aki basho in Tokyo, Asashoryu's dominance continues as he chalks up thirteen wins for his 18th championship. Hakuho and Miyabiyama's promotion hopes end as they score only 8–7 and 9–6 respectively. Runners-up are maegashira Aminishiki who is awarded the Technique Prize, and Ama who gets the Fighting Spirit Award. Komusubi Kisenosato is awarded his first Outstanding Performance prize for his victory over Asashoryu. Kaio withdraws on the seventh day of the tournament with only one win. In the juryo division, former sekiwake Takanowaka wins the yusho. The makushita championship goes to Sawai, who wins with a perfect 7–0 record. He is rewarded with promotion to the elite sekitori ranks and a shikona change to Goeido. Former amateur champion Kaido, a stablemate of Kaio, retires. In addition, the 40-year-old former juryo wrestler Kotokanyu, veteran of 154 tournaments, is forced to retire by his stablemaster after punching young opponent Ikioi in the face in the locker room after a defeat.[2]\nThe Sumo Association raises the standard of qualification for former wrestlers who wish to open up their own stables. They must now have spent at least 25 tournaments at a sanyaku rank or at least 60 tournaments ranked in the top division. The move is seen as an attempt to limit the number of stables, which now stands at 54.","title":"News"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kotoshogiku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoshogiku"},{"link_name":"Jumonji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumonji_Tomokazu"},{"link_name":"Kyokushuzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyokushuzan"},{"link_name":"Harunoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harunoyama"},{"link_name":"Asofuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asofuji"},{"link_name":"Aminishiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminishiki"},{"link_name":"Kitazakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitazakura"},{"link_name":"Toyozakura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyozakura"},{"link_name":"Rohō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Hakurozan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakurozan"},{"link_name":"Kiyokuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyokuni"},{"link_name":"Katsuhikari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuhikari"},{"link_name":"Isegahama stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isegahama_stable"}],"sub_title":"November","text":"Banners announce the beginning of the 2006 Kyushu tournament.At the Kyushu basho, Asashoryu achieves a perfect 15–0 record to take his 19th championship. He has little competition; the closest being maegashira 11 Homasho, who finishes as runner-up on 12–3 and receives the Technique and Fighting Spirit Awards. Hakuho is missing, having injured himself in training shortly before the start of the tournament. Kotoshogiku shares the Technique Prize, scoring an impressive ten wins at maegashira 2. Kaio staves off retirement for another year by returning to win his first eight bouts in a row, although in the end he too finishes on 10–5. Jumonji wins the juryo championship. Former komusubi Kyokushuzan, who in 1996 was the first Mongolian to reach the top division, retires at the age of 33. He had been ranked as a maegashira for a record 58 consecutive tournaments. Former maegashira Harunoyama also announces his retirement. This tournament is also unique in sumo history in that there are three sets of brothers (Asofuji and Aminishiki, Kitazakura and Toyozakura, and Rohō and Hakurozan) in the top division simultaneously for the first and only time (Kitazakura is demoted back to juryo for January 2007).\nIsegahama Oyataka, the former ozeki Kiyokuni, reaches 65 and retires. Wakafuji Oyataka, the former Katsuhikari, takes over the running of Isegahama stable, but only on a short-term basis.","title":"News"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Futatsuryu Tokuyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Futatsuryu_Tokuyoshi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kiyoenami Kazutsuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiyoenami_Kazutsuna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsurugamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsurugamine"},{"link_name":"Izutsu stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izutsu_stable"},{"link_name":"Sakahoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakahoko"},{"link_name":"Terao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terao"},{"link_name":"sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis"},{"link_name":"Hokutenyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokutenyu"},{"link_name":"cancer of the kidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_of_the_kidney"},{"link_name":"Shishihō Yoshimasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishih%C5%8D_Yoshimasa"},{"link_name":"Oginohana Masaaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oginohana_Masaaki"},{"link_name":"Oginohana Akikazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oginohana_Akikazu"},{"link_name":"Oginishiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oginishiki"}],"text":"4 Feb: Former maegashira 1 Futatsuryu Tokuyoshi, aged 75.\n25 Apr: Former maegashira 2 Kiyoenami Kazutsuna, aged 82.\n29 May: The former sekiwake Tsurugamine, who as the head of Izutsu stable led his sons Sakahoko and Terao to the top division, dies of sepsis aged 77.\n23 June: The former ozeki Hokutenyu, head coach of the Hatachiyama stable, dies of cancer of the kidney aged 45.\n7 October: Former maegashira 2 Shishihō Yoshimasa, aged 51.\n16 December: Former sekiwake Oginohana Masaaki, father of Oginohana Akikazu and Oginishiki, aged 71.","title":"Deaths"}]
[{"image_text":"Action at the Osaka Prefectural Gym during the 2006 tournament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dohyo.JPG/220px-Dohyo.JPG"},{"image_text":"A full house at the Kokugikan on the final day of the May 2006 tournament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg/220px-Ryogoku_Kokugikan_Tsuriyane_05212006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hakuhō and Chiyotaikai in Taiwan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E7%99%BD%E9%B5%AC2006Taiwan.JPG/220px-%E7%99%BD%E9%B5%AC2006Taiwan.JPG"},{"image_text":"Banners announce the beginning of the 2006 Kyushu tournament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg/220px-Sumo_Nobori_flags.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Glossary of sumo terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms"},{"title":"List of active sumo wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_sumo_wrestlers"},{"title":"List of past sumo wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_past_sumo_wrestlers"},{"title":"List of years in sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_sumo"},{"title":"List of yokozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_yokozuna"}]
[{"reference":"\"Shamed Sumo star quits\". Fox Sports.au. 21 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-09-18. Retrieved 27 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,20450353-23218,00.html","url_text":"\"Shamed Sumo star quits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_(USA)","url_text":"Fox Sports"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120918132952/http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,20450353-23218,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrestler quits after punching rival\". Japan Times. 20 September 2006. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ss20060920a2.html","url_text":"\"Wrestler quits after punching rival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Times","url_text":"Japan Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606224915/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ss20060920a2.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,20450353-23218,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Shamed Sumo star quits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120918132952/http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,20450353-23218,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ss20060920a2.html","external_links_name":"\"Wrestler quits after punching rival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606224915/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ss20060920a2.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meb_Keflezighi
Meb Keflezighi
["1 Competition record","1.1 Marathons","2 Early life and education","3 Career","3.1 2004–2009","3.2 2010–present","4 Training","5 Products","6 Personal life","7 References","8 External links"]
Eritrean-born American long distance runner Meb KeflezighiMeb Keflezighi at the 2016 Olympic Team TrialsPersonal informationNationalityAmericanBorn (1975-05-05) May 5, 1975 (age 49)Asmara, EthiopiaHeight5 ft 5 in (165 cm)Weight127 lb (58 kg)Websitehttp://www.marathonmeb.com/SportCountry United StatesEvent(s)Marathon, 10,000 mCollege teamUCLA BruinsClubNew York Athletic ClubCoached byBob LarsenRetiredNov. 2017Achievements and titlesOlympic finals2000 Sydney10,000 m - 12th2004 AthensMarathon -  Silver2012 LondonMarathon - 4th2016 Rio de JaneiroMarathon - 33rdWorld finals2001 Edmonton10,000 m - 23rd2003 Paris10,000 m - 16thNational finalsNCAA cross-country NCAA 10,000 m (outdoors)NCAA 5,000 m (indoors)NCAA 5,000 m (outdoors)Personal bestsOutdoor 1500 m: 3:42.29Mile: 4:02.795000 m: 13:11.7710,000 m: 27:13.98Road Half marathon: 1:01:00Marathon: 2:08:37 Medal record Representing  United States Olympic Games 2004 Athens Marathon World Cross Country Championships 2001 Ostend Team World Marathon Majors 2009 New York City Marathon 2014 Boston Marathon 2004 New York City Marathon 2005 New York City Marathon 2006 Boston Marathon This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters. Mebrahtom "Meb" Keflezighi (/ˈmɛb kəˈflɛzɡi/; (Tigrinya: መብራህቶም ክፍለዝጊ, Mebrāhtōm Kifl'izgī; born May 5, 1975) is a retired American long distance runner. He is the 2004 Olympic silver medalist in the marathon and finished in fourth place in the 2012 Summer Olympics. He won the 2009 New York City Marathon on November 1, 2009, and the 2014 Boston Marathon on April 21, 2014, becoming the first American man to win each race since 1982 and 1983, respectively. Keflezighi is a graduate of UCLA, where he won four NCAA championships competing for the UCLA Bruins track and field team. He came in fourth in the 2014 New York City Marathon on November 2, 2014, eighth in the 2015 Boston Marathon on April 20, 2015, and second in the 2016 U.S. Olympic Team Trials to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Competition record Marathons Competition Rank Time Location Date Notes 2004 Summer Olympics 2nd 2:11:29 Athens, Greece 2004 Aug 29 1st US medal since 1976 Early life and education Keflezighi and his family were refugees from modern-day Eritrea (then part of Ethiopia), who came to the United States via Italy in 1987. He is one of ten children. Keflezighi began running while a student at Memorial Academy in San Diego, where he ran a 5:10 mile before going on to win both the 1600 meters and 3200 meters at the CIF California State Championships in 1994 for San Diego High School. Keflezighi became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1998 – the same year in which he graduated from UCLA. While at UCLA Keflezighi received numerous All-American awards and other accolades. He won four NCAA championships (the 5k and 10k outdoor and 5 k indoor) during the 1996–97 season, including the cross-country title, spanning from the track and field season in the spring to the cross country season in the fall. He was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame in 2010. Career Keflezighi is a three-time national champion in cross country running, having won the USA Cross Country Championships in 2001, 2002 and 2009. His fastest times for some standard distances are 3:42.29 for 1500 m, set in 1998; 13:11.77 for 5000 m, set in 2000; 27:13.98 for 10,000 m, set in 2001 (an American record which stood until 2010); and 2:08:37 for the marathon, set at the 2014 Boston Marathon. On October 11, 2010, he released his autobiography, Run to Overcome, which was published by Tyndale House Publishers. The book, co-authored with noted sports writer Dick Patrick, included recollections about major milestones in his life, such as his Olympic competitions and other running highlights, as well as his early years, leading up to the present day. He is also the driving force behind the MEB Foundation, the "MEB" standing for "Maintaining Excellent Balance," which principally promotes healthy living, and other positive lifestyle choices and motivation for school-age youth. Despite his success, Keflezighi's sponsor Nike did not renew his long-running contract in 2011. As a result, Keflezighi competed as an unsponsored athlete. In December 2011, Keflezhigi was signed up by sportswear company Skechers, whom he has represented since. In 2013, Keflezighi signed with elliptical cycling company ElliptiGO. Other current sponsors in 2014 include PowerBar, Sony, Oakley, Inc., Garmin, USANA Health Sciences, Generation UCAN, CEP Compression, New York Athletic Club, and KRAVE Jerky. On April 21, 2014, Keflezighi became the first American man to win the Boston Marathon since 1983, besting many of the heavy African favorites in a new personal best of 2:08:37. With this victory, Keflezighi became the only Marathoner in history to win the Boston Marathon, the New York City Marathon, and an Olympic Medal. At the end of 2014, Keflezighi was selected for the Jesse Owens Award as the USATF Athlete of the Year. 2004–2009 2004 In the 2004 Summer Olympics, Keflezighi finished second in the men's marathon, winning a silver medal in a personal season's best time of 2 hours, 11 minutes and 29 seconds. He finished 42 seconds ahead of Brazilian Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima, who was leading the marathon until being pushed off the course by protester Neil Horan. This was the first medal won by an American man in the Olympic marathon since Frank Shorter won the gold in the 1972 Summer Olympics and took the silver medal in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 2007 Keflezighi broke his hip during the 2008 U.S. Olympic Marathon trials in Central Park. He finished in eighth place and did not qualify for the team. During the race, his friend and training partner Ryan Shay died of a heart attack. 2009 He won the 2009 New York City Marathon, setting a personal best of 2:09:15. Keflezighi was the first American to win the marathon since 1982. 2010–present 2010 On April 19, 2010 he ran his third fastest time of 2:09:26 while finishing 5th in the 114th Boston Marathon, despite training at half his usual mileage with a knee injury. He ran with the leaders for much of the race, before slowing at the finish. He ran the San Jose Half Marathon as part of his preparation towards a New York title defense and he comfortably won by a margin of three minutes, finishing in 1:01:45. He ran a PR in the 2010 New York Marathon of 2:09:13, placing sixth place and the first U.S. finisher. 2012 On January 14, 2012, he won the U.S. Olympic Marathon Trial in Houston with a time of 2:09:08, which was a new personal best by 5 seconds. He is the oldest winner of the Olympic Trials Marathon at age 36. On August 12, 2012, Keflezighi finished fourth in the 2012 Summer Olympics Marathon with a time of 2:11:06. 2013 On June 22, 2013, Keflezighi finished second in the US Half marathon Championships held around Duluth, Minnesota in 1:01:22. 2014 Meb Keflezighi accepting the 2014 Jesse Owens Award On January 19, Keflezighi won the USA Half Marathon Championships in a time of 1:01:23. On April 21, he won the 2014 Boston Marathon, the first American male to do so since 1983, and first American since 1985, with an official time of 2:08:37. The race was two weeks before his 39th birthday, making him the oldest winner of the Boston Marathon since at least 1930. On July 4, he ran in the Kilometer Kids Charity Chase, a part of the AJC Peachtree Road Race, in order to raise funds for the Atlanta Track Club's youth running program. On November 2, Keflezighi finished 4th in 2:13:20 at the 2014 TCS New York City Marathon. At the end of the season USATF selected his Boston victory as the Inspirational Performance of the Year. Later at the same ceremony, he was selected as the winner of the 2014 Jesse Owens Award. 2015 On April 20, he came in eighth place in the 2015 Boston Marathon, crossing the finish line hand-in-hand with elite female runner Hilary Dionne. In May 2015, Keflezighi marked his Masters debut with a 1:02:29 at the Suja Rock 'n' Roll San Diego Half Marathon, which also served as the U.S. Masters National Championships. His time earned him the national title, and a second place overall finish. On November 1, he came in seventh place in the 2015 TCS NYC Marathon with an official time of 2:13:32; beating the former U.S. Masters Record by 20 seconds. 2016 On 13 February 2016, Keflezighi placed second at the US Olympic Marathon Trials, finishing in 2:12:20, one minute behind Galen Rupp, on a warm day in Los Angeles. On August 21, 2016, Keflezighi finished 33rd in the 2016 Summer Olympics Marathon with a time of 2:16:46 after dealing with stomach problems in the second half of the race and stopping 7 times. He slipped right before the finish line but turned it into push ups. Training Keflezighi uses nine-day training cycles instead of traditional training weeks, which he says allows him to concentrate on training while also allowing himself to recover. His training is composed of tempo runs, intervals, long runs and cross-training. In the weeks leading up to the 2014 Boston Marathon, he ran 2–3 times a day, and used his ElliptiGO for 10–20 mile cross-training rides to avoid injuries. Additionally, he tries to keep himself healthy with daily core-strengthening exercises, stretching, altitude training, tune-up races, and a high-protein diet with 5 servings of fruit. Products In 2011, Sony released a special-edition Meb Keflezighi 2GB W Series Walkman MP3 Player. It came pre-loaded with audio tips, along with a booklet containing tips on running, nutrition, stretching and more. The product is now discontinued. On October 15, 2013, Skechers debuted the limited-edition GOmeb line of athletic shoes, which features the official shoe of Keflezighi, the GOrun Speed. The line commemorates his wins in both the 2009 New York City Marathon and 2014 Boston Marathon. On July 2, 2014, a limited-edition 'Meb 8S' ElliptiGO was released to commemorate his 2014 Boston Marathon victory. The bike features his motto "Run To Win" and his signature, along with a patriotic-themed paint job. Personal life Keflezighi lives and trains in Tampa, where he moved in 2019 from his long-time home in San Diego. Keflezighi also previously trained in Mammoth Lakes, California, and is a member of the New York Athletic Club. Keflezighi is represented by his brother Merhawi, who as a UCLA undergraduate was a student manager for the Bruin men's basketball team (head student manager in 2001–02) and is a 2006 graduate of the UCLA School of Law. Keflezighi and his wife Yordanos married in November 2004 and have three daughters: Sara, Fiyori, and Yohana. Keflezighi is a Catholic. Keflezighi was recognized as an Outstanding American by Choice by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services in 2017. References ^ a b All-Athletics. "Profile of Mebrahtom Keflezighi". Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2014. ^ a b Chappell, Bill (April 21, 2014). "America's Meb Keflezighi Wins An Emotional Boston Marathon". NPR. Retrieved April 25, 2014. ^ Mecham, Dave (anchor) (February 13, 2016). 3-Time Olympic Marathoner Meb Keflezighi Places 2nd at U.S. Olympic Trials in Downtown L.A. KTLA 5 News. KTLA. Retrieved February 16, 2016. ^ "Meb Keflezighi stuns to win Boston Marathon". NBC Sports. April 21, 2014. ^ a b c May, Peter. "A Year Later, It’s Old Glory in Boston Marathon." The New York Times. April 21, 2014 ^ Lawson, Hank. "California State Meet Results – 1915 to present". Retrieved December 25, 2012. ^ See YouTube highlights. Youtube.com. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ Layden, Tim (October 31, 2005). "I Am An American". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved November 2, 2009. ^ a b "Meb Keflezighi Wins NYC Marathon". Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved November 1, 2009. ^ a b Bowman, Kevin (April 22, 2013). "UCLA alum Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon". Daily Bruin. Retrieved April 23, 2014. ^ Newsroom, UCLA. "UCLA alumnus Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon". UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved February 25, 2019. ^ "Keflezighi, Brown take open titles at USA Cross Country Championships". USATF. February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2010. ^ Crumpacker, John (May 2, 2010). "Solinsky sets 10,000-meter American record". San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Germano, Sara (April 24, 2012). "Skechers Sets New Pace on Sponsors". Wall Street Journal. ^ "Meb Keflezighi Joins ElliptiGO Project". Competitor.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ "Official Website of Meb Keflezighi". Official website of 2004 Olympic Silver Medalist, 2009 NYC Marathon and 2014 Boston Marathon Champion, Meb Keflezighi. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ "USA Track & Field – Keflezighi, Simpson Named 2014 USATF Jesse Owens and Jackie Joyner-Kersee Athletes of the Year". usatf.org. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ a b Clarey, Christopher (August 30, 2004). "Summer 2004 Games: Marathon; A Spectator Disrupts The Marathon With a Shove". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2009. ^ Patrick, Dick (October 27, 2009). "Marathoner Keflezighi carries somber memories of New York". USA Today. Retrieved November 1, 2009. ^ Zinser, Lynn (November 1, 2009). "Keflezighi's 'U.S.A.' Breaks the Tape". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2009. ^ "Cheruiyot breaks CR in Boston; Hall fastest American ever at race". USATF. April 19, 2010. ^ Miyamae, Amana (October 4, 2010). "Keflezighi defends title at San Jose Half Marathon". IAAF. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010. ^ "Keflezighi; Flanagan win U.S. Olympic Team Trials Marathon". USATF. January 14, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2014. ^ "Results: 2013 USA Half Marathon Championships". Flotrack. June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ "Athlete profile for Mebrahtom Keflezighi". IAAF. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ "Grandmas Marathon". Archived from the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014. ^ Whiteside, Kelly (April 21, 2014). "American Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon". USA Today. Retrieved April 21, 2014. ^ "Atlanta Running Club – Home of the AJC Peachtree Road Race – Atlanta Track Club". atlantatrackclub.org. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ Bowers, Rachel (April 20, 2015). "Meb creates special finish line moment". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ Competitor.com. "Meb Keflezighi Has Sparkling Masters Debut at Rock ‘n’ Roll San Diego", "Competitor.com", 31 May 2015. Retrieved on 3 July 2015. ^ "TCS New York City Marathon 2015 Live Results". New York Road Runners. New York Road Runners. Retrieved November 1, 2015. ^ Gambaccini, Peter (November 2015). "Meb Keflezighi Breaks U.S. Masters Record at NYC Marathon". Runner's World. Rodale Inc. Retrieved November 1, 2015. ^ 2016 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Marathon/Results ^ a b "How Meb Keflezighi Trained to Win the Boston Marathon". Runner's World & Running Times. May 2, 2014. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ "Meb Minutes". RunnerSpace.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ Baddood (May 10, 2013). "2GB W Series Walkman Meb Keflezighi – NWZW262MEB Review – Sony Store U.S. – Sony US". Sony US. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ Metzler, Brian (October 29, 2013). "Meb Keflezighi's Skechers NYC Marathon Shoe". PodiumRunner. Retrieved October 27, 2022. ^ "Skechers Extends Contract with Meb Keflezighi". FDRA. February 8, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2022. ^ "ElliptiGO 8S "Meb Edition"". elliptigo.com. July 7, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2015. ^ @runmeb (August 16, 2019). "For almost 32 yrs, CA has been home. Thanks to my families, friends, teammates, schoolmates & the community for mol…" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ ""This Has Been Happening for a Long, Long Time"". June 10, 2020. ^ Baxter, Kevin (March 25, 2012). "Peak fitness: Marathoner Meb Keflezighi and other U.S. runners have found a high-altitude mecca where they are raising the country's Olympic hopes". Los Angeles Times. p. C1. ^ Fermino, Jennifer; Ford, Beverly (April 22, 2014). "Soaring triumph of spirit in Boston Marathon celebrates life: Winner honors bombing vics". Daily News. p. 4. ^ Butler, Sarah (May 5, 2014). "How Meb Met His Match". Runners World. ^ a b Menzie, Nicola (April 21, 2014). "Meb Keflezighi, Deeply Religious Christian, Becomes First American in 30 Years to Win Boston Marathon". The Christian Post. ^ Weiss, Bari (November 23, 2009). "Running Man: The New York City marathon champion on running, religion and what it means to be an American". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 19, 2017. ^ "Meb Keflezighi Gets Married". www.letsrun.com. Retrieved September 19, 2023. ^ "2017 Outstanding American by Choice Recipients". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. November 20, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meb Keflezighi. Official website Mebrahtom Keflezighi at World Athletics Meb Keflezighi at legacy.USATF.org (archived) Meb Keflezighi at Olympedia vteBoston Marathon – men's winners 1897: John McDermott (USA) 1898: Ronald MacDonald (CAN) 1899: Lawrence Brignolia (USA) 1900–01: Jack Caffery (CAN) 1902: Sammy Mellor (USA) 1903: John Lordan (USA) 1904: Michael Spring (USA) 1905: Frederick Lorz (USA) 1906: Timothy Ford (USA) 1907: Thomas Longboat (CAN) 1908: Thomas Morrissey (USA) 1909: Henri Renaud (USA) 1910: Fred Cameron (CAN) 1911: Clarence DeMar (USA) 1912: Michael Ryan (USA) 1913: Fritz Carlson (USA) 1914: James Duffy (CAN) 1915: Édouard Fabre (CAN) 1916: Arthur Roth (USA) 1917: Bill Kennedy (USA) 1918: (Military Relay) 1919: Carl Linder (USA) 1920: Peter Trivoulides (GRE) 1921: Frank Zuna (USA) 1922–24: Clarence DeMar (USA) 1925: Charles Mellor (USA) 1926: John C. Miles (CAN) 1927–28: Clarence DeMar (USA) 1929: John C. Miles (CAN) 1930: Clarence DeMar (USA) 1931: James Henigan (USA) 1932: Paul de Bruyn (GER) 1933: Leslie S. Pawson (USA) 1934: Dave Komonen (CAN) 1935: John A. Kelley (USA) 1936: Ellison Brown (USA) 1937: Walter Young (CAN) 1938: Leslie S. Pawson (USA) 1939: Ellison Brown (USA) 1940: Gérard Côté (CAN) 1941: Leslie S. Pawson (USA) 1942: Joe Smith (USA) 1943–44: Gérard Côté (CAN) 1945: John A. Kelley (USA) 1946: Stylianos Kyriakides (GRE) 1947: Suh Yun-bok (KOR) 1948: Gérard Côté (CAN) 1949: Gösta Leandersson (SWE) 1950: Ham Kee-yong (KOR) 1951: Shigeki Tanaka (JPN) 1952: Mateo Flores (GTM) 1953: Keizo Yamada (JPN) 1954: Veikko Karvonen (FIN) 1955: Hideo Hamamura (JPN) 1956: Antti Viskari (FIN) 1957: John J. Kelley (USA) 1958: Franjo Mihalić (YUG) 1959: Eino Oksanen (FIN) 1960: Paavo Kotila (FIN) 1961–62: Eino Oksanen (FIN) 1963–64: Aurèle Vandendriessche (BEL) 1965: Morio Shigematsu (JPN) 1966: Kenji Kimihara (JPN) 1967: Dave McKenzie (NZL) 1968: Amby Burfoot (USA) 1969: Yoshiaki Unetani (JPN) 1970: Ron Hill (GBR) 1971: Álvaro Mejía (COL) 1972: Olavi Suomalainen (FIN) 1973: Jon Anderson (USA) 1974: Neil Cusack (IRE) 1975: Bill Rodgers (USA) 1976: Jack Fultz (USA) 1977: Jerome Drayton (CAN) 1978–80: Bill Rodgers (USA) 1981: Toshihiko Seko (JPN) 1982: Alberto Salazar (USA) 1983: Greg Meyer (USA) 1984–85: Geoff Smith (GBR) 1986: Robert de Castella (AUS) 1987: Toshihiko Seko (JPN) 1988: Ibrahim Hussein (KEN) 1989: Abebe Mekonnen (ETH) 1990: Gelindo Bordin (ITA) 1991–92: Ibrahim Hussein (KEN) 1993–95: Cosmas Ndeti (KEN) 1996: Moses Tanui (KEN) 1997: Lameck Aguta (KEN) 1998: Moses Tanui (KEN) 1999: Joseph Chebet (KEN) 2000: Elijah Lagat (KEN) 2001: Lee Bong-ju (KOR) 2002: Rodgers Rop (KEN) 2003: Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot (KEN) 2004: Timothy Cherigat (KEN) 2005: Hailu Negussie (ETH) 2006–08: Robert Kipkoech Cheruiyot (KEN) 2009: Deriba Merga (ETH) 2010: Robert Kiprono Cheruiyot (KEN) 2011: Geoffrey Mutai (KEN) 2012: Wesley Korir (KEN) 2013: Lelisa Desisa (ETH) 2014: Meb Keflezighi (USA) 2015: Lelisa Desisa (ETH) 2016: Lemi Berhanu Hayle (ETH) 2017: Geoffrey Kipkorir Kirui (KEN) 2018: Yuki Kawauchi (JPN) 2019: Lawrence Cherono (KEN) 2020: cancelled 2021: Benson Kipruto (KEN) 2022–23: Evans Chebet (KEN) 2024: Sisay Lemma (KEN) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon – List (M/W) Boston Marathon – List (M/W) Chicago Marathon – List (M/W) London Marathon – List (M/W) New York City Marathon – List (M/W) Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W) vteNew York City Marathon – men's winners 1970: Gary Muhrcke (USA) 1971: Norm Higgins (USA) 1972: Sheldon Karlin (USA) 1973: Tom Fleming (USA) 1974: Norbert Sander (USA) 1975: Tom Fleming (USA) 1976–79: Bill Rodgers (USA) 1980–82: Alberto Salazar (USA) 1983: Rod Dixon (NZL) 1984–85: Orlando Pizzolato (ITA) 1986: Gianni Poli (ITA) 1987: Ibrahim Hussein (KEN) 1988: Steve Jones (GBR) 1989: Juma Ikangaa (TAN) 1990: Douglas Wakiihuri (KEN) 1991: Salvador García (MEX) 1992: Willie Mtolo (RSA) 1993: Andrés Espinosa (MEX) 1994–95: Germán Silva (MEX) 1996: Giacomo Leone (ITA) 1997–98: John Kagwe (KEN) 1999: Joseph Chebet (KEN) 2000: Abdelkader El Mouaziz (MAR) 2001: Tesfaye Jifar (ETH) 2002: Rodgers Rop (KEN) 2003: Martin Lel (KEN) 2004: Hendrick Ramaala (RSA) 2005: Paul Tergat (KEN) 2006: Marílson Gomes dos Santos (BRA) 2007: Martin Lel (KEN) 2008: Marílson Gomes dos Santos (BRA) 2009: Meb Keflezighi (USA) 2010: Gebregziabher Gebremariam (ETH) 2011: Geoffrey Mutai (KEN) 2012 2013: Geoffrey Mutai (KEN) 2014: Wilson Kipsang Kiprotich (KEN) 2015: Stanley Biwott (KEN) 2016: Ghirmay Ghebreslassie (ERI) 2017: Geoffrey Kamworor (KEN) 2018: Lelisa Desisa (ETH) 2019: Geoffrey Kamworor (KEN) 2020 2021: Albert Korir (KEN) 2022: Evans Chebet (KEN) 2023: Tamirat Tola (ETH) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon – List (M/W) Boston Marathon – List (M/W) Chicago Marathon – List (M/W) London Marathon – List (M/W) New York City Marathon – List (M/W) Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W) vteUS National Championship winners in men's 10,000-meter run1876–1878New York Athletic Club 1876–79: Not held 1879–1888NAAAA 1880: James Gifford 1881: W. C. Davies 1882–83: Tom Delaney 1884: Geo. Stonebridge 1885: Peter Skillman 1886–87: Edward Carter 1888Note 1: Thomas Conneff 1888–1979Amateur Athletic Union 1888–91Note 1: Thomas Conneff 1892–93: William Day 1894: Charles Bean 1899: Alex Grant 1900: Arthur Newton 1901: Frank Kanahy 1902: Alex Grant 1903: Not held 1904: John Joyce 1905: Frank Verner 1906: Wm. Nelson 1907: John Daly 1908: Fred Bellars 1909: Harry McLean 1910: William Kramer 1911: George Bonhag 1912: Hannes Kolehmainen (FIN) * Harry Smith 1913: Hannes Kolehmainen (FIN) * Joie Ray 1914: Ville Kyrönen (FIN) * H. E. Weeks 1915: Hannes Kolehmainen (FIN) * Oliver Millard 1916: Joie Ray 1917–19: Charles Pores 1920OT: Not held 1921–23: Earle Johnson 1924: Ilmar Prim 1925: George Lermond 1926: Phillip Osif 1927: Willie Ritola (FIN) * Russell Payne 1928OT: Joie Ray 1929-31: Lou Gregory 1932OT: Tom Ottey 1933: Lou Gregory 1934: Eino Pentti 1935: Tom Ottey 1936: Don Lash 1937–38: Eino Pentti 1939: Lou Gregory 1940: Don Lash 1941: Lou Gregory 1942: Joe McCluskey 1943: Lou Gregory 1944: Norm Bright 1945: Ted Vogel 1946–48: Edward O'Toole 1949: Fred Wilt 1950: Horace Ashenfelter 1951–54: Curt Stone 1955: Dick Hart 1956: Max Truex 1957: Doug Kyle 1958: John Macy 1959: 1960: Al Lawrence (AUS) * Max Truex 1961: John Gutknecht 1962: Bruce Kidd (CAN) * Peter McArdle 1963–64: Peter McArdle 1965: Billy Mills 1966: Tracy Smith 1967: Van Nelson 1968: Tracy Smith 1969–70: Jack Bacheler 1971: Frank Shorter 1972: Greg Fredericks 1973: Gordon Minty (GBR) * Ted Castaneda 1974–75: Frank Shorter 1976: Ed Leddy 1977: Frank Shorter 1978–79: Craig Virgin 1980: Rodolfo Gómez Garry Bjorklund 1980–1992The Athletics Congress 1981: Alberto Salazar 1982: Craig Virgin 1983: Alberto Salazar 1984: Jon Sinclair 1985: Bruce Bickford 1986–87: Gerard Donakowski 1988: Steve Taylor 1989: Pat Porter 1990: Steve Plasencia 1991: Shannon Butler 1992OT: Todd Williams 1993–onwardsUSA Track & Field 1993: Todd Williams 1994: Tom Ansberry 1995–96: Todd Williams 1997: Michael Mykytok 1998: Dan Browne 1999: Alan Culpepper 2000OT: Meb Keflezighi 2001: Abdi Abdirahman 2002: Meb Keflezighi 2003: Alan Culpepper 2004: Meb Keflezighi 2005: Abdi Abdirahman 2006: Jorge Torres 2007–08: Abdi Abdirahman 2009–16: Galen Rupp 2017: Hassan Mead 2018–19: Lopez Lomong 20212020 OT: Woody Kincaid 2022: Galen Rupp 2023: Woody Kincaid Notes Note 1: In 1888 both the NAAAA and the AAU held championships OT: The 1920, 1928, 1932, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event. 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Distance: Until 1924 the event was 5 miles; from 1925–27 and from 1929–31 it was over 6 miles. vteUSA Championship winners in the men's 5K run 1979–81: Odis Sanders 1982–89: Not held 1990: Terry Brahm 1991–93: Not held 1994: Matt Giusto 1995: Tim Hacker 1996: Mark Coogan 1997: Marc Davis 1998: Dan Browne 1999–2001: Not held 2002: Meb Keflezighi 2003: Henry Dennis 2004: Tim Broe 2005: Adam Goucher 2006: Anthony Famiglietti 2007: Dan Browne 2008: Anthony Famiglietti 2009: Matt Tegenkamp 2010: Robert Cheseret 2011–12: Ben True 2013: Andrew Bumbalough 2014: Diego Estrada 2015: David Torrence 2016: Ryan Hill 2017: Shadrack Kipchirchir 2018: Paul Chelimo 2019: Anthony Rotich 2020: Cancelled 2021: Drew Hunter 2022: Abdihamid Nur vteUSA Championship winners in the men's 15K run 1889: S. Thomas 1890: Thomas Conneff 1891: Edward Carter 1892: William O'Keefe 1893–94: Edward Carter 1895: Not held 1896: H. Gray 1897: Not held 1898: Thomas McGirr 1899: George Orton (CAN) 1900–02: Not held 1903–05: Johnny Joyce 1906: Not held 1907: John Daly (IRL) 1908: John Eisele 1909: George Bonhag 1910: W.C. Bailey 1911: Louis Scott 1912: Harry Smith 1913–16: Hannes Kolehmainen (FIN) 1917: Ville Kyrönen (FIN) 1918: Charles Pores 1919–20: Fred Faller 1921: Earl Johnson 1922–23: Ville Ritola (FIN) 1924: Earl Johnson 1925–27: Ville Ritola (FIN) 1928: Frank Titterton 1929: James McDade 1930: Gus Moore 1931: William Zepp 1932–34: Paul Mundy 1935–36: Robert Rankin 1937: Johnny A. Kelley 1938: Victor Dyrgall 1939: Ellison Brown 1940: Eino Pentti 1941–42: Joe McCluskey 1943: Lou Gregory 1944: Clayton Farrar 1945: Johnny A. Kelley 1946: Victor Dyrgall 1947: Fred Kline 1948–49: Victor Dyrgall 1950–51: Louis White 1952: John DiComandrea 1953: Walt Deike 1954–55: Browning Ross 1956: Rudy Mendez 1957: Johnny J. Kelley 1958: Pete McArdle 1959: Alex Breckenridge 1960: Al Confalone 1961: George Foulds 1962: Pete McArdle 1963: Larry Furnell 1964: Karl Weiser 1965: Merle McGee 1966: Doug Brown 1967: James Freeman 1968: Steve Matthews 1969: Garry Bjorklund 1970: Phil Camp 1971: Tom Hoffman 1972–73: Chuck Smead 1974: Frank Shorter 1975: Hamilton Amer 1976: Gary Tuttle 1977: Randy Thomas 1978: Alex Kasich 1979: Benton Hart 1980: Pete Pfitzinger 1981: Terry Baker 1982: Jeff Adkins 1983: Bill Rodgers 1984: Paul Cummings 1985–93: Not held 1994–96: Todd Williams 1997: Joe LeMay 1998–99: Todd Williams 2000: Dan Browne 2001–04: Meb Keflezighi 2005: Ryan Shay 2006: Meb Keflezighi 2007: Not held 2008: Andrew Carlson 2009: Anthony Famiglietti 2010–11: Mo Trafeh 2012: Christo Landry 2013–15: Ben True 2016: Stanley Kebenei 2017–18: Leonard Korir 2019: Shadrack Kipchirchir 2020: Frank Lara 2021: Clayton Young Distance was 10 miles from 1899 to 1932 vteUSA Championship winners in the men's 20K run 1933: Lou Gregory 1934: Paul Mundy 1935: Ellison Brown 1936: Jean Berthelot 1937: Robert Rankin 1938: Lou Gregory 1939–40: Ellison Brown 1941–42: Lou Gregory 1943: Johnny A. Kelley 1944–46: Charles Robbins 1947: Mikko Hietanen (FIN) 1948–49: Victor Dyrgall 1950: Jesse Van Zant 1951: Thomas Crane 1952: Robert Black 1953: Charles Robbins 1954: Johnny A. Kelley 1955: Charles Robbins 1956–60: Johnny J. Kelley 1961: Pete McArdle 1962: Frederick Norris (GBR) 1963: Johnny J. Kelley 1964: Jim Keefe 1965: Larry Furnell 1966: Ralph Buschmann 1967: Andy Boychuk (CAN) 1968––69: ? 1970: Arthur Dulong 1971: Robert Fitts 1972: John Vitale 1973: Bill Rodgers 1974: Gary Tuttle 1975: Dave Babiracki 1976–77: ? 1978–79: Randy Thomas 1980–81: Bob Hodge 1982: Mike Hairston 1983: ? 1984: Ivan Huff 1985: Jon Sinclair 1986–88: Mark Curp 1989: Paul Gompers 1990: Ed Eyestone 1991: Mark Curp 1992: Paul Pilkington 1993: Keith Brantly 1994: Ed Eyestone 1995–96: Joe LeMay 1997: Brian Clas 1998: Terence Mahon 1999: Philemon Hanneck 2000: Todd Reeser 2001–02: Dan Browne 2003: Meb Keflezighi 2004: Ryan Shay 2005: Abdihakem Abdirahman 2006: Ryan Hall 2007: Dan Browne 2008: James Carney 2009: Brett Gotcher 2010: Sean Quigley 2011: Abdihakem Abdirahman 2012–13: Matt Tegenkamp 2014: Girma Mecheso 2015: Jared Ward 2016: Leonard Korir 2017: Galen Rupp 2018–19: Leonard Korir 2020: Not held vteUSA Championship winners in the men's half marathon 1987: Paul Cummings 1988: Mark Stickley 1989: Not held 1990: Mark Curp 1991: Jon Sinclair 1992: Don Janicki 1993: Ed Eyestone 1994: Rod DeHaven 1995: Steve Spence 1996: Alfredo Vigueras 1997: David Morris 1998: Rod DeHaven 1999: Todd Williams 2000: Rod DeHaven 2001: Dan Browne 2002: Peter de la Cerda 2003–04: Ryan Shay 2005: Dan Browne 2006: Brian Sell 2007: Ryan Hall 2008: James Carney 2009: Meb Keflezighi 2010: Antonio Vega 2011: Mo Trafeh 2012: Abdihakem Abdirahman 2013–14: Meb Keflezighi 2015: Diego Estrada 2016: Christo Landry 2017: Leonard Korir 2018: Chris Derrick 2019: Leonard Korir 2020: Not held vteUS National Championship winners in men's Marathon1925-1979Amateur Athletic Union 1925: Charles Mellor 1926–29: Clarence DeMar 1930: Karl Koski 1931: William Agee 1932: Clyde Martak 1933–34: Melvin Porter 1935: Pat Dengis 1936: Billy McMahon 1937: Melvin Porter 1938–39: Pat Dengis 1940: Lou Gregory 1941: Bernard Smith 1942–43: Frederick McGlone 1944–45: Charles Robbins, Jr. 1946: Johnny Kelley 1947: Ted Vogel 1948: Johnny Kelley 1949: Victor Dyrgall 1950: Johnny Kelley 1951: Jesse Van Zant 1952: Victor Dyrgall 1953: John Lafferty 1954: Ted Corbitt 1955: Nicholas Costes 1956–63: John J. Kelley 1964: Buddy Edelen 1965: Garnett Williams 1966: Norm Higgins 1967: Ron Daws 1968: George Young 1969: Tom Heinonen 1970: Robert Fitts 1971: Kenny Moore 1972: Edmund Norris 1973: Douglas Schmenk 1974: Ronald Wayne 1975–76: Gary Tuttle 1977: Edward Schelegle 1978: Carl Hatfield 1979: Tom Antczak 1980–1992The Athletics Congress 1980: Frank Richardson 1981: Robert Johnson 1982: Joel Menges 1983: Pete Pfitzinger 1984–85: Ken Martin 1986: Bill Donakowski 1987: Ric Sayre 1988: Mark Conover 1989: Bill Reifsnyder 1990: Steve Spence 1991: Bill Reifsnyder 1993–presentUSA Track & Field 1992: Steve Spence 1993: Ed Eyestone 1994: Paul Pilkington 1995: Keith Brantly 1996: Bob Kempainen 1997: Dave Scudamore 1998: Keith Brantly 1999: Alfredo Vigueras 2000: Rod DeHaven 2001: Scott Larson 2002: Dan Browne 2003: Ryan Shay 2004: Alan Culpepper 2005–06: Mbarak Hussein 2007: Ryan Hall 2008: Fernando Cabada 2009: Meb Keflezighi 2010: Sergio Reyes 2011: Not held 2012: Meb Keflezighi 2013: Nicholas Arciniaga 2014: Tyler Pennel 2015: Jared Ward 2016: Galen Rupp 2017: Tim Ritchie 2018: Brogan Austin 2019: Not held 2020: Galen Rupp 2022: Futsum Zienasellassie vteUSA Cross Country Championships men's winners 1890: William Day 1891: M. Kennedy 1892: Edward Carter 1893–96: Not held 1897–98: George Orton (CAN) 1899–1900: Not held 1901: Jerry Pierce 1902: Not held 1903: Johnny Joyce 1904: Not held 1905: W.J. Hail 1906: Frank Nebrich 1907–08: Fred Bellars 1909: William Kramer 1910: Fred Bellars 1911–12: William Kramer 1913: Abel Kiviat 1914: Hannes Kolehmainen (FIN) 1915: Nick Giannakopoulos 1916: Ville Kyrönen (FIN) 1917: James Henigan 1918: Max Bohland 1919–20: Fred Faller 1921: Earl Johnson 1922–23: Ville Ritola (FIN) 1924: Fred Wachsmuth 1925–27: Ville Ritola (FIN) 1928–29: Gus Moore 1930: William Zepp 1931: Clark Chamberlain 1932: Joe McCluskey 1933: Ray Sears 1934–40: Don Lash 1941: Greg Rice 1942: Frank Dixon 1943: William Hulse 1944: James Rafferty 1945: Tom Quinn 1946: Robert Black 1947: Curt Stone 1948: Robert Black 1949: Fred Wilt 1950: Browning Ross 1951: Bill Ashenfelter 1952–53: Fred Wilt 1954: Gordon McKenzie 1955–56: Horace Ashenfelter 1957–58: John Macy (POL) 1959–60: Al Lawrence (AUS) 1961: Bruce Kidd (CAN) 1962: Pete McArdle 1963: Bruce Kidd (CAN) 1964: Dave Ellis (CAN) 1965–66: Ron Larrieu 1967: Kenny Moore 1968: John Mason 1969: Jack Bacheler 1970–73: Frank Shorter 1974: John Ngeno (KEN) 1975: Greg Fredericks 1976: Ric Rojas 1977: Nick Rose (GBR) 1978: Greg Meyer 1979: Alberto Salazar 1980: Jon Sinclair 1981: Adrian Royle (GBR) 1982–89: Pat Porter 1990: Bob Kempainen 1991: Todd Williams 1992: Bob Kennedy 1993: Todd Williams 1994: Reuben Reina 1995: Brad Schlapak 1996: Reuben Reina 1997: Tim Hacker 1998: Not held 1999: Alan Culpepper 2000: Adam Goucher 2001–02: Meb Keflezighi 2003: Alan Culpepper 2004: Bob Kennedy 2005: Dathan Ritzenhein 2006: Ryan Hall 2007: Alan Culpepper 2008: Dathan Ritzenhein 2009: Meb Keflezighi 2010: Dathan Ritzenhein 2011: Brent Vaughn 2012: Bobby Mack 2013–15: Chris Derrick 2016: Craig Lutz 2017–18: Leonard Korir 2019: Shadrack Kipchirchir 2020: Anthony Rotich 2022: Shadrack Kipchirchir 2023: Emmanuel Bor 2024: Cooper Teare vte2000 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification 2000 United States Olympic trials (track and field) Men's trackand road athletes Abdihakem Abdirahman Kenny Brokenburr (r) John Capel James Carter Curt Clausen Tony Cosey Mark Crear Mark Croghan Alan Culpepper Rod DeHaven Pascal Dobert Jon Drummond Philip Dunn Mark Everett Adam Goucher Maurice Greene Alvin Harrison Calvin Harrison (r) Bradley Hauser Floyd Heard Andrew Hermann Gabe Jennings Allen Johnson Curtis Johnson Michael Johnson Meb Keflezighi Rich Kenah Brian Lewis (r) Coby Miller Tim Montgomery (r) Antonio Pettigrew Jason Pyrah Nick Rogers Tim Seaman Michael Stember Angelo Taylor Eric Thomas Terrence Trammell Bernard Williams (r) Bryan Woodward Jerome Young (r) Men'sfield athletes Charles Austin Andy Bloom LaMark Carter Walter Davis Lance Deal Kenny Evans John Godina Breaux Greer Chad Harting Robert Howard Chris Huffins Nick Hysong Kip Janvrin Lawrence Johnson Nathan Leeper Melvin Lister Jud Logan Kevin McMahon Adam Nelson Tom Pappas Dwight Phillips Adam Setliff Savanté Stringfellow Anthony Washington Women's trackand road athletes Andrea Anderson (r) Kim Batten Tonja Buford-Bailey Chen Yueling Christine Clark Hazel Clark Joetta Clark Diggs LaTasha Colander Michelle Collins Sharon Couch Shayne Culpepper Gail Devers Deena Kastor Elva Dryer Torri Edwards Chryste Gaines Sandra Glover Suzy Favor Hamilton Monique Hennagan Libbie Hickman Marion Jones Anne Marie Letko Debbi Lawrence Jearl Miles Clark Melissa Morrison-Howard Nanceen Perry Jennifer Rhines Passion Richardson (r) Michelle Rohl Amy Rudolph Marla Runyan Women'sfield athletes Amy Acuff Erin Aldrich Lynda Blutreich Dawn Burrell Shelia Burrell Jesseca Cross Karol Rovelto Stacy Dragila Dawn Ellerbe Nicole Gamble Marion Jones Kris Kuehl Melissa Mueller DeDee Nathan Amy Palmer Suzy Powell-Roos Connie Price-Smith Seilala Sua Kellie Suttle Teri Steer Shana Williams Coaches John Chaplin (men's head coach) Dick Booth (men's assistant coach) Dixon Farmer (men's assistant coach) Rob Johnson (men's assistant coach) John Moon (men's assistant coach) Jerry Quiller (men's assistant coach) Jay Silvester (men's assistant coach) Bubba Thornton (men's assistant coach) Karen Dennis (women's head coach) Sandy Fowler (women's assistant coach) Ernest Gregoire (women's assistant coach) Judy Harrison (women's assistant coach) Rita Somerlot (women's assistant coach) LaVerne Sweat (women's assistant coach) Mark Young (women's assistant coach) vte2004 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification2004 United States Olympic trials (track and field)Men's trackand road athletes Abdihakem Abdirahman Bennie Brazell Derrick Brew Tim Broe Dan Browne James Carter Curt Clausen Shawn Crawford Alan Culpepper Philip Dunn Kevin Eastler Anthony Famiglietti Robert Gary Justin Gatlin Maurice Greene Charlie Gruber Otis Harris Allen Johnson Jonathan Johnson Meb Keflezighi Daniel Lincoln Coby Miller John Nunn Darvis Patton Derrick Peterson Jonathon Riley Dathan Ritzenhein Grant Robison Khadevis Robinson Andrew Rock Duane Ross Tim Seaman Angelo Taylor Terrence Trammell Jeremy Wariner Alan Webb Bernard Williams Darold Williamson Kelly Willie Men's fieldathletes Kenta Bell Bryan Clay Walter Davis John Godina Breaux Greer Tora Harris Matt Hemingway Reese Hoffa A. G. Kruger Melvin Lister Timothy Mack Casey Malone Derek Miles John Moffitt Adam Nelson Jamie Nieto Tom Pappas James Parker Dwight Phillips Jarred Rome Toby Stevenson Paul Terek Ian Waltz Women's trackand road athletes Hazel Clark Jearl Miles Clark LaTasha Colander Crystal Cox Shayne Culpepper Colleen De Reuck Lashinda Demus Gail Devers Elva Dryer Allyson Felix Shalane Flanagan Joanna Hayes Monique Henderson Monique Hennagan Sheena Tosta Marion Jones Deena Kastor Muna Lee LaShauntea Moore Melissa Morrison-Howard Kate Tenforde Jennifer Rhines Sanya Richards-Ross Moushaumi Robinson Marla Runyan Brenda Taylor Nicole Teter Carrie Tollefson DeeDee Trotter Teresa Vaill Angela Williams Lauryn Williams Women's fieldathletes Amy Acuff Stephanie Brown Shelia Burrell Stacy Dragila Laura Gerraughty Erin Gilreath Kristin Heaston Aretha Thurmond Chaunté Lowe Tiombe Hurd Jackie Jeschelnig Marion Jones Kim Kreiner Tiffany Lott-Hogan Anna Mahon Yuliana Pérez Michelle Perry Rose Richmond Jillian Schwartz Seilala Sua Kellie Suttle Grace Upshaw Tisha Waller Coaches— vte2012 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification2012 United States Olympic trials (track and field)Men's trackand road athletes Abdihakem Abdirahman Kyle Alcorn Ryan Bailey Trevor Barron Donn Cabral Matthew Centrowitz Jr. Kerron Clement Jeff Demps Justin Gatlin Tyson Gay Ryan Hall Evan Jager Meb Keflezighi Trell Kimmons (r) Bernard Lagat Lopez Lomong Joshua Mance (r) Leonel Manzano Tony McQuay Aries Merritt LaShawn Merritt Manteo Mitchell (r) Maurice Mitchell Bryshon Nellum John Nunn Darvis Patton (r) Jeff Porter Jason Richardson Dathan Ritzenhein Mike Rodgers (r) Khadevis Robinson Galen Rupp Duane Solomon Wallace Spearmon Nick Symmonds Matt Tegenkamp Angelo Taylor Michael Tinsley Jeremy Wariner Andrew Wheating Isiah Young Men'sfield athletes Lance Brooks Christian Cantwell Will Claye Ashton Eaton Sean Furey Marquise Goodwin Trey Hardee Reese Hoffa Cyrus Hostetler Kibwé Johnson Craig Kinsley George Kitchens A. G. Kruger Erik Kynard Derek Miles Jamie Nieto Jarred Rome Jeremy Scott Christian Taylor Brad Walker Ryan Whiting Jesse Williams Jason Young Women's trackand road athletes Keshia Baker (r) T'erea Brown Janet Cherobon-Bawcom Emma Coburn Kim Conley Julie Culley Desiree Davila Lashinda Demus Diamond Dixon (r) Allyson Felix Shalane Flanagan Bridget Franek Geena Gall Kara Goucher Dawn Harper Amy Hastings Molly Huddle Carmelita Jeter Lolo Jones Shalaya Kipp Bianca Knight (r) Tianna Madison Francena McCorory Maria Michta Georganne Moline Alysia Montaño Sanya Richards-Ross Shannon Rowbury Alice Schmidt Jenny Simpson Jeneba Tarmoh (r) DeeDee Trotter Morgan Uceny Lisa Uhl Kellie Wells Lauryn Williams (r) Women'sfield athletes Amy Acuff Brigetta Barrett Amanda Bingson Brittany Borman Tia Brooks Jillian Camarena-Williams Amber Campbell Michelle Carter Jessica Cosby Sharon Day Janay DeLoach Hyleas Fountain Chelsea Hayes Becky Holliday Lacey Janson Gia Lewis-Smallwood Chaunté Lowe Chantae McMillan Kara Patterson Brittney Reese Amanda Smock Jennifer Suhr Aretha Thurmond Stephanie Brown Trafton Rachel Yurkovich Coaches Tonja Buford-Bailey (women's asst) Amy Deem (women's head coach) Edrick Floréal (men's asst) Jack Hazen (men's asst) Mike Holloway (men's asst) Rose Monday (women's asst) Connie Price-Smith (women's asst) Tom Pukstys (men's asst) Andrew Valmon (men's head coach) Gwen Wentland (women's asst) vte2016 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification2016 United States Olympic trials (track and field)Men's trackand road athletes Devon Allen Robby Andrews Ronnie Ash Boris Berian Ben Blankenship Hillary Bor Marvin Bracy Trayvon Bromell Donn Cabral Matthew Centrowitz Jr. Paul Chelimo Kerron Clement Kyle Clemons (r) Christian Coleman (r) Justin Gatlin Tyson Gay (r) Arman Hall (r) Evan Jager Charles Jock Meb Keflezighi Shadrack Kipchirchir Leonard Korir Bernard Lagat Tony McQuay (r) Hassan Mead LaShawn Merritt Clayton Murphy John Nunn Jeff Porter Gil Roberts Byron Robinson Mike Rodgers (r) Galen Rupp Michael Tinsley David Verburg Jared Ward Ameer Webb Men's field athletes Bradley Adkins Tavis Bailey Chris Benard Will Claye Ryan Crouser Sam Crouser Logan Cunningham Marquis Dendy Ashton Eaton Andrew Evans Mason Finley Sean Furey Michael Hartfield Jeff Henderson Darrell Hill Cyrus Hostetler Kibwé Johnson Sam Kendricks Joe Kovacs Erik Kynard Jarrion Lawson Conor McCullough Ricky Robertson Cale Simmons Jeremy Taiwo Christian Taylor Rudy Winkler Zach Ziemek Women's trackand road athletes Morolake Akinosun (r) Nia Ali Tianna Bartoletta Tori Bowie Kristi Castlin Emma Coburn Kim Conley Amy Cragg Abbey Cooper Taylor Ellis-Watson (r) Allyson Felix Shalane Flanagan Phyllis Francis Courtney Frerichs English Gardner Kate Grace Marielle Hall Natasha Hastings Shelby Houlihan Molly Huddle Emily Infeld Desiree Linden Brenda Martinez Francena McCorory (r) Sydney McLaughlin Miranda Melville Maria Michta Dalilah Muhammad Courtney Okolo (r) Jenna Prandini Colleen Quigley Brianna Rollins Shannon Rowbury Jenny Simpson Ashley Spencer Deajah Stevens Ariana Washington (r) Chrishuna Williams Ajeé Wilson Women's field athletes Whitney Ashley Tianna Bartoletta Gwen Berry Brittany Borman Amber Campbell Kelsey Card Michelle Carter Vashti Cunningham Janay DeLoach Christina Epps Andrea Geubelle Felisha Johnson Chaunté Lowe Maggie Malone Inika McPherson Heather Miller-Koch Sandi Morris Barbara Nwaba Keturah Orji DeAnna Price Brittney Reese Raven Saunders Amanda Smock Jennifer Suhr Shelbi Vaughan Alexis Weeks Kendell Williams Kara Winger Coaches Bonnie Edmondson (women's assistant coach) Troy Engle (men's assistant coach) Curtis Frye (men's assistant coach) Robyne Johnson (women's assistant coach) Vin Lananna (men's head coach) Rose Monday (women's assistant coach) Connie Price-Smith (women's head coach) Cliff Rovelto (men's assistant coach) Mario Sategna (men's assistant coach) LaTanya Sheffield (women's assistant coach) Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Germany United States People World Athletics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethiopic text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%27ez_script"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"/ˈmɛb kəˈflɛzɡi/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Tigrinya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigrinya_language"},{"link_name":"long distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_track_event"},{"link_name":"2004 Olympic silver medalist in the marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2009 New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"2014 Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"UCLA Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins"},{"link_name":"2014 New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"2015 Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"2016 U.S. Olympic Team Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_Olympic_Trials_(track_and_field)"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article contains Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Ethiopic characters.Mebrahtom \"Meb\" Keflezighi (/ˈmɛb kəˈflɛzɡi/; (Tigrinya: መብራህቶም ክፍለዝጊ, Mebrāhtōm Kifl'izgī; born May 5, 1975) is a retired American long distance runner. He is the 2004 Olympic silver medalist in the marathon and finished in fourth place in the 2012 Summer Olympics. He won the 2009 New York City Marathon on November 1, 2009, and the 2014 Boston Marathon on April 21, 2014, becoming the first American man to win each race since 1982 and 1983, respectively. Keflezighi is a graduate of UCLA, where he won four NCAA championships competing for the UCLA Bruins track and field team. He came in fourth in the 2014 New York City Marathon on November 2, 2014, eighth in the 2015 Boston Marathon on April 20, 2015, and second in the 2016 U.S. Olympic Team Trials to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics.[3]","title":"Meb Keflezighi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competition record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Marathons","title":"Competition record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May-5"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"CIF California State Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIF_California_State_Meet"},{"link_name":"San Diego High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_High_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"naturalized citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_citizen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si_10312005-8"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap_11_01_2009-9"},{"link_name":"the 5k and 10k outdoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championship"},{"link_name":"5 k indoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Indoor_Track_and_Field_Championship"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruin-ucla-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruin-ucla-10"},{"link_name":"UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins#UCLA_Athletics_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Keflezighi and his family were refugees[4] from modern-day Eritrea (then part of Ethiopia), who came to the United States via Italy in 1987. He is one of ten children.[5]Keflezighi began running while a student at Memorial Academy in San Diego, where he ran a 5:10 mile before going on to win both the 1600 meters and 3200 meters at the CIF California State Championships in 1994 for San Diego High School.[5][6][7] Keflezighi became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1998[8] – the same year in which he graduated from UCLA. While at UCLA Keflezighi received numerous All-American awards and other accolades.[9] He won four NCAA championships (the 5k and 10k outdoor and 5 k indoor)[10] during the 1996–97 season, including the cross-country title, spanning from the track and field season in the spring to the cross country season in the fall.[10]He was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame in 2010.[11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross country running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"USA Cross Country Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Ed-12"},{"link_name":"1500 m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"2014 Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Skechers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skechers"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ElliptiGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElliptiGO"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"PowerBar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerBar"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"Oakley, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakley,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin"},{"link_name":"USANA Health Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USANA_Health_Sciences"},{"link_name":"New York Athletic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jesse Owens Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Owens_Award"},{"link_name":"USATF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USATF"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Keflezighi is a three-time national champion in cross country running, having won the USA Cross Country Championships in 2001, 2002 and 2009.[12]His fastest times for some standard distances are 3:42.29 for 1500 m, set in 1998; 13:11.77 for 5000 m, set in 2000; 27:13.98 for 10,000 m, set in 2001 (an American record which stood until 2010);[13] and 2:08:37 for the marathon, set at the 2014 Boston Marathon.On October 11, 2010, he released his autobiography, Run to Overcome, which was published by Tyndale House Publishers. The book, co-authored with noted sports writer Dick Patrick, included recollections about major milestones in his life, such as his Olympic competitions and other running highlights, as well as his early years, leading up to the present day. He is also the driving force behind the MEB Foundation, the \"MEB\" standing for \"Maintaining Excellent Balance,\" which principally promotes healthy living, and other positive lifestyle choices and motivation for school-age youth.Despite his success, Keflezighi's sponsor Nike did not renew his long-running contract in 2011. As a result, Keflezighi competed as an unsponsored athlete. In December 2011, Keflezhigi was signed up by sportswear company Skechers, whom he has represented since.[14] In 2013, Keflezighi signed with elliptical cycling company ElliptiGO.[15] Other current sponsors in 2014 include PowerBar, Sony, Oakley, Inc., Garmin, USANA Health Sciences, Generation UCAN, CEP Compression, New York Athletic Club, and KRAVE Jerky.[16]On April 21, 2014, Keflezighi became the first American man to win the Boston Marathon since 1983, besting many of the heavy African favorites in a new personal best of 2:08:37. With this victory, Keflezighi became the only Marathoner in history to win the Boston Marathon, the New York City Marathon, and an Olympic Medal.At the end of 2014, Keflezighi was selected for the Jesse Owens Award as the USATF Athlete of the Year.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"men's marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderlei_Cordeiro_de_Lima"},{"link_name":"Neil Horan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Horan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_2004_8_30-18"},{"link_name":"Frank Shorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Shorter"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1976 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap_11_01_2009-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_2004_8_30-18"},{"link_name":"Central Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park"},{"link_name":"Ryan Shay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Shay"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usa_today_10272009-19"},{"link_name":"New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_2009_nymara_recap-20"}],"sub_title":"2004–2009","text":"2004In the 2004 Summer Olympics, Keflezighi finished second in the men's marathon, winning a silver medal in a personal season's best time of 2 hours, 11 minutes and 29 seconds. He finished 42 seconds ahead of Brazilian Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima, who was leading the marathon until being pushed off the course by protester Neil Horan.[18] This was the first medal won by an American man in the Olympic marathon since Frank Shorter won the gold in the 1972 Summer Olympics and took the silver medal in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[9][18]2007Keflezighi broke his hip during the 2008 U.S. Olympic Marathon trials in Central Park. He finished in eighth place and did not qualify for the team. During the race, his friend and training partner Ryan Shay died of a heart attack.[19]2009He won the 2009 New York City Marathon, setting a personal best of 2:09:15. Keflezighi was the first American to win the marathon since 1982.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"San Jose Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2010 New York Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_New_York_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"2012 Summer Olympics Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"Duluth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keflezighi.jpg"},{"link_name":"USA Half Marathon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Half_Marathon_Championships"},{"link_name":"2014 Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-May-5"},{"link_name":"Peachtree Road Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peachtree_Road_Race"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Track Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Track_Club"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"TCS New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCS_New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Jesse Owens Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Owens_Award"},{"link_name":"2015 Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Galen Rupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen_Rupp"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"2010–present","text":"2010On April 19, 2010 he ran his third fastest time of 2:09:26 while finishing 5th in the 114th Boston Marathon, despite training at half his usual mileage with a knee injury. He ran with the leaders for much of the race, before slowing at the finish.[21]\nHe ran the San Jose Half Marathon as part of his preparation towards a New York title defense and he comfortably won by a margin of three minutes, finishing in 1:01:45.[22]\nHe ran a PR in the 2010 New York Marathon of 2:09:13, placing sixth place and the first U.S. finisher.2012On January 14, 2012, he won the U.S. Olympic Marathon Trial in Houston with a time of 2:09:08, which was a new personal best by 5 seconds. He is the oldest winner of the Olympic Trials Marathon at age 36.[23]\nOn August 12, 2012, Keflezighi finished fourth in the 2012 Summer Olympics Marathon with a time of 2:11:06.2013On June 22, 2013, Keflezighi finished second in the US Half marathon Championships held around Duluth, Minnesota in 1:01:22.[24][25][26]2014Meb Keflezighi accepting the 2014 Jesse Owens AwardOn January 19, Keflezighi won the USA Half Marathon Championships in a time of 1:01:23.\nOn April 21, he won the 2014 Boston Marathon, the first American male to do so since 1983, and first American since 1985, with an official time of 2:08:37.[27] The race was two weeks before his 39th birthday, making him the oldest winner of the Boston Marathon since at least 1930.[5]\nOn July 4, he ran in the Kilometer Kids Charity Chase, a part of the AJC Peachtree Road Race, in order to raise funds for the Atlanta Track Club's youth running program.[28]\nOn November 2, Keflezighi finished 4th in 2:13:20 at the 2014 TCS New York City Marathon.\nAt the end of the season USATF selected his Boston victory as the Inspirational Performance of the Year. Later at the same ceremony, he was selected as the winner of the 2014 Jesse Owens Award.2015On April 20, he came in eighth place in the 2015 Boston Marathon, crossing the finish line hand-in-hand with elite female runner Hilary Dionne.[29]\nIn May 2015, Keflezighi marked his Masters debut with a 1:02:29 at the Suja Rock 'n' Roll San Diego Half Marathon, which also served as the U.S. Masters National Championships. His time earned him the national title, and a second place overall finish.[30]\nOn November 1, he came in seventh place in the 2015 TCS NYC Marathon with an official time of 2:13:32;[31] beating the former U.S. Masters Record by 20 seconds.[32]2016On 13 February 2016, Keflezighi placed second at the US Olympic Marathon Trials, finishing in 2:12:20, one minute behind Galen Rupp, on a warm day in Los Angeles.[33]\nOn August 21, 2016, Keflezighi finished 33rd in the 2016 Summer Olympics Marathon with a time of 2:16:46 after dealing with stomach problems in the second half of the race and stopping 7 times. He slipped right before the finish line but turned it into push ups.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-runnersworld.com-34"},{"link_name":"cross-training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-training"},{"link_name":"2014 Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"ElliptiGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElliptiGO"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-runnersworld.com-34"}],"text":"Keflezighi uses nine-day training cycles instead of traditional training weeks, which he says allows him to concentrate on training while also allowing himself to recover.[34] His training is composed of tempo runs, intervals, long runs and cross-training. In the weeks leading up to the 2014 Boston Marathon, he ran 2–3 times a day, and used his ElliptiGO for 10–20 mile cross-training rides to avoid injuries.[35] Additionally, he tries to keep himself healthy with daily core-strengthening exercises, stretching, altitude training, tune-up races, and a high-protein diet with 5 servings of fruit.[34]","title":"Training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Skechers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skechers"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2014 Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"ElliptiGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElliptiGO"},{"link_name":"2014 Boston Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Boston_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"In 2011, Sony released a special-edition Meb Keflezighi 2GB W Series Walkman MP3 Player. It came pre-loaded with audio tips, along with a booklet containing tips on running, nutrition, stretching and more.[36] The product is now discontinued.\nOn October 15, 2013, Skechers debuted the limited-edition GOmeb line of athletic shoes,[37] which features the official shoe of Keflezighi, the GOrun Speed.[38] The line commemorates his wins in both the 2009 New York City Marathon and 2014 Boston Marathon.\nOn July 2, 2014, a limited-edition 'Meb 8S' ElliptiGO was released to commemorate his 2014 Boston Marathon victory. The bike features his motto \"Run To Win\" and his signature, along with a patriotic-themed paint job.[39]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanDiegoResidence-2"},{"link_name":"Mammoth Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth_Lakes"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"New York Athletic Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Athletic_Club"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Bruin men's basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"UCLA School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christianpost-45"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-christianpost-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Outstanding American by Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstanding_American_by_Choice"},{"link_name":"United States Citizenship and Immigration Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uscitizenship2017outstanding-48"}],"text":"Keflezighi lives and trains in Tampa,[40][41] where he moved in 2019 from his long-time home in San Diego.[2] Keflezighi also previously trained in Mammoth Lakes, California,[42] and is a member of the New York Athletic Club.[43]Keflezighi is represented by his brother Merhawi, who as a UCLA undergraduate was a student manager for the Bruin men's basketball team (head student manager in 2001–02) and is a 2006 graduate of the UCLA School of Law. Keflezighi and his wife Yordanos married in November 2004 and have three daughters: Sara, Fiyori, and Yohana.[44][45]Keflezighi is a Catholic.[45][46][47]Keflezighi was recognized as an Outstanding American by Choice by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services in 2017.[48]","title":"Personal life"}]
[{"image_text":"Meb Keflezighi accepting the 2014 Jesse Owens Award","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Keflezighi.jpg/220px-Keflezighi.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"All-Athletics. \"Profile of Mebrahtom Keflezighi\". Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154848/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/89120","url_text":"\"Profile of Mebrahtom Keflezighi\""},{"url":"http://www.all-athletics.com/node/89120","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chappell, Bill (April 21, 2014). \"America's Meb Keflezighi Wins An Emotional Boston Marathon\". NPR. Retrieved April 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305639766/america-s-meb-keflezighi-wins-an-emotional-boston-marathon","url_text":"\"America's Meb Keflezighi Wins An Emotional Boston Marathon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Mecham, Dave (anchor) (February 13, 2016). 3-Time Olympic Marathoner Meb Keflezighi Places 2nd at U.S. Olympic Trials in Downtown L.A. KTLA 5 News. KTLA. Retrieved February 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ktla.com/2016/02/14/3-time-olympic-marathoner-meb-keflezighi-places-2nd-at-u-s-olympic-trials-in-downtown-l-a/","url_text":"3-Time Olympic Marathoner Meb Keflezighi Places 2nd at U.S. Olympic Trials in Downtown L.A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTLA","url_text":"KTLA"}]},{"reference":"\"Meb Keflezighi stuns to win Boston Marathon\". NBC Sports. April 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2014/04/21/meb-keflezighi-wins-boston-marathon/","url_text":"\"Meb Keflezighi stuns to win Boston Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"Lawson, Hank. \"California State Meet Results – 1915 to present\". Retrieved December 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prepcaltrack.com/ATHLETICS/TRACK/1994/stateres.htm","url_text":"\"California State Meet Results – 1915 to present\""}]},{"reference":"Layden, Tim (October 31, 2005). \"I Am An American\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved November 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1105319/1/index.htm","url_text":"\"I Am An American\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meb Keflezighi Wins NYC Marathon\". Huffington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved November 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/01/meb-keflezighi-nyc-marath_n_341444.html","url_text":"\"Meb Keflezighi Wins NYC Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Kevin (April 22, 2013). \"UCLA alum Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon\". Daily Bruin. Retrieved April 23, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailybruin.com/2014/04/22/ucla-alum-meb-keflezighi-wins-boston-marathon-2/","url_text":"\"UCLA alum Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"Newsroom, UCLA. \"UCLA alumnus Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon\". UCLA Newsroom. Retrieved February 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/ucla-alumnus-meb-keflezighi-wins-boston-marathon","url_text":"\"UCLA alumnus Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keflezighi, Brown take open titles at USA Cross Country Championships\". USATF. February 7, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.usatf.org/news/view.aspx?DUID=USATF_2009_02_07_17_12_05","url_text":"\"Keflezighi, Brown take open titles at USA Cross Country Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USATF","url_text":"USATF"}]},{"reference":"Crumpacker, John (May 2, 2010). \"Solinsky sets 10,000-meter American record\". San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/05/01/SP7L1D8BMG.DTL","url_text":"\"Solinsky sets 10,000-meter American record\""}]},{"reference":"Germano, Sara (April 24, 2012). \"Skechers Sets New Pace on Sponsors\". Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303592404577363691089413680","url_text":"\"Skechers Sets New Pace on Sponsors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meb Keflezighi Joins ElliptiGO Project\". Competitor.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://running.competitor.com/2013/01/news/meb-keflezighi-joins-elliptigo-project_64648","url_text":"\"Meb Keflezighi Joins ElliptiGO Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Website of Meb Keflezighi\". Official website of 2004 Olympic Silver Medalist, 2009 NYC Marathon and 2014 Boston Marathon Champion, Meb Keflezighi. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://marathonmeb.com/","url_text":"\"Official Website of Meb Keflezighi\""}]},{"reference":"\"USA Track & Field – Keflezighi, Simpson Named 2014 USATF Jesse Owens and Jackie Joyner-Kersee Athletes of the Year\". usatf.org. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.usatf.org/News/Keflezighi,-Simpson-Named-2014-USATF-Jesse-Owens-a.aspx","url_text":"\"USA Track & Field – Keflezighi, Simpson Named 2014 USATF Jesse Owens and Jackie Joyner-Kersee Athletes of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"Clarey, Christopher (August 30, 2004). \"Summer 2004 Games: Marathon; A Spectator Disrupts The Marathon With a Shove\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/30/sports/summer-2004-games-marathon-a-spectator-disrupts-the-marathon-with-a-shove.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Summer 2004 Games: Marathon; A Spectator Disrupts The Marathon With a Shove\""}]},{"reference":"Patrick, Dick (October 27, 2009). \"Marathoner Keflezighi carries somber memories of New York\". USA Today. Retrieved November 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-10-27-keflezighi-new-york_N.htm","url_text":"\"Marathoner Keflezighi carries somber memories of New York\""}]},{"reference":"Zinser, Lynn (November 1, 2009). \"Keflezighi's 'U.S.A.' Breaks the Tape\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/sports/02men.html?_r=1&hp","url_text":"\"Keflezighi's 'U.S.A.' Breaks the Tape\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cheruiyot breaks CR in Boston; Hall fastest American ever at race\". USATF. April 19, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.usatf.org/news/view.aspx?duid=USATF_2010_04_19_12_02_56","url_text":"\"Cheruiyot breaks CR in Boston; Hall fastest American ever at race\""}]},{"reference":"Miyamae, Amana (October 4, 2010). \"Keflezighi defends title at San Jose Half Marathon\". IAAF. Archived from the original on November 6, 2010. Retrieved October 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101106093711/http://www.iaaf.org/WHM10/news/kind%3D100/newsid%3D58441.html","url_text":"\"Keflezighi defends title at San Jose Half Marathon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF","url_text":"IAAF"},{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/WHM10/news/kind=100/newsid=58441.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Keflezighi; Flanagan win U.S. Olympic Team Trials Marathon\". USATF. January 14, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://usatf.org/News/Keflezighi;-Flanagan-win-U-S--Olympic-Team-Trials-.aspx","url_text":"\"Keflezighi; Flanagan win U.S. Olympic Team Trials Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results: 2013 USA Half Marathon Championships\". Flotrack. June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011946/http://www.flotrack.org/coverage/250603-Outdoor-Track-and-Field-on-Flotrack-2013/article/21269-RESULTS-2013-USA-Half-Marathon-Championships#.U1XdYPldWSo","url_text":"\"Results: 2013 USA Half Marathon Championships\""},{"url":"http://www.flotrack.org/coverage/250603-Outdoor-Track-and-Field-on-Flotrack-2013/article/21269-RESULTS-2013-USA-Half-Marathon-Championships#.U1XdYPldWSo","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Athlete profile for Mebrahtom Keflezighi\". IAAF. Retrieved April 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/united-states/mebrahtom-keflezighi-136180#progression","url_text":"\"Athlete profile for Mebrahtom Keflezighi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grandmas Marathon\". Archived from the original on April 25, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140425220500/http://grandmasmarathon.com/site/index.php?page=2013-grandma-s-recap","url_text":"\"Grandmas Marathon\""},{"url":"http://grandmasmarathon.com/site/index.php?page=2013-grandma-s-recap","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whiteside, Kelly (April 21, 2014). \"American Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon\". USA Today. Retrieved April 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/04/21/meb-keflezighi-boston-marathon-shalane-flanagan/7962779","url_text":"\"American Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Running Club – Home of the AJC Peachtree Road Race – Atlanta Track Club\". atlantatrackclub.org. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715040324/http://atlantatrackclub.org/community/kilometerkidscharitychase","url_text":"\"Atlanta Running Club – Home of the AJC Peachtree Road Race – Atlanta Track Club\""},{"url":"http://atlantatrackclub.org/community/kilometerkidscharitychase","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bowers, Rachel (April 20, 2015). \"Meb creates special finish line moment\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2015/04/20/meb-creates-special-finish-line-moment/uGdKV8bTWh44H2u9X6j7BI/story.html","url_text":"\"Meb creates special finish line moment\""}]},{"reference":"\"TCS New York City Marathon 2015 Live Results\". New York Road Runners. New York Road Runners. Retrieved November 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://liveresults.nyrr.org/e/NY2015#/leaderboard/top-men-usa-marathon/FINISH","url_text":"\"TCS New York City Marathon 2015 Live Results\""}]},{"reference":"Gambaccini, Peter (November 2015). \"Meb Keflezighi Breaks U.S. Masters Record at NYC Marathon\". Runner's World. Rodale Inc. Retrieved November 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.runnersworld.com/new-york-city-marathon/meb-keflezighi-breaks-us-masters-record-at-nyc-marathon","url_text":"\"Meb Keflezighi Breaks U.S. Masters Record at NYC Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"How Meb Keflezighi Trained to Win the Boston Marathon\". Runner's World & Running Times. May 2, 2014. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150430095059/http://www.runnersworld.com/boston-marathon/how-meb-keflezighi-trained-to-win-the-boston-marathon?page=single","url_text":"\"How Meb Keflezighi Trained to Win the Boston Marathon\""},{"url":"http://www.runnersworld.com/boston-marathon/how-meb-keflezighi-trained-to-win-the-boston-marathon?page=single","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meb Minutes\". RunnerSpace.com. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mebminutes.runnerspace.com/","url_text":"\"Meb Minutes\""}]},{"reference":"Baddood (May 10, 2013). \"2GB W Series Walkman Meb Keflezighi – NWZW262MEB Review – Sony Store U.S. – Sony US\". Sony US. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://store.sony.com/nwz-w262-wearable-walkman-mp3-player-zid27-NWZW262MEB/cat-27-catid-EOL-Portable-MP3-Players-Docks","url_text":"\"2GB W Series Walkman Meb Keflezighi – NWZW262MEB Review – Sony Store U.S. – Sony US\""}]},{"reference":"Metzler, Brian (October 29, 2013). \"Meb Keflezighi's Skechers NYC Marathon Shoe\". PodiumRunner. Retrieved October 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.podiumrunner.com/gear/first-look-mebs-nyc-marathon-shoe/","url_text":"\"Meb Keflezighi's Skechers NYC Marathon Shoe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Skechers Extends Contract with Meb Keflezighi\". FDRA. February 8, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://fdra.org/latest-news/skechers-extends-contract-with-meb-keflezighi/","url_text":"\"Skechers Extends Contract with Meb Keflezighi\""}]},{"reference":"\"ElliptiGO 8S \"Meb Edition\"\". elliptigo.com. July 7, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elliptigo.com/ElliptiGO-8S-Meb-Edition","url_text":"\"ElliptiGO 8S \"Meb Edition\"\""}]},{"reference":"@runmeb (August 16, 2019). \"For almost 32 yrs, CA has been home. Thanks to my families, friends, teammates, schoolmates & the community for mol…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/runmeb/status/1162372630592311296","url_text":"\"For almost 32 yrs, CA has been home. Thanks to my families, friends, teammates, schoolmates & the community for mol…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"\"This Has Been Happening for a Long, Long Time\"\". June 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outsideonline.com/health/running/meb-keflezighi-racism-running/","url_text":"\"\"This Has Been Happening for a Long, Long Time\"\""}]},{"reference":"Baxter, Kevin (March 25, 2012). \"Peak fitness: Marathoner Meb Keflezighi and other U.S. runners have found a high-altitude mecca where they are raising the country's Olympic hopes\". Los Angeles Times. p. C1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Fermino, Jennifer; Ford, Beverly (April 22, 2014). \"Soaring triumph of spirit in Boston Marathon celebrates life: Winner honors bombing vics\". Daily News. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)","url_text":"Daily News"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Sarah (May 5, 2014). \"How Meb Met His Match\". Runners World.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.runnersworld.com/races/how-meb-met-his-match?cm_mmc=Twitter-_-RunningTimes-_-Content-Races-_-MebsWife","url_text":"\"How Meb Met His Match\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runners_World","url_text":"Runners World"}]},{"reference":"Menzie, Nicola (April 21, 2014). \"Meb Keflezighi, Deeply Religious Christian, Becomes First American in 30 Years to Win Boston Marathon\". The Christian Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christianpost.com/news/meb-keflezighi-deeply-religious-christian-becomes-first-american-in-30-years-to-win-boston-marathon-118340/","url_text":"\"Meb Keflezighi, Deeply Religious Christian, Becomes First American in 30 Years to Win Boston Marathon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Post","url_text":"The Christian Post"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Bari (November 23, 2009). \"Running Man: The New York City marathon champion on running, religion and what it means to be an American\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704204304574545691839032268","url_text":"\"Running Man: The New York City marathon champion on running, religion and what it means to be an American\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Meb Keflezighi Gets Married\". www.letsrun.com. Retrieved September 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.letsrun.com/2005/mebmarried.php","url_text":"\"Meb Keflezighi Gets Married\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Outstanding American by Choice Recipients\". United States Citizenship and Immigration Services. November 20, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uscis.gov/us-citizenship/outstanding-americans-choice/2017-outstanding-american-choice-recipients","url_text":"\"2017 Outstanding American by Choice Recipients\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.marathonmeb.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.marathonmeb.com/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154848/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/89120","external_links_name":"\"Profile of Mebrahtom Keflezighi\""},{"Link":"http://www.all-athletics.com/node/89120","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/04/21/305639766/america-s-meb-keflezighi-wins-an-emotional-boston-marathon","external_links_name":"\"America's Meb Keflezighi Wins An Emotional Boston Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://ktla.com/2016/02/14/3-time-olympic-marathoner-meb-keflezighi-places-2nd-at-u-s-olympic-trials-in-downtown-l-a/","external_links_name":"3-Time Olympic Marathoner Meb Keflezighi Places 2nd at U.S. Olympic Trials in Downtown L.A."},{"Link":"http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2014/04/21/meb-keflezighi-wins-boston-marathon/","external_links_name":"\"Meb Keflezighi stuns to win Boston Marathon\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/22/sports/meb-keflezighi-an-american-wins-boston-marathon.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"A Year Later, It’s Old Glory in Boston Marathon.\""},{"Link":"http://www.prepcaltrack.com/ATHLETICS/TRACK/1994/stateres.htm","external_links_name":"\"California State Meet Results – 1915 to present\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Egl9It5wqCE","external_links_name":"See YouTube highlights"},{"Link":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1105319/1/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"I Am An American\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/11/01/meb-keflezighi-nyc-marath_n_341444.html","external_links_name":"\"Meb Keflezighi Wins NYC Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://dailybruin.com/2014/04/22/ucla-alum-meb-keflezighi-wins-boston-marathon-2/","external_links_name":"\"UCLA alum Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/ucla-alumnus-meb-keflezighi-wins-boston-marathon","external_links_name":"\"UCLA alumnus Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.usatf.org/news/view.aspx?DUID=USATF_2009_02_07_17_12_05","external_links_name":"\"Keflezighi, Brown take open titles at USA Cross Country Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/05/01/SP7L1D8BMG.DTL","external_links_name":"\"Solinsky sets 10,000-meter American record\""},{"Link":"https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303592404577363691089413680","external_links_name":"\"Skechers Sets New Pace on Sponsors\""},{"Link":"https://running.competitor.com/2013/01/news/meb-keflezighi-joins-elliptigo-project_64648","external_links_name":"\"Meb Keflezighi Joins ElliptiGO Project\""},{"Link":"http://marathonmeb.com/","external_links_name":"\"Official Website of Meb Keflezighi\""},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.usatf.org/News/Keflezighi,-Simpson-Named-2014-USATF-Jesse-Owens-a.aspx","external_links_name":"\"USA Track & Field – Keflezighi, Simpson Named 2014 USATF Jesse Owens and Jackie Joyner-Kersee Athletes of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/30/sports/summer-2004-games-marathon-a-spectator-disrupts-the-marathon-with-a-shove.html?pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"Summer 2004 Games: Marathon; A Spectator Disrupts The Marathon With a Shove\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-10-27-keflezighi-new-york_N.htm","external_links_name":"\"Marathoner Keflezighi carries somber memories of New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/sports/02men.html?_r=1&hp","external_links_name":"\"Keflezighi's 'U.S.A.' Breaks the Tape\""},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.usatf.org/news/view.aspx?duid=USATF_2010_04_19_12_02_56","external_links_name":"\"Cheruiyot breaks CR in Boston; Hall fastest American ever at race\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101106093711/http://www.iaaf.org/WHM10/news/kind%3D100/newsid%3D58441.html","external_links_name":"\"Keflezighi defends title at San Jose Half Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/WHM10/news/kind=100/newsid=58441.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://usatf.org/News/Keflezighi;-Flanagan-win-U-S--Olympic-Team-Trials-.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Keflezighi; Flanagan win U.S. Olympic Team Trials Marathon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011946/http://www.flotrack.org/coverage/250603-Outdoor-Track-and-Field-on-Flotrack-2013/article/21269-RESULTS-2013-USA-Half-Marathon-Championships#.U1XdYPldWSo","external_links_name":"\"Results: 2013 USA Half Marathon Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.flotrack.org/coverage/250603-Outdoor-Track-and-Field-on-Flotrack-2013/article/21269-RESULTS-2013-USA-Half-Marathon-Championships#.U1XdYPldWSo","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/united-states/mebrahtom-keflezighi-136180#progression","external_links_name":"\"Athlete profile for Mebrahtom Keflezighi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140425220500/http://grandmasmarathon.com/site/index.php?page=2013-grandma-s-recap","external_links_name":"\"Grandmas Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://grandmasmarathon.com/site/index.php?page=2013-grandma-s-recap","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2014/04/21/meb-keflezighi-boston-marathon-shalane-flanagan/7962779","external_links_name":"\"American Meb Keflezighi wins Boston Marathon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140715040324/http://atlantatrackclub.org/community/kilometerkidscharitychase","external_links_name":"\"Atlanta Running Club – Home of the AJC Peachtree Road Race – Atlanta Track Club\""},{"Link":"http://atlantatrackclub.org/community/kilometerkidscharitychase","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2015/04/20/meb-creates-special-finish-line-moment/uGdKV8bTWh44H2u9X6j7BI/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Meb creates special finish line moment\""},{"Link":"https://running.competitor.com/2015/05/news/meb-keflezighi-has-sparkling-masters-debut-at-rock-n-roll-san-diego_129158","external_links_name":"\"Meb Keflezighi Has Sparkling Masters Debut at Rock ‘n’ Roll San Diego\""},{"Link":"http://liveresults.nyrr.org/e/NY2015#/leaderboard/top-men-usa-marathon/FINISH","external_links_name":"\"TCS New York City Marathon 2015 Live Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.runnersworld.com/new-york-city-marathon/meb-keflezighi-breaks-us-masters-record-at-nyc-marathon","external_links_name":"\"Meb Keflezighi Breaks U.S. Masters Record at NYC Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://www.legacy.usatf.org/Events---Calendar/2016/U-S--Olympic-Team-Trials---Marathon/Results.aspx","external_links_name":"2016 U.S. Olympic Team Trials – Marathon/Results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150430095059/http://www.runnersworld.com/boston-marathon/how-meb-keflezighi-trained-to-win-the-boston-marathon?page=single","external_links_name":"\"How Meb Keflezighi Trained to Win the Boston Marathon\""},{"Link":"http://www.runnersworld.com/boston-marathon/how-meb-keflezighi-trained-to-win-the-boston-marathon?page=single","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mebminutes.runnerspace.com/","external_links_name":"\"Meb Minutes\""},{"Link":"http://store.sony.com/nwz-w262-wearable-walkman-mp3-player-zid27-NWZW262MEB/cat-27-catid-EOL-Portable-MP3-Players-Docks","external_links_name":"\"2GB W Series Walkman Meb Keflezighi – NWZW262MEB Review – Sony Store U.S. – Sony US\""},{"Link":"https://www.podiumrunner.com/gear/first-look-mebs-nyc-marathon-shoe/","external_links_name":"\"Meb Keflezighi's Skechers NYC Marathon Shoe\""},{"Link":"https://fdra.org/latest-news/skechers-extends-contract-with-meb-keflezighi/","external_links_name":"\"Skechers Extends Contract with Meb Keflezighi\""},{"Link":"http://www.elliptigo.com/ElliptiGO-8S-Meb-Edition","external_links_name":"\"ElliptiGO 8S \"Meb Edition\"\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/runmeb/status/1162372630592311296","external_links_name":"\"For almost 32 yrs, CA has been home. Thanks to my families, friends, teammates, schoolmates & the community for mol…\""},{"Link":"https://www.outsideonline.com/health/running/meb-keflezighi-racism-running/","external_links_name":"\"\"This Has Been Happening for a Long, Long Time\"\""},{"Link":"http://m.runnersworld.com/races/how-meb-met-his-match?cm_mmc=Twitter-_-RunningTimes-_-Content-Races-_-MebsWife","external_links_name":"\"How Meb Met His Match\""},{"Link":"http://www.christianpost.com/news/meb-keflezighi-deeply-religious-christian-becomes-first-american-in-30-years-to-win-boston-marathon-118340/","external_links_name":"\"Meb Keflezighi, Deeply Religious Christian, Becomes First American in 30 Years to Win Boston Marathon\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704204304574545691839032268","external_links_name":"\"Running Man: The New York City marathon champion on running, religion and what it means to be an American\""},{"Link":"https://www.letsrun.com/2005/mebmarried.php","external_links_name":"\"Meb Keflezighi Gets Married\""},{"Link":"https://www.uscis.gov/us-citizenship/outstanding-americans-choice/2017-outstanding-american-choice-recipients","external_links_name":"\"2017 Outstanding American by Choice Recipients\""},{"Link":"http://marathonmeb.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14242705","external_links_name":"Mebrahtom Keflezighi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230921000000/http://legacy.usatf.org/Athlete-Bios/Mebrahtom-Keflezighi.aspx#athletemaincontainer","external_links_name":"Meb Keflezighi"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/89143","external_links_name":"Meb Keflezighi"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1785407/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/150338573","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1229841342","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010055431","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14242705","external_links_name":"World Athletics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Duddingston
William Duddingston
["1 Life","2 Family","3 Recognition","4 References"]
The Gaspee The Burning of the Gaspee 4 Heriot Row, Edinburgh Heriot Row, Edinburgh Rear Admiral William Duddingston (1740–1817) was an 18th-century Scottish commander in the Royal Navy, of fame for the Gaspee Affair, one of the precursors to the American War of Independence. Life He was born in November 1740 in the parish of Kilconquhar in the East Neuk of Fife, the third son of 14 children to James Duddingston (1695-1768) and his wife Margaret Gillespie. The family lived at St Ford (or Sandford) just south-west of Kilconquhar. From 1752 to 1755 he served as a merchant seaman on the Fife coast. He appears as a Royal Navy lieutenant in 1759 but was possibly a midshipman from 1755 to 1759. In September 1768 he was given command of HMS Gaspee. In March 1772 the ship was ordered to go to Rhode Island to patrol the waters to prevent smuggling of contraband goods in evasion of taxation. In these seizures the crew were awarded a percentage of the value of the goods seized, which was a strong incentive. Seizures were therefore often a little overenthusiastic and included some ships where the correct duty had been paid. On 9 June 1772 the Gaspee gave chase to the American sloop Hannah, and Lindsey, her captain, lured the Gaspee into the shallows, where she ran aground on a sandbar. Lindsey continued to Providence, Rhode island, where he organised a party to attack the Gaspee. The next day they rowed to the stranded Gaspee and took Duddingston and his crew prisoner before setting fire to the ship. The captured men were held at Pawtuxet Village. Details of his release are unclear, but he reappears as commander of HMS Bonetta in August 1772. In February 1773 he received a pension of £91 per annum for his wounds received in the Gaspee Affair. In January 1775 he was placed in charge of HMS Senegal. From 2 to 4 July 1776 he was involved in the Staten Island Landings along with 140 other British ships. In March 1777 he was given command of the newly complete HMS Cameleon. Only in September 1777 was he promoted to captain and given charge of a 28 gun ship captured from the Americans in 1776, provocatively re-named HMS Boston. When Duddingston retired around 1805, he was wealthy enough to buy two substantial houses: Earlsferry House in Fife and 4 Heriot Row, a huge newly completed townhouse in Edinburgh. Earlsferry House was specially commissioned by Duddingston. He retired in November 1794. He died on 27 October 1817 in Earlsferry in Fife. He is thought to be buried nearby in Elie Churchyard. Earlsferry House was demolished around 1958, mainly due to the burdens of inheritance tax, but Heriot Row survives in its entirety. Family On 17 November 1802 he married Antonia Steuart in Elie Parish Church, just south of Kilconquhar. They had two sons and two daughters: Elizabeth Hay Duddingston (1803–1866) died in Geneva; one son who died unnamed within hours of birth in 1804; William Montague Duddingston (1806–1824); and Susan Stirling Duddingston (1807–1890) died in Paris. His wife died in 1839 at their Edinburgh home, 4 Heriot Row. He was uncle to Robert Heriot Barclay and encouraged and aided his naval career. Recognition Gaspee Street in Providence, Rhode Island, is named after Duddingston's ship. References ^ "William Dudingston". www.gaspee.org. ^ a b "Heriot Row History". www.heriotrow.org. ^ a b "William Duddingston (1740-1817)". threedecks.org. ^ "Elie & Earlsferry History Society - POTTED HISTORY No 1: Earlsferry House – Part 1 – The Duddingston Family". Elie & Earlsferry History Society. 24 January 2014. ^ "Robert Heriot Barclay (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:From_%27When_We_Destroyed_the_Gaspee%27_-a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P97_Burning_of_the_Gaspee_Schooner.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4_Heriot_Row,_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heriot_Row,_Edinburgh_005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Gaspee Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspee_Affair"},{"link_name":"American War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_War_of_Independence"}],"text":"The GaspeeThe Burning of the Gaspee4 Heriot Row, EdinburghHeriot Row, EdinburghRear Admiral William Duddingston (1740–1817) was an 18th-century Scottish commander in the Royal Navy, of fame for the Gaspee Affair, one of the precursors to the American War of Independence.","title":"William Duddingston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kilconquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilconquhar"},{"link_name":"East Neuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Neuk"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)"},{"link_name":"midshipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midshipman"},{"link_name":"HMS Gaspee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspee_affair"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_island"},{"link_name":"Pawtuxet Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtuxet_Village"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"HMS Bonetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Bonetta_(1756)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaspee Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspee_Affair"},{"link_name":"HMS Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Senegal_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"HMS Cameleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Cameleon_(1777)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"HMS Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Boston_(1777)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-3"},{"link_name":"Earlsferry House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earlsferry_House&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"Heriot Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriot_Row"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-3"},{"link_name":"Earlsferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_and_Earlsferry"}],"text":"He was born in November 1740 in the parish of Kilconquhar in the East Neuk of Fife, the third son of 14 children to James Duddingston (1695-1768) and his wife Margaret Gillespie. The family lived at St Ford (or Sandford) just south-west of Kilconquhar.[1]From 1752 to 1755 he served as a merchant seaman on the Fife coast. He appears as a Royal Navy lieutenant in 1759 but was possibly a midshipman from 1755 to 1759.In September 1768 he was given command of HMS Gaspee. In March 1772 the ship was ordered to go to Rhode Island to patrol the waters to prevent smuggling of contraband goods in evasion of taxation. In these seizures the crew were awarded a percentage of the value of the goods seized, which was a strong incentive. Seizures were therefore often a little overenthusiastic and included some ships where the correct duty had been paid.[2]On 9 June 1772 the Gaspee gave chase to the American sloop Hannah, and Lindsey, her captain, lured the Gaspee into the shallows, where she ran aground on a sandbar. Lindsey continued to Providence, Rhode island, where he organised a party to attack the Gaspee. The next day they rowed to the stranded Gaspee and took Duddingston and his crew prisoner before setting fire to the ship. The captured men were held at Pawtuxet Village.[2]Details of his release are unclear, but he reappears as commander of HMS Bonetta in August 1772. In February 1773 he received a pension of £91 per annum for his wounds received in the Gaspee Affair. In January 1775 he was placed in charge of HMS Senegal. From 2 to 4 July 1776 he was involved in the Staten Island Landings along with 140 other British ships. In March 1777 he was given command of the newly complete HMS Cameleon. Only in September 1777 was he promoted to captain and given charge of a 28 gun ship captured from the Americans in 1776, provocatively re-named HMS Boston.[3]When Duddingston retired around 1805, he was wealthy enough to buy two substantial houses: Earlsferry House in Fife and 4 Heriot Row, a huge newly completed townhouse in Edinburgh. Earlsferry House was specially commissioned by Duddingston.[4]He retired in November 1794.[3]He died on 27 October 1817 in Earlsferry in Fife. He is thought to be buried nearby in Elie Churchyard.Earlsferry House was demolished around 1958, mainly due to the burdens of inheritance tax, but Heriot Row survives in its entirety.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_and_Earlsferry"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Heriot Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriot_Row"},{"link_name":"Robert Heriot Barclay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Heriot_Barclay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On 17 November 1802 he married Antonia Steuart in Elie Parish Church, just south of Kilconquhar.They had two sons and two daughters: Elizabeth Hay Duddingston (1803–1866) died in Geneva; one son who died unnamed within hours of birth in 1804; William Montague Duddingston (1806–1824); and Susan Stirling Duddingston (1807–1890) died in Paris.His wife died in 1839 at their Edinburgh home, 4 Heriot Row.He was uncle to Robert Heriot Barclay and encouraged and aided his naval career.[5]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"Gaspee Street in Providence, Rhode Island, is named after Duddingston's ship.","title":"Recognition"}]
[{"image_text":"The Gaspee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/From_%27When_We_Destroyed_the_Gaspee%27_-a.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Burning of the Gaspee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/P97_Burning_of_the_Gaspee_Schooner.jpg/300px-P97_Burning_of_the_Gaspee_Schooner.jpg"},{"image_text":"4 Heriot Row, Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/4_Heriot_Row%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/300px-4_Heriot_Row%2C_Edinburgh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heriot Row, Edinburgh","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Heriot_Row%2C_Edinburgh_005.jpg/300px-Heriot_Row%2C_Edinburgh_005.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"William Dudingston\". www.gaspee.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaspee.org/WilliamDudingston.htm","url_text":"\"William Dudingston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heriot Row History\". www.heriotrow.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heriotrow.org/Rear-Admiral/","url_text":"\"Heriot Row History\""}]},{"reference":"\"William Duddingston (1740-1817)\". threedecks.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_crewman&id=368","url_text":"\"William Duddingston (1740-1817)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elie & Earlsferry History Society - POTTED HISTORY No 1: Earlsferry House – Part 1 – The Duddingston Family\". Elie & Earlsferry History Society. 24 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eliehistory.com/explore/earlsferry-house-part1/","url_text":"\"Elie & Earlsferry History Society - POTTED HISTORY No 1: Earlsferry House – Part 1 – The Duddingston Family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Heriot Barclay (U.S. National Park Service)\". www.nps.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/people/robert-heriot-barclay.htm","url_text":"\"Robert Heriot Barclay (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.gaspee.org/WilliamDudingston.htm","external_links_name":"\"William Dudingston\""},{"Link":"http://www.heriotrow.org/Rear-Admiral/","external_links_name":"\"Heriot Row History\""},{"Link":"https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_crewman&id=368","external_links_name":"\"William Duddingston (1740-1817)\""},{"Link":"http://www.eliehistory.com/explore/earlsferry-house-part1/","external_links_name":"\"Elie & Earlsferry History Society - POTTED HISTORY No 1: Earlsferry House – Part 1 – The Duddingston Family\""},{"Link":"https://www.nps.gov/people/robert-heriot-barclay.htm","external_links_name":"\"Robert Heriot Barclay (U.S. National Park Service)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Thib%C3%A9ry
Saint-Thibéry
["1 Saint-Thibéry Abbey and Church","2 Saint-Thibéry mill","3 Volcano","4 Saint-Thibéry rivers","5 Population","6 See also","7 References"]
Coordinates: 43°23′52″N 3°25′03″E / 43.3978°N 3.4175°E / 43.3978; 3.4175 Commune in Occitania, FranceSaint-ThibéryCommuneRoman Bridge, actually medieval Coat of armsLocation of Saint-Thibéry Saint-ThibéryShow map of FranceSaint-ThibéryShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 43°23′52″N 3°25′03″E / 43.3978°N 3.4175°E / 43.3978; 3.4175CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentHéraultArrondissementBéziersCantonPézenasIntercommunalityCA Hérault MéditerranéeGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean AugéArea118.47 km2 (7.13 sq mi)Population (2021)2,963 • Density160/km2 (420/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code34289 /34630Elevation0–80 m (0–262 ft) (avg. 19 m or 62 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Thibéry (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Sant Tibèri) is a commune in the Hérault département in the Occitanie region in southern France. The village of Saint-Thibéry is built at the confluence of the Rivers Thongue and Hérault. The old Roman road "Via Domitia" runs through the village (Grand Rue) and some of the houses date back to the 15th century. Saint-Thibéry is situated between the larger towns of Agde and Pézenas and the cities Béziers and Montpellier and is a short distance to Mediterranean Sea. Over 4000 years old, this former Celtic village was once called "Cessero". Saint-Thibéry Abbey and Church The Benedictine Abbey (l'abbaye bénédictine) and Church sit in the heart of the village. It was founded in the late 8th century by Atilio, a disciple of Benedict Aniane, near the tomb of three local martyrs. The Abbey Church has an unusual underground altar. During the 15th century, the church was rebuilt on its original Romanesque bases, in a Gothic style. The bell-tower was erected in 1509 and had eight bells. In the past the Church attracted many pilgrims who believed that relics kept there had special healing powers. Saint-Thibéry is also on one of the old Santiago de Compostela Pilgrimage routes. Saint-Thibéry mill This corn (wheat) mill (moulin à bled) was built in the 13th century and is one of the best preserved mills in the region. It has four wheels powered by water from the Hérault. A Romanesque tower was used to store the grain. The mill once belonged to the Benedictine abbots and is situated beside the so-called Roman bridge. Volcano Mount Ramus, an extinct volcano, offers some magnificent views of the Languedoc, the Pyrenees mountains and the Mediterranean Sea with Spain off in the distance. In the village of Saint-Thibéry there are some interesting volcanic features such as the basalt “organ” columns. There is an ancient fort on the volcano, dating from the 5th century BC. It overlooks the village and the Hérault valley. Saint-Thibéry rivers Saint-Thibéry is situated where the River Thongue joins the Hérault. (The Hérault department is named after the latter.) The Thongue is the smaller river and flows down from the Languedoc mountains. The Hérault is 148 kilometres (92 mi) and flows from the Cévennes mountains. It reaches the Mediterranean Sea at Grau d'Agde. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 1,888—    1975 1,808−0.62%1982 1,874+0.51%1990 2,076+1.29%1999 2,200+0.65%2007 2,281+0.45%2012 2,326+0.39%2017 2,665+2.76%Source: INSEE General view Mairie House Mill Mill race Basalt organ Church of Ste Marie Church of Ste Marie Tower A Christian cross in border of a road See also Roman Bridge Via Domitia Communes of the Hérault department References Saint-Thibéry Guide ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Thibéry. vteCommunes of the Hérault department of France Abeilhan Adissan Agde Agel Agonès Aigne Aigues-Vives Les Aires Alignan-du-Vent Aniane Arboras Argelliers Aspiran Assas Assignan Aumelas Aumes Autignac Avène Azillanet Babeau-Bouldoux Baillargues Balaruc-les-Bains Balaruc-le-Vieux Bassan Beaufort Beaulieu Bédarieux Bélarga Berlou Bessan Bézierssubpr Boisseron Boisset La Boissière Le Bosc Boujan-sur-Libron Le Bousquet-d'Orb Bouzigues Brenas Brignac Brissac Buzignargues Cabrerolles Cabrières Cambon-et-Salvergues Campagnan Campagne Camplong Candillargues Canet Capestang Carlencas-et-Levas Cassagnoles Castanet-le-Haut Castelnau-de-Guers Castelnau-le-Lez Castries La Caunette Causse-de-la-Selle Causses-et-Veyran Caussiniojouls Caux Le Caylar Cazedarnes Cazevieille Cazilhac Cazouls-d'Hérault Cazouls-lès-Béziers Cébazan Ceilhes-et-Rocozels Celles Cers Cessenon-sur-Orb Cesseras Ceyras Clapiers Claret Clermont-l'Hérault Colombières-sur-Orb Colombiers Combaillaux Combes Corneilhan Coulobres Courniou Cournonsec Cournonterral Creissan Le Crès Le Cros Cruzy Dio-et-Valquières Entre-Vignes Espondeilhan Fabrègues Faugères Félines-Minervois Ferrals-les-Montagnes Ferrières-les-Verreries Ferrières-Poussarou Florensac Fontanès Fontès Fos Fouzilhon Fozières Fraisse-sur-Agout Frontignan Gabian Galargues Ganges Garrigues Gigean Gignac Gorniès Grabels Graissessac La Grande-Motte Guzargues Hérépian Jacou Joncels Jonquières Juvignac Lacoste Lagamas Lamalou-les-Bains Lansargues Laroque Lattes Laurens Lauret Lauroux Lavalette Lavérune Lespignan Lézignan-la-Cèbe Liausson Lieuran-Cabrières Lieuran-lès-Béziers Lignan-sur-Orb La Livinière Lodèvesubpr Loupian Lunas Lunel Lunel-Viel Magalas Maraussan Margon Marseillan Marsillargues Mas-de-Londres Les Matelles Mauguio Maureilhan Mérifons Mèze Minerve Mireval Mons Montady Montagnac Montarnaud Montaud Montbazin Montblanc Montels Montesquieu Montferrier-sur-Lez Montouliers Montoulieu Montpellierpref Montpeyroux Moulès-et-Baucels Mourèze Mudaison Murles Murviel-lès-Béziers Murviel-lès-Montpellier Nébian Neffiès Nézignan-l'Évêque Nissan-lez-Enserune Nizas Notre-Dame-de-Londres Octon Olargues Olmet-et-Villecun Olonzac Oupia Pailhès Palavas-les-Flots Pardailhan Paulhan Pégairolles-de-Buèges Pégairolles-de-l'Escalette Péret Pérols Pézenas Pézènes-les-Mines Pierrerue Pignan Pinet Plaissan Les Plans Poilhes Pomérols Popian Portiragnes Le Pouget Poujols Le Poujol-sur-Orb Poussan Pouzolles Pouzols Le Pradal Prades-le-Lez Prades-sur-Vernazobre Prémian Le Puech Puéchabon Puilacher Puimisson Puissalicon Puisserguier Quarante Restinclières Rieussec Riols Les Rives Romiguières Roquebrun Roqueredonde Roquessels Rosis Rouet Roujan Saint-André-de-Buèges Saint-André-de-Sangonis Saint-Aunès Saint-Bauzille-de-la-Sylve Saint-Bauzille-de-Montmel Saint-Bauzille-de-Putois Saint-Brès Saint-Chinian Saint-Clément-de-Rivière Saint-Drézéry Sainte-Croix-de-Quintillargues Saint-Étienne-d'Albagnan Saint-Étienne-de-Gourgas Saint-Étienne-Estréchoux Saint-Félix-de-l'Héras Saint-Félix-de-Lodez Saint-Gély-du-Fesc Saint-Geniès-de-Fontedit Saint-Geniès-des-Mourgues Saint-Geniès-de-Varensal Saint-Georges-d'Orques Saint-Gervais-sur-Mare Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert Saint-Guiraud Saint-Hilaire-de-Beauvoir Saint-Jean-de-Buèges Saint-Jean-de-Cornies Saint-Jean-de-Cuculles Saint-Jean-de-Fos Saint-Jean-de-la-Blaquière Saint-Jean-de-Minervois Saint-Jean-de-Védas Saint-Julien Saint-Just Saint-Martin-de-l'Arçon Saint-Martin-de-Londres Saint-Mathieu-de-Tréviers Saint-Maurice-Navacelles Saint-Michel Saint-Nazaire-de-Ladarez Saint-Nazaire-de-Pézan Saint-Pargoire Saint-Paul-et-Valmalle Saint-Pierre-de-la-Fage Saint-Pons-de-Mauchiens Saint-Pons-de-Thomières Saint-Privat Saint-Saturnin-de-Lucian Saint-Sériès Saint-Thibéry Saint-Vincent-de-Barbeyrargues Saint-Vincent-d'Olargues Salasc La Salvetat-sur-Agout Saturargues Saussan Saussines Sauteyrargues Sauvian Sérignan Servian Sète Siran Sorbs Soubès Le Soulié Soumont Sussargues Taussac-la-Billière Teyran Thézan-lès-Béziers Tourbes La Tour-sur-Orb Tressan Le Triadou Usclas-d'Hérault Usclas-du-Bosc La Vacquerie-et-Saint-Martin-de-Castries Vacquières Vailhan Vailhauquès Valergues Valflaunès Valmascle Valras-Plage Valros Vélieux Vendargues Vendémian Vendres Verreries-de-Moussans Vias Vic-la-Gardiole Vieussan Villemagne-l'Argentière Villeneuve-lès-Béziers Villeneuve-lès-Maguelone Villeneuvette Villespassans Villetelle Villeveyrac Viols-en-Laval Viols-le-Fort pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɛ̃ tibeʁi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hérault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault"},{"link_name":"département","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Occitanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitania_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Hérault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9rault_(river)"},{"link_name":"Via Domitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Domitia"},{"link_name":"Agde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agde"},{"link_name":"Pézenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9zenas"},{"link_name":"Béziers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Commune in Occitania, FranceSaint-Thibéry (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ tibeʁi]; Occitan: Sant Tibèri) is a commune in the Hérault département in the Occitanie region in southern France.The village of Saint-Thibéry is built at the confluence of the Rivers Thongue and Hérault. The old Roman road \"Via Domitia\" runs through the village (Grand Rue) and some of the houses date back to the 15th century.Saint-Thibéry is situated between the larger towns of Agde and Pézenas and the cities Béziers and Montpellier and is a short distance to Mediterranean Sea.Over 4000 years old, this former Celtic village was once called \"Cessero\".[citation needed]","title":"Saint-Thibéry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela Pilgrimage routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_St._James"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Benedictine Abbey (l'abbaye bénédictine) and Church sit in the heart of the village. It was founded in the late 8th century by Atilio, a disciple of Benedict Aniane, near the tomb of three local martyrs. The Abbey Church has an unusual underground altar. During the 15th century, the church was rebuilt on its original Romanesque bases, in a Gothic style. The bell-tower was erected in 1509 and had eight bells.In the past the Church attracted many pilgrims who believed that relics kept there had special healing powers. Saint-Thibéry is also on one of the old Santiago de Compostela Pilgrimage routes.[citation needed]","title":"Saint-Thibéry Abbey and Church"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This corn (wheat) mill (moulin à bled) was built in the 13th century and is one of the best preserved mills in the region. It has four wheels powered by water from the Hérault. A Romanesque tower was used to store the grain.The mill once belonged to the Benedictine abbots and is situated beside the so-called Roman bridge.","title":"Saint-Thibéry mill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"}],"text":"Mount Ramus, an extinct volcano, offers some magnificent views of the Languedoc, the Pyrenees mountains and the Mediterranean Sea with Spain off in the distance. In the village of Saint-Thibéry there are some interesting volcanic features such as the basalt “organ” columns.There is an ancient fort on the volcano, dating from the 5th century BC. It overlooks the village and the Hérault valley.","title":"Volcano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grau d'Agde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grau_d%27Agde&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Saint-Thibéry is situated where the River Thongue joins the Hérault. (The Hérault department is named after the latter.) The Thongue is the smaller river and flows down from the Languedoc mountains. The Hérault is 148 kilometres (92 mi) and flows from the Cévennes mountains. It reaches the Mediterranean Sea at Grau d'Agde.","title":"Saint-Thibéry rivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Thibery_(vue_generale2).JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Thibery_Mairie.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Thibery-maison.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Thibery-moulin4.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Thib%C3%A9ry_mill_race.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mill race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_race"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Thibery_orgues_basaltiques1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Thibery-Ste-Marie.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Thibery_eglise_Ste_Marie1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St-Thibery-Tour.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_cross_near_Saint-Thib%C3%A9ry_cf01.jpg"}],"text":"General view\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMairie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHouse\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMill race\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBasalt organ\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChurch of Ste Marie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChurch of Ste Marie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Christian cross in border of a road","title":"Population"}]
[]
[{"title":"Roman Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Bridge_(Saint-Thib%C3%A9ry)"},{"title":"Via Domitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Domitia"},{"title":"Communes of the Hérault department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_H%C3%A9rault_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-34289","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Thib%C3%A9ry&params=43.3978_N_3.4175_E_type:city(2963)_region:FR-34","external_links_name":"43°23′52″N 3°25′03″E / 43.3978°N 3.4175°E / 43.3978; 3.4175"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Thib%C3%A9ry&params=43.3978_N_3.4175_E_type:city(2963)_region:FR-34","external_links_name":"43°23′52″N 3°25′03″E / 43.3978°N 3.4175°E / 43.3978; 3.4175"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-34289","external_links_name":"34289"},{"Link":"https://francesouth.com/st-thibery.html","external_links_name":"Saint-Thibéry Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-34289","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-34289#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/241237450","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhmdqwV6jXY8CT9QryVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15256889g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15256889g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4813048-5","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Xiangyu
Ren Xiangyu
["1 Achievements","1.1 World University Games","1.2 BWF World Junior Championships","1.3 Asian Junior Championships","1.4 BWF World Tour (6 titles, 5 runners-up)","1.5 BWF International Challenge/Series (1 title)","2 References","3 External links"]
Chinese badminton player In this Chinese name, the family name is Ren. Badminton playerRen Xiangyu任翔宇Personal informationCountryChinaBorn (1998-10-23) 23 October 1998 (age 25)Luzhou, Sichuan, ChinaHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Years active2015–presentHandednessRightMen's & mixed doublesHighest ranking8 (MD with He Jiting, 4 June 2024) 16 (MD with Ou Xuanyi, 19 April 2019) 33 (XD with Zhou Chaomin, 5 November 2019)Current ranking8 (MD with He Jiting, 4 June 2024) Medal record Men's badminton Representing  China Thomas Cup 2024 Chengdu Men's team Asia Mixed Team Championships 2023 Dubai Mixed team Asia Team Championships 2024 Selangor Men's team World University Games 2021 Chengdu Men's doubles 2021 Chengdu Mixed team World Junior Championships 2015 Lima Mixed team 2016 Bilbao Mixed team 2016 Bilbao Boys' doubles Asian Junior Championships 2015 Bangkok Mixed team 2016 Bangkok Mixed team 2015 Bangkok Boys' doubles 2016 Bangkok Boys' doubles BWF profile Ren Xiangyu (Chinese: 任翔宇; pinyin: Rèn Xiángyǔ; born 23 October 1998) is a Chinese badminton player. Born in Luzhou, Sichuan province, he has shown his talent in badminton since he was a child. He once trained at the Luzhou sports school, and entered the national team in 2016. He helped the junior national team to clinch the mixed team titles at the 2015 and 2016 Asian Junior Championships, and also at the 2015 and 2016 World Junior Championships. He claimed his first senior international title at the 2018 U.S. Open in the men's doubles event partnered with Ou Xuanyi. In 2023, he helped the national team win the Asia Mixed Team Championships, and won the postponed Summer World University Games with Tan Qiang. Achievements World University Games Men's doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result Ref 2021 Shuangliu Sports Centre Gymnasium,Chengdu, China Tan Qiang He Jiting Zhou Haodong 23–21, 21–16 Gold BWF World Junior Championships Boys' doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2016 Bilbao Arena,Bilbao, Spain Fan Qiuyue Lee Hong-sub Lim Su-min 21–15, 17–21, 20–22 Bronze Asian Junior Championships Boys' doubles Year Venue Partner Opponent Score Result 2015 CPB Badminton Training Center,Bangkok, Thailand Tan Qiang Han Chengkai Zhou Haodong 21–12, 16–21, 18–21 Bronze 2016 CPB Badminton Training Center,Bangkok, Thailand Fan Qiuyue He Jiting Tan Qiang 10–21, 16–21 Bronze BWF World Tour (6 titles, 5 runners-up) The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100. Men's doubles Year Tournament Level Partner Opponent Score Result 2018 U.S. Open Super 300 Ou Xuanyi Kang Min-hyuk Kim Won-ho 16–21, 21–16, 21–17 Winner 2018 Singapore Open Super 500 Ou Xuanyi Mohammad Ahsan Hendra Setiawan 13–21, 19–21 Runner-up 2019 Lingshui China Masters Super 100 Ou Xuanyi Lee Jhe-huei Yang Po-hsuan 17–21, 16–21 Runner-up 2022 Vietnam Open Super 100 Tan Qiang He Jiting Zhou Haodong 17–21, 21–18, 21–8 Winner 2023 Swiss Open Super 300 Tan Qiang Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Chirag Shetty 19–21, 22–24 Runner-up 2023 Japan Masters Super 500 He Jiting Liu Yuchen Ou Xuanyi 21–14, 15–21, 21–15 Winner 2024 Thailand Masters Super 300 He Jiting Peeratchai Sukphun Pakkapon Teeraratsakul 16–21, 21–14, 21–13 Winner 2024 German Open Super 300 He Jiting Lee Jhe-huei Yang Po-hsuan 21–15, 21–23, 21–23 Runner-up 2024 Singapore Open Super 750 He Jiting Fajar Alfian Muhammad Rian Ardianto 21–19, 21–14 Winner 2024 Australian Open Super 500 He Jiting Mohammad Ahsan Hendra Setiawan 21–11, 21–10 Winner Mixed doubles Year Tournament Level Partner Opponent Score Result 2019 SaarLorLux Open Super 100 Zhou Chaomin Guo Xinwa Zhang Shuxian 18–21, 19–21 Runner-up BWF International Challenge/Series (1 title) Mixed doubles Year Tournament Partner Opponent Score Result 2019 Belarus International Zhou Chaomin Guo Xinwa Zhang Shuxian 22–20, 21–19 Winner References ^ "世界冠军来了 泸州小将任翔宇首获国际羽毛球大赛冠军" (in Chinese). Phoenix New Media. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ^ Hearn, Don (18 June 2018). "U.S. Open Finals – Ren takes a World Tour first!". Badzine. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ^ "Asia Mixed Team Championships: China reign again". bwfsudirmancup.com. 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2023-04-02. ^ a b "University Games: China dominate individual events". BWF. 8 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023. ^ Alleyne, Gayle (19 March 2017). "BWF Launches New Events Structure". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Sukumar, Dev (10 January 2018). "Action-Packed Season Ahead!". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018. External links Ren Xiangyu at BWF.tournamentsoftware.com vteThomas Cup badminton men's team champions 1949: Chan Kon Leong, Law Teik Hock, Lim Kee Fong, Ong Poh Lim, Ooi Teik Hock, Teoh Seng Khoon, Wong Peng Soon, Yeoh Teck Chye (MAL) 1952: Chan Kon Leong, Ismail Marjan, Ong Poh Lim, Ooi Teik Hock, Abdullah Piruz, Wong Peng Soon (MAL) 1955: Eddy Choong, Lim Kee Fong, Ong Poh Lim, Ooi Teik Hock, Tan Jin Eong, Wong Peng Soon (MAL) 1958: Lie Po Djian, Njoo Kiem Bie, Olich Solichin, Ferry Sonneville, Tan Joe Hok, Tan King Gwan, Eddy Yusuf (INA) 1961: Lie Po Djian, Njoo Kiem Bie, Ferry Sonneville, Tan Joe Hok, Tan King Gwan, Eddy Yusuf (INA) 1964: Ang Tjin Siang, Tutang Djamaludin, Ferry Sonneville, Tan Joe Hok, Tan King Gwan, Abdul Patah Unang (INA) 1967: Omar Manaf, Billy Ng, Ng Boon Bee, Tan Aik Huang, Tan Yee Khan, Teh Kew San, Yew Cheng Hoe (MAS) 1970: Darmadi, Indra Gunawan, Rudy Hartono, Indratno, Minjarti, Muljadi (INA) 1973: Ade Chandra, Indra Gunawan, Christian Hadinata, Rudy Hartono, Muljadi, Amril Nurman, Tjun Tjun (INA) 1976: Ade Chandra, Christian Hadinata, Rudy Hartono, Liem Swie King, Amril Nurman, Iie Sumirat, Tjun Tjun, Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1979: Christian Hadinata, Rudy Hartono, Liem Swie King, Lius Pongoh, Iie Sumirat, Tjun Tjun, Johan Wahjudi (INA) 1982: Chen Changjie, Chen Tianlong, Chen Yue, Han Jian, Lin Jiangli, Luan Jin, Sun Zhian, Yao Ximing (CHN) 1984: Hastomo Arbi, Christian Hadinata, Hadiyanto, Rudy Heryanto, Hariamanto Kartono, Eddy Kurniawan, Liem Swie King, Icuk Sugiarto, Hadibowo Susanto (INA) 1986: Ding Qiqing, Han Jian, Li Yongbo, Tian Bingyi, Xiong Guobao, Yang Yang, Zhang Qiang, Zhou Jincan (CHN) 1988: Chen Hongyong, Chen Kang, Li Yongbo, Tian Bingyi, Xiong Guobao, Yang Yang, Zhang Qingwu, Zhao Jianhua, Zhou Jincan (CHN) 1990: Chen Hongyong, Chen Kang, Li Yongbo, Tian Bingyi, Wu Wenkai, Xiong Guobao, Yang Yang, Zhao Jianhua, Zheng Yumin (CHN) 1992: Cheah Soon Kit, Foo Kok Keong, Kwan Yoke Meng, Jalani Sidek, Rahman Sidek, Rashid Sidek, Razif Sidek, Soo Beng Kiang, Wong Ewee Mun (MAS) 1994: Hariyanto Arbi, Rudy Gunawan, Eddy Hartono, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Bambang Suprianto, Joko Suprianto, Hermawan Susanto, Ardy Wiranata (INA) 1996: Hariyanto Arbi, Antonius Ariantho, Alan Budikusuma, Rudy Gunawan, Denny Kantono, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Bambang Suprianto, Joko Suprianto, Ardy Wiranata (INA) 1998: Hariyanto Arbi, Sigit Budiarto, Tony Gunawan, Hendrawan, Marleve Mainaky, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Joko Suprianto, Candra Wijaya, Indra Wijaya (INA) 2000: Hariyanto Arbi, Antonius Ariantho, Sigit Budiarto, Tony Gunawan, Hendrawan, Taufik Hidayat, Marleve Mainaky, Rexy Mainaky, Ricky Subagja, Candra Wijaya (INA) 2002: Rony Agustinus, Sigit Budiarto, Halim Haryanto, Hendrawan, Taufik Hidayat, Tri Kusharjanto, Marleve Mainaky, Budi Santoso, Bambang Suprianto, Candra Wijaya (INA) 2004: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Hong, Chen Qiqiu, Chen Yu, Fu Haifeng, Lin Dan, Sang Yang, Xia Xuanze, Zheng Bo (CHN) 2006: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Hong, Chen Jin, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, Lin Dan, Xia Xuanze, Xie Zhongbo, Zheng Bo (CHN) 2008: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chen Jin, Chen Yu, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, He Hanbin, Lin Dan, Shen Ye, Xie Zhongbo (CHN) 2010: Bao Chunlai, Cai Yun, Chai Biao, Chen Jin, Chen Long, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, Lin Dan, Xu Chen, Zhang Nan (CHN) 2012: Cai Yun, Chai Biao, Chen Jin, Chen Long, Du Pengyu, Fu Haifeng, Guo Zhendong, Hong Wei, Lin Dan, Shen Ye (CHN) 2014: Hiroyuki Endo, Hirokatsu Hashimoto, Kenichi Hayakawa, Noriyasu Hirata, Takeshi Kamura, Kento Momota, Sho Sasaki, Keigo Sonoda, Kenichi Tago, Takuma Ueda (JPN) 2016: Kim Astrup, Viktor Axelsen, Mathias Boe, Mathias Christiansen, Mads Conrad-Petersen, Emil Holst, Jan Ø. Jørgensen, Mads Pieler Kolding, Anders Skaarup Rasmussen, Hans-Kristian Vittinghus (DEN) 2018: Chen Long, Li Junhui, Lin Dan, Liu Cheng, Liu Yuchen, Qiao Bin, Shi Yuqi, Wang Yilyu, Zhang Nan, Zheng Siwei (CHN) 2020: Mohammad Ahsan, Fajar Alfian, Muhammad Rian Ardianto, Leo Rolly Carnando, Jonatan Christie, Chico Aura Dwi Wardoyo, Marcus Fernaldi Gideon, Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Daniel Marthin, Shesar Hiren Rhustavito, Hendra Setiawan, Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo (INA) 2022: Arjun M. R., Krishna Prasad Garaga, Dhruv Kapila, Srikanth Kidambi, Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala, Prannoy H. S., Priyanshu Rajawat, Satwiksairaj Rankireddy, Lakshya Sen, Chirag Shetty (IND) 2024: He Jiting, Li Shifeng, Liang Weikeng, Liu Yuchen, Lu Guangzu, Ou Xuanyi, Ren Xiangyu, Shi Yuqi, Wang Chang, Weng Hongyang (CHN) vteAsian badminton men's team champions 1962: Billy Ng, Ng Boon Bee, Tan Yee Khan, Teh Kew San (MAL) 1965: Tan Yee Khan, Teh Kew San, Yew Cheng Hoe (MAS) 1969: Darmadi, Indratno, Mintarja, Muljadi (INA) 1971: Ade Chandra, Christian Hadinata, Rudy Hartono, Muljadi (INA) 1976: Ade Chandra, Liem Swie King, Iie Sumirat, Tjun Tjun (INA) 1983: Chen Changjie, He Shangquan, Jiang Guoliang, Zhao Jianhua (CHN) 1985: Yang Yang, Zhang Qiang, Zhao Jianhua, Zhou Jincan (CHN) 1987: Li Yongbo, Tian Bingyi, Xiong Guobao, Yang Yang, Zhang Qiang, Zhang Qingwu, Zhou Jincan (CHN) 1989: Huang Zhanzhong, Li Yongbo, Liu Jun, Tian Bingyi, Wu Wenkai, Xiong Guobao, Zhao Jianhua, Zheng Yumin (CHN) 1993: Hariyanto Arbi, Alan Budikusuma, Imay Hendra, Rexy Mainaky, Bagus Setiadi, Ricky Subagja, Hermawan Susanto, Ardy Wiranata (INA) 2016: Mohammad Ahsan, Berry Angriawan, Jonatan Christie, Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Ihsan Maulana Mustofa, Angga Pratama, Rian Agung Saputro, Hendra Setiawan, Tommy Sugiarto, Ricky Karanda Suwardi (INA) 2018: Mohammad Ahsan, Jonatan Christie, Marcus Fernaldi Gideon, Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Firman Abdul Kholik, Ihsan Maulana Mustofa, Angga Pratama, Rian Agung Saputro, Hendra Setiawan, Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo (INA) 2020: Mohammad Ahsan, Fajar Alfian, Muhammad Rian Ardianto, Jonatan Christie, Marcus Fernaldi Gideon, Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Firman Abdul Kholik, Shesar Hiren Rhustavito, Hendra Setiawan, Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo (INA) 2022: Aidil Sholeh, Aaron Chia, Goh Sze Fei, Nur Izzuddin, Kok Jing Hong, Lee Zii Jia, Leong Jun Hao, Lim Chong King, Man Wei Chong, Ng Tze Yong, Soh Wooi Yik, Tee Kai Wun (MAS) 2024: Chen Boyang, He Jiting, Lei Lanxi, Liu Yi, Lu Guangzu, Ren Xiangyu, Wang Zhengxing, Weng Hongyang, Xie Haonan, Zeng Weihan (CHN) vteAsian Badminton mixed team champions 2017: Hiroyuki Endo, Arisa Higashino, Takuro Hoki, Takeshi Kamura, Kenta Kazuno, Ayane Kurihara, Misaki Matsutomo, Kenta Nishimoto, Kazumasa Sakai, Sayaka Sato, Keigo Sonoda, Ayaka Takahashi, Shiho Tanaka, Yuta Watanabe, Akane Yamaguchi, Koharu Yonemoto (JPN) 2019: Cai Yanyan, Chen Xiaofei, Dong Wenjing, Du Yue, Feng Xueying, Han Chengkai, Han Yue, He Jiting, Li Yinhui, Lu Guangzu, Ou Xuanyi, Tan Qiang, Zhao Junpeng, Zhou Haodong (CHN) 2023: Cai Yanyan, Feng Yanzhe, Gao Fangjie, He Jiting, Huang Dongping, Jiang Zhenbang, Lei Lanxi, Li Yijing, Liu Shengshu, Luo Xumin, Ren Xiangyu, Tan Ning, Tan Qiang, Wei Yaxin, Zhao Junpeng, Zhou Haodong (CHN) vteWorld rankings: Top ten badminton players as of 28 May 2024Men's singlesWomen's singlesMen's doublesWomen's doublesMixed doubles Axelsen Shi Christie Antonsen Naraoka Li Ginting Vitidsarn Lee 1 Prannoy 1 An Chen Marín Tai Yamaguchi Wang 1 Han 1 He Tunjung Zhang Rankireddy / Shetty Liang / Wang Kang / Seo Astrup / Rasmussen 1 Chia / Soh 1 Hoki / Kobayashi Alfian / Ardianto Liu / Ou Lee / Wang He / Ren 1 Chen / Jia Baek / Lee Liu / Tan Matsuyama / Shida Zhang / Zheng Kim / Kong Matsumoto / Nagahara Fukushima / Hirota Rahayu / Ramadhanti Kititharakul / Prajongjai Zheng / Huang Feng / Huang Watanabe / Higashino Seo / Chae Jiang / Wei Puavaranukroh / Taerattanachai Tang / Tse Kim / Jeong Chen / Toh Christiansen / Bøje 1 This biographical article relating to Chinese badminton is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Ren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"Luzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzhou"},{"link_name":"Sichuan province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Badminton_Asia_Junior_Championships"},{"link_name":"2016 Asian Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Badminton_Asia_Junior_Championships"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_BWF_World_Junior_Championships"},{"link_name":"2016 World Junior Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_BWF_World_Junior_Championships"},{"link_name":"2018 U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_U.S._Open_(badminton)"},{"link_name":"Ou Xuanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ou_Xuanyi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Asia Mixed Team Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Badminton_Asia_Mixed_Team_Championships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Summer World University Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2021_Summer_World_University_Games"},{"link_name":"Tan Qiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Qiang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FISU-4"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Ren.Badminton playerRen Xiangyu (Chinese: 任翔宇; pinyin: Rèn Xiángyǔ; born 23 October 1998) is a Chinese badminton player. Born in Luzhou, Sichuan province, he has shown his talent in badminton since he was a child. He once trained at the Luzhou sports school, and entered the national team in 2016.[1] He helped the junior national team to clinch the mixed team titles at the 2015 and 2016 Asian Junior Championships, and also at the 2015 and 2016 World Junior Championships. He claimed his first senior international title at the 2018 U.S. Open in the men's doubles event partnered with Ou Xuanyi.[2] In 2023, he helped the national team win the Asia Mixed Team Championships,[3] and won the postponed Summer World University Games with Tan Qiang.[4]","title":"Ren Xiangyu"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World University Games","text":"Men's doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BWF World Junior Championships","text":"Boys' doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asian Junior Championships","text":"Boys' doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Badminton World Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"BWF World Tour (6 titles, 5 runners-up)","text":"The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,[5] is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.[6]Men's doublesMixed doubles","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BWF International Challenge/Series (1 title)","text":"Mixed doubles","title":"Achievements"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"世界冠军来了 泸州小将任翔宇首获国际羽毛球大赛冠军\" (in Chinese). Phoenix New Media. 22 June 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://sc.ifeng.com/a/20180619/6664666_0.shtml","url_text":"\"世界冠军来了 泸州小将任翔宇首获国际羽毛球大赛冠军\""}]},{"reference":"Hearn, Don (18 June 2018). \"U.S. Open Finals – Ren takes a World Tour first!\". Badzine. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badzine.net/2018/06/u-s-open-finals-ren-takes-a-world-tour-first/","url_text":"\"U.S. Open Finals – Ren takes a World Tour first!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asia Mixed Team Championships: China reign again\". bwfsudirmancup.com. 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2023-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://bwfsudirmancup.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2023/02/20/asia-mixed-team-championship-china-reign-again/","url_text":"\"Asia Mixed Team Championships: China reign again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation","url_text":"bwfsudirmancup"}]},{"reference":"\"University Games: China dominate individual events\". BWF. 8 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2023/08/08/university-games-china-dominate-individual-events/","url_text":"\"University Games: China dominate individual events\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation","url_text":"BWF"}]},{"reference":"Alleyne, Gayle (19 March 2017). \"BWF Launches New Events Structure\". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/","url_text":"\"BWF Launches New Events Structure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation","url_text":"Badminton World Federation"},{"url":"http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sukumar, Dev (10 January 2018). \"Action-Packed Season Ahead!\". Badminton World Federation. Archived from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/","url_text":"\"Action-Packed Season Ahead!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/DC1AB5C1-DE98-43AD-B169-07D47E7A0439","external_links_name":"BWF profile"},{"Link":"http://sc.ifeng.com/a/20180619/6664666_0.shtml","external_links_name":"\"世界冠军来了 泸州小将任翔宇首获国际羽毛球大赛冠军\""},{"Link":"http://www.badzine.net/2018/06/u-s-open-finals-ren-takes-a-world-tour-first/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Open Finals – Ren takes a World Tour first!\""},{"Link":"https://bwfsudirmancup.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2023/02/20/asia-mixed-team-championship-china-reign-again/","external_links_name":"\"Asia Mixed Team Championships: China reign again\""},{"Link":"https://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2023/08/08/university-games-china-dominate-individual-events/","external_links_name":"\"University Games: China dominate individual events\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/","external_links_name":"\"BWF Launches New Events Structure\""},{"Link":"http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/","external_links_name":"\"Action-Packed Season Ahead!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/DC1AB5C1-DE98-43AD-B169-07D47E7A0439","external_links_name":"Ren Xiangyu"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ren_Xiangyu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragi
Tragus (ear)
["1 Other animals","2 Additional images","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Eminence of the external ear TragusThe ear — lateral surfaceDetailsPart ofExternal earIdentifiersLatintragusTA98A15.3.01.017TA2111FMA60998Anatomical terminology The tragus is a small pointed eminence of the external ear, situated in front of the concha, and projecting backward over the meatus. It also is the name of hair growing at the entrance of the ear. Its name comes the Ancient Greek tragos (τράγος), meaning 'goat', and is descriptive of its general covering on its under surface with a tuft of hair, resembling a goat's beard. The nearby antitragus projects forwards and upwards. Because the tragus faces rearwards, it aids in collecting sounds from behind. These sounds are delayed more than sounds arriving from the front, assisting the brain to sense front vs. rear sound sources. In a positive fistula test (for the presence of a fistula from cholesteatoma to the labyrinth), pressure on the tragus causes vertigo or eye deviation by inducing movement of perilymph. Other animals The tragus is a key feature in many bat species. As a piece of skin in front of the ear canal, it plays an important role in directing sounds into the ear for prey location and navigation via echolocation. Because the tragus tends to be prominent in bats, it is an important feature in identifying bat species. The tragus allows echolocating bat species to vertically discriminate the objects around them, which is key to identifying where prey items and obstacles are in three-dimensional space. In studies where an individual's tragi are temporarily glued out of their normal positions, the bat's navigational acuity is one-fourth as effective as individuals with unmodified tragi. Based on this study, the authors concluded that the tragus's function is to create acoustic cues to determine the direction of a target in the vertical plane. Not all echolocating bats possess tragi, however. Horseshoe bats are one such family; the way in which the outer bottom edge of the ear folds in on itself is thought to function in a similar way to the tragus in other families. The long tragus of the brown long-eared bat The curved tragus of the eastern red bat The blunt tragus of the spotted bat Additional images Horizontal section through left ear; upper half of section. External ear. Right auricle. Lateral view. External ear. Right auricle. Lateral view. See also Auricular branch of the vagus nerve Tragal pressure Tragus piercing References This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1034 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) ^ "Why do older men have hair growing in their noses and ears?" from The Straight Dope ^ Webster. "Tragus : Meanining". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 13 January 2013. ^ "Tragus : Definition". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 13 January 2013. ^ Muller, Raulf (2004). "A numerical study of the role of tragus in the big brown bat". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 116 (6). Research Gate: 3701–12. Bibcode:2004ASAJ..116.3701M. doi:10.1121/1.1815133. PMID 15658720. Retrieved 13 January 2013. ^ "Fistula test". Harley Street E-Clinic. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2013. ^ Chiu, C., & Moss, C. F. (2007). The role of the external ear in vertical sound localization in the free flying bat, Eptesicus fuscus. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 121(4), 2227-2235. ^ "Bats of Wisconsin" (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2017. ^ Lawrence, B. D.; Simmons, J. A. (1982). "Echolocation in bats: the external ear and perception of the vertical positions of targets". Science. 218 (4571): 481–483. Bibcode:1982Sci...218..481L. doi:10.1126/science.7123247. JSTOR 1689483. PMID 7123247. ^ Parish, S.; Richards, G.; Hall, L. (2012). A natural history of Australian Bats: working the night shift. CSIRO PUBLISHING. p. 55. ISBN 9780643103764. External links MedlinePlus Image 1126 lesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (externalear) (#7) vteAnatomy of hearing and balanceOuter ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle earTympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube /Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner earLabyrinths membranous bony Auditory systemGeneral Cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cells Claudius Boettcher Cochlear duct /scala media Reissner's/vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Vestibular systemVestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Otolithic membrane Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior Posterior Horizontal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris Portal: Anatomy Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"external ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ear"},{"link_name":"concha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"meatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_acoustic_meatus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"τράγος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair"},{"link_name":"goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat"},{"link_name":"beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mwebster-2"},{"link_name":"antitragus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitragus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freedictionary-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rgate-4"},{"link_name":"fistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fistula"},{"link_name":"cholesteatoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesteatoma"},{"link_name":"labyrinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear"},{"link_name":"vertigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertigo"},{"link_name":"perilymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perilymph"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ent-5"}],"text":"The tragus is a small pointed eminence of the external ear, situated in front of the concha, and projecting backward over the meatus. It also is the name of hair growing at the entrance of the ear.[1] Its name comes the Ancient Greek tragos (τράγος), meaning 'goat', and is descriptive of its general covering on its under surface with a tuft of hair, resembling a goat's beard.[2] The nearby antitragus projects forwards and upwards.[3]Because the tragus faces rearwards, it aids in collecting sounds from behind. These sounds are delayed more than sounds arriving from the front, assisting the brain to sense front vs. rear sound sources.[4]In a positive fistula test (for the presence of a fistula from cholesteatoma to the labyrinth), pressure on the tragus causes vertigo or eye deviation by inducing movement of perilymph.[5]","title":"Tragus (ear)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"echolocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation#Bats"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiu_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lawrence_1982-8"},{"link_name":"Horseshoe bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe_bat"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parish_2012-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brown_long-eared_bat_(Plecotus_auritus)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1415542.jpg"},{"link_name":"brown long-eared bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_long-eared_bat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_bat_(6022957658).jpg"},{"link_name":"eastern red bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_red_bat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Side_view_of_spotted_bat_-Euderma_maculatum-_by_Paul_Cryan.jpg"},{"link_name":"spotted bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotted_bat"}],"text":"The tragus is a key feature in many bat species. As a piece of skin in front of the ear canal, it plays an important role in directing sounds into the ear for prey location and navigation via echolocation.[6] Because the tragus tends to be prominent in bats, it is an important feature in identifying bat species.[7]\nThe tragus allows echolocating bat species to vertically discriminate the objects around them, which is key to identifying where prey items and obstacles are in three-dimensional space.\nIn studies where an individual's tragi are temporarily glued out of their normal positions, the bat's navigational acuity is one-fourth as effective as individuals with unmodified tragi.\nBased on this study, the authors concluded that the tragus's function is to create acoustic cues to determine the direction of a target in the vertical plane.[8]\nNot all echolocating bats possess tragi, however.\nHorseshoe bats are one such family; the way in which the outer bottom edge of the ear folds in on itself is thought to function in a similar way to the tragus in other families.[9]The long tragus of the brown long-eared bat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe curved tragus of the eastern red bat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe blunt tragus of the spotted bat","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray908.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide2COR.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide4COR.JPG"}],"text":"Horizontal section through left ear; upper half of section.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExternal ear. Right auricle. Lateral view.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExternal ear. Right auricle. Lateral view.","title":"Additional images"}]
[]
[{"title":"Auricular branch of the vagus nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricular_branch_of_the_vagus_nerve"},{"title":"Tragal pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragal_pressure"},{"title":"Tragus piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragus_piercing"}]
[{"reference":"Webster. \"Tragus : Meanining\". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tragus","url_text":"\"Tragus : Meanining\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tragus : Definition\". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/antitragus","url_text":"\"Tragus : Definition\""}]},{"reference":"Muller, Raulf (2004). \"A numerical study of the role of tragus in the big brown bat\". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 116 (6). Research Gate: 3701–12. Bibcode:2004ASAJ..116.3701M. doi:10.1121/1.1815133. PMID 15658720. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8072148","url_text":"\"A numerical study of the role of tragus in the big brown bat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..116.3701M","url_text":"2004ASAJ..116.3701M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1815133","url_text":"10.1121/1.1815133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15658720","url_text":"15658720"}]},{"reference":"\"Fistula test\". Harley Street E-Clinic. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132616/http://www.harleystreetent.com/balance/diagnostics/fistula-test/","url_text":"\"Fistula test\""},{"url":"http://www.harleystreetent.com/balance/diagnostics/fistula-test/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bats of Wisconsin\" (PDF). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2013. Retrieved April 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiatri.net/Inventory/Bats/AboutBats/images/batsofwisc.pdf","url_text":"\"Bats of Wisconsin\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, B. D.; Simmons, J. A. (1982). \"Echolocation in bats: the external ear and perception of the vertical positions of targets\". Science. 218 (4571): 481–483. Bibcode:1982Sci...218..481L. doi:10.1126/science.7123247. JSTOR 1689483. PMID 7123247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Sci...218..481L","url_text":"1982Sci...218..481L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7123247","url_text":"10.1126/science.7123247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1689483","url_text":"1689483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7123247","url_text":"7123247"}]},{"reference":"Parish, S.; Richards, G.; Hall, L. (2012). A natural history of Australian Bats: working the night shift. CSIRO PUBLISHING. p. 55. ISBN 9780643103764.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643103764","url_text":"9780643103764"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.3.01.017%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm","external_links_name":"A15.3.01.017"},{"Link":"https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=111","external_links_name":"111"},{"Link":"https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma60998","external_links_name":"60998"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/1034/mode/2up","external_links_name":"page 1034"},{"Link":"http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/835/why-do-older-men-have-hair-growing-in-their-noses-and-ears","external_links_name":"\"Why do older men have hair growing in their noses and ears?\""},{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tragus","external_links_name":"\"Tragus : Meanining\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/antitragus","external_links_name":"\"Tragus : Definition\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8072148","external_links_name":"\"A numerical study of the role of tragus in the big brown bat\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ASAJ..116.3701M","external_links_name":"2004ASAJ..116.3701M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1815133","external_links_name":"10.1121/1.1815133"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15658720","external_links_name":"15658720"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132616/http://www.harleystreetent.com/balance/diagnostics/fistula-test/","external_links_name":"\"Fistula test\""},{"Link":"http://www.harleystreetent.com/balance/diagnostics/fistula-test/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wiatri.net/Inventory/Bats/AboutBats/images/batsofwisc.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bats of Wisconsin\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Sci...218..481L","external_links_name":"1982Sci...218..481L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7123247","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.7123247"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1689483","external_links_name":"1689483"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7123247","external_links_name":"7123247"},{"Link":"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/1126.htm","external_links_name":"1126"},{"Link":"http://www.wesnorman.com/lesson3.htm","external_links_name":"lesson3"},{"Link":"http://www.wesnorman.com/Images/externalear.jpg","external_links_name":"externalear"},{"Link":"http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A15.3.01.017","external_links_name":"Terminologia Anatomica"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatiana_Segina
Tatiana Segina
["1 References"]
Russian archer Tatiana Segina Medal record Women's archery Representing  Russia Indoor World Championships 2009 Rzeszów Junior team recurve Youth Olympic Games 2010 Singapore Individual Tatiana Aleksandrovna Segina (born 20 January 1992, in Moscow) is a Russian archer who participated at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. She won the bronze medal in the girls' event, defeating Mexican Mariana Avitia in the bronze medal match. References ^ Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee (20 August 2010). "Archery Junior Women's Individual Bronze Medal Match" (pdf). Retrieved 16 October 2010. This biographical article relating to a Russian archery figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"2010 Summer Youth Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Mariana Avitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Avitia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tatiana Aleksandrovna Segina (born 20 January 1992, in Moscow) is a Russian archer who participated at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. She won the bronze medal in the girls' event, defeating Mexican Mariana Avitia in the bronze medal match.[1]","title":"Tatiana Segina"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee (20 August 2010). \"Archery Junior Women's Individual Bronze Medal Match\" (pdf). Retrieved 16 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Youth_Olympic_Games_Organising_Committee","url_text":"Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee"},{"url":"http://www.singapore2010.sg/public/docroot/results/INF__ARW070102C73C_____________________00001000_PENG20100820155629703.pdf","url_text":"\"Archery Junior Women's Individual Bronze Medal Match\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.singapore2010.sg/public/docroot/results/INF__ARW070102C73C_____________________00001000_PENG20100820155629703.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archery Junior Women's Individual Bronze Medal Match\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tatiana_Segina&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Premier_League_Golden_Boot
Cymru Premier Golden Boot
["1 Winners","1.1 History","1.2 List","2 Awards won by club","3 Notes","4 References"]
Welsh association football award AwardCymru Premier Golden BootChris Venables has won the Golden Boot five times and is the only midfielder to do so.Awarded forThe leading goalscorer in a given Cymru Premier seasonCountryWalesPresented byCymru PremierFormerly calledLeague of Wales Golden BootWelsh Premier League Golden BootFirst awarded1993Currently held byBrad YoungMost awardsRhys Griffiths (7) The Cymru Premier Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Cymru Premier at the end of each season. The award was created in 1993 for the inaugural season of the competition, which was originally named the League of Wales before being rebranded as the Welsh Premier League in 2002. In 2019, the league was rebranded for a second time, being named the Cymru Premier. Steve Woods of Ebbw Vale, was the first player to win the Golden Boot after scoring 29 times during the first season. Since then, the award has been handed out at the end of each of the Welsh Premier League's 30 seasons of competition and has been won by 15 individuals as of June 2022. Rhys Griffiths has won the Golden Boot on more occasions than any other player, winning the award in seven consecutive seasons between 2006 and 2012. Chris Venables has won the award on five occasions, Graham Evans on three occasions while Eifion Williams, Marc Lloyd Williams and Greg Draper have two awards each. Marc Lloyd Williams holds the record for the most goals in a single season, scoring 47 during the 2001–02 campaign. The lowest tally of goals to win the award is 19, scored by Griffiths in the 2011–12 season. Brad Young is the current holder, winning the golden boot in his first season in the league with The New Saints. Winners History The League of Wales was founded in 1992, becoming the top tier of Welsh domestic football. The Golden Boot award began alongside the first season of the new division. Steve Woods claimed the award in the inaugural season, scoring 29 times for Ebbw Vale. His tally included six of his side's goals in a 10–0 victory over Briton Ferry Athletic on 6 January 1993, which remained the league's record victory until 1998. In the following season, Porthmadog player David Taylor won the award after scoring 43 goals in 38 appearances. His tally saw him named as the top goalscorer in Europe and he was awarded the European Golden Shoe, outscoring his nearest competitor, Andy Cole in the English Premier League, by nine goals. Two years later, Conwy United's Ken McKenna fell two goals short of the award after scoring 38 goals in a single season; he lost out to Zviad Endeladze of Georgia. Tony Bird was denied the European Golden Shoe in the 1996–97 season after a new points scoring system was introduced based on UEFA coefficient league rankings. Players in higher rated leagues were awarded more points than those in lower ranked leagues meaning Bird missed out on the award to Ronaldo, who played in Spain's La Liga, despite scoring eight more goals than the Brazilian. Eifion Williams won the Golden Boot in 1997 as he helped Barry Town win the league title without losing a game. The following season, he became the first player to win the award for both a second time and in consecutive years, despite being sold to English Football League side Torquay United with two months of the campaign remaining. Eifion Williams' goals-per-game ratio remains the highest of all time in the competition. Marc Lloyd Williams set the league record for the most goals scored in a single season during the 2001–02 campaign by scoring 47 goals in 33 appearances. His tally was the highest in Europe; he scored five more goals than European Golden Shoe winner Mário Jardel. Williams repeated the feat three years later with 34 goals during the 2004–05 season. In 2004, the award was won by Andy Moran of Rhyl, however he was stripped of his title and suspended from playing for seven and a half months after he tested positive for the banned steroid nandrolone. The award was subsequently given to the second-highest scorer Graham Evans of Caersws, who became the first player to win the award three times. Rhys Griffiths won his first Golden Boot in 2006 with Port Talbot Town. He joined Llanelli a year later and went on to win the award for a further six consecutive seasons, becoming the first player to win the award more than three times and the second player, after Williams, to score 200 goals in the Welsh Premier League. Griffiths' last win, during the 2011–12 season, remains the lowest scoring total to claim the award with 19 goals. In 2013, Michael Wilde of The New Saints became the first player other than Griffiths to win the award since 2005. A year later, Chris Venables became the first player not recognised as a forward to claim the Golden Boot. The midfielder netted 24 times in 30 appearances and went on to retain the award for a further two seasons. In 2018, New Zealand international Greg Draper became the first non-British player to win the Golden Boot after scoring 22 goals during the 2017–18 season. He retained the award the following year with a further 27 goals despite spending more time as a substitute than playing. Venables claimed his fourth title in the 2019–20 season, scoring 22 times in 25 appearances during a campaign which was ended after 26 matches due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He retained the award the following year with a further 24 goals in 31 appearances. Declan McManus became the fourth TNS player to win the award during the 2021–22 season, also scoring 24 times. List Key Games The number of Cymru Premier games played by the winner that season Rate The player's goals-to-games ratio for the season ‡ Indicates player also won the European Golden Shoe in the same season § Denotes the player's club were Cymru Premier champions in the same season Cymru Premier Golden Boot winners Season Player Nationality Club Goals Games Rate Ref(s) 1992–93 Steve Woods  Wales Ebbw Vale 29 28 1.03 1993–94 David Taylor ‡  Wales Porthmadog 43 38 1.13 1994–95 Frank Mottram  Wales Bangor City § 31 36 0.86 1995–96 Ken McKenna  England Conwy United 38 35 1.08 1996–97 Tony Bird  Wales Barry Town § 42 38 1.10 1997–98 Eifion Williams  Wales Barry Town § 40 37 1.08 1998–99 Eifion Williams  Wales Barry Town § 28 22 1.27 1999–2000 Chris Summers  Wales Cwmbrân Town 28 30 0.93 2000–01 Graham Evans  Wales Caersws 25 32 0.78 2001–02 Marc Lloyd Williams  Wales Bangor City 47 33 1.42 2002–03 Graham Evans  Wales Caersws 24 34 0.70 2003–04 Graham Evans  Wales Caersws 24 30 0.80 2004–05 Marc Lloyd Williams  Wales Total Network Solutions § 34 27 1.25 2005–06 Rhys Griffiths  Wales Port Talbot Town 28 32 0.87 2006–07 Rhys Griffiths  Wales Llanelli 30 32 0.93 2007–08 Rhys Griffiths  Wales Llanelli § 40 31 1.29 2008–09 Rhys Griffiths  Wales Llanelli 31 28 1.10 2009–10 Rhys Griffiths  Wales Llanelli 30 33 0.90 2010–11 Rhys Griffiths  Wales Llanelli 25 28 0.89 2011–12 Rhys Griffiths  Wales Llanelli 19 25 0.76 2012–13 Michael Wilde  England The New Saints § 25 30 0.83 2013–14 Chris Venables  Wales Aberystwyth Town 24 30 0.80 2014–15 Chris Venables  Wales Aberystwyth Town 28 27 1.03 2015–16 Chris Venables  Wales Aberystwyth Town 20 30 0.66 2016–17 Jason Oswell  England Newtown 22 31 0.70 2017–18 Greg Draper  New Zealand The New Saints § 22 31 0.70 2018–19 Greg Draper  New Zealand The New Saints § 27 29 0.93 2019–20 Chris Venables  Wales Bala Town 22 25 0.88 2020–21 Chris Venables  Wales Bala Town 24 31 0.77 2021–22 Declan McManus  Scotland The New Saints § 24 28 0.86 2022–23 Declan McManus  Scotland The New Saints § 26 23 1.13 2023–24 Brad Young  England The New Saints § 22 24 1.12 Awards won by club Club Total Total Network Solutions/The New Saints 7 Llanelli 6 Aberystwyth Town 3 Barry Town 3 Caersws 3 Bala Town 2 Bangor City 2 Conwy United 1 Cwmbrân Town 1 Ebbw Vale 1 Newtown 1 Porthmadog 1 Port Talbot Town 1 Notes ^ This does not necessarily match the total number of games in a season. ^ Andy Moran of Rhyl initially won the award after scoring 27 goals but was stripped of his title after testing positive for the banned substance nandrolone. ^ Total Network Solutions were renamed as The New Saints in 2006. References ^ Goldblatt, David; Acton, Johnny; Garland, Mike (2009). The Football Book. Dorling Kinnersley Ltd. ISBN 9781409346975. ^ Jones, Dean (27 July 2019). "Top two tiers of Welsh football rebranded by the FAW". North Wales Chronicle. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019. ^ Doyle, Paul (29 June 2015). "Welsh football is in weird and wonderful league of its own but game is on the up". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "WPL Golden Boot winner". Welsh Premier League. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ Jones, Dave (28 August 2016). "Where does Rhyl's 10–0 caning at TNS stand in list of all-time highest WPL defeats?". Daily Post. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2019. ^ Pritchard, Gary (24 September 2012). "A season In brief: 1992/93". S4C. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ a b c d e Arotaritei, Sorin; Di Maggio, Roberto; Stokkermans, Karel. "Golden Boot ("Soulier d'Or") Awards". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Eifion Williams". S4C. 13 April 2013. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ Jones, Dave (19 March 2016). "Welsh Premier League: 10 greatest strikers". Daily Post. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019. ^ "Marc-Lloyd Williams". S4C. 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ a b "Rhyl striker banned for positive drugs test". WalesOnline. Media Wales. 27 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Rhys Griffiths". S4C. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ Nolan, Tomos (17 December 2014). "Venables is Wales' answer to Cristiano Ronaldo". UEFA. Retrieved 10 June 2019. ^ "Greg Draper: The golden-boot winning New Saints striker with two left feet". BBC Sport. 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019. ^ "Champions League: More goals than Messi, but that's not enough for Draper". BBC Sport. 8 July 2019. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019. ^ a b c "Chris Venables". Soccerway. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ "Coronavirus: Welsh football season ends with Connah's Quay champions". BBC Sport. 19 May 2020. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ "Cymru Premier Top Scorers". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021. ^ a b Cox, Lewis (28 May 2022). "TNS pair honoured with awards". The Shropshire Star. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 1992/3". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 1993/4". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 1994/5". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 1995/6". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 1996/7". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 1997/8". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 1998/9". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 1999/0". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2000/1". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2001/2". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2002/3". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ a b "Andy Moran". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2003/4". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2004/5". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2005/6". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2006/7". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2007/8". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2008/9". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2009/10". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2010/11". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2011/12". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Top 25 individual goal scorers 2012/13". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Michael Wilde". Soccerway. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ a b c "Chris Venables". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "Jason Oswell". Soccerway. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ a b "Greg Draper". Soccerway. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ "JD Cymru Leagues award winners 2022/23". Cymru Football. 21 May 2023. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023. ^ "Cymru Premier Top Scorers". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ "The New Saints: 10 facts about the record setting club". Shropshire Star. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2019. vteCymru Premier2024–25 clubs Aberystwyth Town Bala Town Barry Town United Briton Ferry Llansawel Caernarfon Town Cardiff Metropolitan University Connah's Quay Nomads Flint Town United Haverfordwest County Newtown Penybont The New Saints Former teams Afan Lido Airbus UK Broughton Bangor City Caersws Cefn Druids Carmarthen Town Cemaes Bay Colwyn Bay Conwy United Cwmbran Town Holywell Town Llandudno Llanelli Town Llangefni Town Llanidloes Town Maesteg Park Mold Alexandra Pontypridd United Port Talbot Town Porthmadog Prestatyn Town Rhayader Town Ton Pentre Welshpool Town Former teams now defunct Abergavenny Thursdays Briton Ferry Athletic Cardiff Bay Harlequins Ebbw Vale Neath Oswestry Town Rhyl Competition Seasons Clubs winners Golden Boot Associated competitions UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Seasons 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vteCymru Premier Golden Boot winners 1993: Woods 1994: Taylor 1995: Mottram 1996: McKenna 1997: Bird 1998: E. Williams 1999: E. Williams 2000: Summers 2001: Evans 2002: M. Williams 2003: Evans 2004: Evans 2005: M. Williams 2006: Griffiths 2007: Griffiths 2008: Griffiths 2009: Griffiths 2010: Griffiths 2011: Griffiths 2012: Griffiths 2013: Wilde 2014: Venables 2015: Venables 2016: Venables 2017: Oswell 2018: Draper 2019: Draper 2020: Venables 2021: Venables 2022: McManus 2023: McManus 2024: Young
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Cymru Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymru_Premier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Steve Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Woods"},{"link_name":"Ebbw Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rhys Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Griffiths_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Graham Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Evans"},{"link_name":"Eifion Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifion_Williams"},{"link_name":"Marc Lloyd Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lloyd_Williams"},{"link_name":"Greg Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Draper"},{"link_name":"2001–02 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_League_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"2011–12 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Welsh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Brad Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Young_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"The New Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Saints_F.C."}],"text":"Welsh association football awardAwardThe Cymru Premier Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Cymru Premier at the end of each season. The award was created in 1993 for the inaugural season of the competition, which was originally named the League of Wales before being rebranded as the Welsh Premier League in 2002.[1] In 2019, the league was rebranded for a second time, being named the Cymru Premier.[2] Steve Woods of Ebbw Vale, was the first player to win the Golden Boot after scoring 29 times during the first season.Since then, the award has been handed out at the end of each of the Welsh Premier League's 30 seasons of competition and has been won by 15 individuals as of June 2022. Rhys Griffiths has won the Golden Boot on more occasions than any other player, winning the award in seven consecutive seasons between 2006 and 2012. Chris Venables has won the award on five occasions, Graham Evans on three occasions while Eifion Williams, Marc Lloyd Williams and Greg Draper have two awards each. Marc Lloyd Williams holds the record for the most goals in a single season, scoring 47 during the 2001–02 campaign. The lowest tally of goals to win the award is 19, scored by Griffiths in the 2011–12 season. Brad Young is the current holder, winning the golden boot in his first season in the league with The New Saints.","title":"Cymru Premier Golden Boot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpl-4"},{"link_name":"Ebbw Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbw_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"Briton Ferry Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briton_Ferry_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Porthmadog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthmadog_F.C."},{"link_name":"David Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Taylor_(Welsh_footballer)"},{"link_name":"European Golden Shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Golden_Shoe"},{"link_name":"Andy Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Cole"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egs-7"},{"link_name":"Conwy United's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conwy_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ken McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_McKenna"},{"link_name":"Zviad Endeladze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zviad_Endeladze"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egs-7"},{"link_name":"Tony Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bird_(footballer,_born_1974)"},{"link_name":"1996–97 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_League_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"UEFA coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_coefficient"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_(Brazilian_footballer)"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egs-7"},{"link_name":"Eifion Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifion_Williams"},{"link_name":"Barry Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Town_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"English Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Torquay United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Marc Lloyd Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Lloyd_Williams"},{"link_name":"2001–02 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_League_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mário Jardel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Jardel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egs-7"},{"link_name":"2004–05 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Welsh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-egs-7"},{"link_name":"Rhyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl_F.C."},{"link_name":"nandrolone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandrolone"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nan-11"},{"link_name":"Caersws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caersws_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpl-4"},{"link_name":"Rhys Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Griffiths_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Port Talbot Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2011–12 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Welsh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpl-4"},{"link_name":"The New Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Saints_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpl-4"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wpl-4"},{"link_name":"Greg Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Draper"},{"link_name":"2017–18 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Welsh_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Cymru_Premier"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vs-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v5-18"},{"link_name":"Declan McManus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declan_McManus"},{"link_name":"2021–22 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Cymru_Premier"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc1-19"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"The League of Wales was founded in 1992, becoming the top tier of Welsh domestic football.[3] The Golden Boot award began alongside the first season of the new division.[4] Steve Woods claimed the award in the inaugural season, scoring 29 times for Ebbw Vale. His tally included six of his side's goals in a 10–0 victory over Briton Ferry Athletic on 6 January 1993,[5] which remained the league's record victory until 1998.[6] In the following season, Porthmadog player David Taylor won the award after scoring 43 goals in 38 appearances. His tally saw him named as the top goalscorer in Europe and he was awarded the European Golden Shoe, outscoring his nearest competitor, Andy Cole in the English Premier League, by nine goals.[7] Two years later, Conwy United's Ken McKenna fell two goals short of the award after scoring 38 goals in a single season; he lost out to Zviad Endeladze of Georgia.[7]Tony Bird was denied the European Golden Shoe in the 1996–97 season after a new points scoring system was introduced based on UEFA coefficient league rankings. Players in higher rated leagues were awarded more points than those in lower ranked leagues meaning Bird missed out on the award to Ronaldo, who played in Spain's La Liga, despite scoring eight more goals than the Brazilian.[7] Eifion Williams won the Golden Boot in 1997 as he helped Barry Town win the league title without losing a game. The following season, he became the first player to win the award for both a second time and in consecutive years, despite being sold to English Football League side Torquay United with two months of the campaign remaining.[8] Eifion Williams' goals-per-game ratio remains the highest of all time in the competition.[9]Marc Lloyd Williams set the league record for the most goals scored in a single season during the 2001–02 campaign by scoring 47 goals in 33 appearances. His tally was the highest in Europe;[10] he scored five more goals than European Golden Shoe winner Mário Jardel.[7] Williams repeated the feat three years later with 34 goals during the 2004–05 season.[7] In 2004, the award was won by Andy Moran of Rhyl, however he was stripped of his title and suspended from playing for seven and a half months after he tested positive for the banned steroid nandrolone.[11] The award was subsequently given to the second-highest scorer Graham Evans of Caersws, who became the first player to win the award three times.[4]Rhys Griffiths won his first Golden Boot in 2006 with Port Talbot Town. He joined Llanelli a year later and went on to win the award for a further six consecutive seasons, becoming the first player to win the award more than three times and the second player, after Williams, to score 200 goals in the Welsh Premier League.[12] Griffiths' last win, during the 2011–12 season, remains the lowest scoring total to claim the award with 19 goals.[4] In 2013, Michael Wilde of The New Saints became the first player other than Griffiths to win the award since 2005.[4] A year later, Chris Venables became the first player not recognised as a forward to claim the Golden Boot.[13] The midfielder netted 24 times in 30 appearances and went on to retain the award for a further two seasons.[4]In 2018, New Zealand international Greg Draper became the first non-British player to win the Golden Boot after scoring 22 goals during the 2017–18 season. He retained the award the following year with a further 27 goals despite spending more time as a substitute than playing.[14][15] Venables claimed his fourth title in the 2019–20 season, scoring 22 times in 25 appearances during a campaign which was ended after 26 matches due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[16][17] He retained the award the following year with a further 24 goals in 31 appearances.[18] Declan McManus became the fourth TNS player to win the award during the 2021–22 season, also scoring 24 times.[19]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards won by club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Rhyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyl_F.C."},{"link_name":"nandrolone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandrolone"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nan-11"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moran-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"^ This does not necessarily match the total number of games in a season.\n\n^ Andy Moran of Rhyl initially won the award after scoring 27 goals but was stripped of his title after testing positive for the banned substance nandrolone.[11][31]\n\n^ Total Network Solutions were renamed as The New Saints in 2006.[48]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Goldblatt, David; Acton, Johnny; Garland, Mike (2009). The Football Book. Dorling Kinnersley Ltd. ISBN 9781409346975.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbg6X4VCTcMC&q=Welsh+premier+league+2002+renamed&pg=PA168","url_text":"The Football Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409346975","url_text":"9781409346975"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Dean (27 July 2019). \"Top two tiers of Welsh football rebranded by the FAW\". North Wales Chronicle. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.northwaleschronicle.co.uk/sport/17799645.top-two-tiers-welsh-football-rebranded-faw/","url_text":"\"Top two tiers of Welsh football rebranded by the FAW\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190816142405/https://www.northwaleschronicle.co.uk/sport/17799645.top-two-tiers-welsh-football-rebranded-faw/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doyle, Paul (29 June 2015). \"Welsh football is in weird and wonderful league of its own but game is on the up\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jun/29/welsh-football-league-gareth-bale-wales-euro-2016-champions-league-europa-league","url_text":"\"Welsh football is in weird and wonderful league of its own but game is on the up\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190706031856/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jun/29/welsh-football-league-gareth-bale-wales-euro-2016-champions-league-europa-league","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"WPL Golden Boot winner\". Welsh Premier League. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190601184838/https://www.wpl.cymru/GoldenBoot","url_text":"\"WPL Golden Boot winner\""},{"url":"https://www.wpl.cymru/GoldenBoot","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Dave (28 August 2016). \"Where does Rhyl's 10–0 caning at TNS stand in list of all-time highest WPL defeats?\". Daily Post. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/rhyls-10-0-caning-tns-11813121","url_text":"\"Where does Rhyl's 10–0 caning at TNS stand in list of all-time highest WPL defeats?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210802183610/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/rhyls-10-0-caning-tns-11813121","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pritchard, Gary (24 September 2012). \"A season In brief: 1992/93\". S4C. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2012/teithior-tymhorau-199293/","url_text":"\"A season In brief: 1992/93\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192331/http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2012/teithior-tymhorau-199293/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Arotaritei, Sorin; Di Maggio, Roberto; Stokkermans, Karel. \"Golden Boot (\"Soulier d'Or\") Awards\". The Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/gboot.html","url_text":"\"Golden Boot (\"Soulier d'Or\") Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220721204533/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/gboot.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eifion Williams\". S4C. 13 April 2013. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2013/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-eifion-williams/","url_text":"\"Eifion Williams\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190821201021/http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2013/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-eifion-williams/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Dave (19 March 2016). \"Welsh Premier League: 10 greatest strikers\". Daily Post. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/welsh-premier-league-10-greatest-11065117","url_text":"\"Welsh Premier League: 10 greatest strikers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150314/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/welsh-premier-league-10-greatest-11065117","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Marc-Lloyd Williams\". S4C. 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2012/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-marc-lloyd-williams/","url_text":"\"Marc-Lloyd Williams\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192400/http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2012/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-marc-lloyd-williams/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhyl striker banned for positive drugs test\". WalesOnline. Media Wales. 27 July 2014. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/rhyl-striker-banned-positive-drugs-2431288","url_text":"\"Rhyl striker banned for positive drugs test\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028222322/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/rhyl-striker-banned-positive-drugs-2431288","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhys Griffiths\". S4C. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2013/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-rhys-griffiths/","url_text":"\"Rhys Griffiths\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190821201054/http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2013/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-rhys-griffiths/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nolan, Tomos (17 December 2014). \"Venables is Wales' answer to Cristiano Ronaldo\". UEFA. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=2197742.html","url_text":"\"Venables is Wales' answer to Cristiano Ronaldo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Draper: The golden-boot winning New Saints striker with two left feet\". BBC Sport. 3 June 2019. Archived from the original on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48498743","url_text":"\"Greg Draper: The golden-boot winning New Saints striker with two left feet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190608021536/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48498743","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Champions League: More goals than Messi, but that's not enough for Draper\". BBC Sport. 8 July 2019. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48893420","url_text":"\"Champions League: More goals than Messi, but that's not enough for Draper\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190710123436/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48893420","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Venables\". Soccerway. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/chris-venables/55131/","url_text":"\"Chris Venables\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028181846/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/chris-venables/55131/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus: Welsh football season ends with Connah's Quay champions\". BBC Sport. 19 May 2020. Archived from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52726498","url_text":"\"Coronavirus: Welsh football season ends with Connah's Quay champions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200526102745/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52726498","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cymru Premier Top Scorers\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/welsh-premier-league/top-scorers","url_text":"\"Cymru Premier Top Scorers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210611222541/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/welsh-premier-league/top-scorers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Lewis (28 May 2022). \"TNS pair honoured with awards\". The Shropshire Star. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/football/the-new-saints/2022/05/28/tns-pair-honoured-with-awards/","url_text":"\"TNS pair honoured with awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230129134720/https://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/football/the-new-saints/2022/05/28/tns-pair-honoured-with-awards/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1992/3\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103095708/http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19923","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1992/3\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19923","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1993/4\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103095528/http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19934","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1993/4\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19934","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1994/5\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103095153/http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19945","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1994/5\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19945","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1995/6\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531201328/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19956","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1995/6\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19956","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1996/7\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004248/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19967","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1996/7\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19967","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1997/8\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004004/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19978","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1997/8\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19978","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1998/9\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003254/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19989","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1998/9\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19989","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1999/0\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531201210/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19990","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1999/0\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19990","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2000/1\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003039/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20001","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2000/1\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2001/2\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003939/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20012","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2001/2\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20012","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2002/3\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004227/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20023","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2002/3\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20023","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andy Moran\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418233340/http://welsh-premier.com/player_detail_solo.php?player_id=457","url_text":"\"Andy Moran\""},{"url":"https://welsh-premier.com/player_detail_solo.php?player_id=457","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2003/4\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003839/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2003","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2003/4\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2003","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2004/5\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003904/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2004","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2004/5\""},{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2004","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2005/6\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003920/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2005","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2005/6\""},{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2005","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2006/7\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003630/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2006","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2006/7\""},{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2006","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2007/8\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003744/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2007","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2007/8\""},{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2007","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2008/9\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214114908/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2008","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2008/9\""},{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2008","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2009/10\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003019/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-200910","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2009/10\""},{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2010/11\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004014/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201011","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2010/11\""},{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201011","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2011/12\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004215/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201112","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2011/12\""},{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201112","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2012/13\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409062910/http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/top-scorers-2012-13","url_text":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2012/13\""},{"url":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201213","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Wilde\". Soccerway. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/michael-wilde/40450/","url_text":"\"Michael Wilde\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128032249/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/michael-wilde/40450/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Venables\". welsh-premier.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806070908/http://welsh-premier.com/player_detail_solo.php?player_id=156","url_text":"\"Chris Venables\""},{"url":"http://welsh-premier.com/player_detail_solo.php?player_id=156","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Oswell\". Soccerway. Archived from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jason-oswell/229910/","url_text":"\"Jason Oswell\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070255/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jason-oswell/229910/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Draper\". Soccerway. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jason-oswell/17653/","url_text":"\"Greg Draper\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028223345/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jason-oswell/17653/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"JD Cymru Leagues award winners 2022/23\". Cymru Football. 21 May 2023. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cymrufootball.wales/news/jd-cymru-leagues-award-winners-202223/","url_text":"\"JD Cymru Leagues award winners 2022/23\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230610002318/https://www.cymrufootball.wales/news/jd-cymru-leagues-award-winners-202223/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cymru Premier Top Scorers\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/welsh-premier-league/top-scorers","url_text":"\"Cymru Premier Top Scorers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240422020714/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/welsh-premier-league/top-scorers","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The New Saints: 10 facts about the record setting club\". Shropshire Star. 3 January 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/football/the-new-saints/2017/01/03/the-new-saints-10-facts-about-the-record-setting-club/","url_text":"\"The New Saints: 10 facts about the record setting club\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tbg6X4VCTcMC&q=Welsh+premier+league+2002+renamed&pg=PA168","external_links_name":"The Football Book"},{"Link":"https://www.northwaleschronicle.co.uk/sport/17799645.top-two-tiers-welsh-football-rebranded-faw/","external_links_name":"\"Top two tiers of Welsh football rebranded by the FAW\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190816142405/https://www.northwaleschronicle.co.uk/sport/17799645.top-two-tiers-welsh-football-rebranded-faw/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jun/29/welsh-football-league-gareth-bale-wales-euro-2016-champions-league-europa-league","external_links_name":"\"Welsh football is in weird and wonderful league of its own but game is on the up\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190706031856/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2015/jun/29/welsh-football-league-gareth-bale-wales-euro-2016-champions-league-europa-league","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190601184838/https://www.wpl.cymru/GoldenBoot","external_links_name":"\"WPL Golden Boot winner\""},{"Link":"https://www.wpl.cymru/GoldenBoot","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/rhyls-10-0-caning-tns-11813121","external_links_name":"\"Where does Rhyl's 10–0 caning at TNS stand in list of all-time highest WPL defeats?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210802183610/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/rhyls-10-0-caning-tns-11813121","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2012/teithior-tymhorau-199293/","external_links_name":"\"A season In brief: 1992/93\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192331/http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2012/teithior-tymhorau-199293/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/gboot.html","external_links_name":"\"Golden Boot (\"Soulier d'Or\") Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220721204533/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/gboot.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2013/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-eifion-williams/","external_links_name":"\"Eifion Williams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190821201021/http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2013/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-eifion-williams/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/welsh-premier-league-10-greatest-11065117","external_links_name":"\"Welsh Premier League: 10 greatest strikers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190329150314/https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/welsh-premier-league-10-greatest-11065117","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2012/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-marc-lloyd-williams/","external_links_name":"\"Marc-Lloyd Williams\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190821192400/http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2012/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-marc-lloyd-williams/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/rhyl-striker-banned-positive-drugs-2431288","external_links_name":"\"Rhyl striker banned for positive drugs test\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028222322/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/rhyl-striker-banned-positive-drugs-2431288","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2013/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-rhys-griffiths/","external_links_name":"\"Rhys Griffiths\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190821201054/http://www.s4c.cymru/sgorio/e_/2013/oriel-yr-anfarwolion-rhys-griffiths/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=2197742.html","external_links_name":"\"Venables is Wales' answer to Cristiano Ronaldo\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48498743","external_links_name":"\"Greg Draper: The golden-boot winning New Saints striker with two left feet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190608021536/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48498743","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48893420","external_links_name":"\"Champions League: More goals than Messi, but that's not enough for Draper\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190710123436/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48893420","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/chris-venables/55131/","external_links_name":"\"Chris Venables\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028181846/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/chris-venables/55131/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52726498","external_links_name":"\"Coronavirus: Welsh football season ends with Connah's Quay champions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200526102745/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/52726498","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/welsh-premier-league/top-scorers","external_links_name":"\"Cymru Premier Top Scorers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210611222541/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/welsh-premier-league/top-scorers","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/football/the-new-saints/2022/05/28/tns-pair-honoured-with-awards/","external_links_name":"\"TNS pair honoured with awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230129134720/https://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/football/the-new-saints/2022/05/28/tns-pair-honoured-with-awards/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103095708/http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19923","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1992/3\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19923","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103095528/http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19934","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1993/4\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19934","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103095153/http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19945","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1994/5\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19945","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531201328/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19956","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1995/6\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19956","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004248/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19967","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1996/7\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19967","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004004/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19978","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1997/8\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19978","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003254/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19989","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1998/9\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19989","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120531201210/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19990","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 1999/0\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-19990","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003039/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20001","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2000/1\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003939/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20012","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2001/2\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20012","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004227/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20023","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2002/3\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-20023","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160418233340/http://welsh-premier.com/player_detail_solo.php?player_id=457","external_links_name":"\"Andy Moran\""},{"Link":"https://welsh-premier.com/player_detail_solo.php?player_id=457","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003839/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2003","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2003/4\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2003","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003904/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2004","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2004/5\""},{"Link":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2004","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003920/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2005","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2005/6\""},{"Link":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2005","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003630/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2006","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2006/7\""},{"Link":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2006","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003744/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2007","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2007/8\""},{"Link":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2007","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214114908/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2008","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2008/9\""},{"Link":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2008","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604003019/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-200910","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2009/10\""},{"Link":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-2009","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004014/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201011","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2010/11\""},{"Link":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201011","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604004215/http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201112","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2011/12\""},{"Link":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201112","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409062910/http://welsh-premier.com/index.php/top-scorers-2012-13","external_links_name":"\"Top 25 individual goal scorers 2012/13\""},{"Link":"http://www.welsh-premier.com/index.php/people/players/goalscorers/top-scorers-201213","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/michael-wilde/40450/","external_links_name":"\"Michael Wilde\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128032249/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/michael-wilde/40450/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806070908/http://welsh-premier.com/player_detail_solo.php?player_id=156","external_links_name":"\"Chris Venables\""},{"Link":"http://welsh-premier.com/player_detail_solo.php?player_id=156","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jason-oswell/229910/","external_links_name":"\"Jason Oswell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070255/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jason-oswell/229910/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jason-oswell/17653/","external_links_name":"\"Greg Draper\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028223345/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/jason-oswell/17653/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cymrufootball.wales/news/jd-cymru-leagues-award-winners-202223/","external_links_name":"\"JD Cymru Leagues award winners 2022/23\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230610002318/https://www.cymrufootball.wales/news/jd-cymru-leagues-award-winners-202223/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/welsh-premier-league/top-scorers","external_links_name":"\"Cymru Premier Top Scorers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240422020714/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/welsh-premier-league/top-scorers","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.shropshirestar.com/sport/football/the-new-saints/2017/01/03/the-new-saints-10-facts-about-the-record-setting-club/","external_links_name":"\"The New Saints: 10 facts about the record setting club\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_nominated_trustees
Association of Member Nominated Trustees
["1 Background","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
"AMNT" redirects here. For the contraction of "am not", see amn't. The Association of Member Nominated Trustees is an organisation established in September 2010 composed of pension trustees selected by employees or members of private and public sector pension funds in the United Kingdom. It is a non-profit group which seeks to organise employee representatives through sharing information, expertise and coordinating policies for pensions and corporations in which money is invested. Background A member nominated trustee, in UK law, is a person appointed by employees, or members of an occupational pension plan, in accordance with the Pensions Act 2004 sections 241–242. Member nominated trustees of pension plans have been a part of UK pensions since the emergence of occupational pension plans in the middle of the twentieth century. During the 1970s Labour government, a white paper was proposed that half the trustees should be nominated by the workforce, however this was not implemented. Instead, under the Pensions Act 1995, following the Goode Report, a rule was introduced, that companies could opt out of, that a third of trustees had to be nominated. In the Pensions Act 2004, this requirement was made compulsory, and the Secretary of State has the power to raise the threshold to one half. Many pension funds already have one half of trustees nominated even though the law requires less. Given the steady growth in numbers and the formalisation and establishment of member trustees in the economy, in September 2010, the AMNT emerged to organise member trustees. Its first official meeting took place on 31 March 2011, and it set a date in July to agree on policies and a constitution. See also UK labour law UK company law UK pensions Notes ^ White Paper, Occupation Pension Schemes: The Role of Members in the Running of Schemes (1976) Cmnd 6514 References M Cobley, 'UK's newest pensions group gets off to a flying start' (1 April 2011) efinancialnews.com External links AMNT official website Temporary registration website Conference on member nominated trustees
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amn't","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amn%27t"},{"link_name":"pension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"\"AMNT\" redirects here. For the contraction of \"am not\", see amn't.The Association of Member Nominated Trustees is an organisation established in September 2010 composed of pension trustees selected by employees or members of private and public sector pension funds in the United Kingdom. It is a non-profit group which seeks to organise employee representatives through sharing information, expertise and coordinating policies for pensions and corporations in which money is invested.","title":"Association of Member Nominated Trustees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_law"},{"link_name":"occupational pension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_pension"},{"link_name":"Pensions Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions_Act_2004"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pensions Act 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions_Act_1995"},{"link_name":"Goode Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goode_Report"},{"link_name":"Pensions Act 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions_Act_2004"}],"text":"A member nominated trustee, in UK law, is a person appointed by employees, or members of an occupational pension plan, in accordance with the Pensions Act 2004 sections 241–242.Member nominated trustees of pension plans have been a part of UK pensions since the emergence of occupational pension plans in the middle of the twentieth century. During the 1970s Labour government, a white paper was proposed that half the trustees should be nominated by the workforce, however this was not implemented.[1] Instead, under the Pensions Act 1995, following the Goode Report, a rule was introduced, that companies could opt out of, that a third of trustees had to be nominated. In the Pensions Act 2004, this requirement was made compulsory, and the Secretary of State has the power to raise the threshold to one half. Many pension funds already have one half of trustees nominated even though the law requires less. Given the steady growth in numbers and the formalisation and establishment of member trustees in the economy, in September 2010, the AMNT emerged to organise member trustees. Its first official meeting took place on 31 March 2011, and it set a date in July to agree on policies and a constitution.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ White Paper, Occupation Pension Schemes: The Role of Members in the Running of Schemes (1976) Cmnd 6514","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"UK labour law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_labour_law"},{"title":"UK company law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_company_law"},{"title":"UK pensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_pensions"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.efinancialnews.com/story/2011-04-01/amnt-blog","external_links_name":"UK's newest pensions group gets off to a flying start"},{"Link":"http://www.amnt.org/","external_links_name":"AMNT official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518004913/http://amnt.eventbrite.com/","external_links_name":"Temporary registration website"},{"Link":"http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/lwp/pensions/conferences/cm_europe12_09/cm_europe12_09.html","external_links_name":"Conference on member nominated trustees"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_de_Leon
Gerardo de León
["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Film (as Director)","4 References","5 External links"]
Filipino film director (1913-1988) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Gerardo de León" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Gerardo de LeónGerardo de León on a 2013 stamp of the PhilippinesBorn(1913-09-12)September 12, 1913Manila, Philippine IslandsDiedJuly 25, 1981(1981-07-25) (aged 67)Manila, PhilippinesOccupation(s)Actor, film directorYears active1934–1976SpouseFely VallejoChildren2 daughtersAwards Order of National Artists of the Philippines Gerardo de León (September 12, 1913 – July 25, 1981) was a Filipino film director and actor. He was posthumously conferred as a National Artist of the Philippines for Film in 1982. Biography De León, who was born Gerardo Ilagan, was a member of the Ilagan clan of Philippine motion pictures, which includes Robert Arevalo, Conrado Conde, Angel Esmeralda, Eddie Ilagan, musical scorer Tito Arévalo, and his daughter Liberty Ilagan. De León was a medical doctor by profession, but his ultimate love for film won him over. He made his acting debut in the 1934 film Ang Dangal. He acted in eight other films before becoming a director. The first film he directed was Bahay-Kubo (1939), starring Fely Vallejo, an actress whom he later married. De Leon produced a number of anti-American propaganda films during World War II, in collaboration with the occupying Japanese forces and Japanese director Yutaka Abe, who personally chose De Leon for the projects. De Leon was arrested and charged with treason after the Japanese were defeated, and was almost executed by the Filipino government. But at the last minute, he was pardoned when evidence came to light that all during the war, he had secretly assisted the Filipino resistance as well. Nicknamed "Manong", de León is the most awarded film director in the history of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences' FAMAS Awards. From 1952 to 1971, he was awarded seven FAMAS Awards, three of them received consecutively. His 1961 film The Moises Padilla Story was selected as the Philippine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 32nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee. All of the films for which he won Best Director also won Best Picture at the FAMAS, namely Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (1952), Hanggang sa Dulo ng Daigdig (1958), Huwag Mo Akong Limutin (1960), Noli Me Tangere (1961, adapted from the novel of the same title), El Filibusterismo (1962), Daigdig ng Mga Api (1965), and Lilet (1971). One of his unfinished projects was Juan de la Cruz (1972) with Fernando Poe Jr. He is known to fans of cult horror films for the handful of 1960s horror movies he directed, some co-directed with his friend Eddie Romero and co-financed with American money. These films included Terror Is a Man (1959), The Blood Drinkers/ Blood Is the Color of Night (1964), Curse of the Vampires/ Whisper to the Wind (1966), Brides of Blood (1968), and Mad Doctor of Blood Island (1969). Roger Corman hired him in 1971 to direct his gritty Women in Prison film Women in Cages (1971), featuring Pam Grier as a sadistic prison warden and Philippines sex symbol Sofia Moran. De Leon died on July 25, 1981, at age 67. Personal life He is married to Fely Vallejo (1918-2013), a pre-war actress who played a starring role in his directorial debut movie Bahay-Kubo (1939). Together they have 2 children, Liberty Ilagan (July 6, 1943-2020) and Maria Fe "Baby" (born 1949), the widow of actor, Ronaldo Valdez. Liberty was an actress and was married to former actor/famous restaurateur Rod Ongpauco (screen-named Rod Evans) with whom she has 3 children. While her sister, Marife Ilagan married Ronaldo Valdez with whom they had two children, Janno Gibbs and Melissa, who are both actors. Filmography Film (as Director) Year Title Notes Production Company Ref(s): 1938 Bahay kubo Parlatone Hispano Filipino 1938 Mga sugar ng puso Parlatone Hispano Filipino 1938 Makiling Parlatone Hispano Filipino 1940 Estrellita 1941 Ang Maestra 1943 Dawn of Freedom 1947 Mameng, iniibig kita 1950 48 Oras 1951 Sisa 1951 Diego Silang 1952 Bagong Umaga 1952 Python at the Old Dome (Sawa sa lumang simboryo) 1954 Pedro Penduko 1954 Ifuago 1955 Sanda Wong 1956 Saigon 1957 Bakya mo Neneng 1957 Kamay ni Cain/ The Hands of Cain 1958 Hanggang sa dulo ng daigdig 1959 Terror Is a Man (1959) aka Blood Creature 1960 Huwag mo akong limutin/Don't Let Me Forget 1960 Noli me tangere (Touch Me Not) 1961 The Moises Padilla Story 1961 Noli Me Tángere 1962 El filibusterismo 1962 I Am Justice (Ako ang katarungan) 1964 Anak nu Dyesebel 1964 The Walls of Hell (Intramuros) 1964 The Blood Drinkers a.k.a. Kulay dugo ang gabi/ Blood is the Color of Night; aka The Vampire People. 1965 Ang daigdig ng mga api (World of the Oppressed) 1966 Curse of the Vampires (Dugo ng vampira) a.k.a. Ibulong mo sa hangin (Whisper to the Wind), a.k.a. Creatures of Evil 1968 Brides of Blood co-director with Eddie Romero. 1969 The Mad Doctor of Blood Island aka (Tomb of the Living dead) co-director with Eddie Romero. 1971 Lilet 1971 Women in Cages 1975 Fe, Esperanza, Caridad (translation: Faith, Hope and Charity) 1975 Banaue: Stairway to the Sky 1976 Juan dela Cruz (unfinished) References ^ "Order of National Artists: Gerardo "Gerry" de Leon". gov.ph. Retrieved June 10, 2020. ^ a b c Mark Holcomb. "de Leon, Gerardo". Sensesofcinema.com. Retrieved August 20, 2019. ^ Did you know? National Artist for Film Gerardo de Leon. Newsinfo.inquirer.net (September 11, 2014). Retrieved on June 25, 2016. ^ Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ^ White, Mike. "Cashiers du Cinemart - Issue 18 - Strong Coffee with a National Treasure : An Interview with Eddie Romero". Cashiers du Cinemart Magazine. ^ "Former Sampaguita star Liberty Ilagan dies at 76". PEP.ph. Retrieved January 25, 2024. ^ "Liberty: No regrets having quit showbiz". Philstar.com. Retrieved January 25, 2024. ^ Lo, Ricky. "What was Liberty's biggest regret?". Philstar.com. Retrieved January 25, 2024. ^ Wang, Nickie (December 18, 2023). "Ronaldo Valdez tackles love in twilight years in last film". Manila Standard. Retrieved January 25, 2024. ^ "Terror Is a Man (1959) - Notes - TCM.com". Turner Classic Movies.com. TCM. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ "Kulay dugo ang gabi". Česko-Slovenská filmová databáze. Retrieved November 16, 2021. ^ "Kulay dugo ang Gabi". Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020. ^ "Ibulong mo sa hangin (Blood of the Vampires)(Creatures of Evil)(Whisper to the Wind) - Movie Reviews". Rottentomatoes.com. ^ Arena, Jim (2002). Mad Doctor of Blood Island (Media notes) (Liner notes). Image Entertainment. ID146211DVD. External links Gerardo de León at IMDb vteNational Artists of the PhilippinesPambansang Alagad ng Sining ng PilipinasArchitecture 1973 Juan Nakpil 1976 Pablo Antonio 1990 Leandro Locsin 2006 Ildefonso P. Santos Jr. 2014 José María Zaragoza 2018 Francisco Mañosa Dance 1973 Francisca R. Aquino 1976 Leonor Orosa 1988 Lucrecia Reyes 2006 Ramon Obusan 2014 Alice Reyes 2022 Agnes Locsin Fashion Design 2006 Ramón Valera 2022 Salvacion Lim Higgins Film and Broadcast Arts 1976 Lamberto V. Avellana 1982 Gerardo de León 1997 Lino Brocka 2001 Ishmael Bernal 2003 Eddie Romero 2006 Fernando Poe Jr. 2009 Manuel Conde 2018 Kidlat Tahimik 2022 Nora Aunor 2022 Marilou Diaz-Abaya 2022 Ricardo Lee Literature 1973 Amado V. Hernandez 1973 José Garcia Villa 1976 Nick Joaquin 1982 Carlos P. Romulo 1990 Francisco Arcellana 1997 N. V. M. Gonzalez 1997 Carlos Quirino 1999 Edith Tiempo 2001 F. Sionil José 2003 Virgilio S. Almario 2003 Alejandro Roces 2006 Bienvenido Lumbera 2009 Lazaro Francisco 2014 Cirilo F. Bautista 2018 Ramon Muzones 2018 Resil B. Mojares 2022 Gémino Abad Music 1973 Antonio Molina 1976 Jovita Fuentes 1988 Antonino Buenaventura 1988 Lucrecia Kasilag 1991 Lucio San Pedro 1997 Levi Celerio 1997 Felipe Padilla de León 1997 José Maceda 1999 Ernani Joson Cuenco 1999 Andrea Veneracion 2014 Ramon Santos 2014 Francisco Feliciano 2018 Ryan Cayabyab 2022 Fides Cuyugan-Asensio Theatre 1987 Atang de la Rama 1997 Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero 1997 Rolando Tinio 1999 Daisy Avellana 2001 Severino Montano 2003 Salvador Bernal 2018 Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio 2022 Tony Mabesa Visual Arts 1972 Fernando Amorsolo 1973 Botong Francisco 1973 Guillermo Tolentino 1976 Napoleon Abueva 1976 Victorio Edades 1981 Vicente Manansala 1990 Cesar Legaspi 1991 Hernando R. Ocampo 1997 Arturo R. Luz 1999 J. Navarro Elizalde 2001 Ang Kiukok 2003 José T. Joya 2006 BenCab Cabrera 2006 Abdulmari Imao 2009 Federico Aguilar Alcuaz 2014 Francisco Coching 2018 Larry Alcala National Commission for Culture and the Arts Cultural Center of the Philippines Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"National Artist of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Artist_of_the_Philippines"}],"text":"Gerardo de León (September 12, 1913 – July 25, 1981) was a Filipino film director and actor. He was posthumously conferred as a National Artist of the Philippines for Film in 1982.","title":"Gerardo de León"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conrado Conde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrado_Conde"},{"link_name":"Tito Arévalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Ar%C3%A9valo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naph-1"},{"link_name":"anti-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Americanism"},{"link_name":"propaganda films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_film"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan"},{"link_name":"Yutaka Abe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutaka_Abe"},{"link_name":"Japanese were defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"FAMAS Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAMAS_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Moises Padilla Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moises_Padilla_Story"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"32nd Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"novel of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noli_Me_Tangere_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Fernando Poe Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Poe_Jr."},{"link_name":"Eddie Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Romero"},{"link_name":"Terror Is a Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terror_Is_a_Man"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Brides of Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brides_of_Blood"},{"link_name":"Mad Doctor of Blood Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Doctor_of_Blood_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"Roger Corman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Corman"},{"link_name":"Women in Cages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Cages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-2"},{"link_name":"Sofia Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Moran"}],"text":"De León, who was born Gerardo Ilagan, was a member of the Ilagan clan of Philippine motion pictures, which includes Robert Arevalo, Conrado Conde, Angel Esmeralda, Eddie Ilagan, musical scorer Tito Arévalo, and his daughter Liberty Ilagan. De León was a medical doctor by profession, but his ultimate love for film won him over.[1] He made his acting debut in the 1934 film Ang Dangal. He acted in eight other films before becoming a director. The first film he directed was Bahay-Kubo (1939), starring Fely Vallejo, an actress whom he later married.De Leon produced a number of anti-American propaganda films during World War II, in collaboration with the occupying Japanese forces and Japanese director Yutaka Abe, who personally chose De Leon for the projects. De Leon was arrested and charged with treason after the Japanese were defeated, and was almost executed by the Filipino government. But at the last minute, he was pardoned when evidence came to light that all during the war, he had secretly assisted the Filipino resistance as well.[2]Nicknamed \"Manong\", de León is the most awarded film director in the history of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences' FAMAS Awards. From 1952 to 1971, he was awarded seven FAMAS Awards, three of them received consecutively.[3] His 1961 film The Moises Padilla Story was selected as the Philippine entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 32nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.[4]All of the films for which he won Best Director also won Best Picture at the FAMAS, namely Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (1952), Hanggang sa Dulo ng Daigdig (1958), Huwag Mo Akong Limutin (1960), Noli Me Tangere (1961, adapted from the novel of the same title), El Filibusterismo (1962), Daigdig ng Mga Api (1965), and Lilet (1971). One of his unfinished projects was Juan de la Cruz (1972) with Fernando Poe Jr.He is known to fans of cult horror films for the handful of 1960s horror movies he directed, some co-directed with his friend Eddie Romero and co-financed with American money. These films included Terror Is a Man (1959), The Blood Drinkers/ Blood Is the Color of Night (1964),[5] Curse of the Vampires/ Whisper to the Wind (1966), Brides of Blood (1968), and Mad Doctor of Blood Island (1969).[2] Roger Corman hired him in 1971 to direct his gritty Women in Prison film Women in Cages (1971), featuring Pam Grier as a sadistic prison warden [2] and Philippines sex symbol Sofia Moran. De Leon died on July 25, 1981, at age 67.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ronaldo Valdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo_Valdez"},{"link_name":"Janno Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janno_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He is married to Fely Vallejo (1918-2013), a pre-war actress who played a starring role in his directorial debut movie Bahay-Kubo (1939). Together they have 2 children, Liberty Ilagan (July 6, 1943-2020)[6] and Maria Fe \"Baby\" (born 1949), the widow of actor, Ronaldo Valdez. Liberty was an actress and was married to former actor/famous restaurateur Rod Ongpauco (screen-named Rod Evans) with whom she has 3 children.[7][8] While her sister, Marife Ilagan married Ronaldo Valdez with whom they had two children, Janno Gibbs and Melissa, who are both actors.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film (as Director)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Order of National Artists: Gerardo \"Gerry\" de Leon\". gov.ph. Retrieved June 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/gerardo-gerry-de-leon/","url_text":"\"Order of National Artists: Gerardo \"Gerry\" de Leon\""}]},{"reference":"Mark Holcomb. \"de Leon, Gerardo\". Sensesofcinema.com. Retrieved August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://sensesofcinema.com/2005/great-directors/de_leon/","url_text":"\"de Leon, Gerardo\""}]},{"reference":"White, Mike. \"Cashiers du Cinemart - Issue 18 - Strong Coffee with a National Treasure : An Interview with Eddie Romero\". Cashiers du Cinemart Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cashiersducinemart.com/details/issue-18/article-518/strong-coffee-with-a-national-treasure-an-interview-with-eddie-romero","url_text":"\"Cashiers du Cinemart - Issue 18 - Strong Coffee with a National Treasure : An Interview with Eddie Romero\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Sampaguita star Liberty Ilagan dies at 76\". PEP.ph. Retrieved January 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pep.ph/news/local/150172/former-sampaguita-star-liberty-ilagan-dies-at-76-a734-20200317","url_text":"\"Former Sampaguita star Liberty Ilagan dies at 76\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liberty: No regrets having quit showbiz\". Philstar.com. Retrieved January 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/08/31/1847224/liberty-no-regrets-having-quit-showbiz","url_text":"\"Liberty: No regrets having quit showbiz\""}]},{"reference":"Lo, Ricky. \"What was Liberty's biggest regret?\". Philstar.com. Retrieved January 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2020/03/19/2001869/what-was-libertys-biggest-regret","url_text":"\"What was Liberty's biggest regret?\""}]},{"reference":"Wang, Nickie (December 18, 2023). \"Ronaldo Valdez tackles love in twilight years in last film\". Manila Standard. Retrieved January 25, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.manilastandard.net/showbitz/celebrity-profiles/314400256/ronaldo-valdez-tackles-love-in-twilight-years-in-last-film.html","url_text":"\"Ronaldo Valdez tackles love in twilight years in last film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kulay dugo ang gabi\". Česko-Slovenská filmová databáze. Retrieved November 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.csfd.cz/film/263299-kulay-dugo-ang-gabi/komentare/","url_text":"\"Kulay dugo ang gabi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kulay dugo ang Gabi\". Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200328044313/https://www.csfd.cz/film/263299-kulay-dugo-ang-gabi/komentare/","url_text":"\"Kulay dugo ang Gabi\""},{"url":"https://www.csfd.cz/film/263299-kulay-dugo-ang-gabi/komentare/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ibulong mo sa hangin (Blood of the Vampires)(Creatures of Evil)(Whisper to the Wind) - Movie Reviews\". Rottentomatoes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blood-of-the-vampires/reviews/","url_text":"\"Ibulong mo sa hangin (Blood of the Vampires)(Creatures of Evil)(Whisper to the Wind) - Movie Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"Arena, Jim (2002). Mad Doctor of Blood Island (Media notes) (Liner notes). Image Entertainment. ID146211DVD.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gerardo+de+Le%C3%B3n%22","external_links_name":"\"Gerardo de León\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gerardo+de+Le%C3%B3n%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gerardo+de+Le%C3%B3n%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gerardo+de+Le%C3%B3n%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gerardo+de+Le%C3%B3n%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gerardo+de+Le%C3%B3n%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/gerardo-gerry-de-leon/","external_links_name":"\"Order of National Artists: Gerardo \"Gerry\" de Leon\""},{"Link":"http://sensesofcinema.com/2005/great-directors/de_leon/","external_links_name":"\"de Leon, Gerardo\""},{"Link":"http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/636973/did-you-know-national-artist-for-film-gerardo-de-leon","external_links_name":"Did you know? National Artist for Film Gerardo de Leon"},{"Link":"http://www.cashiersducinemart.com/details/issue-18/article-518/strong-coffee-with-a-national-treasure-an-interview-with-eddie-romero","external_links_name":"\"Cashiers du Cinemart - Issue 18 - Strong Coffee with a National Treasure : An Interview with Eddie Romero\""},{"Link":"https://www.pep.ph/news/local/150172/former-sampaguita-star-liberty-ilagan-dies-at-76-a734-20200317","external_links_name":"\"Former Sampaguita star Liberty Ilagan dies at 76\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/08/31/1847224/liberty-no-regrets-having-quit-showbiz","external_links_name":"\"Liberty: No regrets having quit showbiz\""},{"Link":"https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2020/03/19/2001869/what-was-libertys-biggest-regret","external_links_name":"\"What was Liberty's biggest regret?\""},{"Link":"https://www.manilastandard.net/showbitz/celebrity-profiles/314400256/ronaldo-valdez-tackles-love-in-twilight-years-in-last-film.html","external_links_name":"\"Ronaldo Valdez tackles love in twilight years in last film\""},{"Link":"https://www.csfd.cz/film/263299-kulay-dugo-ang-gabi/komentare/","external_links_name":"\"Kulay dugo ang gabi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200328044313/https://www.csfd.cz/film/263299-kulay-dugo-ang-gabi/komentare/","external_links_name":"\"Kulay dugo ang Gabi\""},{"Link":"https://www.csfd.cz/film/263299-kulay-dugo-ang-gabi/komentare/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blood-of-the-vampires/reviews/","external_links_name":"\"Ibulong mo sa hangin (Blood of the Vampires)(Creatures of Evil)(Whisper to the Wind) - Movie Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0502479/","external_links_name":"Gerardo de León"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/429536/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119446334","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/49486550","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdWMvh8wFxR7bP9tvw3cP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1169926","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14688115n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14688115n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99011327","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Prinosil
David Prinosil
["1 ATP career finals","1.1 Singles: 6 (3 titles, 3 runner-ups)","1.2 Doubles: 21 (10 titles, 11 runner-ups)","2 ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals","2.1 Singles: 9 (5–4)","2.2 Doubles: 4 (4–0)","3 Performance timelines","3.1 Singles","3.2 Doubles","4 References","5 External links"]
German tennis player This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "David Prinosil" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David PrinosilCountry (sports) GermanyResidenceMunich, GermanyBorn (1973-03-09) 9 March 1973 (age 51)Olomouc, CzechoslovakiaHeight1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Turned pro1991PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)Prize money$4,016,496SinglesCareer record169–221Career titles3 5 Challenger, 0 Futures Highest rankingNo. 28 (23 April 2001)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian Open3R (1995, 2001)French Open3R (1992)Wimbledon4R (2000)US Open2R (1996, 1999)Other tournamentsOlympic Games1R (1996, 2000)DoublesCareer record254–208Career titles10 4 Challenger, 0 Futures Highest rankingNo. 12 (20 August 2001)Grand Slam doubles resultsAustralian OpenF (2001)French OpenF (1993)WimbledonQF (2002)US OpenSF (1999) Medal record Men's Tennis 1996 Atlanta Doubles Last updated on: 29 November 2021. David Prinosil (Czech: David Přinosil; born 9 March 1973) is a former tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1991. Prinosil was born in Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, but later moved to Germany. He represented his country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where he was defeated in the first round by Daniel Vacek of the Czech Republic. In the doubles competition in Stone Mountain Park he won the bronze medal partnering Marc-Kevin Goellner. He was the first opponent of Tim Henman in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament, in the first round of Wimbledon in 1994. The right-hander reached the fourth round of Wimbledon in 2000 and the quarterfinals of the Rome Masters in 1999 and the Paris Masters in 2000. Prinosil won three career titles in singles, and reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 23 April 2001, when he became world No. 28. He began playing for Germany in the Davis Cup in 1996. Prinosil achieved an upset victory over Greg Rusedski in the second round of the Ericsson Open Masters tournament in 2001 with strong returns. Rusedski had recently beaten Andre Agassi. Prinosil and Rusedski had gone through rehabilitation together after foot surgeries in the same hospital in 1999. ATP career finals Singles: 6 (3 titles, 3 runner-ups) Legend Grand Slam Tournaments (0–0) ATP World Tour Finals (0–0) ATP Masters Series (0–0) ATP Championship Series (0–0) ATP International Series (3–3) Finals by surface Hard (0–0) Clay (0–0) Grass (2–0) Carpet (1–3) Finals by setting Outdoors (2–0) Indoors (1–3) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Win 1–0 Jul 1995 Newport, United States World Series Grass David Wheaton 7–6(7–3), 5–7, 6–2 Win 2–0 Oct 1996 Ostrava, Czech Republic World Series Carpet Petr Korda 6–1, 6–2 Loss 2–1 Mar 1998 Copenhagen, Denmark International Series Carpet Magnus Gustafsson 6–3, 1–6, 1–6 Loss 2–2 Feb 1999 St. Petersburg, Russia International Series Carpet Marc Rosset 3–6, 4–6 Win 3–2 Jun 2000 Halle, Germany International Series Grass Richard Krajicek 6–3, 6–2 Loss 3–3 Oct 2000 Moscow, Russia International Series Carpet Yevgeny Kafelnikov 2–6, 5–7 Doubles: 21 (10 titles, 11 runner-ups) Legend Grand Slam Tournaments (0–2) ATP World Tour Finals (0–0) ATP Masters Series (0–1) ATP Championship Series (2–1) ATP World Series (8–7) Finals by surface Hard (4–4) Clay (1–1) Grass (1–1) Carpet (4–5) Finals by setting Outdoors (5–5) Indoors (5–6) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score Win 1–0 Mar 1992 Rotterdam, Netherlands World Series Carpet Marc-Kevin Goellner Paul Haarhuis Mark Koevermans 6–2, 6–7, 7–6 Win 2–0 Aug 1992 Umag, Croatia World Series Clay Richard Vogel Sander Groen Lars Koslowski 6–7, 6–3, 7–6 Loss 2–1 Jun 1993 Roland Garos, France Grand Slam Clay Marc-Kevin Goellner Luke Jensen Murphy Jensen 4–6, 7–6, 4–6 Win 3–1 Aug 1993 Long Island, United States World Series Hard Marc-Kevin Goellner Arnaud Boetsch Olivier Delaître 6–7, 7–5, 6–2 Loss 3–2 Oct 1993 Toulouse, France World Series Carpet Udo Riglewski Byron Black Jonathan Stark 5–7, 6–7 Loss 3–3 Oct 1993 Vienna, Austria World Series Carpet Mike Bauer Byron Black Jonathan Stark 3–6, 6–7 Loss 3–4 Mar 1994 Copenhagen, Denmark World Series Carpet Udo Riglewski Martin Damm Brett Steven 3–6, 4–6 Loss 3–5 Mar 1997 St. Petersburg, Russia World Series Carpet Daniel Vacek Andrei Olhovskiy Brett Steven 4–6, 3–6 Win 4–5 Aug 1997 Long Island, United States International Series Hard Marcos Ondruska Mark Keil T. J. Middleton 6–4, 6–4 Loss 4–6 Oct 1997 Vienna, Austria Championship Series Carpet Marc-Kevin Goellner Ellis Ferreira Patrick Galbraith 3–6, 4–6 Win 5–6 Oct 1998 Ostrava, Czech Republic International Series Carpet Nicolas Kiefer David Adams Pavel Vízner 6–4, 6–3 Loss 5–7 Mar 1999 Copenhagen, Denmark International Series Hard Marc-Kevin Goellner Max Mirnyi Andrei Olhovskiy 7–6(7–5), 6–7(4–7), 1–6 Win 6–7 Oct 1999 Vienna, Austria Championship Series Carpet Sandon Stolle Piet Norval Kevin Ullyett 6–3, 6–4 Win 7–7 Mar 2000 Copenhagen, Denmark International Series Hard Martin Damm Jonas Björkman Sébastien Lareau 6–1, 5–7, 7–5 Loss 7–8 Jun 2000 Halle, Germany International Series Grass Mahesh Bhupathi Nicklas Kulti Mikael Tillström 6–7(4–7), 6–7(4–7) Loss 7–9 Oct 2000 Hong Kong, Hong Kong International Series Hard Dominik Hrbatý Wayne Black Kevin Ullyett 1–6, 2–6 Win 8–9 Oct 2000 Moscow, Russia International Series Carpet Jonas Björkman Jiří Novák David Rikl 6–2, 6–3 Loss 8–10 Jan 2001 Melbourne, Australia Grand Slam Hard Byron Black Jonas Björkman Todd Woodbridge 1–6, 7–5, 4–6, 4–6 Loss 8–11 Aug 2001 Cincinnati, United States Masters Series Hard Martin Damm Leander Paes Mahesh Bhupathi 6–7(3–7), 3–6 Win 9–11 Aug 2001 Washington, United States Championship Series Hard Martin Damm Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 7–6(7–5), 6–3 Win 10–11 Jun 2002 Halle, Germany International Series Grass David Rikl Jonas Björkman Todd Woodbridge 4–6, 7–6(7–5), 7–5 ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals Singles: 9 (5–4) Legend ATP Challenger (5–4) ITF Futures (0–0) Finals by surface Hard (0–1) Clay (1–0) Grass (0–1) Carpet (4–2) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Win 1–0 Jan 1993 Heilbronn, Germany Challenger Carpet Martin Damm 6–3, 7–6 Win 2–0 Jul 1993 Ulm, Germany Challenger Clay Olivier Delaître 6–3, 6–3 Win 3–0 Oct 1994 Dublin, Ireland Challenger Carpet Radomír Vašek 6–3, 6–3 Loss 3–1 Nov 1994 Aachen, Germany Challenger Carpet Jan Siemerink 7–5, 6–7, 4–6 Win 4–1 Feb 1995 Wolfsburg, Germany Challenger Carpet Martin Sinner 6–4, 7–6 Win 5–1 Mar 1995 Hamburg, Germany Challenger Carpet Martin Sinner 6–1, 6–4 Loss 5–2 Nov 1996 Aachen, Germany Challenger Hard Alexander Volkov 3–6, 6–7 Loss 5–3 Nov 1999 Aachen, Germany Challenger Carpet Raemon Sluiter 6–2, 4–6, 6–7 Loss 5–4 Jul 2003 Bristol, United Kingdom Challenger Grass Massimo Dell'Acqua 4–6, 4–6 Doubles: 4 (4–0) Legend ATP Challenger (4–0) ITF Futures (0–0) Finals by surface Hard (0–0) Clay (3–0) Grass (0–0) Carpet (1–0) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score Win 1–0 Aug 1992 Graz, Austria Challenger Clay Richard Vogel Robert Novotny Milan Trněný 6–3, 6–4 Win 2–0 Sep 1992 Merano, Italy Challenger Clay Sander Groen Lionel Barthez Alois Beust 6–4, 6–4 Win 3–0 Jul 1993 Ulm, Germany Challenger Clay Richard Vogel Udo Riglewski Jorge Lozano 6–1, 6–3 Win 4–0 Mar 1995 Hamburg, Germany Challenger Carpet Martin Sinner Clinton Ferreira Aleksandar Kitinov 6–2, 6–3 Performance timelines Key W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# P# DNQ A Z# PO G S B NMS NTI P NH (W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record. Singles Tournament 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SR W–L Win % Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open A A 2R 1R 3R 1R 1R 2R 1R A 3R Q1 1R 0 / 9 6–9 40% French Open A 3R 2R 2R 1R 1R 1R 2R 1R 1R 1R Q1 Q1 0 / 10 5–10 33% Wimbledon Q2 A 2R 3R 1R 1R A 2R 2R 4R 3R Q2 Q1 0 / 8 10–8 56% US Open A A 1R A 1R 2R 1R 1R 2R 1R 1R Q3 Q1 0 / 8 2–8 20% Win–loss 0–0 2–1 3–4 3–3 2–4 1–4 0–3 3–4 2–4 3–3 4–4 0–0 0–1 0 / 35 23–35 40% ATP Masters Series Indian Wells A A A A A A A A A A 1R Q1 A 0 / 1 0–1 0% Miami A A 1R A A A A 1R 1R 1R 3R A A 0 / 5 1–5 17% Monte Carlo A A A A A A A A A A 1R A A 0 / 1 0–1 0% Hamburg A 2R 1R Q2 2R 1R 1R 1R 1R A 1R A Q1 0 / 8 2–8 20% Rome A A A A A A 1R A QF A 1R A A 0 / 3 3–3 50% Canada A A A A A A A A A A 1R Q1 A 0 / 1 0–1 0% Cincinnati A A A A A A A A 1R A 1R A A 0 / 2 0–2 0% Essen / Stuttgart NMS A A 3R 1R 1R A 1R A A 0 / 4 2–4 33% Paris A A A A A A 2R Q2 A QF A A A 0 / 2 4–2 67% Win–loss 0–0 1–1 0–2 0–0 1–1 0–1 3–4 0–3 3–5 3–2 1–8 0–0 0–0 0 / 27 12–27 31% Doubles Tournament 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 SR W–L Win % Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open A A 1R 1R 2R 3R 2R 3R 2R A F QF 1R 0 / 10 15–9 63% French Open A 2R F 1R 2R 1R A 2R QF 2R 3R 3R 1R 0 / 11 16–11 59% Wimbledon Q2 A A 2R 3R 1R A 2R 1R 3R 2R QF 2R 0 / 9 11–9 55% US Open A A 2R A 2R 1R 1R 1R SF 1R 3R 3R A 0 / 9 10–9 53% Win–loss 0–0 1–1 6–3 1–3 5–4 2–4 1–1 4–4 8–4 3–3 10–4 10–4 1–3 0 / 39 52–38 58% ATP Masters Series Indian Wells A A A A A A A A A A 2R 2R A 0 / 2 2–2 50% Miami A A 1R A A A A 1R 1R 2R 1R 2R 1R 0 / 7 0–7 0% Monte Carlo A A A A A A A A A A 1R 1R A 0 / 2 0–2 0% Hamburg A 2R QF 1R 1R 2R 2R 1R 1R 1R 1R A QF 0 / 11 7–11 39% Rome A A A A A A Q2 A A A A A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Madrid NH 1R A 0 / 1 0–1 0% Canada A A A A A A A A A A 1R SF A 0 / 2 3–2 60% Cincinnati A A A A A A A A QF A F 2R A 0 / 3 7–3 70% Essen / Stuttgart NMS QF A 1R 2R SF SF SF A A 0 / 6 11–6 65% Paris A A A A A A A 1R A 2R A A A 0 / 2 1–2 33% Win–loss 0–0 1–1 2–2 0–1 2–2 1–1 1–2 1–4 4–4 4–4 8–7 5–6 2–2 0 / 36 31–36 46% References ^ a b "David Prinosil". Munzinger Online. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ Charles Bricker (25 March 2001). "PRINOSIL BREAKS, BEATS RUSEDSKI; AGASSI NEXT". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "Prinosil eases past Rusedski". News24. 24 March 2001. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "Prinosil upsets Wheaton for first ATP Tour crown". The Morning Call. 17 July 1995 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Prinosil wins Czech Indoor". The Record. 21 October 1996 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Plus: Tennis – St. Petersburg Open; Rosset Triumphs Over Prinosil". The New York Times. 15 February 1999. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "Prinosil beats Krajicek to win Gerry Weber Open". The Greenville News. 19 June 2000 – via Newspapers.com. External links David Prinosil at the Association of Tennis Professionals David Prinosil at the International Tennis Federation David Prinosil at the Davis Cup World ranking history A feat of strength by David Prinosil, Frankfurter Allgemeine, 27 June 2001
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Olomouc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munzinger-1"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Daniel Vacek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Vacek"},{"link_name":"Stone Mountain Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Park"},{"link_name":"Marc-Kevin Goellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-Kevin_Goellner"},{"link_name":"Tim Henman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Henman"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon in 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon in 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Rome Masters in 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Italian_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Paris Masters in 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Paris_Masters_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munzinger-1"},{"link_name":"Greg Rusedski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Rusedski"},{"link_name":"Andre Agassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Agassi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"David Prinosil (Czech: David Přinosil; born 9 March 1973) is a former tennis player from Germany, who turned professional in 1991.Prinosil was born in Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, but later moved to Germany.[1] He represented his country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where he was defeated in the first round by Daniel Vacek of the Czech Republic. In the doubles competition in Stone Mountain Park he won the bronze medal partnering Marc-Kevin Goellner. He was the first opponent of Tim Henman in the main draw of a Grand Slam tournament, in the first round of Wimbledon in 1994.The right-hander reached the fourth round of Wimbledon in 2000 and the quarterfinals of the Rome Masters in 1999 and the Paris Masters in 2000. Prinosil won three career titles in singles, and reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 23 April 2001, when he became world No. 28. He began playing for Germany in the Davis Cup in 1996.[1]Prinosil achieved an upset victory over Greg Rusedski in the second round of the Ericsson Open Masters tournament in 2001 with strong returns. Rusedski had recently beaten Andre Agassi. Prinosil and Rusedski had gone through rehabilitation together after foot surgeries in the same hospital in 1999.[2][3]","title":"David Prinosil"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ATP career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles: 6 (3 titles, 3 runner-ups)","title":"ATP career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 21 (10 titles, 11 runner-ups)","title":"ATP career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles: 9 (5–4)","title":"ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 4 (4–0)","title":"ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.","title":"Performance timelines"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Performance timelines"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles","title":"Performance timelines"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"David Prinosil\". Munzinger Online. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/David+Prinosil/1/4769.html","url_text":"\"David Prinosil\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Bricker (25 March 2001). \"PRINOSIL BREAKS, BEATS RUSEDSKI; AGASSI NEXT\". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2001-03-25-0103240484-story.html","url_text":"\"PRINOSIL BREAKS, BEATS RUSEDSKI; AGASSI NEXT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prinosil eases past Rusedski\". News24. 24 March 2001. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/News24/Prinosil-eases-past-Rusedski-20010324","url_text":"\"Prinosil eases past Rusedski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prinosil upsets Wheaton for first ATP Tour crown\". The Morning Call. 17 July 1995 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84659540/prinosil/","url_text":"\"Prinosil upsets Wheaton for first ATP Tour crown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Prinosil wins Czech Indoor\". The Record. 21 October 1996 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84659775/prinosil/","url_text":"\"Prinosil wins Czech Indoor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Plus: Tennis – St. Petersburg Open; Rosset Triumphs Over Prinosil\". The New York Times. 15 February 1999. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/15/sports/plus-tennis-st-petersburg-open-rosset-triumphs-over-prinosil.html","url_text":"\"Plus: Tennis – St. Petersburg Open; Rosset Triumphs Over Prinosil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prinosil beats Krajicek to win Gerry Weber Open\". The Greenville News. 19 June 2000 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84659252/prinosil/","url_text":"\"Prinosil beats Krajicek to win Gerry Weber Open\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22David+Prinosil%22","external_links_name":"\"David Prinosil\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22David+Prinosil%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22David+Prinosil%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22David+Prinosil%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22David+Prinosil%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22David+Prinosil%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/David+Prinosil/1/4769.html","external_links_name":"\"David Prinosil\""},{"Link":"https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2001-03-25-0103240484-story.html","external_links_name":"\"PRINOSIL BREAKS, BEATS RUSEDSKI; AGASSI NEXT\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/News24/Prinosil-eases-past-Rusedski-20010324","external_links_name":"\"Prinosil eases past Rusedski\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84659540/prinosil/","external_links_name":"\"Prinosil upsets Wheaton for first ATP Tour crown\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84659775/prinosil/","external_links_name":"\"Prinosil wins Czech Indoor\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/15/sports/plus-tennis-st-petersburg-open-rosset-triumphs-over-prinosil.html","external_links_name":"\"Plus: Tennis – St. Petersburg Open; Rosset Triumphs Over Prinosil\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/84659252/prinosil/","external_links_name":"\"Prinosil beats Krajicek to win Gerry Weber Open\""},{"Link":"https://www.atptour.com/en/players/-/P273/overview","external_links_name":"David Prinosil"},{"Link":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/david-prinosil/800180455/ger","external_links_name":"David Prinosil"},{"Link":"https://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player.aspx?id=800180455","external_links_name":"David Prinosil"},{"Link":"http://steveghelper.com/RankingHistory.php?player=David%20Prinosil","external_links_name":"World ranking history"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/wimbledon-kraftakt-von-david-prinosil-121988.html&prev=search&pto=aue","external_links_name":"A feat of strength by David Prinosil"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Manor_Farm_FC
Bristol Manor Farm F.C.
["1 History","2 Staff","3 Club rivals","4 Honours","5 Cup Honours","6 Seasons","7 Records","8 Notable past players","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°28′53.52″N 2°39′02.48″W / 51.4815333°N 2.6506889°W / 51.4815333; -2.6506889Association football club in England Football clubManor FarmFull nameBristol Manor Farm Football ClubNickname(s)The Farm, Farmy Army, The PortwaymenFounded1960GroundThe Creek, BristolCapacity1,700 (200 seated)ChairmanTroy HarringtonManagerLee LashenkoLeagueSouthern League Division One South2023–24Southern League Division One South, 4th of 19 Home colours Away colours Bristol Manor Farm Football Club is an English football club based in Bristol, England. They are currently members of the Southern League Division One South and play at The Creek. The club is affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA. History Bristol Manor Farm's ground, The BS3 Services Stadium, in 2015 Bristol Manor Farm Football Club was formed for the 1960–61 season. After just one season, the club was disbanded but was reformed and began playing again in the 1962–63 season. Their current home The NL Services Stadium used to be the site of the Port of Bristol Authority Sports & Social Club but when they moved to new premises 1965, Manor Farm took it over. The pitch at The NL Services Stadium was once notorious for its sloping surface but work has been undertaken in recent years to eliminate the slope. With seating and floodlights added since 1980, the club now boasts excellent facilities alongside a spacious clubhouse. Having a permanent base enabled the club to apply successfully to join the Somerset Senior League where they were to progress rapidly through the divisions before deciding to advance further to the Western League in 1977. The club joined the First Division for the 1977–78 season and remained there until the 1982–83 season when they won the First Division championship and gained promotion to the Premier Division. They remained there until relegation under Pete McCall's management team in 2001–02 but regained their Premier status just two seasons later in 2003/04 under Shaun Bond and Nicky Johns. In 1983–84 they reached the final of the G.F.A. Challenge Trophy where they lost to then Hellenic League side Shortwood United. The trophy did make its way to the Creek in 1987–88 and has been won on a further three occasions by the club. Main stand at The Creek. The 2011–12 season saw the club win its first double when they took both the GFA Challenge Trophy and the Toolstation League Les Phillips League Cup back to Sea Mills. Lee Lashenko become the new manager at the start of the 2013–14 season and quickly made an impact in the FA Cup, overcoming Oldland Abbotonians, Lymington Town and Corsham Town to reach the second qualifying round, equaling their best ever performance in the competition. Unfortunately, they were unable to go one better and lost to Bridgwater Town 1–2 in a replay at Fairfax Park. The club continued to fight for top spot in the league and applied for promotion. The club finished second but were unsuccessful in their promotion bid when Larkhall Athletic were accepted into the Southern League. The second-placed finish was the best in the club's history. It also saw the team break the club records for the most goals scored in a season and the fewest goals conceded. The 2015–16 season left the club with mixed feelings as on one hand they managed to get to the Quarter-Final of the FA Vase narrowly going out away to eventual winners Morpeth Town. On the other hand, while they finished third in the Western League, again they just missed out on promotion to the Southern League by one place. They did, however, win the GFA County Challenge Trophy for the second time in succession and the fourth time overall with a record 9–2 win over Lydney Town. In the 2016–17 season, Bristol Manor Farm were finally successful in gaining promotion to the Southern League, winning the Western League by quite a distance. They also had another successful run in the FA Vase where they went out in the fifth round proper to Semi-Finalists Bromsgrove Sporting. The Farm finished their first season in the eighth tier in ninth place, falling away towards the end after troubling the top six places all season. Staff First Team Manager: Lee Lashenko Assistant Manager: Grantley Dicks Physio: Ashley Platten Coach(s): Mike Bryant Media Manager: William Ledbury Photographer: Alex Barnham Scarecrow: Tony Parsons Club rivals Bristol Manor Farm's main rivals are considered to be Yate Town and Mangotsfield United, both from the northern outskirts of Bristol. With all three clubs playing in the Southern Football Leagues since 2017, fixtures among the three have been seen by some fans as a contest to claim the title of Bristol's third club and tend to attract higher than usual attendances. Honours Western Football League Premier Division Champions: 2016–17 Runners-up: 2013–14 Western Football League Division One Champions: 1982–83 Cup Honours Gloucestershire Football Association Challenge Trophy Winners: 1987–88, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015-16 Western Football League Cup: Winners: 2011–12 Seasons Season Division Pos P W D L F A GD Pts FA Cup FA Trophy FA Vase 1977–78 Western Football League Division 1 4th 36 20 5 11 67 38 +29 65 – – – 1978–79 Western Football League Division 1 3rd 36 20 5 11 59 47 +12 65 – – PR 1979–80 Western Football League Division 1 8th 42 20 9 13 70 58 +12 49 – – R1 1980–81 Western Football League Division 1 10th 36 14 8 14 53 57 –4 36 – – R1 1981–82 Western Football League Division 1 8th 36 15 9 12 58 50 +8 39 – – R1 1982–83 Western Football League Division 1 1st 36 26 7 3 85 31 +54 59 QR2 – R3 1983–84 Western Football League Premier Division 8th 38 14 11 13 54 42 +12 39 PR – R5 1984–85 Western Football League Premier Division 6th 42 21 7 14 70 55 +15 49 PR – R4 1985–86 Western Football League Premier Division 11th 42 16 9 17 71 72 –1 41 QR1 PR – 1986–87 Western Football League Premier Division 5th 42 19 10 13 58 46 +12 48 PR – R1 1987–88 Western Football League Premier Division 8th 42 17 14 11 66 52 +14 47 (-1) QR1 – R1 1988–89 Western Football League Premier Division 6th 40 20 7 13 72 49 +23 47 PR – PR 1989–90 Western Football League Premier Division 12th 40 13 12 15 49 59 –10 51 QR1 – R2 1990–91 Western Football League Premier Division 14th 40 12 9 19 52 66 –14 45 QR1 – PR 1991–92 Western Football League Premier Division 16th 40 10 10 20 42 66 –24 40 PR – R1 1992–93 Western Football League Premier Division 13th 38 10 13 15 49 59 –10 43 QR1 – R1 1993–94 Western Football League Premier Division 13th 34 11 3 20 51 77 –26 36 PR – PR 1994–95 Western Football League Premier Division 9th 34 14 6 14 51 48 +3 48 – – EPR 1995–96 Western Football League Premier Division 12th 34 11 6 17 55 69 –14 39 QR1 – QR2 1996–97 Western Football League Premier Division 14th 34 9 10 15 40 60 –20 37 QR1 – QR1 1997–98 Western Football League Premier Division 16th 38 8 10 20 37 73 –36 34 – – – 1998–99 Western Football League Premier Division 13th 38 15 4 19 61 57 +4 49 – – – 1999–00 Western Football League Premier Division 17th 36 8 9 19 48 78 –30 33 – – – 2000–01 Western Football League Premier Division 18th 38 8 8 22 37 66 –29 32 QR1 – QR2 2001–02 Western Football League Premier Division 19th 38 7 8 23 30 80 –50 29 QR1 – QR1 2002–03 Western Football League Division 1 11th 36 14 4 18 56 71 –15 46 PR – QR1 2003–04 Western Football League Division 1 3rd 36 20 14 2 74 38 +36 74 PR – QR1 2004–05 Western Football League Premier Division 7th 38 17 7 14 56 59 –3 58 EPR – QR2 2005–06 Western Football League Premier Division 3rd 38 24 4 10 86 43 +43 76 PR – R1 2006–07 Western Football League Premier Division 12th 42 14 12 16 50 51 –1 54 EPR – R2 2007–08 Western Football League Premier Division 16th 40 10 9 21 64 84 –20 39 EPR – QR1 2008–09 Western Football League Premier Division 5th 40 22 6 12 75 53 +22 72 EPR – QR1 2009–10 Western Football League Premier Division 7th 38 16 11 11 70 55 +15 59 QR1 – R4 2010–11 Western Football League Premier Division 7th 36 18 7 11 73 63 +10 61 QR2 – R2 2011–12 Western Football League Premier Division 8th 34 13 8 13 63 57 +6 47 EPR – QR2 2012–13 Western Football League Premier Division 18th 38 11 6 21 55 72 –17 39 EPR – QR2 2013–14 Western Football League Premier Division 2nd 40 26 8 6 104 32 +72 86 QR2 – R1 2014–15 Western Football League Premier Division 4th 36 18 9 9 67 40 +27 63 PR – R2 2015–16 Western Football League Premier Division 3rd 38 25 5 8 109 44 +65 80 QR1 – QF 2016–17 Western Football League Premier Division 1st 38 33 3 2 118 33 +85 102 EPR – R5 2017–18 Southern Football League West Division 9th 42 20 9 13 83 61 +22 69 PR QR1 – 2018–19 Southern Football League Division One South 15th 38 13 7 18 65 77 –12 46 QR3 QR1 – 2019–20 Southern Football League Division One South 15th* 27 8 6 13 31 44 –13 30 QR3 PR – 2020–21 Southern Football League Division One South 11th* 7 3 1 3 12 14 –2 10 QR3 QR2 – 2021–22 Southern Football League Division One South 5th 36 20 9 7 64 41 +23 69 PR QR2 – 2022–23 Southern Football League Division One South 18th 38 11 9 18 56 76 –2 42 PR R1 – Season abandoned due to COVID-19 Pandemic* Records FA Cup Third qualifying round 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21 FA Trophy First round proper 2022–23 FA Vase Quarter Finals 2015–16 Biggest victory 10–0 versus Devizes Town in the Les Phillips Cup. Saturday 19 November 2016. Biggest Defeat 0-11 versus Bristol City in the annual Community Match at The Creek on Sunday 9 July 2017. Record Attendance 1417 versus Bristol City in a pre-season friendly. Sunday 9 July 2017 Notable past players Alan Crawford Danny Maye David Mehew Marek Piszczek (brother of Łukasz Piszczek) References ^ "Club History". Bristol Manor Farm FC. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. ^ "Bristol Manor Farm 3 vs. 1 Mangotsfield United - 16 September 2017 - First Team - Mangotsfield United FC ™". www.mufc-online.co.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2018. ^ "Bristol Manor Farm 1 vs. 1 Yate Town - 24 March 2018 - 1st Team - Yate Town Football Club". www.pitchero.com. Retrieved 6 September 2018. ^ a b c d e Bristol Manor Farm at the Football Club History Database ^ Association, The Football. "The website for Gloucestershire FA". www.gloucestershirefa.com. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ Association, The Football. "Cups & Competitions". www.gloucestershirefa.com. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ "Les Phillips Cup Winners". Toolstation Western League. Retrieved 9 September 2017. ^ "Bristol Manor Farm  : Les Phillips League Cup". Football Mitoo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015. ^ a b "Report: Bristol Manor Farm 0-11 Bristol City". Bristol City. Retrieved 18 April 2018. ^ "Marek Piszczek". 90minut.pl. Retrieved 6 April 2017. External links Official Website Official Twitter vteSouthern League2023–24clubsPremierCentral AFC Sudbury AFC Telford United Alvechurch Barwell Berkhamsted Bromsgrove Sporting Coalville Town Halesowen Town Hitchin Town Kettering Town Leamington Leiston Long Eaton United Mickleover Needham Market Nuneaton Borough Redditch United Royston Town Stamford St Ives Town Stourbridge Stratford Town PremierSouth AFC Totton Basingstoke Town Beaconsfield Town Bracknell Town Chesham United Didcot Town Dorchester Town Gosport Borough Hanwell Town Harrow Borough Hayes & Yeading United Hendon Hungerford Town Merthyr Town Plymouth Parkway Poole Town Salisbury Sholing Swindon Supermarine Tiverton Town Walton & Hersham Winchester City Central AFC Dunstable Aylesbury United Barton Rovers Bedford Town Biggleswade Biggleswade Town Cirencester Town Hadley Hertford Town Kempston Rovers Kidlington King's Langley Leighton Town North Leigh Stotfold Thame United Waltham Abbey Ware Welwyn Garden City South Bashley Bemerton Heath Harlequins Bideford Bishop's Cleeve Bristol Manor Farm Cribbs Evesham United Exmouth Town Frome Town Hanworthy United Larkhall Athletic Malvern Town Melksham Town Mousehole Paulton Rovers Tavistock Westbury United Willand Rovers Wimborne Town Yate Town Seasons 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 51°28′53.52″N 2°39′02.48″W / 51.4815333°N 2.6506889°W / 51.4815333; -2.6506889
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire County FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_FA"}],"text":"Association football club in EnglandFootball clubBristol Manor Farm Football Club is an English football club based in Bristol, England. They are currently members of the Southern League Division One South and play at The Creek. The club is affiliated to the Gloucestershire County FA.","title":"Bristol Manor Farm F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Creek,_Bristol_Manor_Farm.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shortwood United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwood_United"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Oldland Abbotonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldland_Abbotonians_F.C."},{"link_name":"Lymington Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymington_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Corsham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsham_Town"},{"link_name":"Bridgwater Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater_Town"},{"link_name":"Larkhall Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larkhall_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"},{"link_name":"Morpeth Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpeth_Town"},{"link_name":"Lydney Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydney_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bromsgrove Sporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove_Sporting_F.C."}],"text":"Bristol Manor Farm's ground, The BS3 Services Stadium, in 2015Bristol Manor Farm Football Club was formed for the 1960–61 season.[1] After just one season, the club was disbanded but was reformed and began playing again in the 1962–63 season. Their current home The NL Services Stadium used to be the site of the Port of Bristol Authority Sports & Social Club but when they moved to new premises 1965, Manor Farm took it over. The pitch at The NL Services Stadium was once notorious for its sloping surface but work has been undertaken in recent years to eliminate the slope. With seating and floodlights added since 1980, the club now boasts excellent facilities alongside a spacious clubhouse.Having a permanent base enabled the club to apply successfully to join the Somerset Senior League where they were to progress rapidly through the divisions before deciding to advance further to the Western League in 1977.The club joined the First Division for the 1977–78 season and remained there until the 1982–83 season when they won the First Division championship and gained promotion to the Premier Division. They remained there until relegation under Pete McCall's management team in 2001–02 but regained their Premier status just two seasons later in 2003/04 under Shaun Bond and Nicky Johns. In 1983–84 they reached the final of the G.F.A. Challenge Trophy where they lost to then Hellenic League side Shortwood United. The trophy did make its way to the Creek in 1987–88 and has been won on a further three occasions by the club.Main stand at The Creek.\nThe 2011–12 season saw the club win its first double when they took both the GFA Challenge Trophy and the Toolstation League Les Phillips League Cup back to Sea Mills.Lee Lashenko become the new manager at the start of the 2013–14 season and quickly made an impact in the FA Cup, overcoming Oldland Abbotonians, Lymington Town and Corsham Town to reach the second qualifying round, equaling their best ever performance in the competition. Unfortunately, they were unable to go one better and lost to Bridgwater Town 1–2 in a replay at Fairfax Park. The club continued to fight for top spot in the league and applied for promotion. The club finished second but were unsuccessful in their promotion bid when Larkhall Athletic were accepted into the Southern League. The second-placed finish was the best in the club's history. It also saw the team break the club records for the most goals scored in a season and the fewest goals conceded.The 2015–16 season left the club with mixed feelings as on one hand they managed to get to the Quarter-Final of the FA Vase narrowly going out away to eventual winners Morpeth Town. On the other hand, while they finished third in the Western League, again they just missed out on promotion to the Southern League by one place. They did, however, win the GFA County Challenge Trophy for the second time in succession and the fourth time overall with a record 9–2 win over Lydney Town.In the 2016–17 season, Bristol Manor Farm were finally successful in gaining promotion to the Southern League, winning the Western League by quite a distance. They also had another successful run in the FA Vase where they went out in the fifth round proper to Semi-Finalists Bromsgrove Sporting.The Farm finished their first season in the eighth tier in ninth place, falling away towards the end after troubling the top six places all season.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"First Team Manager: Lee Lashenko\nAssistant Manager: Grantley Dicks\nPhysio: Ashley Platten\nCoach(s): Mike Bryant\nMedia Manager: William Ledbury\nPhotographer: Alex Barnham\nScarecrow: Tony Parsons","title":"Staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yate Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yate_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mangotsfield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangotsfield_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bristol Manor Farm's main rivals are considered to be Yate Town and Mangotsfield United, both from the northern outskirts of Bristol. With all three clubs playing in the Southern Football Leagues since 2017, fixtures among the three have been seen by some fans as a contest to claim the title of Bristol's third club and tend to attract higher than usual attendances.[2][3]","title":"Club rivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-4"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Western_Football_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Western_Football_League#Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"Western Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-4"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Western_Football_League#First_Division"}],"text":"Western Football League Premier Division[4]\nChampions: 2016–17\nRunners-up: 2013–14\nWestern Football League Division One[4]\nChampions: 1982–83","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Western Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Gloucestershire Football Association Challenge Trophy[5]\nWinners: 1987–88, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015-16[6]\nWestern Football League Cup:[7]\nWinners: 2011–12","title":"Cup Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Season abandoned due to COVID-19 Pandemic*","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-4"},{"link_name":"FA Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-4"},{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcfc.co.uk-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcfc.co.uk-9"}],"text":"FA Cup[4]\nThird qualifying round 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21\nFA Trophy[4]\nFirst round proper 2022–23\nFA Vase[4]\nQuarter Finals 2015–16\nBiggest victory\n10–0 versus Devizes Town in the Les Phillips Cup. Saturday 19 November 2016.[8]\nBiggest Defeat\n0-11 versus Bristol City in the annual Community Match at The Creek on Sunday 9 July 2017.[9]\nRecord Attendance\n1417 versus Bristol City in a pre-season friendly. Sunday 9 July 2017[9]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Crawford_(English_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Danny Maye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Maye"},{"link_name":"David Mehew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mehew"},{"link_name":"Łukasz Piszczek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Piszczek"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Alan Crawford\nDanny Maye\nDavid Mehew\nMarek Piszczek (brother of Łukasz Piszczek)[10]","title":"Notable past players"}]
[{"image_text":"Bristol Manor Farm's ground, The BS3 Services Stadium, in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/The_Creek%2C_Bristol_Manor_Farm.jpg/400px-The_Creek%2C_Bristol_Manor_Farm.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Club History\". Bristol Manor Farm FC. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708094805/http://www.bristolmanorfarm.com/history.php","url_text":"\"Club History\""},{"url":"http://www.bristolmanorfarm.com/history.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bristol Manor Farm 3 vs. 1 Mangotsfield United - 16 September 2017 - First Team - Mangotsfield United FC ™\". www.mufc-online.co.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mufc-online.co.uk/teams/32267/match-centre/1-2862155","url_text":"\"Bristol Manor Farm 3 vs. 1 Mangotsfield United - 16 September 2017 - First Team - Mangotsfield United FC ™\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bristol Manor Farm 1 vs. 1 Yate Town - 24 March 2018 - 1st Team - Yate Town Football Club\". www.pitchero.com. Retrieved 6 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/yatetownfootballclub/teams/97151/match-centre/1-2862485","url_text":"\"Bristol Manor Farm 1 vs. 1 Yate Town - 24 March 2018 - 1st Team - Yate Town Football Club\""}]},{"reference":"Association, The Football. \"The website for Gloucestershire FA\". www.gloucestershirefa.com. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gloucestershirefa.com/","url_text":"\"The website for Gloucestershire FA\""}]},{"reference":"Association, The Football. \"Cups & Competitions\". www.gloucestershirefa.com. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gloucestershirefa.com/cups/2015-2016/challenge-trophy/results#final","url_text":"\"Cups & Competitions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les Phillips Cup Winners\". Toolstation Western League. Retrieved 9 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toolstationleague.com/history2.php","url_text":"\"Les Phillips Cup Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bristol Manor Farm  : Les Phillips League Cup\". Football Mitoo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094127/http://football.mitoo.co/TeamHist.cfm?CI=33796&DivisionID=375&TblName=Matches&LeagueCode=SDWFL2007","url_text":"\"Bristol Manor Farm  : Les Phillips League Cup\""},{"url":"http://football.mitoo.co/TeamHist.cfm?CI=33796&DivisionID=375&TblName=Matches&LeagueCode=SDWFL2007","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Bristol Manor Farm 0-11 Bristol City\". Bristol City. Retrieved 18 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/report-bristol-manor-farm-0-11-bristol-city/","url_text":"\"Report: Bristol Manor Farm 0-11 Bristol City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marek Piszczek\". 90minut.pl. Retrieved 6 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=7313","url_text":"\"Marek Piszczek\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bristol_Manor_Farm_F.C.&params=51_28_53.52_N_2_39_02.48_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°28′53.52″N 2°39′02.48″W / 51.4815333°N 2.6506889°W / 51.4815333; -2.6506889"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110708094805/http://www.bristolmanorfarm.com/history.php","external_links_name":"\"Club History\""},{"Link":"http://www.bristolmanorfarm.com/history.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mufc-online.co.uk/teams/32267/match-centre/1-2862155","external_links_name":"\"Bristol Manor Farm 3 vs. 1 Mangotsfield United - 16 September 2017 - First Team - Mangotsfield United FC ™\""},{"Link":"http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/yatetownfootballclub/teams/97151/match-centre/1-2862485","external_links_name":"\"Bristol Manor Farm 1 vs. 1 Yate Town - 24 March 2018 - 1st Team - Yate Town Football Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.fchd.info/BRISTOMF.HTM","external_links_name":"Bristol Manor Farm"},{"Link":"http://www.gloucestershirefa.com/","external_links_name":"\"The website for Gloucestershire FA\""},{"Link":"http://www.gloucestershirefa.com/cups/2015-2016/challenge-trophy/results#final","external_links_name":"\"Cups & Competitions\""},{"Link":"http://www.toolstationleague.com/history2.php","external_links_name":"\"Les Phillips Cup Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094127/http://football.mitoo.co/TeamHist.cfm?CI=33796&DivisionID=375&TblName=Matches&LeagueCode=SDWFL2007","external_links_name":"\"Bristol Manor Farm  : Les Phillips League Cup\""},{"Link":"http://football.mitoo.co/TeamHist.cfm?CI=33796&DivisionID=375&TblName=Matches&LeagueCode=SDWFL2007","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bcfc.co.uk/news/report-bristol-manor-farm-0-11-bristol-city/","external_links_name":"\"Report: Bristol Manor Farm 0-11 Bristol City\""},{"Link":"http://www.90minut.pl/kariera.php?id=7313","external_links_name":"\"Marek Piszczek\""},{"Link":"http://www.bristolmanorfarm.com/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/manorfarmfc","external_links_name":"Official Twitter"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bristol_Manor_Farm_F.C.&params=51_28_53.52_N_2_39_02.48_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°28′53.52″N 2°39′02.48″W / 51.4815333°N 2.6506889°W / 51.4815333; -2.6506889"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Church
Sam Church
["1 Early life","2 Union career","2.1 UMWA presidency","3 Later life","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
American politician Sam ChurchBorn(1936-09-20)September 20, 1936Matewan, West Virginia, U.S.DiedJuly 14, 2009(2009-07-14) (aged 72)Bristol, Virginia, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Coal miner; Labor leaderKnown forPresident, United Mine Workers of America Samuel Morgan Church, Jr. (September 20, 1936 – July 14, 2009) was a coal miner and president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) from 1979 to 1982. Early life Church was born in Matewan, West Virginia, in 1936 to Samuel and Helen (Cook) Church. He was one of eight children. His grandfather had been a mine superintendent, and his father had worked as a miner until an accident crushed his foot (forcing him to leave the mines and become a barber). The Churches moved to Virginia in 1944, where Sam worked as a shoeshine boy and pinsetter at a bowling alley. He participated in his first strike at the bowling alley, but the employer fired all the striking workers. At the age of 20 in 1956, Church moved to Baltimore, Maryland, and took a job at a sugar plant. Union career Sam Church returned to Virginia in 1965 and worked for the Clinchfield Coal Company as an electrician and mechanic. He rose quickly within the union, and was elected a UMWA field representative for District 28 in 1973. Although he supported W. A. Boyle for UMWA president in 1972, he joined Arnold Miller's reform movement after evidence of Boyle's complicity in the murder of Joseph Yablonski became known. In 1975, Church became an international field representative and a member of Miller's headquarters staff. In 1976, he was named deputy director of the UMWA collective bargaining department, and later that year Miller named Church his executive assistant. In 1977, Church was elected vice president of the union. When Church punched a former UMWA staffer in a dispute over a leak to the press, Miller asked Church to be his running-mate. But Miller was not in good health, and after a stroke and heart attack in the spring of 1978 he turned day-to-day operation of the union over to Church. Mostly recovered by the fall, Miller exhibited many of his autocratic, defensive habits. He told the union's executive board on October 29, 1979 that he was considering resigning. Then, in the same speech, he accused Church of plotting against him to seize the presidency of the union. Miller continued to fight with the union's executive board and leadership, but ill health ended his presidency. In November 1979, Miller suffered a second heart attack while at his home in Charleston, West Virginia. By this time, his political opponents had decided that his erratic behavior and poor physical condition justified putting him on involuntary leave. Church traveled to Charleston, and sitting at Miller's bedside he negotiated Miller's resignation. In return, UMWA's executive board agreed to give Miller the title of "president emeritus for life" and guaranteed him his full salary as well as medical and pension benefits until the end of his term of office (which would end in 1982). Miller resigned the presidency of the United Mine Workers on November 16, 1979, and Church was elected to succeed him. Two years later, Miller told reporters that he was sorry he named Church his running mate and that he was "not very happy" about Church becoming union president. UMWA presidency Church's tenure as president of UMWA was a difficult one. An epidemic of wildcat strikes and increasing automation severely affected its membership and revenues. Church set out to reverse the union's decline: In 1981, he led the union out on a two-month nationwide coal strike. After union members rejected a tentative agreement, he negotiated a new contract which led to substantial improvements in benefits. However, when Church ran for re-election as UMWA president in 1982, he was defeated. Union members were upset that Church had not continued to reform the union. And despite Church's victory in the 1981 coal strike, miners felt the union's collective bargaining power and clout at the worksite had not been restored. Also dissatisfied were 3000 women miners who were hired after successful 1978 discrimination complaint brought by the Department of Labor Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program and the Coal Employment Project, a women’s advocacy organization. Named were 153 companies. Church had responded with an off-color joke when pressed by the women for the addition to the contract for affirmative action and improved sickness and accident coverage. Thus women miners strongly supported his opponent. The 1982 UMWA presidential campaign was hard-fought and bitter. Church and his supporters allegedly accused Church's opponent, Richard Trumka, of having ties to Communist and socialist groups and being ineligible to run for president. In the end, however, Trumka won election by a margin of more than two-to-one. Later life Church remained active in the miners' union after his election loss, however. He became coordinator of the Virginia Coal Miners' Political Action Committee (COMPAC). He also was involved in politics. Church was a former member of the Appalachia, Virginia, town council and Wise County, Virginia, Board of Supervisors. Church's first marriage produced three children (Samuel 3rd, Melissa, and Suzanne), but ended in divorce. He then married the former Patti Page, an attorney. The couple had one son, Nathaniel. Church suffered from Parkinson's disease in the last few years of his life, and died in Bristol, Virginia, on July 14, 2009, from complications due to surgery. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hevesi, "Sam Church, Who Led United Mine Workers, Dies at 72," New York Times, July 15, 2009. ^ a b c d e f g Hayes, "Former UMW President Sam Church Dies," Kingsport Times-News, July 14, 2009. ^ a b c d e Franklin, "Arnold Miller is Dead at 62," New York Times, July 12, 1985. ^ a b c d e "Former Miners President Sam Church Dies," United Press International, July 15, 2009. ^ a b Peterson, "The Tragedy of the Miners," Washington Post, January 16, 1977. ^ a b c d "A Very Different Kind of Leader of the UMW," Business Week, December 3, 1979. ^ Hrebenar, Interest Group Politics in America, 1997. ^ "Miller Funeral Monday," Keyser News Tribune and Mountain Echo, July 13, 1985. ^ a b Ghilarducci, "The Impact of Internal Union Politics on the 1981 UMWA Strike," Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, September 1988. ^ Graebner, Coal-Mining Safety in the Progressive Period: The Political Economy of Reform, 1976; Wysong and Williams, "The UMWA Health Care Program for Miners: Culprit or Victim?", Journal of Public Health Policy, March 1984. ^ "A New Coal Pact," Time, June 8, 1981; Hartson, "Sam Church Faces His Greatest Challenge," Gettysburg Times, March 30, 1981; "Surprise Strike," Time, April 13, 1981. ^ Seltzer, "Death of Reform in U.M.W.", The Nation, May 31, 1980. ^ SAVAGE, CARLETTA (2000). "Re-gendering Coal: Female Miners and Male Supervisors". Appalachian Journal. 27 (3): 232–248. ISSN 0090-3779. JSTOR 41057390. ^ Moore, Marat (1996). Women in the mines : stories of life and work. New York: Twayne Publishers. pp. xl–xlii. ISBN 0-8057-7834-9. OCLC 33333565. ^ Franklin, "Letter Backing Rival A Fake, Miners' President Contends," New York Times September 23, 1982; Franklin, "Mine Union Challenger Counters Accusation," New York Times, September 28, 1982; "Mine Union Chiefs Sue Over Campaign Tactics," New York Times, March 5, 1983. ^ Robbins, "Lawyer, 33, Beats Incumbent For Mine Union's Presidency," New York Times, November 10, 1982; Mills, "A Victory for Miners' Rights," The Nation, February 15, 1986. ^ Lohmann, "Home Field Advantage," Richmond Times-Dispatch, October 20, 2002; Still, "Virginia Sen. Jim Webb Returns to Thank Coal Miners for Their Support," Bristol News, September 16, 2007. References "A New Coal Pact." Time. June 8, 1981. "A Very Different Kind of Leader of the UMW." Business Week. December 3, 1979. Clark, Paul F. The Miners' Fight for Democracy: Arnold Miller and the Reform of the United Mine Workers. Ithaca, N.Y.: ILR Press, 1981. ISBN 0-87546-086-0 Fink, Gary M., ed. Biographical Dictionary of American Labor. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1984. ISBN 0-313-22865-5 "Former Miners President Sam Church Dies." United Press International. July 15, 2009. Franklin, Ben A. "Arnold Miller Is Dead at 62; Former Mine Workers' President." The New York Times. July 12, 1985. Franklin, Ben A. "Letter Backing Rival A Fake, Miners' President Contends." The New York Times. September 23, 1982. Franklin, Ben A. "Mine Union Challenger Counters Accusation." The New York Times. September 28, 1982. Ghilarducci, Teresa. "The Impact of Internal Union Politics on the 1981 UMWA Strike." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society. 27:3 (September 1988). Graebner, William. Coal-Mining Safety in the Progressive Period: The Political Economy of Reform. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1976. ISBN 0-8131-1339-3 Hartson, Merrill. "Sam Church Faces His Greatest Challenge." Gettysburg Times. March 30, 1981. Hayes, Sharon (2009-07-14). "Former UMW President Sam Church dies". Kingsport Times-News. Archived from the original on 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2009-07-14. Hevesi, Dennis. "Sam Church, Who Led United Mine Workers, Dies at 72." The New York Times. July 15, 2009. Hrebenar, Ronald J. Interest Group Politics in America. 3rd ed. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997. ISBN 1-56324-703-8 Lohmann, Bill. "Home Field Advantage." Richmond Times-Dispatch. October 20, 2002. "Miller Funeral Monday." Keyser News Tribune and Mountain Echo. July 13, 1985. Mills, Nicolaus. "A Victory for Miners' Rights." The Nation. February 15, 1986. "Mine Union Chiefs Sue Over Campaign Tactics." The New York Times. March 5, 1983. Peterson, Bill. "The Tragedy of the Miners; Arnold Miller and the Disarray of the Reform Movement." Washington Post. January 16, 1977. Robbins, William. "Lawyer, 33, Beats Incumbent For Mine Union's Presidency." The New York Times. November 10, 1982. Seltzer, Curtis. "Death of Reform in U.M.W." The Nation. May 31, 1980. Still, Kathy. "Virginia Sen. Jim Webb Returns to Thank Coal Miners for Their Support." Bristol News. September 16, 2007. "Surprise Strike." Time. April 13, 1981. Wysong, Jere A. and Williams, Sherman R. "The UMWA Health Care Program for Miners: Culprit or Victim?" Journal of Public Health Policy. 5:1 (March 1984). External links United Mine Workers of America Trade union offices Preceded byMike Trbovich Vice-President of the United Mine Workers of America 1977–1979 Succeeded byWilbert Killion Preceded byArnold Miller President of the United Mine Workers of America 1979–1982 Succeeded byRichard Trumka
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayes-2"},{"link_name":"coal miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"United Mine Workers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_of_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franklin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPIObit-4"}],"text":"Samuel Morgan Church, Jr.[1] (September 20, 1936 – July 14, 2009[2]) was a coal miner and president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) from 1979 to 1982.[3][4]","title":"Sam Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matewan, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matewan,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"shoeshine boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoeshiner"},{"link_name":"pinsetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsetter"},{"link_name":"bowling alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"sugar plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_refinery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"}],"text":"Church was born in Matewan, West Virginia, in 1936 to Samuel and Helen (Cook) Church.[1] He was one of eight children.[1] His grandfather had been a mine superintendent, and his father had worked as a miner until an accident crushed his foot (forcing him to leave the mines and become a barber).[1] The Churches moved to Virginia in 1944, where Sam worked as a shoeshine boy and pinsetter at a bowling alley.[1] He participated in his first strike at the bowling alley, but the employer fired all the striking workers.[1]At the age of 20 in 1956, Church moved to Baltimore, Maryland, and took a job at a sugar plant.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrician"},{"link_name":"mechanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPIObit-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayes-2"},{"link_name":"W. A. Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._Boyle"},{"link_name":"Arnold Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Miller"},{"link_name":"Joseph Yablonski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Yablonski"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayes-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayes-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPIObit-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayes-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Different-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Different-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Different-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Different-6"},{"link_name":"Charleston, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franklin-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franklin-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franklin-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franklin-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Sam Church returned to Virginia in 1965 and worked for the Clinchfield Coal Company as an electrician and mechanic.[1][4] He rose quickly within the union, and was elected a UMWA field representative for District 28 in 1973.[2] Although he supported W. A. Boyle for UMWA president in 1972, he joined Arnold Miller's reform movement after evidence of Boyle's complicity in the murder of Joseph Yablonski became known.[5]In 1975, Church became an international field representative and a member of Miller's headquarters staff.[2] In 1976, he was named deputy director of the UMWA collective bargaining department, and later that year Miller named Church his executive assistant.[2]In 1977, Church was elected vice president of the union.[4] When Church punched a former UMWA staffer in a dispute over a leak to the press, Miller asked Church to be his running-mate.[2][5] But Miller was not in good health, and after a stroke and heart attack in the spring of 1978 he turned day-to-day operation of the union over to Church.[6][7] Mostly recovered by the fall, Miller exhibited many of his autocratic, defensive habits.[6] He told the union's executive board on October 29, 1979 that he was considering resigning.[6] Then, in the same speech, he accused Church of plotting against him to seize the presidency of the union.[6]Miller continued to fight with the union's executive board and leadership, but ill health ended his presidency. In November 1979, Miller suffered a second heart attack while at his home in Charleston, West Virginia.[3] By this time, his political opponents had decided that his erratic behavior and poor physical condition justified putting him on involuntary leave. Church traveled to Charleston, and sitting at Miller's bedside he negotiated Miller's resignation.[3] In return, UMWA's executive board agreed to give Miller the title of \"president emeritus for life\" and guaranteed him his full salary as well as medical and pension benefits until the end of his term of office (which would end in 1982).[3] Miller resigned the presidency of the United Mine Workers on November 16, 1979, and Church was elected to succeed him.[3]Two years later, Miller told reporters that he was sorry he named Church his running mate and that he was \"not very happy\" about Church becoming union president.[8]","title":"Union career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wildcat strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_strike_action"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPIObit-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghilarducci-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghilarducci-9"},{"link_name":"Department of Labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor"},{"link_name":"Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Federal_Contract_Compliance_Programs"},{"link_name":"Coal Employment Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Employment_Project"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Richard Trumka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trumka"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"UMWA presidency","text":"Church's tenure as president of UMWA was a difficult one. An epidemic of wildcat strikes and increasing automation severely affected its membership and revenues.[4][9][10] Church set out to reverse the union's decline: In 1981, he led the union out on a two-month nationwide coal strike. After union members rejected a tentative agreement, he negotiated a new contract which led to substantial improvements in benefits.[11]However, when Church ran for re-election as UMWA president in 1982, he was defeated. Union members were upset that Church had not continued to reform the union.[12] And despite Church's victory in the 1981 coal strike, miners felt the union's collective bargaining power and clout at the worksite had not been restored.[9]Also dissatisfied were 3000 women miners who were hired after successful 1978 discrimination complaint brought by the Department of Labor Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program and the Coal Employment Project, a women’s advocacy organization. Named were 153 companies. Church had responded with an off-color joke when pressed by the women for the addition to the contract for affirmative action and improved sickness and accident coverage. Thus women miners strongly supported his opponent. [13] [14]The 1982 UMWA presidential campaign was hard-fought and bitter. Church and his supporters allegedly accused Church's opponent, Richard Trumka, of having ties to Communist and socialist groups and being ineligible to run for president.[15] In the end, however, Trumka won election by a margin of more than two-to-one.[16]","title":"Union career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Appalachia, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachia,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wise County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayes-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hevesi-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayes-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPIObit-4"}],"text":"Church remained active in the miners' union after his election loss, however. He became coordinator of the Virginia Coal Miners' Political Action Committee (COMPAC).[17] He also was involved in politics. Church was a former member of the Appalachia, Virginia, town council and Wise County, Virginia, Board of Supervisors.[2]Church's first marriage produced three children (Samuel 3rd, Melissa, and Suzanne), but ended in divorce.[1] He then married the former Patti Page, an attorney.[1] The couple had one son, Nathaniel.[1]Church suffered from Parkinson's disease in the last few years of his life, and died in Bristol, Virginia, on July 14, 2009, from complications due to surgery.[1][2][4]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hevesi_1-11"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayes_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayes_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayes_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayes_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayes_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayes_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hayes_2-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Franklin_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Franklin_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Franklin_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Franklin_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Franklin_3-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UPIObit_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UPIObit_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UPIObit_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UPIObit_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UPIObit_4-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Peterson_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Peterson_5-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Different_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Different_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Different_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Different_6-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ghilarducci_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ghilarducci_9-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Re-gendering Coal: Female Miners and Male Supervisors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41057390"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0090-3779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-3779"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41057390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41057390"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Women in the mines : stories of life and work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33333565"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8057-7834-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7834-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33333565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33333565"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hevesi, \"Sam Church, Who Led United Mine Workers, Dies at 72,\" New York Times, July 15, 2009.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Hayes, \"Former UMW President Sam Church Dies,\" Kingsport Times-News, July 14, 2009.\n\n^ a b c d e Franklin, \"Arnold Miller is Dead at 62,\" New York Times, July 12, 1985.\n\n^ a b c d e \"Former Miners President Sam Church Dies,\" United Press International, July 15, 2009.\n\n^ a b Peterson, \"The Tragedy of the Miners,\" Washington Post, January 16, 1977.\n\n^ a b c d \"A Very Different Kind of Leader of the UMW,\" Business Week, December 3, 1979.\n\n^ Hrebenar, Interest Group Politics in America, 1997.\n\n^ \"Miller Funeral Monday,\" Keyser News Tribune and Mountain Echo, July 13, 1985.\n\n^ a b Ghilarducci, \"The Impact of Internal Union Politics on the 1981 UMWA Strike,\" Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, September 1988.\n\n^ Graebner, Coal-Mining Safety in the Progressive Period: The Political Economy of Reform, 1976; Wysong and Williams, \"The UMWA Health Care Program for Miners: Culprit or Victim?\", Journal of Public Health Policy, March 1984.\n\n^ \"A New Coal Pact,\" Time, June 8, 1981; Hartson, \"Sam Church Faces His Greatest Challenge,\" Gettysburg Times, March 30, 1981; \"Surprise Strike,\" Time, April 13, 1981.\n\n^ Seltzer, \"Death of Reform in U.M.W.\", The Nation, May 31, 1980.\n\n^ SAVAGE, CARLETTA (2000). \"Re-gendering Coal: Female Miners and Male Supervisors\". Appalachian Journal. 27 (3): 232–248. ISSN 0090-3779. JSTOR 41057390.\n\n^ Moore, Marat (1996). Women in the mines : stories of life and work. New York: Twayne Publishers. pp. xl–xlii. ISBN 0-8057-7834-9. OCLC 33333565.\n\n^ Franklin, \"Letter Backing Rival A Fake, Miners' President Contends,\" New York Times September 23, 1982; Franklin, \"Mine Union Challenger Counters Accusation,\" New York Times, September 28, 1982; \"Mine Union Chiefs Sue Over Campaign Tactics,\" New York Times, March 5, 1983.\n\n^ Robbins, \"Lawyer, 33, Beats Incumbent For Mine Union's Presidency,\" New York Times, November 10, 1982; Mills, \"A Victory for Miners' Rights,\" The Nation, February 15, 1986.\n\n^ Lohmann, \"Home Field Advantage,\" Richmond Times-Dispatch, October 20, 2002; Still, \"Virginia Sen. Jim Webb Returns to Thank Coal Miners for Their Support,\" Bristol News, September 16, 2007.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"SAVAGE, CARLETTA (2000). \"Re-gendering Coal: Female Miners and Male Supervisors\". Appalachian Journal. 27 (3): 232–248. ISSN 0090-3779. JSTOR 41057390.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41057390","url_text":"\"Re-gendering Coal: Female Miners and Male Supervisors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-3779","url_text":"0090-3779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41057390","url_text":"41057390"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Marat (1996). Women in the mines : stories of life and work. New York: Twayne Publishers. pp. xl–xlii. ISBN 0-8057-7834-9. OCLC 33333565.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33333565","url_text":"Women in the mines : stories of life and work"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-7834-9","url_text":"0-8057-7834-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33333565","url_text":"33333565"}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Sharon (2009-07-14). \"Former UMW President Sam Church dies\". Kingsport Times-News. Archived from the original on 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2009-07-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100602160119/http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9015232","url_text":"\"Former UMW President Sam Church dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsport_Times-News","url_text":"Kingsport Times-News"},{"url":"http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9015232","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41057390","external_links_name":"\"Re-gendering Coal: Female Miners and Male Supervisors\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0090-3779","external_links_name":"0090-3779"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41057390","external_links_name":"41057390"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33333565","external_links_name":"Women in the mines : stories of life and work"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33333565","external_links_name":"33333565"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050113072613/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922560,00.html","external_links_name":"\"A New Coal Pact.\""},{"Link":"http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2009/07/15/Former-miners-president-Sam-Church-dies/UPI-38451247698127/","external_links_name":"\"Former Miners President Sam Church Dies.\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/13/us/arnold-r-miller-is-dead-at-62-former-mine-workers-president.html","external_links_name":"Franklin, Ben A. \"Arnold Miller Is Dead at 62; Former Mine Workers' President.\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/23/us/letter-backing-rival-a-fake-miners-president-contends.html","external_links_name":"Franklin, Ben A. \"Letter Backing Rival A Fake, Miners' President Contends.\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/28/us/mine-union-challenger-counters-accusation.html","external_links_name":"Franklin, Ben A. \"Mine Union Challenger Counters Accusation.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100602160119/http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9015232","external_links_name":"\"Former UMW President Sam Church dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesnews.net/article.php?id=9015232","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/us/16church.html","external_links_name":"Hevesi, Dennis. \"Sam Church, Who Led United Mine Workers, Dies at 72.\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/05/us/around-the-nation-mine-union-chiefs-sue-over-campaign-tactics.html","external_links_name":"\"Mine Union Chiefs Sue Over Campaign Tactics.\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/10/us/lawyer-33-beats-incumbent-for-mine-union-s-presidency.html","external_links_name":"Robbins, William. \"Lawyer, 33, Beats Incumbent For Mine Union's Presidency.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101015143055/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954718,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Surprise Strike.\""},{"Link":"http://www.umwa.org/","external_links_name":"United Mine Workers of America"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jeremiah_McRaith
John Jeremiah McRaith
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Priesthood","1.3 Bishop of Owensboro","1.4 Retirement and legacy","2 References"]
His Excellency, The Most ReverendJohn Jeremiah McRaithBishop of OwensboroChurchRoman Catholic ChurchSeeDiocese of OwensboroIn officeDecember 15, 1982 toJanuary 5, 2009PredecessorHenry Joseph SoennekerSuccessorWilliam Francis MedleyOrdersOrdinationFebruary 21, 1960ConsecrationDecember 15, 1982by Thomas C. KellyPersonal detailsBorn(1934-12-06)December 6, 1934Hutchinson, Minnesota, USDiedMarch 19, 2017(2017-03-19) (aged 82)Owensboro, Kentucky, USEducationSt. John's Preparatory SchoolLoras CollegeSt. Bernard Seminary Styles ofJohn Jeremiah McRaithReference styleThe Most ReverendSpoken styleYour ExcellencyReligious styleMonsignorPosthumous stylenot applicable John Jeremiah McRaith (December 6, 1934 – March 19, 2017) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Owensboro in Kentucky from 1982 to 2009. Biography Early life John McRaith was born on December 6, 1934, in Hutchinson, Minnesota to Arthur Luke McRaith and Marie (née Hanley) McRaith. He grew up on a farm in that community. McRaith attended St. John's Preparatory School in Collegeville, Minnesota, then went to Loras College and St. Bernard's Seminary, both in Dubuque, Iowa. Priesthood McRaith was ordained a priest for the Diocese of New Ulm on February 21, 1960. He served as chancellor and vicar general of the diocese, and as executive director of the National Catholic Rural Life Conference from 1971 to 1978. Bishop of Owensboro On October 23, 1982, McRaith was appointed the third bishop of the Diocese of Owensboro by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on December 15, 1982, from Archbishop Thomas Kelly, with Bishops Henry Soenneker and Raymond Lucker serving as co-consecrators. He established the diocesan newspaper, The Western Kentucky Catholic, in 1984. Having grown up on a farm, McRaith was very interested in sustainable agriculture and the issues of rural life. He owned a farm where he grew vegetables and took visitors on hay rides. He led the Subcommittee on Food, Agriculture and Rural Concerns for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) and testified to a US Senate committee on family farms in 1990. At a 1992 USCCB meeting, the bishops adopted a McRaith proposal to create a task force to deal with the sexual abuse of minors by clergy. McRaith was a board member for Brescia University, the Daniel Pitino Shelter for the homeless and the McAuley Free Clinic, all in Owensboro, and the Lourdes Hospital Foundation in Paducah, Kentucky. Retirement and legacy On January 5, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI accepted McRaith's early retirement for health reasons as bishop of Owensboro. McRaith explained, "I do not have a life-threatening illness, but my doctors have advised me to slow down." John McRaith died in Owensboro on March 19, 2017, at age 82. References ^ a b c "Bishop McRaith, 'a man of the land,' dies at 82". The Record. 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2022-08-08. ^ a b c Inc, Red Pixel Studios (2017-03-20). "Most Reverend John J. McRaith". Diocese of Owensboro. Retrieved 2022-08-08. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) ^ a b "Bishop John Jeremiah McRaith". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. ^ "The Bishop". Roman Catholic Diocese of Owensboro. Retrieved March 21, 2017. ^ "Bishops adopt statement on sexual abuse problem". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2022-08-08. ^ Orr, Susan. "Bishop of Owensboro, Ky., resigns, cites health reasons". Evansville Courier Press. Catholic Church titles Preceded byHenry Joseph Soenneker Bishop of Owensboro 1982–2009 Succeeded byWilliam Francis Medley vteRoman Catholic Diocese of New UlmBishops Alphonse James Schladweiler Raymond Alphonse Lucker John Clayton Nienstedt John M. LeVoir Chad Zielinski Churches Cathedral Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, New Ulm Parishes Church of St. Francis Xavier, Benson Church of St. Bridget, De Graff Education High schools Cathedral High School, New Ulm Holy Trinity High School, Winsted St. Mary's High School, Sleepy Eye Priests John Jeremiah McRaith Catholicism portal vteRoman Catholic Diocese of OwensboroOrdinaries Bishops Francis Ridgley Cotton Henry Joseph Soenneker John Jeremiah McRaith William Medley Churches Cathedral St. Stephen Cathedral, Owensboro Parishes St. Joseph's Church, Bowling Green St. Augustine Church, Grayson Springs St. Francis de Sales Church, Paducah Education High schools Owensboro Catholic High School, Owensboro St. Mary High School, Paducah Trinity High School, Whitesville Catholicism portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Owensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Owensboro"}],"text":"John Jeremiah McRaith (December 6, 1934 – March 19, 2017) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Owensboro in Kentucky from 1982 to 2009.","title":"John Jeremiah McRaith"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hutchinson, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"St. John's Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Preparatory_School_(Collegeville,_Minnesota)"},{"link_name":"Loras College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loras_College"},{"link_name":"Dubuque, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"John McRaith was born on December 6, 1934, in Hutchinson, Minnesota to Arthur Luke McRaith and Marie (née Hanley) McRaith. He grew up on a farm in that community.[1] McRaith attended St. John's Preparatory School in Collegeville, Minnesota, then went to Loras College and St. Bernard's Seminary, both in Dubuque, Iowa.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Diocese of New Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_New_Ulm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diocese-4"}],"sub_title":"Priesthood","text":"McRaith was ordained a priest for the Diocese of New Ulm on February 21, 1960.[3][2] He served as chancellor and vicar general of the diocese, and as executive director of the National Catholic Rural Life Conference from 1971 to 1978.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Owensboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Owensboro"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"episcopal consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Kelly"},{"link_name":"Henry Soenneker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Joseph_Soenneker"},{"link_name":"Raymond Lucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Alphonse_Lucker"},{"link_name":"co-consecrators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrator"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hierarchy-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"hay rides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayride"},{"link_name":"U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops"},{"link_name":"US Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"sexual abuse of minors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Brescia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia_University"},{"link_name":"homeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"link_name":"Paducah, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky"}],"sub_title":"Bishop of Owensboro","text":"On October 23, 1982, McRaith was appointed the third bishop of the Diocese of Owensboro by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on December 15, 1982, from Archbishop Thomas Kelly, with Bishops Henry Soenneker and Raymond Lucker serving as co-consecrators.[3] He established the diocesan newspaper, The Western Kentucky Catholic, in 1984.[1]Having grown up on a farm, McRaith was very interested in sustainable agriculture and the issues of rural life. He owned a farm where he grew vegetables and took visitors on hay rides. He led the Subcommittee on Food, Agriculture and Rural Concerns for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) and testified to a US Senate committee on family farms in 1990.[1]At a 1992 USCCB meeting, the bishops adopted a McRaith proposal to create a task force to deal with the sexual abuse of minors by clergy.[5] McRaith was a board member for Brescia University, the Daniel Pitino Shelter for the homeless and the McAuley Free Clinic, all in Owensboro, and the Lourdes Hospital Foundation in Paducah, Kentucky.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courier-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Retirement and legacy","text":"On January 5, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI accepted McRaith's early retirement for health reasons as bishop of Owensboro. McRaith explained, \"I do not have a life-threatening illness, but my doctors have advised me to slow down.\"[6]John McRaith died in Owensboro on March 19, 2017, at age 82.[2]","title":"Biography"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_New_Ulm.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_New_Ulm.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bishop McRaith, 'a man of the land,' dies at 82\". The Record. 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://therecordnewspaper.org/bishop-mcraith-man-land-dies-82/","url_text":"\"Bishop McRaith, 'a man of the land,' dies at 82\""}]},{"reference":"Inc, Red Pixel Studios (2017-03-20). \"Most Reverend John J. McRaith\". Diocese of Owensboro. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://owensborodiocese.org/2017/03/20/most-reverend-john-j-mcraith/","url_text":"\"Most Reverend John J. McRaith\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop John Jeremiah McRaith\". Catholic-Hierarchy.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmcraith.html","url_text":"\"Bishop John Jeremiah McRaith\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Bishop\". Roman Catholic Diocese of Owensboro. Retrieved March 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://rcdok.org/the_diocese/the_bishop","url_text":"\"The Bishop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Owensboro","url_text":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Owensboro"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishops adopt statement on sexual abuse problem\". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2022-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-11-20-1992325216-story.html","url_text":"\"Bishops adopt statement on sexual abuse problem\""}]},{"reference":"Orr, Susan. \"Bishop of Owensboro, Ky., resigns, cites health reasons\". Evansville Courier Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2009/jan/05/bishop-owensboro-ky-resigns-cites-health-reasons","url_text":"\"Bishop of Owensboro, Ky., resigns, cites health reasons\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://therecordnewspaper.org/bishop-mcraith-man-land-dies-82/","external_links_name":"\"Bishop McRaith, 'a man of the land,' dies at 82\""},{"Link":"https://owensborodiocese.org/2017/03/20/most-reverend-john-j-mcraith/","external_links_name":"\"Most Reverend John J. McRaith\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmcraith.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishop John Jeremiah McRaith\""},{"Link":"http://rcdok.org/the_diocese/the_bishop","external_links_name":"\"The Bishop\""},{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-11-20-1992325216-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Bishops adopt statement on sexual abuse problem\""},{"Link":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2009/jan/05/bishop-owensboro-ky-resigns-cites-health-reasons","external_links_name":"\"Bishop of Owensboro, Ky., resigns, cites health reasons\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)
Dunfermline (Parliament of Scotland constituency)
["1 List of burgh commissioners","2 References","3 See also"]
Constituency of the Parliament of Scotland (to 1707) Not to be confused with Dunfermline (Scottish Parliament constituency). Dunfermline in Fife was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates. After the Acts of Union 1707, Dunfermline, Culross, Inverkeithing, Queensferry and Stirling formed the Stirling district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain. List of burgh commissioners This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2014) 1661–63: James Mudie, bailie 1665 convention, 1667 convention, 1669–1774: Peter Walker, provost 1678 convention: John Anderson, merchant, bailie 1681–82: Andrew Belfrage, bailie 1685–86: Sir Patrick Murray 1689 convention, 1689–97: Sir Charles Halkett of Pitfirrane (died 1697) 1697: Sir Patrick Aikenhead (died c.1698) 1699–1701: Jomes Hamiltoun 1702–05: Sir James Halkett of Pitfirrane (died 1705) 1705–07: Sir Peter Halkett of Pitfirrane References ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 573. ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 575,577,580. ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 582. ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 584. ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 587. ^ G. E. C., The Complete Baronetage, volume III (1903) p. 334. ^ a b Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 594. ^ Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 600. ^ Complete Baronetage, volume IV (1904) p. 373. See also List of constituencies in the Parliament of Scotland at the time of the Union vteConstituencies of the Parliament of Scotland before the Act of Union 1707Burghs Aberdeen Annan Anstruther Easter Anstruther Wester Arbroath Auchterarder Ayr Banff Berwick Brechin Burntisland Campbeltown Crail Cromarty Cullen Culross Cupar Dingwall Dornoch Dumbarton Dumfries Dunbar Dundee Dunfermline Dysart Edinburgh Elgin Forfar Forres Fortrose Glasgow Haddington Inveraray Inverbervie Inverkeithing Inverness Inverurie Irvine Jedburgh Kilrenny Kinghorn Kintore Kirkcaldy Kirkcudbright Kirkwall Lanark Lauder Linlithgow Lochmaben Montrose Nairn New Galloway North Berwick Peebles Perth Pittenweem Queensferry Renfrew Rothesay Rutherglen St Andrews Sanquhar Selkirk Stirling Stranraer Tain Whithorn Wick Wigtown Shires Aberdeen Argyll Ayr Banff Berwick Bute Caithness Clackmannan Cromarty Dumbarton Dumfries Edinburgh Elgin and Forres Fife Forfar Haddington Inverness Kincardine Kinross Kirkcudbright Lanark Linlithgow Nairn Orkney and Shetland Peebles Perth Renfrew Ross Roxburgh Selkirk Stirling Sutherland Tarbert Wigtown   This Scottish history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to the politics of Scotland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This former constituency in the United Kingdom or its predecessor states article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunfermline (Scottish Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline"},{"link_name":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife"},{"link_name":"royal burgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_burgh"},{"link_name":"commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_(Parliament_of_Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Convention of Estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Estates"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union 1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707"},{"link_name":"Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culross_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Inverkeithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverkeithing_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Queensferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensferry_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"district of burghs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_burghs"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Dunfermline (Scottish Parliament constituency).Dunfermline in Fife was a royal burgh that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates.After the Acts of Union 1707, Dunfermline, Culross, Inverkeithing, Queensferry and Stirling formed the Stirling district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.","title":"Dunfermline (Parliament of Scotland constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Halkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Charles_Halkett,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PP1-7"},{"link_name":"Sir James Halkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_James_Halkett,_2nd_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Halkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Peter_Halkett,_1st_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"1661–63: James Mudie, bailie [1]\n1665 convention, 1667 convention, 1669–1774: Peter Walker, provost [2]\n1678 convention: John Anderson, merchant, bailie [3]\n1681–82: Andrew Belfrage, bailie [4]\n1685–86: Sir Patrick Murray [5]\n1689 convention, 1689–97: Sir Charles Halkett of Pitfirrane (died 1697) [6]\n1697: Sir Patrick Aikenhead (died c.1698)[7]\n1699–1701: Jomes Hamiltoun [7]\n1702–05: Sir James Halkett of Pitfirrane (died 1705) [8]\n1705–07: Sir Peter Halkett of Pitfirrane[9]","title":"List of burgh commissioners"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of constituencies in the Parliament of Scotland at the time of the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constituencies_in_the_Parliament_of_Scotland_at_the_time_of_the_Union"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constituencies_of_the_Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"title":"Parliament of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland"},{"title":"Burghs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_burgh"},{"title":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annan_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Anstruther Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstruther_Easter_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Anstruther Wester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstruther_Wester_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Arbroath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbroath_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Auchterarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchterarder_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Ayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Banff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Brechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechin_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Burntisland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burntisland_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Campbeltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbeltown_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Crail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crail_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromarty_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Cullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Culross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culross_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Cupar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupar_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Dingwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingwall_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Dornoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dornoch_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbar_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Dunfermline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Dysart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysart_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Forfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfar_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Forres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forres_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Fortrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortrose_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddington_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Inveraray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveraray_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Inverbervie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverbervie_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Inverkeithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverkeithing_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Inverurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverurie_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvine_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Jedburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedburgh_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Kilrenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilrenny_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Kinghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinghorn_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Kintore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintore_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Kirkcaldy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcaldy_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Kirkcudbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbright_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Kirkwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwall_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanark_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Lauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauder_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Linlithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgow_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Lochmaben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochmaben_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Montrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrose_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Nairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairn_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"New Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Galloway_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"North Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Berwick_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Pittenweem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittenweem_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Queensferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensferry_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Rothesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Rutherglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Sanquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanquhar_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Stranraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranraer_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Tain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tain_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Whithorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whithorn_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wick_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Wigtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtown_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Shires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland"},{"title":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyllshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Ayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Banff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banffshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buteshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Caithness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caithness_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Clackmannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackmannanshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromartyshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbartonshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Dumfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburghshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Elgin and Forres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elginshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Forfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfarshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haddingtonshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness-shire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Kincardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardineshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Kinross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinross-shire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Kirkcudbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Linlithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linlithgowshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Nairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairnshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Orkney and Shetland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney_and_Shetland_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross-shire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirkshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirlingshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Tarbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbert_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"title":"Wigtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtownshire_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"title":"Scottish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scotland"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunfermline_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Scotland-hist-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland-hist-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland-hist-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Scotland.svg"},{"title":"politics of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunfermline_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Scotland-poli-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Scotland-poli-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scotland-poli-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box_(no_bg).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunfermline_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UK-hist-constituency-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UK-hist-constituency-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK-hist-constituency-stub"}]
[{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 573.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 575,577,580.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 582.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 584.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 587.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 594.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parliamentary Papers, Volume 62, Part 2. p. 600.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunfermline_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092524390#page/n353/mode/1up","external_links_name":"p. 334"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092524408#page/n392/mode/1up","external_links_name":"p. 373"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunfermline_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunfermline_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunfermline_(Parliament_of_Scotland_constituency)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_R%C3%A9fl%C3%A9chi_(1777)
French ship Réfléchi (1776)
["1 Career","2 Citations","3 References"]
Ship of the line of the French Navy History France NameRéfléchi BuilderRochefort Laid downMay 1772 Launched25 November 1776 CommissionedFebruary 1777 Out of service1793 FateBroken up General characteristics Class and typeSolitaire class ship of the line Tons burthen1521 tons Length50 metres Beam13.3 metres Draught6.5 metres PropulsionSails Sail planFull-rigged ship Armament 26×24-pounder long guns 28×12-pounder long guns 10×6-pounder long guns Réfléchi was a 64-gun Solitaire-class ship of the line of the French Navy. Career In 1779, Réfléchi was under Captain Cillart de Suville and part of the White squadron (centre) of the fleet under Orvilliers. Réfléchi took part in the Battle of Martinique on 18 December 1779, when she, along with Annibal and Vengeur, saved a convoy from the British off Fort Royal. She was part of the French squadron at the action of 20 March 1780 when she fought Parker's squadron off Saint Domingue, along with Diadème, Amphion and Annibal, and was present at the Battle of the Chesapeake. From 20 August 1783 to 28 December, she was at the Martinique station under Captain Du Bois. She became a hulk in Brest in November 1788, and was broken up around 1793 after having been renamed Turot. Citations ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Roche (2005), p. 373. ^ Lavery (2003), p. 182. ^ Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 616. References Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1910). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI. Paris: Honoré Champion. Lavery, Brian (2003). The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-252-8. Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours 1 1671 - 1870. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solitaire-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solitaire_class_ship_of_the_line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ship of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"}],"text":"Réfléchi was a 64-gun Solitaire-class ship of the line of the French Navy.","title":"French ship Réfléchi (1776)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cillart de Suville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cillart_de_Suville"},{"link_name":"Orvilliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Guillouet,_comte_d%27Orvilliers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1910616-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1779)"},{"link_name":"Annibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Annibal_(1779)"},{"link_name":"Vengeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Vengeur_(1765)"},{"link_name":"Fort Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Royal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoche2005373-1"},{"link_name":"action of 20 March 1780","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_of_20_March_1780&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Hyde_Parker,_5th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Diadème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Diad%C3%A8me_(1756)"},{"link_name":"Amphion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Amphion_(1749)"},{"link_name":"Annibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Annibal_(1779)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoche2005373-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoche2005373-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoche2005373-1"}],"text":"In 1779, Réfléchi was under Captain Cillart de Suville and part of the White squadron (centre) of the fleet under Orvilliers.[3]Réfléchi took part in the Battle of Martinique on 18 December 1779, when she, along with Annibal and Vengeur, saved a convoy from the British off Fort Royal.[1] She was part of the French squadron at the action of 20 March 1780 when she fought Parker's squadron off Saint Domingue, along with Diadème, Amphion and Annibal, and was present at the Battle of the Chesapeake.[1]From 20 August 1783 to 28 December, she was at the Martinique station under Captain Du Bois.[1]She became a hulk in Brest in November 1788, and was broken up around 1793 after having been renamed Turot.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche2005373_1-12"},{"link_name":"Roche (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoche2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavery2003182_2-0"},{"link_name":"Lavery (2003)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLavery2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELacour-Gayet1910616_3-0"},{"link_name":"Lacour-Gayet (1910)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLacour-Gayet1910"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Roche (2005), p. 373.\n\n^ Lavery (2003), p. 182.\n\n^ Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 616.","title":"Citations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1910). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI. Paris: Honoré Champion.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lacour-Gayet","url_text":"Lacour-Gayet, Georges"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1181278","url_text":"La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI"}]},{"reference":"Lavery, Brian (2003). The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-252-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-252-8","url_text":"0-85177-252-8"}]},{"reference":"Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours 1 1671 - 1870. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9525917-0-6","url_text":"978-2-9525917-0-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165892922","url_text":"165892922"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1181278","external_links_name":"La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165892922","external_links_name":"165892922"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_and_Convent_of_Saint_Francis_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)
Church and Convent of Saint Francis (São Paulo)
["1 History","1.1 Church of Saint Francis","1.2 Chapel of the Third Order","1.3 Law School","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 23°32′59″S 46°38′14″W / 23.54972°S 46.63722°W / -23.54972; -46.63722Church in São Paulo , BrazilChurch and Convent of Saint FrancisIgreja e Convento de São FranciscoFacade of the Church of Saint Francis of AssisiChurch and Convent of Saint FrancisShow map of São PauloChurch and Convent of Saint FrancisShow map of Brazil23°32′59″S 46°38′14″W / 23.54972°S 46.63722°W / -23.54972; -46.63722LocationSão Paulo, São Paulo  BrazilHistoryFounded1643; 381 years ago (1643)ArchitectureArchitectural typeBaroqueAdministrationArchdioceseArchdiocese of São Paulo Catholic temple in São Paulo, Brazil The Church and Convent of Saint Francis was a religious institution installed in the town of São Paulo during colonial Brazil. In the 19th century, the convent was converted into a Law School. The Church of the Wounds of the Seraphic Father Saint Francis, built by the Secular Franciscan Order, is next to it. The ensemble formed by the Law School and the two churches has great historical value and is situated in Largo de São Francisco, in the Historic Center of São Paulo. History In 1639, the friars of the Franciscan Order came to São Paulo from Bahia and initially settled in the Church of Saint Anthony. However, the place was considered unhealthy and, after a request to the City Council in 1642, the friars moved to a plot of land located on one of the edges of the hill where the town was founded. On this site, in the current Largo de São Francisco, they built their convent, which was inaugurated on September 17, 1647. The convent church was extensively modified in the mid-18th century in order to achieve the Baroque style, with a single nave and two Baroque carved altarpieces in the transept. Also noteworthy is the rosewood choir stalls. At the end of the 19th century, the church and adjoining convent were badly damaged in a fire. At that time, a new altarpiece, bought in Germany, was installed on the high altar. The curved wooden ceiling of the nave has paintings on the life of St. Francis dating from 1953, reworked from those destroyed in 1880. Church of Saint Francis Located in Largo de São Francisco, it is owned by the Order of Friars Minor. It is situated next to the Church of the Wounds of the Seraphic Father Saint Francis and the Law School of the University of São Paulo. In 1982, the church became a registered heritage site. Chapel of the Third Order In 1676, the brothers of the Secular Franciscan Order began building a chapel for the order inside the Franciscan church. Inaugurated in 1787, the chapel was gradually expanded until it became an independent temple, with its facade attached to the convent church. Law School Main article: Law School, University of São Paulo In the 1820s, the Franciscans abandoned the convent building because it was required by the imperial government to house the Academy of Social and Legal Sciences, now the Law School of the University of São Paulo. In 1933, the building was demolished for the construction of a new facility in the neo-colonial style, designed by Ricardo Severo. Gallery Convent (now converted into a college) and Churches of St. Francis and the Third Order in 1862. Militão Augusto de Azevedo: View towards Largo de São Francisco, São Paulo. Law School of Largo de São Francisco, around 1860. See also Largo de São Francisco Tourism in the city of São Paulo References ^ a b c d "HISTÓRIA DO CONVENTO SÃO FRANCISCO". Franciscanos. Retrieved 2023-11-16. ^ a b "Igreja de São Francisco de Assis da Venerável Ordem dos Frades Menores". Condephaat. Retrieved 2023-11-16. ^ Bueno, Beatriz. "Igreja de São Francisco de Assis". HPIP. Retrieved 2023-11-16. ^ "Igreja das Chagas do Seráfico Pai São Francisco". Condephaat. Retrieved 2023-11-16. ^ Grola, Diego Amorim (2011). "DA TAIPA AO CONCRETO: A DEMOLIÇÃO DO CONVENTO DE SÃO FRANCISCO E A CONSTRUÇÃO DO EDIFÍCIO DA FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO" (PDF). SNH. ^ "Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo e Tribuna Livre". Condephaat. Retrieved 2023-11-16. Portals: Brazil Catholicismvte Visitor attractions in São PauloMonuments andlandmarks Bandeirantes TV Tower Beco do Pinto Latin America Memorial Marco Zero Monument to the Bandeiras Monument to the Independence of Brazil Monument to Ramos de Azevedo Obelisk of São Paulo Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge Buildings Altino Arantes Building Brazil Stock Exchange Butantã's House Centro Comercial Aricanduva Centro Empresarial Nações Unidas Conjunto Nacional Copan Building Itália Building Iguatemi São Paulo Júlio Prestes Station Luz Station Mappin Building Martinelli Building Matarazzo Building Municipal Market Bandeirantes Palace São Pedro Theater Municipal Theater List of tallest buildings Churches andreligious sites Basilica of the Most Blessed Sacrament Imaculado Coração de Maria Church Nossa Senhora da Consolação Church Nossa Senhora do Brasil Church Ordem Terceira do Carmo Church Orthodox Metropolitan Cathedral Pátio do Colégio Santo Antônio Church São Bento Monastery São Cristóvão Church São Paulo Brazil Temple São Paulo Cathedral Temple of Solomon Museums andcultural institutions CAIXA Cultural São Paulo Carmo Planetarium Casa das Rosas Bank of Brazil Cultural Center Centro Cultural da Penha Centro Cultural e de Estudos Superiores Aúthos Pagano Ema Gordon Klabin Cultural Foundation Football Museum Immigration Museum Butantan Institute Mário de Andrade Library Memória do Bixiga Museum Museu Afro Brasil Museu Lasar Segall Museu Paulista (Ipiranga) São Paulo Museum of Art Museum of Art of the Parliament Museum of Contemporary Art Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Image and Sound Museum of Modern Art Museum of Sacred Art Museum of the Portuguese Language Oca Pavilion Industries Palace Pinacoteca do Estado Professor Aristóteles Orsini Planetarium Sala São Paulo Stadiums Allianz Parque Anhembi Convention Center Anhembi Sambadrome Arena Corinthians Canindé Stadium Morumbi Stadium Ícaro de Castro Melo Stadium Nicolau Alayon Stadium Parque São Jorge Stadium Rua Javari Stadium Estádio Universitário São Paulo Ibirapuera Auditorium Pacaembu Stadium Via Funchal Vibra São Paulo Neighborhoodsand districts Aclimação Alto de Santana Bixiga Bom Retiro Brigadeiro Faria Lima Avenue Brooklin Novo Central Zone Japão Jardins Liberdade Paulista Avenue Rua 25 de Março Rua Augusta Rua Oscar Freire University of São Paulo (USP) Vila Madalena Vila Olímpia Parks andpublic squares Albert Löfgren State Park Beco do Batman Botanical Garden Cantareira State Park Cemitério da Consolação Ibirapuera Park Independence Park Jardim da Luz Largo da Batata Largo da Memória Parque do Carmo Parque Trianon People's Park Pico do Jaraguá Praça da República Praça da Sé Praça Roosevelt São Paulo Zoo Vale do Anhangabaú Viaduto do Chá Villa-Lobos State Park Events Anima Mundi Brazilian Grand Prix Electronic Language International Festival March for Jesus Saint Silvester Road Race São Paulo Art Biennial São Paulo Fashion Week São Paulo Gay Pride Parade São Paulo Indy 300 São Paulo International Film Festival São Paulo International Motor Show Virada Cultural
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"colonial Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_School,_University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Church of the Wounds of the Seraphic Father Saint Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Wounds_of_the_Seraphic_Father_Saint_Francis"},{"link_name":"Secular Franciscan Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Largo de São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Historic Center of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Center_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Church in São Paulo , BrazilCatholic temple in São Paulo, BrazilThe Church and Convent of Saint Francis was a religious institution installed in the town of São Paulo during colonial Brazil. In the 19th century, the convent was converted into a Law School. The Church of the Wounds of the Seraphic Father Saint Francis, built by the Secular Franciscan Order, is next to it.[1]The ensemble formed by the Law School and the two churches has great historical value and is situated in Largo de São Francisco, in the Historic Center of São Paulo.[1]","title":"Church and Convent of Saint Francis (São Paulo)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_de_Santo_Ant%C3%B4nio_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)"},{"link_name":"City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Chamber_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Largo de São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"altarpieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"transept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transept"},{"link_name":"rosewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosewood"},{"link_name":"choir stalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1639, the friars of the Franciscan Order came to São Paulo from Bahia and initially settled in the Church of Saint Anthony. However, the place was considered unhealthy and, after a request to the City Council in 1642, the friars moved to a plot of land located on one of the edges of the hill where the town was founded. On this site, in the current Largo de São Francisco, they built their convent, which was inaugurated on September 17, 1647.[1][2]The convent church was extensively modified in the mid-18th century in order to achieve the Baroque style, with a single nave and two Baroque carved altarpieces in the transept. Also noteworthy is the rosewood choir stalls. At the end of the 19th century, the church and adjoining convent were badly damaged in a fire. At that time, a new altarpiece, bought in Germany, was installed on the high altar. The curved wooden ceiling of the nave has paintings on the life of St. Francis dating from 1953, reworked from those destroyed in 1880.[1][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Friars Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"Church of the Wounds of the Seraphic Father Saint Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Wounds_of_the_Seraphic_Father_Saint_Francis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Church of Saint Francis","text":"Located in Largo de São Francisco, it is owned by the Order of Friars Minor. It is situated next to the Church of the Wounds of the Seraphic Father Saint Francis and the Law School of the University of São Paulo. In 1982, the church became a registered heritage site.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Chapel of the Third Order","text":"In 1676, the brothers of the Secular Franciscan Order began building a chapel for the order inside the Franciscan church. Inaugurated in 1787, the chapel was gradually expanded until it became an independent temple, with its facade attached to the convent church.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"imperial government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"neo-colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-colonial_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Law School","text":"In the 1820s, the Franciscans abandoned the convent building because it was required by the imperial government to house the Academy of Social and Legal Sciences, now the Law School of the University of São Paulo. In 1933, the building was demolished for the construction of a new facility in the neo-colonial style, designed by Ricardo Severo.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Militão Augusto de Azevedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A3o_Augusto_de_Azevedo"}],"text":"Convent (now converted into a college) and Churches of St. Francis and the Third Order in 1862.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMilitão Augusto de Azevedo: View towards Largo de São Francisco, São Paulo.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLaw School of Largo de São Francisco, around 1860.","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"Largo de São Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_de_S%C3%A3o_Francisco"},{"title":"Tourism in the city of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_city_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"}]
[{"reference":"\"HISTÓRIA DO CONVENTO SÃO FRANCISCO\". Franciscanos. Retrieved 2023-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://franciscanos.org.br/quemsomos/ondestamos/fraternidade-sao-francisco-sao-paulo/#gsc.tab=0","url_text":"\"HISTÓRIA DO CONVENTO SÃO FRANCISCO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Igreja de São Francisco de Assis da Venerável Ordem dos Frades Menores\". Condephaat. Retrieved 2023-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://condephaat.sp.gov.br/benstombados/igreja-de-sao-francisco-de-assis-da-veneravel-ordem-dos-frades-menores/","url_text":"\"Igreja de São Francisco de Assis da Venerável Ordem dos Frades Menores\""}]},{"reference":"Bueno, Beatriz. \"Igreja de São Francisco de Assis\". HPIP. Retrieved 2023-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://hpip.org/pt/Heritage/Details/910","url_text":"\"Igreja de São Francisco de Assis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Igreja das Chagas do Seráfico Pai São Francisco\". Condephaat. Retrieved 2023-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://condephaat.sp.gov.br/benstombados/igreja-das-chagas-do-serafico-pai-sao-francisco/","url_text":"\"Igreja das Chagas do Seráfico Pai São Francisco\""}]},{"reference":"Grola, Diego Amorim (2011). \"DA TAIPA AO CONCRETO: A DEMOLIÇÃO DO CONVENTO DE SÃO FRANCISCO E A CONSTRUÇÃO DO EDIFÍCIO DA FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO\" (PDF). SNH.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snh2011.anpuh.org/resources/anais/14/1300240949_ARQUIVO_artigo_diego_grola.pdf","url_text":"\"DA TAIPA AO CONCRETO: A DEMOLIÇÃO DO CONVENTO DE SÃO FRANCISCO E A CONSTRUÇÃO DO EDIFÍCIO DA FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo e Tribuna Livre\". Condephaat. Retrieved 2023-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://condephaat.sp.gov.br/benstombados/faculdade-de-direito-da-universidade-de-sao-paulo-e-tribuna-livre/","url_text":"\"Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo e Tribuna Livre\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_and_Convent_of_Saint_Francis_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)&params=23_32_59_S_46_38_14_W_region:BR-SP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"23°32′59″S 46°38′14″W / 23.54972°S 46.63722°W / -23.54972; -46.63722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_and_Convent_of_Saint_Francis_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)&params=23_32_59_S_46_38_14_W_region:BR-SP_type:landmark","external_links_name":"23°32′59″S 46°38′14″W / 23.54972°S 46.63722°W / -23.54972; -46.63722"},{"Link":"https://franciscanos.org.br/quemsomos/ondestamos/fraternidade-sao-francisco-sao-paulo/#gsc.tab=0","external_links_name":"\"HISTÓRIA DO CONVENTO SÃO FRANCISCO\""},{"Link":"http://condephaat.sp.gov.br/benstombados/igreja-de-sao-francisco-de-assis-da-veneravel-ordem-dos-frades-menores/","external_links_name":"\"Igreja de São Francisco de Assis da Venerável Ordem dos Frades Menores\""},{"Link":"https://hpip.org/pt/Heritage/Details/910","external_links_name":"\"Igreja de São Francisco de Assis\""},{"Link":"http://condephaat.sp.gov.br/benstombados/igreja-das-chagas-do-serafico-pai-sao-francisco/","external_links_name":"\"Igreja das Chagas do Seráfico Pai São Francisco\""},{"Link":"http://www.snh2011.anpuh.org/resources/anais/14/1300240949_ARQUIVO_artigo_diego_grola.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DA TAIPA AO CONCRETO: A DEMOLIÇÃO DO CONVENTO DE SÃO FRANCISCO E A CONSTRUÇÃO DO EDIFÍCIO DA FACULDADE DE DIREITO DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO\""},{"Link":"http://condephaat.sp.gov.br/benstombados/faculdade-de-direito-da-universidade-de-sao-paulo-e-tribuna-livre/","external_links_name":"\"Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo e Tribuna Livre\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori
Battle of Bhuchar Mori
["1 Background","2 Battle","2.1 Date","3 Aftermath","4 Legacy","4.1 Memorial site","4.2 Mourning","4.3 In literature","5 Notes and references","5.1 Notes","5.2 References"]
Coordinates: 22°34′55″N 70°24′00″E / 22.582°N 70.400°E / 22.582; 70.400 Battle of Bhuchar MoriPart of Akbar's conquest of GujaratSketch from the Yaduvanshprakash by Mavdanji Ratnu, 1934DateJuly 1591LocationBhuchar Mori plateau near Dhrol State(now near Dhrol, Jamnagar district, Gujarat, India)22°34′55″N 70°24′00″E / 22.582°N 70.400°E / 22.582; 70.400Result Mughal victoryTerritorialchanges Gujarat captured by Mughal Empire and Dissolution of Gujarat SultanateBelligerents Mughal EmpireJunagadh State Gujarat SultanateNawanagar StateCutch StateMuli StateCommanders and leaders Mirza Aziz KokaDaulat Khan Ghori Muzaffar Shah IIIJam SatajiJam Ajaji †Jasa Vajir †Rao Bharmalji ISanganji VadherVasaji ParmarStrength 80,000-90,000 17,000-21,000 84 elephants Casualties and losses 10,000-20,000 warriors 500 injured 2,000 warriors 500 horses disabled 1,500 pilgrim sadhus The numbers are derived from agreement of various sources.Bhuchar Moriclass=notpageimage| Location of battle in GujaratShow map of GujaratBhuchar MoriBhuchar Mori (India)Show map of India The Battle of Bhuchar Mori, also known as Battle of Dhrol, was fought between the army of Kathiawar led by Nawanagar State and the Mughal army at Bhuchar Mori plateau near Dhrol, Saurashtra (now in Jamnagar district, Gujarat, India). It was meant to protect Muzaffar Shah III, the last Sultan of Gujarat Sultanate who had taken asylum under Jam Sataji of Nawanagar after his escape from the Mughal emperor Akbar. It was fought in July 1591 (Vikram Samvat 1648). The Kathiawar army included the armies of Junagadh who betrayed Nawanagar and joined the Mughal army at last. The battle led to a large number of casualties on both sides. The battle resulted in the victory of the Mughal army. It is considered the largest battle in the history of Saurashtra. It is often dubbed as the Panipat of Saurashtra. Background Muzaffar Shah III, the Sultan of Gujarat Sultanate, was a titular king and the state was managed by various nobles in divisions who were constantly fighting each other. Muzaffar besieged Ahmedabad with the help of other nobles. Itimad Khan, the noble managing Ahmedabad, invited Mughal emperor Akbar to conquer the state. He entered Ahmedabad without a battle on 18 November 1572. Muzaffar was captured hiding in a grain field. Akbar captured the state gradually by 1573 AD (Vikram Samvat 1629). His governors managed the state from 1573 to 1583 with frequent rebellions and disturbances. Akbar jailed Muzaffar Shah in Agra but he escaped to Gujarat in 1583 AD (Vikram Samvat 1639). After a short stay at Rajpipla, he crossed over to Kathiawar where he was joined by 700 soldiers. He was aided by Jam Sataji of Nawanagar, Daulat Khan of Junagadh, and Khengar, the Jagirdar of Sorath. He raised an army from them of 30,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry. He plundered villages near Ahmedabad and later captured Ahmedabad and eventually Vadodara and Bharuch. Muzaffar was defeated at Ahmedabad by new Mughal governor Mirza Khan on 26 January 1584 AD. Muzaffar fled to Mahemdabad and later to Khambhat. As Mirza Khan advanced towards Khambhat in February 1584, he moved to Vadodara where again both forces clashed and Muzaffar was defeated. He fled to mountains. Later when Bharuch was captured by the Mughal, he fled from place to place; first to Idar and later to Kathiawar. As nobody gave him asylum, Jam Sataji of Nawanagar State agreed and hid him in Barda Hills. Akbar transferred his foster brother Mirza Aziz Koka from Malwa to Gujarat in 1588-89 AD (Hijri year 997) in place of Mirza Khan to capture Muzaffar. The large army was stationed at Viramgam. He sent Navroz Khan and Saiyad Kasim with troops to find him to Morbi. Mirza Aziz Koka corresponded with Jam Sataji and asked to surrender but he declined citing the duty of Kshatriya to protect the asylum seeker. Jam Sataji harassed the Mughal army by cutting their supplies, by killing stragglers, and carrying off horses and elephants whenever he could. Battle Jam Sataji Jam Ajaji who died in battle Mirza Aziz Koka assembled his army near Dhrol which included 68,000 to 80,000 warriors. The army included the Roman, Arab, Russian, Turk, Firkani, Habasi, Mirkani, Mukrani, Sindhi, and soldiers from Kandhar, Kabul, Khorasan, and Iran. The Kathiawar force was stationed near Dhrol which had 17,000 to 21,000 warriors. The Nawanagar forces included Hapa, Kana, Balach, Jiya, Kabar, Dal, Mod, and Rao clans of Jadeja, Sodha,Tumbel, Barhath, Gadhvi and other clans of Cāraṇas, Dhundhan, Dhaman, Sumra, Sindhi, Rajgor. The forces of Jam Sataji was joined by Nawab Dolatkhan Ghori and Jagirdar Ra Khengar of Junagadh State; Loma Khuman of Kherdi-Kundla and the warriors sent by Rao Bharmalji I of Cutch State. Sanganji Vadher of Okha and Vasaji Parmar of Muli State joined with their army. Maheraman Ajani of Bhadresar, Kutch joined Nawanagar with his fourteen sons. The Jamat of naked Atit Sadhus, returning from pilgrimage Dwarka and going to Hinglaj Devi, also joined them. The army also had a large number of cannons, 84 elephants, cavalry, and camels. When the Mughal army reached Bhuchar Mori, Jam attacked with the auxiliary forces of Kutch. There were two night raids on the Mughal forces too and the battle was delayed two days due to rain. Several skirmishes were fought, in each of which the Kathiawar army was victorious. Due to the season of rain, the battlefield was not suitable and the strategy of Jam Sataji won frequently. After a period of three months, Mirza Aziz Koka started peace talks with mediation of Chandrasinh of Halvad. He had agreed to pay two lakh to Jam Sataji and one lakh secretly to Chandrasinh if the peace talks succeed. Loma Khuman, the Kathi of Kundla, had on a former occasion, in the campaign of Junagadh, kept an elephant for himself, taken from the booty of the Mughal army, and had on this account been much annoyed by Jasa Vajir, and thus bore a grudge towards the Jam, as was also the case with Daulat Khan of Junagadh. Daulat Khan of Junagadh secretly made pacts with Mirza Aziz Koka. As Mirza Aziz Koka assured support, he declared the war with Jam Sataji again. When the battle began, the armies of Junagadh and Kundla left the Kathiawar forces. As Jam Sataji discovered the betrayal, he alighted from his elephant, mounted a fleet horse and left the battlefield to secure the state and family. His minister, Jasa Vajir, and his son Jasaji continued the battle till evening; he also guarded the family of the Jam, whom he placed in ships and despatched by sea, to escape being captured, and afterwards all returned to Nawanagar. The battle started and lasted for three prahars (nine hours approximately). There were 26,000 to 30,000 soldiers on the battlefield. There was a large number of casualties. The artillery, horses, elephants, and camels were also used in the battle. Jam Sataji's son Kunwar Ajaji III, who was in town due to his wedding feast, left with over 500 Rajput warriors of his wedding party to the battlefield with Nag Vajir. The next day, the right wing of Mughal forces were led by Sayyid Kasim, Naurang, and Gujar Khan; and the left by Muhammad Rafi, who was a celebrated general, with several imperial Amirs and Zamindars. Mirza Marhum, son of Nawab Azim Humayun, commanded the centre, and before him Mirza Anwar and the Nawab himself took their post. The Nawanagar army was commanded by Jasa Vajir, Kunwar Ajaji, and Mehramanji Dungarani. Nag Vajir, Dahyo Lodak, Bhaljidal were also leading the troops. A cannonade from both armies opened the combat. Muhammad Rafi assailed the army of the Jam with his battalions, while Gujar Khan and Mirza Anwar, the Nawab attacked Kunwar Ajaji, Jasa Vajir. On the north side wall of the memorial shrine, a 16th-century art in traditional style depicting Ajaji on the horse attacking Mirza Aziz Koka on an elephant. Kunwar Ajaji was on a horse and Mirza Aziz Koka was on an elephant. Ajaji had attacked Mirza Aziz Koka with a spear, but he was not harmed. But Ajaji was attacked by Mughal soldiers and he died on the battlefield. Jasa Vajir, Mehramanji, Dungarani, Bhanjidal, Dahyo Lodak, Nag Vajir, and Togaji Sodha also died on the battlefield. 2000 Kathiawar soldiers died. In the Mughal forces, Mohammed Rafi, Saiyad Saifuddin, Saiyad Kabir, and Saiyad Alikhan also died. Both armies suffered heavily. It is believed that both armies lost more than 10,000 soldiers. More than one thousand Atit Sadhus died. Jam Sataji lost 67 relatives including his son, nephew, and son-in-law. The fourteen sons of Mehramanji also died. The 700 horses of Nawanagar were disabled. In the Mughal army, Muhammad Rafi, Sayyid Sharf-ud-din, Sayyid Kabir, Sayyid Ali Khan, and 100-200 other soldiers died while 500 were wounded. Date According to the notes of the office of Nawanagar, the battle ended on Wednesday, the 7th of the dark fortnight of Shraavana month (Shraavana Vad 7) of Vikram Samvat 1648 (July 1591). The day was a festival day of Shitla Satam. The doha by Gambhirsinh Parmar also gives the same date. According to Akbarnama, the forces met on 4th Amardād or 6th Shawal 999 (14-18 July 1591). The date of the battle as given by Ranchhodji Diwan, the diwan of Junagadh, in Tarikh-i-Sorath is the 8th of the bright fortnight of the Aaso month, Samvat 1648 or 6th day of Rajab month, Hijri year 1001. Aftermath As the Mughal army advanced towards Nawanagar, Jam Sataji instructed queens to leave the town by ship from the port. Gopaldas Barhath, the son of Isardasji Barhath of Sachana, reached Surajkunwarba, the recently married Sodha wife of Ajaji, with the Paghadi of Ajaji. Surajkunwarba left the town to reach the battlefield. She was attacked on the way by Mughals but was protected by Thakor Sahib of Dhrol who negotiated even though he had not participated in the battle due to personal differences with Jam Sataji. She reached the battlefield and committed Sati on the funeral pyre of Ajaji. Mirza Aziz Koka reached Nawanagar and plundered it. Jam Sataji left to Junagadh to save Muzaffar. Daulat Khan was wounded in the battle and went off the Junagadh and died later. The Mughal Army reached Junagadh but returned to Ahmedabad as it was fatigued due to the long season. In 1592 AD, Mirza Aziz Koka again proceeded to Kathiawar with fresh forces. He besieged Junagadh and the garrison surrendered after three months. Muzaffar had already left to the Barda hills. The Mughal army finally left to Ahmedabad after placing a governor at Junagadh. They also eventually conquered Prabhas Patan, Dwarka, and Bet Dwarka. After leaving the Barda hills, Muzaffar reached Okha Mandal where he spent some time. Mirza Aziz Koka sent his son with troops to capture him. Sava Wadher died while covering the escape of Muzaffar. Muzaffar reached Kutch from Vasta Bandar and requested asylum from Rao Bharamalji I of Kutch. The Mughal army was sent to Morbi and prepared to cross Rann of Kutch to enter Kutch. Rao surrender Muzaffar to the troops sent for his capture as he knew the fate of Nawanagar and Junagadh. While being escorted to the Mughal camp, Muzaffar alighted from his horse near Dhrol after traveling the whole night. He went behind a tree on some pretense and committed suicide by cutting his own throat with a knife on 24 December 1592. With his death, the rule of the Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat Sultanate ended. Morbi was granted to Rao Bharmalji as a jagir for his service. Jam Sataji returned Nawanagar in 1593 AD (Vikram Samvat 1649). He lived at Nawanagar but the affairs of the state were managed by the Mughal deputy with his concert. Jasaji, the second son of Jam Sataji, was kept at Delhi for some time. In the absence of Sataji, Kalabai; the queen of Kunwar Bhanji, the son of Rana Ramdevji of Ranpur; had conquered the areas formerly lost to Nawanagar with the help of Mers and Rabaris and established its new capital at Chhaya village. Legacy Memorial shrine of Ajaji and nearby paliyas (herostones) Horse-mounted statue of Ajaji at the site Paliya Paliya of Nag Vajir on right Many folklore, songs, historical fictions and stories originated from the event. Due to large number of casualty, in Halar region, the word Bhuchar Mori became almost synonymous with the massacre. Memorial site Main article: Bhuchar Mori § Memorial site The memorial site is situated on the plateau of Bhuchar Mori. There is paliya or memorial stone of Ajaji in a shrine. The paliya dedicated to his wife Surajkunwarba, stand south of it. On the north side wall of the shrine, there is a 16th-century art in traditional style depicting Ajaji on the horse attacking Mirza Aziz Koka on an elephant. There are 23 more paliyas in the compound. More eight memorials are outside of the compound and one dedicated to Rakhehar Dholi is some distance away. There are 32 memorials in total. There are eight tombs on the southwest of the shrine dedicated to the soldiers of the Mughal army. The site had a well and a mosque. A new memorial was commissioned by Government of Gujarat at the site in 2007 and it was completed in September 2015. A memorial forest, Shaheed Van, was opened to public in August 2016. Since 1992, the memorial site is visited by people of Kshatriya community for prayers on Shitla Satam. The annual fair is organized on the last of the Shravan month (Shravan Vad Amavasya) which is attended by thousands. Mourning As Kunwar Ajaji had died on Shraavana Vad 7, Shitla Satam, the people of Navanagar State and adjoining Halar region had stopped the celebrations of the day. After years, when Bapubha, son of Jam Ranmalji born on the same day, the people started the celebrations of Shitla Satam. The people mourned for nearly 250 years on the day. In literature Durso Adho, the court poet of Akbar, wrote a poetry with mixture of love and heroic moods titled Kumar Shri Ajajini Bhuchar Morini Gajgat. The event is described in the works of court poets of Nawanagar; Vibhavilas (1893) by Vajmalji Mahedu and Yaduvansh Prakash (1934) by Mavdanji Ratnu. Gujarati author Jhaverchand Meghani had written a novel, Samarangan in 1938 based on the event. Harilal Upadhyay wrote Ranmedan (1993) focused on the background which led to the battle. Notes and references Notes ^ He is also known as Jam Satrasal. ^ Various sources suggest the strength of troops from 8900 to 9000. Akbarnama stated less than 10000 warriors. ^ Numbers of Kathiawar force does note correspond to other sources. 17000 of Nawanagar, 10000 of Kherdi, 15000 of Junagadh, 5000 of Kutch and 1500 Atit Sadhus are stated in some sources but seems exaggerated. Other old sources place the Kathiawar forces ranging from 17000-21000 warriors. Akbarnama stated that it was more than 30000 but it seems that the forces reduced as Junagadh and Kundla forces left. ^ It is stated in Akbarnama that Muzaffar left battlefield without fighting but no other source mention that he participated in the battle. ^ The doha in Gujarati: સંવત સોળ અડતાલીસે, સાવણ માસ ઉદાર, જામ અજો સૂરપૂર ગયો, વદ સાતમ બુધવાર ^ These dates are probably not true as the festival of Shitla Satam is marked as a day of death of Ajaji not corresponding to Vikram Samvat date. Hijri year 1001 correspond to 1593 which does not match. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Fazl, Abu. "Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in The Akbarnama". Packard Humanities Institute. pp. 902–911. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2016. ^ a b c d e Jadav, Joravarsinh (29 April 2012). "આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી". Gujarat Samachar (in Gujarati). Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ranchhodji Diwan (1882). Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd. Education Society Press, & Thacker. pp. 247–252. ^ Georg Pfeffer; Deepak Kumar Behera (1997). Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society. Concept Publishing Company. p. 198. ISBN 978-81-7022-983-4. ^ Asiatic Society of Bombay (1969). Journal. p. 153. ^ a b c d e f Edalji Dosábhai (1894). A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. United Print. and General Agency. pp. 133–147. ^ a b c d India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat (1964). District Census Handbook. Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Gujarat State. pp. 41, 45, 195. ^ a b c d e f "ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ". divyabhaskar (in Gujarati). 3 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ a b c DeshGujarat (3 September 2015). "A memorial dedicated to the battle of Bhuchar Mori ready to open". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jadav, Joravarsinh (6 June 2012). "જામનગરની પ્રજાએ કુંવર અજાજીના મૃત્યુનો શોક અઢીસો વર્ષ પાળીને રાજભક્તિ દર્શાવી - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી". Gujarat Samachar (in Gujarati). Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ Virbhadra Singhji (1 January 1994). The Rajputs of Saurashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. 259. ISBN 978-81-7154-546-9. ^ Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1962). Political history, 1542-1605 A.D. Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 323. ^ Numismatic Society of India (1980). The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India. p. 133. ^ John Whaley Watson (1879). Statistical Account of Porbandar: Being the Porbandar Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer. Printed at the Education Society's Press. p. 26. ^ Shahpurshah Hormasji Hodivala (1979). Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, with a Foreword by Sir Richard Burn : Supplement. Islamic Book Service. p. 557. ^ DeshGujarat (4 September 2015). "Memorial to martyrs of Bhuchar Mori battle unveiled". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ "Guj CM Dedicates Bhuchar Mori Shaheed Memorial at Dhrol, Jamnagar". Official Website of Gujarat Chief Minister Anandiben Patel. 4 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ "મુખ્ય પ્રધાન વિજય રૂપાણીએ 'ભૂચર મોરી'માં ખુલ્લુ મુકાયું 'શહીદ વન'". Sandesh. 14 August 2016. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ a b Office of the Registrar General India (1965). Census of India, 1961: Gujarat. Manager of Publications. p. 378. ^ Amaresh Datta (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1. ^ Upadhyay, Jiten. "Ranmedan". Historical Novel in Gujarati By Harilal Upadhyay (in Gujarati). Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016. vteMughal EmpireEmperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shahryar Shah Jahan Aurangzeb (Alamgir I) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud-Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Shah Jahan IV Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Administration Dynasty family tree Economy Flag Foreign relations Government Military Mughal artillery Provinces Agra Ajmer Awadh Bengal Berar Gujarat Delhi Hyderabad Lahore Malwa Multan Sira Conflicts Mughal-Rajput wars Mughal conquest of Malwa Gujarat conquest Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623) Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653) Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom–Mughal conflicts Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war Mughal–Maratha wars Child's war Carnatic wars Bengal war Indian Rebellion of 1857 Mughal–Sikh wars Mughal–Portuguese conflicts Battles Agra Badli-ki-Serai Bhuchar Mori Buxar Chanderi Chausa Ghagra Haldighati Karnal Khajwa Khanwa Najafgarh Panipat (1526) Panipat (1556) Panipat (1761) Plassey Raj Mahal Samugarh Sirhind Thanesar (1567) Thanesar (1710) Tukaroi Bakla Bhulua Sieges Bijapur Chittorgarh Delhi Daman Daulatabad Golconda Hooghly Jinji Kandahar Purandhar Ranthambore Sambhal Adversaries Baro-Bhuyan Isa Khan Khwaja Usman Bayazid of Sylhet Musa Khan Pratapaditya Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro ArchitectureForts and palaces Agra Fort Lahore Fort Lalbagh Fort Red Fort Jahangir Mahal Sheesh Mahal Mosques Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad Jama Masjid (Delhi) Chawk Mosque Badshahi Mosque Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta Sunehri Masjid Wazir Khan Mosque Tombs and mausoleums Akbar's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Gardens of Babur Humayun's Tomb Jahangir's Tomb Taj Mahal Tomb of Salim Chishti Tomb of Aurangzeb Tomb of Nur Jahan List of tombs of Mughal Empire Others Fatehpur Sikri Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Shahi Bridge more See also Art Cuisine Culture Fashion Gardens Language Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Successor states Sur Empire (interrupted) Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Nawabs of Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathiawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiawar"},{"link_name":"Nawanagar State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawanagar_State"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bhuchar Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuchar_Mori"},{"link_name":"Dhrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhrol"},{"link_name":"Saurashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)"},{"link_name":"Jamnagar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamnagar_district"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Muzaffar Shah III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_III"},{"link_name":"Gujarat Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"Vikram Samvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Samvat"},{"link_name":"Junagadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh_State"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PfefferBehera1997-4"},{"link_name":"Panipat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Battle of Bhuchar Mori, also known as Battle of Dhrol, was fought between the army of Kathiawar led by Nawanagar State and the Mughal army at Bhuchar Mori plateau near Dhrol, Saurashtra (now in Jamnagar district, Gujarat, India). It was meant to protect Muzaffar Shah III, the last Sultan of Gujarat Sultanate who had taken asylum under Jam Sataji of Nawanagar after his escape from the Mughal emperor Akbar. It was fought in July 1591 (Vikram Samvat 1648). The Kathiawar army included the armies of Junagadh who betrayed Nawanagar and joined the Mughal army at last. The battle led to a large number of casualties on both sides. The battle resulted in the victory of the Mughal army.[4]It is considered the largest battle in the history of Saurashtra. It is often dubbed as the Panipat of Saurashtra.[citation needed]","title":"Battle of Bhuchar Mori"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gujarat Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"Vikram Samvat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikram_Samvat"},{"link_name":"Rajpipla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpipla"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vadodara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadodara"},{"link_name":"Bharuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharuch"},{"link_name":"Mahemdabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahemdabad"},{"link_name":"Khambhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khambhat"},{"link_name":"Idar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idar_State"},{"link_name":"Nawanagar State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawanagar_State"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mirza Aziz Koka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Aziz_Koka"},{"link_name":"Hijri year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Viramgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viramgam"},{"link_name":"Morbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbi"},{"link_name":"Kshatriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshatriya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bombay1969-6"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"}],"text":"Muzaffar Shah III, the Sultan of Gujarat Sultanate, was a titular king and the state was managed by various nobles in divisions who were constantly fighting each other. Muzaffar besieged Ahmedabad with the help of other nobles. Itimad Khan, the noble managing Ahmedabad, invited Mughal emperor Akbar to conquer the state. He entered Ahmedabad without a battle on 18 November 1572. Muzaffar was captured hiding in a grain field. Akbar captured the state gradually by 1573 AD (Vikram Samvat 1629). His governors managed the state from 1573 to 1583 with frequent rebellions and disturbances.[citation needed]Akbar jailed Muzaffar Shah in Agra but he escaped to Gujarat in 1583 AD (Vikram Samvat 1639). After a short stay at Rajpipla, he crossed over to Kathiawar where he was joined by 700 soldiers. He was aided by Jam Sataji[note 1] of Nawanagar, Daulat Khan of Junagadh, and Khengar, the Jagirdar of Sorath. He raised an army from them of 30,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry. He plundered villages near Ahmedabad and later captured Ahmedabad and eventually Vadodara and Bharuch. Muzaffar was defeated at Ahmedabad by new Mughal governor Mirza Khan on 26 January 1584 AD. Muzaffar fled to Mahemdabad and later to Khambhat. As Mirza Khan advanced towards Khambhat in February 1584, he moved to Vadodara where again both forces clashed and Muzaffar was defeated. He fled to mountains. Later when Bharuch was captured by the Mughal, he fled from place to place; first to Idar and later to Kathiawar. As nobody gave him asylum, Jam Sataji of Nawanagar State agreed and hid him in Barda Hills.[citation needed]Akbar transferred his foster brother Mirza Aziz Koka from Malwa to Gujarat in 1588-89 AD (Hijri year 997) in place of Mirza Khan to capture Muzaffar.[citation needed] The large army was stationed at Viramgam. He sent Navroz Khan and Saiyad Kasim with troops to find him to Morbi. Mirza Aziz Koka corresponded with Jam Sataji and asked to surrender but he declined citing the duty of Kshatriya to protect the asylum seeker. Jam Sataji harassed the Mughal army by cutting their supplies, by killing stragglers, and carrying off horses and \nelephants whenever he could.[5][unreliable source?]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shri_Jam_Sataji_First.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shri_Jam_Ajaji.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Turk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Kandhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandhar"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Khorasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM1-2"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jadeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadeja"},{"link_name":"Tumbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbel"},{"link_name":"Barhath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barhath"},{"link_name":"Gadhvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadhvi"},{"link_name":"Cāraṇas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charan"},{"link_name":"Sumra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumra"},{"link_name":"Junagadh State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh_State"},{"link_name":"Kundla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savarkundla"},{"link_name":"Cutch State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutch_State"},{"link_name":"Okha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okha,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Muli State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muli_State"},{"link_name":"Bhadresar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadresar"},{"link_name":"Kutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch"},{"link_name":"Sadhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhu"},{"link_name":"Dwarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[note 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gujarat1964-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB2015-12"},{"link_name":"Halvad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvad"},{"link_name":"lakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De2015-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"},{"link_name":"prahars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB2015-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhuchar_mori_stone_memorial_07.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singhji1994-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De2015-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"}],"text":"Jam SatajiJam Ajaji who died in battleMirza Aziz Koka assembled his army near Dhrol which included 68,000 to 80,000 warriors. The army included the Roman, Arab, Russian, Turk, Firkani, Habasi, Mirkani, Mukrani, Sindhi, and soldiers from Kandhar, Kabul, Khorasan, and Iran.[1][2][note 2]The Kathiawar force was stationed near Dhrol which had 17,000 to 21,000 warriors. The Nawanagar forces included Hapa, Kana, Balach, Jiya, Kabar, Dal, Mod, and Rao clans of Jadeja, Sodha,Tumbel, Barhath, Gadhvi and other clans of Cāraṇas, Dhundhan, Dhaman, Sumra, Sindhi, Rajgor. The forces of Jam Sataji was joined by Nawab Dolatkhan Ghori and Jagirdar Ra Khengar of Junagadh State; Loma Khuman of Kherdi-Kundla and the warriors sent by Rao Bharmalji I of Cutch State. Sanganji Vadher of Okha and Vasaji Parmar of Muli State joined with their army. Maheraman Ajani of Bhadresar, Kutch joined Nawanagar with his fourteen sons. The Jamat of naked Atit Sadhus, returning from pilgrimage Dwarka and going to Hinglaj Devi, also joined them. The army also had a large number of cannons, 84 elephants, cavalry, and camels.[1][2][3][note 3][note 4]When the Mughal army reached Bhuchar Mori, Jam attacked with the auxiliary forces of Kutch.[6][7] There were two night raids on the Mughal forces too and the battle was delayed two days due to rain.[1] Several skirmishes were fought, in each of which the Kathiawar army was victorious. Due to the season of rain, the battlefield was not suitable and the strategy of Jam Sataji won frequently. After a period of three months,[8] Mirza Aziz Koka started peace talks with mediation of Chandrasinh of Halvad. He had agreed to pay two lakh to Jam Sataji and one lakh secretly to Chandrasinh if the peace talks succeed. Loma Khuman, the Kathi of Kundla, had on a former occasion, in the campaign of Junagadh, kept an elephant for himself, taken from the booty of the Mughal army, and had on this account been much annoyed by Jasa Vajir, and thus bore a grudge towards the Jam, as was also the case with Daulat Khan of Junagadh. Daulat Khan of Junagadh secretly made pacts with Mirza Aziz Koka. As Mirza Aziz Koka assured support, he declared the war with Jam Sataji again.[3][9][10]When the battle began, the armies of Junagadh and Kundla left the Kathiawar forces. As Jam Sataji discovered the betrayal, he alighted from his elephant, mounted a fleet horse and left the battlefield to secure the state and family. His minister, Jasa Vajir, and his son Jasaji continued the battle till evening; he also guarded the family of the Jam, whom he placed in ships and despatched by sea, to escape being captured, and afterwards all returned to Nawanagar.[3] The battle started and lasted for three prahars (nine hours approximately). There were 26,000 to 30,000 soldiers on the battlefield.[1] There was a large number of casualties. The artillery, horses, elephants, and camels were also used in the battle.[1][10]Jam Sataji's son Kunwar Ajaji III, who was in town due to his wedding feast, left with over 500 Rajput warriors of his wedding party to the battlefield with Nag Vajir.[3][8][10]The next day, the right wing of Mughal forces were led by Sayyid Kasim, Naurang, and Gujar Khan; and the left by Muhammad Rafi, who was a celebrated general, with several imperial Amirs and Zamindars. Mirza Marhum, son of Nawab Azim Humayun, commanded the centre, and before him Mirza Anwar and the Nawab himself took their post. The Nawanagar army was commanded by Jasa Vajir, Kunwar Ajaji, and Mehramanji Dungarani. Nag Vajir, Dahyo Lodak, Bhaljidal were also leading the troops. A cannonade from both armies opened the combat. Muhammad Rafi assailed the army of the Jam with his battalions, while Gujar Khan and Mirza Anwar, the Nawab attacked Kunwar Ajaji, Jasa Vajir.[1][3][10]On the north side wall of the memorial shrine, a 16th-century art in traditional style depicting Ajaji on the horse attacking Mirza Aziz Koka on an elephant.Kunwar Ajaji was on a horse and Mirza Aziz Koka was on an elephant. Ajaji had attacked Mirza Aziz Koka with a spear, but he was not harmed. But Ajaji was attacked by Mughal soldiers and he died on the battlefield.[11] Jasa Vajir, Mehramanji, Dungarani, Bhanjidal, Dahyo Lodak, Nag Vajir, and Togaji Sodha also died on the battlefield. 2000 Kathiawar soldiers died.[1] In the Mughal forces, Mohammed Rafi, Saiyad Saifuddin, Saiyad Kabir, and Saiyad Alikhan also died. Both armies suffered heavily. It is believed that both armies lost more than 10,000 soldiers. More than one thousand Atit Sadhus died. Jam Sataji lost 67 relatives including his son, nephew, and son-in-law. The fourteen sons of Mehramanji also died.[9][10] The 700 horses of Nawanagar were disabled.[1] In the Mughal army, Muhammad Rafi, Sayyid Sharf-ud-din, Sayyid Kabir, Sayyid Ali Khan, and 100-200 other soldiers died while 500 were wounded.[1][3]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shraavana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shraavana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM1-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB2015-12"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Akbarnama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarnama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"Ranchhodji Diwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchhodji_Diwan"},{"link_name":"diwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894-10"},{"link_name":"[note 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Date","text":"According to the notes of the office of Nawanagar, the battle ended on Wednesday, the 7th of the dark fortnight of Shraavana month (Shraavana Vad 7) of Vikram Samvat 1648 (July 1591). The day was a festival day of Shitla Satam. The doha by Gambhirsinh Parmar also gives the same date.[2][8][note 5]According to Akbarnama, the forces met on 4th Amardād or 6th Shawal 999 (14-18 July 1591).[1]The date of the battle as given by Ranchhodji Diwan, the diwan of Junagadh, in Tarikh-i-Sorath is the 8th of the bright fortnight of the Aaso month, Samvat 1648 or 6th day of Rajab month, Hijri year 1001.[3][6][note 6]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paghadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghadi"},{"link_name":"Sati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(practice)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB2015-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PHI-1"},{"link_name":"Prabhas Patan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhas_Patan"},{"link_name":"Dwarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarka"},{"link_name":"Bet Dwarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet_Dwarka"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"Okha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okha,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Morbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbi"},{"link_name":"Rann of Kutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch"},{"link_name":"Muzaffarid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Gujarat)"},{"link_name":"Gujarat Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Srivastava1962-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India1980-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS1882-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894-10"},{"link_name":"Ranpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranpur,_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson1879-20"}],"text":"As the Mughal army advanced towards Nawanagar, Jam Sataji instructed queens to leave the town by ship from the port. Gopaldas Barhath, the son of Isardasji Barhath of Sachana, reached Surajkunwarba, the recently married Sodha wife of Ajaji, with the Paghadi of Ajaji. Surajkunwarba left the town to reach the battlefield. She was attacked on the way by Mughals but was protected by Thakor Sahib of Dhrol who negotiated even though he had not participated in the battle due to personal differences with Jam Sataji. She reached the battlefield and committed Sati on the funeral pyre of Ajaji.[8][10]Mirza Aziz Koka reached Nawanagar and plundered it. Jam Sataji left to Junagadh to save Muzaffar. Daulat Khan was wounded in the battle and went off the Junagadh[1] and died later. The Mughal Army reached Junagadh but returned to Ahmedabad as it was fatigued due to the long season. In 1592 AD, Mirza Aziz Koka again proceeded to Kathiawar with fresh forces. He besieged Junagadh and the garrison surrendered after three months. Muzaffar had already left to the Barda hills. The Mughal army finally left to Ahmedabad after placing a governor at Junagadh. They also eventually conquered Prabhas Patan, Dwarka, and Bet Dwarka.[3][6][10]After leaving the Barda hills, Muzaffar reached Okha Mandal where he spent some time. Mirza Aziz Koka sent his son with troops to capture him. Sava Wadher died while covering the escape of Muzaffar. Muzaffar reached Kutch from Vasta Bandar and requested asylum from Rao Bharamalji I of Kutch. The Mughal army was sent to Morbi and prepared to cross Rann of Kutch to enter Kutch. Rao surrender Muzaffar to the troops sent for his capture as he knew the fate of Nawanagar and Junagadh. While being escorted to the Mughal camp, Muzaffar alighted from his horse near Dhrol after traveling the whole night. He went behind a tree on some pretense and committed suicide by cutting his own throat with a knife on 24 December 1592. With his death, the rule of the Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat Sultanate ended.[3][6][12][13]Morbi was granted to Rao Bharmalji as a jagir for his service. Jam Sataji returned Nawanagar in 1593 AD (Vikram Samvat 1649). He lived at Nawanagar but the affairs of the state were managed by the Mughal deputy with his concert. Jasaji, the second son of Jam Sataji, was kept at Delhi for some time.[3][6] In the absence of Sataji, Kalabai; the queen of Kunwar Bhanji, the son of Rana Ramdevji of Ranpur; had conquered the areas formerly lost to Nawanagar with the help of Mers and Rabaris and established its new capital at Chhaya village.[14]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhuchar_mori_stone_memorial_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"paliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhuchar_mori_stone_memorial_10.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhuchar_mori_stone_memorial_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bhuchar_mori_stone_memorial_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gujarat1964-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodivala1979-21"}],"text":"Memorial shrine of Ajaji and nearby paliyas (herostones)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHorse-mounted statue of Ajaji at the site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaliya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaliya of Nag Vajir on rightMany folklore, songs, historical fictions and stories originated from the event.[7] Due to large number of casualty, in Halar region, the word Bhuchar Mori became almost synonymous with the massacre.[6][15]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliya"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB2015-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"Government of Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeshGuj2015-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP2015-23"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Shravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shraavana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gujarat1964-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-General1965-25"}],"sub_title":"Memorial site","text":"The memorial site is situated on the plateau of Bhuchar Mori. There is paliya or memorial stone of Ajaji in a shrine. The paliya dedicated to his wife Surajkunwarba, stand south of it. On the north side wall of the shrine, there is a 16th-century art in traditional style depicting Ajaji on the horse attacking Mirza Aziz Koka on an elephant. There are 23 more paliyas in the compound. More eight memorials are outside of the compound and one dedicated to Rakhehar Dholi is some distance away. There are 32 memorials in total. There are eight tombs on the southwest of the shrine dedicated to the soldiers of the Mughal army. The site had a well and a mosque.[8][10]A new memorial was commissioned by Government of Gujarat at the site in 2007 and it was completed in September 2015.[16][17] A memorial forest, Shaheed Van, was opened to public in August 2016.[18] Since 1992, the memorial site is visited by people of Kshatriya community for prayers on Shitla Satam. The annual fair is organized on the last of the Shravan month (Shravan Vad Amavasya) which is attended by thousands.[7][10][19]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gujarat1964-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-General1965-25"}],"sub_title":"Mourning","text":"As Kunwar Ajaji had died on Shraavana Vad 7, Shitla Satam, the people of Navanagar State and adjoining Halar region had stopped the celebrations of the day. After years, when Bapubha, son of Jam Ranmalji born on the same day, the people started the celebrations of Shitla Satam. The people mourned for nearly 250 years on the day.[7][10][19]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durso Adho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adho_Duraso"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM2-14"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Datta1987-26"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSLJM1-2"},{"link_name":"Jhaverchand Meghani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhaverchand_Meghani"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DB2015-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De2015-13"},{"link_name":"Harilal Upadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilal_Upadhyay"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Upadhyay-27"}],"sub_title":"In literature","text":"Durso Adho, the court poet of Akbar, wrote a poetry with mixture of love and heroic moods titled Kumar Shri Ajajini Bhuchar Morini Gajgat.[10][20] The event is described in the works of court poets of Nawanagar; Vibhavilas (1893) by Vajmalji Mahedu and Yaduvansh Prakash (1934) by Mavdanji Ratnu.[2] Gujarati author Jhaverchand Meghani had written a novel, Samarangan in 1938 based on the event.[8][9] Harilal Upadhyay wrote Ranmedan (1993) focused on the background which led to the battle.[21]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Akbarnama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarnama"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Akbarnama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbarnama"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ He is also known as Jam Satrasal.\n\n^ Various sources suggest the strength of troops from 8900 to 9000. Akbarnama stated less than 10000 warriors.\n\n^ Numbers of Kathiawar force does note correspond to other sources. 17000 of Nawanagar, 10000 of Kherdi, 15000 of Junagadh, 5000 of Kutch and 1500 Atit Sadhus are stated in some sources but seems exaggerated. Other old sources place the Kathiawar forces ranging from 17000-21000 warriors. Akbarnama stated that it was more than 30000 but it seems that the forces reduced as Junagadh and Kundla forces left.\n\n^ It is stated in Akbarnama that Muzaffar left battlefield without fighting but no other source mention that he participated in the battle.\n\n^ The doha in Gujarati: સંવત સોળ અડતાલીસે, સાવણ માસ ઉદાર, જામ અજો સૂરપૂર ગયો, વદ સાતમ બુધવાર\n\n^ These dates are probably not true as the festival of Shitla Satam is marked as a day of death of Ajaji not corresponding to Vikram Samvat date. Hijri year 1001 correspond to 1593 which does not match.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PHI_1-17"},{"link_name":"\"Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in The Akbarnama\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM1_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM1_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM1_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM1_2-4"},{"link_name":"\"આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160510180850/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html"},{"link_name":"Gujarat Samachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Samachar"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TS1882_3-12"},{"link_name":"Ranchhodji Diwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchhodji_Diwan"},{"link_name":"Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YbsOAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PfefferBehera1997_4-0"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&pg=PA198"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7022-983-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-983-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bombay1969_6-0"},{"link_name":"Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3UMQAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894_10-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894_10-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894_10-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dos%C3%A1bhai1894_10-5"},{"link_name":"A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog"},{"link_name":"133","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog/page/n175"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gujarat1964_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gujarat1964_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gujarat1964_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gujarat1964_11-3"},{"link_name":"District Census Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=XcrUAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DB2015_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DB2015_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DB2015_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DB2015_12-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DB2015_12-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DB2015_12-5"},{"link_name":"\"ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-RJK-HMU-bhuchar-mori-war-history-in-rajkot-latest-news-5102199-NOR.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-De2015_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-De2015_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-De2015_13-2"},{"link_name":"\"A memorial dedicated to the battle of Bhuchar Mori ready to open\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//DeshGujarat.Com/2015/09/03/a-memorial-dedicated-to-the-battle-of-bhuchar-mori-ready-to-open/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GSLJM2_14-10"},{"link_name":"\"જામનગરની પ્રજાએ કુંવર અજાજીના મૃત્યુનો શોક અઢીસો વર્ષ પાળીને રાજભક્તિ દર્શાવી - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160510212540/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120506/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html"},{"link_name":"Gujarat Samachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Samachar"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120506/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Singhji1994_15-0"},{"link_name":"The Rajputs of Saurashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&pg=PA259"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-7154-546-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-546-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Srivastava1962_18-0"},{"link_name":"Political history, 1542-1605 A.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gn4bAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-India1980_19-0"},{"link_name":"The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ElYaAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Watson1879_20-0"},{"link_name":"Statistical Account of Porbandar: Being the Porbandar Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JYEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hodivala1979_21-0"},{"link_name":"Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, with a Foreword by Sir Richard Burn : Supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=73pDAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DeshGuj2015_22-0"},{"link_name":"\"Memorial to martyrs of Bhuchar Mori battle unveiled\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//DeshGujarat.Com/2015/09/04/memorial-to-martyrs-of-bhuchar-mori-battle-unveiled/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AP2015_23-0"},{"link_name":"\"Guj CM Dedicates Bhuchar Mori Shaheed Memorial at Dhrol, Jamnagar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160601222405/http://anandibenpatel.com/en/bhuchar-mori-shaheed-van-will-be-developed-says-guj-cm-while-dedicating-bhuchar-mori-shaheed-memorial-at-dhrol-jamnagar/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//anandibenpatel.com/en/bhuchar-mori-shaheed-van-will-be-developed-says-guj-cm-while-dedicating-bhuchar-mori-shaheed-memorial-at-dhrol-jamnagar/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"મુખ્ય પ્રધાન વિજય રૂપાણીએ 'ભૂચર મોરી'માં ખુલ્લુ મુકાયું 'શહીદ વન'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160825192022/http://sandesh.com/gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-at-bhuchar-mori/"},{"link_name":"Sandesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandesh_(Indian_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sandesh.com/gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-at-bhuchar-mori/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-General1965_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-General1965_25-1"},{"link_name":"Census of India, 1961: Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zQEdAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Datta1987_26-0"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA74"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-260-1803-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Upadhyay_27-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ranmedan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160306040304/http://www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/RanMedan.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/RanMedan.htm"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mughal_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperors"},{"link_name":"Babur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur"},{"link_name":"Humayun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun"},{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"Jahangir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir"},{"link_name":"Shahryar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Azam Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah"},{"link_name":"Bahadur Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Jahandar Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahandar_Shah"},{"link_name":"Farrukhsiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrukhsiyar"},{"link_name":"Rafi ud-Darajat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Shah Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"Alamgir II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_II"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III"},{"link_name":"Shah Alam II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Alam_II"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur"},{"link_name":"Akbar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_II"},{"link_name":"Bahadur Shah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar"},{"link_name":"Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_family_tree"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Foreign relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Mughal artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_artillery"},{"link_name":"Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subah"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Subah"},{"link_name":"Ajmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer_Subah"},{"link_name":"Awadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadh_Subah"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Subah"},{"link_name":"Berar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berar_Subah"},{"link_name":"Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Subah"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Subah"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Subah"},{"link_name":"Malwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_Subah"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subah_of_Multan"},{"link_name":"Sira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sira_Subah"},{"link_name":"Mughal-Rajput wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars"},{"link_name":"Mughal conquest of Malwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa"},{"link_name":"Gujarat conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)"},{"link_name":"Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)"},{"link_name":"Suppression of Tilpat rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat"},{"link_name":"Ahom–Mughal conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war"},{"link_name":"Mughal–Maratha wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars"},{"link_name":"Child's war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child%27s_war"},{"link_name":"Carnatic wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_wars"},{"link_name":"Bengal war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_war"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"Mughal–Sikh wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs"},{"link_name":"Mughal–Portuguese conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agra"},{"link_name":"Badli-ki-Serai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai"},{"link_name":"Bhuchar Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Buxar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar"},{"link_name":"Chanderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi"},{"link_name":"Chausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa"},{"link_name":"Ghagra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra"},{"link_name":"Haldighati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati"},{"link_name":"Karnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal"},{"link_name":"Khajwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa"},{"link_name":"Khanwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa"},{"link_name":"Najafgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh"},{"link_name":"Panipat (1526)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat"},{"link_name":"Panipat (1556)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat"},{"link_name":"Panipat (1761)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat"},{"link_name":"Plassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey"},{"link_name":"Raj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Samugarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh"},{"link_name":"Sirhind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)"},{"link_name":"Thanesar (1567)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)"},{"link_name":"Thanesar (1710)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)"},{"link_name":"Tukaroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi"},{"link_name":"Bakla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla"},{"link_name":"Bhulua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur"},{"link_name":"Chittorgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Daman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)"},{"link_name":"Daulatabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)"},{"link_name":"Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda"},{"link_name":"Hooghly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly"},{"link_name":"Jinji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji"},{"link_name":"Kandahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%9306)"},{"link_name":"Purandhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar"},{"link_name":"Ranthambore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)"},{"link_name":"Sambhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal"},{"link_name":"Baro-Bhuyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Isa Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Khan"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Usman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Usman"},{"link_name":"Bayazid of Sylhet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet"},{"link_name":"Musa Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Pratapaditya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratapaditya"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Lodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi"},{"link_name":"Rana Sanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rana_Sanga"},{"link_name":"Sher Shah Suri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri"},{"link_name":"Hemu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemu"},{"link_name":"Maharana Pratap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharana_Pratap"},{"link_name":"Malik Ambar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ambar"},{"link_name":"Gokula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokula"},{"link_name":"Shivaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji"},{"link_name":"Lachit Borphukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan"},{"link_name":"Khushal Khattak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushal_Khattak"},{"link_name":"Josiah Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"Henry Every","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Every"},{"link_name":"Bajirao I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajirao_I"},{"link_name":"Nader Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah"},{"link_name":"Hector Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecture"},{"link_name":"Agra Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Fort"},{"link_name":"Lahore Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Fort"},{"link_name":"Lalbagh Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort"},{"link_name":"Red Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort"},{"link_name":"Jahangir Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha"},{"link_name":"Sheesh Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)"},{"link_name":"Mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques"},{"link_name":"Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad"},{"link_name":"Jama Masjid (Delhi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Chawk Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chawk_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Badshahi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta"},{"link_name":"Sunehri Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Wazir Khan Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Tombs and mausoleums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs"},{"link_name":"Akbar's Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Bibi Ka Maqbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara"},{"link_name":"Gardens of Babur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur"},{"link_name":"Humayun's Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb"},{"link_name":"Jahangir's Tomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Salim Chishti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Nur Jahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan"},{"link_name":"List of tombs of Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Fatehpur Sikri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri"},{"link_name":"Shalimar Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore"},{"link_name":"Achabal Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achabal_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Shahi Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur"},{"link_name":"more","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture"},{"link_name":"Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art"},{"link_name":"Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture"},{"link_name":"Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_clothing"},{"link_name":"Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_garden"},{"link_name":"Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_painting"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_tribe"},{"link_name":"Weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_weapons"},{"link_name":"Sur Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Empire"},{"link_name":"Maratha Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rajput states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajputana"},{"link_name":"Jats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jat_people"},{"link_name":"Sikh Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nawabs of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad"},{"link_name":"Nawabs of Awadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh"},{"link_name":"Nizam of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State"},{"link_name":"Carnatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_state"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore"},{"link_name":"Rohilkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohilkhand"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Fazl, Abu. \"Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in The Akbarnama\". Packard Humanities Institute. pp. 902–911. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2016.\n\n^ a b c d e Jadav, Joravarsinh (29 April 2012). \"આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\". Gujarat Samachar (in Gujarati). Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ranchhodji Diwan (1882). Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd. Education Society Press, & Thacker. pp. 247–252.\n\n^ Georg Pfeffer; Deepak Kumar Behera (1997). Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society. Concept Publishing Company. p. 198. ISBN 978-81-7022-983-4.\n\n^ Asiatic Society of Bombay (1969). Journal. p. 153.\n\n^ a b c d e f Edalji Dosábhai (1894). A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. United Print. and General Agency. pp. 133–147.\n\n^ a b c d India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat (1964). District Census Handbook. Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Gujarat State. pp. 41, 45, 195.\n\n^ a b c d e f \"ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ\". divyabhaskar (in Gujarati). 3 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2016.\n\n^ a b c DeshGujarat (3 September 2015). \"A memorial dedicated to the battle of Bhuchar Mori ready to open\". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 10 May 2016.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Jadav, Joravarsinh (6 June 2012). \"જામનગરની પ્રજાએ કુંવર અજાજીના મૃત્યુનો શોક અઢીસો વર્ષ પાળીને રાજભક્તિ દર્શાવી - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\". Gujarat Samachar (in Gujarati). Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.\n\n^ Virbhadra Singhji (1 January 1994). The Rajputs of Saurashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. 259. ISBN 978-81-7154-546-9.\n\n^ Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1962). Political history, 1542-1605 A.D. Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 323.\n\n^ Numismatic Society of India (1980). The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India. p. 133.\n\n^ John Whaley Watson (1879). Statistical Account of Porbandar: Being the Porbandar Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer. Printed at the Education Society's Press. p. 26.\n\n^ Shahpurshah Hormasji Hodivala (1979). Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, with a Foreword by Sir Richard Burn : Supplement. Islamic Book Service. p. 557.\n\n^ DeshGujarat (4 September 2015). \"Memorial to martyrs of Bhuchar Mori battle unveiled\". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 10 May 2016.\n\n^ \"Guj CM Dedicates Bhuchar Mori Shaheed Memorial at Dhrol, Jamnagar\". Official Website of Gujarat Chief Minister Anandiben Patel. 4 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.\n\n^ \"મુખ્ય પ્રધાન વિજય રૂપાણીએ 'ભૂચર મોરી'માં ખુલ્લુ મુકાયું 'શહીદ વન'\". Sandesh. 14 August 2016. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2017.\n\n^ a b Office of the Registrar General India (1965). Census of India, 1961: Gujarat. Manager of Publications. p. 378.\n\n^ Amaresh Datta (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.\n\n^ Upadhyay, Jiten. \"Ranmedan\". Historical Novel in Gujarati By Harilal Upadhyay (in Gujarati). Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.vteMughal EmpireEmperors\nBabur\nHumayun\nAkbar\nJahangir\nShahryar\nShah Jahan\nAurangzeb (Alamgir I)\nMuhammad Azam Shah\nBahadur Shah I\nJahandar Shah\nFarrukhsiyar\nRafi ud-Darajat\nShah Jahan II\nMuhammad Shah\nAhmad Shah Bahadur\nAlamgir II\nShah Jahan III\nShah Alam II\nShah Jahan IV\nAkbar II\nBahadur Shah II\nAdministration\nDynasty\nfamily tree\nEconomy\nFlag\nForeign relations\nGovernment\nMilitary\nMughal artillery\nProvinces\nAgra\nAjmer\nAwadh\nBengal\nBerar\nGujarat\nDelhi\nHyderabad\nLahore\nMalwa\nMultan\nSira\n\nConflicts\nMughal-Rajput wars\nMughal conquest of Malwa\nGujarat conquest\nMughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)\nMughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)\nSuppression of Tilpat rebellion\nAhom–Mughal conflicts\nTibet–Ladakh–Mughal war\nMughal–Maratha wars\nChild's war\nCarnatic wars\nBengal war\nIndian Rebellion of 1857\nMughal–Sikh wars\nMughal–Portuguese conflicts\nBattles\nAgra\nBadli-ki-Serai\nBhuchar Mori\nBuxar\nChanderi\nChausa\nGhagra\nHaldighati\nKarnal\nKhajwa\nKhanwa\nNajafgarh\nPanipat (1526)\nPanipat (1556)\nPanipat (1761)\nPlassey\nRaj Mahal\nSamugarh\nSirhind\nThanesar (1567)\nThanesar (1710)\nTukaroi\nBakla\nBhulua\nSieges\nBijapur\nChittorgarh\nDelhi\nDaman\nDaulatabad\nGolconda\nHooghly\nJinji\nKandahar\nPurandhar\nRanthambore\nSambhal\nAdversaries\nBaro-Bhuyan\nIsa Khan\nKhwaja Usman\nBayazid of Sylhet\nMusa Khan\nPratapaditya\nIbrahim Lodi\nRana Sanga\nSher Shah Suri\nHemu\nMaharana Pratap\nMalik Ambar\nGokula\nShivaji\nLachit Borphukan\nKhushal Khattak\nJosiah Child\nGuru Gobind Singh\nHenry Every\nBajirao I\nNader Shah\nHector Munro\n\nArchitectureForts and palaces\nAgra Fort\nLahore Fort\nLalbagh Fort\nRed Fort\nJahangir Mahal\nSheesh Mahal\nMosques\nAlamgir Mosque, Aurangabad\nJama Masjid (Delhi)\nChawk Mosque\nBadshahi Mosque\nShah Jahan Mosque, Thatta\nSunehri Masjid\nWazir Khan Mosque\nTombs and mausoleums\nAkbar's Tomb\nBibi Ka Maqbara\nGardens of Babur\nHumayun's Tomb\nJahangir's Tomb\nTaj Mahal\nTomb of Salim Chishti\nTomb of Aurangzeb\nTomb of Nur Jahan\nList of tombs of Mughal Empire\nOthers\nFatehpur Sikri\nShalimar Gardens\nAchabal Gardens\nShahi Bridge\nmore\nSee also\nArt\nCuisine\nCulture\nFashion\nGardens\nLanguage\nPainting\nPersians\nTribe\nWeapons\nSuccessor states\nSur Empire (interrupted)\nMaratha Empire\nRajput states\nJats\nSikh Empire\nNawabs of Bengal\nNawabs of Awadh\nNizam of Hyderabad\nCarnatic\nKingdom of Mysore\nRohilkhand","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Jam Sataji","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shri_Jam_Sataji_First.JPG/220px-Shri_Jam_Sataji_First.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jam Ajaji who died in battle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Shri_Jam_Ajaji.JPG/220px-Shri_Jam_Ajaji.JPG"},{"image_text":"On the north side wall of the memorial shrine, a 16th-century art in traditional style depicting Ajaji on the horse attacking Mirza Aziz Koka on an elephant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bhuchar_mori_stone_memorial_07.jpg/220px-Bhuchar_mori_stone_memorial_07.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Fazl, Abu. \"Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in The Akbarnama\". Packard Humanities Institute. pp. 902–911. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0","url_text":"\"Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in The Akbarnama\""},{"url":"http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jadav, Joravarsinh (29 April 2012). \"આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\". Gujarat Samachar (in Gujarati). Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160510180850/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html","url_text":"\"આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Samachar","url_text":"Gujarat Samachar"},{"url":"http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ranchhodji Diwan (1882). Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd. Education Society Press, & Thacker. pp. 247–252.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchhodji_Diwan","url_text":"Ranchhodji Diwan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YbsOAAAAQAAJ","url_text":"Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd"}]},{"reference":"Georg Pfeffer; Deepak Kumar Behera (1997). Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society. Concept Publishing Company. p. 198. ISBN 978-81-7022-983-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&pg=PA198","url_text":"Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-983-4","url_text":"978-81-7022-983-4"}]},{"reference":"Asiatic Society of Bombay (1969). Journal. p. 153.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3UMQAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Journal"}]},{"reference":"Edalji Dosábhai (1894). A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. United Print. and General Agency. pp. 133–147.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog","url_text":"A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog/page/n175","url_text":"133"}]},{"reference":"India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Gujarat (1964). District Census Handbook. Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Gujarat State. pp. 41, 45, 195.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XcrUAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"District Census Handbook"}]},{"reference":"\"ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ\". divyabhaskar (in Gujarati). 3 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-RJK-HMU-bhuchar-mori-war-history-in-rajkot-latest-news-5102199-NOR.html","url_text":"\"ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ\""}]},{"reference":"DeshGujarat (3 September 2015). \"A memorial dedicated to the battle of Bhuchar Mori ready to open\". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/09/03/a-memorial-dedicated-to-the-battle-of-bhuchar-mori-ready-to-open/","url_text":"\"A memorial dedicated to the battle of Bhuchar Mori ready to open\""}]},{"reference":"Jadav, Joravarsinh (6 June 2012). \"જામનગરની પ્રજાએ કુંવર અજાજીના મૃત્યુનો શોક અઢીસો વર્ષ પાળીને રાજભક્તિ દર્શાવી - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\". Gujarat Samachar (in Gujarati). Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160510212540/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120506/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html","url_text":"\"જામનગરની પ્રજાએ કુંવર અજાજીના મૃત્યુનો શોક અઢીસો વર્ષ પાળીને રાજભક્તિ દર્શાવી - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Samachar","url_text":"Gujarat Samachar"},{"url":"http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120506/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Virbhadra Singhji (1 January 1994). The Rajputs of Saurashtra. Popular Prakashan. p. 259. ISBN 978-81-7154-546-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&pg=PA259","url_text":"The Rajputs of Saurashtra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-546-9","url_text":"978-81-7154-546-9"}]},{"reference":"Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava (1962). Political history, 1542-1605 A.D. Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 323.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gn4bAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Political history, 1542-1605 A.D"}]},{"reference":"Numismatic Society of India (1980). The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India. p. 133.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ElYaAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India"}]},{"reference":"John Whaley Watson (1879). Statistical Account of Porbandar: Being the Porbandar Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer. Printed at the Education Society's Press. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JYEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26","url_text":"Statistical Account of Porbandar: Being the Porbandar Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer"}]},{"reference":"Shahpurshah Hormasji Hodivala (1979). Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, with a Foreword by Sir Richard Burn : Supplement. Islamic Book Service. p. 557.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=73pDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, with a Foreword by Sir Richard Burn : Supplement"}]},{"reference":"DeshGujarat (4 September 2015). \"Memorial to martyrs of Bhuchar Mori battle unveiled\". DeshGujarat. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/09/04/memorial-to-martyrs-of-bhuchar-mori-battle-unveiled/","url_text":"\"Memorial to martyrs of Bhuchar Mori battle unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guj CM Dedicates Bhuchar Mori Shaheed Memorial at Dhrol, Jamnagar\". Official Website of Gujarat Chief Minister Anandiben Patel. 4 September 2015. Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160601222405/http://anandibenpatel.com/en/bhuchar-mori-shaheed-van-will-be-developed-says-guj-cm-while-dedicating-bhuchar-mori-shaheed-memorial-at-dhrol-jamnagar/","url_text":"\"Guj CM Dedicates Bhuchar Mori Shaheed Memorial at Dhrol, Jamnagar\""},{"url":"http://anandibenpatel.com/en/bhuchar-mori-shaheed-van-will-be-developed-says-guj-cm-while-dedicating-bhuchar-mori-shaheed-memorial-at-dhrol-jamnagar/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"મુખ્ય પ્રધાન વિજય રૂપાણીએ 'ભૂચર મોરી'માં ખુલ્લુ મુકાયું 'શહીદ વન'\". Sandesh. 14 August 2016. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160825192022/http://sandesh.com/gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-at-bhuchar-mori/","url_text":"\"મુખ્ય પ્રધાન વિજય રૂપાણીએ 'ભૂચર મોરી'માં ખુલ્લુ મુકાયું 'શહીદ વન'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandesh_(Indian_newspaper)","url_text":"Sandesh"},{"url":"http://sandesh.com/gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-at-bhuchar-mori/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Office of the Registrar General India (1965). Census of India, 1961: Gujarat. Manager of Publications. p. 378.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zQEdAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Census of India, 1961: Gujarat"}]},{"reference":"Amaresh Datta (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 74–. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA74","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1","url_text":"978-81-260-1803-1"}]},{"reference":"Upadhyay, Jiten. \"Ranmedan\". Historical Novel in Gujarati By Harilal Upadhyay (in Gujarati). Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040304/http://www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/RanMedan.htm","url_text":"\"Ranmedan\""},{"url":"http://www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/RanMedan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori&params=22.582_N_70.4_E_type:event_region:IN","external_links_name":"22°34′55″N 70°24′00″E / 22.582°N 70.400°E / 22.582; 70.400"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori&params=22.582_N_70.4_E_type:event_region:IN","external_links_name":"22°34′55″N 70°24′00″E / 22.582°N 70.400°E / 22.582; 70.400"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180714022016/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0","external_links_name":"\"Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in The Akbarnama\""},{"Link":"http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702050%26ct%3D0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160510180850/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html","external_links_name":"\"આશરા ધર્મને ઉજાગર કરતી સૌરાષ્ટ્રની સૌથી મોટી ભૂચર મોરીની લડાઇ - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\""},{"Link":"http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120429/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YbsOAAAAQAAJ","external_links_name":"Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R--XMUsk7sIC&pg=PA198","external_links_name":"Contemporary Society: Concept of tribal society"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3UMQAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Journal"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog","external_links_name":"A History of Gujarát: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ahistorygujartf00dosgoog/page/n175","external_links_name":"133"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XcrUAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"District Census Handbook"},{"Link":"http://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-RJK-HMU-bhuchar-mori-war-history-in-rajkot-latest-news-5102199-NOR.html","external_links_name":"\"ગૌરવ ગાથા: ક્ષાત્રધર્મના પાલન માટે ખેલાયું ભૂચર મોરીનું યુધ્ધ\""},{"Link":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/09/03/a-memorial-dedicated-to-the-battle-of-bhuchar-mori-ready-to-open/","external_links_name":"\"A memorial dedicated to the battle of Bhuchar Mori ready to open\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160510212540/http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120506/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html","external_links_name":"\"જામનગરની પ્રજાએ કુંવર અજાજીના મૃત્યુનો શોક અઢીસો વર્ષ પાળીને રાજભક્તિ દર્શાવી - લોકજીવનનાં મોતી\""},{"Link":"http://www.gujaratsamachar.com/gujaratsamachar.com/20120506/purti/ravipurti/lokjivan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&pg=PA259","external_links_name":"The Rajputs of Saurashtra"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gn4bAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Political history, 1542-1605 A.D"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ElYaAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JYEoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA26","external_links_name":"Statistical Account of Porbandar: Being the Porbandar Contribution to the Káthiáwár Portion of the Bombay Gazetteer"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=73pDAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Studies in Indo-Muslim History: A Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's History of India as Told by Its Own Historians, with a Foreword by Sir Richard Burn : Supplement"},{"Link":"http://deshgujarat.com/2015/09/04/memorial-to-martyrs-of-bhuchar-mori-battle-unveiled/","external_links_name":"\"Memorial to martyrs of Bhuchar Mori battle unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160601222405/http://anandibenpatel.com/en/bhuchar-mori-shaheed-van-will-be-developed-says-guj-cm-while-dedicating-bhuchar-mori-shaheed-memorial-at-dhrol-jamnagar/","external_links_name":"\"Guj CM Dedicates Bhuchar Mori Shaheed Memorial at Dhrol, Jamnagar\""},{"Link":"http://anandibenpatel.com/en/bhuchar-mori-shaheed-van-will-be-developed-says-guj-cm-while-dedicating-bhuchar-mori-shaheed-memorial-at-dhrol-jamnagar/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160825192022/http://sandesh.com/gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-at-bhuchar-mori/","external_links_name":"\"મુખ્ય પ્રધાન વિજય રૂપાણીએ 'ભૂચર મોરી'માં ખુલ્લુ મુકાયું 'શહીદ વન'\""},{"Link":"http://sandesh.com/gujarat-cm-vijay-rupani-at-bhuchar-mori/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zQEdAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Census of India, 1961: Gujarat"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA74","external_links_name":"Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040304/http://www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/RanMedan.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ranmedan\""},{"Link":"http://www.harilalupadhyay.org/bookdetails/RanMedan.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Ro_people
Cho Ro people
["1 References"]
Ethnic group Chơ RoTotal population Vietnam 29,520 (2019)Regions with significant populationsVietnam : Đồng Nai, Bình Dương, Bình Phước, Bà Rịa–Vũng TàuLanguagesVietnamese • ChrauReligionAnimism • Theravada Buddhism The Chơ Ro (or Chau Ro, Do Ro; Vietnamese: người Chơ Ro) are a Mon–Khmer people in Vietnam. Most Chơ Ro live in the Đồng Nai, Bình Dương, Bình Phước and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu provinces. The population was 29,520 in 2019. Their New Year Festival (Cho Ro language: Yang Pa) has the purpose of worshipping their Rice God. References ^ "Report on Results of the 2019 Census". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020. vte Ethnic groups in Vietnam by language familyAustroasiatic (Vietic) Chứt Mường Nguồn Thổ Việt (Kinh) Austroasiatic (non-Vietic) Ba Na Brâu Bru-Vân Kiều Co Cơ Tu Giẻ Triêng Hrê Kháng Khơ Mú Mảng M'Nông Xtiêng Cơ Ho Mạ Chơ Ro Ơ Đu Rơ Măm Tà Ôi Xinh Mun Xơ Đăng Khmer Hmong–Dao Dao H'Mông/Mông Pà Thẻn Tai–Kadai Bố Y Giáy Lào Lự Nùng Sán Chay Tày Thái Thái Đen Thái Đỏ Thái Trắng Phu Thái Tày Thanh Thái Hàng Tổng Cơ Lao La Chí La Ha Pu Péo Thủy Sino-Tibetan languages Han Hoa Ngái Sán Dìu Tibeto-Burman Cống Hà Nhì La Hủ Lô Lô Phù Lá Si La Malayo-Polynesian Chăm Chu Ru Ê Đê Gia Rai Raglai Expatriate Indian Japanese Korean Jewish Nigerian Taiwanese italic – Not officially recognized Vietnam portal Category Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people"},{"link_name":"Mon–Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Khmer"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Đồng Nai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_Province"},{"link_name":"Bình Dương","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Province"},{"link_name":"Bình Phước","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Province"},{"link_name":"Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0_R%E1%BB%8Ba%E2%80%93V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u_province"},{"link_name":"Cho Ro language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Ro_language"},{"link_name":"Yang Pa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yang_Pa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Chơ Ro (or Chau Ro, Do Ro; Vietnamese: người Chơ Ro) are a Mon–Khmer people in Vietnam. Most Chơ Ro live in the Đồng Nai, Bình Dương, Bình Phước and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu provinces. The population was 29,520 in 2019.Their New Year Festival (Cho Ro language: Yang Pa) has the purpose of worshipping their Rice God.[citation needed]","title":"Cho Ro people"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Report on Results of the 2019 Census\". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YK6iY-j0AfZTuip28Py2Gmz5P8zw04Rn/view?usp=sharing","url_text":"\"Report on Results of the 2019 Census\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YK6iY-j0AfZTuip28Py2Gmz5P8zw04Rn/view?usp=sharing","external_links_name":"\"Report on Results of the 2019 Census\""},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540778605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009004997","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_X
Callanish X
["1 External links"]
Coordinates: 58°12′14″N 6°43′01″W / 58.203860°N 6.716981°W / 58.203860; -6.716981 The Callanish X stone circle (or "Na Dromannan", "Druim Nan Eun") is one of many megalithic structures around the more well-known and larger Calanais I on the west coast of the isle of Lewis, in the Western Isles of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. External links Calanais Excavations - Na Dromannan Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine vtePrehistoric Western IslesCallanish Sites Callanish 1 Callanish II Callanish III Callanish IV Callanish VIII Callanish X Other Neolithic Sites Barpa Langass Carinish Clach an Trushal Eilean Dòmhnuill Fir Bhreige Pobull Fhinn Steinacleit St Kilda Bronze and Iron Age Sites Allasdale Cladh Hallan Dun an Sticir Dun Bharabhat Dun Carloway Dùn Èistean Dun Vulan vteEuropean megalithsArmenia Metsamor Zorats Karer Azerbaijan Gobustan Rocks Bulgaria Beglik Tash Garlo France Barnenez Tumulus of Bougon Caixa de Rotllan Carnac Menhir de Champ-Dolent Dolmen de Bagneux Broken Menhir of Er Grah Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned Filitosa Gallardet Dolmen Gavrinis Harrespil Hotié de Viviane Kerzérho Locmariaquer megaliths Mane Braz Paddaghju Peyre-Brune Tombeau de Merlin Tremeca Verziau of Gargantua Germany Altendorf Denghoog Fraubillen cross Harhoog Lancken-Granitz dolmens Lohra Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Niedertiefenbach Oldendorfer Totenstatt Riesenstein Route of Megalithic Culture Sieben Steinhäuser Wotanstein Züschen Guernsey Castel Menhir Le Creux ès Faïes Déhus Dolmen Les Fouillages La Gran'mère du Chimquière Le Trépied La Varde Ireland List of five-stone circles List of multiple-stone circles Ardgroom Ardristan standing stones Beltany stone circle Bohonagh Brownshill dolmen Brú na Bóinne Carrigagulla Carrowmore Castlenalacht Stone Row Castlestrange Stone Creevykeel Court Tomb Drombeg Gaulstown Portal Tomb Glantane East Grange stone circle High cross Kealkill Knocknakilla Meehambee Dolmen Piper's Stones Poulnabrone dolmen Reask Templebryan Stone Circle Turoe Stone Uragh Stone Circle Jersey Jersey dolmens La Hougue Bie Malta Megalithic Temples (Borġ l-Imramma Borġ in-Nadur Buġibba Debdieba Ġgantija Ħaġar Qim Ħal Ġinwi Kordin Mnajdra Qortin l-Imdawwar Santa Verna Skorba Ta' Ħaġrat Ta' Marżiena Ta' Raddiena Tal-Qadi Tarxien Tas-Silġ Xemxija Xrobb l-Għaġin) Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum Xagħra Stone Circle Netherlands Hunebed Poland Brąchnówko Grzybnica Odry Węsiory Portugal Almendres Cromlech Anta de Adrenunes Anta de Agualva Anta do Alto da Toupeira‎ Antas do Barrocal Anta de Carcavelos Anta da Estria Antas da Valeira Anta do Monte Abraão Antas do Olival da Pêga Anta da Pedra dos Mouros Anta das Pedras Grandes Anta da Vidigueira Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro Barreira Megalithic Complex Dolmen of Cunha Baixa Dolmen of Carapito I Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja Menhir of Outeiro Menhir of Bulhoa Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech Xerez Cromlech Russia Dolmens of North Caucasus Thunder Stone Megaliths in the Urals Russian geoglyph Scandinavia Picture stones Runestones Stone circles Stone ships Spain Antequera Dolmens Site La chabola de la Hechicera Cova d'en Daina Dolmen de Axeitos Dolmen of Guadalperal Dolmen of Menga Dolmen de la Pastora Dolmen del prado de Lácara Dolmen de Soto Dolmen de Viera La Torre–La Janera Son Matge Turkey Obelisk of Theodosius Ukraine Boundary Stones UnitedKingdomEngland Arbor Low Avebury Barbrook One Birkrigg Boscawen-Un Boskednan Bridestones Brown Willy Cairns Bull Ring Burnmoor stone circles Castlerigg Craddock Moor Devil's Arrows Doll Tor Drizzlecombe Duloe Fernacre Five Wells Gardom's Edge Goodaver Grey Wethers Hoarstones Hordron Edge Hurlers Leper Stone Long Meg and Her Daughters Mên-an-Tol Merry Maidens Mitchell's Fold Mulfra Quoit Nine Ladies Nine Stones, Altarnun Nine Stones Close Pipers Rollright Rudston Monolith Scorhill Stannon Stanton Drew Stonehenge Stripple Swinside Trethevy Quoit Trippet Northern Ireland Aughlish Ballynoe Beaghmore Corick Drumskinny Legananny Giant's Ring Scotland List of recumbent stone circles Auld Bourtreebush Balquhain Callanish I II III IV VIII X Carlin Cat Stane Clach an Trushal Colmeallie Dunnideer Drybridge Easter Aquhorthies Kirkton of Bourtie Loanhead of Daviot Lochmaben Stone Pictish Ring of Brodgar Sheldon Stenness Steinacleit Strichen Sunhoney Tomnaverie Tyrebagger Yonder Bognie Wales Barclodiad y Gawres Bedd Arthur Bedd Taliesin Bodowyr Bryn Cader Faner Bryn Celli Ddu Bryn Gwyn stones Capel Garmon Carreg Coetan Arthur Carreg Samson Coetan Arthur Foel Chwern Llanfechell Lligwy Burial Chamber Maen Llia Maen Madoc Meini Hirion Moel Tŷ Uchaf Parc Cwm long cairn Penrhos Feilw Pentre Ifan St Lythans burial chamber Trefignath Tinkinswood Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber Whetstones Isle of Man Manx runestones General Axial stone circle Chambered cairn Concentric stone circle Dolmen Henge Harrespil Menhir Standing stone Stone circle Stone row Recumbent stone circle Photographs of stone circles Middle Eastern megaliths 58°12′14″N 6°43′01″W / 58.203860°N 6.716981°W / 58.203860; -6.716981 This article about a location in the Western Isles is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article relating to archaeology in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Scottish building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stone circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_circle"},{"link_name":"megalithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalithic"},{"link_name":"Calanais I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callanish_Stones"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Outer Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"}],"text":"The Callanish X stone circle (or \"Na Dromannan\", \"Druim Nan Eun\") is one of many megalithic structures around the more well-known and larger Calanais I on the west coast of the isle of Lewis, in the Western Isles of the Outer Hebrides, Scotland.","title":"Callanish X"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Callanish_X&params=58.203860_N_6.716981_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"58°12′14″N 6°43′01″W / 58.203860°N 6.716981°W / 58.203860; -6.716981"},{"Link":"http://web.onetel.net.uk/~breasclete/Circle_Page.html","external_links_name":"Calanais Excavations - Na Dromannan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172824/http://web.onetel.net.uk/~breasclete/Circle_Page.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Callanish_X&params=58.203860_N_6.716981_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"58°12′14″N 6°43′01″W / 58.203860°N 6.716981°W / 58.203860; -6.716981"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callanish_X&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callanish_X&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callanish_X&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driffield_railway_station
Driffield railway station
["1 History","1.1 Station Masters","2 Facilities","3 Services","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 54°00′05″N 0°25′55″W / 54.00150°N 0.43200°W / 54.00150; -0.43200Railway station in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England DriffieldClass 158 at Driffield stationGeneral informationLocationDriffield, East Riding of YorkshireEnglandCoordinates54°00′05″N 0°25′55″W / 54.00150°N 0.43200°W / 54.00150; -0.43200Grid referenceTA027573Managed byNorthernPlatforms2Other informationStation codeDRFClassificationDfT category F1Passengers2018/19 0.250 million2019/20 0.263 million2020/21 63,0022021/22 0.212 million2022/23 0.240 million NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road Driffield railway station serves the town of Driffield in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is located on the Hull–Scarborough line and is operated by Northern, providing all passenger train services. History The station was opened by the York and North Midland Railway on 6 October 1846, at the same time as the line from Hull to Bridlington. The independent Malton & Driffield Railway company obtained parliamentary approval to build a branch line between there and Malton in the same year, but more than six years would pass before it was ready for traffic, the first train running in May 1853. This was never more than a rural branch line, but the final route into the town, from Selby via Market Weighton (opened on 1 May 1890), proved rather more important as it soon became busy with holiday traffic from the West Riding heading for the resorts further up the coast. Today, though only the original coast line remains in use, the Malton line having succumbed to road competition as long ago as June 1950, the Selby line falling victim to the Beeching Axe almost exactly fifteen years later (closing on 14 June 1965). Station Masters Francis Warwick 1846 – 1883 Thomas House 1883 – 1902 John Mace/Mais 1902 – 1920 William James Chapman 1920 – 1925 (formerly station master at Market Weighton) E.H. Fowler 1925 – 1932 (afterwards station master at Northallerton) Thomas E. Allen 1932 – 1936 (afterwards station master at Bridlington) James T. Batty 1936 – 1942 (afterwards station master at Beverley) James Dennis 1942 – 1944 (afterwards station master at Beverley) E.W. Hope 1944 – ???? H. Mattison 1946 – 1951 (formerly station master at Leyburn, afterwards station master at Malton) H. Bradshaw 1951 – 1953 A.R. Binner 1953 (formerly station master at Newsham) F. Newlove 1956 – 1961 (formerly station master at Church Fenton, afterwards station master at Malton) L. Haigh 1961 – ???? (formerly station master at Bubwith) This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2017) Facilities The station is staffed part-time, with the ticket office open from 07:15 to 13:30 six days per week (closed on Sundays). A ticket machine is also available. Waiting rooms are provided on both platforms. Train running information is offered by digital information screens, telephone and timetable posters. Both platforms have step-free access. Services The station has a twice hourly service in each direction to Hull and Bridlington on weekdays, with alternate northbound trains continuing on to Scarborough. Many of the Hull services run through to Doncaster and Sheffield or York. There is an hourly service each way on Sundays to Scarborough and Sheffield throughout the year (rather than in summer only) since the timetable change in December 2009. Notes ^ Body 1988, p. 63. ^ "Driffield. Retirement of the Station-Master". Beverley and East Riding Recorder. England. 24 February 1883. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Presentation to the Driffield Stationmaster". Hull Daily Mail. England. 14 May 1902. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Driffield. New Stationmaster". Hull Daily Mail. England. 5 May 1902. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Driffield 52 years' service". Leeds Mercury. England. 11 September 1925. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Mr Fowler". Hull Daily Mail. England. 23 October 1925. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Driffield's New Stationmaster". Leeds Mercury. England. 30 May 1932. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Mr. James. T. Batty". Leeds Mercury. England. 27 May 1936. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ "Beverley Station". Hull Daily Mail. England. 12 October 1944. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ Driffield station facilities National Rail Enquiries; Retrieved 8 December 2015 ^ Table 43 National Rail timetable, December 2019 References Body, G. (1988). PSL Field Guides – Railways of the Eastern Region Volume 2. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-072-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Driffield railway station. Train times and station information for Driffield railway station from National Rail Driffield station at The Yorkshire Wolds Railway Restoration Project "Station Name: Driffield". Disused Stations. Subterranea Britannica. 17 April 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. Preceding station   National Rail   Following station Hutton CranswickNorthernHull–Scarborough lineNafferton Historical railways Hutton CranswickY&NMRHull and Scarborough LineNafferton Disused railways GartonMalton & Driffield RailwayTerminus SouthburnNERSelby to Driffield Line This article on a railway station in Yorkshire and the Humber is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Driffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driffield"},{"link_name":"East Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Hull–Scarborough line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull%E2%80%93Scarborough_line"},{"link_name":"Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_(train_operating_company)"}],"text":"Railway station in the East Riding of Yorkshire, EnglandDriffield railway station serves the town of Driffield in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is located on the Hull–Scarborough line and is operated by Northern, providing all passenger train services.","title":"Driffield railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York and North Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_and_North_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bridlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridlington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Malton & Driffield Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malton_%26_Driffield_Railway"},{"link_name":"Malton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malton,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Selby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Market Weighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Weighton"},{"link_name":"Beeching Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeching_Axe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBody198863-1"}],"text":"The station was opened by the York and North Midland Railway on 6 October 1846, at the same time as the line from Hull to Bridlington. The independent Malton & Driffield Railway company obtained parliamentary approval to build a branch line between there and Malton in the same year, but more than six years would pass before it was ready for traffic, the first train running in May 1853.This was never more than a rural branch line, but the final route into the town, from Selby via Market Weighton (opened on 1 May 1890), proved rather more important as it soon became busy with holiday traffic from the West Riding heading for the resorts further up the coast. Today, though only the original coast line remains in use, the Malton line having succumbed to road competition as long ago as June 1950, the Selby line falling victim to the Beeching Axe almost exactly fifteen years later[1] (closing on 14 June 1965).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Station Masters","text":"Francis Warwick 1846 – 1883[2]\nThomas House 1883 – 1902[3]\nJohn Mace/Mais 1902[4] – 1920\nWilliam James Chapman 1920 – 1925[5] (formerly station master at Market Weighton)\nE.H. Fowler 1925[6] – 1932 (afterwards station master at Northallerton)\nThomas E. Allen 1932[7] – 1936 (afterwards station master at Bridlington)\nJames T. Batty 1936[8] – 1942 (afterwards station master at Beverley)\nJames Dennis 1942 – 1944[9] (afterwards station master at Beverley)\nE.W. Hope 1944 – ????\nH. Mattison 1946 – 1951 (formerly station master at Leyburn, afterwards station master at Malton)\nH. Bradshaw 1951 – 1953\nA.R. Binner 1953 (formerly station master at Newsham)\nF. Newlove 1956 – 1961 (formerly station master at Church Fenton, afterwards station master at Malton)\nL. Haigh 1961 – ???? (formerly station master at Bubwith)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The station is staffed part-time, with the ticket office open from 07:15 to 13:30 six days per week (closed on Sundays). A ticket machine is also available. Waiting rooms are provided on both platforms. Train running information is offered by digital information screens, telephone and timetable posters. Both platforms have step-free access.[10]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The station has a twice hourly service in each direction to Hull and Bridlington on weekdays, with alternate northbound trains continuing on to Scarborough. Many of the Hull services run through to Doncaster and Sheffield or York. There is an hourly service each way on Sundays to Scarborough and Sheffield throughout the year (rather than in summer only) since the timetable change in December 2009.[11]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBody198863_1-0"},{"link_name":"Body 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBody1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Driffield. Retirement of the Station-Master\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001564/18830224/059/0005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Presentation to the Driffield Stationmaster\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19020514/024/0004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Driffield. New Stationmaster\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19020505/046/0005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Driffield 52 years' service\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19250911/196/0009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Mr Fowler\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19251023/114/0005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Driffield's New Stationmaster\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19320530/079/0005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Mr. James. T. Batty\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19360527/175/0005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Beverley Station\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19441012/044/0004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Driffield station facilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/drf/details.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"National Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rail"}],"text":"^ Body 1988, p. 63.\n\n^ \"Driffield. Retirement of the Station-Master\". Beverley and East Riding Recorder. England. 24 February 1883. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\n^ \"Presentation to the Driffield Stationmaster\". Hull Daily Mail. England. 14 May 1902. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\n^ \"Driffield. New Stationmaster\". Hull Daily Mail. England. 5 May 1902. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\n^ \"Driffield 52 years' service\". Leeds Mercury. England. 11 September 1925. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\n^ \"Mr Fowler\". Hull Daily Mail. England. 23 October 1925. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\n^ \"Driffield's New Stationmaster\". Leeds Mercury. England. 30 May 1932. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\n^ \"Mr. James. T. Batty\". Leeds Mercury. England. 27 May 1936. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\n^ \"Beverley Station\". Hull Daily Mail. England. 12 October 1944. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.\n\n^ Driffield station facilities National Rail Enquiries; Retrieved 8 December 2015\n\n^ Table 43 National Rail timetable, December 2019","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Driffield. Retirement of the Station-Master\". Beverley and East Riding Recorder. England. 24 February 1883. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001564/18830224/059/0005","url_text":"\"Driffield. Retirement of the Station-Master\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presentation to the Driffield Stationmaster\". Hull Daily Mail. England. 14 May 1902. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19020514/024/0004","url_text":"\"Presentation to the Driffield Stationmaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Driffield. New Stationmaster\". Hull Daily Mail. England. 5 May 1902. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19020505/046/0005","url_text":"\"Driffield. New Stationmaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Driffield 52 years' service\". Leeds Mercury. England. 11 September 1925. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19250911/196/0009","url_text":"\"Driffield 52 years' service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr Fowler\". Hull Daily Mail. England. 23 October 1925. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19251023/114/0005","url_text":"\"Mr Fowler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Driffield's New Stationmaster\". Leeds Mercury. England. 30 May 1932. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19320530/079/0005","url_text":"\"Driffield's New Stationmaster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. James. T. Batty\". Leeds Mercury. England. 27 May 1936. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19360527/175/0005","url_text":"\"Mr. James. T. Batty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beverley Station\". Hull Daily Mail. England. 12 October 1944. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19441012/044/0004","url_text":"\"Beverley Station\""}]},{"reference":"Body, G. (1988). PSL Field Guides – Railways of the Eastern Region Volume 2. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-072-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-072-1","url_text":"1-85260-072-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Station Name: Driffield\". Disused Stations. Subterranea Britannica. 17 April 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/d/driffield/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Station Name: Driffield\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Driffield_railway_station&params=54.0015_N_0.432_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"54°00′05″N 0°25′55″W / 54.00150°N 0.43200°W / 54.00150; -0.43200"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Driffield_railway_station&params=54.0015_N_0.432_W_type:railwaystation_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"54°00′05″N 0°25′55″W / 54.00150°N 0.43200°W / 54.00150; -0.43200"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Driffield_railway_station&params=54.001522_N_0.434664_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=TA027573","external_links_name":"TA027573"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driffield_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001564/18830224/059/0005","external_links_name":"\"Driffield. Retirement of the Station-Master\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19020514/024/0004","external_links_name":"\"Presentation to the Driffield Stationmaster\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19020505/046/0005","external_links_name":"\"Driffield. New Stationmaster\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19250911/196/0009","external_links_name":"\"Driffield 52 years' service\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19251023/114/0005","external_links_name":"\"Mr Fowler\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19320530/079/0005","external_links_name":"\"Driffield's New Stationmaster\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000748/19360527/175/0005","external_links_name":"\"Mr. James. T. Batty\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000324/19441012/044/0004","external_links_name":"\"Beverley Station\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/drf/details.html","external_links_name":"Driffield station facilities"},{"Link":"http://ojp.nationalrail.co.uk/service/ldbboard/dep/DRF","external_links_name":"Train times"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/DRF/details.html","external_links_name":"station information"},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshirewoldsrailway.org.uk/history/stations/driffield-station/","external_links_name":"Driffield station at The Yorkshire Wolds Railway Restoration Project"},{"Link":"http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/d/driffield/index.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Station Name: Driffield\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driffield_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andres_vireo
San Andres vireo
["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 Behaviour","4 References"]
Species of bird San Andres vireo Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae Genus: Vireo Species: V. caribaeus Binomial name Vireo caribaeusBond & Meyer de Schauensee, 1942 The San Andres vireo or St. Andrew vireo (Vireo caribaeus) is a threatened species of vireo endemic to the Colombian island of San Andrés in the Caribbean, located off the east coast of Nicaragua. Due to habitat loss from the ever expanding population on these small islands, the species has now become limited to a few localities on the southern half of the island, but it is still common in some of these areas. It is found in most habitat types on the island. Description It is a small bird, 12.5 cm in length. It is olive-green above and whitish or pale yellow below. It has two white bars on the wing, pale edges to the flight-feathers and a pale yellow stripe between the bill and eye. The eye is grey-brown. It has several songs and calls, producing a one-syllable chattering, a repeated two-syllable song and a three-syllable song. It is very similar to the mangrove vireo (V. pallens) and Jamaican vireo (V. modestus). It has a slightly thinner and darker bill than the mangrove vireo. Its bill is slightly longer and darker than that of the Jamaican vireo which also differs in having a whitish eye and fainter stripe between the bill and eye. Distribution and habitat It is restricted to the islands of St. Andrew (or San Andrés) and Providencia in the south-west Caribbean which belong to Colombia but is closer to Nicaragua. It occurs in a variety of habitats including woodland, cocoa plantations, scrubby pastures and mangrove swamps. It prefers vegetation with a dense understorey. It is most common in the less urbanized south of the island. The population has been estimated at between 8,200 and 14,000 individuals. The bird has a very small range and may be vulnerable to the effects of hurricanes. It is threatened by habitat loss as the island's population increases. However, it is tolerant of habitat degradation and is still one of the island's commonest birds. It is classified as Vulnerable by BirdLife International. Behaviour It feeds by gleaning caterpillars and other arthropods from vegetation. The breeding territory covers about 0.5 hectares and nesting has been recorded in June. The nest is built on or hanging from a branch in bushes or mangroves. Two lightly spotted eggs are laid. References Wikispecies has information related to Vireo caribaeus. ^ BirdLife International (2019). "Vireo caribaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22705203A148937333. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22705203A148937333.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ a b c d e f BirdLife International (2009) Species factsheet: Vireo caribaeus. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 5 January 2010. ^ Raffaele, Herbert; James Wiley, Orlando Garrido, Allan Keith & Janis Raffaele (2003) Birds of the West Indies, Christopher Helm, London. ^ Bond, James (1950). "Results of the Catherwood-Chaplin West Indies Expedition, 1948. Part II. Birds of Cayo Largo (Cuba), San Andrés and Providencia". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 102: 43–68. JSTOR 4064403. ^ Estela, Felipe A.; Silva, John Douglas (2005). "The American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) in Colombia, with comments on the effects of Caribbean hurricanes". Caldasia. 27 (2): 271–275. ISSN 0366-5232. ^ Bond, James (1993) Birds of the West Indies, 5th ed., Collins, London. Taxon identifiersVireo caribaeus Wikidata: Q1302037 Wikispecies: Vireo caribaeus ARKive: vireo-caribaeus BirdLife: 22705203 BOW: stavir1 CoL: 5BJKH eBird: stavir1 GBIF: 2487431 iNaturalist: 17388 IRMNG: 10722594 ITIS: 563680 IUCN: 22705203 Neotropical: stavir1 Observation.org: 75242 Open Tree of Life: 3598048 Xeno-canto: Vireo-caribaeus
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"threatened species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species"},{"link_name":"vireo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vireo"},{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"San Andrés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"}],"text":"The San Andres vireo or St. Andrew vireo (Vireo caribaeus) is a threatened species of vireo endemic to the Colombian island of San Andrés in the Caribbean, located off the east coast of Nicaragua. Due to habitat loss from the ever expanding population on these small islands, the species has now become limited to a few localities on the southern half of the island, but it is still common in some of these areas. It is found in most habitat types on the island.","title":"San Andres vireo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flight-feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight-feather"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raffaele-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-2"},{"link_name":"mangrove vireo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_vireo"},{"link_name":"Jamaican vireo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_vireo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PANS-4"}],"text":"It is a small bird, 12.5 cm in length. It is olive-green above and whitish or pale yellow below. It has two white bars on the wing, pale edges to the flight-feathers and a pale yellow stripe between the bill and eye. The eye is grey-brown.[2][3] It has several songs and calls, producing a one-syllable chattering, a repeated two-syllable song and a three-syllable song.[2]It is very similar to the mangrove vireo (V. pallens) and Jamaican vireo (V. modestus). It has a slightly thinner and darker bill than the mangrove vireo. Its bill is slightly longer and darker than that of the Jamaican vireo which also differs in having a whitish eye and fainter stripe between the bill and eye.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cocoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobroma_cacao"},{"link_name":"mangrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove"},{"link_name":"understorey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understorey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-2"},{"link_name":"hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss"},{"link_name":"habitat degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_degradation"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"BirdLife International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-2"}],"text":"It is restricted to the islands of St. Andrew (or San Andrés) and Providencia in the south-west Caribbean which belong to Colombia but is closer to Nicaragua. It occurs in a variety of habitats including woodland, cocoa plantations, scrubby pastures and mangrove swamps. It prefers vegetation with a dense understorey. It is most common in the less urbanized south of the island. The population has been estimated at between 8,200 and 14,000 individuals.[2]The bird has a very small range and may be vulnerable to the effects of hurricanes.[5] It is threatened by habitat loss as the island's population increases. However, it is tolerant of habitat degradation and is still one of the island's commonest birds. It is classified as Vulnerable by BirdLife International.[2]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gleaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning_(birds)"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-2"},{"link_name":"nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_nest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLI-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bond-6"}],"text":"It feeds by gleaning caterpillars and other arthropods from vegetation.[2] The breeding territory covers about 0.5 hectares and nesting has been recorded in June. The nest is built on or hanging from a branch in bushes or mangroves.[2] Two lightly spotted eggs are laid.[6]","title":"Behaviour"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2019). \"Vireo caribaeus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22705203A148937333. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22705203A148937333.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22705203/148937333","url_text":"\"Vireo caribaeus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22705203A148937333.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22705203A148937333.en"}]},{"reference":"Bond, James (1950). \"Results of the Catherwood-Chaplin West Indies Expedition, 1948. Part II. Birds of Cayo Largo (Cuba), San Andrés and Providencia\". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 102: 43–68. JSTOR 4064403.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064403","url_text":"4064403"}]},{"reference":"Estela, Felipe A.; Silva, John Douglas (2005). \"The American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) in Colombia, with comments on the effects of Caribbean hurricanes\". Caldasia. 27 (2): 271–275. ISSN 0366-5232.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0366-52322005000200010&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt","url_text":"\"The American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) in Colombia, with comments on the effects of Caribbean hurricanes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0366-5232","url_text":"0366-5232"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22705203/148937333","external_links_name":"\"Vireo caribaeus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22705203A148937333.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22705203A148937333.en"},{"Link":"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=5572&m=0","external_links_name":"Species factsheet: Vireo caribaeus"},{"Link":"http://www.birdlife.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.birdlife.org"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064403","external_links_name":"4064403"},{"Link":"http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0366-52322005000200010&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt","external_links_name":"\"The American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchus) in Colombia, with comments on the effects of Caribbean hurricanes\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0366-5232","external_links_name":"0366-5232"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/vireo-caribaeus/","external_links_name":"vireo-caribaeus"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22705203","external_links_name":"22705203"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/stavir1","external_links_name":"stavir1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5BJKH","external_links_name":"5BJKH"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/stavir1","external_links_name":"stavir1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2487431","external_links_name":"2487431"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/17388","external_links_name":"17388"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10722594","external_links_name":"10722594"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=563680","external_links_name":"563680"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22705203","external_links_name":"22705203"},{"Link":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/stavir1","external_links_name":"stavir1"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/75242/","external_links_name":"75242"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3598048","external_links_name":"3598048"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Vireo-caribaeus","external_links_name":"Vireo-caribaeus"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopgirl_(novella)
Shopgirl (novella)
["1 Synopsis","2 Reception","3 References"]
2000 novella written by Steve Martin Shopgirl First edition coverAuthorSteve MartinLanguageEnglishGenreFictionRomancePublisherHyperionPublication dateOctober 11, 2000Publication placeUnited StatesPages130ISBN0-7868-8568-8OCLC49378339 Shopgirl is a 2000 novella written by Steve Martin. Martin adapted his book for a 2005 film of the same title. Synopsis This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2011) Its titular character is 28-year-old Mirabelle Buttersfield, a lonely, depressed Vermont transplant who sells expensive evening gloves nobody ever buys at Saks Fifth Avenue in Beverly Hills and spends her evenings watching television with her two cats. She moved to California in an attempt to find herself and fall in love but instead takes medication to fight off depression. She runs into a socially inept and unambitious slacker and roadie for a band, and winds up entertaining his advances to avoid being alone. After a middle-aged, Seattle tech millionaire named Ray Porter visits her store and sends her a dinner invitation, the two begin to date. She falls in love with him, even though it's clear Porter isn't looking for a long-term commitment. Along the way, the story explores the deeper meaning behind their opposing intentions. Also playing roles in her life are her father, a dysfunctional Vietnam War veteran, and Lisa, her promiscuous, image-obsessed co-worker and voracious rival. Reception In his review in The New York Times, John Lanchester called it an "elegant, bleak, desolatingly sad first novella" and added, "The prose here is sometimes flat . . . the happy ending feels as if it has wandered in from somewhere else; and there is a touching confidence in the efficacy of self-help books. But there is nonetheless an impressive gravity about Shopgirl. Its glints of comedy are sharp and dry . . . The novella has an edge to it, and a deep, unassuageable loneliness. Steve Martin's most achieved work to date may well have the strange effect of making people glad not to be Steve Martin." Sienna Powers of January Magazine said "Shopgirl is the work of a mature, self-possessed writer . . . Martin infuses his story with a dark verve that is his own. The author's tone is at once blasé and gentle and in the novella's 130 pages, he quietly presents us with a cast of characters that it's difficult not to care about." In Entertainment Weekly, Margot Mifflin graded the book B with the comment, "Once you adjust to his newfound sincerity, Martin's shift from public follies to private frailties registers as courageous and convincing. If only he'd fleshed out his supporting cast, this would be Pure Gold." The book entered the New York Times list of bestsellers at #6 on October 29, 2000. It peaked at #4 and remained on the list for 15 weeks. References ^ "The Counter Life". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03. ^ "The Counter Life". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03. ^ "Review | Shopgirl by Steve Martin". januarymagazine.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03. ^ Entertainment Weekly review ^ "BEST SELLERS: October 29, 2000". The New York Times. 2000-10-29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-03. ^ "BEST SELLERS: February 11, 2001". The New York Times. 2001-02-11. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-03. vteSteve Martin Filmography Awards and nominations Albums Let's Get Small (1977) A Wild and Crazy Guy (1978) Comedy Is Not Pretty! (1979) The Steve Martin Brothers (1981) The Crow: New Songs for the 5-String Banjo (2009) Rare Bird Alert (2011) Love Has Come for You (2013) So Familiar (2015) The Long-Awaited Album (2017) Singles "King Tut" (1978) Books Cruel Shoes (1979) Pure Drivel (1998) Shopgirl (2000) The Pleasure of My Company (2003) Born Standing Up (2007) The Alphabet from A to Y with Bonus Letter Z! (2007) Screenplays The Absent-Minded Waiter (short, 1977) The Jerk (1979) Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982) The Man with Two Brains (1983) ¡Three Amigos! (1986) Roxanne (1987) L.A. Story (1991) A Simple Twist of Fate (1994) Bowfinger (1999) Shopgirl (2005) The Pink Panther (2006) Traitor (story only, 2008) The Pink Panther 2 (2009) Plays Picasso at the Lapin Agile (1993) The Underpants (2002) Bright Star (2014 musical) Meteor Shower (2016) Television The Winds of Whoopee (1983) Domestic Life (1984) Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills (1986) Only Murders in the Building (2021–present) Other Aspen Film Society Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_literature"},{"link_name":"novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella"},{"link_name":"Steve Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martin"},{"link_name":"2005 film of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopgirl"}],"text":"Shopgirl is a 2000 novella written by Steve Martin. Martin adapted his book for a 2005 film of the same title.","title":"Shopgirl (novella)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"evening gloves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_glove"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California"},{"link_name":"roadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_crew"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"millionaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millionaire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"}],"text":"Its titular character is 28-year-old Mirabelle Buttersfield, a lonely, depressed Vermont transplant who sells expensive evening gloves nobody ever buys at Saks Fifth Avenue in Beverly Hills and spends her evenings watching television with her two cats. She moved to California in an attempt to find herself and fall in love but instead takes medication to fight off depression. She runs into a socially inept and unambitious slacker and roadie for a band, and winds up entertaining his advances to avoid being alone. After a middle-aged, Seattle tech millionaire named Ray Porter visits her store and sends her a dinner invitation, the two begin to date. She falls in love with him, even though it's clear Porter isn't looking for a long-term commitment. Along the way, the story explores the deeper meaning behind their opposing intentions.[1] Also playing roles in her life are her father, a dysfunctional Vietnam War veteran, and Lisa, her promiscuous, image-obsessed co-worker and voracious rival.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"January Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In his review in The New York Times, John Lanchester called it an \"elegant, bleak, desolatingly sad first novella\" and added, \"The prose here is sometimes flat . . . the happy ending feels as if it has wandered in from somewhere else; and there is a touching confidence in the efficacy of self-help books. But there is nonetheless an impressive gravity about Shopgirl. Its glints of comedy are sharp and dry . . . The novella has an edge to it, and a deep, unassuageable loneliness. Steve Martin's most achieved work to date may well have the strange effect of making people glad not to be Steve Martin.\"[2]Sienna Powers of January Magazine said \"Shopgirl is the work of a mature, self-possessed writer . . . Martin infuses his story with a dark verve that is his own. The author's tone is at once blasé and gentle and in the novella's 130 pages, he quietly presents us with a cast of characters that it's difficult not to care about.\"[3]In Entertainment Weekly, Margot Mifflin graded the book B with the comment, \"Once you adjust to his newfound sincerity, Martin's shift from public follies to private frailties registers as courageous and convincing. If only he'd fleshed out his supporting cast, this would be Pure Gold.\"[4]The book entered the New York Times list of bestsellers at #6 on October 29, 2000.[5] It peaked at #4 and remained on the list for 15 weeks.[6]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Counter Life\". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/10/29/reviews/001029.29lanchet.html","url_text":"\"The Counter Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Counter Life\". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/10/29/reviews/001029.29lanchet.html","url_text":"\"The Counter Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review | Shopgirl by Steve Martin\". januarymagazine.com. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://januarymagazine.com/fiction/shopgirl.html","url_text":"\"Review | Shopgirl by Steve Martin\""}]},{"reference":"\"BEST SELLERS: October 29, 2000\". The New York Times. 2000-10-29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/29/books/best-sellers-october-29-2000.html","url_text":"\"BEST SELLERS: October 29, 2000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"BEST SELLERS: February 11, 2001\". The New York Times. 2001-02-11. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/11/books/best-sellers-february-11-2001.html","url_text":"\"BEST SELLERS: February 11, 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49378339","external_links_name":"49378339"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shopgirl_(novella)&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/10/29/reviews/001029.29lanchet.html","external_links_name":"\"The Counter Life\""},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/10/29/reviews/001029.29lanchet.html","external_links_name":"\"The Counter Life\""},{"Link":"https://januarymagazine.com/fiction/shopgirl.html","external_links_name":"\"Review | Shopgirl by Steve Martin\""},{"Link":"https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,64947,00.html","external_links_name":"Entertainment Weekly review"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/29/books/best-sellers-october-29-2000.html","external_links_name":"\"BEST SELLERS: October 29, 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/11/books/best-sellers-february-11-2001.html","external_links_name":"\"BEST SELLERS: February 11, 2001\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashy_Fen
Splashy Fen
["1 Ultimate Splashy Fen Song","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
South African music festival This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Splashy Fen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Splashy FenThe Ultimate Outdoor Experience!GenreRock & FolkDatesEaster weekendLocation(s)Underberg, KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaYears activesince 1990Founded byBart Fokkens and Peter FerrazWebsitehttp://www.splashyfen.co.za Established in 1990, Splashy Fen is South Africa's longest-running music festival, which every Easter attracts thousands of people to a farm near Underberg, KwaZulu-Natal for a unique outdoor music experience. Also present are arts and crafts stalls, food and drink outlets, crèche and children's entertainment programme, as well as various camping and accommodation options. The most recent festival took place from the 28th March-1st April 2024. Well-known artists who have performed at Splashy Fen over the years include: Wheatus, Bowling for Soup, Kim Churchill, Syd Kitchen, Tony Cox, Steve Newman, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Vusi Mahlasela, Koos Kombuis, Shawn Phillips, Hinds Brothers, Madala Kunene, Neill Solomon, Landscape Prayers, Tananas, Just Jinjer, Hothouse Flowers, Tree63, Dan Patlansky, Watershed, Springbok Nude Girls, The Parlotones, Prime Circle and Chris Chameleon. Don Clarke, convener of the Legends of the Fen show, and his partner Dicky Roberts, have been managing and hosting the Legends showcase at the festival since 2016. This initiative brought South African icons like Steve Fataar (14 March 1943 - 31 January 2020) back to the festival. In 2019, Don Clarke and P J Powers shared the stage and performed the 1986 hit song, Sanbonani. Ultimate Splashy Fen Song Don Clarke wrote the song, "Hey-na Splashy" in 2008, the year he made his debut appearance at the festival. See also Music of South Africa Musical Performance In The City Oppikoppi RAMFest References ^ "Splashy Fen Official". Splashty Fen. ^ Egersdorfer, Frederic (1 April 2024). "A Recap of the Vibrant Weekend at South Africa's Iconic Music Festival". Underground Press. Frederic Egersdorfer & Underground Press. Retrieved 4 April 2024. ^ sosuterbill (18 February 2019). "P J Powers to rock Splashy Fen". .....SoSuterBill..... Retrieved 26 July 2020. ^ "SANBONANI PJ Powers & Don Clarke". YouTube. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "Het-Na Won't Hurt Don's Splashy Debut". iol.co.za. 6 March 2008. External links Official website vteRock festivalsSubtypes List of folk festivals List of gothic festivals List of heavy metal festivals List of industrial music festivals List of jam band music festivals List of punk rock festivals Traveling(italics = ongoing) Anger Management Tour Area Festival Big Day Out California Jam California Jam II Crüe Fest Deconstruction Tour Doomination Family Values Tour Festival Express Fuji Rock Festival G3 Gigantour Good Things Hard Electric Tour H.O.R.D.E. Ilosaarirock Knotfest Kuopiorock Lilith Fair Mayhem Festival Magic Circle Festival Monsters of Rock Montebello Rock Nintendo Fusion Tour Provinssirock Qstock Rock am Ring and Rock im Park Rock in Rio Rock in Roma Rock Boat Ruido Fest Ruisrock Ozzfest Projekt Revolution Rock Never Stops Tour Sauna Open Air Metal Festival Sonisphere Festival Soundwave Summer Sanitarium Tour Taste of Chaos Tuska Open Air Metal Festival The Unholy Alliance Tour Uproar Festival Vive Latino Wacken Open Air Warped Tour Culture Deadheads Heavy metal Hippies La Onda Moshing Pogo (dance) Punk rock Headbanging Stage diving Crowd surfing Sign of the horns Summer of Love Rivethead Related events Rock concert Concert tour
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Underberg, KwaZulu-Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underberg,_KwaZulu-Natal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wheatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatus"},{"link_name":"Bowling for Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_for_Soup"},{"link_name":"Kim Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Syd Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"Tony Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cox_(South_African_musician)"},{"link_name":"Steve Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Newman_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ladysmith Black Mambazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladysmith_Black_Mambazo"},{"link_name":"Vusi Mahlasela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vusi_Mahlasela"},{"link_name":"Koos Kombuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koos_Kombuis"},{"link_name":"Shawn Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Tananas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tananas"},{"link_name":"Just Jinjer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Jinjer"},{"link_name":"Hothouse Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hothouse_Flowers"},{"link_name":"Tree63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree63"},{"link_name":"Dan Patlansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Patlansky"},{"link_name":"Watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed_(South_African_band)"},{"link_name":"Springbok Nude Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springbok_Nude_Girls"},{"link_name":"The Parlotones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parlotones"},{"link_name":"Prime Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Circle"},{"link_name":"Chris Chameleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Chameleon"},{"link_name":"Don Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Clarke_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Established in 1990, Splashy Fen[1] is South Africa's longest-running music festival, which every Easter attracts thousands of people to a farm near Underberg, KwaZulu-Natal for a unique outdoor music experience. Also present are arts and crafts stalls, food and drink outlets, crèche and children's entertainment programme, as well as various camping and accommodation options. The most recent festival took place from the 28th March-1st April 2024.[2]Well-known artists who have performed at Splashy Fen over the years include: Wheatus, Bowling for Soup, Kim Churchill, Syd Kitchen, Tony Cox, Steve Newman, Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Vusi Mahlasela, Koos Kombuis, Shawn Phillips, Hinds Brothers, Madala Kunene, Neill Solomon, Landscape Prayers, Tananas, Just Jinjer, Hothouse Flowers, Tree63, Dan Patlansky, Watershed, Springbok Nude Girls, The Parlotones, Prime Circle and Chris Chameleon.Don Clarke, convener of the Legends of the Fen show, and his partner Dicky Roberts, have been managing and hosting the Legends showcase at the festival since 2016.[3] This initiative brought South African icons like Steve Fataar (14 March 1943 - 31 January 2020) back to the festival. In 2019, Don Clarke and P J Powers shared the stage and performed the 1986 hit song, Sanbonani.[4]","title":"Splashy Fen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Clarke_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Don Clarke wrote the song, \"Hey-na Splashy\" in 2008,[5] the year he made his debut appearance at the festival.","title":"Ultimate Splashy Fen Song"}]
[]
[{"title":"Music of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"Musical Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"},{"title":"In The City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_City_(South_African_festival)"},{"title":"Oppikoppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppikoppi"},{"title":"RAMFest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAMFest"}]
[{"reference":"\"Splashy Fen Official\". Splashty Fen.","urls":[{"url":"http://splashyfen.co.za/","url_text":"\"Splashy Fen Official\""}]},{"reference":"Egersdorfer, Frederic (1 April 2024). \"A Recap of the Vibrant Weekend at South Africa's Iconic Music Festival\". Underground Press. Frederic Egersdorfer & Underground Press. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.undergroundpress.co.za/news/music/sunny-vibes-and-melodic-delights-splashy-fen-2024-weekend-wrap-up","url_text":"\"A Recap of the Vibrant Weekend at South Africa's Iconic Music Festival\""}]},{"reference":"sosuterbill (18 February 2019). \"P J Powers to rock Splashy Fen\". .....SoSuterBill..... Retrieved 26 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sosuterbill.com/2019/02/18/p-j-powers-to-rock-splashy-fen/","url_text":"\"P J Powers to rock Splashy Fen\""}]},{"reference":"\"SANBONANI PJ Powers & Don Clarke\". YouTube. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tm9EN8o6PwA","url_text":"\"SANBONANI PJ Powers & Don Clarke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Het-Na Won't Hurt Don's Splashy Debut\". iol.co.za. 6 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/hey-na-wont-hurt-dons-splashy-debut-956767","url_text":"\"Het-Na Won't Hurt Don's Splashy Debut\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Splashy+Fen%22","external_links_name":"\"Splashy Fen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Splashy+Fen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Splashy+Fen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Splashy+Fen%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Splashy+Fen%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Splashy+Fen%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.splashyfen.co.za/","external_links_name":"http://www.splashyfen.co.za"},{"Link":"http://splashyfen.co.za/","external_links_name":"\"Splashy Fen Official\""},{"Link":"https://www.undergroundpress.co.za/news/music/sunny-vibes-and-melodic-delights-splashy-fen-2024-weekend-wrap-up","external_links_name":"\"A Recap of the Vibrant Weekend at South Africa's Iconic Music Festival\""},{"Link":"https://sosuterbill.com/2019/02/18/p-j-powers-to-rock-splashy-fen/","external_links_name":"\"P J Powers to rock Splashy Fen\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tm9EN8o6PwA","external_links_name":"\"SANBONANI PJ Powers & Don Clarke\""},{"Link":"https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/hey-na-wont-hurt-dons-splashy-debut-956767","external_links_name":"\"Het-Na Won't Hurt Don's Splashy Debut\""},{"Link":"http://www.splashyfen.co.za/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service
Postal, telegraph and telephone service
["1 Monopoly service","2 Mixed service","3 Further reading"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Postal, telegraph and telephone service" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A postal, telegraph, and telephone service (or PTT) is a government agency responsible for postal mail, telegraph, and telephone services. Such monopolies existed in many countries, though not in North America or Japan. Many PTTs have been partially or completely privatised in recent years. In some of these privatisations, the privatised corporation was completely renamed, such as KPN in the Netherlands, Orange S.A. in France (+ Orange Polska in Poland), BT Group in the United Kingdom, Eir in the Republic of Ireland, Swisscom in Switzerland, Telstra in Australia, Spark in New Zealand, Chunghwa Telecom in Taiwan, A1 Telekom Austria Group in Austria, TDC Group in Denmark, Telia Company in Sweden and Finland, Telenor in Norway and Singtel in Singapore; whereas in others, the name of the privatised corporation has been only slightly modified, such as Telkom Indonesia in Indonesia, Telekom Malaysia in Malaysia, Deutsche Telekom in Germany, Kosovo Telecom in Kosovo, KT in South Korea, Post Luxembourg in Luxembourg and Síminn in Iceland. Monopoly service In countries that had a PTT unit of government, typically the vast majority of forms of distribution of information fell under the auspices of the PTT, whether that be the delivery of printed publications and individual letters in the postal mail, the transmission of telephonic audio, or the transmission of telegraphic on-off signals, and in some countries, the broadcast of one-way (audio) radio and (audio-video) television signals. In many countries with a current or former PTT, the PTT was also responsible for the manufacture and standardisation of telephone equipment. Often the presence of a single PTT in a country implied a single monolithic approach to the distribution of information in that country, which as an advantage permitted efficient deployment of a single national standard for each topic instead of ongoing debate about competing ideas, but which as a disadvantage typically stifled alternative ideas from emerging once a legacy implementation had been widely deployed. Mixed service In North America, instead of a PTT there was the private monopoly Bell System (for the US)/Bell Canada (dominant ILEC in Ontario, Quebec and (historically) parts of what is now Nunavut; competes with other fixed-line carriers in the rest of Canada) responsible for telecommunications and a separate federally run US Postal Service/Canada Post for mail delivery. Japan also had a rather similar structure as North America with the formerly-state-owned Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT; privatised in 1985) having a monopoly on fixed-line telecoms, with the separate government-run but publicly-traded Japan Post responsible for mail delivery. Portugal, until 1968, had a mixture, with a private telecom operator in Lisbon and Porto (named APT – Anglo-Portuguese Telephone Company) another private company in charge of connections with and between colonies and with the rest of the world (CPRM – Companhia Portuguesa de Rádio Marconi) and Correios, Telefones e Telégrafos, a public company, as the owner of the telephone system in the rest of the country (including the former colonies); that year, APT was nationalised and became Telefones de Lisboa e Porto (TLP). CTT still controls postal services in Portugal, while Telecom Portugal was spun out in 1992 and later merged into Portugal Telecom in 1994 (with CPRM becoming a subsidiary and later being absorbed in 2002); it is privatised and subject to competition. Further reading OECD, Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, 1991. ISBN 92-64-13497-2 vtePublic services Municipalization Nationalization Progressive tax Concepts Free-culture movement Free newspaper Product sample Public administration Public domain Public health Public interest Public land Public ownership Public policy Public procurement Public trust Public value Basic services Civil service Fire department Law enforcement Postal service Savings system Public broadcasting Public transport Universal basic services Public utility Electric utility Oil & gas Telecommunication Municipal broadband Public water system Waste management Public works Free clinic Free education Infrastructure Needle and syringe programmes Public bank Public hospital Public library Public school Public space Public toilet Public university Supervised injection site Urban park Social services Publicly funded health care Public housing Job creation Single-payer health care National health insurance Social insurance Social pension Social security Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"postal mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"},{"link_name":"monopolies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"privatised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatization"},{"link_name":"KPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPN"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Orange S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A."},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Orange Polska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Polska"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"BT Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Eir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eir_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Swisscom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisscom"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Telstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstra"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Spark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Chunghwa Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunghwa_Telecom"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"A1 Telekom Austria Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Telekom_Austria_Group"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"TDC Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDC_Holding_A/S"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Telia Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telia_Company"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Telenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenor"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Singtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singtel"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Telkom Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telkom_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Telekom Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekom_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kosovo Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_Telecom"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"KT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_Corporation"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Post Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Síminn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADminn"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"}],"text":"A postal, telegraph, and telephone service (or PTT) is a government agency responsible for postal mail, telegraph, and telephone services. Such monopolies existed in many countries, though not in North America or Japan. Many PTTs have been partially or completely privatised in recent years. In some of these privatisations, the privatised corporation was completely renamed, such as KPN in the Netherlands, Orange S.A. in France (+ Orange Polska in Poland), BT Group in the United Kingdom, Eir in the Republic of Ireland, Swisscom in Switzerland, Telstra in Australia, Spark in New Zealand, Chunghwa Telecom in Taiwan, A1 Telekom Austria Group in Austria, TDC Group in Denmark, Telia Company in Sweden and Finland, Telenor in Norway and Singtel in Singapore; whereas in others, the name of the privatised corporation has been only slightly modified, such as Telkom Indonesia in Indonesia, Telekom Malaysia in Malaysia, Deutsche Telekom in Germany, Kosovo Telecom in Kosovo, KT\n in South Korea, Post Luxembourg in Luxembourg and Síminn in Iceland.","title":"Postal, telegraph and telephone service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"broadcast of one-way (audio) radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"(audio-video) television signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"}],"text":"In countries that had a PTT unit of government, typically the vast majority of forms of distribution of information fell under the auspices of the PTT, whether that be the delivery of printed publications and individual letters in the postal mail, the transmission of telephonic audio, or the transmission of telegraphic on-off signals, and in some countries, the broadcast of one-way (audio) radio and (audio-video) television signals. In many countries with a current or former PTT, the PTT was also responsible for the manufacture and standardisation of telephone equipment. Often the presence of a single PTT in a country implied a single monolithic approach to the distribution of information in that country, which as an advantage permitted efficient deployment of a single national standard for each topic instead of ongoing debate about competing ideas, but which as a disadvantage typically stifled alternative ideas from emerging once a legacy implementation had been widely deployed.","title":"Monopoly service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_System"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Bell Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Canada"},{"link_name":"ILEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent_local_exchange_carrier"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"US Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"Canada Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post"},{"link_name":"mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"Nippon Telegraph and Telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone"},{"link_name":"Japan Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Post_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Portuguese Telephone Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Telephone_Company"},{"link_name":"Correios, Telefones e Telégrafos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTT"},{"link_name":"former colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Portugal Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altice_Portugal"}],"text":"In North America, instead of a PTT there was the private monopoly Bell System (for the US)/Bell Canada (dominant ILEC in Ontario, Quebec and (historically) parts of what is now Nunavut; competes with other fixed-line carriers in the rest of Canada) responsible for telecommunications and a separate federally run US Postal Service/Canada Post for mail delivery. Japan also had a rather similar structure as North America with the formerly-state-owned Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT; privatised in 1985) having a monopoly on fixed-line telecoms, with the separate government-run but publicly-traded Japan Post responsible for mail delivery.Portugal, until 1968, had a mixture, with a private telecom operator in Lisbon and Porto (named APT – Anglo-Portuguese Telephone Company) another private company in charge of connections with and between colonies and with the rest of the world (CPRM – Companhia Portuguesa de Rádio Marconi) and Correios, Telefones e Telégrafos, a public company, as the owner of the telephone system in the rest of the country (including the former colonies); that year, APT was nationalised and became Telefones de Lisboa e Porto (TLP). CTT still controls postal services in Portugal, while Telecom Portugal was spun out in 1992 and later merged into Portugal Telecom in 1994 (with CPRM becoming a subsidiary and later being absorbed in 2002); it is privatised and subject to competition.","title":"Mixed service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WpmzcqmgMbAC&q=universal+service+and+rate+restructuring+in+telecommunications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"92-64-13497-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-64-13497-2"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_services"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services"},{"link_name":"Public services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service"},{"link_name":"Municipalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalization"},{"link_name":"Nationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"Progressive tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_tax"},{"link_name":"Free-culture movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-culture_movement"},{"link_name":"Free newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_newspaper"},{"link_name":"Product sample","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_sample"},{"link_name":"Public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"Public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"Public interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest"},{"link_name":"Public land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_land"},{"link_name":"Public ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_ownership"},{"link_name":"Public policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy"},{"link_name":"Public procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_procurement"},{"link_name":"Public trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_trust"},{"link_name":"Public value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_value"},{"link_name":"Civil service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service"},{"link_name":"Fire department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_department"},{"link_name":"Law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"Postal service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail"},{"link_name":"Savings system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_savings_system"},{"link_name":"Public broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Public transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"},{"link_name":"Universal basic services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_services"},{"link_name":"Public utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_utility"},{"link_name":"Electric utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_utility"},{"link_name":"Oil & gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_oil_company"},{"link_name":"Telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Municipal broadband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_broadband"},{"link_name":"Public water system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_water_system"},{"link_name":"Waste management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"link_name":"Public works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_works"},{"link_name":"Free clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_clinic"},{"link_name":"Free education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_education"},{"link_name":"Infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Needle and syringe programmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes"},{"link_name":"Public bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_bank"},{"link_name":"Public hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_hospital"},{"link_name":"Public library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library"},{"link_name":"Public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"Public space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_space"},{"link_name":"Public toilet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_toilet"},{"link_name":"Public university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Supervised injection site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervised_injection_site"},{"link_name":"Urban park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_park"},{"link_name":"Social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_services"},{"link_name":"Publicly funded health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care"},{"link_name":"Public housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing"},{"link_name":"Job creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_creation"},{"link_name":"Single-payer health care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-payer_health_care"},{"link_name":"National health insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_health_insurance"},{"link_name":"Social insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_insurance"},{"link_name":"Social pension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_pension"},{"link_name":"Social security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services"}],"text":"OECD, Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, 1991. ISBN 92-64-13497-2vtePublic services\nMunicipalization\nNationalization\nProgressive tax\nConcepts\nFree-culture movement\nFree newspaper\nProduct sample\nPublic administration\nPublic domain\nPublic health\nPublic interest\nPublic land\nPublic ownership\nPublic policy\nPublic procurement\nPublic trust\nPublic value\nBasic services\nCivil service\nFire department\nLaw enforcement\nPostal service\nSavings system\nPublic broadcasting\nPublic transport\nUniversal basic services\nPublic utility\nElectric utility\nOil & gas\nTelecommunication\nMunicipal broadband\nPublic water system\nWaste management\nPublic works\nFree clinic\nFree education\nInfrastructure\nNeedle and syringe programmes\nPublic bank\nPublic hospital\nPublic library\nPublic school\nPublic space\nPublic toilet\nPublic university\nSupervised injection site\nUrban park\nSocial services\nPublicly funded health care\nPublic housing\nJob creation\nSingle-payer health care\nNational health insurance\nSocial insurance\nSocial pension\nSocial security\n\n Category\n Commons","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Postal%2C+telegraph+and+telephone+service%22","external_links_name":"\"Postal, telegraph and telephone service\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Postal%2C+telegraph+and+telephone+service%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Postal%2C+telegraph+and+telephone+service%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Postal%2C+telegraph+and+telephone+service%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Postal%2C+telegraph+and+telephone+service%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Postal%2C+telegraph+and+telephone+service%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WpmzcqmgMbAC&q=universal+service+and+rate+restructuring+in+telecommunications","external_links_name":"Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington,_New_York
Huntington, New York
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Government and politics","5 Economy","5.1 Top employers","6 Education","6.1 Colleges and universities","6.2 Elementary and high schools","7 Local media","8 In popular culture","9 Notable people","10 Communities and locations","10.1 Villages (incorporated)","10.2 Hamlets (unincorporated)","11 Transportation","11.1 Railroad lines","11.2 Bus service","11.3 Major roads","11.4 Self-serve gas","12 See also","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°51′36″N 73°21′8″W / 40.86000°N 73.35222°W / 40.86000; -73.35222For the hamlet within the Town of Huntington, see Huntington (CDP), New York. Town in New York, United StatesHuntington, New YorkTownTown of Huntington Oheka Castle, Heckscher Park, Walt Whitman's Birthplace, sunset at Centerport Harbor, the historic former Huntington Sewing and Trade School, and the Heckscher Museum of Art SealLocation in Suffolk CountyShow HuntingtonShow New YorkShow the United StatesCoordinates: 40°51′36″N 73°21′8″W / 40.86000°N 73.35222°W / 40.86000; -73.35222Country United StatesState New YorkCountySuffolkTown SeatHuntingtonGovernment • Town SupervisorEdmund Smyth (R)Area • Total137.1 sq mi (355 km2) • Land94.0 sq mi (243 km2) • Water43.1 sq mi (112 km2)Elevation135 ft (41 m)Population (2020) • Total204,127 • Density2,162/sq mi (835/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Codes11721, 11724, 11731, 11740, 11743, 11746, 11747, 11750, 11768Area code(s)631, 934FIPS code36-68000GNIS feature ID0979498Websitehuntingtonny.gov The Town of Huntington is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York. Founded in 1653, it is located on the north shore of Long Island in northwestern Suffolk County, with Long Island Sound to its north and Nassau County adjacent to the west. Huntington is part of the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 204,127, making it the 11th most populous city/town in the state. History George Bradford Brainerd Street, 1907 George Bradford Brainerd Street, ca. 1872–1887 In 1653, three men from Oyster Bay, Richard Holbrook, Robert Williams and Daniel Whitehead, purchased a parcel of land from the Matinecock tribe. This parcel has since come to be known as the "First Purchase" and included land bordered by Cold Spring Harbor on the west, Northport Harbor on the east, what is now known as Old Country Road to the south and Long Island Sound to the north. The three men immediately turned the land over to the settlers who had already been living there. The origin of the name is unknown but the consensus among historians is it was named for the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell who was Lord Protector of England at the time of the town's establishment. From that initial settlement, Huntington grew over subsequent years to include all of the land presently comprising the modern Towns of Huntington and Babylon. The southern part of the town was formally separated to create Babylon in 1872. Because Huntington was populated largely by English settlers, unlike the rest of the New Amsterdam colony, the town voted in 1660 to become part of the Connecticut colony rather than remain under the authority of New Amsterdam. It was not until the British gained control of New Amsterdam in 1664 (renaming it New York) that Huntington was formally restored to the jurisdiction of New York. Following the Battle of Long Island during the American Revolutionary War, British troops used Huntington as their headquarters, and remained encamped there until the end of the war. The arrival of the Long Island Rail Road in 1867 transformed the economy of Huntington from primarily agriculture and shipping (based on its well protected harbor) to tourism and commuting. Cold Spring Harbor became a popular summer resort. The end of World War II brought about an explosive growth of population in Huntington amid white flight, as in the rest of the region. Farms and resorts gave way to homes, and Huntington has transformed into a major commuter town for nearby New York City. In 1988, the Supreme Court ruled that Huntington had violated the Fair Housing Act by preventing apartment construction anywhere except in Black neighborhoods. A developer of an affordable housing project sought to build it in a white neighborhood, but the town restricted the developer to black neighborhoods. The Supreme Court ordered the town to build an affordable housing project in a white neighborhood. Construction on that project began in 2023. In 2019, Huntington banned the creation of new basement apartments. In 2023, a councilmember proposed legalizing basement apartments to alleviate the housing crisis in Huntington and other communities surrounding New York City. At a July 2023 hearing, in which local residents railed against "migrants, pedophiles, or criminals" moving into Huntington, council members backtracked on their support for the zoning change. Geography Huntington is bounded by Long Island Sound to the north, Nassau County to the west, Babylon to the south, and Smithtown to the east. It also shares a small border with Islip to the southeast. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 137.1 square miles (355 km2), of which 94.0 square miles (243 km2) is land and 43.1 square miles (112 km2) (31.44%) is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 17903,260—18003,89419.4%18104,42413.6%18204,93511.6%18305,58213.1%18406,56217.6%18507,48114.0%18608,92419.3%187010,70419.9%18808,098−24.3%18908,2772.2%19009,48314.6%191012,00426.6%192013,89315.7%193025,58284.1%194031,76824.2%195047,50649.5%1960126,221165.7%1970200,17258.6%1980201,5120.7%1990191,474−5.0%2000195,2892.0%2010203,2644.1%2020204,1270.4%2021 (est.)204,1970.0%U.S. Decennial Census Huntington, NY Data source Population White Black Asian Native Americans Pacific Islanders Hispanic/Latino Other Two or more races 2000 Census 195,289 88.31% 4.22% 3.50% 0.13% 0.02% 6.58% 2.27% 1.55% 2010 Census 203,264 84.15% 4.68% 4.96% 0.20% 0.02% 11.00% 3.89% 2.10% 2020 Census 204,127 79.0% 4.2% 5.5% 0.5% 0.0% 11.9% 4.1% 6.6% As of the census of 2000, there were 195,289 people, 65,917 households, and 52,338 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,078.4 inhabitants per square mile (802.5/km2). There were 67,708 housing units at an average density of 720.6 per square mile (278.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town in 2000 was 88.31% White, 4.22% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 3.50% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.27% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.58% of the population. As of the census of 2010, the racial makeup of the town was 84.15% White, 4.68% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 4.96% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.89% from other races, and 2.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.00% of the population. There were 65,917 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 16.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.26. In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males. According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $102,865, and the median income for a family was $113,119. Males had a median income of $61,748 versus $40,825 for females. The per capita income for the town was $36,390. About 2.9% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over. Government and politics This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2009) The town government consists of a town council with four members, all of whom are elected at large. The town supervisor is elected by the entire town. Other elected positions are the Town Clerk, Highway Superintendent, and Receiver of Taxes. A referendum to move to a ward district system on December 22, 2009, failed 81% to 18%. Until 2017, Huntington was generally controlled by the Democratic Party, having the same Democratic town supervisor, Frank Petrone, for 20 years prior to 2017. The town board followed suit during these years, generally being controlled by the Democratic Party. In 2017, the Republican Party took control of the town supervisor position with the election of Chad Lupinacci. The Republicans have held this position since. In the 2021 general election, the people of Huntington elected Edmund Smyth to the supervisor position. Two Republicans were also elected to the town board: Dr. Dave Bennardo and Salvatore Ferro. In the 2023 general election, Brooke Lupinacci and Theresa Mari were elected, creating a 5–0 super majority for the Republican Party on the town board. The town clerk position is held by Andrew Raia, and the highway superintendent is Andre Sorentino, both Republicans. The lone Democrat in the Huntington town government is Jillian Guthman, who has served as the receiver of taxes since 2017, when she was appointed to the position by the board, and shortly after re-elected to serve a full term in 2018. Huntington Town Board as of January 1, 2024 Position Name Supervisor Edmund J.M. Smyth (R) Town Clerk Andrew P. Raia (R) Councilman Dr. Dave Bennardo (R) Councilman Salvatore Ferro (R) Councilwoman Brooke A. Lupinacci (R) Councilwoman Theresa Mari (R) Receiver of Taxes Jillian Guthman (D) Highway Superintendent Andre Sorentino (R) Economy Sbarro's headquarters were located in Melville in the Town of Huntington until 2015. Around 2002, Swiss International Air Lines's North American headquarters moved from Melville to Uniondale, Town of Hempstead. The facility, the former Swissair North American headquarter site, was completed in 1995. Swissair intended to own, instead of lease, its headquarters site. It enlisted architect Richard Meier to design the Melville facility. In 1997, Aer Lingus announced that it was moving its North American headquarters from Manhattan to Melville; James Lyndon, a spokesperson for the airline, said that the company moved to Long Island in an effort to reduce costs, as leasing costs are lower on Long Island than in Manhattan. The move would transfer 75 employees, including administrative personnel, marketing personnel, sales personnel, and telephone reservation agents. The airline planned to move on June 15, 1997. The airline had also considered sites in Boston and in Westchester, New York. Top employers According to Huntington's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the town are: # Employer # of Employees 1 Huntington Hospital 2,000 2 Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center 2,000 3 Canon 1,800 4 Estée Lauder 1,500 5 Henry Schein 1,400 6 Western Suffolk BOCES 1,317 7 Newsday 1,228 8 Marchon Eyewear 1,055 9 Town of Huntington 702 10 BAE Systems Inc. 650 Education Colleges and universities Huntington is home to two institutions of higher education, including: Five Towns College in Dix Hills Seminary of the Immaculate Conception Elementary and high schools Cold Spring Harbor Central School District Cold Spring Harbor Jr./Sr. High School Goosehill Primary School Lloyd Harbor School Westside School Commack School District Commack High School Commack Middle School Burr Intermediate School Sawmill Intermediate School Rolling Hills Primary School North Ridge Primary School Note: Some schools in the Commack School District are located in the Town of Smithtown. Elwood Union Free School District John Glenn High School  Elwood Middle School  James H. Boyd Intermediate School  Harley Avenue Primary School  Half Hollow Hills Central School District Half Hollow Hills High School East Half Hollow Hills High School West West Hollow Middle School Candlewood Middle School Otsego Elementary School Paumanok Elementary School Signal Hill Elementary School Sunquam Elementary School Vanderbilt Elementary School Harborfields Central School District Harborfields High School Oldfield Middle School Thomas J. Lahey Elementary School Washington Drive Primary School Huntington Union Free School District Huntington High School J. Taylor Finley Middle School Woodhull Intermediate School Jack Abrams Intermediate School Flower Hill Primary School Jefferson Primary School Southdown Primary School Washington Primary School Northport-East Northport Union Free School District Northport High School East Northport Middle School Northport Middle School 5th Avenue Elementary School Pulaski Rd Elementary School Bellerose Elementary School Dickinson Elementary School Norwood Elementary School Ocean Ave Elementary School South Huntington Union Free School District Walt Whitman High School Henry L. Stimson Middle School (with 6th grade at Silas Wood Center) Birchwood Intermediate School Maplewood Intermediate School Countrywood Primary School Oakwood Primary School Private schools St. Patrick's School St. Anthony's High School Upper Room Christian School Local media Several weekly newspapers cover local news exclusively, including The Long-Islander, since 1838 as well as The Times of Huntington by TBR News Media. The Village Connection Magazine, published by Jim Savalli, is a lifestyle and entertainment magazine dedicated to the town of Huntington. Additionally, Patch, an online-only news website formerly owned by AOL; and the Huntington Buzz, an online-only news website that is independently owned; cover hyper-local news on issues, people and events in Huntington. In popular culture Huntington is the setting of the long-running comic strip The Lockhorns. Huntington is the basis for the television series The Wonder Years. Huntington is the town in which the American sitcom Growing Pains supposedly takes place. However, Robin Hood Lane, the street address of the Seaver family's home, is fictional. The show's creator, Neal Marlens, grew up in Huntington. The Village of Northport was mentioned in episode 6 of the 2012 NBC drama series Smash. Notable people Jason Alexander, actor Wendy Andreiev (Wendy Wild), lead vocalist in the 1980s for several New York–based bands Al Arbour, lived in Cold Spring Harbor during his coaching career with the New York Islanders; moved in 1999, some years after his retirement Sam Aronson, director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory Ian Matthias Bavitz (Aesop Rock), hip-hop, rap artist Joe Bendik, professional goalkeeper for Orlando City. Robert Bendiner, journalist, editor, and author Judith S. Bloch, a LCSW and activist in the field of early childhood education Brian Bloom, actor who previously lived in Dix Hills Bob Bourne, former New York Islanders player Stephen Bowen, Dallas Cowboys defensive end; lived in Dix Hills through high school Christie Brinkley, model Anthony Brown, Attorney General of Maryland Brendan B. Brown, lead vocalist for the band Wheatus Edwin G. Burrows, won 1999 Pulitzer Prize for History for the book Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 Greg Buttle, former NFL football player for the New York Jets Peter Calandra, Broadway, movie, and television pianist/composer Mariah Carey, singer-songwriter, born and raised in Centerport, New York, she graduated from Harborfields High School in 1987. Alexandra Carter, academic, mediator, media personality, negotiation trainer and author Harry Chapin, singer-songwriter and humanitarian John Coltrane, famed jazz saxophonist and composer, who lived in Dix Hills during the last years of his life Gerry Cooney, former heavyweight boxer Bob Costas, sportscaster Anthony Cumia, former co-host of XM Satellite Radio program Opie and Anthony, current host of The Anthony Cumia Show Cornelius H. DeLamater, industrialist, and owner of Eaton's Neck Alice G. Dewey, anthropologist Marlene Dietrich, actress and singer James L. Dolan, Cablevision CEO; graduated in 1974 from Cold Spring Harbor High School Harry E. Donnell, noted architect, and Eaton's Neck estate owner Arthur Dove, artist Adam Ebbin, Senate of Virginia member Edie Falco, Broadway, movie, and television actress best known for her role as Carmela Soprano on The Sopranos Alison Fanelli, actress best known for the role on the television series The Adventures of Pete & Pete Greg Fox, nationally syndicated comic strip artist/writer (His comic Kyle's Bed & Breakfast takes place in Northport) Mark Gastineau, defensive end for the New York Jets; lived in Huntington Bay in the 1980s Andrew Geller, architect Clark Gillies, former New York Islanders hockey player Jackie Gleason, comedian who spent many summers in Asharoken Rube Goldberg, cartoonist Don Goldstein, All American and Pan American champion basketball player George Grosz, artist Leroy Grumman Tom Gugliotta, former NBA player Julie Halston, actress and comedian Jupiter Hammon Sean Hannity, talk show and Fox News host John L. Hennessy, president of Stanford University Pete Harnisch, Major League pitcher Mel Harris, actress Tobias Harris, NBA player Melissa Joan Hart, actress, writer, director, producer, singer, and businesswoman Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood, the ship's master of the Exxon Valdez at the time of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in the Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989 Elizabeth Hendrickson, television actress best known for her role as twin sisters Frankie and Maggie Stone on All My Children. Ron Hextall, former NHL goalie John Sloss Hobart, owner of Eaton's Neck, and U.S. Senator; namesake of the Town's "Hobart Beach" in Eaton's Neck Bill and Bunny Hoest, co-creators of The Lockhorns Chris Hogan, NFL wide receiver two-time Super Bowl Champion with the New England Patriots. Gregg (Opie) Hughes "Cousin" Sal Iacono, comedian and writer Amy Ignatow, author and illustrator, The Popularity Papers Steve Israel, U.S. Representative (D-N.Y.) Curtis Jackson (50 Cent), used to live in Dix Hills Billy Joel, singer Jenny Kallur, Swedish World Championships finalist in 100-meter hurdles; born in Huntington Susanna Kallur, Swedish World Indoor record holder in the 60-meter hurdles; born in Huntington Darius Kasparaitis, former NHL ice hockey player for the New York Islanders, Pittsburgh Penguins, Colorado Avalanche and the New York Rangers. Ricky Kasso, murderer Jack Kerouac, novelist and writer commonly credited as a major catalyst for the 1960s counterculture movement. Pat LaFontaine, professional hockey player Fiorello La Guardia, famed former mayor of New York City Michael Lardon, sport psychiatrist Lawrence C. Levy (born 1950), executive dean of the National Center for Suburban Studies at Hofstra University, and journalist Charles Lindbergh, aviator Lindsay Lohan, spent a portion of her childhood and teen years in Cold Spring Harbor. She attended Cold Spring Harbor High School until her Sophomore year of high school Mark LoMonaco, wrestler who grew up in Dix Hills Allie Long, professional soccer player Carey Lowell, actor; James Bond film Licence to Kill; Law & Order character Jamie Ross, 1996–2001 Charles Ludlam, actor, playwright and founder of the Theater of the Ridiculous in New York City, grew up in Greenlawn and graduated from Harborfields High School. Patti Lupone, Tony Award-winning broadway and television actress, best known for her role as Eva Peron in Evita; raised in Northport John Macaluso, drummer Ralph Macchio, actor (The Karate Kid); raised in Dix Hills Ashley Massaro, former World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Diva Barbara McClintock (1902–1992), Nobel Prize-winning cytogeneticist, died in Huntington Chris Messina, television actor, best known for his role as Ted Fairwell on Six Feet Under Dina Meyer, actress Dan Milano, television writer and voice actor best known as the co-creator of the show Greg the Bunny Paul Steven Miller, commissioner, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1994–2004); Henry M. Jackson Professor of Law at the University of Washington School of Law (2004–present); Special Assistant to President Obama (2009) Richard P. Mills Lt. General (ret), USMC 1975–2015 Eric Milnes (born 1959), harpsichordist, organist and conductor Bruce Morrison, former U.S. Congressman from Connecticut; grew up in Northport and attended Northport High School Jim Neu (1943–2010), playwright Daniel O'Donnell, New York State Assembly member Rosie O'Donnell, former talk show host and LGBT rights activist, raised in Commack Eugene O'Neill, playwright, in 1931 Steve Park, NASCAR driver Laura Pergolizzi Todd Phillips, filmmaker known for The Hangover Mary Pickford, actress Randy Rainbow, comedian and singer, born in and grew up in Huntington until he was ten Gretchen Rau, Academy Award-winning motion picture set decorator Sarah Reinertsen, leg amputee and athlete who set many world records Alia Sabur, youngest professor in history Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, author of The Little Prince, written at Delamater-Bevin Mansion in Asharoken in 1942 Paul Scheer, actor and podcast host John Scurti, television actor best known for his role as Kenny Shea on Rescue Me Bonnie Seeman, ceramic artist and University of Miami art professor Craig Ricci Shaynak, television character actor Cindy Sherman, photographer David F. Schmitz, history professor at Whitman College Dee Snider, front man for rock band Twisted Sister David Spergel, theoretical astrophysicist and MacArthur Fellow; presently a professor at Princeton University known for his work on the WMAP mission and chair of the Astrophysics Subcommittee of the NASA Advisory Council Henry L. Stimson, Secretary of State under Herbert Hoover, Secretary of War under William Howard Taft and again for Franklin D. Roosevelt throughout World War II Brandon Sutter, NHL player for the Vancouver Canucks Ruth Ann Swenson, opera singer Wally Szczerbiak, NBA basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers; attended Cold Spring Harbor High School Evan Thomas, journalist; editor and author; grew up in Cold Spring Harbor Randall Tolson, craftsman and clockmaker; known for a series of highly collectible memorial clocks; lived in Cold Spring Harbor until he died in 1954 Richard D. Veltri, mechanical engineer and Connecticut state legislator; was born in Huntington Ryan Vesce, player for the San Jose Sharks in the NHL, grew up in Lloyd Harbor, adjacent to Cold Spring Harbor, and attended Cold Spring Harbor High School Wesley Walker, former Jets wide receiver James D. Watson, Nobel Prize winner, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, and former Chancellor of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Jim Wetherbee (born 1952), astronaut Meg Whitman, CEO of eBay and 2010 California gubernatorial candidate; grew up in Lloyd Harbor, adjacent to Cold Spring Harbor, and attended Cold Spring Harbor High School, graduating in 1973 Walt Whitman, poet Judd Winick, writer/artist from MTV's The Real World San Francisco (former) Communities and locations Villages (incorporated) Asharoken Huntington Bay Lloyd Harbor Northport Hamlets (unincorporated) Centerport Cold Spring Harbor Commack (partly, with the Town of Smithtown) Dix Hills East Northport Eatons Neck Elwood Fort Salonga (partly, with the Town of Smithtown) Greenlawn Halesite Huntington Huntington Station Melville South Huntington Vernon Valley West Hills Wincoma Transportation Railroad lines The Long Island Rail Road's Port Jefferson Branch serves the town's vicinity, and uses stations between Cold Spring Harbor through Northport. Huntington is the eastern terminus of electrification along the Port Jefferson Branch. Bus service The Town of Huntington is served primarily by Huntington Area Rapid Transit bus routes, though some routes from Suffolk County Transit also serve the town. Major roads See also: List of county routes in Suffolk County, New York Interstate 495 is the Long Island Expressway, and the sole interstate highway in the Town of Huntington, with interchanges from part of Exit 48 in West Hills on the Nassau-Suffolk County Line to Exit 52 in Commack. Northern State Parkway was the sole limited-access highway in the Town of Huntington until the construction of the Long Island Expressway. It has interchanges from Exit 39 in West Hills east of the Nassau-Suffolk County Line to Exit 43 in Commack on the Huntington-Smithtown Town Line. New York State Route 25A, the northernmost west–east state highway on Long Island including the Town of Huntington. It enters the town from Laurel Hollow in Nassau County, running through historic Cold Spring Harbor, then downtown Huntington, later Centerport, Northport, and Fort Salonga where it crosses the Huntington-Smithtown Town Line. New York State Route 25, the parent route of NY 25A, which also runs west to east along Jericho Turnpike. It enters the town at West Hills from Woodbury, passes through South Huntington, Elwood, and Commack, where it crosses the Huntington-Smithtown Town Line. Old Country Road, an extension of a principal west–east thoroughfare in Central Nassau County. It enters Suffolk County in a hidden overlap with Round Swamp Road at Exit 48 on I-495, then branches off to the northeast as it passes through West Hills, Melville, Dix Hills and South Huntington. Unlike in Nassau County, the road has no designation. New York State Route 108, is the westernmost south–north state route in Suffolk County. It runs from Suffolk CR 11 at Cold Spring Harbor's LIRR station to NY 25A running along the edge of the Nassau County Line. New York State Route 110, is a major south–north highway in Suffolk County. It enters the town from East Farmingdale near the State University of New York at Farmingdale, and runs through Melville, then South Huntington, Huntington Station, Downtown Huntington, and serves as the main road in Halesite, before finally terminating at Youngs Hill Road, where it becomes the undesignated East Shore Road. New York State Route 231, has been entirely a four-lane divided highway throughout its existence. It enters the town from Deer Park in the Town of Babylon between Rutland and Kenmore Streets and runs through Dix Hills, where it has interchanges with I-495 and the Northern State Parkway. Immediately after the parkway, the route terminates at a fork in the road for Suffolk CRs 35 to the northwest and 66 to the northeast. County Route 2 is Straight Path, a southwest to northeast county road running from the Babylon Town Line through Wyandanch as the main road, ending at NY 231 in Dix Hills. County Route 3 is a south to north county route known as Wellwood Avenue from north of East Farmingdale at the Babylon Town Line to Ruland Road (CR 5) where it becomes Pinelawn Road until it reaches NY 110 in Melville. County Route 11, includes Woodbury Road in Cold Spring Harbor, and Pulaski Road from Cold Spring Harbor through Fort Salonga. County Route 35 County Route 67 includes the remaining drivable portion of the Long Island Motor Parkway. County Route 92 is the south-to-north route from Oakwood Road from NY 25 in West Hills, Huntington Manor, and Huntington, then turns east onto High Street to end at NY 110. Self-serve gas Huntington is the only township in the United States to ban self-service gas stations at the township level and among the few places in the U.S. where full-service gas stations are compulsory and no self-service is allowed; the entire state of New Jersey and the western-Mid Valley portion of Oregon are the only other places in the country with similar laws. See also 1946 Town of Huntington planning map from Wikimedia Commons National Register of Historic Places listings in Huntington, New York Heckscher Museum of Art Huntington Family Kelsey Outrage References ^ Woods, Silas (1898). Silas Wood's sketch of the town of Huntington, L. I., from its first settlement to the end of the American revolution. F. P. Harper. p. 16. ^ "New York Cities by Population". www.newyork-demographics.com. Retrieved November 12, 2023. ^ a b c d e f "History of Huntington". Town of Huntington. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2016. ^ a b c d e "Long Island Town of Huntington Says No to More Apartments". New York Focus. 2023. ^ Keating, W. Dennis (2018), Treviño, A. Javier (ed.), "Housing Market Discrimination", The Cambridge Handbook of Social Problems, Cambridge University Press, vol. 1, pp. 409–422, doi:10.1017/9781108656184.023, ISBN 978-1-108-42616-9 ^ Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". Census.gov. Retrieved May 16, 2023. ^ "Cities and Towns (Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions) Annual Estimates: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021" (CSV). Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved May 30, 2022. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Fact Sheet". American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2007. ^ "Elected Officials". huntingtonny.gov. Town of Huntington. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2009. ^ "Election Night Tally". apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Election Night Tally". apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Edmund J. Smyth - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Dr. Dave Bennardo - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Salvatore Ferro - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Election Night Tally". apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Councilwoman Brooke A. Lupinacci - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Councilwoman Theresa Mari - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Town Clerk Andrew P. Raia - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Highway Superintendent Andre Sorrentino - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Receiver of Taxes Jillian Guthman - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024. ^ "Elected Officials - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York". ^ "Contact Us." Sbarro. Retrieved March 5, 2010. ^ "Contact Us SWISS USA." Swiss International Air Lines. Retrieved January 20, 2009. ^ Anastasi, Nick. "SwissAir USA HQ heads to market.(Swiss International Airlines moves to Uniondale)." Long Island Business News. June 7, 2002. Retrieved January 25, 2009. ^ Wax, Alan J. "Aer Lingus moving offices to LI." Newsday. ^ "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31, 2016" (PDF). Town of Huntington. May 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017. ^ "Jason & Maggie Seaver". TV Character Bios. TV Acres. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2009. ^ Adam, McDowell (January 7, 2008). "From the Cutting Room Floor: Alan Thicke". National Post. The Ampersand. Canada. Retrieved January 28, 2009. Everything's OK on Robin Hood Lane, which was the name of our street. ^ Blum, David (February 27, 1989). "Where Were You in '68?". New York Magazine. News America. p. 118. Retrieved January 28, 2009. ^ Rose, Josée (March 13, 2012). "'Smash,' Season 1, Episode 6, 'Chemistry': TV Recap". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 26, 2012. ^ Calabria, Pat (August 29, 2015). "Former beat writer reflects on Islanders legend Al Arbour". Newsday. Retrieved February 18, 2023. ^ Physics, American Institute of (September 24, 2021). "Sam Aronson". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved February 18, 2023. ^ a b "Joseph Lloyd Manor House, Page 2". Longisland.about.com. June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013. ^ DeWan, George (April 24, 2000). "LONG ISLAND OUR PAST / LI to NY: Hey, You Owe Us". Newsday. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2009. ^ "Peter Calandra / Composer". Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2007. ^ Little, Bob. "Avenue of Stars". Archived from the original on September 5, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2006. ^ "Alison Fanelli". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ "Leisureama homes". History Detectives. Season 3. Episode 10. 2005. ^ "Episode 10, 2005: Leisurama (transcript)" (PDF). History Detectives. PBS. Retrieved September 22, 2009. ^ Gorst, Jake. "Andrew M Geller Biography". Retrieved September 22, 2009. ^ "George Grosz at The Heckscher Museum of Art". October 10, 2019. ^ Auletta, Ken (April 30, 2012). "Get Rich U." The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2013. Hennessy grew up in Huntington, Long Island. ^ "Elizabeth Hendrickson". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ Rock, Tom (February 4, 2018). "Super Bowl LII: Patriots' Chris Hogan is LI's ultimate commuter". Newsday. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2019. ^ "Home of 50 Cent destroyed by fire". WABC-TV. May 30, 2008. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013. ^ Kellogg, Valerie (March 1, 2010). "50 Cent trying to sell Dix Hills property". Newsday. Cablevision. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013. ^ "Long Island Luxury Homes, Long Island real estate, Long Island Homes for sale". Lloydharborluxuryhomes.com. Retrieved June 26, 2013. ^ Diamos, Jason (November 18, 1996). "Islanders Trade Kasparaitis for Smolinski". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2008. ^ Asher, Levi (September 19, 2001). "Jack Kerouac". Literary Kicks. Retrieved November 2, 2007. ^ "Patti Lupone". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ "Rozie Bacchi Publicity Stills & Production Photos". Rozie Bacchi. Retrieved November 12, 2007. ^ "Biography for Joe Roseto". IMDb. Retrieved November 12, 2007. ^ "Chris Messina". IMDb. Retrieved November 12, 2007. ^ "Dan Milano". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ Open Seas 1990 (Northport High School Yearbook), vol. 11, Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Company, 1990, p. 169 ^ Robinson, Pam (March 18, 2011). "Marine General Recalls His Whitman Roots". Patch. Retrieved April 22, 2020. He has long been away from Huntington ^ "MORRISON, Bruce Andrew, (1944, )". Biography Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved July 27, 2008. ^ Weber, Bruce (July 21, 2010). "Jim Neu, Creator of Wry Plays, Is Dead at 66". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2010. ^ MacGowan, Carl (April 21, 2008). "Guinness names Northport teen world's youngest professor". Newsday. Archived from the original on April 26, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2008. ^ "John Scurti". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ "Craig Ricci Shaynak". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010. ^ "Henry L. Stimson, 83, Dies on LI, Served Nation in Four Cabinets". Newsday. October 21, 1950. p. 2. ^ Kerr, Kathleen (July 16, 2008). "They Began Here: Around the country, leading thinkers in health and science can trace their roots to Long Island". Newsday. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008. ^ Smith, Noah (January 8, 2018). "The future of pumping gas and other make-work jobs". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 13, 2019. Further reading Morris, Tom (February 22, 1998). "Huntington / It Struggled but Endured". Newsday. p. 114. ProQuest 279070211. Portal: New York (state) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Town of Huntington, New York. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Huntington (New York). Official website Huntington Historical Society Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Huntington (New York)" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. vteHuntington, New YorkCounty Suffolk Villages Asharoken Huntington Bay Lloyd Harbor Northport CDPs Centerport Cold Spring Harbor Commack Dix Hills East Northport Eatons Neck Elwood Fort Salonga Greenlawn Halesite Huntington Huntington Station Melville South Huntington West Hills Other areas Crab Meadow Half Hollow Hills Vernon Valley Wincoma vteMunicipalities and communities of Suffolk County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: RiverheadTowns Babylon Brookhaven East Hampton Huntington Islip Riverhead Shelter Island Smithtown Southampton Southold Villages Amityville Asharoken Babylon Belle Terre Bellport Brightwaters Dering Harbor East Hampton Greenport Head of the Harbor Huntington Bay Islandia Lake Grove Lindenhurst Lloyd Harbor Nissequogue North Haven Northport Ocean Beach Old Field Patchogue Poquott Port Jefferson Quogue Sag Harbor Sagaponack Saltaire Shoreham Southampton Village of the Branch Westhampton Beach West Hampton Dunes CDPs Amagansett Aquebogue Baiting Hollow Bay Shore Bayport Baywood Blue Point Bohemia Brentwood Bridgehampton Brookhaven Calverton Captree Center Moriches Centereach Centerport Central Islip Cold Spring Harbor Commack Copiague Coram Cutchogue Deer Park Dix Hills East Farmingdale East Hampton North East Islip East Marion East Moriches East Northport East Patchogue East Quogue East Setauket East Shoreham Eastport Eatons Neck Elwood Farmingville Fire Island Fishers Island Flanders Fort Salonga Gilgo Gordon Heights Great River Greenlawn Greenport West Halesite Hampton Bays Hauppauge Holbrook Holtsville Huntington Huntington Station Islip Islip Terrace Jamesport Kings Park Lake Ronkonkoma Laurel Manorville Mastic Mastic Beach Mattituck Medford Melville Middle Island Miller Place Montauk Moriches Mount Sinai Napeague Nesconset New Suffolk North Amityville North Babylon North Bay Shore North Bellport North Great River North Lindenhurst North Patchogue North Sea Northampton Northville Northwest Harbor Noyack Oak Beach Oakdale Orient Peconic Port Jefferson Station Quiogue Remsenburg-Speonk Ridge Riverhead Riverside Rocky Point Ronkonkoma Sayville Selden Setauket Shelter Island Shelter Island Heights Shinnecock Hills Shirley Smithtown Sound Beach South Huntington Southold Springs St. James Stony Brook Stony Brook University Terryville Tuckahoe Wading River Wainscott Water Mill West Babylon West Bay Shore West Hills West Islip West Sayville Westhampton Wheatley Heights Wyandanch Yaphank Hamlets Canaan Lake Cherry Grove Crystal Brook Cupsogue Beach Davis Park Fire Island Pines Hagerman Ocean Bay Park Point O' Woods Remsenburg South Haven South Jamesport Speonk Strongs Neck Upton Water Island Reservations Poospatuck Shinnecock New York portal United States portal vteLong IslandGeneral topics Economy Geography History Policing People Politics Recreation Transportation Places Municipalities North Shore South Shore Cow Neck Peninsula Great Neck Peninsula North Fork South Fork Long Island Sound Barrier islands Fire Island Counties Kings (Brooklyn) Queens Nassau Suffolk Cities New York City (part) Glen Cove Long Beach TownsNassau Hempstead North Hempstead Oyster Bay Suffolk Babylon Brookhaven East Hampton Huntington Islip Riverhead Shelter Island Smithtown Southampton Southold Villages and hamlets with more than 10,000 inhabitants Babylon Baldwin Bay Shore Bethpage Commack Dix Hills East Rockaway Elwood Floral Park Freeport Garden City Hempstead Village Hicksville Huntington Islip Kings Park Lake Grove Levittown Lindenhurst Lynbrook Massapequa Massapequa Park Melville Merrick Mineola Oceanside Riverhead Rockville Centre Patchogue Smithtown Uniondale Valley Stream Wantagh Westbury West Islip Villages andhamlets with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants Amityville Asharoken Atlantic Beach Baxter Estates Bayville Belle Terre Bellerose Bellerose Terrace Bellport Brightwaters Brookville Cedarhurst Center Moriches Centre Island Cove Neck Dering Harbor East Hampton East Hills East Williston Farmingdale Flower Hill Great Neck Great Neck Estates Great Neck Plaza Greenport Head of the Harbor Hewlett Bay Park Hewlett Harbor Hewlett Neck Huntington Bay Island Park Islandia Kensington Kings Point Lake Success Lattingtown Laurel Hollow Lawrence Lloyd Harbor Malverne Manorhaven Matinecock Mill Neck Munsey Park Muttontown New Hyde Park Nissequogue North Haven North Hills Northport Ocean Beach Old Brookville Old Field Old Westbury Oyster Bay Cove Plandome Plandome Heights Plandome Manor Poquott Port Jefferson Port Washington North Quogue Roslyn Roslyn Estates Roslyn Harbor Russell Gardens Saddle Rock Sag Harbor Sagaponack Sands Point Saltaire Sea Cliff Shoreham South Floral Park Southampton Stewart Thomaston Upper Brookville Village of the Branch West Hampton Dunes Westhampton Beach Williston Park vteNew York metropolitan areaCounties Bergen Bronx Dutchess Essex Fairfield Hudson Hunterdon Kings Litchfield Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Monroe Morris Nassau New Haven New York Ocean Orange Passaic Pike Putnam Queens Richmond Rockland Somerset Suffolk Sussex Ulster Union Westchester Major cities New York City The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens Staten Island Cities and townsover 100,000 Babylon Bridgeport Brookhaven Edison Elizabeth Hempstead Huntington Islip Jersey City Lakewood New Haven Newark North Hempstead Oyster Bay Paterson Smithtown Stamford Waterbury Woodbridge Yonkers Cities and townsover 25,000 Bayonne Bergenfield Bernards Branford Brick Bridgewater Carmel Cheshire Clifton Cortlandt Danbury Eastchester East Brunswick East Haven East Orange East Windsor Englewood Ewing Fairfield Fair Lawn Fort Lee Franklin Township Freehold Township Garfield Greenburgh Greenwich Hackensack Hamden Hamilton Hillsborough Hoboken Howell Jackson Kearny Lawrence Livingston Long Beach Long Branch Mahwah Mamaroneck Manalapan Maplewood Marlboro Meriden Middletown, NJ Middletown, NY Milford Monroe, NJ Monroe, NY Montclair Mount Vernon Naugatuck New Brunswick New Milford New Rochelle Newburgh Newtown North Brunswick Norwalk Old Bridge Orange, NJ Ossining Paramus Passaic Pelham Perth Amboy Plainfield Poughkeepsie Princeton Rahway Riverhead Rye (town) Shelton South Brunswick Stratford Teaneck Toms River Torrington Trenton Trumbull Union City Union Township Wall Township Wallingford Wayne West Haven West Orange West Windsor Westfield Westport White Plains Yorktown Regions Catskills Central Jersey Greater Danbury Greater Newark Greater New Haven Greater Torrington Greater Waterbury Housatonic Valley Hudson Valley Jersey Shore Litchfield Hills Long Island North Jersey Poconos Raritan Valley Skylands Region Watchung Mountains Western Connecticut See also Northeast megalopolis Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntington (CDP), New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_(CDP),_New_York"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silas_Woods_Sketch_of_the_town_of_Huntington-1"},{"link_name":"north shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Long_Island)"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Long Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the hamlet within the Town of Huntington, see Huntington (CDP), New York.Town in New York, United StatesThe Town of Huntington is one of ten towns in Suffolk County, New York. Founded in 1653,[1] it is located on the north shore of Long Island in northwestern Suffolk County, with Long Island Sound to its north and Nassau County adjacent to the west. Huntington is part of the New York metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 204,127, making it the 11th most populous city/town in the state.[2]","title":"Huntington, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Bradford_Brainerd_(American,_1845-1887)._Street,_Huntington,_Long_Island,_May_1907..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Bradford_Brainerd_(American,_1845-1887)._Street,_Huntington,_Long_Island,_ca._1872-1887..jpg"},{"link_name":"Matinecock tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matinecock_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Northport Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Old Country Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Country_Road"},{"link_name":"Long Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoH-3"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoH-3"},{"link_name":"Connecticut colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_colony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoH-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoH-3"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoH-3"},{"link_name":"white flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoH-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"George Bradford Brainerd Street, 1907George Bradford Brainerd Street, ca. 1872–1887In 1653, three men from Oyster Bay, Richard Holbrook, Robert Williams and Daniel Whitehead, purchased a parcel of land from the Matinecock tribe. This parcel has since come to be known as the \"First Purchase\" and included land bordered by Cold Spring Harbor on the west, Northport Harbor on the east, what is now known as Old Country Road to the south and Long Island Sound to the north. The three men immediately turned the land over to the settlers who had already been living there.[3]The origin of the name is unknown but the consensus among historians is it was named for the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell who was Lord Protector of England at the time of the town's establishment.[citation needed] \nFrom that initial settlement, Huntington grew over subsequent years to include all of the land presently comprising the modern Towns of Huntington and Babylon. The southern part of the town was formally separated to create Babylon in 1872.[3]Because Huntington was populated largely by English settlers, unlike the rest of the New Amsterdam colony, the town voted in 1660 to become part of the Connecticut colony rather than remain under the authority of New Amsterdam. It was not until the British gained control of New Amsterdam in 1664 (renaming it New York) that Huntington was formally restored to the jurisdiction of New York.[3]Following the Battle of Long Island during the American Revolutionary War, British troops used Huntington as their headquarters, and remained encamped there until the end of the war.[3]The arrival of the Long Island Rail Road in 1867 transformed the economy of Huntington from primarily agriculture and shipping (based on its well protected harbor) to tourism and commuting. Cold Spring Harbor became a popular summer resort.[3]The end of World War II brought about an explosive growth of population in Huntington amid white flight, as in the rest of the region. Farms and resorts gave way to homes, and Huntington has transformed into a major commuter town for nearby New York City.[3]In 1988, the Supreme Court ruled that Huntington had violated the Fair Housing Act by preventing apartment construction anywhere except in Black neighborhoods.[4] A developer of an affordable housing project sought to build it in a white neighborhood, but the town restricted the developer to black neighborhoods.[5] The Supreme Court ordered the town to build an affordable housing project in a white neighborhood. Construction on that project began in 2023.[4]In 2019, Huntington banned the creation of new basement apartments.[4] In 2023, a councilmember proposed legalizing basement apartments to alleviate the housing crisis in Huntington and other communities surrounding New York City.[4] At a July 2023 hearing, in which local residents railed against \"migrants, pedophiles, or criminals\" moving into Huntington, council members backtracked on their support for the zoning change.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Sound"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Smithtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Islip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islip,_New_York"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Huntington is bounded by Long Island Sound to the north, Nassau County to the west, Babylon to the south, and Smithtown to the east. It also shares a small border with Islip to the southeast.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 137.1 square miles (355 km2), of which 94.0 square miles (243 km2) is land and 43.1 square miles (112 km2) (31.44%) is water.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"As of the census[9] of 2000, there were 195,289 people, 65,917 households, and 52,338 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,078.4 inhabitants per square mile (802.5/km2). There were 67,708 housing units at an average density of 720.6 per square mile (278.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town in 2000 was 88.31% White, 4.22% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 3.50% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.27% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.58% of the population. As of the census of 2010, the racial makeup of the town was 84.15% White, 4.68% Black or African American, 0.20% Native American, 4.96% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 3.89% from other races, and 2.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.00% of the population.There were 65,917 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 16.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.26.In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $102,865, and the median income for a family was $113,119.[10] Males had a median income of $61,748 versus $40,825 for females. The per capita income for the town was $36,390. About 2.9% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officials-11"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The town government consists of a town council with four members, all of whom are elected at large. The town supervisor is elected by the entire town. Other elected positions are the Town Clerk, Highway Superintendent, and Receiver of Taxes.[11] A referendum to move to a ward district system on December 22, 2009, failed 81% to 18%.Until 2017, Huntington was generally controlled by the Democratic Party, having the same Democratic town supervisor, Frank Petrone, for 20 years prior to 2017. The town board followed suit during these years, generally being controlled by the Democratic Party. In 2017, the Republican Party took control of the town supervisor position with the election of Chad Lupinacci.[12] The Republicans have held this position since. In the 2021 general election,[13] the people of Huntington elected Edmund Smyth[14] to the supervisor position. Two Republicans were also elected to the town board: Dr. Dave Bennardo[15] and Salvatore Ferro.[16] In the 2023 general election,[17] Brooke Lupinacci[18] and Theresa Mari[19] were elected, creating a 5–0 super majority for the Republican Party on the town board. The town clerk position is held by Andrew Raia,[20] and the highway superintendent is Andre Sorentino,[21] both Republicans. The lone Democrat in the Huntington town government is Jillian Guthman,[22] who has served as the receiver of taxes since 2017, when she was appointed to the position by the board, and shortly after re-elected to serve a full term in 2018.","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sbarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbarro"},{"link_name":"Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Swiss International Air Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Uniondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniondale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Hempstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Swissair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissair"},{"link_name":"Richard Meier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Meier"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Aer Lingus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aer_Lingus"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Westchester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Sbarro's headquarters were located in Melville in the Town of Huntington until 2015.[24]Around 2002, Swiss International Air Lines's North American headquarters moved from Melville to Uniondale, Town of Hempstead. The facility, the former Swissair North American headquarter site, was completed in 1995. Swissair intended to own, instead of lease, its headquarters site. It enlisted architect Richard Meier to design the Melville facility.[25][26]In 1997, Aer Lingus announced that it was moving its North American headquarters from Manhattan to Melville; James Lyndon, a spokesperson for the airline, said that the company moved to Long Island in an effort to reduce costs, as leasing costs are lower on Long Island than in Manhattan. The move would transfer 75 employees, including administrative personnel, marketing personnel, sales personnel, and telephone reservation agents. The airline planned to move on June 15, 1997. The airline had also considered sites in Boston and in Westchester, New York.[27]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Top employers","text":"According to Huntington's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[28] the top employers in the town are:","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Towns College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Towns_College"},{"link_name":"Seminary of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"}],"sub_title":"Colleges and universities","text":"Huntington is home to two institutions of higher education, including:Five Towns College in Dix Hills\nSeminary of the Immaculate Conception","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Jr./Sr. High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Jr./Sr._High_School"},{"link_name":"Commack School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commack_School_District"},{"link_name":"Commack High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commack_High_School"},{"link_name":"Town of Smithtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Elwood Union Free School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood_Union_Free_School_District"},{"link_name":"John Glenn High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn_High_School_(Huntington,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"James H. Boyd Intermediate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Boyd_Intermediate_School"},{"link_name":"Half Hollow Hills Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Hollow_Hills_Central_School_District"},{"link_name":"Harborfields High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harborfields_High_School"},{"link_name":"Huntington Union Free School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Union_Free_School_District"},{"link_name":"Huntington High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_High_School_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Northport-East Northport Union Free School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northport-East_Northport_Union_Free_School_District"},{"link_name":"Northport High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northport_High_School"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman_High_School,_South_Huntington"},{"link_name":"St. Anthony's High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anthony%27s_High_School_(New_York)"}],"sub_title":"Elementary and high schools","text":"Cold Spring Harbor Central School District\nCold Spring Harbor Jr./Sr. High School\nGoosehill Primary School\nLloyd Harbor School\nWestside School\nCommack School District\nCommack High School\nCommack Middle School\nBurr Intermediate School\nSawmill Intermediate School\nRolling Hills Primary School\nNorth Ridge Primary School\nNote: Some schools in the Commack School District are located in the Town of Smithtown.\nElwood Union Free School District\nJohn Glenn High School \nElwood Middle School \nJames H. Boyd Intermediate School \nHarley Avenue Primary School \nHalf Hollow Hills Central School District\nHalf Hollow Hills High School East\nHalf Hollow Hills High School West\nWest Hollow Middle School\nCandlewood Middle School\nOtsego Elementary School\nPaumanok Elementary School\nSignal Hill Elementary School\nSunquam Elementary School\nVanderbilt Elementary School\nHarborfields Central School District\nHarborfields High School\nOldfield Middle School\nThomas J. Lahey Elementary School\nWashington Drive Primary School\nHuntington Union Free School District\nHuntington High School\nJ. Taylor Finley Middle School\nWoodhull Intermediate School\nJack Abrams Intermediate School\nFlower Hill Primary School\nJefferson Primary School\nSouthdown Primary School\nWashington Primary School\nNorthport-East Northport Union Free School District\nNorthport High School\nEast Northport Middle School\nNorthport Middle School\n5th Avenue Elementary School\nPulaski Rd Elementary School\nBellerose Elementary School\nDickinson Elementary School\nNorwood Elementary School\nOcean Ave Elementary School\nSouth Huntington Union Free School District\nWalt Whitman High School\nHenry L. Stimson Middle School (with 6th grade at Silas Wood Center)\nBirchwood Intermediate School\nMaplewood Intermediate School\nCountrywood Primary School\nOakwood Primary School\nPrivate schools\nSt. Patrick's School\nSt. Anthony's High School\nUpper Room Christian School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(website)"}],"text":"Several weekly newspapers cover local news exclusively, including The Long-Islander, since 1838 as well as The Times of Huntington by TBR News Media. The Village Connection Magazine, published by Jim Savalli, is a lifestyle and entertainment magazine dedicated to the town of Huntington. Additionally, Patch, an online-only news website formerly owned by AOL; and the Huntington Buzz, an online-only news website that is independently owned; cover hyper-local news on issues, people and events in Huntington.","title":"Local media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lockhorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lockhorns"},{"link_name":"The Wonder Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonder_Years"},{"link_name":"Growing Pains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Pains"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Neal Marlens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Marlens"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Northport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Smash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Huntington is the setting of the long-running comic strip The Lockhorns.\nHuntington is the basis for the television series The Wonder Years.\nHuntington is the town in which the American sitcom Growing Pains supposedly takes place.[29] However, Robin Hood Lane, the street address of the Seaver family's home, is fictional.[30] The show's creator, Neal Marlens, grew up in Huntington.[31]\nThe Village of Northport was mentioned in episode 6 of the 2012 NBC drama series Smash.[32]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Alexander"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Wendy Andreiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Wild"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Al Arbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Arbour"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sam Aronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Aronson"},{"link_name":"Brookhaven National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Ian Matthias Bavitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop_Rock"},{"link_name":"hip-hop, rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Joe Bendik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bendik"},{"link_name":"Robert Bendiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bendiner"},{"link_name":"Judith S. Bloch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_S._Bloch"},{"link_name":"LCSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensed_Clinical_Social_Worker"},{"link_name":"activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist"},{"link_name":"early childhood education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhood_education"},{"link_name":"Brian Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Bloom"},{"link_name":"Bob Bourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bourne"},{"link_name":"New York Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Islanders"},{"link_name":"Stephen Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Bowen_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Christie Brinkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Brinkley"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lloydneck-35"},{"link_name":"Anthony Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Brown_(Maryland_politician)"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Brendan B. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_B._Brown"},{"link_name":"Wheatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatus"},{"link_name":"Edwin G. Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_G._Burrows"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History"},{"link_name":"Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham:_A_History_of_New_York_City_to_1898"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Greg Buttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Buttle"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"Peter Calandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Calandra"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Carter_(negotiator)"},{"link_name":"Harry Chapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Chapin"},{"link_name":"John Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltrane_Home"},{"link_name":"Gerry Cooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Cooney"},{"link_name":"Bob Costas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Costas"},{"link_name":"Anthony Cumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Cumia"},{"link_name":"XM Satellite Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio"},{"link_name":"Opie and Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opie_and_Anthony"},{"link_name":"The Anthony Cumia Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anthony_Cumia_Show"},{"link_name":"Cornelius H. DeLamater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_H._DeLamater"},{"link_name":"Alice G. Dewey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_G._Dewey"},{"link_name":"Marlene Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"James L. Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Dolan"},{"link_name":"Cablevision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablevision"},{"link_name":"Harry E. Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_E._Donnell"},{"link_name":"Arthur Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Dove"},{"link_name":"Adam Ebbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ebbin"},{"link_name":"Senate of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Edie Falco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edie_Falco"},{"link_name":"Carmela Soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmela_Soprano"},{"link_name":"The Sopranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sopranos"},{"link_name":"Alison Fanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Fanelli"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Pete & Pete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pete_%26_Pete"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Greg Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Fox_(author)"},{"link_name":"comic strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_strip"},{"link_name":"Kyle's Bed & Breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle%27s_Bed_%26_Breakfast"},{"link_name":"Mark Gastineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Gastineau"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"Andrew Geller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Geller"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Clark Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Gillies"},{"link_name":"Jackie Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Gleason"},{"link_name":"Asharoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharoken"},{"link_name":"Rube Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rube_Goldberg"},{"link_name":"Don Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"George Grosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grosz"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grosz-43"},{"link_name":"Leroy Grumman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Grumman"},{"link_name":"Tom Gugliotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gugliotta"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Julie Halston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Halston"},{"link_name":"Jupiter Hammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Hammon"},{"link_name":"Sean Hannity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hannity"},{"link_name":"John L. Hennessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Hennessy"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hennessy-44"},{"link_name":"Pete Harnisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Harnisch"},{"link_name":"Mel Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Harris"},{"link_name":"Tobias Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Harris"},{"link_name":"Melissa Joan Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Joan_Hart"},{"link_name":"Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jeffrey_Hazelwood"},{"link_name":"Exxon Valdez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez"},{"link_name":"Exxon Valdez oil spill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Hendrickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hendrickson"},{"link_name":"All My Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Children"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ron Hextall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hextall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Sloss Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sloss_Hobart"},{"link_name":"Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hoest"},{"link_name":"Bunny Hoest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_Hoest"},{"link_name":"The Lockhorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lockhorns"},{"link_name":"Chris Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hogan_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Gregg (Opie) Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opie_and_Anthony"},{"link_name":"\"Cousin\" Sal Iacono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Iacono"},{"link_name":"Amy Ignatow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Ignatow"},{"link_name":"The Popularity Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Popularity_Papers"},{"link_name":"Steve Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Israel"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"Curtis Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent"},{"link_name":"Dix Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix_Hills,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Billy Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Jenny Kallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Kallur"},{"link_name":"Susanna Kallur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Kallur"},{"link_name":"Darius Kasparaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Kasparaitis"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Ricky Kasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Kasso"},{"link_name":"Jack Kerouac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac"},{"link_name":"counterculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Pat LaFontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_LaFontaine"},{"link_name":"Fiorello La Guardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia"},{"link_name":"Michael Lardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lardon"},{"link_name":"Lawrence C. Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_C._Levy"},{"link_name":"Hofstra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstra_University"},{"link_name":"Charles Lindbergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lloydneck-35"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Lohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_High_School"},{"link_name":"Mark LoMonaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_LoMonaco"},{"link_name":"Allie Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_Long"},{"link_name":"Carey Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carey_Lowell"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Charles Ludlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ludlam"},{"link_name":"Patti Lupone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Lupone"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Eva Peron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Peron"},{"link_name":"Evita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evita_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"John Macaluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macaluso"},{"link_name":"Ralph Macchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Macchio"},{"link_name":"The Karate Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Karate_Kid_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Ashley Massaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Massaro"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Barbara McClintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_McClintock"},{"link_name":"Chris Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Messina_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ted Fairwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Six_Feet_Under_characters#Ted_Fairwell"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Dina Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Dan Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Milano"},{"link_name":"Greg the Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_the_Bunny"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Paul Steven Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Steven_Miller"},{"link_name":"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission"},{"link_name":"University of Washington School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Special Assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Richard P. Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_P._Mills_(general)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Eric Milnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Milnes"},{"link_name":"Bruce Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Jim Neu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Neu"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Daniel O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_O%27Donnell_(politician)"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Rosie O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Steve Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Park_(NASCAR)"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"Laura Pergolizzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Todd Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Phillips"},{"link_name":"The Hangover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hangover"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"Randy Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Rau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Rau"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Sarah Reinertsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Reinertsen"},{"link_name":"Alia Sabur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Sabur"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"The Little Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Prince"},{"link_name":"Delamater-Bevin Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delamater-Bevin_Mansion"},{"link_name":"Asharoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharoken"},{"link_name":"Paul Scheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scheer"},{"link_name":"John Scurti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scurti"},{"link_name":"Rescue Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_Me_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Seeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Seeman"},{"link_name":"University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Miami"},{"link_name":"Craig Ricci Shaynak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Ricci_Shaynak"},{"link_name":"character actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_actor"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Cindy Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Sherman"},{"link_name":"David F. Schmitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_F._Schmitz"},{"link_name":"Whitman College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitman_College"},{"link_name":"Dee Snider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Snider"},{"link_name":"Twisted Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Sister"},{"link_name":"David Spergel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Spergel"},{"link_name":"MacArthur Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"WMAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAP"},{"link_name":"NASA Advisory Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Advisory_Council"},{"link_name":"Henry L. Stimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stimson-dies-on-li-64"},{"link_name":"Brandon Sutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Sutter"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Canucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks"},{"link_name":"Ruth Ann Swenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Ann_Swenson"},{"link_name":"Wally Szczerbiak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Szczerbiak"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"Evan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Randall Tolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Tolson"},{"link_name":"Richard D. Veltri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Veltri"},{"link_name":"Ryan Vesce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Vesce"},{"link_name":"San Jose Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Sharks"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Wesley Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Walker"},{"link_name":"James D. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Watson"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Jim Wetherbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wetherbee"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Meg Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Whitman"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Judd Winick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judd_Winick"},{"link_name":"The Real World San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_World_(San_Francisco)"}],"text":"Jason Alexander, actor[citation needed]\nWendy Andreiev (Wendy Wild), lead vocalist in the 1980s for several New York–based bands[citation needed]\nAl Arbour, lived in Cold Spring Harbor during his coaching career with the New York Islanders;[33] moved in 1999, some years after his retirement[citation needed]\nSam Aronson, director of the Brookhaven National Laboratory[34]\nIan Matthias Bavitz (Aesop Rock), hip-hop, rap artist\nJoe Bendik, professional goalkeeper for Orlando City.\nRobert Bendiner, journalist, editor, and author\nJudith S. Bloch, a LCSW and activist in the field of early childhood education\nBrian Bloom, actor who previously lived in Dix Hills\nBob Bourne, former New York Islanders player\nStephen Bowen, Dallas Cowboys defensive end; lived in Dix Hills through high school\nChristie Brinkley, model[35]\nAnthony Brown, Attorney General of Maryland\nBrendan B. Brown, lead vocalist for the band Wheatus\nEdwin G. Burrows, won 1999 Pulitzer Prize for History for the book Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898[36]\nGreg Buttle, former NFL football player for the New York Jets\nPeter Calandra, Broadway, movie, and television pianist/composer[37]\nMariah Carey, singer-songwriter, born and raised in Centerport, New York, she graduated from Harborfields High School in 1987.\nAlexandra Carter, academic, mediator, media personality, negotiation trainer and author\nHarry Chapin, singer-songwriter and humanitarian\nJohn Coltrane, famed jazz saxophonist and composer, who lived in Dix Hills during the last years of his life\nGerry Cooney, former heavyweight boxer\nBob Costas, sportscaster\nAnthony Cumia, former co-host of XM Satellite Radio program Opie and Anthony, current host of The Anthony Cumia Show\nCornelius H. DeLamater, industrialist, and owner of Eaton's Neck\nAlice G. Dewey, anthropologist\nMarlene Dietrich, actress and singer[38]\nJames L. Dolan, Cablevision CEO; graduated in 1974 from Cold Spring Harbor High School\nHarry E. Donnell, noted architect, and Eaton's Neck estate owner\nArthur Dove, artist\nAdam Ebbin, Senate of Virginia member\nEdie Falco, Broadway, movie, and television actress best known for her role as Carmela Soprano on The Sopranos\nAlison Fanelli, actress best known for the role on the television series The Adventures of Pete & Pete[39]\nGreg Fox, nationally syndicated comic strip artist/writer (His comic Kyle's Bed & Breakfast takes place in Northport)\nMark Gastineau, defensive end for the New York Jets; lived in Huntington Bay in the 1980s\nAndrew Geller, architect[40][41][42]\nClark Gillies, former New York Islanders hockey player\nJackie Gleason, comedian who spent many summers in Asharoken\nRube Goldberg, cartoonist\nDon Goldstein, All American and Pan American champion basketball player\nGeorge Grosz, artist[43]\nLeroy Grumman\nTom Gugliotta, former NBA player\nJulie Halston, actress and comedian\nJupiter Hammon\nSean Hannity, talk show and Fox News host\nJohn L. Hennessy, president of Stanford University[44]\nPete Harnisch, Major League pitcher\nMel Harris, actress\nTobias Harris, NBA player\nMelissa Joan Hart, actress, writer, director, producer, singer, and businesswoman\nJoseph Jeffrey Hazelwood, the ship's master of the Exxon Valdez at the time of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in the Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989\nElizabeth Hendrickson, television actress best known for her role as twin sisters Frankie and Maggie Stone on All My Children.[45]\nRon Hextall, former NHL goalie[citation needed]\nJohn Sloss Hobart, owner of Eaton's Neck, and U.S. Senator; namesake of the Town's \"Hobart Beach\" in Eaton's Neck\nBill and Bunny Hoest, co-creators of The Lockhorns\nChris Hogan, NFL wide receiver two-time Super Bowl Champion with the New England Patriots.[46]\nGregg (Opie) Hughes\n\"Cousin\" Sal Iacono, comedian and writer\nAmy Ignatow, author and illustrator, The Popularity Papers\nSteve Israel, U.S. Representative (D-N.Y.)\nCurtis Jackson (50 Cent), used to live in Dix Hills[47][48]\nBilly Joel, singer[49]\nJenny Kallur, Swedish World Championships finalist in 100-meter hurdles; born in Huntington\nSusanna Kallur, Swedish World Indoor record holder in the 60-meter hurdles; born in Huntington\nDarius Kasparaitis, former NHL ice hockey player for the New York Islanders, Pittsburgh Penguins, Colorado Avalanche and the New York Rangers.[50]\nRicky Kasso, murderer\nJack Kerouac, novelist and writer commonly credited as a major catalyst for the 1960s counterculture movement.[51]\nPat LaFontaine, professional hockey player\nFiorello La Guardia, famed former mayor of New York City\nMichael Lardon, sport psychiatrist\nLawrence C. Levy (born 1950), executive dean of the National Center for Suburban Studies at Hofstra University, and journalist\nCharles Lindbergh, aviator[35]\nLindsay Lohan, spent a portion of her childhood and teen years in Cold Spring Harbor. She attended Cold Spring Harbor High School until her Sophomore year of high school\nMark LoMonaco, wrestler who grew up in Dix Hills\nAllie Long, professional soccer player\nCarey Lowell, actor; James Bond film Licence to Kill; Law & Order character Jamie Ross, 1996–2001\nCharles Ludlam, actor, playwright and founder of the Theater of the Ridiculous in New York City, grew up in Greenlawn and graduated from Harborfields High School.\nPatti Lupone, Tony Award-winning broadway and television actress, best known for her role as Eva Peron in Evita;[52] raised in Northport\nJohn Macaluso, drummer\nRalph Macchio, actor (The Karate Kid); raised in Dix Hills\nAshley Massaro, former World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Diva\nBarbara McClintock (1902–1992), Nobel Prize-winning cytogeneticist, died in Huntington\nChris Messina, television actor, best known for his role as Ted Fairwell on Six Feet Under[53][54][55]\nDina Meyer, actress\nDan Milano, television writer and voice actor best known as the co-creator of the show Greg the Bunny[56][57]\nPaul Steven Miller, commissioner, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1994–2004); Henry M. Jackson Professor of Law at the University of Washington School of Law (2004–present); Special Assistant to President Obama (2009)\nRichard P. Mills Lt. General (ret), USMC 1975–2015[58]\nEric Milnes (born 1959), harpsichordist, organist and conductor\nBruce Morrison, former U.S. Congressman from Connecticut; grew up in Northport and attended Northport High School[59]\nJim Neu (1943–2010), playwright[60]\nDaniel O'Donnell, New York State Assembly member\nRosie O'Donnell, former talk show host and LGBT rights activist, raised in Commack\nEugene O'Neill, playwright, in 1931\nSteve Park, NASCAR driver\nLaura Pergolizzi\nTodd Phillips, filmmaker known for The Hangover\nMary Pickford, actress\nRandy Rainbow, comedian and singer, born in and grew up in Huntington until he was ten\nGretchen Rau, Academy Award-winning motion picture set decorator\nSarah Reinertsen, leg amputee and athlete who set many world records\nAlia Sabur, youngest professor in history[61]\nAntoine de Saint-Exupéry, author of The Little Prince, written at Delamater-Bevin Mansion in Asharoken in 1942\nPaul Scheer, actor and podcast host\nJohn Scurti, television actor best known for his role as Kenny Shea on Rescue Me[62]\nBonnie Seeman, ceramic artist and University of Miami art professor\nCraig Ricci Shaynak, television character actor[63]\nCindy Sherman, photographer\nDavid F. Schmitz, history professor at Whitman College\nDee Snider, front man for rock band Twisted Sister\nDavid Spergel, theoretical astrophysicist and MacArthur Fellow; presently a professor at Princeton University known for his work on the WMAP mission and chair of the Astrophysics Subcommittee of the NASA Advisory Council\nHenry L. Stimson, Secretary of State under Herbert Hoover, Secretary of War under William Howard Taft and again for Franklin D. Roosevelt throughout World War II[64]\nBrandon Sutter, NHL player for the Vancouver Canucks\nRuth Ann Swenson, opera singer\nWally Szczerbiak, NBA basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers; attended Cold Spring Harbor High School\nEvan Thomas, journalist; editor and author; grew up in Cold Spring Harbor\nRandall Tolson, craftsman and clockmaker; known for a series of highly collectible memorial clocks; lived in Cold Spring Harbor until he died in 1954\nRichard D. Veltri, mechanical engineer and Connecticut state legislator; was born in Huntington\nRyan Vesce, player for the San Jose Sharks in the NHL, grew up in Lloyd Harbor, adjacent to Cold Spring Harbor, and attended Cold Spring Harbor High School\nWesley Walker, former Jets wide receiver\nJames D. Watson, Nobel Prize winner, co-discoverer of the structure of DNA, and former Chancellor of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory\nJim Wetherbee (born 1952), astronaut[65]\nMeg Whitman, CEO of eBay and 2010 California gubernatorial candidate; grew up in Lloyd Harbor, adjacent to Cold Spring Harbor, and attended Cold Spring Harbor High School, graduating in 1973\nWalt Whitman, poet\nJudd Winick, writer/artist from MTV's The Real World San Francisco (former)","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities and locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asharoken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharoken,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Huntington Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Bay,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Harbor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Northport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northport,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Villages (incorporated)","text":"Asharoken\nHuntington Bay\nLloyd Harbor\nNorthport","title":"Communities and locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centerport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Commack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commack,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Smithtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithtown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Dix Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dix_Hills,_New_York"},{"link_name":"East Northport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Northport,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Eatons Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eatons_Neck,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Elwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fort Salonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Salonga,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Greenlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlawn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Halesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halesite,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_(CDP),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Huntington Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Station,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"South Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Huntington,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Vernon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Valley,_New_York"},{"link_name":"West Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hills,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wincoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincoma,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Hamlets (unincorporated)","text":"Centerport\nCold Spring Harbor\nCommack (partly, with the Town of Smithtown)\nDix Hills\nEast Northport\nEatons Neck\nElwood\nFort Salonga (partly, with the Town of Smithtown)\nGreenlawn\nHalesite\nHuntington\nHuntington Station\nMelville\nSouth Huntington\nVernon Valley\nWest Hills\nWincoma","title":"Communities and locations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Port Jefferson Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jefferson_Branch"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Northport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northport_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_(LIRR_station)"}],"sub_title":"Railroad lines","text":"The Long Island Rail Road's Port Jefferson Branch serves the town's vicinity, and uses stations between Cold Spring Harbor through Northport. Huntington is the eastern terminus of electrification along the Port Jefferson Branch.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntington Area Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Area_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County_Transit"}],"sub_title":"Bus service","text":"The Town of Huntington is served primarily by Huntington Area Rapid Transit bus routes, though some routes from Suffolk County Transit also serve the town.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of county routes in Suffolk County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_county_routes_in_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-495.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_495_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"West Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hills,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nassau-Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Commack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northern_Pkwy_Shield.svg"},{"link_name":"Northern State Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_State_Parkway"},{"link_name":"West Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hills,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Nassau-Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Commack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-25A.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 25A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-25.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25"},{"link_name":"Old Country Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Country_Road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-108.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_108"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-110.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at Farmingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Farmingdale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NY-231.svg"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suffolk_County_2.svg"},{"link_name":"County Route 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_2_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suffolk_County_3.svg"},{"link_name":"County Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_3_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suffolk_County_11.svg"},{"link_name":"County Route 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_11_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suffolk_County_35.svg"},{"link_name":"County Route 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_35_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suffolk_County_67.svg"},{"link_name":"County Route 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_67_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Long Island Motor Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suffolk_County_92.svg"},{"link_name":"County Route 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Route_92_(Suffolk_County,_New_York)"}],"sub_title":"Major roads","text":"See also: List of county routes in Suffolk County, New YorkInterstate 495 is the Long Island Expressway, and the sole interstate highway in the Town of Huntington, with interchanges from part of Exit 48 in West Hills on the Nassau-Suffolk County Line to Exit 52 in Commack.\n Northern State Parkway was the sole limited-access highway in the Town of Huntington until the construction of the Long Island Expressway. It has interchanges from Exit 39 in West Hills east of the Nassau-Suffolk County Line to Exit 43 in Commack on the Huntington-Smithtown Town Line.\n New York State Route 25A, the northernmost west–east state highway on Long Island including the Town of Huntington. It enters the town from Laurel Hollow in Nassau County, running through historic Cold Spring Harbor, then downtown Huntington, later Centerport, Northport, and Fort Salonga where it crosses the Huntington-Smithtown Town Line.\n New York State Route 25, the parent route of NY 25A, which also runs west to east along Jericho Turnpike. It enters the town at West Hills from Woodbury, passes through South Huntington, Elwood, and Commack, where it crosses the Huntington-Smithtown Town Line.\nOld Country Road, an extension of a principal west–east thoroughfare in Central Nassau County. It enters Suffolk County in a hidden overlap with Round Swamp Road at Exit 48 on I-495, then branches off to the northeast as it passes through West Hills, Melville, Dix Hills and South Huntington. Unlike in Nassau County, the road has no designation.\n New York State Route 108, is the westernmost south–north state route in Suffolk County. It runs from Suffolk CR 11 at Cold Spring Harbor's LIRR station to NY 25A running along the edge of the Nassau County Line.\n New York State Route 110, is a major south–north highway in Suffolk County. It enters the town from East Farmingdale near the State University of New York at Farmingdale, and runs through Melville, then South Huntington, Huntington Station, Downtown Huntington, and serves as the main road in Halesite, before finally terminating at Youngs Hill Road, where it becomes the undesignated East Shore Road.\n New York State Route 231, has been entirely a four-lane divided highway throughout its existence. It enters the town from Deer Park in the Town of Babylon between Rutland and Kenmore Streets and runs through Dix Hills, where it has interchanges with I-495 and the Northern State Parkway. Immediately after the parkway, the route terminates at a fork in the road for Suffolk CRs 35 to the northwest and 66 to the northeast.\n County Route 2 is Straight Path, a southwest to northeast county road running from the Babylon Town Line through Wyandanch as the main road, ending at NY 231 in Dix Hills.\n County Route 3 is a south to north county route known as Wellwood Avenue from north of East Farmingdale at the Babylon Town Line to Ruland Road (CR 5) where it becomes Pinelawn Road until it reaches NY 110 in Melville.\n County Route 11, includes Woodbury Road in Cold Spring Harbor, and Pulaski Road from Cold Spring Harbor through Fort Salonga.\n County Route 35\n County Route 67 includes the remaining drivable portion of the Long Island Motor Parkway.\n County Route 92 is the south-to-north route from Oakwood Road from NY 25 in West Hills, Huntington Manor, and Huntington, then turns east onto High Street to end at NY 110.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"full-service gas stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling_station#Types_of_service"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"}],"sub_title":"Self-serve gas","text":"Huntington is the only township in the United States to ban self-service gas stations at the township level and among the few places in the U.S. where full-service gas stations are compulsory and no self-service is allowed;[66] the entire state of New Jersey and the western-Mid Valley portion of Oregon are the only other places in the country with similar laws.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"279070211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/279070211"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"New York (state)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)"}],"text":"Morris, Tom (February 22, 1998). \"Huntington / It Struggled but Endured\". Newsday. p. 114. ProQuest 279070211.Portal: New York (state)","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"George Bradford Brainerd Street, 1907","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_Bradford_Brainerd_%28American%2C_1845-1887%29._Street%2C_Huntington%2C_Long_Island%2C_May_1907..jpg/220px-George_Bradford_Brainerd_%28American%2C_1845-1887%29._Street%2C_Huntington%2C_Long_Island%2C_May_1907..jpg"},{"image_text":"George Bradford Brainerd Street, ca. 1872–1887","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_Bradford_Brainerd_%28American%2C_1845-1887%29._Street%2C_Huntington%2C_Long_Island%2C_ca._1872-1887..jpg/220px-George_Bradford_Brainerd_%28American%2C_1845-1887%29._Street%2C_Huntington%2C_Long_Island%2C_ca._1872-1887..jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Suffolk_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"1946 Town of Huntington planning map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1946_Huntington_Planning_Map.png"},{"title":"Wikimedia Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Huntington, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Huntington,_New_York"},{"title":"Heckscher Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckscher_Museum_of_Art"},{"title":"Huntington Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_family"},{"title":"Kelsey Outrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Outrage"}]
[{"reference":"Woods, Silas (1898). Silas Wood's sketch of the town of Huntington, L. I., from its first settlement to the end of the American revolution. F. P. Harper. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/silaswoodssketch00woodiala","url_text":"Silas Wood's sketch of the town of Huntington, L. I., from its first settlement to the end of the American revolution"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/silaswoodssketch00woodiala/page/16","url_text":"16"}]},{"reference":"\"New York Cities by Population\". www.newyork-demographics.com. Retrieved November 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyork-demographics.com/cities_by_population","url_text":"\"New York Cities by Population\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Huntington\". Town of Huntington. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved April 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130324003718/http://huntingtonny.gov/town_history.cfm","url_text":"\"History of Huntington\""},{"url":"http://huntingtonny.gov/town_history.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Long Island Town of Huntington Says No to More Apartments\". New York Focus. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nysfocus.com/2023/07/27/huntington-long-island-housing-new-york","url_text":"\"Long Island Town of Huntington Says No to More Apartments\""}]},{"reference":"Keating, W. Dennis (2018), Treviño, A. Javier (ed.), \"Housing Market Discrimination\", The Cambridge Handbook of Social Problems, Cambridge University Press, vol. 1, pp. 409–422, doi:10.1017/9781108656184.023, ISBN 978-1-108-42616-9","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-social-problems/housing-market-discrimination/8FA2A1CACF9853DC4760E650B92ABD8A","url_text":"\"Housing Market Discrimination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108656184.023","url_text":"10.1017/9781108656184.023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42616-9","url_text":"978-1-108-42616-9"}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"Gazetteer Files\". Census.gov. Retrieved May 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cities and Towns (Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions) Annual Estimates: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021\" (CSV). Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2021/cities/totals/sub-est2021_36.csv","url_text":"\"Cities and Towns (Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions) Annual Estimates: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values","url_text":"CSV"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Sheet\". American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212060513/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S1901&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=st&-tree_id=307&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=06000US3610337000&-format=&-_lang=en","url_text":"\"Fact Sheet\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S1901&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=st&-tree_id=307&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=06000US3610337000&-format=&-_lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elected Officials\". huntingtonny.gov. Town of Huntington. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved August 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120117191826/http://www.huntingtonny.gov/elected_official_list.cfm","url_text":"\"Elected Officials\""},{"url":"http://huntingtonny.gov/elected_official_list.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Night Tally\". apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov/boe/eleres/17ge/default.htm","url_text":"\"Election Night Tally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Night Tally\". apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov/boe/eleres/21ge/default.htm","url_text":"\"Election Night Tally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edmund J. Smyth - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/edmund-j-smyth","url_text":"\"Edmund J. Smyth - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Dave Bennardo - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/dr-dave-bennardo","url_text":"\"Dr. Dave Bennardo - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salvatore Ferro - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/salvatore-ferro","url_text":"\"Salvatore Ferro - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Night Tally\". apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov/boe/eleres/23ge/default.htm","url_text":"\"Election Night Tally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councilwoman Brooke A. Lupinacci - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/Brooke-Lupinacci","url_text":"\"Councilwoman Brooke A. Lupinacci - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councilwoman Theresa Mari - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/Theresa-Mari","url_text":"\"Councilwoman Theresa Mari - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town Clerk Andrew P. Raia - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/andrew-raia","url_text":"\"Town Clerk Andrew P. Raia - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highway Superintendent Andre Sorrentino - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/highway-superintendent","url_text":"\"Highway Superintendent Andre Sorrentino - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Receiver of Taxes Jillian Guthman - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\". www.huntingtonny.gov. Retrieved January 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/jillian-guthman","url_text":"\"Receiver of Taxes Jillian Guthman - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elected Officials - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/elected-officials","url_text":"\"Elected Officials - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31, 2016\" (PDF). Town of Huntington. May 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huntingtonny.gov/filestorage/13753/13757/17478/17482/2016_CAFR.pdf","url_text":"\"Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31, 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jason & Maggie Seaver\". TV Character Bios. TV Acres. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120913224155/http://www.tvacres.com/char_seaver_jason.htm","url_text":"\"Jason & Maggie Seaver\""},{"url":"http://www.tvacres.com/char_seaver_jason.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adam, McDowell (January 7, 2008). \"From the Cutting Room Floor: Alan Thicke\". National Post. The Ampersand. Canada. Retrieved January 28, 2009. Everything's OK on Robin Hood Lane, which was the name of our street.","urls":[{"url":"http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/theampersand/archive/2008/01/07/from-the-cutting-room-floor-alan-thicke.aspx","url_text":"\"From the Cutting Room Floor: Alan Thicke\""}]},{"reference":"Blum, David (February 27, 1989). \"Where Were You in '68?\". New York Magazine. News America. p. 118. Retrieved January 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blum","url_text":"Blum, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ucCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118","url_text":"\"Where Were You in '68?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Josée (March 13, 2012). \"'Smash,' Season 1, Episode 6, 'Chemistry': TV Recap\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/03/13/smash-season-1-episode-6-chemistry-tv-recap/","url_text":"\"'Smash,' Season 1, Episode 6, 'Chemistry': TV Recap\""}]},{"reference":"Calabria, Pat (August 29, 2015). \"Former beat writer reflects on Islanders legend Al Arbour\". Newsday. Retrieved February 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/hockey/islanders/former-beat-writer-reflects-on-islanders-legend-al-arbour-i65178","url_text":"\"Former beat writer reflects on Islanders legend Al Arbour\""}]},{"reference":"Physics, American Institute of (September 24, 2021). \"Sam Aronson\". American Institute of Physics. Retrieved February 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/45467","url_text":"\"Sam Aronson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph Lloyd Manor House, Page 2\". Longisland.about.com. June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved June 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130513090107/http://longisland.about.com/od/neighborhoods/ss/lloydneck_2.htm","url_text":"\"Joseph Lloyd Manor House, Page 2\""},{"url":"http://longisland.about.com/od/neighborhoods/ss/lloydneck_2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"DeWan, George (April 24, 2000). \"LONG ISLAND OUR PAST / LI to NY: Hey, You Owe Us\". Newsday. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007211334/http://www.newsday.com/news/long-island-our-past-li-to-ny-hey-you-owe-us-a-prize-winning-historian-points-out-where-the-city-would-be-without-the-suburb-1.299073","url_text":"\"LONG ISLAND OUR PAST / LI to NY: Hey, You Owe Us\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"},{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/news/long-island-our-past-li-to-ny-hey-you-owe-us-a-prize-winning-historian-points-out-where-the-city-would-be-without-the-suburb-1.299073","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Peter Calandra / Composer\". Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820072101/http://www.pecamusic.com/bio/bio.htm","url_text":"\"Peter Calandra / Composer\""},{"url":"http://www.pecamusic.com/bio/bio.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Little, Bob. \"Avenue of Stars\". Archived from the original on September 5, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060905124221/http://www.theliconnection.com/editorials/621","url_text":"\"Avenue of Stars\""},{"url":"http://www.theliconnection.com/editorials/621","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alison Fanelli\". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0266725/","url_text":"\"Alison Fanelli\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Leisureama homes\". History Detectives. Season 3. Episode 10. 2005.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Episode 10, 2005: Leisurama (transcript)\" (PDF). History Detectives. PBS. Retrieved September 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/pdf/310_leisureama.pdf","url_text":"\"Episode 10, 2005: Leisurama (transcript)\""}]},{"reference":"Gorst, Jake. \"Andrew M Geller Biography\". Retrieved September 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.andrewgeller.net/","url_text":"\"Andrew M Geller Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Grosz at The Heckscher Museum of Art\". October 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heckscher.org/collection_george_grosz","url_text":"\"George Grosz at The Heckscher Museum of Art\""}]},{"reference":"Auletta, Ken (April 30, 2012). \"Get Rich U.\" The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 25, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2013. Hennessy grew up in Huntington, Long Island.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/30/120430fa_fact_auletta?currentPage=all","url_text":"\"Get Rich U.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325125948/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/30/120430fa_fact_auletta?currentPage=all","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Hendrickson\". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1058513/","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Hendrickson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Rock, Tom (February 4, 2018). \"Super Bowl LII: Patriots' Chris Hogan is LI's ultimate commuter\". Newsday. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041745/https://www.newsday.com/sports/football/super-bowl/super-bowl-lii-chris-hogan-patriots-1.16516099","url_text":"\"Super Bowl LII: Patriots' Chris Hogan is LI's ultimate commuter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"},{"url":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/football/super-bowl/super-bowl-lii-chris-hogan-patriots-1.16516099","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home of 50 Cent destroyed by fire\". WABC-TV. May 30, 2008. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131229012510/http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=6174489","url_text":"\"Home of 50 Cent destroyed by fire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WABC-TV","url_text":"WABC-TV"},{"url":"http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/local&id=6174489","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kellogg, Valerie (March 1, 2010). \"50 Cent trying to sell Dix Hills property\". Newsday. Cablevision. Archived from the original on December 29, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/real-li-1.812034/50-cent-trying-to-sell-dix-hills-property-1.1787374","url_text":"\"50 Cent trying to sell Dix Hills property\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablevision","url_text":"Cablevision"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131229045835/http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/real-li-1.812034/50-cent-trying-to-sell-dix-hills-property-1.1787374","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Long Island Luxury Homes, Long Island real estate, Long Island Homes for sale\". Lloydharborluxuryhomes.com. Retrieved June 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lloydharborluxuryhomes.com/","url_text":"\"Long Island Luxury Homes, Long Island real estate, Long Island Homes for sale\""}]},{"reference":"Diamos, Jason (November 18, 1996). \"Islanders Trade Kasparaitis for Smolinski\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E3DD133AF93BA25752C1A960958260","url_text":"\"Islanders Trade Kasparaitis for Smolinski\""}]},{"reference":"Asher, Levi (September 19, 2001). \"Jack Kerouac\". Literary Kicks. Retrieved November 2, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.litkicks.com/BeatPages/page.jsp?what=JackKerouac","url_text":"\"Jack Kerouac\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patti Lupone\". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0526985/","url_text":"\"Patti Lupone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Rozie Bacchi Publicity Stills & Production Photos\". Rozie Bacchi. Retrieved November 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://roziebacchi.tripod.com/rozie_photos_prod.html","url_text":"\"Rozie Bacchi Publicity Stills & Production Photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography for Joe Roseto\". IMDb. Retrieved November 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0742886/bio","url_text":"\"Biography for Joe Roseto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Messina\". IMDb. Retrieved November 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0582149/","url_text":"\"Chris Messina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Milano\". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0586850/","url_text":"\"Dan Milano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"Open Seas 1990 (Northport High School Yearbook), vol. 11, Marceline, Missouri: Walsworth Publishing Company, 1990, p. 169","urls":[]},{"reference":"Robinson, Pam (March 18, 2011). \"Marine General Recalls His Whitman Roots\". Patch. Retrieved April 22, 2020. He has long been away from Huntington","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/new-york/huntington/marine-general-recalls-his-whitman-roots","url_text":"\"Marine General Recalls His Whitman Roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_(website)","url_text":"Patch"}]},{"reference":"\"MORRISON, Bruce Andrew, (1944, )\". Biography Directory of the U.S. Congress. Retrieved July 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000992","url_text":"\"MORRISON, Bruce Andrew, (1944, )\""}]},{"reference":"Weber, Bruce (July 21, 2010). \"Jim Neu, Creator of Wry Plays, Is Dead at 66\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/21/theater/21neu.html","url_text":"\"Jim Neu, Creator of Wry Plays, Is Dead at 66\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"MacGowan, Carl (April 21, 2008). \"Guinness names Northport teen world's youngest professor\". Newsday. Archived from the original on April 26, 2008. Retrieved April 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080426231156/http://www.newsday.com/news/local/ny-liwhiz0422%2C0%2C4702323.story","url_text":"\"Guinness names Northport teen world's youngest professor\""},{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/news/local/ny-liwhiz0422,0,4702323.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Scurti\". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0780336/","url_text":"\"John Scurti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Craig Ricci Shaynak\". IMDb. Retrieved January 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1575801/","url_text":"\"Craig Ricci Shaynak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry L. Stimson, 83, Dies on LI, Served Nation in Four Cabinets\". Newsday. October 21, 1950. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Kathleen (July 16, 2008). \"They Began Here: Around the country, leading thinkers in health and science can trace their roots to Long Island\". Newsday. Archived from the original on December 14, 2008. Retrieved September 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081214232230/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-century_of_science_dissons,0,7662594.story","url_text":"\"They Began Here: Around the country, leading thinkers in health and science can trace their roots to Long Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"},{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-century_of_science_dissons,0,7662594.story","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Noah (January 8, 2018). \"The future of pumping gas and other make-work jobs\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 13, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-gaspump-oregon-make-work-jobs-0109-20180108-story.html","url_text":"\"The future of pumping gas and other make-work jobs\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Tom (February 22, 1998). \"Huntington / It Struggled but Endured\". Newsday. p. 114. ProQuest 279070211.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/279070211","url_text":"279070211"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Huntington (New York)\" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Huntington_(New_York)","url_text":"\"Huntington (New York)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huntington,_New_York&params=40_51_36_N_73_21_8_W_region:US-NY_type:city(195289)","external_links_name":"40°51′36″N 73°21′8″W / 40.86000°N 73.35222°W / 40.86000; -73.35222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huntington,_New_York&params=40_51_36_N_73_21_8_W_region:US-NY_type:city(195289)","external_links_name":"40°51′36″N 73°21′8″W / 40.86000°N 73.35222°W / 40.86000; -73.35222"},{"Link":"http://huntingtonny.gov/","external_links_name":"huntingtonny.gov"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington,_New_York&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/silaswoodssketch00woodiala","external_links_name":"Silas Wood's sketch of the town of Huntington, L. I., from its first settlement to the end of the American revolution"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/silaswoodssketch00woodiala/page/16","external_links_name":"16"},{"Link":"https://www.newyork-demographics.com/cities_by_population","external_links_name":"\"New York Cities by Population\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130324003718/http://huntingtonny.gov/town_history.cfm","external_links_name":"\"History of Huntington\""},{"Link":"http://huntingtonny.gov/town_history.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nysfocus.com/2023/07/27/huntington-long-island-housing-new-york","external_links_name":"\"Long Island Town of Huntington Says No to More Apartments\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-social-problems/housing-market-discrimination/8FA2A1CACF9853DC4760E650B92ABD8A","external_links_name":"\"Housing Market Discrimination\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108656184.023","external_links_name":"10.1017/9781108656184.023"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2021/cities/totals/sub-est2021_36.csv","external_links_name":"\"Cities and Towns (Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions) Annual Estimates: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212060513/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S1901&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=st&-tree_id=307&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=06000US3610337000&-format=&-_lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Fact Sheet\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-context=st&-qr_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_S1901&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=st&-tree_id=307&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=06000US3610337000&-format=&-_lang=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120117191826/http://www.huntingtonny.gov/elected_official_list.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Elected Officials\""},{"Link":"http://huntingtonny.gov/elected_official_list.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov/boe/eleres/17ge/default.htm","external_links_name":"\"Election Night Tally\""},{"Link":"https://apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov/boe/eleres/21ge/default.htm","external_links_name":"\"Election Night Tally\""},{"Link":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/edmund-j-smyth","external_links_name":"\"Edmund J. Smyth - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/dr-dave-bennardo","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Dave Bennardo - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/salvatore-ferro","external_links_name":"\"Salvatore Ferro - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""},{"Link":"https://apps2.suffolkcountyny.gov/boe/eleres/23ge/default.htm","external_links_name":"\"Election Night Tally\""},{"Link":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/Brooke-Lupinacci","external_links_name":"\"Councilwoman Brooke A. Lupinacci - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/Theresa-Mari","external_links_name":"\"Councilwoman Theresa Mari - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/andrew-raia","external_links_name":"\"Town Clerk Andrew P. Raia - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/highway-superintendent","external_links_name":"\"Highway Superintendent Andre Sorrentino - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/jillian-guthman","external_links_name":"\"Receiver of Taxes Jillian Guthman - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.huntingtonny.gov/elected-officials","external_links_name":"\"Elected Officials - Town of Huntington, Long Island, New York\""},{"Link":"http://www.sbarro.com/contact.php","external_links_name":"Contact Us"},{"Link":"http://www.swiss.com/countries/US/local_content/contacts/Pages/Contacts.aspx","external_links_name":"Contact Us SWISS USA"},{"Link":"http://www.allbusiness.com/operations/facilities/1079029-1.html","external_links_name":"SwissAir USA HQ heads to market.(Swiss International Airlines moves to Uniondale)"},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/44713595.html?dids=44713595:44713595&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+10%2C+1997&author=Wax%2C+Alan+J&pub=Newsday+%28Combined+editions%29&desc=Aer+Lingus+moving+offices+to+LI&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"Aer Lingus moving offices to LI"},{"Link":"http://www.huntingtonny.gov/filestorage/13753/13757/17478/17482/2016_CAFR.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31, 2016\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120913224155/http://www.tvacres.com/char_seaver_jason.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jason & Maggie Seaver\""},{"Link":"http://www.tvacres.com/char_seaver_jason.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/theampersand/archive/2008/01/07/from-the-cutting-room-floor-alan-thicke.aspx","external_links_name":"\"From the Cutting Room Floor: Alan Thicke\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ucCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118","external_links_name":"\"Where Were You in '68?\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/03/13/smash-season-1-episode-6-chemistry-tv-recap/","external_links_name":"\"'Smash,' Season 1, Episode 6, 'Chemistry': TV Recap\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/hockey/islanders/former-beat-writer-reflects-on-islanders-legend-al-arbour-i65178","external_links_name":"\"Former beat writer reflects on Islanders legend Al Arbour\""},{"Link":"https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/45467","external_links_name":"\"Sam Aronson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130513090107/http://longisland.about.com/od/neighborhoods/ss/lloydneck_2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Joseph Lloyd Manor House, Page 2\""},{"Link":"http://longisland.about.com/od/neighborhoods/ss/lloydneck_2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007211334/http://www.newsday.com/news/long-island-our-past-li-to-ny-hey-you-owe-us-a-prize-winning-historian-points-out-where-the-city-would-be-without-the-suburb-1.299073","external_links_name":"\"LONG ISLAND OUR PAST / LI to NY: Hey, You Owe Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/news/long-island-our-past-li-to-ny-hey-you-owe-us-a-prize-winning-historian-points-out-where-the-city-would-be-without-the-suburb-1.299073","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820072101/http://www.pecamusic.com/bio/bio.htm","external_links_name":"\"Peter Calandra / Composer\""},{"Link":"http://www.pecamusic.com/bio/bio.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060905124221/http://www.theliconnection.com/editorials/621","external_links_name":"\"Avenue of Stars\""},{"Link":"http://www.theliconnection.com/editorials/621","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0266725/","external_links_name":"\"Alison Fanelli\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/pdf/310_leisureama.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Episode 10, 2005: Leisurama (transcript)\""},{"Link":"http://www.andrewgeller.net/","external_links_name":"\"Andrew M Geller Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.heckscher.org/collection_george_grosz","external_links_name":"\"George Grosz at The Heckscher Museum of Art\""},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/30/120430fa_fact_auletta?currentPage=all","external_links_name":"\"Get Rich U.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130325125948/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/30/120430fa_fact_auletta?currentPage=all","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1058513/","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Hendrickson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041745/https://www.newsday.com/sports/football/super-bowl/super-bowl-lii-chris-hogan-patriots-1.16516099","external_links_name":"\"Super Bowl LII: Patriots' Chris Hogan is LI's ultimate commuter\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsday.com/sports/football/super-bowl/super-bowl-lii-chris-hogan-patriots-1.16516099","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131229012510/http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=6174489","external_links_name":"\"Home of 50 Cent destroyed by fire\""},{"Link":"http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/local&id=6174489","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/real-li-1.812034/50-cent-trying-to-sell-dix-hills-property-1.1787374","external_links_name":"\"50 Cent trying to sell Dix Hills property\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131229045835/http://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/real-li-1.812034/50-cent-trying-to-sell-dix-hills-property-1.1787374","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lloydharborluxuryhomes.com/","external_links_name":"\"Long Island Luxury Homes, Long Island real estate, Long Island Homes for sale\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E3DD133AF93BA25752C1A960958260","external_links_name":"\"Islanders Trade Kasparaitis for Smolinski\""},{"Link":"https://www.litkicks.com/BeatPages/page.jsp?what=JackKerouac","external_links_name":"\"Jack Kerouac\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0526985/","external_links_name":"\"Patti Lupone\""},{"Link":"http://roziebacchi.tripod.com/rozie_photos_prod.html","external_links_name":"\"Rozie Bacchi Publicity Stills & Production Photos\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0742886/bio","external_links_name":"\"Biography for Joe Roseto\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0582149/","external_links_name":"\"Chris Messina\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0586850/","external_links_name":"\"Dan Milano\""},{"Link":"https://patch.com/new-york/huntington/marine-general-recalls-his-whitman-roots","external_links_name":"\"Marine General Recalls His Whitman Roots\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000992","external_links_name":"\"MORRISON, Bruce Andrew, (1944, )\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/21/theater/21neu.html","external_links_name":"\"Jim Neu, Creator of Wry Plays, Is Dead at 66\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080426231156/http://www.newsday.com/news/local/ny-liwhiz0422%2C0%2C4702323.story","external_links_name":"\"Guinness names Northport teen world's youngest professor\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/news/local/ny-liwhiz0422,0,4702323.story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0780336/","external_links_name":"\"John Scurti\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1575801/","external_links_name":"\"Craig Ricci Shaynak\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081214232230/http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-century_of_science_dissons,0,7662594.story","external_links_name":"\"They Began Here: Around the country, leading thinkers in health and science can trace their roots to Long Island\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-century_of_science_dissons,0,7662594.story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-gaspump-oregon-make-work-jobs-0109-20180108-story.html","external_links_name":"\"The future of pumping gas and other make-work jobs\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/279070211","external_links_name":"279070211"},{"Link":"http://huntingtonny.gov/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.huntingtonhistoricalsociety.org/","external_links_name":"Huntington Historical Society"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Huntington_(New_York)","external_links_name":"\"Huntington (New York)\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/148944538","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4355498-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566966605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82066956","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/c9c39cb4-c978-4a00-97ed-9f8831dab11d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City,_Tennessee
Union City, Tennessee
["1 Etymology","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Economy","5 Cultural","5.1 Museums","5.2 Sports","5.3 Media","5.4 Historic landmarks","6 Notable people","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°25′28″N 89°3′3″W / 36.42444°N 89.05083°W / 36.42444; -89.05083 City in Tennessee, United StatesUnion City, TennesseeCityObion County Courthouse, downtownNickname: UCLocation of Union City in Obion County, Tennessee.Coordinates: 36°25′28″N 89°3′3″W / 36.42444°N 89.05083°W / 36.42444; -89.05083CountryUnited StatesStateTennesseeCountyObionEstablished1854Incorporated1867Named forLocal railroad junctionGovernment • MayorTerry HaileyArea • Total12.12 sq mi (31.38 km2) • Land12.11 sq mi (31.36 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.02 km2)Elevation338 ft (103 m)Population (2020) • Total11,170 • Density922.53/sq mi (356.18/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP codes38261 & 38281Area code731FIPS code47-75940GNIS feature ID1273213Websitewww.unioncitytn.gov Union City is located in Obion County, Tennessee, United States. 11,170 people were living in the town as of the 2020 census. It is the principal urban settlement of the surrounding micropolitan area, which includes Obion County and Fulton County, Kentucky. Union City is home to Discovery Park of America which is a world-renowned encyclopedic museum with many exhibits pertaining to local history, as well as state, national, and world history, science, technology, and art. Etymology In 1852, General George Gibbs gave Union City its name because of its location at the junction or "union" of two railroads, the Nashville/Northwestern Railroad (Hickman, KY) and the Mobile, Alabama/Ohio Railroad. Geography Union City is located at 36°25′28″N 89°3′3″W / 36.42444°N 89.05083°W / 36.42444; -89.05083 (36.424395, −89.050850). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.7 square miles (28 km2), all land. The mayor, appointed by his fellow city councilors since 1988, is Terry Hailey. Climate Under the Köppen climate classification system, Union City has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). Climate data for Union City, Tennessee (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1895–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 78(26) 81(27) 91(33) 93(34) 100(38) 106(41) 109(43) 111(44) 108(42) 99(37) 86(30) 78(26) 111(44) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 44.5(6.9) 49.2(9.6) 58.6(14.8) 69.3(20.7) 78.1(25.6) 85.9(29.9) 88.4(31.3) 88.0(31.1) 82.5(28.1) 71.8(22.1) 58.5(14.7) 48.0(8.9) 68.6(20.3) Daily mean °F (°C) 35.7(2.1) 39.4(4.1) 48.0(8.9) 57.9(14.4) 67.7(19.8) 75.8(24.3) 78.5(25.8) 76.9(24.9) 70.3(21.3) 58.9(14.9) 47.4(8.6) 39.0(3.9) 58.0(14.4) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 26.9(−2.8) 29.6(−1.3) 37.4(3.0) 46.5(8.1) 57.3(14.1) 65.7(18.7) 68.6(20.3) 65.8(18.8) 58.1(14.5) 46.0(7.8) 36.3(2.4) 30.0(−1.1) 47.4(8.6) Record low °F (°C) −22(−30) −19(−28) −7(−22) 22(−6) 32(0) 43(6) 45(7) 44(7) 33(1) 15(−9) 1(−17) −13(−25) −22(−30) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.97(101) 4.64(118) 5.23(133) 5.22(133) 5.56(141) 4.41(112) 4.05(103) 3.34(85) 3.81(97) 3.96(101) 4.43(113) 5.17(131) 53.79(1,366) Average snowfall inches (cm) 2.1(5.3) 1.7(4.3) 1.0(2.5) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.1(0.25) 0.2(0.51) 0.7(1.8) 5.8(15) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.1 10.7 12.7 11.9 12.2 9.9 9.0 8.2 7.6 8.4 10.4 11.3 124.4 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 1.6 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 3.9 Source: NOAA Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 18801,879—18903,44183.1%19003,407−1.0%19104,38928.8%19204,4120.5%19305,86532.9%19407,25623.7%19507,6655.6%19608,83715.3%197011,92534.9%198010,436−12.5%199010,5130.7%200010,8763.5%201010,8950.2%202011,1702.5%Sources: 2020 census Union City racial composition Race Num. Perc. White (non-Hispanic) 7,003 62.69% Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 2,470 22.11% Native American 27 0.24% Asian 65 0.58% Other/Mixed 591 5.29% Hispanic or Latino 1,014 9.08% As of the 2020 United States census, there were 11,170 people, 4,461 households, and 2,617 families residing in the city. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, the population density was 1,020.1 inhabitants per square mile (393.9/km2). There were 5,013 housing units at an average density of 470.2 per square mile (181.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.44% White, 21.29% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 1.59% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.41% of the population. There were 4,568 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.89. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every hundred females there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males. The median income for a household in the city was $29,399, and the median income for a family was $40,737. Males had a median income of $35,801 versus $19,694 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,787. About 12.5% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.4% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over. A main street in Union City. Economy The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company operated a plant in the city from 1969 to 2011. On February 10, 2011, Goodyear announced that the Union City plant would shut down by the end of the year. On June 11, 2011, production ceased at the plant. Darling International operates a rendering plant. Cultural Discovery Park of America in Union City, TN. Museums Union City is home to Discovery Park of America, a 50-acre museum and heritage park with exhibits pertaining to local and national history, nature, military history, art and science. Discovery Park was founded by local businessman Robert Kirkland in order to give back to his home community. Sports Union City was home to a Minor League Baseball team known as the Union City Greyhounds from 1935 to 1942 and 1946 to 1952 and as the Union City Dodgers from 1953 to 1955. They played in the Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League and won three league championships (1936, 1948, and 1954). Over their 19-year run, the team had affiliations with the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, and Brooklyn Dodgers. Media Union City is served by the newspaper The Messenger (Union City Daily Messenger),. Confederate Monument Historic landmarks Masquerade Theatre - located in the former Capital Theater on South First Street. The theatre is a historic landmark and has been standing since the early 1900s. Confederate Monument Notable people Discovery Park of America in Union City Russell Dickerson – country music singer Steve Finley – MLB outfielder, World Series champion with Arizona Diamondbacks Bruce Fleisher (1948–2021) – professional golfer Milton H. Hamilton Jr. – served in the Tennessee General Assembly; was majority leader of the Tennessee State Senate Andrieus A. Jones – US Senator of New Mexico 1917–1927, born in Union City Jovante Moffatt – NFL Player Jon Robinson – General Manager, Tennessee Titans Derrick Turnbow – MLB pitcher Koko B. Ware – professional wrestler Zach Underwood – professional fighter References ^ a b Judi McIntyre, Historical and Architectural Resources of Union City, Obion County, Tennessee, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, October 1998, Sec. E, pg. 1. Retrieved: 26 February 2013. ^ Tennessee Blue Book, 2005-2006, pp. 618-625. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Union City, Tennessee ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Union City - About Us". Union City Tennessee. 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Mayor & City Council". Union City. Retrieved June 19, 2020. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 25, 2021. ^ "Station: Union City, TN". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 25, 2021. ^ "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 7, 2021. ^ State Gazette, Goodyear Union City Plant Closes Its Doors, Retrieved July 12, 2011 ^ NWTN Today, Darling Purchases Griffin Industries. Retrieved 17-July-2011. ^ "Discovery Park of America". Discovery Park of America. Retrieved September 28, 2019. ^ a b c "Sports in Union City, Tennessee". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Union City Daily Messenger, Mondotimes.com, Retrieved, October 6, 2010 ^ NWTNToday.com ^ "History". Retrieved September 28, 2019. Further reading History of Obion County, assembled and edited by E.H. Marshall, 1941 External links Union City, official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Obion County, Tennessee, United StatesCounty seat: Union CityCities South Fulton Union City Woodland Mills Obion County mapTowns Hornbeak Kenton‡ Obion Rives Samburg Trimble‡ Troy Unincorporated communities Cunningham Dixie Midway Protemus Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Tennessee portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Tennessee Alamo Altamont Ashland City Athens Benton Blountville Bolivar Brownsville Byrdstown Camden Carthage Celina Centerville Charlotte Chattanooga Clarksville Clinton Cleveland Columbia Cookeville Covington Crossville Dandridge Dayton Decatur Decaturville Dover Dresden Dunlap Dyersburg Elizabethton Erin Erwin Fayetteville Franklin Gainesboro Gallatin Greeneville Hartsville Henderson Hohenwald Huntingdon Huntsville Jacksboro Jackson Jamestown Jasper Jonesborough Kingston Knoxville Lafayette Lawrenceburg Lebanon Lewisburg Lexington Linden Livingston Loudon Lynchburg Madisonville Manchester Maryville Maynardville McMinville Memphis Morristown Mountain City Murfreesboro Nashville Newport Paris Pikeville Pulaski Ripley Rogersville Rutledge Savannah Selmer Sevierville Shelbyville Smithville Sneedville Somerville Sparta Spencer Springfield Tazewell Tiptonville Trenton Union City Wartburg Waverly Waynesboro Winchester Woodbury Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obion County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obion_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-7"},{"link_name":"Fulton County, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Discovery Park of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Park_of_America"}],"text":"City in Tennessee, United StatesUnion City is located in Obion County, Tennessee, United States.[7] 11,170 people were living in the town as of the 2020 census. It is the principal urban settlement of the surrounding micropolitan area, which includes Obion County and Fulton County, Kentucky. Union City is home to Discovery Park of America which is a world-renowned encyclopedic museum with many exhibits pertaining to local history, as well as state, national, and world history, science, technology, and art.","title":"Union City, Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1852, General George Gibbs gave Union City its name because of its location at the junction or \"union\" of two railroads, the Nashville/Northwestern Railroad (Hickman, KY) and the Mobile, Alabama/Ohio Railroad.[8]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"36°25′28″N 89°3′3″W / 36.42444°N 89.05083°W / 36.42444; -89.05083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Union_City,_Tennessee&params=36_25_28_N_89_3_3_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-9"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Union City is located at 36°25′28″N 89°3′3″W / 36.42444°N 89.05083°W / 36.42444; -89.05083 (36.424395, −89.050850).[9] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.7 square miles (28 km2), all land. The mayor, appointed by his fellow city councilors since 1988, is Terry Hailey.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-12"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Under the Köppen climate classification system, Union City has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa).Climate data for Union City, Tennessee (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1895–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n78(26)\n\n81(27)\n\n91(33)\n\n93(34)\n\n100(38)\n\n106(41)\n\n109(43)\n\n111(44)\n\n108(42)\n\n99(37)\n\n86(30)\n\n78(26)\n\n111(44)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n44.5(6.9)\n\n49.2(9.6)\n\n58.6(14.8)\n\n69.3(20.7)\n\n78.1(25.6)\n\n85.9(29.9)\n\n88.4(31.3)\n\n88.0(31.1)\n\n82.5(28.1)\n\n71.8(22.1)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n48.0(8.9)\n\n68.6(20.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n35.7(2.1)\n\n39.4(4.1)\n\n48.0(8.9)\n\n57.9(14.4)\n\n67.7(19.8)\n\n75.8(24.3)\n\n78.5(25.8)\n\n76.9(24.9)\n\n70.3(21.3)\n\n58.9(14.9)\n\n47.4(8.6)\n\n39.0(3.9)\n\n58.0(14.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n26.9(−2.8)\n\n29.6(−1.3)\n\n37.4(3.0)\n\n46.5(8.1)\n\n57.3(14.1)\n\n65.7(18.7)\n\n68.6(20.3)\n\n65.8(18.8)\n\n58.1(14.5)\n\n46.0(7.8)\n\n36.3(2.4)\n\n30.0(−1.1)\n\n47.4(8.6)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n−19(−28)\n\n−7(−22)\n\n22(−6)\n\n32(0)\n\n43(6)\n\n45(7)\n\n44(7)\n\n33(1)\n\n15(−9)\n\n1(−17)\n\n−13(−25)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.97(101)\n\n4.64(118)\n\n5.23(133)\n\n5.22(133)\n\n5.56(141)\n\n4.41(112)\n\n4.05(103)\n\n3.34(85)\n\n3.81(97)\n\n3.96(101)\n\n4.43(113)\n\n5.17(131)\n\n53.79(1,366)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n2.1(5.3)\n\n1.7(4.3)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n0.7(1.8)\n\n5.8(15)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n12.1\n\n10.7\n\n12.7\n\n11.9\n\n12.2\n\n9.9\n\n9.0\n\n8.2\n\n7.6\n\n8.4\n\n10.4\n\n11.3\n\n124.4\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n1.6\n\n1.1\n\n0.4\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.2\n\n0.6\n\n3.9\n\n\nSource: NOAA[11][12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 11,170 people, 4,461 households, and 2,617 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union_City_TN_2013-04-06_019.jpg"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, the population density was 1,020.1 inhabitants per square mile (393.9/km2). There were 5,013 housing units at an average density of 470.2 per square mile (181.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.44% White, 21.29% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 1.59% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.41% of the population.There were 4,568 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.89.In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every hundred females there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males.The median income for a household in the city was $29,399, and the median income for a family was $40,737. Males had a median income of $35,801 versus $19,694 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,787. About 12.5% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.4% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.A main street in Union City.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_%26_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company operated a plant in the city from 1969 to 2011. On February 10, 2011, Goodyear announced that the Union City plant would shut down by the end of the year. On June 11, 2011, production ceased at the plant.[16]Darling International operates a rendering plant.[17]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Tower_at_Discovery_Park_of_America.jpg"}],"text":"Discovery Park of America in Union City, TN.","title":"Cultural"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Discovery Park of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Park_of_America"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"Union City is home to Discovery Park of America, a 50-acre museum and heritage park with exhibits pertaining to local and national history, nature, military history, art and science.[18] Discovery Park was founded by local businessman Robert Kirkland in order to give back to his home community.","title":"Cultural"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Union City Greyhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City_Greyhounds"},{"link_name":"Union City Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_City_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRef-19"},{"link_name":"Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%E2%80%93Illinois%E2%80%93Tennessee_League"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRef-19"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBRef-19"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Union City was home to a Minor League Baseball team known as the Union City Greyhounds from 1935 to 1942 and 1946 to 1952 and as the Union City Dodgers from 1953 to 1955.\n[19] They played in the Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League and won three league championships (1936, 1948, and 1954).[19] Over their 19-year run, the team had affiliations with the St. Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, and Brooklyn Dodgers.[19]","title":"Cultural"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Union_City_Confederate_Monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"Confederate Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Monument_(Union_City,_Tennessee)"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"Union City is served by the newspaper The Messenger (Union City Daily Messenger),.[20][21]Confederate Monument","title":"Cultural"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Confederate Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Monument_(Union_City,_Tennessee)"}],"sub_title":"Historic landmarks","text":"Masquerade Theatre - located in the former Capital Theater on South First Street. The theatre is a historic landmark and has been standing since the early 1900s.[22]\nConfederate Monument","title":"Cultural"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mill_Ridge,_with_the_North_Lake_in_the_foreground.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russell Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"Steve Finley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Finley"},{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"Bruce Fleisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Fleisher"},{"link_name":"Milton H. Hamilton Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_H._Hamilton_Jr."},{"link_name":"Tennessee General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Andrieus A. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrieus_A._Jones"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Jovante Moffatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovante_Moffatt"},{"link_name":"Jon Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Robinson_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"},{"link_name":"Derrick Turnbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick_Turnbow"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"Koko B. Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko_B._Ware"},{"link_name":"Zach Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Underwood"}],"text":"Discovery Park of America in Union CityRussell Dickerson – country music singer\nSteve Finley – MLB outfielder, World Series champion with Arizona Diamondbacks\nBruce Fleisher (1948–2021) – professional golfer\nMilton H. Hamilton Jr. – served in the Tennessee General Assembly; was majority leader of the Tennessee State Senate\nAndrieus A. Jones – US Senator of New Mexico 1917–1927, born in Union City\nJovante Moffatt – NFL Player\nJon Robinson – General Manager, Tennessee Titans\nDerrick Turnbow – MLB pitcher\nKoko B. Ware – professional wrestler\nZach Underwood – professional fighter","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"History of Obion County, assembled and edited by E.H. Marshall, 1941","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A main street in Union City.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Union_City_TN_2013-04-06_019.jpg/220px-Union_City_TN_2013-04-06_019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Discovery Park of America in Union City, TN.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Tower_at_Discovery_Park_of_America.jpg/220px-The_Tower_at_Discovery_Park_of_America.jpg"},{"image_text":"Confederate Monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Union_City_Confederate_Monument.jpg/220px-Union_City_Confederate_Monument.jpg"},{"image_text":"Discovery Park of America in Union City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mill_Ridge%2C_with_the_North_Lake_in_the_foreground.jpg/220px-Mill_Ridge%2C_with_the_North_Lake_in_the_foreground.jpg"},{"image_text":"Obion County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Obion_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Tennessee_highlighting_Obion_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2747%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:47&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Union City - About Us\". Union City Tennessee. 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unioncitytn.gov/uc-info.html","url_text":"\"Union City - About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor & City Council\". Union City. Retrieved June 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://unioncitytn.gov/council.html","url_text":"\"Mayor & City Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=meg","url_text":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Union City, TN\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00409219&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Union City, TN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\". Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4775940&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discovery Park of America\". Discovery Park of America. Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://discoveryparkofamerica.com/","url_text":"\"Discovery Park of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports in Union City, Tennessee\". Baseball-Reference. Sports Reference. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?city=Union%20City&state=TN&country=US&empty=0","url_text":"\"Sports in Union City, Tennessee\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Retrieved September 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucmasqueradetheatre.com/history/","url_text":"\"History\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Union_City,_Tennessee&params=36_25_28_N_89_3_3_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"36°25′28″N 89°3′3″W / 36.42444°N 89.05083°W / 36.42444; -89.05083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Union_City,_Tennessee&params=36_25_28_N_89_3_3_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"36°25′28″N 89°3′3″W / 36.42444°N 89.05083°W / 36.42444; -89.05083"},{"Link":"http://www.unioncitytn.gov/","external_links_name":"www.unioncitytn.gov"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Union_City,_Tennessee&params=36_25_28_N_89_3_3_W_type:city","external_links_name":"36°25′28″N 89°3′3″W / 36.42444°N 89.05083°W / 36.42444; -89.05083"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64500623_text","external_links_name":"Historical and Architectural Resources of Union City, Obion County, Tennessee"},{"Link":"http://www.state.tn.us/sos/bluebook/05-06/48-data.pdf","external_links_name":"Tennessee Blue Book"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2747%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1273213","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Union City, Tennessee"},{"Link":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:47&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","external_links_name":"\"Census Population API\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Find a County\""},{"Link":"https://www.unioncitytn.gov/uc-info.html","external_links_name":"\"Union City - About Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"http://unioncitytn.gov/council.html","external_links_name":"\"Mayor & City Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=meg","external_links_name":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00409219&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Station: Union City, TN\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","external_links_name":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Resident Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4775940&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"http://www.stategazette.com/story/1743289.html","external_links_name":"State Gazette, Goodyear Union City Plant Closes Its Doors"},{"Link":"http://www.nwtntoday.com/news.php?viewStory=49683","external_links_name":"Darling Purchases Griffin Industries"},{"Link":"https://discoveryparkofamerica.com/","external_links_name":"\"Discovery Park of America\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?city=Union%20City&state=TN&country=US&empty=0","external_links_name":"\"Sports in Union City, Tennessee\""},{"Link":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/42/2333/5694","external_links_name":"Union City Daily Messenger"},{"Link":"http://www.nwtntoday.com/","external_links_name":"NWTNToday.com"},{"Link":"http://www.ucmasqueradetheatre.com/history/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.unioncitytn.gov/","external_links_name":"Union City"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154813652","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567055205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83226357","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/84c452e8-b866-41c5-b7e6-10c8673835c9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10042392","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Suffolk,_New_York
New Suffolk, New York
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 References"]
Coordinates: 40°59′34″N 72°28′31″W / 40.99278°N 72.47528°W / 40.99278; -72.47528Hamlet and census-designated place in New York, United StatesNew Suffolk, New YorkHamlet and census-designated placeNew SuffolkCoordinates: 40°59′34″N 72°28′31″W / 40.99278°N 72.47528°W / 40.99278; -72.47528CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountySuffolkTownSoutholdArea • Total0.61 sq mi (1.58 km2) • Land0.56 sq mi (1.44 km2) • Water0.05 sq mi (0.14 km2)Elevation26 ft (8 m)Population (2020) • Total403 • Density724.82/sq mi (279.64/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code11956Area code631FIPS code36-50727GNIS feature ID0958460 New Suffolk is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet by the same name in the Town of Southold in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP's population was 403 as of the 2020 census. History New Suffolk, 1901 The submarine USS Holland (SS-1), the first commissioned submarine in the U.S. Navy, along with five other Holland Torpedo Boat Company-designed submarines of the Plunger class, were based in New Suffolk's Holland Torpedo Boat Station between 1899 and 1905, prompting the hamlet to claim to be the "First Submarine Base" in the United States. The location of the "submarine base" was on 1st Street between Main and King Streets. The name of Mr. Holland's company was changed to Electric Boat during this time. In 2007, New Suffolk's two-room school house had nine students in grades K-6, making it one of the smallest school districts in the state of New York. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the hamlet has a total area 0.62 square miles (1.6 km2), of which 0.54 square miles (1.4 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 8.83%, is water. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2020403—U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 337 people, 172 households, and 98 families residing in the community. The population density was 468.3 inhabitants per square mile (180.8/km2). There were 298 housing units at an average density of 414.1 per square mile (159.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.36% White, 1.19% African American, 0.30% Asian, 1.48% from other races, and 2.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.56% of the population. There were 172 households, out of which 16.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.96 and the average family size was 2.44. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 12.8% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 30.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males. The median income for a household in the community was $51,667, and the median income for a family was $74,688. Males had a median income of $36,875 versus $36,563 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $32,740. About 4.2% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Suffolk, New York. ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ USS Holland first did her sea trials in Great Peconic Bay due to its sheltered waters and access to ways at North Forth Shipyard New Suffolk.Wacker, Tim (2003-01-19). "New Suffolk Fights to Save Tiny School". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-04. ^ cutchoguenewsuffolk.org history - Retrieved 2007-11-04 Archived 2006-04-29 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): New Suffolk CDP, New York". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2013-01-04. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ a b c d "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. vteTown of Southold, New YorkCounty Suffolk Villages Greenport Hamlets Cutchogue East Marion Gull Islands (Great Gull * Little Gull) Laurel Mattituck New Suffolk (Robins Island) Orient Peconic Plum Island Southold CDP Fishers Island Greenport West Education Fishers Island Union Free School District Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Southold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southold_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"text":"Hamlet and census-designated place in New York, United StatesNew Suffolk is a census-designated place (CDP) that roughly corresponds to the hamlet by the same name in the Town of Southold in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The CDP's population was 403 as of the 2020 census.","title":"New Suffolk, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Suffolk,_New_York_(1901).jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Holland (SS-1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Holland_(SS-1)"},{"link_name":"Holland Torpedo Boat Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Torpedo_Boat_Company"},{"link_name":"Plunger class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Holland Torpedo Boat Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Torpedo_Boat_Station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Electric Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Boat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"New Suffolk, 1901The submarine USS Holland (SS-1), the first commissioned submarine in the U.S. Navy, along with five other Holland Torpedo Boat Company-designed submarines of the Plunger class, were based in New Suffolk's Holland Torpedo Boat Station between 1899 and 1905, prompting the hamlet to claim to be the \"First Submarine Base\" in the United States. The location of the \"submarine base\" was on 1st Street between Main and King Streets.[2] The name of Mr. Holland's company was changed to Electric Boat during this time.[3]In 2007, New Suffolk's two-room school house had nine students in grades K-6, making it one of the smallest school districts in the state of New York.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-4"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the hamlet has a total area 0.62 square miles (1.6 km2), of which 0.54 square miles (1.4 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 8.83%, is water.[4]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"}],"text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 337 people, 172 households, and 98 families residing in the community. The population density was 468.3 inhabitants per square mile (180.8/km2). There were 298 housing units at an average density of 414.1 per square mile (159.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.36% White, 1.19% African American, 0.30% Asian, 1.48% from other races, and 2.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.56% of the population.[6]There were 172 households, out of which 16.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.96 and the average family size was 2.44.[6]In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 12.8% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 30.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.[6]The median income for a household in the community was $51,667, and the median income for a family was $74,688. Males had a median income of $36,875 versus $36,563 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $32,740. About 4.2% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.[6]","title":"Demographics"}]
[{"image_text":"New Suffolk, 1901","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/New_Suffolk%2C_New_York_%281901%29.jpg/220px-New_Suffolk%2C_New_York_%281901%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Wacker, Tim (2003-01-19). \"New Suffolk Fights to Save Tiny School\". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/19/nyregion/new-suffolk-fights-to-save-tiny-school.html","url_text":"\"New Suffolk Fights to Save Tiny School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): New Suffolk CDP, New York\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2013-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212191415/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3650727","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): New Suffolk CDP, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3650727","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Suffolk,_New_York&params=40_59_34_N_72_28_31_W_region:US-NY_type:city(403)","external_links_name":"40°59′34″N 72°28′31″W / 40.99278°N 72.47528°W / 40.99278; -72.47528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Suffolk,_New_York&params=40_59_34_N_72_28_31_W_region:US-NY_type:city(403)","external_links_name":"40°59′34″N 72°28′31″W / 40.99278°N 72.47528°W / 40.99278; -72.47528"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/19/nyregion/new-suffolk-fights-to-save-tiny-school.html","external_links_name":"\"New Suffolk Fights to Save Tiny School\""},{"Link":"http://www.cutchoguenewsuffolk.org/history.htm","external_links_name":"cutchoguenewsuffolk.org history - Retrieved 2007-11-04"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060429124418/http://www.cutchoguenewsuffolk.org/history.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212191415/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3650727","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): New Suffolk CDP, New York\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US3650727","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137237232","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557433605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82232905","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_Square,_London
Hanover Square, Westminster
["1 History","2 Notable residents","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°30′50″N 0°8′39″W / 51.51389°N 0.14417°W / 51.51389; -0.14417 Hanover Square from Stow's London Squares (1750), looking north across Marylebone, which was then not built up on the horizon. Hanover Square is a green square in Mayfair, Westminster, south west of Oxford Circus where Oxford Street meets Regent Street. Six streets converge on the square which include Harewood Place with links to Oxford Street, Princes Street, Hanover Street, Saint George Street, Brook Street and Tenderden Street, linking to Bond Street and Oxford Street. History Development of the land that would become Hanover Square began shortly after the accession of the Elector of Hanover as King George I in 1714. The land was owned by Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough, who was a soldier and statesman best known for his role in the Glorious Revolution. He sold off numerous plots for the building of upmarket town houses and villas. In honour of the coronation of the new English king, the area was named Hanover Square. This reflected the century-long Whig Ascendancy because its name echoed the staunch and predominant support among the British Establishment towards the Hanoverian succession of 1714, and the Act of Settlement 1701 that permanently codified the exclusion of Catholics from the English throne. "Early Hanover Square was decidedly Whig and most decidedly military", commented architectural historian Sir John Summerson. Some early residents of Hanover Square included Generals Earl Cadogan, Sir Charles Wills, Stewart, Evans, Lord Carpenter, Hamish Smith and John Pepper, "names conspicuously associated with episodes in Marlborough’s war and the 'Fifteen'." The parish church of St George's, Hanover Square, is 100 metres south of the square (co-fronting Saint George and Maddox Streets), built on land given by William Steuart. In 1759 James Abercrombie, commander-in-chief of British forces in North America during the French and Indian War, resided in St George Street. Merged or subdivided buildings in many cases, their numbering scheme remains since the early 19th century and is No.s1 to 25, consecutively. While a few of the 18th-century houses remain largely intact, most houses have been replacements of later periods. It is now predominantly occupied by offices, including the London office of Vogue. In the 2010s, the north west corner of the square was removed and rebuilt as part of the Crossrail project. A new Bond Street entrance for the Elizabeth line was built, with commercial office space in a new building above. Notable residents Booth's Poverty Map, 1889, identifies gold (top) income for Hanover Square and wealthy incomes surrounding; it finds nearest true poverty, then, in Soho a few blocks east; and the height of ground is given in feet. This was among the prestigious streets of the socialite elite of the capital in the 19th century, and increasingly national institutions and corporate headquarters. These included: The Hall Woodhouse family, prominent surgeons from the 1870s to 1910s - as to №1 John Wallop, 3rd Earl of Portsmouth and family in 1823 - as to №2 Royal Agricultural Society in the 1880s - as to №12 Ibbs & Tillett event promotion - as to №19 Rt Rev John Egerton, d.1787, Bishop of Durham and his wife, daughter of local magnate the Earl of Portland- as to №23 Gallery Statue of William Pitt the Younger at the south side of Hanover Square. View to the northeast in Hanover Square. View to the northwest. References ^ a b Weinreb et al. 2008, p. 381. ^ Summerson, pp. 98–100. ^ Walford, quoting Weekly Medley, 1717. ^ Maryland Gazette, 7 June 1759 ^ Hellen, Nicholas (23 October 2022). "Bond Street station is finally open — just £500m over budget". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 24 October 2022. ^ The Times London, England: Wednesday, Feb. 19, 1823: Issue 11799 p. 3 ^ Morning Post London, England: Thursday, Dec. 13, 1883: Issue 34780 ^ "Personal, &c". The Times. 29 October 1908. p. 1 – via Gale. ^ "Gale - Enter Product Login". go.gale.com. Bibliography Sir John Summerson, Georgian London, London: Penguin, 1969 (revised edition) Edward Walford, Hanover Square and neighbourhood, Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878), pp. 314–326. Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, John; Keay, Julia (2008). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-405-04924-5. External links Media related to Hanover Square, London at Wikimedia Commons 51°30′50″N 0°8′39″W / 51.51389°N 0.14417°W / 51.51389; -0.14417
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanover_Square_from_Stow%27s_London_Squares_(1750).JPG"},{"link_name":"Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone"},{"link_name":"green square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_garden_squares_in_London"},{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Oxford Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Circus"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"Regent Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Street"},{"link_name":"Oxford Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Street"},{"link_name":"Brook Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Street"},{"link_name":"Bond Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008381-1"}],"text":"Hanover Square from Stow's London Squares (1750), looking north across Marylebone, which was then not built up on the horizon.Hanover Square is a green square in Mayfair, Westminster, south west of Oxford Circus where Oxford Street meets Regent Street. Six streets converge on the square which include Harewood Place with links to Oxford Street, Princes Street, Hanover Street, Saint George Street, Brook Street and Tenderden Street, linking to Bond Street and Oxford Street.[1]","title":"Hanover Square, Westminster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elector of Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover"},{"link_name":"King George I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lumley,_1st_Earl_of_Scarbrough"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008381-1"},{"link_name":"Hanoverian succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoverian_succession"},{"link_name":"Act of Settlement 1701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Sir John Summerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Summerson"},{"link_name":"Earl Cadogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cadogan,_1st_Earl_Cadogan"},{"link_name":"Sir Charles Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wills"},{"link_name":"Lord Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Carpenter,_1st_Baron_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Hamish Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamish_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marlborough’s war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"Fifteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fifteen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"St George's, Hanover Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s,_Hanover_Square"},{"link_name":"William Steuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Steuart_(Scottish_soldier)"},{"link_name":"James Abercrombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abercrombie_(British_Army_general)"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_magazine"},{"link_name":"Crossrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossrail"},{"link_name":"Bond Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_Street_station"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_line"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Development of the land that would become Hanover Square began shortly after the accession of the Elector of Hanover as King George I in 1714. The land was owned by Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough, who was a soldier and statesman best known for his role in the Glorious Revolution. He sold off numerous plots for the building of upmarket town houses and villas.In honour of the coronation of the new English king, the area was named Hanover Square.[1] This reflected the century-long Whig Ascendancy because its name echoed the staunch and predominant support among the British Establishment towards the Hanoverian succession of 1714, and the Act of Settlement 1701 that permanently codified the exclusion of Catholics from the English throne. \"Early Hanover Square was decidedly Whig and most decidedly military\", commented architectural historian Sir John Summerson.Some early residents of Hanover Square included Generals Earl Cadogan, Sir Charles Wills, Stewart, Evans, Lord Carpenter, Hamish Smith and John Pepper, \"names conspicuously associated with episodes in Marlborough’s war and the 'Fifteen'.\"[2][3]The parish church of St George's, Hanover Square, is 100 metres south of the square (co-fronting Saint George and Maddox Streets), built on land given by William Steuart. In 1759 James Abercrombie, commander-in-chief of British forces in North America during the French and Indian War, resided in St George Street.[4] Merged or subdivided buildings in many cases, their numbering scheme remains since the early 19th century and is No.s1 to 25, consecutively.While a few of the 18th-century houses remain largely intact, most houses have been replacements of later periods. It is now predominantly occupied by offices, including the London office of Vogue.In the 2010s, the north west corner of the square was removed and rebuilt as part of the Crossrail project. A new Bond Street entrance for the Elizabeth line was built, with commercial office space in a new building above.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descriptive_map_of_London_poverty,_1889_Wellcome_L0074436.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descriptive_map_of_London_poverty,_1889_Wellcome_L0074436.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descriptive_map_of_London_poverty,_1889_Wellcome_L0074436.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Wallop, 3rd Earl of Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wallop,_3rd_Earl_of_Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Egerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Egerton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"Earl of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Booth's Poverty Map, 1889, identifies gold (top) income for Hanover Square and wealthy incomes surrounding; it finds nearest true poverty, then, in Soho a few blocks east; and the height of ground is given in feet.This was among the prestigious streets of the socialite elite of the capital in the 19th century, and increasingly national institutions and corporate headquarters. These included:The Hall Woodhouse family, prominent surgeons from the 1870s to 1910s - as to №1\nJohn Wallop, 3rd Earl of Portsmouth and family in 1823 - as to №2[6]\nRoyal Agricultural Society in the 1880s - as to №12[7]\nIbbs & Tillett event promotion - as to №19[8]\nRt Rev John Egerton, d.1787, Bishop of Durham and his wife, daughter of local magnate the Earl of Portland- as to №23[9]","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statue_of_Pitt_the_Younger,_Hanover_Square_W1.JPG"},{"link_name":"William Pitt the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanover_Square_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanover_Square_3.jpg"}],"text":"Statue of William Pitt the Younger at the south side of Hanover Square.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView to the northeast in Hanover Square.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView to the northwest.","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Hanover Square from Stow's London Squares (1750), looking north across Marylebone, which was then not built up on the horizon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hanover_Square_from_Stow%27s_London_Squares_%281750%29.JPG/220px-Hanover_Square_from_Stow%27s_London_Squares_%281750%29.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Hellen, Nicholas (23 October 2022). \"Bond Street station is finally open — just £500m over budget\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 24 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bond-street-station-is-finally-open-just-500m-over-budget-t5c9w0dgl","url_text":"\"Bond Street station is finally open — just £500m over budget\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Personal, &c\". The Times. 29 October 1908. p. 1 – via Gale.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS17364829/TTDA?u=surttda&sid=zotero&xid=0faf6a8d","url_text":"\"Personal, &c\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gale - Enter Product Login\". go.gale.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=BNCN&u=surttda&id=GALE%7CR3209963354&v=2.1&it=r&sid=BNCN&asid=a0592d00","url_text":"\"Gale - Enter Product Login\""}]},{"reference":"Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, John; Keay, Julia (2008). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-405-04924-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weinreb","url_text":"Weinreb, Ben"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert","url_text":"Hibbert, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keay","url_text":"Keay, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Encyclopaedia","url_text":"The London Encyclopaedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-04924-5","url_text":"978-1-405-04924-5"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hanover_Square,_Westminster&params=51_30_50_N_0_8_39_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°30′50″N 0°8′39″W / 51.51389°N 0.14417°W / 51.51389; -0.14417"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bond-street-station-is-finally-open-just-500m-over-budget-t5c9w0dgl","external_links_name":"\"Bond Street station is finally open — just £500m over budget\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS17364829/TTDA?u=surttda&sid=zotero&xid=0faf6a8d","external_links_name":"\"Personal, &c\""},{"Link":"https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=BNCN&u=surttda&id=GALE%7CR3209963354&v=2.1&it=r&sid=BNCN&asid=a0592d00","external_links_name":"\"Gale - Enter Product Login\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45200","external_links_name":"Hanover Square and neighbourhood"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hanover_Square,_Westminster&params=51_30_50_N_0_8_39_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°30′50″N 0°8′39″W / 51.51389°N 0.14417°W / 51.51389; -0.14417"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Ohio
Athens, Ohio
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Economy","5 Arts and culture","5.1 Museums","5.2 Annual festivals","6 Parks and recreation","6.1 Trails","7 Government","8 Education","9 Media","10 Infrastructure","10.1 Transportation","10.2 Health care","11 Notable people","12 References","13 Further reading","14 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°19′45″N 82°5′46″W / 39.32917°N 82.09611°W / 39.32917; -82.09611 This article is about the city in Ohio. For other uses, see Athens (disambiguation). City in Ohio, United StatesAthens, OhioCityAthens in 2003Location of Athens in Athens County and the state of OhioAthensLocation in OhioShow map of OhioAthensAthens (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 39°19′45″N 82°5′46″W / 39.32917°N 82.09611°W / 39.32917; -82.09611CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyAthensNamed forAthens, GreeceGovernment • MayorSteve Patterson • LegislatorAthens City CouncilArea • Total10.21 sq mi (26.44 km2) • Land9.96 sq mi (25.79 km2) • Water0.25 sq mi (0.65 km2)Elevation719 ft (219 m)Population (2020) • Total23,849 • Density2,394.72/sq mi (924.58/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code45701Area codes740, 220FIPS code39-02736GNIS feature ID1075290Websitewww.ci.athens.oh.us Athens is a city and the county seat of Athens County, Ohio, United States. The population was 23,849 at the 2020 census. Located along the Hocking River within Appalachian Ohio about 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Columbus, Athens is best known as the home of Ohio University, a large public research university with an undergraduate and graduate enrollment of more than 21,000 students. It is the principal city of the Athens micropolitan area. History The College Edifice was the first building of higher education in the Northwest Territory The first permanent European settlers arrived in Athens in 1797, more than a decade after the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War. In 1800, the town site was first surveyed and plotted and incorporated as a village in 1811. Ohio had become a state in 1803. Ohio University was chartered in 1804, the first public institution of higher learning in the Northwest Territory. Previously part of Washington County, Ohio, Athens County was formed in 1805, named for the ancient center of learning, Athens, Greece. Ohio University in Athens was established with the first federal endowment of an educational institution in the United States. In July 1787, the Congress of the Confederation gave to the Ohio Company of Associates "two townships of good land for the support of a literary institution" in the newly created Northwest Territory. During The First Session of the Second Territorial General Assembly, held in Chillicothe from November 23, 1801, to January 23, 1802, the General Assembly passed an act establishing the "American Western University" at Athens. The act was approved by Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Northwest Territory on January 9, 1802. However, no university with the name of American Western University would be established. Ohio became a state in 1803 and on February 18, 1804, the state legislature passed an act establishing the "Ohio University" in the town of Athens. Athens received city status in 1912, following the 1910 census showing the population had passed 5,000 residents, the requirement for city status in Ohio. Originally, large tracts of land in Athens and Alexander Townships were set aside through a contract between the Congress (under the Articles of Confederation) and the Ohio Company of Associates, a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. These lands were given to Ohio University by the Federal government. This was the first federal land grant for a university, pre-dating the Morrill Act by more than 70 years. At first, lands were mostly leased out, but the failure of many lessors to pay their rents resulted in most of the land being sold. The sale of these lands funded the growth of Ohio University. Today it is one of the largest institutions of higher learning in Ohio, with an enrollment of over 20,000 on the Athens campus and over 28,000 for all campuses. The earliest industry in the area was salt production, followed by iron production and coal extraction. The largest employer in the county is Ohio University. In 1843, the Hocking Canal opened, enabling shipping from the Ohio River up the Hocking River, which passes through Athens, to Nelsonville, Ohio, and points beyond. However, the canal was closed during cold winters when it froze over. Fountain at The Ridges The first railroad reached Athens in 1857. In the late 19th century, an interurban line opened between Athens and Nelsonville and operated for some years. The Athens Lunatic Asylum, later named the Athens State Hospital, opened in 1874. This was on high ground to the south of town and to the south of the Hocking River. In the late 19th century the hospital was the town's largest employer. The state hospital was eventually decommissioned and the property was deeded to Ohio University. It is now known as The Ridges. Much of the building space has been renovated for offices and research space, and most of the grounds have been set aside as open space, including a land lab. In 1904, the U. S. Army and the Ohio National Guard conducted joint training exercises near the city. Multiple US army regulars became drunk and were arrested by National Guard Provosts for causing disturbances. The arrests angered the regulars; on Friday a large contingent set out from camp to free an arrested comrade. The armed regulars were stopped by provosts and the ensuing quarrel quickly escalated into a shoot-out on Washington Street, during which one guardsman was killed and five others were wounded. By 1935, Athens was known as a coal and fruit-producing region and a state center of higher education and psychiatric care. The major manufactured goods included stoves, lumber, parquetry flooring, caskets, and flooring. The university (and in turn, the city) saw large growth during the post-World War Two era and again during the Vietnam War era. Growth slowed in the 1980s with small increases in growth into present times. Geography Hocking River Athens is located in the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau about 47 miles from Chillicothe and 35 miles west of Marietta. Athens is surrounded by hills that rise about three hundred feet from river valley to the narrow ridge tops. The county extends west from the Ohio River, mostly centered around the lower Hocking River watershed. According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 10.05 square miles (26.0 km2), of which 9.83 square miles (25.5 km2) (or 97.81%) is land and 0.22 square miles (0.57 km2) (or 2.19%) is water. Large sections of Athens and Ohio University are located in the floodplain of the Hocking River. Over the last two centuries the town suffered from many destructive floods, including notable floods in 1832, 1873, 1907, 1937, 1949, 1964 and 1968. In 1969 the Army Corps of Engineers completed a major work that rerouted and expanded the channel of the Hocking River, for a stretch of several miles around the town, moving the river hundreds of feet to the south. That project and the ongoing efforts to maintain the channel have greatly reduced the negative effects of seasonally high river levels. Athens is located mostly on and around a south-jutting ridge bordered by a loop in the Hocking River. The underlying geology is mostly sandstone and shale, including "redbed" shale that presents a severe slip hazard when structures are built over it on hillsides. However, there are safe zones above sandstone beds, most notably the Connelsville Sandstone that outcrops high on the hillsides. The old Athens Mental Hospital grounds (now part of the university) was built on the top of a hillside in the late 1860s, and is completely stable due to its position atop the hill rather than on a slope. The recent University Courtyard Apartments is also built on similar underlying geology across a small valley, but the hilltop was extensively removed in order to create a stable base. The city receives all its water supply from wells in unconsolidated river aquifers, and is reputed to be the largest city in the United States to do so. Climate Climate data for Athens, Ohio (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 77(25) 80(27) 87(31) 93(34) 95(35) 102(39) 106(41) 104(40) 100(38) 92(33) 85(29) 80(27) 106(41) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 38.0(3.3) 42.2(5.7) 52.2(11.2) 65.2(18.4) 72.3(22.4) 79.5(26.4) 82.4(28.0) 81.5(27.5) 76.2(24.6) 65.2(18.4) 53.2(11.8) 42.6(5.9) 62.5(16.9) Daily mean °F (°C) 29.8(−1.2) 32.8(0.4) 41.1(5.1) 52.4(11.3) 61.1(16.2) 69.4(20.8) 72.7(22.6) 71.4(21.9) 65.0(18.3) 53.8(12.1) 42.6(5.9) 34.6(1.4) 52.2(11.2) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 21.5(−5.8) 23.4(−4.8) 30.1(−1.1) 39.7(4.3) 50.0(10.0) 59.2(15.1) 63.0(17.2) 61.4(16.3) 53.8(12.1) 42.4(5.8) 32.1(0.1) 26.7(−2.9) 41.9(5.5) Record low °F (°C) −28(−33) −15(−26) −8(−22) 12(−11) 26(−3) 33(1) 35(2) 36(2) 24(−4) 12(−11) 4(−16) −26(−32) −28(−33) Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.89(73) 2.94(75) 3.57(91) 3.78(96) 4.20(107) 4.50(114) 4.34(110) 3.16(80) 3.18(81) 2.93(74) 2.91(74) 3.16(80) 41.56(1,056) Average snowfall inches (cm) 5.8(15) 5.9(15) 2.3(5.8) 0.1(0.25) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.5(1.3) 3.0(7.6) 17.6(45) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 13.3 11.4 12.1 12.2 13.9 12.1 11.3 10.1 8.7 10.1 10.3 12.7 138.2 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 5.2 4.5 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.3 15.8 Source: NOAA Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1810578—18201,09489.3%1830728−33.5%1840710−2.5%185080813.8%18602,852253.0%18701,696−40.5%18802,45744.9%18902,6206.6%19003,06617.0%19105,46378.2%19206,41817.5%19307,25213.0%19407,6966.1%195011,66051.5%196016,47041.3%197023,31041.5%198019,801−15.1%199021,2657.4%200021,3420.4%201023,83211.7%202023,8490.1%Sources: 2010 census Court Street, the main street in Uptown Athens As of the census of 2010, there were 23,832 people, 6,903 households, and 1,842 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,424.4 inhabitants per square mile (936.1/km2). There were 7,391 housing units at an average density of 751.9 per square mile (290.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.4% White, 4.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 6.1% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 6,903 households, of which 11.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 20.5% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 73.3% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.74. The median age in the city was 21.6 years. 5.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 67.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.4% were from 25 to 44; 7.9% were from 45 to 64; and 4.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.0% male and 50.0% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 21,342 people, 6,271 households, and 1,906 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,560.4 people per square mile (988.6 people/km2). There were 6,715 housing units at an average density of 805.6 per square mile (311.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.16% White, 3.82% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 4.47% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.60% from other races, and 1.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.41% of the population. There were 6,271 households, out of which 12.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 22.9% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 69.6% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.72. In the city the population was spread out, with 6.7% under the age of 18, 66.7% from 18 to 24, 13.7% from 25 to 44, 8.0% from 45 to 64, and 4.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $17,122, and the median income for a family was $53,391. Males had a median income of $35,849 versus $28,866 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,061. About 14.8% of families and 51.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.1% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over. Economy From the mid-1800s until the 1950s, coal and brick-making were major sources of employment in the county. They became a minor source after the best and most available coal had been extracted and cheaper brick-making became available outside the area. A former manufacturing company was the Midget Motors Corporation, makers of the small automobile, the King Midget. Ohio University is the largest employer in Athens County. In addition to direct employment through the university, much of the local economy depends on tourism and events related to the university, through local restaurants, bars, stores and hotels. Manufacturing and technology related businesses, including Quidel Corporation (formerly Diagnostic Hybrids), Stewart-MacDonald, Sunpower, Mitchell Electronics, Fastenall, and Gorman-Redlich. Since the 1970s Athens has earned a reputation as one of the more progressive (liberal) communities in Southeastern Ohio. That reputation includes Democratic political leaning, presence of some international communities, support for use of alternative energy, calling for 'smart growth' development, development of small farms emphasizing sustainable and organic-produced crops, and support for local businesses. The Athens Farmers Market is open year-round. Court Street has a number of small to large student apartment buildings. Ohio University's main 'college green' entrance is located at Court & Union. The student center (John Calhoun Baker University Center) is at one end of Court Street. Several Athens shopping areas are located outside the uptown area; the largest is on East State Street with a small mall, several shopping strip centers, large box stores, car dealerships, hotels/motels and many local and national sit-down / fast food restaurants. On the north side of town is Columbus Road area with some shopping, car dealer, motels, eateries and office buildings. On the south side, Richland Avenue has large student housing apartment complexes. West Union St. has a hospital complex, some student housing and the county fairgrounds. A large fire in Nov. 2014 damaged or destroyed six buildings on West Union (near Court St). The buildings housed businesses and upper floor student apartments, no one was hurt in the fire with one business reopened for business in early 2015 and rebuilding on the sites started in the summer of 2015. Arts and culture The Athena Cinema Athens has a long musical tradition that includes local acts and events for touring musicians, performing at Ohio University and festivals in Athens. The folk song "Athens County" - words by Joe Dolce; music by Jonathan Edwards - refers to Athens, Ohio, where Edwards & Dolce attended college in the late 60s. Edwards went on to have a Number 2 hit song nationally with 'Sunshine' while Dolce moved to Australia and had an international Number 1 hit with Shaddap You Face. Dolce is now an established poet and essayist in Mebourne. Bands hailing from Athens include The Headstone Circus, The Snapdragons, Appalachian Death Ride, She Bears, Southeast Engine, The Ridges and the metal band Skeletonwitch. Athens native Steve Reis, a founder of the Columbus, Ohio-based band McGuffey Lane named his band after a street in Athens. In 1973, the Ohio Valley Summer Theater began a production called the Appalachian Green Parks Project. It featured music, dance, and theater derived from the Appalachian region. The group won the Governor's Award for Community Action, released an album of music, performed at the Sylvan Amphitheater in Washington, D.C., on July 4, 1974, made numerous television appearances, provided the soundtrack for an Ohio Department Of Natural Resources public service film titled Sweet Ohio, were designated as the official Bicentennial Touring Group for the state of Ohio, and were the subject of a documentary film during their four-year run. Two former members of the Appalachian Green Parks Project, Jim McGaw and Charlie Lewis began performing with Jimmy Prouty and went on to form the New Vinton County Frogwhompers Marching, Singing, Strumming and Plucking Society in 1976, which was to become one of the most popular groups to come out of the region in the 1970s. Several theater companies have operated in Athens over the years. Studio for Young Actors, aka Drama Club Youth Academy was a youth theater which operated from 2000 to approximately 2010. They performed both original and published plays and musicals featuring young actors. Their main venue was Stuart's Opera House in Nelsonville, Ohio They subsequently moved their performance venue to Arts/West a community arts space in Athens, Ohio, operated by the City of Athens. A university park on Richland Ave was designed by Athens' own Maya Lin. Museums Athens County Historical Society and Museum DBA The Southeast Ohio History Center: Historic items relating to life in Athens County The Dairy Barn Arts Center: Contemporary arts and crafts. Kennedy Museum of Art at Ohio University: Major collections include Southwest Native American textiles and jewelry. Contemporary prints. Ohio Valley Museum of Discovery: Interactive children's center. Annual festivals Dairy Barn Cultural Arts Center Athens is home to the annual Halloween Block Party, a massive international spectacle that draws attention from news media across the world each year. Ohio University's citation as the world's most haunted institution of higher education by the British Psychical Institute; Athens's citation as one of the 10 most haunted American cities; and the annual Halloween celebration, have dually added to Athens's reputation as one of the 10 most terrifying places on Earth and the "World Capital of Halloween." Athens was vaunted as one of the top fifteen most haunted cities in America on the Fox Family Channel special "Scariest Places On Earth" that aired on October 23, 2000. Locals with knowledge of the history of The Ridges criticized the Fox portrayal as sensationalistic and misleading on details of the situation. The block party has welcomed more guests each year, and festivities and security have grown in it for that reason. The event caters to roughly 20,000 to 30,000 dressed up partygoers on four closed blocks of uptown streets. Blackout Fest is held annually at The Union Bar & Grill and features many local, national, and international indie rock acts. The Athens Community Music Festival is held each August. In 2017 two dozen local bands were involved. Concert "Under the Elms" is held on the OU College Green from June until early July with the 'Communiversity Band' (made up of OU faculty, students, alumni as well as community members) For many years, an annual Springfest was held on the OU Campus. Primarily due to changes in state alcohol laws, it was replaced by an annual event at Ervin's Big Red Barn (and field), a private "party-farm" just outside the city. After the move, the festival was called Derby days. The organization who coordinated the event was removed from campus in 2003. Starting in 2004, Ohio University Seniors Dominic Petrozzi and Timothy Kehoe created One Fest. The festival name is changed each year to represent the number of years it has been held (for example, 2011 was 8Fest). As of 9 Fest, the event has been held at its new location on West Union Street, just outside the campus. It has become one of the largest independent collegiate music festivals in the country, boasting previous performances by national recording artists such as Mike Posner, Machine Gun Kelly, Timeflies, Chip Tha Ripper, Wiz Khalifa, Kendrick Lamar, Steve Aoki and more. in 2008, the name of the festival was changed to "The Number Fest" with an updated "edition" for each year it takes place. Number Fest - 14th Edition will be held on April 16, 2016. Lobsterfest is an annual free concert hosted by the university's All Campus Radio Network. Since 1983, the 970WATH-Power 105 Chili Bowl has been an annual event and each year raises money for a charity. Currently it takes place in October, at The Market on State. Hookah in the hills, an annual festival held twice a year at Poston Lake Music Park in the Spring and Fall, featuring the Columbus-based band Ekoostik Hookah, as well as other local bands. The annual Athens International Film and Video Festival is one of the few festivals that are on the official list of Academy Award-qualifying festivals. Ohio Brew Week, founded in 2005 as a way to increase commerce in the town of Athens while students were away for summer, has grown into a nine-day festival including dozens of Ohio craft breweries and hundreds of beers. Notable attendees have included Brooklyn Brewery president Steve Hindy and co-founder of Great Lakes Brewing Company Pat Conway. Events typically include keg tappings, live performances at local venues, and the "last call" street festival. Parks and recreation Sells Park Lookout Athens recreation facilities include a community recreation center, several city parks and play grounds, public gardens, soccer fields, an arts center called Arts West, two off-leash enclosed dog parks, and an extensive scenic trail system in the city lands, adjacent Strouds Run State Park, and the Blair Preserve owned by the Athens Conservancy. The Athens Skate Park is the second largest skate park in Ohio. The City of Athens Ohio Community Recreation center (Athens Community Center), known simply as "The Rec Center" to locals, offers programming in athletics, childcare, sports camps, community events and more. Located in the East State Street area, the center is accessible from the Hockhocking Adena Bikeway. Recreation facilities include an outdoor swimming pool, a skate park, fitness equipment, an indoor walking and running track, event rental facilities, and playgrounds. The Arts, Parks and Recreation Department actively supports a variety of community recreation initiatives. It sponsors adult summer and fall slow-pitch softball that is popular among residents in Athens and the county. The recreation department has organized men's, women's, and co-ed leagues, although the co-ed leagues have seen strongest participation in recent years. Soccer leagues are organized year round, with programs offered through the Community Recreation Center, Ohio University and the Athens Soccer Academy. Youth sports, such as soccer leagues, summer camps and little league, are also supported by local residents. Programming for the arts are facilitated through Arts West, the Dairy Barn, and Ohio University. Sells Park is located on the east side of Athens, near The City of Athens Ohio Community Recreation center. Sells Park comprises 22.5 acres (980,491.87 ft²), and includes Sells Pond, a 1,876.03 square yards (1,568.60 m2) pond. Strouds Run State Park is located just outside the city, bordering the city line. This park features 2,606 acres (10.55 km2) of wooded hills, including many bluffs and rock shelters, centered around a man-made lake. Camping is available. Both Sells Park and Strouds Run State Park are part of The Athens Trail Network, a multi-use trail network branching out from Sells Park. The City of Athens has recently established the Strouds Ridge Preserve project, currently including some 345 acres (140 ha), to save land from development adjacent to the state park. This preserve includes an 85-acre (340,000 m2) old-growth forest known as "Hawk Woods", or, more formally, the Dale & Jacki Riddle State Nature Preserve. Also adjacent to the state park is the 75-acre (300,000 m2) Blair Preserve, owned by the Athens Conservancy. The Hockhocking Adena Bikeway is a multi-use asphalt trail with its main hub (mile marker 0) at the Athens Community Center on East State Street. The trail extends 16.4 miles (26.4 km) northwest to Robbins' Crossing and Hocking College in Nelsonville and on to the Rocky Brands complex near the Public Square, and approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) further east along East State Street and US Route 50 to South Canaan Road (Athens County Road 24A). Access points with parking are located at mile 4 at the West State Street Park, mile 10.2 off Rt. 682 in The Plains, and mile 16.4 at Robbins' Crossing and Hocking College. The trail, which generally follows the course of the Hocking River, provides access to the East State Street commercial areas, Ohio University's campus (at South Green and Peden Stadium), The Plains, and Hocking College. It is designed for walking, running, biking, cross-country skiing, skating, and wheelchairs. Additionally several city streets are marked as bike lanes. Athens is a qualified Tree City USA as recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation. Trails The Athens Trail Network is a multi-use trail network branching out from Sells Park at the end of Avon Place. A series of twelve trails and connectors branch out into the surrounding woods, heading eastwards to eventually connect with the trails of Strouds Run State Park. The trails are designed for hiking, running, and biking, although some sections are off-limits to bicycles. The trails provide scenic views of the East State Street commercial area and travel past and through notable features such as Sells Pond, Riddle State Nature Preserve (also known as Hawk Woods), Boulder Cove, Turtlehead Cave (also known as Blue Ash Rockhouse), Finger Rock, Pioneer Cemetery, and Dow Lake at Strouds Run State Park. The trail network is maintained by community and university volunteers. Government 2020 Presidential Election by Precinct Biden:      50–60%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100% The Athens County Courthouse Athens is governed by a mayoral-council form of government. Elected officials include mayor, auditor, treasurer, seven council members, and council president. The mayor, auditor, and treasurer are elected for four-year terms. Council members and council president are elected for two-year terms. Four council members represent each of the city's four wards. Three council members are elected at-large. Council president only votes in case of a tie vote. City Hall is located in uptown on Washington Street. Athens is also covered by the Athens County Department of Health, the Athens County Planning Office, and Athens County Job and Family Services. The city of Athens has a strict parking policy. The city has a professional Police Department since 1911 working 24/7 year round. Today the force is made up of about 30 Officers plus a like number of reserve officers and support staff. Ohio University also has a police force with about 25 officers. Each of these departments work well together and support each other. Both have additional help when needed by the county sheriff department. Athens Fire department founded in 1830 and became full-time in the 1930s has two stations, a staff of about 30. They work 24 on 48 hours off. The department not only covers the cities fire department needs but also that of Ohio University. The city is part of the county-wide Enhanced 911 system. This system is able to locate landline or registered cell phone users, and send a text or phone call message of alert to those who sign up. The city has a large number of rental homes/apartments which are inspected by the Housing Code Office. The city of Athens is the county seat making it the home of many county government offices and the county courthouse at the corner of Court and Washington streets. Each of Athens County's three commissioners are usually from the city of Athens. Athens is a stronghold of the Democratic Party. President Barack Obama visited the city and Ohio University late during the 2012 re-election campaign. The city and Athens County have voted Democratic during all presidential elections since 1972 except for 1984. Education City Hall and the First Presbyterian Church on a pre-1923 postcard Ohio University is a public university located in Athens (30,000+ students) that is situated on an 1,800-acre (7.3 km2) campus. Founded in 1804, it is the oldest university in Ohio, oldest in the Northwest Territory, and ninth oldest public university in the United States. Known as the Bobcats, Ohio University hosts over 250 academic programs, 5,300 employees, and has been recognized by the John Templeton Foundation as one of the top character building institutions in the country. In addition to its main campus in Athens, Ohio University also operates regional campuses in Chillicothe, Cleveland, Dublin, Ironton (Ohio University - Southern), Lancaster, Pickerington, Proctorville, St. Clairsville (Ohio University - Eastern), and Zanesville. Outside of Ohio University, the residents of Athens are served by the Athens City School District, founded in the late 1840s. Currently it consists of 5 schools: East Elementary (PK-3), Morrison Gordon Elementary (PK-3), The Plains Intermediate (4-5), Athens Middle School (grades 7–8), and Athens High School home of the 'Bulldogs' and Joe Burrow Stadium. East Elementary and Morrison Gordon Elementary were replaced with new buildings on the same locations, and opened in Fall 2021, and The Plains Intermediate was significantly remodeled for a re-opening in Fall 2022. A new High School is scheduled to begin design and construction in 2024 with a planned Fall 2026 opening. On the city's east side, Athens has a public library, a branch of the Athens County Public Libraries. Media The Athens Messenger, Athens' oldest newspaper, founded in 1848. Published five days per week. The Athens News, a free weekly newspaper The Post, the student newspaper of Ohio University The New Political, digital student-run publication at Ohio University covering politics. The Matrix, the student newspaper of Athens High School Athens Community Television Public access television, Spectrum cable, Channel 1021 The Government Channel Athens city government television, Spectrum cable, Channel 1024 WSIB-LP, 106.7, "Union Station" (oldies) WYWH-LP, 104.5 FM (Christian) (3ABN Radio Network) FM Public Radio: WOUB-FM, 91.3 FM, NPR Affiliate, BBC, American Public Media, contemporary adult alternative music AM Public Radio: WOUB-AM, 1340 AM, Ohio University student-operated radio station Public Television: WOUB-TV, Channels 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 20.6, PBS affiliate WATH-AM, 970 AM (oldies) (Athens; Flagship of Ohio University & Copperhead Baseball & Athens High School Football & Basketball) WATH-FM 97.1 FM (Athens; 70s and 80s pop-rock music) WXTQ-FM, 105.5 (CHR) (Athens; Flagship of Ohio University Men's Basketball and Football & local area high school games) WJKW, 95.9 FM (Athens; Contemporary Christian format) Infrastructure Hockhocking Adena Bikeway from Athens to Nelsonville Transportation Railroad came to the city in the 1850s, with the last passenger train ending in 1981. That left a few freight trains passing near the city. Until 1981, Amtrak's Shenandoah (Cincinnati - Washington, D.C.) stopped at Athens station. In earlier years, the daily B&O trains, Diplomat (St. Louis - Jersey City, NJ) and National Limited (St. Louis - Jersey City, NJ) stopped at the station. The first 4-lane road into and out of the city came in the early 1970s. SR 32 from Athens to Cincinnati was completed in the early 1980s. Four lanes from Athens to Belpre/Parkersburg was completed in the late 1990s on US-50, SR-32 & 7 hooking up with I-77. In the early 2000s, SR-33 'Super-2' highway was complete, linking Athens to I-77 at Ravenswood, WVa. In October 2013, the last section of the 4-lane highway was completed, bypassing Nelsonville's two lane road on SR-33, linking Athens with Columbus. Ohio University has a modern regional airport about 15 miles southwest of the city near Albany off US-50/SR-32 called Gordon K. Bush Airport. The runway is just over 5,000 feet long with landing system, lighting and hangars. The nearest airports with commercial flights are Mid-Ohio Valley Regional Airport near Parkersburg, West Virginia and John Glenn Columbus International Airport and Rickenbacker International Airport near Columbus. Athens has a public bus system which is free to OU students & staff and at a reduced price for seniors & school age students. It has several routes inside the city and one to The Plains. OU has a bus system that links with a city bus system. Many student apartment complexes have their own bus shuttle. Athens also has an inter-city bus line from Athens to Columbus, Cincinnati, Marietta, Ohio, and Cleveland running twice a day with stops in-between. Health care This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) At Ohio University the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine was established in 1975. It is currently the only osteopathic medical school in the state and offers the degree Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.). The college is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association. In 1993, Barbara Ross-Lee, D.O., was appointed to the position of dean of the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine; she was the first African-American woman to serve as the dean of a U.S. medical school. The Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine has 814 students enrolled across three campuses in Athens, Cleveland, and Dublin. Ohio University partners with University Medical Associates (UMA), which was founded in 2003, and is a wide-ranging medical service provider in multiple locations around the Athens area, both on campus and off. UMA's mission is to deliver health care services to the residents of southeastern Ohio while providing clinical training opportunities for future osteopathic physicians. Ohio University also runs Campus Care, which is an on-campus clinic for enrolled students. Additionally, Athens is served by OhioHealth O'Bleness Memorial Hospital a 140+ bed non-profit community hospital founded in the early 1920s as Sheltering Arms Hospital. O'Bleness, built in the early 1970s, overlooks the Hocking River and is near the university campus. O'Bleness emergency department (as well as the lab & radiology) is open 24/7 365 days at year. The hospital has a helipad located near the ED. On the hospital grounds is the Cornwell Center, which houses a catheterization lab, cardiac/pulmonary rehabilitation program as well as medical offices. The Castrop Center houses Athens Cancer Center, medical offices plus a public pharmacy. A new 2 story Doctor's Park building open in 2021 with doctor offices, including exams and Lab. O'Bleness was in a management agreement with OhioHealth from 2010 until early 2014 when O'Bleness became a whole part of the OhioHealth system. In early 2021 a new 2 story Medical Office building opened. Between 2019 and 2021 a new ICU opened, numerous equipment and facilities upgrades, and major expansion and renovation of the ED. Hopewell Health Centers operate several health care facilities in Athens, including Athens Behavioral Health and Primary Care Clinic (90 Hospital Drive), Respite Adult Crisis Program (7976 Dairy Lane), Athens County WIC Program (215 Columbus Road, Suite 106), and Early Childhood Program (9 Kenny Drive). Hopewell Health Centers offer comprehensive behavioral health care, dental health care, and primary health care. A sliding fee scale is available for dental health care, primary health care, and some behavioral health care services. Board Certified/Board Eligible health professionals include family practice physicians, dentists, adult psychiatrists, child and adolescent psychiatrists, nurse practitioners, and advanced practice nurses. Hopewell also employs social workers, counselors, psychologists, chemical dependency counselors, and a registered dietician. Holzer Athens, (2131 East State Street) employs 42 health care professionals at its clinic. Their service line includes allergy and immunology, anesthesiology, audiology, breast health, cancer care, chiropractic care, ear, nose & throat, eye care, gastroenterology, gynecology, heart & vascular care, imaging & radiology, kidney care, lab services, low-dose CT, men's health, midwifery, occupational health & wellness, orthopedics, pain management, pediatrics, pharmacy, podiatry, pregnancy & birth, primary care, sleep medicine, sports medicine, surgery, therapy services, urgent care, women's health, and work health & wellness. Notable people Joe Burrow, professional football player in the National Football League (NFL) and 2019 Heisman Trophy winner Earl Cranston, bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church Joe Dolce, musician and poet Eilaf Egap, chemist and professor Dow Finsterwald, professional golfer best known for winning the 1958 PGA Championship Israel Moore Foster, U.S. representative from Ohio Atul Gawande, surgeon who has written extensively on medicine and public health Kevin Hartman, professional soccer player David Hostetler, sculptor Elizabeth Orpha Sampson Hoyt (1828–1912), philosopher, author, lecturer Stephen Kappes, deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency during the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations Ralph C. Kenney, college coach and sports administrator John Lefelhocz, artist and quilter Maya Lin, architect and designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Tan Lin, writer and artist Jon Loomis, poet and writer Sandy Plunkett, comic book artist Scott Stricklin, college baseball head coach Fred Swearingen, NFL referee Art Tripp, percussionist noted for his work with Frank Zappa and Captain Beefheart, among others David Wilhelm, chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1993 to 1994 Jane Corner Young, composer Skeletonwitch, an American metal band References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022. ^ a b c "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Athens city, Ohio". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 10, 2022. ^ "Office of Institutional Effectiveness & Analytics - Student Enrollment Data by College". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved April 23, 2021. ^ McCullough, David (2019). The Pioneers. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1501168680. ^ Knight, George W. History and Management of Federal Land Grants for Education in the Northwest Territory, The Papers of the American Historical Association, Volume 1. New York & London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, The Knickerbocker Press (1886) ^ The Biographical Annals of Ohio, 1906-1907-1908: A Handbook of the Government and Institutions of the State. Compiled Under the Authority of the Act of April 19, 1904, by A. P. Sandles, Clerk of the Senate, E. W. Doty, Clerk House of Representatives, 77th General Assembly. A revised and enlarged edition of Ohio Statesmen and Hundred Year Book by Col. W. A. Taylor (1892). ^ A Legal History of the Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, including Resolutions of Congress, Contracts, Territorial and State Enactments, Judicial Decisions, etc. Compiled and Published by Authority of the Board of Trustees. Columbus, O.: Cott & Hann, Book Printers (1881) ^ "War on the Streets of Athens". The Athens Messenger. August 25, 1905. ^ Moore, Cyrus (October 16, 2011). "The Battle of Athens". Conversations from Studio B (Interview). Interviewed by Ron Luce. Athens, Ohio: WOUB-FM. ^ "The Columbia Encyclopedia" New York: Columbia University Press (1935) ^ "2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files for Places – Ohio". United States Census. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2012. ^ a b Straw, Richard. "Images of America: Athens" Arcadia Publishing. 2007. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2021. ^ "Station: Athens OU, OH". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2021. ^ "Number of Inhabitants: Ohio" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. 1960. Retrieved April 26, 2020. ^ "Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013. ^ https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/athenscityohio/PST045219 ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013. ^ "See how the new Diagnostic Hybrids brand looks now". ^ "Dave Scholl: Athens-grown PhD turned CEO". Businessremixed.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2013. ^ "Stewart-MacDonald: Living the Luthier Legacy". Businessremixed.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Exner, Rich. "Ohio presidential election results: A swing state without many swing counties. " Cleveland.com. 2008. http://blog.cleveland.com/datacentral/2008/08/Ohio-Presidential-Election-Results-by-County-1992-1996-2000-2004.gif ^ Athens Farmers Market.org http://www.athensfarmersmarket.org/index.php?page=AFMHistory Archived 2010-04-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Appalachian Death Ride Home Page". Escapistart.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013. ^ "Southeast Engine". Misra Records. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010. ^ Un. "Skeletonwitch | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's". Myspace.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013. ^ Staff, Athens NEWS. "Lord, what kids these actors be! Youthful troupe tackles Shakespearean comedy". The Athens NEWS. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ Staff, Athens NEWS. "Youth theater sees changes, progress in wake of rec center razing". The Athens NEWS. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ SURFACE, RANDY. "ARTS/West harbors homegrown imagination". The Athens Messenger. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ Staff, Athens NEWS. "Scrooge goes from grumpy to happy at ARTS/West". The Athens NEWS. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ "Arts West | Athens, OH - Official Website". www.ci.athens.oh.us. Retrieved April 27, 2022. ^ "America's 10 most haunted cities". USA Today. October 24, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2014. ^ "10 most haunted places on Earth". Listverse. July 7, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2014. ^ Evans, Chris. "Fox ghost story more of a fish story. " The Post. Wednesday, 25 October 2000. Accessed April 20, 2010. ^ White, Diane (April 11, 2012). "Dozens of bands to play Blackoutfest". The Athens News. Retrieved March 11, 2017. ^ The Athens News August 16th 2017 ^ "#FEST". thenumberfest.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2015. ^ ACRNMedia, ACRNMedia (April 13, 2017). "The Lobsterfest Promo is here". ACRN.com. Retrieved October 6, 2017. ^ "Events". Ohio Brew Week. Retrieved July 19, 2022. ^ Hockhocking Adena Bikeway. Trail Link. 2007. Accessed 28 July 2008. ^ "Tree Cities Around the Nation, " . " Arbor Day Foundation, accessed 28 July 2008. ^ Athens Trail Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. Cycle Path. Accessed 28 July 2008. ^ "Athens, OH - Official Website - Police Department". Ci.athens.oh.us. Retrieved March 30, 2013. ^ "Ohio University Police Department - Ohio University". www.ohio.edu. ^ "Athens, OH - Official Website - Fire Department". Ci.athens.oh.us. Retrieved March 30, 2013. ^ LLC., Judith Winner, Athens Co. Emergency Communications & Athens Computer & Multimedia Enterprises. "Athens County Ohio 911 Emergency Communications". www.athens911.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Code Enforcement / Community Development - Athens, OH - Official Website". www.ci.athens.oh.us. ^ "Ask Ohio". ask.ohio.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "Map: The Oldest College In Every State". Business Insider. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "Ohio University is the First College in the Northwest Territory". OhioWins. March 9, 2014. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "Facts and Figures". www.ohio.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "Ohio University Fact Book" (PDF). Ohio University. February 2017. ^ "Ohio One of Nation's Top Picks for Character Development". www.ohio.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "Ohio University Regional Campus Maps". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "Our Campuses". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ Athens Messenger10/17/19 ^ "Athens County Library Branches". Athens County Public Libraries. Retrieved February 25, 2018. ^ "The Athens Messenger". The Athens Messenger. Retrieved August 25, 2012. ^ "The Athens Messenger". Athens, Ohio: Ancestry.com. ^ "Washington-Harpers Ferry-Cumberland-Cincinnati". Amtrak. October 31, 1976. Retrieved January 17, 2012. ^ "Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Table 42". Official Guide of the Railways. National Railway Publication Company. 86 (7). December 1953. ^ "Gordon K. Bush Airport - Ohio University". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "www.athenstransit.org - Athens, Ohio Public Transportation". www.athenstransit.org. ^ "Ride Gobus". www.ridegobus.com. ^ "Student and Alumni Facts". www.ohio.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "Who We Are – University Medical Associates". umadoc.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ "About Us". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved February 25, 2017. ^ Athens News Feb.Feb3,'2021 ^ "OhioHealth O'Bleness Hospital in Athens, Ohio". OhioHealth.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014. ^ WAMSLEY, LAUREL (December 16, 2019). "Heisman Winner Spotlights Hunger In His Hometown, And Food Pantry Donations Pour In". NPR News. Retrieved December 17, 2019. ^ "Foster, Israel Moore, (1873 - 1950)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012. Further reading Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.) article Athens (2.). Beatty, Elizabeth G. and Marjorie S. Stone. Getting to Know Athens County. Athens, Ohio: The Stone House (1984) Daniel, Robert L. Athens, Ohio: The Village Years. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press (1997) External links Ohio portal Athens, Ohio travel guide from Wikivoyage City website vteMunicipalities and communities of Athens County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: AthensCities Athens Nelsonville Map of Ohio highlighting Athens CountyVillages Albany Amesville Buchtel‡ Chauncey Coolville Glouster Jacksonville Trimble Townships Alexander Ames Athens Bern Canaan Carthage Dover Lee Lodi Rome Trimble Troy Waterloo York CDPs Hockingport Millfield New Marshfield Stewart The Plains Unincorporatedcommunities Beaumont Beebe Bessemer Big Run Burr Oak Canaanville Carbondale Doanville Frost Garden Glen Ebon Guysville Hamley Run Hartleyville Hebardville Lottridge Luhrig Mineral Modoc New England New Floodwood Pleasanton Pratts Fork Redtown Shade Sharpsburg Torch Utley Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Ohio Akron Ashland Athens Batavia Bellefontaine Bowling Green Bryan Bucyrus Cadiz Caldwell Cambridge Canton Carrollton Celina Chardon Chillicothe Cincinnati Circleville Cleveland Columbus Coshocton Dayton Defiance Delaware Eaton Elyria Findlay Fremont Gallipolis Georgetown Greenville Hamilton Hillsboro Ironton Jackson Jefferson Kenton Lancaster Lebanon Lima Lisbon Logan London Mansfield Marietta Marion Marysville McArthur McConnelsville Medina Millersburg Mount Gilead Mount Vernon Napoleon New Lexington New Philadelphia Newark Norwalk Ottawa Painesville Paulding Pomeroy Port Clinton Portsmouth Ravenna Sandusky Sidney Springfield St. Clairsville Steubenville Tiffin Toledo Troy Upper Sandusky Urbana Van Wert Wapakoneta Warren Washington Court House Wauseon Waverly West Union Wilmington Woodsfield Wooster Xenia Youngstown Zanesville Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area Other NARA IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athens (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Athens County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-4"},{"link_name":"Hocking River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocking_River"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Athens micropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_County,_Ohio"}],"text":"This article is about the city in Ohio. For other uses, see Athens (disambiguation).City in Ohio, United StatesAthens is a city and the county seat of Athens County, Ohio, United States. The population was 23,849 at the 2020 census.[4] Located along the Hocking River within Appalachian Ohio about 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Columbus, Athens is best known as the home of Ohio University, a large public research university with an undergraduate and graduate enrollment of more than 21,000 students.[5] It is the principal city of the Athens micropolitan area.","title":"Athens, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:College_Edifice.jpg"},{"link_name":"College Edifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler_Hall"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Ohio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"Washington County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"named","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ohio_county_name_etymologies"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Congress of the Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Ohio Company of Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Company_of_Associates"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight,_George_W._History_and_Management_of_Federal_Land_Grants_for_Education_in_the_Northwest_Territory-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Biographical_Annals_of_Ohio-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Legal_History_of_the_Ohio_University-9"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Morrill Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrill_Act"},{"link_name":"Hocking Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocking_Canal"},{"link_name":"Hocking River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocking_River"},{"link_name":"Nelsonville, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelsonville,_Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_Lunatic_Asylum_Fountain.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Ridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Lunatic_Asylum"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"Athens Lunatic Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Lunatic_Asylum"},{"link_name":"The Ridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Lunatic_Asylum"},{"link_name":"land lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_lab"},{"link_name":"U. S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"National Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Guard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Columbia_Encyclopedia-12"}],"text":"The College Edifice was the first building of higher education in the Northwest TerritoryThe first permanent European settlers arrived in Athens in 1797,[6] more than a decade after the United States victory in the American Revolutionary War. In 1800, the town site was first surveyed and plotted and incorporated as a village in 1811. Ohio had become a state in 1803. Ohio University was chartered in 1804, the first public institution of higher learning in the Northwest Territory. Previously part of Washington County, Ohio, Athens County was formed in 1805, named for the ancient center of learning, Athens, Greece.Ohio University in Athens was established with the first federal endowment of an educational institution in the United States. In July 1787, the Congress of the Confederation gave to the Ohio Company of Associates \"two townships of good land for the support of a literary institution\" in the newly created Northwest Territory.[7]During The First Session of the Second Territorial General Assembly, held in Chillicothe from November 23, 1801, to January 23, 1802, the General Assembly passed an act establishing the \"American Western University\" at Athens. The act was approved by Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Northwest Territory on January 9, 1802.[8] However, no university with the name of American Western University would be established. Ohio became a state in 1803 and on February 18, 1804, the state legislature passed an act establishing the \"Ohio University\" in the town of Athens.[9] Athens received city status in 1912, following the 1910 census showing the population had passed 5,000 residents, the requirement for city status in Ohio.Originally, large tracts of land in Athens and Alexander Townships were set aside through a contract between the Congress (under the Articles of Confederation) and the Ohio Company of Associates, a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. These lands were given to Ohio University by the Federal government. This was the first federal land grant for a university, pre-dating the Morrill Act by more than 70 years. At first, lands were mostly leased out, but the failure of many lessors to pay their rents resulted in most of the land being sold. The sale of these lands funded the growth of Ohio University. Today it is one of the largest institutions of higher learning in Ohio, with an enrollment of over 20,000 on the Athens campus and over 28,000 for all campuses.The earliest industry in the area was salt production, followed by iron production and coal extraction. The largest employer in the county is Ohio University. In 1843, the Hocking Canal opened, enabling shipping from the Ohio River up the Hocking River, which passes through Athens, to Nelsonville, Ohio, and points beyond. However, the canal was closed during cold winters when it froze over.Fountain at The RidgesThe first railroad reached Athens in 1857. In the late 19th century, an interurban line opened between Athens and Nelsonville and operated for some years. The Athens Lunatic Asylum, later named the Athens State Hospital, opened in 1874. This was on high ground to the south of town and to the south of the Hocking River. In the late 19th century the hospital was the town's largest employer. The state hospital was eventually decommissioned and the property was deeded to Ohio University. It is now known as The Ridges. Much of the building space has been renovated for offices and research space, and most of the grounds have been set aside as open space, including a land lab.In 1904, the U. S. Army and the Ohio National Guard conducted joint training exercises near the city. Multiple US army regulars became drunk and were arrested by National Guard Provosts for causing disturbances. The arrests angered the regulars; on Friday a large contingent set out from camp to free an arrested comrade. The armed regulars were stopped by provosts and the ensuing quarrel quickly escalated into a shoot-out on Washington Street, during which one guardsman was killed and five others were wounded.[10][11]By 1935, Athens was known as a coal and fruit-producing region and a state center of higher education and psychiatric care. The major manufactured goods included stoves, lumber, parquetry flooring, caskets, and flooring.[12]The university (and in turn, the city) saw large growth during the post-World War Two era and again during the Vietnam War era. Growth slowed in the 1980s with small increases in growth into present times.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hocking_River_Athens.jpg"},{"link_name":"unglaciated Allegheny Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unglaciated_Allegheny_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Chillicothe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Marietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Hocking River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocking_River"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Straw-14"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Straw-14"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"redbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redbed"},{"link_name":"aquifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hocking RiverAthens is located in the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau about 47 miles from Chillicothe and 35 miles west of Marietta. Athens is surrounded by hills that rise about three hundred feet from river valley to the narrow ridge tops. The county extends west from the Ohio River, mostly centered around the lower Hocking River watershed.\nAccording to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 10.05 square miles (26.0 km2), of which 9.83 square miles (25.5 km2) (or 97.81%) is land and 0.22 square miles (0.57 km2) (or 2.19%) is water.[13] Large sections of Athens and Ohio University are located in the floodplain of the Hocking River. Over the last two centuries the town suffered from many destructive floods, including notable floods in 1832, 1873, 1907, 1937, 1949, 1964 and 1968.[14] In 1969 the Army Corps of Engineers completed a major work that rerouted and expanded the channel of the Hocking River, for a stretch of several miles around the town, moving the river hundreds of feet to the south.[14] That project and the ongoing efforts to maintain the channel have greatly reduced the negative effects of seasonally high river levels.Athens is located mostly on and around a south-jutting ridge bordered by a loop in the Hocking River. The underlying geology is mostly sandstone and shale, including \"redbed\" shale that presents a severe slip hazard when structures are built over it on hillsides. However, there are safe zones above sandstone beds, most notably the Connelsville Sandstone that outcrops high on the hillsides. The old Athens Mental Hospital grounds (now part of the university) was built on the top of a hillside in the late 1860s, and is completely stable due to its position atop the hill rather than on a slope. The recent University Courtyard Apartments is also built on similar underlying geology across a small valley, but the hilltop was extensively removed in order to create a stable base. The city receives all its water supply from wells in unconsolidated river aquifers, and is reputed to be the largest city in the United States to do so.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-16"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Athens, Ohio (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n77(25)\n\n80(27)\n\n87(31)\n\n93(34)\n\n95(35)\n\n102(39)\n\n106(41)\n\n104(40)\n\n100(38)\n\n92(33)\n\n85(29)\n\n80(27)\n\n106(41)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n38.0(3.3)\n\n42.2(5.7)\n\n52.2(11.2)\n\n65.2(18.4)\n\n72.3(22.4)\n\n79.5(26.4)\n\n82.4(28.0)\n\n81.5(27.5)\n\n76.2(24.6)\n\n65.2(18.4)\n\n53.2(11.8)\n\n42.6(5.9)\n\n62.5(16.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n29.8(−1.2)\n\n32.8(0.4)\n\n41.1(5.1)\n\n52.4(11.3)\n\n61.1(16.2)\n\n69.4(20.8)\n\n72.7(22.6)\n\n71.4(21.9)\n\n65.0(18.3)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n42.6(5.9)\n\n34.6(1.4)\n\n52.2(11.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n21.5(−5.8)\n\n23.4(−4.8)\n\n30.1(−1.1)\n\n39.7(4.3)\n\n50.0(10.0)\n\n59.2(15.1)\n\n63.0(17.2)\n\n61.4(16.3)\n\n53.8(12.1)\n\n42.4(5.8)\n\n32.1(0.1)\n\n26.7(−2.9)\n\n41.9(5.5)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−28(−33)\n\n−15(−26)\n\n−8(−22)\n\n12(−11)\n\n26(−3)\n\n33(1)\n\n35(2)\n\n36(2)\n\n24(−4)\n\n12(−11)\n\n4(−16)\n\n−26(−32)\n\n−28(−33)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.89(73)\n\n2.94(75)\n\n3.57(91)\n\n3.78(96)\n\n4.20(107)\n\n4.50(114)\n\n4.34(110)\n\n3.16(80)\n\n3.18(81)\n\n2.93(74)\n\n2.91(74)\n\n3.16(80)\n\n41.56(1,056)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n5.8(15)\n\n5.9(15)\n\n2.3(5.8)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.5(1.3)\n\n3.0(7.6)\n\n17.6(45)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n13.3\n\n11.4\n\n12.1\n\n12.2\n\n13.9\n\n12.1\n\n11.3\n\n10.1\n\n8.7\n\n10.1\n\n10.3\n\n12.7\n\n138.2\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n5.2\n\n4.5\n\n1.9\n\n0.3\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.6\n\n3.3\n\n15.8\n\n\nSource: NOAA[15][16]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"[19]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Athens_OH_USA.JPG"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-20"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"Court Street, the main street in Uptown AthensAs of the census[20] of 2010, there were 23,832 people, 6,903 households, and 1,842 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,424.4 inhabitants per square mile (936.1/km2). There were 7,391 housing units at an average density of 751.9 per square mile (290.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.4% White, 4.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 6.1% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.There were 6,903 households, of which 11.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 20.5% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 73.3% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.74.The median age in the city was 21.6 years. 5.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 67.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.4% were from 25 to 44; 7.9% were from 45 to 64; and 4.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.0% male and 50.0% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-2"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 21,342 people, 6,271 households, and 1,906 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,560.4 people per square mile (988.6 people/km2). There were 6,715 housing units at an average density of 805.6 per square mile (311.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.16% White, 3.82% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 4.47% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.60% from other races, and 1.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.41% of the population.There were 6,271 households, out of which 12.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 22.9% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 69.6% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.72.In the city the population was spread out, with 6.7% under the age of 18, 66.7% from 18 to 24, 13.7% from 25 to 44, 8.0% from 45 to 64, and 4.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.The median income for a household in the city was $17,122, and the median income for a family was $53,391. Males had a median income of $35,849 versus $28,866 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,061. About 14.8% of families and 51.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.1% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick"},{"link_name":"Midget Motors Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midget_Motors_Corporation"},{"link_name":"King Midget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Midget"},{"link_name":"Ohio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University"},{"link_name":"Quidel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quidel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Electronics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"smart growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ohio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University"},{"link_name":"John Calhoun Baker University Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calhoun_Baker_University_Center"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"From the mid-1800s until the 1950s, coal and brick-making were major sources of employment in the county. They became a minor source after the best and most available coal had been extracted and cheaper brick-making became available outside the area. A former manufacturing company was the Midget Motors Corporation, makers of the small automobile, the King Midget.Ohio University is the largest employer in Athens County. In addition to direct employment through the university, much of the local economy depends on tourism and events related to the university, through local restaurants, bars, stores and hotels. Manufacturing and technology related businesses, including Quidel Corporation (formerly Diagnostic Hybrids[21][22]), Stewart-MacDonald,[23] Sunpower, Mitchell Electronics, Fastenall, and Gorman-Redlich.Since the 1970s Athens has earned a reputation as one of the more progressive (liberal) communities in Southeastern Ohio[citation needed]. That reputation includes Democratic political leaning,[24] presence of some international communities, support for use of alternative energy, calling for 'smart growth' development, development of small farms emphasizing sustainable and organic-produced crops, and support for local businesses[citation needed]. The Athens Farmers Market[25] is open year-round.Court Street has a number of small to large student apartment buildings. Ohio University's main 'college green' entrance is located at Court & Union. The student center (John Calhoun Baker University Center) is at one end of Court Street. Several Athens shopping areas are located outside the uptown area; the largest is on East State Street with a small mall, several shopping strip centers, large box stores, car dealerships, hotels/motels and many local and national sit-down / fast food restaurants. On the north side of town is Columbus Road area with some shopping, car dealer, motels, eateries and office buildings. On the south side, Richland Avenue has large student housing apartment complexes. West Union St. has a hospital complex, some student housing and the county fairgrounds. A large fire in Nov. 2014 damaged or destroyed six buildings on West Union (near Court St). The buildings housed businesses and upper floor student apartments, no one was hurt in the fire with one business reopened for business in early 2015 and rebuilding on the sites started in the summer of 2015.[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athena_Cinema,_Athens,_Ohio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joe Dolce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dolce"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Shaddap You Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaddap_You_Face"},{"link_name":"The Headstone Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Headstone_Circus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Snapdragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snapdragons"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Southeast Engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Engine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Skeletonwitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletonwitch"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"McGuffey Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGuffey_Lane"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Maya Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Lin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Athena CinemaAthens has a long musical tradition that includes local acts and events for touring musicians, performing at Ohio University and festivals in Athens. The folk song \"Athens County\" - words by Joe Dolce; music by Jonathan Edwards - refers to Athens, Ohio, where Edwards & Dolce attended college in the late 60s. Edwards went on to have a Number 2 hit song nationally with 'Sunshine' while Dolce moved to Australia and had an international Number 1 hit with Shaddap You Face. Dolce is now an established poet and essayist in Mebourne. Bands hailing from Athens include The Headstone Circus, The Snapdragons, Appalachian Death Ride,[26] She Bears, Southeast Engine,[27] The Ridges and the metal band Skeletonwitch.[28] Athens native Steve Reis, a founder of the Columbus, Ohio-based band McGuffey Lane named his band after a street in Athens.[citation needed] In 1973, the Ohio Valley Summer Theater began a production called the Appalachian Green Parks Project. It featured music, dance, and theater derived from the Appalachian region. The group won the Governor's Award for Community Action, released an album of music, performed at the Sylvan Amphitheater in Washington, D.C., on July 4, 1974, made numerous television appearances, provided the soundtrack for an Ohio Department Of Natural Resources public service film titled Sweet Ohio, were designated as the official Bicentennial Touring Group for the state of Ohio, and were the subject of a documentary film during their four-year run. Two former members of the Appalachian Green Parks Project, Jim McGaw and Charlie Lewis began performing with Jimmy Prouty and went on to form the New Vinton County Frogwhompers Marching, Singing, Strumming and Plucking Society in 1976, which was to become one of the most popular groups to come out of the region in the 1970s. Several theater companies have operated in Athens over the years. Studio for Young Actors, aka Drama Club Youth Academy was a youth theater which operated from 2000 to approximately 2010. They performed both original and published plays and musicals featuring young actors. Their main venue was Stuart's Opera House in Nelsonville, Ohio[29][30] They subsequently moved their performance venue to Arts/West[31][32] a community arts space in Athens, Ohio, operated by the City of Athens.[33] A university park on Richland Ave was designed by Athens' own Maya Lin.[citation needed]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Museums","text":"Athens County Historical Society and Museum DBA The Southeast Ohio History Center: Historic items relating to life in Athens County\nThe Dairy Barn Arts Center: Contemporary arts and crafts.\nKennedy Museum of Art at Ohio University: Major collections include Southwest Native American textiles and jewelry. Contemporary prints.\nOhio Valley Museum of Discovery: Interactive children's center.","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ASH_Cow_Barn_Athens_OH_USA.JPG"},{"link_name":"Halloween Block Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Ohio_Halloween_Block_Party"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"The Ridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Lunatic_Asylum"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Annual festivals","text":"Dairy Barn Cultural Arts CenterAthens is home to the annual Halloween Block Party, a massive international spectacle that draws attention from news media across the world each year. Ohio University's citation as the world's most haunted institution of higher education by the British Psychical Institute; Athens's citation as one of the 10 most haunted American cities; and the annual Halloween celebration, have dually added to Athens's reputation as one of the 10 most terrifying places on Earth and the \"World Capital of Halloween.\"[34][35] Athens was vaunted as one of the top fifteen most haunted cities in America on the Fox Family Channel special \"Scariest Places On Earth\" that aired on October 23, 2000. Locals with knowledge of the history of The Ridges criticized the Fox portrayal as sensationalistic and misleading on details of the situation.[36] The block party has welcomed more guests each year, and festivities and security have grown in it for that reason. The event caters to roughly 20,000 to 30,000 dressed up partygoers on four closed blocks of uptown streets.\nBlackout Fest is held annually at The Union Bar & Grill and features many local, national, and international indie rock acts.[37]\nThe Athens Community Music Festival is held each August. In 2017 two dozen local bands were involved.[38]\nConcert \"Under the Elms\" is held on the OU College Green from June until early July with the 'Communiversity Band' (made up of OU faculty, students, alumni as well as community members)\nFor many years, an annual Springfest was held on the OU Campus. Primarily due to changes in state alcohol laws, it was replaced by an annual event at Ervin's Big Red Barn (and field), a private \"party-farm\" just outside the city.[citation needed] After the move, the festival was called Derby days. The organization who coordinated the event was removed from campus in 2003.[citation needed] Starting in 2004, Ohio University Seniors Dominic Petrozzi and Timothy Kehoe created One Fest. The festival name is changed each year to represent the number of years it has been held (for example, 2011 was 8Fest). As of 9 Fest, the event has been held at its new location on West Union Street, just outside the campus. It has become one of the largest independent collegiate music festivals in the country, boasting previous performances by national recording artists such as Mike Posner, Machine Gun Kelly, Timeflies, Chip Tha Ripper, Wiz Khalifa, Kendrick Lamar, Steve Aoki and more. in 2008, the name of the festival was changed to \"The Number Fest\" with an updated \"edition\" for each year it takes place. Number Fest - 14th Edition will be held on April 16, 2016.[39]\nLobsterfest is an annual free concert hosted by the university's All Campus Radio Network.[40]\nSince 1983, the 970WATH-Power 105 Chili Bowl has been an annual event and each year raises money for a charity. Currently it takes place in October, at The Market on State.\nHookah in the hills, an annual festival held twice a year at Poston Lake Music Park in the Spring and Fall, featuring the Columbus-based band Ekoostik Hookah, as well as other local bands.[citation needed]\nThe annual Athens International Film and Video Festival is one of the few festivals that are on the official list of Academy Award-qualifying festivals.\nOhio Brew Week, founded in 2005 as a way to increase commerce in the town of Athens while students were away for summer, has grown into a nine-day festival including dozens of Ohio craft breweries and hundreds of beers. Notable attendees have included Brooklyn Brewery president Steve Hindy and co-founder of Great Lakes Brewing Company Pat Conway. Events typically include keg tappings, live performances at local venues, and the \"last call\" street festival.[41]","title":"Arts and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sells_lookout.jpg"},{"link_name":"Athens Skate Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Skate_Park"},{"link_name":"skate park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate_park"},{"link_name":"Hockhocking Adena Bikeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockhocking_Adena_Bikeway"},{"link_name":"Sells Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sells_Park"},{"link_name":"Sells Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sells_Park"},{"link_name":"Strouds Run State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strouds_Run_State_Park"},{"link_name":"bluffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff"},{"link_name":"rock shelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelter"},{"link_name":"lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Camping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping_(recreation)"},{"link_name":"Sells Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sells_Park"},{"link_name":"Strouds Run State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strouds_Run_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Sells Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sells_Park"},{"link_name":"Strouds Ridge Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strouds_Ridge_Preserve"},{"link_name":"old-growth forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest"},{"link_name":"Riddle State Nature Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle_State_Nature_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Athens Conservancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Conservancy"},{"link_name":"Hockhocking Adena Bikeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockhocking_Adena_Bikeway"},{"link_name":"Hocking College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hocking_College"},{"link_name":"Nelsonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelsonville,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Rt. 682","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rt._682&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peden Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peden_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Tree City USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_City_USA"},{"link_name":"National Arbor Day Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arbor_Day_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Sells Park LookoutAthens recreation facilities include a community recreation center, several city parks and play grounds, public gardens, soccer fields, an arts center called Arts West, two off-leash enclosed dog parks, and an extensive scenic trail system in the city lands, adjacent Strouds Run State Park, and the Blair Preserve owned by the Athens Conservancy. The Athens Skate Park is the second largest skate park in Ohio. The City of Athens Ohio Community Recreation center (Athens Community Center), known simply as \"The Rec Center\" to locals, offers programming in athletics, childcare, sports camps, community events and more. Located in the East State Street area, the center is accessible from the Hockhocking Adena Bikeway. Recreation facilities include an outdoor swimming pool, a skate park, fitness equipment, an indoor walking and running track, event rental facilities, and playgrounds. The Arts, Parks and Recreation Department actively supports a variety of community recreation initiatives. It sponsors adult summer and fall slow-pitch softball that is popular among residents in Athens and the county. The recreation department has organized men's, women's, and co-ed leagues, although the co-ed leagues have seen strongest participation in recent years. Soccer leagues are organized year round, with programs offered through the Community Recreation Center, Ohio University and the Athens Soccer Academy. Youth sports, such as soccer leagues, summer camps and little league, are also supported by local residents. Programming for the arts are facilitated through Arts West, the Dairy Barn, and Ohio University. Sells Park is located on the east side of Athens, near The City of Athens Ohio Community Recreation center. Sells Park comprises 22.5 acres (980,491.87 ft²), and includes Sells Pond, a 1,876.03 square yards (1,568.60 m2) pond. Strouds Run State Park is located just outside the city, bordering the city line. This park features 2,606 acres (10.55 km2) of wooded hills, including many bluffs and rock shelters, centered around a man-made lake. Camping is available. Both Sells Park and Strouds Run State Park are part of The Athens Trail Network, a multi-use trail network branching out from Sells Park. The City of Athens has recently established the Strouds Ridge Preserve project, currently including some 345 acres (140 ha), to save land from development adjacent to the state park. This preserve includes an 85-acre (340,000 m2) old-growth forest known as \"Hawk Woods\", or, more formally, the Dale & Jacki Riddle State Nature Preserve. Also adjacent to the state park is the 75-acre (300,000 m2) Blair Preserve, owned by the Athens Conservancy.The Hockhocking Adena Bikeway is a multi-use asphalt trail with its main hub (mile marker 0) at the Athens Community Center on East State Street. The trail extends 16.4 miles (26.4 km) northwest to Robbins' Crossing and Hocking College in Nelsonville and on to the Rocky Brands complex near the Public Square, and approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) further east along East State Street and US Route 50 to South Canaan Road (Athens County Road 24A). Access points with parking are located at mile 4 at the West State Street Park, mile 10.2 off Rt. 682 in The Plains, and mile 16.4 at Robbins' Crossing and Hocking College. The trail, which generally follows the course of the Hocking River, provides access to the East State Street commercial areas, Ohio University's campus (at South Green and Peden Stadium), The Plains, and Hocking College. It is designed for walking, running, biking, cross-country skiing, skating, and wheelchairs. Additionally several city streets are marked as bike lanes.[42]Athens is a qualified Tree City USA as recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation.[43]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sells Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sells_Park"},{"link_name":"Riddle State Nature Preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddle_State_Nature_Preserve"},{"link_name":"Strouds Run State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strouds_Run_State_Park"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Trails","text":"The Athens Trail Network is a multi-use trail network branching out from Sells Park at the end of Avon Place. A series of twelve trails and connectors branch out into the surrounding woods, heading eastwards to eventually connect with the trails of Strouds Run State Park. The trails are designed for hiking, running, and biking, although some sections are off-limits to bicycles. The trails provide scenic views of the East State Street commercial area and travel past and through notable features such as Sells Pond, Riddle State Nature Preserve (also known as Hawk Woods), Boulder Cove, Turtlehead Cave (also known as Blue Ash Rockhouse), Finger Rock, Pioneer Cemetery, and Dow Lake at Strouds Run State Park. The trail network is maintained by community and university volunteers.[44]","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Athens,_Ohio.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:County_Courthouse_Athens_OH_USA.JPG"},{"link_name":"Athens County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Governmental_Buildings"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Enhanced 911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_911"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Ohio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University"},{"link_name":"Athens County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"}],"text":"2020 Presidential Election by Precinct Biden:      50–60%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100%The Athens County CourthouseAthens is governed by a mayoral-council form of government. Elected officials include mayor, auditor, treasurer, seven council members, and council president. The mayor, auditor, and treasurer are elected for four-year terms. Council members and council president are elected for two-year terms. Four council members represent each of the city's four wards. Three council members are elected at-large. Council president only votes in case of a tie vote. City Hall is located in uptown on Washington Street.Athens is also covered by the Athens County Department of Health, the Athens County Planning Office, and Athens County Job and Family Services. The city of Athens has a strict parking policy. The city has a professional Police Department since 1911 working 24/7 year round. Today the force is made up of about 30 Officers plus a like number of reserve officers and support staff.[45] Ohio University also has a police force with about 25 officers.[46] Each of these departments work well together and support each other. Both have additional help when needed by the county sheriff department. Athens Fire department founded in 1830 and became full-time in the 1930s has two stations, a staff of about 30. They work 24 on 48 hours off. The department not only covers the cities fire department needs but also that of Ohio University.[47] The city is part of the county-wide Enhanced 911 system. This system is able to locate landline or registered cell phone users, and send a text or phone call message of alert to those who sign up.[48]The city has a large number of rental homes/apartments which are inspected by the Housing Code Office.[49]\nThe city of Athens is the county seat making it the home of many county government offices and the county courthouse at the corner of Court and Washington streets. Each of Athens County's three commissioners are usually from the city of Athens. Athens is a stronghold of the Democratic Party. President Barack Obama visited the city and Ohio University late during the 2012 re-election campaign. The city and Athens County have voted Democratic during all presidential elections since 1972 except for 1984.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_OH_1st_Presby_PHS850.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ohio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Ohio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"John Templeton Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Templeton_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Athens High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_High_School_(The_Plains,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Athens County Public Libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_County_Public_Libraries"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"City Hall and the First Presbyterian Church on a pre-1923 postcardOhio University is a public university located in Athens (30,000+ students[50]) that is situated on an 1,800-acre (7.3 km2) campus. Founded in 1804, it is the oldest university in Ohio,[51] oldest in the Northwest Territory,[52] and ninth oldest public university in the United States. Known as the Bobcats, Ohio University hosts over 250 academic programs,[53] 5,300 employees,[54] and has been recognized by the John Templeton Foundation as one of the top character building institutions in the country.[55] In addition to its main campus in Athens, Ohio University also operates regional campuses in Chillicothe, Cleveland, Dublin, Ironton (Ohio University - Southern), Lancaster, Pickerington, Proctorville, St. Clairsville (Ohio University - Eastern), and Zanesville.[56][57]Outside of Ohio University, the residents of Athens are served by the Athens City School District, founded in the late 1840s. Currently it consists of 5 schools: East Elementary (PK-3), Morrison Gordon Elementary (PK-3), The Plains Intermediate (4-5), Athens Middle School (grades 7–8), and Athens High School home of the 'Bulldogs' and Joe Burrow Stadium. East Elementary and Morrison Gordon Elementary were replaced with new buildings on the same locations, and opened in Fall 2021, and The Plains Intermediate was significantly remodeled for a re-opening in Fall 2022. A new High School is scheduled to begin design and construction in 2024 with a planned Fall 2026 opening.\n[58]On the city's east side, Athens has a public library, a branch of the Athens County Public Libraries.[59]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Athens Messenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athens_Messenger"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Athens News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_News_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"The Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_(Ohio_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"WSIB-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WSIB-LP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WYWH-LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYWH-LP"},{"link_name":"WOUB-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOUB-FM"},{"link_name":"WOUB-AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOUB-AM"},{"link_name":"WATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WATH"},{"link_name":"WATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WATH"},{"link_name":"WXTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXTQ"},{"link_name":"CHR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"WJKW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJKW_(FM)"},{"link_name":"Contemporary Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian"}],"text":"The Athens Messenger, Athens' oldest newspaper, founded in 1848. Published five days per week.[60][61]\nThe Athens News, a free weekly newspaper\nThe Post, the student newspaper of Ohio University\nThe New Political, digital student-run publication at Ohio University covering politics.\nThe Matrix, the student newspaper of Athens High School\nAthens Community Television Public access television, Spectrum cable, Channel 1021\nThe Government Channel Athens city government television, Spectrum cable, Channel 1024\nWSIB-LP, 106.7, \"Union Station\" (oldies)\nWYWH-LP, 104.5 FM (Christian) (3ABN Radio Network)\nFM Public Radio: WOUB-FM, 91.3 FM, NPR Affiliate, BBC, American Public Media, contemporary adult alternative music\nAM Public Radio: WOUB-AM, 1340 AM, Ohio University student-operated radio station\nPublic Television: WOUB-TV, Channels 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4, 20.5, 20.6, PBS affiliate\nWATH-AM, 970 AM (oldies) (Athens; Flagship of Ohio University & Copperhead Baseball & Athens High School Football & Basketball)\nWATH-FM 97.1 FM (Athens; 70s and 80s pop-rock music)\nWXTQ-FM, 105.5 (CHR) (Athens; Flagship of Ohio University Men's Basketball and Football & local area high school games)\nWJKW, 95.9 FM (Athens; Contemporary Christian format)","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_to_Nelsonville_on_bike_path_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hockhocking Adena Bikeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockhocking_Adena_Bikeway"}],"text":"Hockhocking Adena Bikeway from Athens to Nelsonville","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shenandoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_(Amtrak)"},{"link_name":"Athens station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_station_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat_(train)"},{"link_name":"National Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Limited"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Belpre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belpre,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Parkersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkersburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ravenswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenswood,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Gordon K. Bush Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_K._Bush_Airport"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ohio Valley Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Ohio_Valley_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"John Glenn Columbus International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glenn_Columbus_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Rickenbacker International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickenbacker_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"The Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plains,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Marietta, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Railroad came to the city in the 1850s, with the last passenger train ending in 1981. That left a few freight trains passing near the city. Until 1981, Amtrak's Shenandoah (Cincinnati - Washington, D.C.) stopped at Athens station.[62] In earlier years, the daily B&O trains, Diplomat (St. Louis - Jersey City, NJ) and National Limited (St. Louis - Jersey City, NJ) stopped at the station.[63]The first 4-lane road into and out of the city came in the early 1970s. SR 32 from Athens to Cincinnati was completed in the early 1980s. Four lanes from Athens to Belpre/Parkersburg was completed in the late 1990s on US-50, SR-32 & 7 hooking up with I-77.[citation needed] In the early 2000s, SR-33 'Super-2' highway was complete, linking Athens to I-77 at Ravenswood, WVa. In October 2013, the last section of the 4-lane highway was completed, bypassing Nelsonville's two lane road on SR-33, linking Athens with Columbus.Ohio University has a modern regional airport[64] about 15 miles southwest of the city near Albany off US-50/SR-32 called Gordon K. Bush Airport. The runway is just over 5,000 feet long with landing system, lighting and hangars. The nearest airports with commercial flights are Mid-Ohio Valley Regional Airport near Parkersburg, West Virginia and John Glenn Columbus International Airport and Rickenbacker International Airport near Columbus.Athens has a public bus system which is free to OU students & staff and at a reduced price for seniors & school age students. It has several routes inside the city and one to The Plains.[65] OU has a bus system that links with a city bus system. Many student apartment complexes have their own bus shuttle. Athens also has an inter-city bus line from Athens to Columbus, Cincinnati, Marietta, Ohio, and Cleveland running twice a day with stops in-between.[66]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_University"},{"link_name":"Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine"},{"link_name":"American Osteopathic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association"},{"link_name":"Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"OhioHealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OhioHealth"},{"link_name":"O'Bleness Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Bleness_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hopewell Health Centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hopewellhealth.org/"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Holzer Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.holzer.org/locations/locations-profile/?id=3"}],"sub_title":"Health care","text":"At Ohio University the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine was established in 1975. It is currently the only osteopathic medical school in the state and offers the degree Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.). The college is accredited by the American Osteopathic Association. In 1993, Barbara Ross-Lee, D.O., was appointed to the position of dean of the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine; she was the first African-American woman to serve as the dean of a U.S. medical school. The Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine has 814 students enrolled across three campuses in Athens, Cleveland, and Dublin.[67] Ohio University partners with University Medical Associates (UMA), which was founded in 2003, and is a wide-ranging medical service provider in multiple locations around the Athens area, both on campus and off. UMA's mission is to deliver health care services to the residents of southeastern Ohio while providing clinical training opportunities for future osteopathic physicians.[68]Ohio University also runs Campus Care, which is an on-campus clinic for enrolled students.[69]Additionally, Athens is served by OhioHealth O'Bleness Memorial Hospital a 140+ bed non-profit community hospital founded in the early 1920s as Sheltering Arms Hospital. O'Bleness, built in the early 1970s, overlooks the Hocking River and is near the university campus. O'Bleness emergency department (as well as the lab & radiology) is open 24/7 365 days at year. The hospital has a helipad located near the ED. On the hospital grounds is the Cornwell Center, which houses a catheterization lab, cardiac/pulmonary rehabilitation program as well as medical offices. The Castrop Center houses Athens Cancer Center, medical offices plus a public pharmacy. A new 2 story Doctor's Park building open in 2021 with doctor offices, including exams and Lab.[70] O'Bleness was in a management agreement with OhioHealth from 2010 until early 2014 when O'Bleness became a whole part of the OhioHealth system.[71] In early 2021 a new 2 story Medical Office building opened. Between 2019 and 2021 a new ICU opened, numerous equipment and facilities upgrades, and major expansion and renovation of the ED.[citation needed]Hopewell Health Centers operate several health care facilities in Athens, including Athens Behavioral Health and Primary Care Clinic (90 Hospital Drive), Respite Adult Crisis Program (7976 Dairy Lane), Athens County WIC Program (215 Columbus Road, Suite 106), and Early Childhood Program (9 Kenny Drive). Hopewell Health Centers offer comprehensive behavioral health care, dental health care, and primary health care. A sliding fee scale is available for dental health care, primary health care, and some behavioral health care services. Board Certified/Board Eligible health professionals include family practice physicians, dentists, adult psychiatrists, child and adolescent psychiatrists, nurse practitioners, and advanced practice nurses. Hopewell also employs social workers, counselors, psychologists, chemical dependency counselors, and a registered dietician.[citation needed]Holzer Athens, (2131 East State Street) employs 42 health care professionals at its clinic. Their service line includes allergy and immunology, anesthesiology, audiology, breast health, cancer care, chiropractic care, ear, nose & throat, eye care, gastroenterology, gynecology, heart & vascular care, imaging & radiology, kidney care, lab services, low-dose CT, men's health, midwifery, occupational health & wellness, orthopedics, pain management, pediatrics, pharmacy, podiatry, pregnancy & birth, primary care, sleep medicine, sports medicine, surgery, therapy services, urgent care, women's health, and work health & wellness.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Burrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Burrow"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Earl Cranston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Cranston"},{"link_name":"Methodist Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church"},{"link_name":"Joe Dolce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Dolce"},{"link_name":"Eilaf Egap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilaf_Egap"},{"link_name":"Dow Finsterwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Finsterwald"},{"link_name":"Israel Moore Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Moore_Foster"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Atul Gawande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Gawande"},{"link_name":"Kevin Hartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Hartman"},{"link_name":"David Hostetler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hostetler"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Orpha Sampson Hoyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Orpha_Sampson_Hoyt"},{"link_name":"Stephen Kappes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kappes"},{"link_name":"Ralph C. Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_C._Kenney"},{"link_name":"John Lefelhocz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lefelhocz"},{"link_name":"Maya Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Lin"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Veterans Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial"},{"link_name":"Tan Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Lin"},{"link_name":"Jon Loomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Loomis"},{"link_name":"Sandy Plunkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Plunkett"},{"link_name":"Scott Stricklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Stricklin_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Fred Swearingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Swearingen"},{"link_name":"Art Tripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Tripp"},{"link_name":"David Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wilhelm"},{"link_name":"Democratic National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Jane Corner Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Corner_Young"},{"link_name":"Skeletonwitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletonwitch"}],"text":"Joe Burrow, professional football player in the National Football League (NFL) and 2019 Heisman Trophy winner[72]\nEarl Cranston, bishop in the Methodist Episcopal Church\nJoe Dolce, musician and poet\nEilaf Egap, chemist and professor\nDow Finsterwald, professional golfer best known for winning the 1958 PGA Championship\nIsrael Moore Foster, U.S. representative from Ohio[73]\nAtul Gawande, surgeon who has written extensively on medicine and public health\nKevin Hartman, professional soccer player\nDavid Hostetler, sculptor\nElizabeth Orpha Sampson Hoyt (1828–1912), philosopher, author, lecturer\nStephen Kappes, deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency during the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations\nRalph C. Kenney, college coach and sports administrator\nJohn Lefelhocz, artist and quilter\nMaya Lin, architect and designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial\nTan Lin, writer and artist\nJon Loomis, poet and writer\nSandy Plunkett, comic book artist\nScott Stricklin, college baseball head coach\nFred Swearingen, NFL referee\nArt Tripp, percussionist noted for his work with Frank Zappa and Captain Beefheart, among others\nDavid Wilhelm, chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1993 to 1994\nJane Corner Young, composer\nSkeletonwitch, an American metal band","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Athens (2.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Athens_(2.)"}],"text":"Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.) article Athens (2.).Beatty, Elizabeth G. and Marjorie S. Stone. Getting to Know Athens County. Athens, Ohio: The Stone House (1984)\nDaniel, Robert L. Athens, Ohio: The Village Years. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press (1997)","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The College Edifice was the first building of higher education in the Northwest Territory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/College_Edifice.jpg/170px-College_Edifice.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fountain at The Ridges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Athens_Lunatic_Asylum_Fountain.jpg/220px-Athens_Lunatic_Asylum_Fountain.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hocking River","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hocking_River_Athens.jpg/220px-Hocking_River_Athens.jpg"},{"image_text":"Court Street, the main street in Uptown Athens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Downtown_Athens_OH_USA.JPG/220px-Downtown_Athens_OH_USA.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Athena Cinema","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Athena_Cinema%2C_Athens%2C_Ohio.jpg/220px-Athena_Cinema%2C_Athens%2C_Ohio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dairy Barn Cultural Arts Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ASH_Cow_Barn_Athens_OH_USA.JPG/220px-ASH_Cow_Barn_Athens_OH_USA.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sells Park Lookout","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sells_lookout.jpg/220px-Sells_lookout.jpg"},{"image_text":"2020 Presidential Election by Precinct Biden:      50–60%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100%","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Athens%2C_Ohio.svg/220px-2020_United_States_Presidential_Election_in_Athens%2C_Ohio.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Athens County Courthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/County_Courthouse_Athens_OH_USA.JPG/150px-County_Courthouse_Athens_OH_USA.JPG"},{"image_text":"City Hall and the First Presbyterian Church on a pre-1923 postcard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Athens_OH_1st_Presby_PHS850.jpg/220px-Athens_OH_1st_Presby_PHS850.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hockhocking Adena Bikeway from Athens to Nelsonville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Athens_to_Nelsonville_on_bike_path_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Athens_to_Nelsonville_on_bike_path_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Athens County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Athens_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Athens_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Athens city, Ohio\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3902736","url_text":"\"Athens city, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Office of Institutional Effectiveness & Analytics - Student Enrollment Data by College\". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved April 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohio.edu/instres/student/Collegeenrollment.html","url_text":"\"Office of Institutional Effectiveness & Analytics - Student Enrollment Data by College\""}]},{"reference":"McCullough, David (2019). The Pioneers. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1501168680.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501168680","url_text":"978-1501168680"}]},{"reference":"\"War on the Streets of Athens\". The Athens Messenger. August 25, 1905.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moore, Cyrus (October 16, 2011). \"The Battle of Athens\". Conversations from Studio B (Interview). Interviewed by Ron Luce. Athens, Ohio: WOUB-FM.","urls":[{"url":"http://woub.org/2011/10/13/battle-athens","url_text":"\"The Battle of Athens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOUB-FM","url_text":"WOUB-FM"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files for Places – Ohio\". United States Census. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2010/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/2010_place_list_39.txt","url_text":"\"2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files for Places – Ohio\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/2010_place_list_39.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=rlx","url_text":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Athens OU, OH\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00330279&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Athens OU, OH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. 1960. Retrieved April 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf","url_text":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf","url_text":"\"Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"See how the new Diagnostic Hybrids brand looks now\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quidel.com/cultures-fluorescent-tests","url_text":"\"See how the new Diagnostic Hybrids brand looks now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Scholl: Athens-grown PhD turned CEO\". Businessremixed.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063653/http://businessremixed.com/athens/funding-and-resources/business-resources/business-directory/?item=5021%2F","url_text":"\"Dave Scholl: Athens-grown PhD turned CEO\""},{"url":"http://businessremixed.com/athens/funding-and-resources/business-resources/business-directory/?item=5021/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stewart-MacDonald: Living the Luthier Legacy\". Businessremixed.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063803/http://businessremixed.com/athens/funding-and-resources/business-resources/business-directory/?item=5032%2F","url_text":"\"Stewart-MacDonald: Living the Luthier Legacy\""},{"url":"http://businessremixed.com/athens/funding-and-resources/business-resources/business-directory/?item=5032/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Appalachian Death Ride Home Page\". Escapistart.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.escapistart.com/adr/","url_text":"\"Appalachian Death Ride Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southeast Engine\". Misra Records. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100420062600/http://www.southeastengine.com/","url_text":"\"Southeast Engine\""},{"url":"http://southeastengine.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Un. \"Skeletonwitch | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's\". Myspace.com. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myspace.com/skeletonwitch","url_text":"\"Skeletonwitch | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Athens NEWS. \"Lord, what kids these actors be! Youthful troupe tackles Shakespearean comedy\". The Athens NEWS. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/lord-what-kids-these-actors-be-youthful-troupe-tackles-shakespearean-comedy/article_e1f2d85d-462f-5813-ba96-5bfccca794b2.html","url_text":"\"Lord, what kids these actors be! Youthful troupe tackles Shakespearean comedy\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Athens NEWS. \"Youth theater sees changes, progress in wake of rec center razing\". The Athens NEWS. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/youth-theater-sees-changes-progress-in-wake-of-rec-center-razing/article_f4070d6b-0c95-500e-957c-8c29367bf5ea.html","url_text":"\"Youth theater sees changes, progress in wake of rec center razing\""}]},{"reference":"SURFACE, RANDY. \"ARTS/West harbors homegrown imagination\". The Athens Messenger. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.athensmessenger.com/news/arts-west-harbors-homegrown-imagination/article_a2dbe414-4a94-5331-b381-0095fc2bb348.html","url_text":"\"ARTS/West harbors homegrown imagination\""}]},{"reference":"Staff, Athens NEWS. \"Scrooge goes from grumpy to happy at ARTS/West\". The Athens NEWS. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/scrooge-goes-from-grumpy-to-happy-at-arts-west/article_08bec221-32f0-5e67-bddf-d2be7e6a9928.html","url_text":"\"Scrooge goes from grumpy to happy at ARTS/West\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arts West | Athens, OH - Official Website\". www.ci.athens.oh.us. Retrieved April 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ci.athens.oh.us/535/Arts-West","url_text":"\"Arts West | Athens, OH - Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"America's 10 most haunted cities\". USA Today. October 24, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2012/10/24/americas-10-most-haunted-cities/1655281/","url_text":"\"America's 10 most haunted cities\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 most haunted places on Earth\". Listverse. July 7, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://listverse.com/2010/07/07/10-most-terrifying-places-on-earth/","url_text":"\"10 most haunted places on Earth\""}]},{"reference":"White, Diane (April 11, 2012). \"Dozens of bands to play Blackoutfest\". The Athens News. Retrieved March 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.athensnews.com/culture/arts_and_entertainment/dozens-of-bands-to-play-blackoutfest/article_ddb72c39-76d8-51e7-8fb8-11174c72bfc7.html","url_text":"\"Dozens of bands to play Blackoutfest\""}]},{"reference":"\"#FEST\". thenumberfest.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160112072528/http://thenumberfest.com/","url_text":"\"#FEST\""},{"url":"http://thenumberfest.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"ACRNMedia, ACRNMedia (April 13, 2017). \"The Lobsterfest Promo is here\". ACRN.com. Retrieved October 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://acrn.com/2017/04/13/the-lobsterfest-2017-promo-is-here/","url_text":"\"The Lobsterfest Promo is here\""}]},{"reference":"\"Events\". Ohio Brew Week. Retrieved July 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ohiobrewweek.com/events/","url_text":"\"Events\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athens, OH - Official Website - Police Department\". Ci.athens.oh.us. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ci.athens.oh.us/index.aspx?NID=120","url_text":"\"Athens, OH - Official Website - Police Department\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio University Police Department - Ohio University\". www.ohio.edu.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohio.edu/police/","url_text":"\"Ohio University Police Department - Ohio University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athens, OH - Official Website - Fire Department\". Ci.athens.oh.us. Retrieved March 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ci.athens.oh.us/index.aspx?NID=116","url_text":"\"Athens, OH - Official Website - Fire Department\""}]},{"reference":"LLC., Judith Winner, Athens Co. Emergency Communications & Athens Computer & Multimedia Enterprises. \"Athens County Ohio 911 Emergency Communications\". www.athens911.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.athens911.com/","url_text":"\"Athens County Ohio 911 Emergency Communications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Code Enforcement / Community Development - Athens, OH - Official Website\". www.ci.athens.oh.us.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ci.athens.oh.us/index.aspx?nid=114","url_text":"\"Code Enforcement / Community Development - Athens, OH - Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ask Ohio\". ask.ohio.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225143356/http://ask.ohio.edu/index.jsp?requestType=NormalRequest&source=4&id=11&question=How","url_text":"\"Ask Ohio\""},{"url":"http://ask.ohio.edu/index.jsp?requestType=NormalRequest&source=4&id=11&question=How","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Map: The Oldest College In Every State\". Business Insider. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessinsider.com/map-oldest-college-every-state-2014-8","url_text":"\"Map: The Oldest College In Every State\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio University is the First College in the Northwest Territory\". OhioWins. March 9, 2014. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132443/http://ohiowins.com/first-college-in-the-northwest-territory/","url_text":"\"Ohio University is the First College in the Northwest Territory\""},{"url":"http://ohiowins.com/first-college-in-the-northwest-territory/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Facts and Figures\". www.ohio.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225140116/https://www.ohio.edu/admissions/facts.cfm","url_text":"\"Facts and Figures\""},{"url":"https://www.ohio.edu/admissions/facts.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio University Fact Book\" (PDF). Ohio University. February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohio.edu/instres/factbook.pdf","url_text":"\"Ohio University Fact Book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio One of Nation's Top Picks for Character Development\". www.ohio.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225142103/https://www.ohio.edu/news/months/oct1999/056.html","url_text":"\"Ohio One of Nation's Top Picks for Character Development\""},{"url":"https://www.ohio.edu/news/months/oct1999/056.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio University Regional Campus Maps\". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohio.edu/athens/regional.html","url_text":"\"Ohio University Regional Campus Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campuses\". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohio.edu/medicine/about/campuses/","url_text":"\"Our Campuses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athens County Library Branches\". Athens County Public Libraries. Retrieved February 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myacpl.org/branches/","url_text":"\"Athens County Library Branches\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Athens Messenger\". The Athens Messenger. Retrieved August 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.athensohiotoday.com/","url_text":"\"The Athens Messenger\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Athens Messenger\". Athens, Ohio: Ancestry.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=7952","url_text":"\"The Athens Messenger\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com","url_text":"Ancestry.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Washington-Harpers Ferry-Cumberland-Cincinnati\". Amtrak. October 31, 1976. Retrieved January 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timetables.org/full.php?group=19761031&item=0039","url_text":"\"Washington-Harpers Ferry-Cumberland-Cincinnati\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak","url_text":"Amtrak"}]},{"reference":"\"Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Table 42\". Official Guide of the Railways. National Railway Publication Company. 86 (7). December 1953.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gordon K. Bush Airport - Ohio University\". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohio.edu/airport/","url_text":"\"Gordon K. Bush Airport - Ohio University\""}]},{"reference":"\"www.athenstransit.org - Athens, Ohio Public Transportation\". www.athenstransit.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.athenstransit.org/","url_text":"\"www.athenstransit.org - Athens, Ohio Public Transportation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ride Gobus\". www.ridegobus.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ridegobus.com/","url_text":"\"Ride Gobus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Student and Alumni Facts\". www.ohio.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225141942/https://www.ohio.edu/medicine/about/who-we-are/facts/index.cfm","url_text":"\"Student and Alumni Facts\""},{"url":"https://www.ohio.edu/medicine/about/who-we-are/facts/index.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Who We Are – University Medical Associates\". umadoc.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225210837/http://umadoc.com/who-we-are/","url_text":"\"Who We Are – University Medical Associates\""},{"url":"http://umadoc.com/who-we-are/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". www.ohio.edu. Retrieved February 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ohio.edu/medicine/community-health/campus-care/about.cfm","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"OhioHealth O'Bleness Hospital in Athens, Ohio\". OhioHealth.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116121301/http://www.obleness.org/","url_text":"\"OhioHealth O'Bleness Hospital in Athens, Ohio\""},{"url":"http://www.obleness.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"WAMSLEY, LAUREL (December 16, 2019). \"Heisman Winner Spotlights Hunger In His Hometown, And Food Pantry Donations Pour In\". NPR News. Retrieved December 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/12/16/788625310/heisman-winner-spotlights-hunger-in-his-hometown-donations-to-food-bank-pour-in","url_text":"\"Heisman Winner Spotlights Hunger In His Hometown, And Food Pantry Donations Pour In\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foster, Israel Moore, (1873 - 1950)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000306","url_text":"\"Foster, Israel Moore, (1873 - 1950)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Athens,_Ohio&params=39_19_45_N_82_5_46_W_type:city(23849)_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"39°19′45″N 82°5′46″W / 39.32917°N 82.09611°W / 39.32917; -82.09611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Athens,_Ohio&params=39_19_45_N_82_5_46_W_type:city(23849)_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"39°19′45″N 82°5′46″W / 39.32917°N 82.09611°W / 39.32917; -82.09611"},{"Link":"https://www.ci.athens.oh.us/","external_links_name":"www.ci.athens.oh.us"},{"Link":"https://www.hopewellhealth.org/","external_links_name":"Hopewell Health Centers"},{"Link":"https://www.holzer.org/locations/locations-profile/?id=3","external_links_name":"Holzer Athens"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3902736","external_links_name":"\"Athens city, Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohio.edu/instres/student/Collegeenrollment.html","external_links_name":"\"Office of Institutional Effectiveness & Analytics - Student Enrollment Data by College\""},{"Link":"http://woub.org/2011/10/13/battle-athens","external_links_name":"\"The Battle of Athens\""},{"Link":"https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/2010/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/2010_place_list_39.txt","external_links_name":"\"2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files for Places – Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/2010_place_list_39.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=rlx","external_links_name":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00330279&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Station: Athens OU, OH\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/population-volume-1/37749282v1p37_ch02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-37.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ohio: Population and Housing Unit Counts\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/athenscityohio/PST045219","external_links_name":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/athenscityohio/PST045219"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.quidel.com/cultures-fluorescent-tests","external_links_name":"\"See how the new Diagnostic Hybrids brand looks now\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063653/http://businessremixed.com/athens/funding-and-resources/business-resources/business-directory/?item=5021%2F","external_links_name":"\"Dave Scholl: Athens-grown PhD turned CEO\""},{"Link":"http://businessremixed.com/athens/funding-and-resources/business-resources/business-directory/?item=5021/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063803/http://businessremixed.com/athens/funding-and-resources/business-resources/business-directory/?item=5032%2F","external_links_name":"\"Stewart-MacDonald: Living the Luthier Legacy\""},{"Link":"http://businessremixed.com/athens/funding-and-resources/business-resources/business-directory/?item=5032/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.cleveland.com/datacentral/2008/08/Ohio-Presidential-Election-Results-by-County-1992-1996-2000-2004.gif","external_links_name":"http://blog.cleveland.com/datacentral/2008/08/Ohio-Presidential-Election-Results-by-County-1992-1996-2000-2004.gif"},{"Link":"http://www.athensfarmersmarket.org/index.php?page=AFMHistory","external_links_name":"http://www.athensfarmersmarket.org/index.php?page=AFMHistory"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100426232527/http://www.athensfarmersmarket.org/index.php?page=AFMHistory","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.escapistart.com/adr/","external_links_name":"\"Appalachian Death Ride Home Page\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100420062600/http://www.southeastengine.com/","external_links_name":"\"Southeast Engine\""},{"Link":"http://southeastengine.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.myspace.com/skeletonwitch","external_links_name":"\"Skeletonwitch | Gratis muziek, tourneedata, foto's, video's\""},{"Link":"https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/lord-what-kids-these-actors-be-youthful-troupe-tackles-shakespearean-comedy/article_e1f2d85d-462f-5813-ba96-5bfccca794b2.html","external_links_name":"\"Lord, what kids these actors be! Youthful troupe tackles Shakespearean comedy\""},{"Link":"https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/youth-theater-sees-changes-progress-in-wake-of-rec-center-razing/article_f4070d6b-0c95-500e-957c-8c29367bf5ea.html","external_links_name":"\"Youth theater sees changes, progress in wake of rec center razing\""},{"Link":"https://www.athensmessenger.com/news/arts-west-harbors-homegrown-imagination/article_a2dbe414-4a94-5331-b381-0095fc2bb348.html","external_links_name":"\"ARTS/West harbors homegrown imagination\""},{"Link":"https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/scrooge-goes-from-grumpy-to-happy-at-arts-west/article_08bec221-32f0-5e67-bddf-d2be7e6a9928.html","external_links_name":"\"Scrooge goes from grumpy to happy at ARTS/West\""},{"Link":"https://www.ci.athens.oh.us/535/Arts-West","external_links_name":"\"Arts West | Athens, OH - Official Website\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2012/10/24/americas-10-most-haunted-cities/1655281/","external_links_name":"\"America's 10 most haunted cities\""},{"Link":"http://listverse.com/2010/07/07/10-most-terrifying-places-on-earth/","external_links_name":"\"10 most haunted places on Earth\""},{"Link":"http://www.athensnews.com/culture/arts_and_entertainment/dozens-of-bands-to-play-blackoutfest/article_ddb72c39-76d8-51e7-8fb8-11174c72bfc7.html","external_links_name":"\"Dozens of bands to play Blackoutfest\""},{"Link":"https://www.athensnews.com/culture/arts_and_entertainment/athens-community-music-festival-features-two-dozen-bands-artists/article_1647b764-829d-11e7-a648-231ba9445bd5.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160112072528/http://thenumberfest.com/","external_links_name":"\"#FEST\""},{"Link":"http://thenumberfest.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://acrn.com/2017/04/13/the-lobsterfest-2017-promo-is-here/","external_links_name":"\"The Lobsterfest Promo is here\""},{"Link":"https://ohiobrewweek.com/events/","external_links_name":"\"Events\""},{"Link":"http://www.traillink.com/ViewTrail.aspx?AcctID=6121449","external_links_name":"Hockhocking Adena Bikeway"},{"Link":"http://www.arborday.org/programs/treeCityUSA/map.cfm","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.athenscyclepath.com/maps/area_conditions/Athens_Trail/Athens_Trail.php","external_links_name":"Athens Trail"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080705120415/http://www.athenscyclepath.com/maps/area_conditions/Athens_Trail/Athens_Trail.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.athens.oh.us/index.aspx?NID=120","external_links_name":"\"Athens, OH - Official Website - Police Department\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohio.edu/police/","external_links_name":"\"Ohio University Police Department - Ohio University\""},{"Link":"http://www.ci.athens.oh.us/index.aspx?NID=116","external_links_name":"\"Athens, OH - Official Website - Fire Department\""},{"Link":"http://www.athens911.com/","external_links_name":"\"Athens County Ohio 911 Emergency Communications\""},{"Link":"http://www.ci.athens.oh.us/index.aspx?nid=114","external_links_name":"\"Code Enforcement / Community Development - Athens, OH - Official Website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225143356/http://ask.ohio.edu/index.jsp?requestType=NormalRequest&source=4&id=11&question=How","external_links_name":"\"Ask Ohio\""},{"Link":"http://ask.ohio.edu/index.jsp?requestType=NormalRequest&source=4&id=11&question=How","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.businessinsider.com/map-oldest-college-every-state-2014-8","external_links_name":"\"Map: The Oldest College In Every State\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132443/http://ohiowins.com/first-college-in-the-northwest-territory/","external_links_name":"\"Ohio University is the First College in the Northwest Territory\""},{"Link":"http://ohiowins.com/first-college-in-the-northwest-territory/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225140116/https://www.ohio.edu/admissions/facts.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Facts and Figures\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohio.edu/admissions/facts.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ohio.edu/instres/factbook.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ohio University Fact Book\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225142103/https://www.ohio.edu/news/months/oct1999/056.html","external_links_name":"\"Ohio One of Nation's Top Picks for Character Development\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohio.edu/news/months/oct1999/056.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ohio.edu/athens/regional.html","external_links_name":"\"Ohio University Regional Campus Maps\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohio.edu/medicine/about/campuses/","external_links_name":"\"Our Campuses\""},{"Link":"https://www.myacpl.org/branches/","external_links_name":"\"Athens County Library Branches\""},{"Link":"http://www.athensohiotoday.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Athens Messenger\""},{"Link":"https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=7952","external_links_name":"\"The Athens Messenger\""},{"Link":"http://www.timetables.org/full.php?group=19761031&item=0039","external_links_name":"\"Washington-Harpers Ferry-Cumberland-Cincinnati\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohio.edu/airport/","external_links_name":"\"Gordon K. Bush Airport - Ohio University\""},{"Link":"http://www.athenstransit.org/","external_links_name":"\"www.athenstransit.org - Athens, Ohio Public Transportation\""},{"Link":"http://www.ridegobus.com/","external_links_name":"\"Ride Gobus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225141942/https://www.ohio.edu/medicine/about/who-we-are/facts/index.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Student and Alumni Facts\""},{"Link":"https://www.ohio.edu/medicine/about/who-we-are/facts/index.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225210837/http://umadoc.com/who-we-are/","external_links_name":"\"Who We Are – University Medical Associates\""},{"Link":"http://umadoc.com/who-we-are/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ohio.edu/medicine/community-health/campus-care/about.cfm","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140116121301/http://www.obleness.org/","external_links_name":"\"OhioHealth O'Bleness Hospital in Athens, Ohio\""},{"Link":"http://www.obleness.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2019/12/16/788625310/heisman-winner-spotlights-hunger-in-his-hometown-donations-to-food-bank-pour-in","external_links_name":"\"Heisman Winner Spotlights Hunger In His Hometown, And Food Pantry Donations Pour In\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000306","external_links_name":"\"Foster, Israel Moore, (1873 - 1950)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ci.athens.oh.us/","external_links_name":"City website"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1220500/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134890275","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4207790-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550430305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82082799","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge978611&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/75ccb6f2-b7ef-4ae6-a9e6-9a60f8110823","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045393","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/196863651","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crick,_Brenner_et_al._experiment
Crick, Brenner et al. experiment
["1 The experiment","2 Implications","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]
DNA structure discovery The Crick, Brenner et al. experiment (1961) was a scientific experiment performed by Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, Leslie Barnett and R.J. Watts-Tobin. It was a key experiment in the development of what is now known as molecular biology and led to a publication entitled "The General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins" and according to the historian of Science Horace Judson is "regarded...as a classic of intellectual clarity, precision and rigour". This study demonstrated that the genetic code is made up of a series of three base pair codons which code for individual amino acids. The experiment also elucidated the nature of gene expression and frame-shift mutations. The experiment In the experiment, proflavin-induced mutations of the T4 bacteriophage gene, rIIB, were isolated. Proflavin causes mutations by inserting itself between DNA bases, typically resulting in insertion or deletion of a single base pair. Through the use of proflavin, the experimenters were able to insert or delete base pairs into their sequence of interest. When nucleotides were inserted or deleted, the gene would often be nonfunctional. However, if three base pairs were added or deleted, the gene would remain functional. This proved that the genetic code uses a codon of three nucleotide bases that corresponds to an amino acid. The mutants produced by Crick and Brenner that could not produce functional rIIB protein were the results of frameshift mutations, where the triplet code was disrupted. Brenner and Crick et al. were also able to correct their frameshift mutations through the use of proflavin. If they had a nonfunctional gene due to a deleted base pair, by inserting a base pair into the general area of the deleted one, they were able to rescue the function of the gene. This is because the bases were shifted back into the correct reading frame. Implications This demonstration of the triplet nature of the genetic code, although carried out with bacteriophage, later proved to be universally applicable to all forms of life. The results of this experiment inspired many to begin decoding the triplet code discovered by Brenner and Crick et al. Once this paper was published in 1961, researchers knew that there are 64 possible triplet codons, since there are four nitrogenous bases (4 x 4 x 4 = 64). Today, scientists have decoded what all 64 codons encode for, and the assignments have proven to be nearly universal. See also Nirenberg and Leder experiment Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment Notes ^ Horace Freedland Judson (Author) 1979 The Eighth Day of Creation 1979 Johnathan Cape (publisher), p. 485 ^ Brenner, S.; Benzer, S.; Barnett, L. (1958-10-11). "Distribution of Proflavin-Induced Mutations in the Genetic Fine Structure". Nature. 182 (4641): 983–985. Bibcode:1958Natur.182..983B. doi:10.1038/182983a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13590201. S2CID 4253243. ^ a b Yanofsky, Charles (2007-03-09). "Establishing the Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code". Cell. 128 (5): 815–818. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.029. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 17350564. ^ a b Koonin, Eugene V.; Novozhilov, Artem S. (2017-05-06). "Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma". IUBMB Life. 61 (2): 99–111. arXiv:0807.4749. doi:10.1002/iub.146. ISSN 1521-6543. PMC 3293468. PMID 19117371. References Crick FH, Barnett L, Brenner S, Watts-Tobin RJ (December 1961). "General nature of the genetic code for proteins". Nature. 192 (4809): 1227–32. Bibcode:1961Natur.192.1227C. doi:10.1038/1921227a0. PMID 13882203. S2CID 4276146.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Sydney Brenner (Author), Lewis Wolpert (Contributor), Errorl C. Friedberg (Contributor), Eleanor Lawrence (Contributor) 2001 My Life in Science: Sydney Brenner, A Life in Science 2001 Biomed Central Ltd (publisher) ISBN 0954027809 ISBN 978-0954027803 Horace Freedland Judson (Author) 1979 The Eighth Day of Creation 1979 Johnathan Cape (publisher) ISBN 0-224-01722-5 vteHistory of biology (timeline)Fields,disciplines Agricultural science Anatomy Biochemistry Biotechnology Botany Ecology Evolutionary thought Genetics Geology Immunology Medicine Model organisms Molecular biology Molecular evolution Paleontology Phycology Plant systematics RNA biology Zoology (through 1859) Zoology (since 1859) Theories,concepts Germ theory of disease Central dogma of molecular biology Darwinism Great chain of being Hierarchy of life Lamarckism One gene–one enzyme hypothesis Protocell RNA world Sequence hypothesis Spontaneous generation Related History of science Philosophy of biology Teleology Ethnobotany Eugenics History of the creation-evolution controversy Human Genome Project Humboldtian science Natural history Natural philosophy Natural theology Relationship between religion and science Category This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scientific experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_experiment"},{"link_name":"Francis Crick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick"},{"link_name":"Sydney Brenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner"},{"link_name":"Leslie Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Barnett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"genetic code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code"},{"link_name":"codons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acids"},{"link_name":"gene expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"frame-shift mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-shift_mutation"}],"text":"The Crick, Brenner et al. experiment (1961) was a scientific experiment performed by Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, Leslie Barnett and R.J. Watts-Tobin.\nIt was a key experiment in the development of what is now known as molecular biology and led to a publication entitled \"The General Nature of the Genetic Code for Proteins\" and according to the historian of Science Horace Judson is \"regarded...as a classic of intellectual clarity, precision and rigour\".[1] This study demonstrated that the genetic code is made up of a series of three base pair codons which code for individual amino acids. The experiment also elucidated the nature of gene expression and frame-shift mutations.","title":"Crick, Brenner et al. experiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proflavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proflavin"},{"link_name":"mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"T4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T4_phage"},{"link_name":"bacteriophage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriophage"},{"link_name":"DNA bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_base"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"codon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"frameshift mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frameshift_mutation"},{"link_name":"base pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_pair"},{"link_name":"reading frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_frame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"In the experiment, proflavin-induced mutations of the T4 bacteriophage gene, rIIB, were isolated. Proflavin causes mutations by inserting itself between DNA bases, typically resulting in insertion or deletion of a single base pair.[2]Through the use of proflavin, the experimenters were able to insert or delete base pairs into their sequence of interest. When nucleotides were inserted or deleted, the gene would often be nonfunctional. However, if three base pairs were added or deleted, the gene would remain functional.[3] This proved that the genetic code uses a codon of three nucleotide bases that corresponds to an amino acid. The mutants produced by Crick and Brenner that could not produce functional rIIB protein were the results of frameshift mutations, where the triplet code was disrupted.Brenner and Crick et al. were also able to correct their frameshift mutations through the use of proflavin. If they had a nonfunctional gene due to a deleted base pair, by inserting a base pair into the general area of the deleted one, they were able to rescue the function of the gene. This is because the bases were shifted back into the correct reading frame.[3]","title":"The experiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"text":"This demonstration of the triplet nature of the genetic code, although carried out with bacteriophage, later proved to be universally applicable to all forms of life.[4]The results of this experiment inspired many to begin decoding the triplet code discovered by Brenner and Crick et al. Once this paper was published in 1961, researchers knew that there are 64 possible triplet codons, since there are four nitrogenous bases (4 x 4 x 4 = 64). Today, scientists have decoded what all 64 codons encode for, and the assignments have proven to be nearly universal.[4]","title":"Implications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1958Natur.182..983B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.182..983B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/182983a0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2F182983a0"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0028-0836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13590201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13590201"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4253243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4253243"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"Establishing the Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.02.029"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.02.029"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0092-8674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17350564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17350564"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293468"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0807.4749","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/0807.4749"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/iub.146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fiub.146"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1521-6543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-6543"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3293468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293468"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19117371","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19117371"}],"text":"^ Horace Freedland Judson (Author) 1979 The Eighth Day of Creation 1979 Johnathan Cape (publisher), p. 485\n\n^ Brenner, S.; Benzer, S.; Barnett, L. (1958-10-11). \"Distribution of Proflavin-Induced Mutations in the Genetic Fine Structure\". Nature. 182 (4641): 983–985. Bibcode:1958Natur.182..983B. doi:10.1038/182983a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13590201. S2CID 4253243.\n\n^ a b Yanofsky, Charles (2007-03-09). \"Establishing the Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code\". Cell. 128 (5): 815–818. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.029. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 17350564.\n\n^ a b Koonin, Eugene V.; Novozhilov, Artem S. (2017-05-06). \"Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma\". IUBMB Life. 61 (2): 99–111. arXiv:0807.4749. doi:10.1002/iub.146. ISSN 1521-6543. PMC 3293468. PMID 19117371.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Nirenberg and Leder experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirenberg_and_Leder_experiment"},{"title":"Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirenberg_and_Matthaei_experiment"}]
[{"reference":"Brenner, S.; Benzer, S.; Barnett, L. (1958-10-11). \"Distribution of Proflavin-Induced Mutations in the Genetic Fine Structure\". Nature. 182 (4641): 983–985. Bibcode:1958Natur.182..983B. doi:10.1038/182983a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13590201. S2CID 4253243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.182..983B","url_text":"1958Natur.182..983B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F182983a0","url_text":"10.1038/182983a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13590201","url_text":"13590201"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4253243","url_text":"4253243"}]},{"reference":"Yanofsky, Charles (2007-03-09). \"Establishing the Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code\". Cell. 128 (5): 815–818. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.029. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 17350564.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.02.029","url_text":"\"Establishing the Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.02.029","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674","url_text":"0092-8674"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17350564","url_text":"17350564"}]},{"reference":"Koonin, Eugene V.; Novozhilov, Artem S. (2017-05-06). \"Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma\". IUBMB Life. 61 (2): 99–111. arXiv:0807.4749. doi:10.1002/iub.146. ISSN 1521-6543. PMC 3293468. PMID 19117371.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293468","url_text":"\"Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.4749","url_text":"0807.4749"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fiub.146","url_text":"10.1002/iub.146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-6543","url_text":"1521-6543"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293468","url_text":"3293468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19117371","url_text":"19117371"}]},{"reference":"Crick FH, Barnett L, Brenner S, Watts-Tobin RJ (December 1961). \"General nature of the genetic code for proteins\". Nature. 192 (4809): 1227–32. Bibcode:1961Natur.192.1227C. doi:10.1038/1921227a0. PMID 13882203. S2CID 4276146.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick","url_text":"Crick FH"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Barnett","url_text":"Barnett L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brenner","url_text":"Brenner S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961Natur.192.1227C","url_text":"1961Natur.192.1227C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1921227a0","url_text":"10.1038/1921227a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13882203","url_text":"13882203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4276146","url_text":"4276146"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.182..983B","external_links_name":"1958Natur.182..983B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F182983a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/182983a0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","external_links_name":"0028-0836"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13590201","external_links_name":"13590201"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4253243","external_links_name":"4253243"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.02.029","external_links_name":"\"Establishing the Triplet Nature of the Genetic Code\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2007.02.029","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.029"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674","external_links_name":"0092-8674"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17350564","external_links_name":"17350564"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293468","external_links_name":"\"Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal enigma\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.4749","external_links_name":"0807.4749"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fiub.146","external_links_name":"10.1002/iub.146"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-6543","external_links_name":"1521-6543"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3293468","external_links_name":"3293468"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19117371","external_links_name":"19117371"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961Natur.192.1227C","external_links_name":"1961Natur.192.1227C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1921227a0","external_links_name":"10.1038/1921227a0"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13882203","external_links_name":"13882203"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4276146","external_links_name":"4276146"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crick,_Brenner_et_al._experiment&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Kajaani
AC Kajaani
["1 History","2 Honours","3 Season-to-season","4 Final squad","5 Management and boardroom","5.1 Management","5.2 Boardroom","6 Records and statistics","7 References","8 External links"]
Football club from Kajaani, Finland Football clubAC KajaaniFull nameAC KajaaniFounded2006Dissolved2020GroundKajaanin liikuntapuisto, Kajaani, FinlandChairmanArvo ToivainenManagerMika LumijärviLeagueYkkönen Home colours Away colours AC Kajaani was a football club from Kajaani, Finland. The club was formed in 2006 after the merger of FC Tarmo and Kajaanin Palloilijat (KaPa). Their home ground was Kajaanin Liikuntapuisto. The men's football first team last played in the Ykkönen (the second highest level of football in Finland). The club dissolved in December 2020 following their relegation from the Ykkönen. History AC Kajaani was founded in 2006 by a merger of Kajaanin Palloilijat (KaPa -- "Kajaani Ballers") and FC Tarmo. The newly merged club took over FC Tarmo's place in the Kolmonen—the fourth tier of the Finnish soccer league system—in the Northern Finland group. Arvo Toivainen was the chairman of the club. Only KaPa's adult men's team joined the new club; KaPa continued to operate their own youth clubs, with an affiliation with the new club. However, KaPa would eventually cease its youth football operations, which would not restart until 2014. In the club's first four seasons, the club managed to finish in second place on all four occasions, missing out on promotion by small margins each time, including on goal difference in 2009 to city rival Kajaanin Haka. In 2011, AC Kajaani finally won its long-awaited league title, earning promotion to the Kakkonen, in the Pohjoinen (Northern) group. The season was special for AC Kajaani as they completed an undefeated season, finishing with a league record of 17 wins and one draw, while winning once and drawing once against JPS in a 5–2 aggregate victory in the playoffs. Kajaani won the league title in its first year in the Kakkonen and defeated JäPS in the playoffs to earn a second straight promotion, to the Ykkönen, the second tier of the Finnish soccer league system. In 2013, AC Kajaani endured a poor year in the Ykkönen, winning only three matches all season long, while earning a relegation back down to the Kakkonen. Back in the Kakkonen, AC Kajaani finished third in three consecutive seasons. A highlight from the 2016 season was AC Kajaani's deep run in the Suomen Cup, where they made it to the sixth round and hosted HJK, Finland's top football club, and took them to extra time, ultimately losing 5–1 in front of a club record 1,172 spectators. In 2017, Kajaani won the league title for Group C and winning the promotion playoffs against KTP. In 2018, AC Kajaani experienced its most successful season, finishing in 8th place with 25 points while winning six matches and remaining in the Ykkönen for the following season, a feat Kajaani would repeat in 2019 with another 8th-place finish and 24 points. In 2020, AC Kajaani renewed its partnership with KaPa Kajaani, who agreed to become the official youth team of AC Kajaani. In exchange for the new partnership, AC Kajaani agreed to change its colours from white and black to KaPa's traditional colours of blue and white. In 2020, Kajaani planned for a large push to make it to the Veikkausliiga and spent €274,819 on player wages, second in the league. However, AC Kajaani's luck would run out when they were relegated on the final day of the season by Gnistan, despite winning their final match against KTP by a score of 4–1. Erfan Zeneli scored the club's final goal. Following the 2020 season, chairman Arvo Toivainen announced that while the club was debt-free, he no longer had the ability to fund the club, having spent €1.7 million on the club thus far, including €250,000 in 2020 alone. He required a further investment of €350,000 from AC Kajaani's business partners in order to get the club back up to the Ykkönen, and upon receiving commitments for only €100,000, the decision was made to fold the club and cease operations. Following the fall of the club, criticism was made of the club's attempts to buy a quick path to success by importing foreign players, as opposed to investing in building up local talent; only Tatu Hoffrén was from Kajaani. Honours Source: Kolmonen Group Winners: 2011 Kakkonen Group Winners: 2012, 2017 Season-to-season Season to Season Season Level Division Section Administration Position Movements 2007 Tier 4 Kolmonen (Third Division) Northern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi) 2nd 2008 Tier 4 Kolmonen (Third Division) Northern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi) 2nd 2009 Tier 4 Kolmonen (Third Division) Northern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi) 2nd 2010 Tier 4 Kolmonen (Third Division) Northern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi) 2nd 2011 Tier 4 Kolmonen (Third Division) Northern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi) 1st Promotion Playoff - Promoted 2012 Tier 3 Kakkonen (Second Division) Northern Group (Pohjoinen Iokho) Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 1st Promotion Playoff - Promoted 2013 Tier 2 Ykkönen (First Division) Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 10th Relegated 2014 Tier 3 Kakkonen (Second Division) Northern Group (Pohjoinen Iokho) Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 3rd 2015 Tier 3 Kakkonen (Second Division) Northern Group (Pohjoinen Iokho) Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 3rd 2016 Tier 3 Kakkonen (Second Division) Group C Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 3rd 2017 Tier 3 Kakkonen (Second Division) Group C Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 1st Promotion Playoff - Promoted 2018 Tier 2 Ykkönen (First Division) Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 8th 2019 Tier 2 Ykkönen (First Division) Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 8th 2020 Tier 2 Ykkönen (First Division) Finnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto) 10th Relegated 5 seasons in Kolmonen 5 season in Kakkonen 4 season in Ykkönen Final squad As of 31 October 2020 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  FIN Severi Ikäheimo 2 DF  FIN Juuso Kemppainen 3 FW  SEN Babacar Diop (on loan from TPS) 3 DF  CIV Bauraux Amiri 4 DF  FIN Tatu Hoffrén 5 DF  FIN Mikko Pitkänen 7 MF  SOM Hussein Mohamed 8 MF  FIN Reza Heidari 9 FW  ROU David Popa 10 FW  FIN Tomi Kult 11 MF  FIN Mauro Severino No. Pos. Nation Player 12 GK  CRO Deni Kaksa 14 DF  JPN Chiharu Kato 15 MF  FIN Joakim Ärilä 16 DF  CMR Jules Samnda 17 DF  FIN Sharp Räsänen 18 MF  FIN Gullit Zolameso 20 DF  FIN Johannes Kytilä 23 FW  FRA Christopher Bibaku 24 MF  FIN Hannes Seikkala 80 MF  FIN Erfan Zeneli — DF  FIN Oliver Kangaslahti Management and boardroom Management As of 30 November 2020 Name Role Mika Lumijärvi Director of Sport Marko Milunović Head Coach Katja Schroderus Team Manager Mika Schroderus Kit Manager Petteri Haikola Physiotherapist Boardroom As of 4 November 2020 Name Role Arvo Toivainen Chairman Tommi Huttunen Vice Chairman Nina Karinalainen Treasurer Harri Partanen Secretary Records and statistics Michael Nzekwe holds the record for most league appearances for AC Kajaani with 142 appearances between 2010 and 2015. During this time, Nzekwe also became the club's record goalscorer, with 100 goals. The club's record attendance was 1,172, which occurred on 21 April 2016 in a cup match against HJK. The club's highest finish in the Finnish football pyramid was 8th in the Ykkönen, which occurred twice, in 2018 and 2019. The most goals AC Kajaani has scored in a season is 98, which occurred across 18 games in 2011 in the Kolmonen. The 2011 season also set records for most wins (17), fewest defeats (0), highest goal differential (+87), and highest points per game (2.89). The fewest goals allowed in one season is 10, in 2010. The 2013 season was the club's worst season, when they set records for most losses (19), fewest wins (3), fewest points (14), fewest goals scored (27), most goals allowed (66), worst goal differential (-39), and tied the club record for lowest table position (10th, also occurred in 2020). The most draws in one season was 11, which occurred in 2014. The furthest the club ever got in the Suomen Cup was the sixth round, in 2016. The club's overall league record was 162 wins, 59 draws, and 99 losses, for a total of 545 points. They scored 774 league goals, and allowed 412 goals, for an overall goal differential of +362. References ^ a b c d e f Pajala, Pekka (30 November 2020). "AC Kajaani luopuu Kakkosen sarjapaikasta – syyskokous käsittelee 15.12. seuran lakkauttamista". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ Määttä, Teemu. "Junioriputken yläpään haasteet mietityttävät Kajaanissa sekä Hakassa että KaPassa: Miten varmistamme, että jalkapalloa pelataan täällä vielä murrosiän jälkeenkin?". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ a b Pajala, Pekka (1 December 2019). "Yhteistyö KaPan kanssa vie AC Kajaanin Ykköseen sinivalkoisissa väreissä". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ a b "YHTEYSTIEDOT, HISTORIA, STRATEGIA, TIETOSUOJASELOSTE". AC Kajaani (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ "Kolmonen Historiaa" (PDF). splps.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ a b c d e "Football Archive". finlandfootball.net. Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ Määttä, Teemu. "Pikkuhuuhkajien päävalmentajalta Juha Maliselta suoraa puhetta AC Kajaanin kohtalosta: Jos rahoja olisi käytetty fiksummin paikalliseen jalkapalloiluun, tilanne voisi olla nyt jopa erinomainen". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ Heikkinen, Jussi (24 June 2020). "AC Kajaani tavoittelee Ykkösen kärkikamppailua". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ "Suuret odotukset sulivat suureksi pettymykseksi – AC Kajaani putosi jalkapallon Ykkösestä". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ "KTP 1-4 AC Kajaani". Suomen Palloliitto. Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ Eskola, Juhani (7 December 2020). "Kolumni: Turha torua Toivaista". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ Määttä, Teemu. "Lopullinen päätös syntyi: AC Kajaanin toiminta päättyy – Ei ollut edellytyksiä jatkaa". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ Pajala, Pekka (18 December 2019). "Kolumni: Viekö polku tää, koskaan mihinkään?". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ "Edustusjoukkue" (in Finnish). AC Kajaani. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021. ^ "JOUKKUEENJOHTO 2020". AC Kajaani (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021. ^ Sports Interactive (24 November 2020). Football Manager 2021 (PC). Sega. External links Official website. Archived 25 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Kajaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaani"},{"link_name":"Ykkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ykk%C3%B6nen"}],"text":"Football clubAC Kajaani was a football club from Kajaani, Finland. The club was formed in 2006 after the merger of FC Tarmo and Kajaanin Palloilijat (KaPa). Their home ground was Kajaanin Liikuntapuisto. The men's football first team last played in the Ykkönen (the second highest level of football in Finland). The club dissolved in December 2020 following their relegation from the Ykkönen.","title":"AC Kajaani"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kajaanin Palloilijat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KaPa_Kajaani"},{"link_name":"Kolmonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmonen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanomat-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KaPa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Board-4"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Kolmonen_%E2%80%93_Finnish_League_Division_3"},{"link_name":"Kajaanin Haka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajaanin_Haka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kolmonen_%E2%80%93_Finnish_League_Division_3"},{"link_name":"Kakkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakkonen"},{"link_name":"JPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4n_Seudun_Palloseura"},{"link_name":"its first year in the Kakkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Kakkonen"},{"link_name":"JäPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rvenp%C3%A4%C3%A4n_Palloseura"},{"link_name":"Ykkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ykk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanomat-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-6"},{"link_name":"poor year in the Ykkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Ykk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"Suomen Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Finnish_Cup"},{"link_name":"HJK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsingin_Jalkapalloklubi"},{"link_name":"won the league title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Kakkonen"},{"link_name":"KTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotkan_Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Palloilijat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanomat-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Ykk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ykk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanomat-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KaPa-3"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Ykk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"Veikkausliiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikkausliiga"},{"link_name":"Gnistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnistan"},{"link_name":"KTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotkan_Ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4en_Palloilijat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanomat-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanomat-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"AC Kajaani was founded in 2006 by a merger of Kajaanin Palloilijat (KaPa -- \"Kajaani Ballers\") and FC Tarmo. The newly merged club took over FC Tarmo's place in the Kolmonen—the fourth tier of the Finnish soccer league system—in the Northern Finland group. Arvo Toivainen was the chairman of the club. Only KaPa's adult men's team joined the new club; KaPa continued to operate their own youth clubs, with an affiliation with the new club. However, KaPa would eventually cease its youth football operations, which would not restart until 2014.[1][2][3][4]In the club's first four seasons, the club managed to finish in second place on all four occasions, missing out on promotion by small margins each time, including on goal difference in 2009 to city rival Kajaanin Haka.[5]In 2011, AC Kajaani finally won its long-awaited league title, earning promotion to the Kakkonen, in the Pohjoinen (Northern) group. The season was special for AC Kajaani as they completed an undefeated season, finishing with a league record of 17 wins and one draw, while winning once and drawing once against JPS in a 5–2 aggregate victory in the playoffs. Kajaani won the league title in its first year in the Kakkonen and defeated JäPS in the playoffs to earn a second straight promotion, to the Ykkönen, the second tier of the Finnish soccer league system.[1][6]In 2013, AC Kajaani endured a poor year in the Ykkönen, winning only three matches all season long, while earning a relegation back down to the Kakkonen. Back in the Kakkonen, AC Kajaani finished third in three consecutive seasons. A highlight from the 2016 season was AC Kajaani's deep run in the Suomen Cup, where they made it to the sixth round and hosted HJK, Finland's top football club, and took them to extra time, ultimately losing 5–1 in front of a club record 1,172 spectators. In 2017, Kajaani won the league title for Group C and winning the promotion playoffs against KTP.[1][7]In 2018, AC Kajaani experienced its most successful season, finishing in 8th place with 25 points while winning six matches and remaining in the Ykkönen for the following season, a feat Kajaani would repeat in 2019 with another 8th-place finish and 24 points.[1]In 2020, AC Kajaani renewed its partnership with KaPa Kajaani, who agreed to become the official youth team of AC Kajaani. In exchange for the new partnership, AC Kajaani agreed to change its colours from white and black to KaPa's traditional colours of blue and white.[3]In 2020, Kajaani planned for a large push to make it to the Veikkausliiga and spent €274,819 on player wages, second in the league. However, AC Kajaani's luck would run out when they were relegated on the final day of the season by Gnistan, despite winning their final match against KTP by a score of 4–1. Erfan Zeneli scored the club's final goal.[1][8][9][10]Following the 2020 season, chairman Arvo Toivainen announced that while the club was debt-free, he no longer had the ability to fund the club, having spent €1.7 million on the club thus far, including €250,000 in 2020 alone. He required a further investment of €350,000 from AC Kajaani's business partners in order to get the club back up to the Ykkönen, and upon receiving commitments for only €100,000, the decision was made to fold the club and cease operations. Following the fall of the club, criticism was made of the club's attempts to buy a quick path to success by importing foreign players, as opposed to investing in building up local talent; only Tatu Hoffrén was from Kajaani.[1][11][12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-6"},{"link_name":"Kolmonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmonen"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kolmonen_%E2%80%93_Finnish_League_Division_3"},{"link_name":"Kakkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakkonen"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Kakkonen"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Kakkonen"}],"text":"Source:[6]Kolmonen\nGroup Winners: 2011\nKakkonen\nGroup Winners: 2012, 2017","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolmonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmonen"},{"link_name":"Kakkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakkonen"},{"link_name":"Ykkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ykk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-6"}],"text":"Season to Season\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSeason\n\nLevel\n\nDivision\n\nSection\n\nAdministration\n\nPosition\n\nMovements\n\n\n2007\n\nTier 4\n\nKolmonen (Third Division)\n\nNorthern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi)\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n\n\n\n2008\n\nTier 4\n\nKolmonen (Third Division)\n\nNorthern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi)\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n\n\n\n2009\n\nTier 4\n\nKolmonen (Third Division)\n\nNorthern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi)\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n\n\n\n2010\n\nTier 4\n\nKolmonen (Third Division)\n\nNorthern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi)\n\n\n\n2nd\n\n\n\n\n2011\n\nTier 4\n\nKolmonen (Third Division)\n\nNorthern Finland (Pohjois-Suomi)\n\n\n\n1st\n\nPromotion Playoff - Promoted\n\n\n2012\n\nTier 3\n\nKakkonen (Second Division)\n\nNorthern Group (Pohjoinen Iokho)\n\nFinnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto)\n\n1st\n\nPromotion Playoff - Promoted\n\n\n2013\n\nTier 2\n\nYkkönen (First Division)\n\n\n\nFinnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto)\n\n10th\n\nRelegated\n\n\n2014\n\nTier 3\n\nKakkonen (Second Division)\n\nNorthern Group (Pohjoinen Iokho)\n\nFinnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto)\n\n3rd\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\nTier 3\n\nKakkonen (Second Division)\n\nNorthern Group (Pohjoinen Iokho)\n\nFinnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto)\n\n3rd\n\n\n\n\n2016\n\nTier 3\n\nKakkonen (Second Division)\n\nGroup C\n\nFinnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto)\n\n3rd\n\n\n\n\n2017\n\nTier 3\n\nKakkonen (Second Division)\n\nGroup C\n\nFinnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto)\n\n1st\n\nPromotion Playoff - Promoted\n\n\n2018\n\nTier 2\n\nYkkönen (First Division)\n\n\n\nFinnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto)\n\n8th\n\n\n\n\n2019\n\nTier 2\n\nYkkönen (First Division)\n\n\n\nFinnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto)\n\n8th\n\n\n\n\n2020\n\nTier 2\n\nYkkönen (First Division)\n\n\n\nFinnish FA (Suomen Palloliitto)\n\n10th\n\nRelegated\n\n5 seasons in Kolmonen\n5 season in Kakkonen\n4 season in Ykkönen\n[6]","title":"Season-to-season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 31 October 2020[14]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Final squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Management and boardroom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Management","text":"As of 30 November 2020[15]","title":"Management and boardroom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Board-4"}],"sub_title":"Boardroom","text":"As of 4 November 2020[4]","title":"Management and boardroom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-6"},{"link_name":"Suomen Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archive-6"}],"text":"Michael Nzekwe holds the record for most league appearances for AC Kajaani with 142 appearances between 2010 and 2015. During this time, Nzekwe also became the club's record goalscorer, with 100 goals. The club's record attendance was 1,172, which occurred on 21 April 2016 in a cup match against HJK.[16]The club's highest finish in the Finnish football pyramid was 8th in the Ykkönen, which occurred twice, in 2018 and 2019. The most goals AC Kajaani has scored in a season is 98, which occurred across 18 games in 2011 in the Kolmonen. The 2011 season also set records for most wins (17), fewest defeats (0), highest goal differential (+87), and highest points per game (2.89). The fewest goals allowed in one season is 10, in 2010. The 2013 season was the club's worst season, when they set records for most losses (19), fewest wins (3), fewest points (14), fewest goals scored (27), most goals allowed (66), worst goal differential (-39), and tied the club record for lowest table position (10th, also occurred in 2020). The most draws in one season was 11, which occurred in 2014.[6]The furthest the club ever got in the Suomen Cup was the sixth round, in 2016. The club's overall league record was 162 wins, 59 draws, and 99 losses, for a total of 545 points. They scored 774 league goals, and allowed 412 goals, for an overall goal differential of +362.[6]","title":"Records and statistics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Pajala, Pekka (30 November 2020). \"AC Kajaani luopuu Kakkosen sarjapaikasta – syyskokous käsittelee 15.12. seuran lakkauttamista\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/ac-kajaani-luopuu-kakkosen-sarjapaikasta-192048025/?dl_update=1","url_text":"\"AC Kajaani luopuu Kakkosen sarjapaikasta – syyskokous käsittelee 15.12. seuran lakkauttamista\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuun_Sanomat","url_text":"Kainuun Sanomat"}]},{"reference":"Määttä, Teemu. \"Junioriputken yläpään haasteet mietityttävät Kajaanissa sekä Hakassa että KaPassa: Miten varmistamme, että jalkapalloa pelataan täällä vielä murrosiän jälkeenkin?\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/junioriputken-ylapaan-haasteet-mietityttavat-kajaanissa-seka-hakassa-etta-kapassa-miten-varmistamme-etta-jalkapalloa-pelataan-taalla-viela-murrosian-jalkeenkin-193264825/","url_text":"\"Junioriputken yläpään haasteet mietityttävät Kajaanissa sekä Hakassa että KaPassa: Miten varmistamme, että jalkapalloa pelataan täällä vielä murrosiän jälkeenkin?\""}]},{"reference":"Pajala, Pekka (1 December 2019). \"Yhteistyö KaPan kanssa vie AC Kajaanin Ykköseen sinivalkoisissa väreissä\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/yhteistyo-kapan-kanssa-vie-ac-kajaanin-ykkoseen-sinivalkoisissa-vareissa-174021925/","url_text":"\"Yhteistyö KaPan kanssa vie AC Kajaanin Ykköseen sinivalkoisissa väreissä\""}]},{"reference":"\"YHTEYSTIEDOT, HISTORIA, STRATEGIA, TIETOSUOJASELOSTE\". AC Kajaani (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201104071906/http://ackajaani.fi/yhteystiedot/","url_text":"\"YHTEYSTIEDOT, HISTORIA, STRATEGIA, TIETOSUOJASELOSTE\""},{"url":"http://ackajaani.fi/yhteystiedot/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kolmonen Historiaa\" (PDF). splps.fi (in Finnish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425160631/http://www.splps.fi/@Bin/134174/Kolmosen+historiaa.pdf","url_text":"\"Kolmonen Historiaa\""},{"url":"http://www.splps.fi/@Bin/134174/Kolmosen+historiaa.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Football Archive\". finlandfootball.net. Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.finlandfootball.net/","url_text":"\"Football Archive\""}]},{"reference":"Määttä, Teemu. \"Pikkuhuuhkajien päävalmentajalta Juha Maliselta suoraa puhetta AC Kajaanin kohtalosta: Jos rahoja olisi käytetty fiksummin paikalliseen jalkapalloiluun, tilanne voisi olla nyt jopa erinomainen\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/pikkuhuuhkajien-paavalmentajalta-juha-maliselta-suoraa-puhetta-ac-kajaanin-kohtalosta-jos-rahoja-olisi-kaytetty-fiksummin-paikalliseen-jalkapalloiluun-tilanne-voisi-olla-nyt-jopa-erinomainen-193265225/","url_text":"\"Pikkuhuuhkajien päävalmentajalta Juha Maliselta suoraa puhetta AC Kajaanin kohtalosta: Jos rahoja olisi käytetty fiksummin paikalliseen jalkapalloiluun, tilanne voisi olla nyt jopa erinomainen\""}]},{"reference":"Heikkinen, Jussi (24 June 2020). \"AC Kajaani tavoittelee Ykkösen kärkikamppailua\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/ac-kajaani-tavoittelee-ykkosen-karkikamppailua-184127125/","url_text":"\"AC Kajaani tavoittelee Ykkösen kärkikamppailua\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suuret odotukset sulivat suureksi pettymykseksi – AC Kajaani putosi jalkapallon Ykkösestä\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/suuret-odotukset-sulivat-suureksi-pettymykseksi-ac-kajaani-putosi-jalkapallon-ykkosesta-190443225/","url_text":"\"Suuret odotukset sulivat suureksi pettymykseksi – AC Kajaani putosi jalkapallon Ykkösestä\""}]},{"reference":"\"KTP 1-4 AC Kajaani\". Suomen Palloliitto. Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.palloliitto.fi/ottelu/1425995","url_text":"\"KTP 1-4 AC Kajaani\""}]},{"reference":"Eskola, Juhani (7 December 2020). \"Kolumni: Turha torua Toivaista\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/kolumni-turha-torua-toivasta-192218425/","url_text":"\"Kolumni: Turha torua Toivaista\""}]},{"reference":"Määttä, Teemu. \"Lopullinen päätös syntyi: AC Kajaanin toiminta päättyy – Ei ollut edellytyksiä jatkaa\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201216040642/https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/lopullinen-paatos-syntyi-ac-kajaanin-toiminta-paattyy-ei-ollut-edellytyksia-jatkaa-192872425/","url_text":"\"Lopullinen päätös syntyi: AC Kajaanin toiminta päättyy – Ei ollut edellytyksiä jatkaa\""},{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/lopullinen-paatos-syntyi-ac-kajaanin-toiminta-paattyy-ei-ollut-edellytyksia-jatkaa-192872425/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pajala, Pekka (18 December 2019). \"Kolumni: Viekö polku tää, koskaan mihinkään?\". Kainuun Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/kolumni-vieko-polku-taa-koskaan-mihinkaan-174951425/","url_text":"\"Kolumni: Viekö polku tää, koskaan mihinkään?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edustusjoukkue\" (in Finnish). AC Kajaani. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116142741/http://ackajaani.fi/joukkue/","url_text":"\"Edustusjoukkue\""},{"url":"http://ackajaani.fi/joukkue/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JOUKKUEENJOHTO 2020\". AC Kajaani (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201130045447/http://ackajaani.fi/joukkue/","url_text":"\"JOUKKUEENJOHTO 2020\""},{"url":"http://ackajaani.fi/joukkue/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sports Interactive (24 November 2020). Football Manager 2021 (PC). Sega.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Interactive","url_text":"Sports Interactive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Manager_2021","url_text":"Football Manager 2021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega","url_text":"Sega"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/ac-kajaani-luopuu-kakkosen-sarjapaikasta-192048025/?dl_update=1","external_links_name":"\"AC Kajaani luopuu Kakkosen sarjapaikasta – syyskokous käsittelee 15.12. seuran lakkauttamista\""},{"Link":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/junioriputken-ylapaan-haasteet-mietityttavat-kajaanissa-seka-hakassa-etta-kapassa-miten-varmistamme-etta-jalkapalloa-pelataan-taalla-viela-murrosian-jalkeenkin-193264825/","external_links_name":"\"Junioriputken yläpään haasteet mietityttävät Kajaanissa sekä Hakassa että KaPassa: Miten varmistamme, että jalkapalloa pelataan täällä vielä murrosiän jälkeenkin?\""},{"Link":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/yhteistyo-kapan-kanssa-vie-ac-kajaanin-ykkoseen-sinivalkoisissa-vareissa-174021925/","external_links_name":"\"Yhteistyö KaPan kanssa vie AC Kajaanin Ykköseen sinivalkoisissa väreissä\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201104071906/http://ackajaani.fi/yhteystiedot/","external_links_name":"\"YHTEYSTIEDOT, HISTORIA, STRATEGIA, TIETOSUOJASELOSTE\""},{"Link":"http://ackajaani.fi/yhteystiedot/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425160631/http://www.splps.fi/@Bin/134174/Kolmosen+historiaa.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kolmonen Historiaa\""},{"Link":"http://www.splps.fi/@Bin/134174/Kolmosen+historiaa.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.finlandfootball.net/","external_links_name":"\"Football Archive\""},{"Link":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/pikkuhuuhkajien-paavalmentajalta-juha-maliselta-suoraa-puhetta-ac-kajaanin-kohtalosta-jos-rahoja-olisi-kaytetty-fiksummin-paikalliseen-jalkapalloiluun-tilanne-voisi-olla-nyt-jopa-erinomainen-193265225/","external_links_name":"\"Pikkuhuuhkajien päävalmentajalta Juha Maliselta suoraa puhetta AC Kajaanin kohtalosta: Jos rahoja olisi käytetty fiksummin paikalliseen jalkapalloiluun, tilanne voisi olla nyt jopa erinomainen\""},{"Link":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/ac-kajaani-tavoittelee-ykkosen-karkikamppailua-184127125/","external_links_name":"\"AC Kajaani tavoittelee Ykkösen kärkikamppailua\""},{"Link":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/suuret-odotukset-sulivat-suureksi-pettymykseksi-ac-kajaani-putosi-jalkapallon-ykkosesta-190443225/","external_links_name":"\"Suuret odotukset sulivat suureksi pettymykseksi – AC Kajaani putosi jalkapallon Ykkösestä\""},{"Link":"https://www.palloliitto.fi/ottelu/1425995","external_links_name":"\"KTP 1-4 AC Kajaani\""},{"Link":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/kolumni-turha-torua-toivasta-192218425/","external_links_name":"\"Kolumni: Turha torua Toivaista\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201216040642/https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/lopullinen-paatos-syntyi-ac-kajaanin-toiminta-paattyy-ei-ollut-edellytyksia-jatkaa-192872425/","external_links_name":"\"Lopullinen päätös syntyi: AC Kajaanin toiminta päättyy – Ei ollut edellytyksiä jatkaa\""},{"Link":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/lopullinen-paatos-syntyi-ac-kajaanin-toiminta-paattyy-ei-ollut-edellytyksia-jatkaa-192872425/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.kainuunsanomat.fi/artikkeli/kolumni-vieko-polku-taa-koskaan-mihinkaan-174951425/","external_links_name":"\"Kolumni: Viekö polku tää, koskaan mihinkään?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116142741/http://ackajaani.fi/joukkue/","external_links_name":"\"Edustusjoukkue\""},{"Link":"http://ackajaani.fi/joukkue/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201130045447/http://ackajaani.fi/joukkue/","external_links_name":"\"JOUKKUEENJOHTO 2020\""},{"Link":"http://ackajaani.fi/joukkue/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ackajaani.fi/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141025235721/http://ackajaani.fi/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_trance
Goa trance
["1 History","2 Sound","3 Parties","4 In popular culture","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Electronic music style Goa tranceStylistic originsTranceEBMpsychedelic rockacid housenew beatIndian classical musicCultural originsEarly 1990s, Goa, IndiaDerivative formsPsychedelic trance, nitzhonotFusion genresPsybient Goa trance is an electronic dance music style that originated in the early 1990s in the Indian state of Goa. Goa trance often has drone-like basslines, similar to the techno minimalism of 21st century psychedelic trance (psytrance). Psychedelic trance developed from Goa trance. The typically long songs built on progressive beat changes are said to put the listener in a “trance”. History The music has its roots in the popularity of Goa, India, in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a hippie capital, and although musical developments were incorporating elements of industrial music, New beat and electronic body music (EBM), with the spiritual culture in India throughout the 1980s, the actual Goa trance style did not appear until the early 1990s. The music played was a blend of styles loosely defined as techno, New beat and various genres of "computer music" (e.g., high energy disco without vocals, acid-house, electro, industrial-gothic, various styles of house and electronic-rock hybrids). It arrived on tape cassettes by traveller-collectors and DJs and was shared (copied) tape-to-tape among Goa DJs, in an underground scene not driven by labels or the music industry. Prior to the 1980s, the music played at parties was performed by live bands and tapes were played in between sets. In the early 1980s, sampling synth and MIDI music appeared globally and DJs became the preferred format in Goa, with two tape decks driving a party without a break, facilitating continuous music. Cassette tapes were used by DJs until the 1990s, when DAT tapes were used. DJs playing in Goa during the 1980s included Fred Disko, Dr Bobby, Stephano, Paulino, Mackie, Babu, Laurent, Ray, Fred, Antaro, Lui, Rolf, Tilo, Pauli, Rudi, and Goa Gil. The music was eclectic in style but based around instrumental dub versions of tracks that evoked mystical, cosmic, psychedelic, and existential themes. Special mixes were made by DJs in Goa that were the editing of various versions of a track to make it longer. By 1990–91, Goa had become a hot destination for partying and was no longer under the radar: the scene grew bigger. Goa-style parties spread like a diaspora all over the world from 1993, and a multitude of labels in various countries (UK, Australia, Japan, Germany) dedicated themselves to promoting psychedelic electronic music that reflected the ethos of Goa parties, Goa music and Goa-specific artists and producers and DJs. Mark Maurice's 'Panjaea's focal point' parties brought it to London in 1992 and its programming at London club megatripolis gave a great boost to the small international scene that was then growing (October 21, 1993 onwards). The golden age and first wave of Goa Trance was generally agreed upon aesthetically between 1994 and 1997. Goa trance in the music industry and as a collective party fashion did not gain global recognition until 1994, when Paul Oakenfold began to champion the genre via his own Perfecto label and in the media, most notably with the release of his 1994 Essential Mix, or more commonly known as the Goa Mix. Sound The original goal of the music was to assist the dancers in experiencing a collective state of bodily transcendence, similar to that of ancient shamanic dancing rituals, through hypnotic, pulsing melodies and rhythms. As such, it has an energetic beat, often in a standard 4/4 dance rhythm. A typical track will generally build up to a much more energetic movement in the second half before reaching an intense climax, then taper off fairly quickly toward the end. The tempo typically lies in the 130–150 BPM range, although some tracks may have a tempo as low as 110 or as high as 160 BPM. Generally 8–12 minutes long, Goa Trance tracks tend to focus on steadily building energy throughout, using changes in percussion patterns and more intricate and layered synth parts as the music progresses in order to build a hypnotic and intense feel. The kick drum often is a low, thick sound with prominent sub-bass frequencies. The music very often incorporates many audio effects that are often created through experimentation with synthesisers. A well-known sound that originated with Goa trance and became much more prevalent through its successor, which evolved Goa Trance into a music genre known as Psytrance, has the organic "squelchy" sound (usually a sawtooth-wave which is run through a resonant band-pass or high-pass filter). Other music technology used in Goa trance includes popular analogue synthesizers such as the Roland TB-303, Roland Juno-60/106, Novation Bass-Station, Korg MS-10, and the Roland SH-101. Hardware samplers manufactured by Akai, Yamaha and Ensoniq were also popular for sample storage and manipulation. A popular element of Goa trance is the use of vocal samples, often from science fiction movies. Those samples mostly contain references to drugs, parapsychology, extraterrestrial life, existentialism, out-of-body experiences, dreams, science, time travel, spirituality and similarly mysterious and unconventional topics. Detroit techno was introduced in 1999 by a group of anonymous artists who performed exclusively Detroit techno and Chicago house at a venue known as Laughing Buddha (formally known as Klinsons) in Baga, Goa. They were the first to play this style of music with turntables. Using vinyl was a first for Goa at that time. Until then DJs usually used mini discs, DATs and CDs, without beat matching to mix. The introduction of the Detroit sound had a lasting effect on Goa trance, leading to a more industrialized sound. Parties DJ playing Goa trance in Hilltop, Vagator, Goa. The first parties were those held at Bamboo Forest at South Anjuna beach, Disco Valley at Vagator beach and Arambol beach (c. 1991–1993) and attempts initially were made to turn them into commercial events, which met with much resistance and the need to pay the local Goan police baksheesh. Events were generally staged around a bar, even though these were often only a temporary fixture in the forest or beach. The parties taking place around the new year tend to be the most chaotic with busloads of people coming in from all places such as Mumbai, Delhi, Gujarat, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai. Travelers and sadhus from all over India passed by to join in. Megatripolis in London was a great influence in popularising the sound. Running from June 1993 though really programming the music from October 1993 when it moved to Heaven nightclub it made all the national UK press, running until October 1996. In 1993 a party organization called Return to the Source also brought the sound to London, UK. Starting life at the Rocket in North London with a few hundred followers, the Source went on to a long residency at Brixton's 2,000 capacity Fridge and to host several larger 6,000 capacity parties in Brixton Academy, their New Year's Eve parties gaining reputations for being very special. The club toured across the UK, Europe and Israel throughout the 1990s and went as far as two memorable parties on the slopes of Mount Fuji in Japan and New York's Liberty Science Center. By 2001 the partners Chris Deckker, Mark Allen, Phil Ross and Janice Duncan were worn out and all but gone their separate ways. The last Return to the Source party was at Brixton Academy in 2002. Goa parties have a definitive visual aspect - the use of "fluoro" (fluorescent paint) is common on clothing and on decorations such as tapestries. The graphics on these decorations are usually associated with topics such as aliens, Hinduism, other religious (especially eastern) images, mushrooms (and other psychedelic art), shamanism and technology. Shrines in front of the DJ stands featuring religious items are also common decorations. In popular culture For a short period in the mid-1990s, Goa trance enjoyed significant commercial success with support from DJs, who later went on to assist in developing a much more mainstream style of trance outside Goa. See also Music of Goa References ^ The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance, page 56, Routledge ^ a b c Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001). All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music (4th ed.). Backbeat Books. pp. xi. ISBN 978-0879306281. ^ Graham St John (2010). The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136944345. ^ "Goa Trance". moodbook.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2016. ^ "ALTERNATIVE GOA LIFESTYLE GUIDE Alternative Goa Lifestyle Guide". Joomag. 21 November 2014. ^ "mind_like_a_laser". ^ "25 Most Influential Parties". Mixmag. ^ "Paul Oakenfold 1994". BBC Essential Mix. ^ Saldhana, Arund. "Article: Music tourism and factions of bodies in Goa" (PDF). tc.umn.edu. Open University/University of Minnesota, Sage Publications, UK 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016. Further reading vijendra kudnekar. & Hollands, R., Beyond Subculture and Post-subculture? The Case of Virtual Psytrance, Journal of Youth Studies, Volume 9, Number 4, September 2006, pp. 393–418(26), Routledge. St John, G. 2004 (ed.), Rave Culture and Religion, Routledge. (ISBN 978-0-415-31449-7). St John, G. 2001 (ed.), FreeNRG: Notes From the Edge of the Dance Floor free ebook download, Common Ground, Melbourne, 2001 (ISBN 978-1-86335-084-6). St John, G. 2010. (ed.), The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance. New York: Routledge. (ISBN 978-0415876964). St John, G. 2011. DJ Goa Gil: Kalifornian Exile, Dark Yogi and Dreaded Anomaly. Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture 3(1): 97-128. St John, G. 2012. Seasoned Exodus: The Exile Mosaic of Psyculture. Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture 4(1): 4–37. St John, G. 2012. Global Tribe: Technology, Spirituality and Psytrance. Equinox. (ISBN 9781845539559). St John, G. 2014. "Goatrance Travellers: Psytrance and its Seasoned Progeny." In Simone Krüger and Ruxandra Trandafoiu (eds), The Globalization of Musics in Transit: Musical Migration and Tourism. New York: Routledge, 160–182. Taylor, T., 2001. Strange Sounds: Music, Technology and Culture, Routledge. (ISBN 978-0-415-93684-2). Moon Juice Stomper Novel by Ray Castle External links Psychedelic Trance at Curlie vteElectronic-based music stylesElectronic dance music · ElectronicaGenres bydecade of originEarly Amplified guitar Electric blues Hawaiian guitar Jùjú Rock List of rock genres Western swing Biomusic Computer music Electroacoustic music Acousmatic music Musique concrète Tape music Elektronische Musik Live electronics Noise Sound system (Jamaican) Space age pop 1960s Ambient Drone Dub Electronic rock Jazz-funk Krautrock New-age music Progressive rock Psychedelic music Psychedelic funk Psychedelic rock Sampledelia Space music Space rock 1970s Afro/cosmic music Space disco Boogie Chiptune Dancehall Electropunk Euro disco Hi-NRG Hip hop List of hip hop genres Industrial Industrial rock Japanoise New wave Cold wave Dark wave Minimal wave Post-disco Dance-punk Dance-rock Italo disco Reggae fusion Synth-pop 1980s Acid jazz Alternative dance Baggy Ambient pop Breakbeat Florida breaks Contemporary R&B New jack swing Dark ambient Dubtronica Electro Freestyle Electro-industrial Electronic body music Electropop Ethnic electronica Funk carioca Kuduro Kwaito Tecnocumbia Turbo-folk Eurobeat Eurodance Grebo House Acid Ambient Balearic beat Chicago Deep Garage Funky Italo Jersey sound Hip house Latin Tech Tribal Industrial hip hop Industrial metal Martial industrial Miami bass New beat Power electronics Ragga Sophisti-pop Synth-metal Techno Acid techno Bleep techno Detroit techno Tracker music 1990s Ambient dub Ambient techno Asian underground Baltimore club Bhangragga Big beat Bitpop Breakbeat hardcore Darkcore Happy hardcore Toytown techno Broken beat Changa tuki Chopped and screwed Dark electro Denpa song Digital hardcore Disco polo Diva house Hardbag Downtempo Bristol sound Psybient Trip hop Drum and bass Heavy Darkstep Hardstep Neurofunk Techstep Jungle Ragga jungle Light Atmospheric Intelligent Jazzstep Liquid funk Dub techno Dungeon synth Electroclash Folktronica French house Nu disco Funkot Futurepop Ghetto house Footwork Ghettotech Glitch Hardcore Belgian techno Bouncy techno Breakcore Free tekno Frenchcore Gabber Hardstyle Lento violento J-core Mákina Speedcore Harsh noise wall Illbient Indietronica Industrial techno Intelligent dance music Drill 'n' bass Kidandali Livetronica Merenhouse Microhouse Minimal techno Schaffel Nu jazz Electro swing Nu metal Nu skool breaks Post-rock Power noise Progressive house Psydub Reggaeton Dembow Trance Acid Balearic Dream Goa Hands Up Hard Progressive Psy Tech Uplifting Vocal UK garage 2-step Breakstep Speed garage UK hard house Hardbass Hard NRG 2000s Afrobeats Bassline Budots Christian electronic dance music Cloud rap Coupé-décalé Crunk Crunkcore Dancehall pop Dubstep Reggaestep Electro house Complextro Dutch house Fidget house Electronicore Future garage Grime Grindie Hauntology Hypnagogic pop Chillwave Glo-fi Jersey club Juke house Jumpstyle Mainstream hardcore Nightcore Nintendocore Nortec Phonk Post-punk revival New rave Rabòday Reductionism Lowercase Onkyokei Russ music Sambass Shangaan electro Skweee Synthwave Sovietwave Tecno brega Trival UK bass UK funky Funkstep Vocaloid music Witch house Wonky Wonky pop 2010s Afroswing Algorave Amapiano Azonto Big room house Black MIDI Brazilian bass Bro-country Deconstructed club Dreampunk Funktronica Future bass Kawaii future bass Future house Future soul Hyperpop Gqom Jungle terror Lofi hip hop Mahraganat Melbourne bounce Moombahton Moombahcore Moombahsoul Mumble rap Outsider house Plugg Post-dubstep Brostep Riddim (genre) Rara tech Seapunk Shamstep EDM trap Tropical house Vaporwave Hardvapour Mallsoft Slowed and reverb Wave Hardwave Weird SoundCloud 2020s Breakcore revival Drift phonk Hyperpop microgenres Plugg microgenres Rage Other topicsCulture Beat drop Club drug Disc jockey DJ mix Sound system Turntablism Mashup Microgenre Nightclub Rave Acid house party Circuit party Doof EDM festival Free party Teknival Remix Sampling Plunderphonics Rare groove Riddim Street dance House dance Rave dance Genres Bass music Celtic fusion Chill-out music Lounge music Disco Doujin music Lo-fi music Madchester Progressive electronica Rave music Reggae Sound collage Video game music Adaptive music Tools Bass Data sonification Digital audio workstation Drum break List Electronic musical instrument Drum machine Sampler Synthesizer Electronics in rock music MIDI Music technology (electronic and digital) Recording studio as an instrument Waveform vtePsychedelic musicGenresBy prefix and stylePsychedelic Folk New Weird America Funk Pop Hip hop Rock Soul Cinematic soul Trance Goa trance Nitzhonot Psydub Suomisaundi Acid House Jazz Punk Rock Techno Trance Other Chillwave Dream-beat Freakbeat Hypnagogic pop Italian occult psychedelia Krautrock Madchester Neo-psychedelia Dream pop Shoegaze Paisley Underground Sampledelia Space rock Stoner rock Tropicália Zamrock Subcultures Beat Generation Cannabis culture Counterculture of the 1960s Deadhead Freak scene Grebo Hippies Jam band New Age travellers Rave culture San Francisco sound Second Summer of Love Summer of Love UK underground Lists Acid rock artists Neo-psychedelia artists Psychedelic folk artists Psychedelic pop artists Psychedelic rock artists See also Psychedelic rock in Australia and New Zealand Psychedelic rock in Latin America Psychedelia Psychedelic art LSD art Psychedelic drug Psychedelic era Psychedelic experience Psychedelic literature Category:Drug culture Category:Hippie movement Category:Psychedelic musical groups vteTrance Acid Balearic Classic Dream Goa Nitzhonot Hard Progressive Psychedelic Darkpsy Full-On Progressive Psydub Suomi Tech Uplifting Vocal vtePerforming arts of GoaMusic Mando Dulpod Deknni Ovi Ver or Voviyo Zoti Fell Goa trance Dance Mussoll Corridinho Fugdi Dhalo Theatre Tiatr Natak Goa Portal Moon Juice Stomper Novel by Ray Castle
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic_guide-2"},{"link_name":"drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_(sound)"},{"link_name":"basslines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassline"},{"link_name":"techno minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_techno"},{"link_name":"psychedelic trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_trance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PsyBook2010-3"}],"text":"Goa trance is an electronic dance music style that originated in the early 1990s in the Indian state of Goa.[2] Goa trance often has drone-like basslines, similar to the techno minimalism of 21st century psychedelic trance (psytrance). Psychedelic trance developed from Goa trance.[3] The typically long songs built on progressive beat changes are said to put the listener in a “trance”.","title":"Goa trance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goa, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"hippie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippie"},{"link_name":"industrial music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_music"},{"link_name":"New beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_beat"},{"link_name":"electronic body music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_body_music"},{"link_name":"spiritual culture in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic_guide-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"New beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_beat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sampling synth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"DAT tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape"},{"link_name":"Goa Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Gil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"megatripolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatripolis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Paul Oakenfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Perfecto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfecto_Records"},{"link_name":"Essential Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_Mix"},{"link_name":"Goa Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_Mix"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The music has its roots in the popularity of Goa, India, in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a hippie capital, and although musical developments were incorporating elements of industrial music, New beat and electronic body music (EBM), with the spiritual culture in India throughout the 1980s, the actual Goa trance style did not appear until the early 1990s.[2][4]The music played was a blend of styles loosely defined as techno, New beat and various genres of \"computer music\" (e.g., high energy disco without vocals, acid-house, electro, industrial-gothic, various styles of house and electronic-rock hybrids). It arrived on tape cassettes by traveller-collectors and DJs and was shared (copied) tape-to-tape among Goa DJs, in an underground scene not driven by labels or the music industry.[citation needed]Prior to the 1980s, the music played at parties was performed by live bands and tapes were played in between sets. In the early 1980s, sampling synth and MIDI music appeared globally and DJs became the preferred format in Goa, with two tape decks driving a party without a break, facilitating continuous music.[citation needed]Cassette tapes were used by DJs until the 1990s, when DAT tapes were used. DJs playing in Goa during the 1980s included Fred Disko, Dr Bobby, Stephano, Paulino, Mackie, Babu, Laurent, Ray, Fred, Antaro, Lui, Rolf, Tilo, Pauli, Rudi, and Goa Gil.[5] The music was eclectic in style but based around instrumental dub versions of tracks that evoked mystical, cosmic, psychedelic, and existential themes. Special mixes were made by DJs in Goa that were the editing of various versions of a track to make it longer.[6]By 1990–91, Goa had become a hot destination for partying and was no longer under the radar: the scene grew bigger. Goa-style parties spread like a diaspora all over the world from 1993, and a multitude of labels in various countries (UK, Australia, Japan, Germany) dedicated themselves to promoting psychedelic electronic music that reflected the ethos of Goa parties, Goa music and Goa-specific artists and producers and DJs. Mark Maurice's 'Panjaea's focal point' parties brought it to London in 1992 and its programming at London club megatripolis gave a great boost to the small international scene that was then growing (October 21, 1993 onwards). The golden age and first wave of Goa Trance was generally agreed upon aesthetically between 1994 and 1997.[citation needed]Goa trance in the music industry and as a collective party fashion did not gain global recognition until 1994, when Paul Oakenfold began to champion the genre[7] via his own Perfecto label and in the media, most notably with the release of his 1994 Essential Mix, or more commonly known as the Goa Mix.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_(music)"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"Psytrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psytrance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"music technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_technology"},{"link_name":"Roland TB-303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_TB-303"},{"link_name":"Roland Juno-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Juno-60"},{"link_name":"106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Juno-106"},{"link_name":"Roland SH-101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_SH-101"},{"link_name":"samplers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"Akai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akai"},{"link_name":"Yamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Ensoniq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensoniq"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"science fiction movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_film"},{"link_name":"parapsychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology"},{"link_name":"extraterrestrial life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"existentialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existentialism"},{"link_name":"out-of-body experiences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The original goal of the music was to assist the dancers in experiencing a collective state of bodily transcendence, similar to that of ancient shamanic dancing rituals, through hypnotic, pulsing melodies and rhythms. As such, it has an energetic beat, often in a standard 4/4 dance rhythm. A typical track will generally build up to a much more energetic movement in the second half before reaching an intense climax, then taper off fairly quickly toward the end. The tempo typically lies in the 130–150 BPM range, although some tracks may have a tempo as low as 110 or as high as 160 BPM. Generally 8–12 minutes long, Goa Trance tracks tend to focus on steadily building energy throughout, using changes in percussion patterns and more intricate and layered synth parts as the music progresses in order to build a hypnotic and intense feel.The kick drum often is a low, thick sound with prominent sub-bass frequencies. The music very often incorporates many audio effects that are often created through experimentation with synthesisers. A well-known sound that originated with Goa trance and became much more prevalent through its successor, which evolved Goa Trance into a music genre known as Psytrance, has the organic \"squelchy\" sound (usually a sawtooth-wave which is run through a resonant band-pass or high-pass filter).[citation needed]Other music technology used in Goa trance includes popular analogue synthesizers such as the Roland TB-303, Roland Juno-60/106, Novation Bass-Station, Korg MS-10, and the Roland SH-101. Hardware samplers manufactured by Akai, Yamaha and Ensoniq were also popular for sample storage and manipulation.[citation needed]A popular element of Goa trance is the use of vocal samples, often from science fiction movies. Those samples mostly contain references to drugs, parapsychology, extraterrestrial life, existentialism, out-of-body experiences, dreams, science, time travel, spirituality and similarly mysterious and unconventional topics.[citation needed]Detroit techno was introduced in 1999 by a group of anonymous artists who performed exclusively Detroit techno and Chicago house at a venue known as Laughing Buddha (formally known as Klinsons) in Baga, Goa. They were the first to play this style of music with turntables. Using vinyl was a first for Goa at that time. Until then DJs usually used mini discs, DATs and CDs, without beat matching to mix. The introduction of the Detroit sound had a lasting effect on Goa trance, leading to a more industrialized sound.[citation needed]","title":"Sound"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vagator,_Goa,_India,_Trance_party_in_Goa,_Psychedelic_art.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Anjuna beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjuna"},{"link_name":"Vagator beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagator"},{"link_name":"Arambol beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arambol"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"baksheesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baksheesh"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sadhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Megatripolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatripolis"},{"link_name":"Return to the Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_the_Source"},{"link_name":"Mark Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Allen_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fluorescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent"},{"link_name":"aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"shamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"DJ playing Goa trance in Hilltop, Vagator, Goa.The first parties were those held at Bamboo Forest at South Anjuna beach, Disco Valley at Vagator beach and Arambol beach (c. 1991–1993)[9] and attempts initially were made to turn them into commercial events, which met with much resistance and the need to pay the local Goan police baksheesh. Events were generally staged around a bar, even though these were often only a temporary fixture in the forest or beach.[citation needed] The parties taking place around the new year tend to be the most chaotic with busloads of people coming in from all places such as Mumbai, Delhi, Gujarat, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai. Travelers and sadhus from all over India passed by to join in.[citation needed]Megatripolis in London was a great influence in popularising the sound. Running from June 1993 though really programming the music from October 1993 when it moved to Heaven nightclub it made all the national UK press, running until October 1996.In 1993 a party organization called Return to the Source also brought the sound to London, UK. Starting life at the Rocket in North London with a few hundred followers, the Source went on to a long residency at Brixton's 2,000 capacity Fridge and to host several larger 6,000 capacity parties in Brixton Academy, their New Year's Eve parties gaining reputations for being very special. The club toured across the UK, Europe and Israel throughout the 1990s and went as far as two memorable parties on the slopes of Mount Fuji in Japan and New York's Liberty Science Center. By 2001 the partners Chris Deckker, Mark Allen, Phil Ross and Janice Duncan were worn out and all but gone their separate ways. The last Return to the Source party was at Brixton Academy in 2002.[citation needed]Goa parties have a definitive visual aspect - the use of \"fluoro\" (fluorescent paint) is common on clothing and on decorations such as tapestries. The graphics on these decorations are usually associated with topics such as aliens, Hinduism, other religious (especially eastern) images, mushrooms (and other psychedelic art), shamanism and technology. Shrines in front of the DJ stands featuring religious items are also common decorations.[citation needed]","title":"Parties"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"For a short period in the mid-1990s, Goa trance enjoyed significant commercial success with support from DJs, who later went on to assist in developing a much more mainstream style of trance outside Goa.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-31449-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31449-7"},{"link_name":"free ebook download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//undergrowth.org/freenrg_notes_from_the_edge_of_the_dancefloor"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86335-084-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86335-084-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0415876964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415876964"},{"link_name":"DJ Goa Gil: Kalifornian Exile, Dark Yogi and Dreaded Anomaly.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dj.dancecult.net/index.php/journal/article/view/94"},{"link_name":"Seasoned Exodus: The Exile Mosaic of Psyculture.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dj.dancecult.net/index.php/journal/article/view/111"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781845539559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845539559"},{"link_name":"\"Goatrance Travellers: Psytrance and its Seasoned Progeny.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/5527161/Goatrance_Travellers_Psytrance_and_its_Seasoned_Progeny._In_Simone_Kr%C3%BCger_and_Ruxandra_Trandafoiu_eds_The_Globalization_of_Musics_in_Transit_Musical_Migration_and_Tourism_Routledge_2014_"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-93684-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93684-2"}],"text":"vijendra kudnekar. & Hollands, R., Beyond Subculture and Post-subculture? The Case of Virtual Psytrance, Journal of Youth Studies, Volume 9, Number 4, September 2006, pp. 393–418(26), Routledge.\nSt John, G. 2004 (ed.), Rave Culture and Religion, Routledge. (ISBN 978-0-415-31449-7).\nSt John, G. 2001 (ed.), FreeNRG: Notes From the Edge of the Dance Floor free ebook download, Common Ground, Melbourne, 2001 (ISBN 978-1-86335-084-6).\nSt John, G. 2010. (ed.), The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance. New York: Routledge. (ISBN 978-0415876964).\nSt John, G. 2011. DJ Goa Gil: Kalifornian Exile, Dark Yogi and Dreaded Anomaly. Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture 3(1): 97-128.\nSt John, G. 2012. Seasoned Exodus: The Exile Mosaic of Psyculture. Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture 4(1): 4–37.\nSt John, G. 2012. Global Tribe: Technology, Spirituality and Psytrance. Equinox. (ISBN 9781845539559).\nSt John, G. 2014. \"Goatrance Travellers: Psytrance and its Seasoned Progeny.\" In Simone Krüger and Ruxandra Trandafoiu (eds), The Globalization of Musics in Transit: Musical Migration and Tourism. New York: Routledge, 160–182.\nTaylor, T., 2001. Strange Sounds: Music, Technology and Culture, Routledge. (ISBN 978-0-415-93684-2).Moon Juice Stomper Novel by Ray Castle","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"DJ playing Goa trance in Hilltop, Vagator, Goa.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Vagator%2C_Goa%2C_India%2C_Trance_party_in_Goa%2C_Psychedelic_art.jpg/220px-Vagator%2C_Goa%2C_India%2C_Trance_party_in_Goa%2C_Psychedelic_art.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Music of Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Goa"}]
[{"reference":"Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001). All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music (4th ed.). Backbeat Books. pp. xi. ISBN 978-0879306281.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetoe00vlad","url_text":"All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0879306281","url_text":"978-0879306281"}]},{"reference":"Graham St John (2010). The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136944345.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ctCgAAQBAJ&q=full-on&pg=PA116","url_text":"The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136944345","url_text":"978-1136944345"}]},{"reference":"\"Goa Trance\". moodbook.com. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080319084451/http://www.moodbook.com/music/trance.html#goa-trance","url_text":"\"Goa Trance\""},{"url":"http://www.moodbook.com/music/trance.html#goa-trance","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ALTERNATIVE GOA LIFESTYLE GUIDE Alternative Goa Lifestyle Guide\". Joomag. 21 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.joomag.com/magazine/alternative-goa-lifestyle-guide-alternative-goa-lifestyle-guide/0921810001407823837?page=33","url_text":"\"ALTERNATIVE GOA LIFESTYLE GUIDE Alternative Goa Lifestyle Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"mind_like_a_laser\".","urls":[{"url":"https://mind-like-a-laser.dreamwidth.org/664.html","url_text":"\"mind_like_a_laser\""}]},{"reference":"\"25 Most Influential Parties\". Mixmag.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mixmag.net/feature/25-parties-that-changed-dance-music-forever/46","url_text":"\"25 Most Influential Parties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Oakenfold 1994\". BBC Essential Mix.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03lsp8z","url_text":"\"Paul Oakenfold 1994\""}]},{"reference":"Saldhana, Arund. \"Article: Music tourism and factions of bodies in Goa\" (PDF). tc.umn.edu. Open University/University of Minnesota, Sage Publications, UK 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083910/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~saldanha/saldanha-ts.pdf","url_text":"\"Article: Music tourism and factions of bodies in Goa\""},{"url":"http://www.tc.umn.edu/~saldanha/saldanha-ts.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ctCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56","external_links_name":"The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance, page 56"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/allmusicguidetoe00vlad","external_links_name":"All Music Guide to Electronica: The Definitive Guide to Electronic Music"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o_ctCgAAQBAJ&q=full-on&pg=PA116","external_links_name":"The Local Scenes and Global Culture of Psytrance"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080319084451/http://www.moodbook.com/music/trance.html#goa-trance","external_links_name":"\"Goa Trance\""},{"Link":"http://www.moodbook.com/music/trance.html#goa-trance","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.joomag.com/magazine/alternative-goa-lifestyle-guide-alternative-goa-lifestyle-guide/0921810001407823837?page=33","external_links_name":"\"ALTERNATIVE GOA LIFESTYLE GUIDE Alternative Goa Lifestyle Guide\""},{"Link":"https://mind-like-a-laser.dreamwidth.org/664.html","external_links_name":"\"mind_like_a_laser\""},{"Link":"http://www.mixmag.net/feature/25-parties-that-changed-dance-music-forever/46","external_links_name":"\"25 Most Influential Parties\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03lsp8z","external_links_name":"\"Paul Oakenfold 1994\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083910/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~saldanha/saldanha-ts.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Article: Music tourism and factions of bodies in Goa\""},{"Link":"http://www.tc.umn.edu/~saldanha/saldanha-ts.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://undergrowth.org/freenrg_notes_from_the_edge_of_the_dancefloor","external_links_name":"free ebook download"},{"Link":"http://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/journal/article/view/94","external_links_name":"DJ Goa Gil: Kalifornian Exile, Dark Yogi and Dreaded Anomaly."},{"Link":"http://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/journal/article/view/111","external_links_name":"Seasoned Exodus: The Exile Mosaic of Psyculture."},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/5527161/Goatrance_Travellers_Psytrance_and_its_Seasoned_Progeny._In_Simone_Kr%C3%BCger_and_Ruxandra_Trandafoiu_eds_The_Globalization_of_Musics_in_Transit_Musical_Migration_and_Tourism_Routledge_2014_","external_links_name":"\"Goatrance Travellers: Psytrance and its Seasoned Progeny.\""},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Arts/Music/Styles/D/Dance/Trance/Psychedelic_Trance/","external_links_name":"Psychedelic Trance"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedure_8.000
Proceso 8000
["1 Timeline","1.1 June 1994","1.2 July 1994","1.3 August 1994","1.4 September 1994","1.5 December 1994","1.6 January 1995","1.7 February 1995","1.8 March 1995","1.9 April 1995","1.10 May 1995","1.11 June 1995","1.12 July 1995","1.13 August 1995","1.14 September 1995","2 See also","3 References","4 External links","5 Further reading"]
Legal investigation in Colombia This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Proceso 8000" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 8,000 Process (from the Spanish: Proceso 8.000) is the unofficial name of the legal investigation for the events surrounding accusations about the Colombian Liberal Party candidate Ernesto Samper's 1994 campaign for President of Colombia being partially funded with drug money. 8,000 Process was the case number issued by the Prosecutor General's Office. The Process formally ended in the mid-1990s. Timeline June 1994 June 15: Defeated Conservative candidate Andrés Pastrana claims to have received tape recordings from an unnamed man while he was visiting the city of Cali. These tapes, the so-called "narco-cassettes", contained hours of discussions between members of the Colombian Liberal Party and a man speaking on behalf of the Cali cartel. Many of the conversations were about the contribution of huge amounts of money for the political campaign "Samper for President", and details of amounts and purposes, also discussed. June 16: Pastrana meets the President of Colombia, César Gaviria, to give him a copy of these recordings. June 17: President Gaviria hands the tapes to the Attorney General, Gustavo de Greiff. On that same day, Pastrana made public a letter to Samper in which he challenged the latter to renounce his recent electoral victory if evidence is found of drug money supporting his campaign. June 21: Samper rejects such proposition, denies allegations of drug money entering his campaign, and requests a formal investigation of the charges. June 22: Pastrana releases a statement clarifying how he obtained the narco-cassettes and again demands that Samper promises to resign his position if there is proof of drug money entering his presidential campaign. June 24: The Prosecutor General's Office calls some of the people mentioned in the narco-cassettes, who allegedly benefited from this drug money; among these people are former presidential candidate Miguel Maza Márquez (also former General and Director of Colombia's Intelligence Service, DAS), Hernán Beltz Peralta, Álvaro Pava, César Villegas, Santiago Medina (former treasurer of the "Samper for President" campaign), Alberto Giraldo, Carlos Oviedo and Eduardo Mestre. July 1994 July 9: Several international news agencies claim the existence of yet another "narco-cassette". July 11: The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) cancels a scheduled visit to Washington DC by Octavio Vargas and Rosso José Serrano, director and sub-director of Colombia's National Police. July 13: The Procuraduria General de la Nacion (Attorney General's Office) states that the narco-cassettes had been edited and manipulated to highlight specific conversations. The Attorney General also reveals that a letter signed by the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers (leaders of the Cali Cartel), stated that neither Samper's nor Pastrana's campaign had received any money from them. July 14: Guillermo Pallomari (a prominent member of the Cali Cartel) is arrested in the city of Cali and admits to having been an accountant for the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers. July 15: The US Senate approves a law by which any future aid to Colombia in the fight against drugs is conditioned by a certificate granted yearly by the US president. July 26: Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento is named Colombia's new Attorney General to succeed de Greiff. August 1994 August 7: Ernesto Samper takes office as president. August 13: Local news media reveal that the Cali Search Bloc (a specialized task force of Colombian police dedicated to investigating the Cali Cartel) found a list of people allegedly paid by drug traffickers. This list named local police officers and a former senator, Eduardo Mestre. August 16: Attorney General de Greiff orders that the case based on the narco-cassettes be suspended due to lack of evidence. August 18: Alfonso Valdivieso is appointed Colombia's new Attorney General. August 19: The Procuraduria General de la Nacion (Attorney General's Office) supports de Greiff's decision. September 1994 September 30: Joe Toft, former DEA director for Colombia, in an interview for local media defines Colombia as a narcodemocracy, and states that Samper's campaign was partially financed by drug money from the Cali Cartel. December 1994 December 7: President Samper and the Secretary of Defense, Fernando Botero (former campaign manager of Samper's presidential campaign), publicly reprimand General Camilo Hernando Zúñiga (top general of the Colombian Armed Forces). The reason for this claimed that the Cali Search Bloc had interrupted a party for Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela's daughter who was celebrating her first communion. December 8: Attorney General Valdivieso denies Samper's and Botero's claims. December 19: Valdivieso states that he is looking into reopening the case of the narco-cassettes. January 1995 January 27: Myles Frechette, United States Ambassador to Colombia, suggests the possibility that President Clinton will not certify Colombia's effort on the War on Drugs. January 30: A report in the local Revista Cambio 16 magazine says that the Cali Cartel had given "Samper for President" T-shirts to several political leaders. February 1995 February 14: US Secretary of State Warren Christopher states that the attitude of the Colombian government in the fight against drugs is not "completely satisfactory". March 1995 March 1: The United States issues Colombia a conditional certification. March 2: The Dallas Morning News publishes an article with the testimony of a woman named María. She is an alleged witness of conversations between the Cali Cartel and Samper during the 1989 presidential campaign. March 17: Jorge Eliécer Rodríguez Orejuela, the youngest of the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers, is captured in the city of Cali. March 28: The newspaper La Prensa publishes a list of some 200 army and police officers that allegedly received money from the Cali Cartel. April 1995 April 4: Misael Pastrana, former president of Colombia and father of the defeated Conservative candidate, publicly asks that the elected president "swear that he did not receive any money from the drug cartels and that he never knew that his campaign received any such money". President Samper, in a press conference, asks that he should be accused based on facts and not based on lies and rumors. He states that his life is "an open book". April 21: Former senator Eduardo Mestre is arrested in connection with an investigation of illicit money. Prosecutor General Valdivieso requests that the Colombian Supreme Court open an investigation against nine congressmen — Álvaro Benedetti, Jaime Lara, José Guerra de la Espriella, Alberto Santofimio, Armando Holguín, Ana de Petchal, Rodrigo Garavito, Yolima Espinosa and María Izquierdo — for alleged bank transactions from members of the Cali Cartel during the 1994 congressional elections. Valdivieso requests that the Supreme Court investigate David Turbay, the Comptroller General, and orders a reopening of the case against former "Samper for President" campaign treasurer Santiago Medina. April 22: The Colombian Liberal Party suspends the nine present and former members of congress accused by Valdivieso. April 25: The Attorney General's Office sends a document filed under the number "8,000" to the Supreme Court of Justice. This document is in reference to the nine congressional members and two others accused of receiving money from the Cali Cartel. May 1995 May 10: Luis Fernando Murcillo surrenders to the police in Bogotá. May 25: Journalist Alberto Giraldo (aka "El Loco") surrenders to police authorities. June 1995 June 4: The nation's Procurador General, Orlando Vásquez, is called by the Supreme Court to answer questions about allegations of illicit increases in his wealth. June 9: Gilberto Rodríguez, the Cali Cartel's number one boss is captured. Prosecutor General issues an arrest warrant for the journalist Alberto Giraldo. June 13: A priest and former mayor of the city of Barranquilla, Bernardo Hoyos says he spoke with members of the Cali Cartel. He claims that he listened to recordings and read documents that implicate several politicians with money received from the Cali Cartel. Hoyos also claims that Miguel Rodríguez wanted to surrender under "appropriate conditions". June 20: Henry Loaiza, a.k.a. "El Alacrán", surrenders to police in Bogotá. The Attorney General's Office extends the investigation under the "8,000" process to five more congresspeople; Francisco José Jattin, Jorge Ramón Elías Nader, Tiberio Villareal, Álvaro Pava and Gustavo Espinosa. June 24: Víctor Patiño, number six in the Cali Cartel organization, surrenders in Bogotá. June 27: Fr. Hoyos testifies before the Attorney General's Office about the documents and checks that were allegedly shown to him by Miguel Rodríguez. July 1995 July 4: José Santacruz, number three in the Cali Cartel, is captured in Bogotá. July 7: Phanor Arizabaleta, fifth man on the Cali Cartel, surrenders to authorities. July 17: Santiago Medina testifies to the Attorney General's Office that a check for 40 million pesos (US$32,000 at the time) issued by the Cali Cartel was sent to the Samper campaign's manager in the Valle del Cauca Department, Jorge Herrera. July 20: The former consul of Colombia in Miami, Andrés Talero, testifies before the Prosecutor General's Office about secret documents in Santiago Medina's possession, which could prove links between the "Samper for President" presidential campaign and the Cali Cartel. July 21: Jorge Herrera denies Medina's story and states that he was never asked to investigate the origin of the 40 million pesos check. July 24: Several journalists reveal an alleged payoff list of Miguel Rodríguez. In the list there were the names of several congressmen, political figures and athletes. This list was in a briefcase abandoned when Rodríguez was almost captured during a raid by the Cali Search Bloc. July 26: Santiago Medina is imprisoned for having received drug money. He is also charged with lying under oath. July 27: In a televised address to the nation, President Samper states that if drug money made its way into his campaign's finances, it happened "behind his back". He requested that the Accusation Commission of the Colombian Chamber of Representatives investigate him. July 28: Secretary of Interior Horacio Serpa censors the Under-prosecutor General Adolfo Salamanca, and accused him of giving reserved information to journalists, particularly information related to the so-called "8,000 process". July 31: In a press conference, the Secretary of Defense Fernando Botero and the Secretary of Interior Horacio Serpa say that they know parts of Santiago Medina's statements given to the Prosecutor. When asked how they obtained what was supposed to be a reserved document, Botero stated that "the government knows of this information...", only to hesitantly look to Serpa for an answer. Serpa was caught off guard, but rapidly answered, "The government knows of this reserved document ... through an anonymous source!", and quickly added, "because we live in the country of anonymous sources!". According to both men, Medina's statements "turn on a fan with the sole intent of tarnishing the President". Both gave assurances that they would accept responsibility for any wrongdoing during the presidential campaign. August 1995 August 1: The Prosecutor General's Office is asked to initiate appropriate inquiries against Botero and Benedetti. August 2: Fernando Botero resigns as Secretary of Defense. He states that he did so in order to face accusations made by Santiago Medina. Medina's complete testimony is published. The Prosecutor General's Office initiates an investigations for the apparent release of reserved documents by Fernando Botero. August 3: Andrés Talero announces that his apartment was ransacked. Additionally, warehouses and apartments of key witnesses in the "8,000 process" have been ransacked. August 4: The Commission of the House of Representatives officially receives copies of the evidence against President Samper in the "8,000 process". August 6: Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela is captured in Cali. August 8: The weekly magazine "Semana" reveals a new tape in which President Samper is recorded speaking to Elizabeth Montoya de Sarria, the wife of a convicted drug dealer. In this tape, Samper refers to her as "Monita Retrechera" in what appears to be very friendly terms. In the same issue, Semana reveals that former Secretary of Defense Botero ordered the transfer of Víctor Patiño from a prison near Cali to a prison in Bogotá in an irregular manner. August 9: President Samper asks attorney Antonio José Cancino to represent him before the Commission of the House of Representatives. August 10: Cancino states before the commission that he possesses irrefutable evidence to vindicate Samper. Former Conservative candidate Andrés Pastrana states in the news program CM& that different stories about alleged checks from drug lords to his campaign are unfounded and requests 15 minutes of airtime on national TV to present his case. August 15: Former Defense Secretary Botero is arrested and he is added to the "8,000 process". During a heated debate of the "8,000 process" in the House of Representatives, Secretary of Interior Serpa makes a strong defense of the President and ferverously states, "Is the President going to quit? Mamola!!" (Colombian slang for "No Way"). August 17: In a televised address, Andrés Pastrana suggests that the President should take a leave of absence until the investigations are completed. August 22: Publicist Mauricio Montejo testifies that journalist Alberto Giraldo delivered to him 300 million pesos (approximately US$240,000 at the time) on behalf of the "Samper for President" campaign, as payment for publicity. August 24: Jacquin Strouss, Colombia's First lady, testifies before the Prosecutor General's Office. August 28: Secretary of Interior Serpa appears before the Prosecutor General's Office to give his version of how the reserved statements made by former campaign treasurer Santiago Medina ended in the government's possession (see the July 31, 1995 entry). August 31: The Ethics Committee of the Liberal Party decides to temporarily suspend former Secretary Botero and former campaign treasurer Medina. September 1995 September 4: Several news media reveal that Elizabeth Montoya de Sarria (see entry: August 8, 1995) donated 32 million pesos (US$26,000) in cash to the "Samper for President" campaign. September 5: The President's defense attorney states that during the presidential campaign, certain individuals illegally benefited themselves by appropriating some of the donated money. September 6: Santiago Medina gives further details to the Prosecutor General's Office. September 19: The public is informed that former accountant to the Cali Cartel, Guillermo Pallomari, has struck a deal with the DEA and is surrendering to them. September 22: In a letter to Santiago Medina, Miguel Rodríguez states that the check for 40 million pesos was in regards to the purchase of some artworks and this money had nothing to do with the campaign. September 26: President Samper testifies for nine hours before the President of the Accusation Committee of the House of Representatives, Heine Mogollón. As he leaves, Samper states, "I found myself in a complex and artificial mesh filled with lies". Heine Mogollón admits that he received a loan from Finagro for 19 million pesos to finance his own campaign for representative. The Supreme Court investigates Rodrigo Garavito for allegedly receiving illicit money. September 27: The President's attorney, Antonio José Cancino, is shot by unknown assailants in Bogotá. Cancino survives and is treated in the Central Military Hospital. The head director of the DAS (Colombia's Intelligence Service), Ramiro Bejarano, claims that national and foreign organisations are behind this attack. Secretary of Interior Serpa suggests that the idea of the DEA being involved in this attack is not far-fetched. September 28: Chancellor Rodrigo Pardo, while on an official visit to the US, quickly repudiates Serpa's comments. The US government emphatically rejects these accusations and holds the Colombian government responsible for the security of its nationals in Colombia. Under Prosecutor General, Adolfo Salamanca, states during an interview to CM& news that the Liberal Party received drug money for its campaign. He adds that it is now time for his office to determine those responsible and directly involved. See also Corruption in Colombia References ^ Articulo Impreso Archivado EL HOMBRE DE LOS NARCOCASETES ^ "Articulo Impreso Archivado EL 8.000 DIA A DIA". Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2007-02-21. External links https://archive.today/20130106112657/http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/search/retrieve/?Vol=36&Num=2&Start=157 http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/798/13/274_-_12_Capi_11.pdf Further reading Mary Matheson (1996-04-30). "Colombia elite back away from besieged president". Christian Science Monitor. Vol. 88, no. 108.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Colombian Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Samper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Samper"},{"link_name":"1994 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Colombian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"President of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Colombia"}],"text":"8,000 Process (from the Spanish: Proceso 8.000) is the unofficial name of the legal investigation for the events surrounding accusations about the Colombian Liberal Party candidate Ernesto Samper's 1994 campaign for President of Colombia being partially funded with drug money. 8,000 Process was the case number issued by the Prosecutor General's Office.The Process formally ended in the mid-1990s.","title":"Proceso 8000"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party"},{"link_name":"Andrés Pastrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pastrana"},{"link_name":"Cali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali"},{"link_name":"Colombian Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Cali cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali_cartel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"César Gaviria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Gaviria"},{"link_name":"Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Gustavo de Greiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_de_Greiff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"June 1994","text":"June 15: Defeated Conservative candidate Andrés Pastrana claims to have received tape recordings from an unnamed man while he was visiting the city of Cali. These tapes, the so-called \"narco-cassettes\", contained hours of discussions between members of the Colombian Liberal Party and a man speaking on behalf of the Cali cartel.[1] Many of the conversations were about the contribution of huge amounts of money for the political campaign \"Samper for President\", and details of amounts and purposes, also discussed.\nJune 16: Pastrana meets the President of Colombia, César Gaviria, to give him a copy of these recordings.\nJune 17: President Gaviria hands the tapes to the Attorney General, Gustavo de Greiff. On that same day, Pastrana made public a letter to Samper in which he challenged the latter to renounce his recent electoral victory if evidence is found of drug money supporting his campaign.\nJune 21: Samper rejects such proposition, denies allegations of drug money entering his campaign, and requests a formal investigation of the charges.\nJune 22: Pastrana releases a statement clarifying how he obtained the narco-cassettes and again demands that Samper promises to resign his position if there is proof of drug money entering his presidential campaign.\nJune 24: The Prosecutor General's Office calls some of the people mentioned in the narco-cassettes, who allegedly benefited from this drug money; among these people are former presidential candidate Miguel Maza Márquez (also former General and Director of Colombia's Intelligence Service, DAS), Hernán Beltz Peralta, Álvaro Pava, César Villegas, Santiago Medina (former treasurer of the \"Samper for President\" campaign), Alberto Giraldo, Carlos Oviedo and Eduardo Mestre.[2]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Drug Enforcement Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"Washington DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_DC"},{"link_name":"Octavio Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Octavio_Vargas_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosso José Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosso_Jos%C3%A9_Serrano"},{"link_name":"National Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_National_Police"},{"link_name":"Cali Cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali_Cartel"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Pallomari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Pallomari"},{"link_name":"US Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Senate"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Valdivieso_Sarmiento"}],"sub_title":"July 1994","text":"July 9: Several international news agencies claim the existence of yet another \"narco-cassette\".\nJuly 11: The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) cancels a scheduled visit to Washington DC by Octavio Vargas and Rosso José Serrano, director and sub-director of Colombia's National Police.\nJuly 13: The Procuraduria General de la Nacion (Attorney General's Office) states that the narco-cassettes had been edited and manipulated to highlight specific conversations. The Attorney General also reveals that a letter signed by the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers (leaders of the Cali Cartel), stated that neither Samper's nor Pastrana's campaign had received any money from them.\nJuly 14: Guillermo Pallomari (a prominent member of the Cali Cartel) is arrested in the city of Cali and admits to having been an accountant for the Rodriguez Orejuela brothers.\nJuly 15: The US Senate approves a law by which any future aid to Colombia in the fight against drugs is conditioned by a certificate granted yearly by the US president.\nJuly 26: Alfonso Valdivieso Sarmiento is named Colombia's new Attorney General to succeed de Greiff.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Search Bloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Mestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Mestre&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"August 1994","text":"August 7: Ernesto Samper takes office as president.\nAugust 13: Local news media reveal that the Cali Search Bloc (a specialized task force of Colombian police dedicated to investigating the Cali Cartel) found a list of people allegedly paid by drug traffickers. This list named local police officers and a former senator, Eduardo Mestre.\nAugust 16: Attorney General de Greiff orders that the case based on the narco-cassettes be suspended due to lack of evidence.\nAugust 18: Alfonso Valdivieso is appointed Colombia's new Attorney General.\nAugust 19: The Procuraduria General de la Nacion (Attorney General's Office) supports de Greiff's decision.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Toft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Toft&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"September 1994","text":"September 30: Joe Toft, former DEA director for Colombia, in an interview for local media defines Colombia as a narcodemocracy, and states that Samper's campaign was partially financed by drug money from the Cali Cartel.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fernando Botero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Botero_Zea"},{"link_name":"Camilo Hernando Zúñiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camilo_Hernando_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colombian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Orejuela"}],"sub_title":"December 1994","text":"December 7: President Samper and the Secretary of Defense, Fernando Botero (former campaign manager of Samper's presidential campaign), publicly reprimand General Camilo Hernando Zúñiga (top general of the Colombian Armed Forces). The reason for this claimed that the Cali Search Bloc had interrupted a party for Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela's daughter who was celebrating her first communion.\nDecember 8: Attorney General Valdivieso denies Samper's and Botero's claims.\nDecember 19: Valdivieso states that he is looking into reopening the case of the narco-cassettes.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myles Frechette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Frechette"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"War on Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugs"},{"link_name":"Revista Cambio 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_Cambio_16"}],"sub_title":"January 1995","text":"January 27: Myles Frechette, United States Ambassador to Colombia, suggests the possibility that President Clinton will not certify Colombia's effort on the War on Drugs.\nJanuary 30: A report in the local Revista Cambio 16 magazine says that the Cali Cartel had given \"Samper for President\" T-shirts to several political leaders.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"Warren Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Christopher"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"}],"sub_title":"February 1995","text":"February 14: US Secretary of State Warren Christopher states that the attitude of the Colombian government in the fight against drugs is not \"completely satisfactory\".[This quote needs a citation]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas Morning News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News"}],"sub_title":"March 1995","text":"March 1: The United States issues Colombia a conditional certification.\nMarch 2: The Dallas Morning News publishes an article with the testimony of a woman named María. She is an alleged witness of conversations between the Cali Cartel and Samper during the 1989 presidential campaign.\nMarch 17: Jorge Eliécer Rodríguez Orejuela, the youngest of the Rodríguez Orejuela brothers, is captured in the city of Cali.\nMarch 28: The newspaper La Prensa publishes a list of some 200 army and police officers that allegedly received money from the Cali Cartel.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Misael Pastrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misael_Pastrana_Borrero"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party"},{"link_name":"This quote needs a citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Mestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Mestre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colombian Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Benedetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lvaro_Benedetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jaime Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Lara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"José Guerra de la Espriella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Guerra_de_la_Espriella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alberto Santofimio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Santofimio"},{"link_name":"Armando Holguín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armando_Holgu%C3%ADn_Sarria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ana de Petchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ana_de_Petchal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Garavito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Garavito&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yolima Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yolima_Espinosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Turbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Turbay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Comptroller General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombian Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party"}],"sub_title":"April 1995","text":"April 4: Misael Pastrana, former president of Colombia and father of the defeated Conservative candidate, publicly asks that the elected president \"swear that he did not receive any money from the drug cartels and that he never knew that his campaign received any such money\".\nPresident Samper, in a press conference, asks that he should be accused based on facts and not based on lies and rumors. He states that his life is \"an open book\".[This quote needs a citation]\nApril 21: Former senator Eduardo Mestre is arrested in connection with an investigation of illicit money.\nProsecutor General Valdivieso requests that the Colombian Supreme Court open an investigation against nine congressmen — Álvaro Benedetti, Jaime Lara, José Guerra de la Espriella, Alberto Santofimio, Armando Holguín, Ana de Petchal, Rodrigo Garavito, Yolima Espinosa and María Izquierdo — for alleged bank transactions from members of the Cali Cartel during the 1994 congressional elections.\nValdivieso requests that the Supreme Court investigate David Turbay, the Comptroller General, and orders a reopening of the case against former \"Samper for President\" campaign treasurer Santiago Medina.\nApril 22: The Colombian Liberal Party suspends the nine present and former members of congress accused by Valdivieso.\nApril 25: The Attorney General's Office sends a document filed under the number \"8,000\" to the Supreme Court of Justice. This document is in reference to the nine congressional members and two others accused of receiving money from the Cali Cartel.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luis Fernando Murcillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Fernando_Murcillo_Posada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alberto Giraldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Giraldo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"May 1995","text":"May 10: Luis Fernando Murcillo surrenders to the police in Bogotá.\nMay 25: Journalist Alberto Giraldo (aka \"El Loco\") surrenders to police authorities.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orlando Vásquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlando_V%C3%A1squez_Vel%C3%A1squez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gilberto Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilberto_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Orejuela"},{"link_name":"Barranquilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquilla"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Hoyos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_Hoyos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miguel Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Orejuela"},{"link_name":"Henry Loaiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Loaiza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jorge Ramón Elías Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Ram%C3%B3n_El%C3%ADas_Nader&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tiberio Villareal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiberio_Villareal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Álvaro Pava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lvaro_Pava_Camelo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Espinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Espinosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Víctor Patiño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADctor_Pati%C3%B1o_F%C3%B3meque&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"June 1995","text":"June 4: The nation's Procurador General, Orlando Vásquez, is called by the Supreme Court to answer questions about allegations of illicit increases in his wealth.\nJune 9: Gilberto Rodríguez, the Cali Cartel's number one boss is captured. Prosecutor General issues an arrest warrant for the journalist Alberto Giraldo.\nJune 13: A priest and former mayor of the city of Barranquilla, Bernardo Hoyos says he spoke with members of the Cali Cartel. He claims that he listened to recordings and read documents that implicate several politicians with money received from the Cali Cartel. Hoyos also claims that Miguel Rodríguez wanted to surrender under \"appropriate conditions\".\nJune 20: Henry Loaiza, a.k.a. \"El Alacrán\", surrenders to police in Bogotá.\nThe Attorney General's Office extends the investigation under the \"8,000\" process to five more congresspeople; Francisco José Jattin, Jorge Ramón Elías Nader, Tiberio Villareal, Álvaro Pava and Gustavo Espinosa.\nJune 24: Víctor Patiño, number six in the Cali Cartel organization, surrenders in Bogotá.\nJune 27: Fr. Hoyos testifies before the Attorney General's Office about the documents and checks that were allegedly shown to him by Miguel Rodríguez.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Santacruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santacruz_Londo%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Phanor Arizabaleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phanor_Arizabaleta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valle del Cauca Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_del_Cauca_Department"},{"link_name":"Jorge Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Herrera_Barona&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Horacio Serpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horacio_Serpa"},{"link_name":"Adolfo Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_Salamanca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando Botero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Botero_Zea"}],"sub_title":"July 1995","text":"July 4: José Santacruz, number three in the Cali Cartel, is captured in Bogotá.\nJuly 7: Phanor Arizabaleta, fifth man on the Cali Cartel, surrenders to authorities.\nJuly 17: Santiago Medina testifies to the Attorney General's Office that a check for 40 million pesos (US$32,000 at the time) issued by the Cali Cartel was sent to the Samper campaign's manager in the Valle del Cauca Department, Jorge Herrera.\nJuly 20: The former consul of Colombia in Miami, Andrés Talero, testifies before the Prosecutor General's Office about secret documents in Santiago Medina's possession, which could prove links between the \"Samper for President\" presidential campaign and the Cali Cartel.\nJuly 21: Jorge Herrera denies Medina's story and states that he was never asked to investigate the origin of the 40 million pesos check.\nJuly 24: Several journalists reveal an alleged payoff list of Miguel Rodríguez. In the list there were the names of several congressmen, political figures and athletes. This list was in a briefcase abandoned when Rodríguez was almost captured during a raid by the Cali Search Bloc.\nJuly 26: Santiago Medina is imprisoned for having received drug money. He is also charged with lying under oath.\nJuly 27: In a televised address to the nation, President Samper states that if drug money made its way into his campaign's finances, it happened \"behind his back\". He requested that the Accusation Commission of the Colombian Chamber of Representatives investigate him.\nJuly 28: Secretary of Interior Horacio Serpa censors the Under-prosecutor General Adolfo Salamanca, and accused him of giving reserved information to journalists, particularly information related to the so-called \"8,000 process\".\nJuly 31: In a press conference, the Secretary of Defense Fernando Botero and the Secretary of Interior Horacio Serpa say that they know parts of Santiago Medina's statements given to the Prosecutor. When asked how they obtained what was supposed to be a reserved document, Botero stated that \"the government knows of this information...\", only to hesitantly look to Serpa for an answer. Serpa was caught off guard, but rapidly answered, \"The government knows of this reserved document ... through an anonymous source!\", and quickly added, \"because we live in the country of anonymous sources!\". According to both men, Medina's statements \"turn on a fan with the sole intent of tarnishing the President\". Both gave assurances that they would accept responsibility for any wrongdoing during the presidential campaign.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party"}],"sub_title":"August 1995","text":"August 1: The Prosecutor General's Office is asked to initiate appropriate inquiries against Botero and Benedetti.\nAugust 2: Fernando Botero resigns as Secretary of Defense. He states that he did so in order to face accusations made by Santiago Medina. Medina's complete testimony is published. The Prosecutor General's Office initiates an investigations for the apparent release of reserved documents by Fernando Botero.\nAugust 3: Andrés Talero announces that his apartment was ransacked. Additionally, warehouses and apartments of key witnesses in the \"8,000 process\" have been ransacked.\nAugust 4: The Commission of the House of Representatives officially receives copies of the evidence against President Samper in the \"8,000 process\".\nAugust 6: Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela is captured in Cali.\nAugust 8: The weekly magazine \"Semana\" reveals a new tape in which President Samper is recorded speaking to Elizabeth Montoya de Sarria, the wife of a convicted drug dealer. In this tape, Samper refers to her as \"Monita Retrechera\" in what appears to be very friendly terms. In the same issue, Semana reveals that former Secretary of Defense Botero ordered the transfer of Víctor Patiño from a prison near Cali to a prison in Bogotá in an irregular manner.\nAugust 9: President Samper asks attorney Antonio José Cancino to represent him before the Commission of the House of Representatives.\nAugust 10: Cancino states before the commission that he possesses irrefutable evidence to vindicate Samper. Former Conservative candidate Andrés Pastrana states in the news program CM& that different stories about alleged checks from drug lords to his campaign are unfounded and requests 15 minutes of airtime on national TV to present his case.\nAugust 15: Former Defense Secretary Botero is arrested and he is added to the \"8,000 process\". During a heated debate of the \"8,000 process\" in the House of Representatives, Secretary of Interior Serpa makes a strong defense of the President and ferverously states, \"Is the President going to quit? Mamola!!\" (Colombian slang for \"No Way\").\nAugust 17: In a televised address, Andrés Pastrana suggests that the President should take a leave of absence until the investigations are completed.\nAugust 22: Publicist Mauricio Montejo testifies that journalist Alberto Giraldo delivered to him 300 million pesos (approximately US$240,000 at the time) on behalf of the \"Samper for President\" campaign, as payment for publicity.\nAugust 24: Jacquin Strouss, Colombia's First lady, testifies before the Prosecutor General's Office.\nAugust 28: Secretary of Interior Serpa appears before the Prosecutor General's Office to give his version of how the reserved statements made by former campaign treasurer Santiago Medina ended in the government's possession (see the July 31, 1995 entry).\nAugust 31: The Ethics Committee of the Liberal Party decides to temporarily suspend former Secretary Botero and former campaign treasurer Medina.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"September 1995","text":"September 4: Several news media reveal that Elizabeth Montoya de Sarria (see entry: August 8, 1995) donated 32 million pesos (US$26,000) in cash to the \"Samper for President\" campaign.\nSeptember 5: The President's defense attorney states that during the presidential campaign, certain individuals illegally benefited themselves by appropriating some of the donated money.\nSeptember 6: Santiago Medina gives further details to the Prosecutor General's Office.\nSeptember 19: The public is informed that former accountant to the Cali Cartel, Guillermo Pallomari, has struck a deal with the DEA and is surrendering to them.\nSeptember 22: In a letter to Santiago Medina, Miguel Rodríguez states that the check for 40 million pesos was in regards to the purchase of some artworks and this money had nothing to do with the campaign.\nSeptember 26: President Samper testifies for nine hours before the President of the Accusation Committee of the House of Representatives, Heine Mogollón. As he leaves, Samper states, \"I found myself in a complex and artificial mesh filled with lies\". Heine Mogollón admits that he received a loan from Finagro for 19 million pesos to finance his own campaign for representative. The Supreme Court investigates Rodrigo Garavito for allegedly receiving illicit money.\nSeptember 27: The President's attorney, Antonio José Cancino, is shot by unknown assailants in Bogotá. Cancino survives and is treated in the Central Military Hospital. The head director of the DAS (Colombia's Intelligence Service), Ramiro Bejarano, claims that national and foreign organisations are behind this attack. Secretary of Interior Serpa suggests that the idea of the DEA being involved in this attack is not far-fetched.\nSeptember 28: Chancellor Rodrigo Pardo, while on an official visit to the US, quickly repudiates Serpa's comments. The US government emphatically rejects these accusations and holds the Colombian government responsible for the security of its nationals in Colombia. Under Prosecutor General, Adolfo Salamanca, states during an interview to CM& news that the Liberal Party received drug money for its campaign. He adds that it is now time for his office to determine those responsible and directly involved.","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mary Matheson (1996-04-30). \"Colombia elite back away from besieged president\". Christian Science Monitor. Vol. 88, no. 108.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Corruption in Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia"}]
[{"reference":"\"Articulo Impreso Archivado EL 8.000 DIA A DIA\". Archived from the original on 2008-10-09. Retrieved 2007-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081009221059/http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=44895","url_text":"\"Articulo Impreso Archivado EL 8.000 DIA A DIA\""},{"url":"http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=44895","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mary Matheson (1996-04-30). \"Colombia elite back away from besieged president\". Christian Science Monitor. Vol. 88, no. 108.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Proceso+8000%22","external_links_name":"\"Proceso 8000\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Proceso+8000%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Proceso+8000%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Proceso+8000%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Proceso+8000%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Proceso+8000%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=44904","external_links_name":"Articulo Impreso Archivado EL HOMBRE DE LOS NARCOCASETES"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081009221059/http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=44895","external_links_name":"\"Articulo Impreso Archivado EL 8.000 DIA A DIA\""},{"Link":"http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=44895","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130106112657/http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/search/retrieve/?Vol=36&Num=2&Start=157","external_links_name":"https://archive.today/20130106112657/http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/search/retrieve/?Vol=36&Num=2&Start=157"},{"Link":"http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/798/13/274_-_12_Capi_11.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/798/13/274_-_12_Capi_11.pdf"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Survey_of_London
John Stow
["1 Life","2 Antiquarian network","3 Personality","4 Later years and death","5 Works","5.1 Survey of London","6 Manuscripts and collections","7 Commemoration and legacy","8 References","8.1 Edition","8.2 Further reading","9 External links"]
16th-century English historian and antiquarian For the governor of Barbados, see John Montague Stow. For the archdeacon of Bermuda, see John Stow (priest). "A Survey of London" redirects here. For the architectural research project, see Survey of London. Monument with effigy of John Stow, Church of St Andrew Undershaft, City of London, with arms of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors and Latin inscription:"Either do things worth writing or write things worth reading" John Stow (also Stowe; 1524/25 – 5 April 1605) was an English historian and antiquarian. He wrote a series of chronicles of English history, published from 1565 onwards under such titles as The Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles, The Chronicles of England, and The Annales of England; and also A Survey of London (1598; second edition 1603). A. L. Rowse has described him as "one of the best historians of that age; indefatigable in the trouble he took, thorough and conscientious, accurate – above all things devoted to truth". Life John Stow was born in about 1525 in the City of London parish of St Michael, Cornhill, then at the heart of London's metropolis. His father, Thomas Stow, was a tallow chandler. Thomas Stow is recorded as paying rent of 6s 8d per year for the family dwelling, and as a youth Stow would fetch milk every morning from a farm on the land nearby to the east owned by the Minoresses of the Convent of St. Clare. There is no evidence that he ever attended a grammar school: his learning appears to have been largely self-acquired. Stow did not take up his father's trade of tallow chandlery, instead becoming an apprentice, and in 1547 a freeman, of the Merchant Taylors' Company, by which stage he had set up business in premises close to the Aldgate Pump in Aldgate, near to Leadenhall Street and Fenchurch Street. In about 1560 he started upon his major work, the Survey of London. His antiquarian interests attracted suspicion from the ecclesiastical authorities as a person "with many dangerous and superstitious books in his possession", and in February 1569 his house was searched. An inventory was made of all the books at his home, especially those "in defence of papistry", but he was able to satisfy his interrogators as to the soundness of his Protestantism. A second attempt to incriminate him was made in 1570 also without success. In about 1570 he moved to the parish of St Andrew Undershaft in the Ward of Lime Street, where he lived in comfortable surroundings until his death in 1605. Antiquarian network Stow was in close contact with many of the leading antiquarians of his day, including Archbishop Matthew Parker, John Joscelyn, John Dee, William Fleetwood, William Lambarde, Robert Glover, Henry Savile, William Camden, Henry Ferrers and Thomas Hatcher. He was active in the first Society of Antiquaries, established in about 1586. He built up an extensive library of manuscript and printed historical sources, which became known to contemporaries as his "storehouse", and which he was generous in making available to others. Personality Stow was highly esteemed by his antiquarian contemporaries, probably in no small part because of his willingness to share his material. Sir George Buck wrote of "honest John Stow, who could not flatter and speak dishonestly, and who was a man very diligent and much inquisitive to uncover all things concerning the affairs or words or persons of princes", and characterised him as a "good antiquary and diligent searcher of knowledge". Edmund Howes described him in later life as being "of a pleasant and cheerful countenance; his sight and memory very good; very sober, mild, and courteous to any that required his instructions; and retained the true use of all his senses unto the day of his death, being of an excellent memory". Nevertheless, he was drawn into several bitter quarrels and harboured longstanding grudges. One protracted feud was with his younger brother, Thomas, over their respective shares in their mother's estate before and after her death in 1568 (John believed he was entitled to a greater share as the eldest son; Thomas claimed a greater share because he had cared for their mother during her final years). He had further arguments with neighbours, including William Ditcher and a Mister Crowche. His quarrel with his rival chronicler Richard Grafton is noted below. The church of St Andrew Undershaft, London, where Stow is buried Later years and death Stow's literary efforts did not prove very remunerative, but he accepted his relative poverty with cheerful spirit: Ben Jonson relates once walking with him when Stow jocularly asked two mendicant cripples "what they would have to take him to their order". From 1579 he was in receipt of a pension of £4 per annum from the Merchant Taylors' Company; and in 1590 he petitioned the Court of Aldermen for admission to the Freedom of the City of London, in order to reduce his expenses. In about the 1590s, William Camden commissioned Stow to transcribe six autograph notebooks of John Leland in exchange for a life annuity of £8: this was probably (in part) a charitable gesture towards an old but impoverished friend. In March 1604 King James I authorised Stow and his associates to collect "amongst our loving subjects their voluntary contributions and 'kind gratuities'", and himself began "the largesse for the example of others". Whilst such royal approval was welcome it reaped dividend too slowly for Stow to enjoy any substantial benefit during his lifetime. Stow died on 5 April 1605, and was buried in the church of St Andrew Undershaft on the corner of Leadenhall Street and St Mary Axe. Works Stow published his first work, The woorkes of Geffrey Chaucer, newly printed with divers additions whiche were never in printe before, in 1561. This was followed in 1565 by his Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles (in small octavo format), and in 1566 by the related but distinct Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles ... Abridged (in sextodecimo format). Both works ran through multiple editions during Stow's lifetime: editions of the Summarie appeared in 1566, 1570, 1574, 1575 and 1590 (with additional posthumous editions, by Edmund Howes, in 1607, 1611 and 1618); and of the Summarie Abridged in 1567, 1573, 1584, 1587, 1598, and 1604. The Summarie Abridged makes disparaging allusions in its preface to the rival Abridgement of the Chronicles of England of Richard Grafton: the dispute between the two men continued to fester until Grafton's death in 1573. In 1580, Stow published the more expansive The Chronicles of England, from Brute unto this present yeare of Christ, 1580. He later developed this into the still more substantial The Annales of England, of which editions appeared in 1592, 1601, and 1605 – the last being continued to 26 March 1605, or within ten days of Stow's own death. Further posthumous editions by Edmund Howes were published in 1615 and 1631. Under Archbishop Matthew Parker's patronage, Stow was persuaded to produce a version of Flores historiarum, allegedly by "Matthew of Westminster", published in 1567; and then the Chronicle of Matthew Paris in 1571, and the Historia brevis of Thomas Walsingham in 1574. In the Chronicle of England 1590 Stow writes: "To The Honorable Sir John Hart, Lord Maior. The Chronicle written before that nothing is perfect the first time, and that it is incident to mankinde to erre and slip sometimes, but the point of fantatical fooles to preserve and continue in their errors." At the urging of Archbishop Parker, Stow also compiled a "farre larger volume", a history of Britain entitled "A Historie of this Iland". He announced this as "ready to the presse" in 1592, but it proved too ambitious to be commercially viable, and he was unable to find a printer prepared to publish it. The manuscript is lost. Stow's Survay of London, 1618 edition Survey of London The work for which Stow is best known is his Survey of London (original spelling: A Survay of London), published in 1598. This was a work of chorography: a detailed ward-by-ward topographical and historical tour of the city, providing a unique account of its buildings, social conditions and customs. A second, revised edition appeared in 1603. Following Stow's death, a third edition, with additions by Anthony Munday appeared in 1618; a fourth by Munday and Humfrey Dyson in 1633; a fifth with interpolated amendments by John Strype in 1720; and a sixth by the same editor in 1754. The edition of 1598 was reprinted, edited by William John Thoms, in 1842, in 1846, and (with illustrations) in 1876. An edition based on that of 1598, edited by Henry Morley, was published in 1889, and has been reprinted on several occasions since. A critical edition, based on that of 1603 and edited in two volumes by C. L. Kingsford, was published in 1908, and republished with additional notes in 1927. This remains the standard scholarly edition. A more popular single-volume edition was published in Everyman's Library, with an introduction by H. B. Wheatley, in 1912 (revised edition 1956), and has been frequently reprinted. Manuscripts and collections Many of Stow's own autograph manuscripts are now held in the British Library, notably in the Harley Collection; and others in the Bodleian Library. Some in Lambeth Palace Library (MS 306) were published in 1880 by the Camden Society, edited by James Gairdner, as Three Fifteenth Century Chronicles, with Historical Memoranda by John Stowe the Antiquary, and Contemporary Notes of Occurrences written by him. The manuscript and printed works that made up his library are now scattered, but can often be identified through the many annotations he made to them. Commemoration and legacy An 18th-century engraving of Stow's monument Stow's widow commissioned a mural monument to him in St Andrew Undershaft, made of Derbyshire marble and alabaster. The work has been tentatively attributed to Nicholas Johnson. It includes an effigy of Stow, which was originally coloured: he is represented seated at a desk, writing in a book (probably the revision of his Annales, which he continued to 26 March, ten days before his death), and flanked by other books. Above him is the motto, based on an epigram of Pliny the Younger, Aut scribenda agere, aut legenda scribere (" either to do things that are worth writing about, or to write things that are worth reading about"). The figure holds a real quill pen, in a manner similar to the effigy of William Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon: the latter monument has been attributed, on equally tentative grounds, either to Nicholas Johnson's brother, Gerard, or more recently to Nicholas himself. In acknowledgement of Stow's continuing reputation as the founding father of London history, the quill held by his effigy has been periodically renewed. The renewal is mentioned as taking place "annually" in 1828; and, although the custom may later have fallen into abeyance, it was revived following the monument's restoration by the Merchant Taylors' Company in 1905. In 1924, the ceremony was incorporated into a special church service, with an address by a London historian; and this service continued to be held annually every April until 1991, including the years of the Second World War. No services could be held in 1992 or 1993 because of damage to the church caused by the Baltic Exchange bomb of 1992. The service was revived in 1994, but from 1996 to 2017 was held only once every three years. The service due to take place in 2020 was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the next service took place in 2024. The services are jointly sponsored by the Merchant Taylors' Company and the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, with the quill supplied by the society. The exchange of the quill is undertaken by the Lord Mayor of London or the Master Merchant Taylor alternately. Stow's Survey of London lends its title to the Survey of London, a comprehensive multi-volume architectural survey of the former County of London, founded in 1894 and still in progress. References ^ Rowse 1971, p. 15. ^ Stow 1927, vol. 1, p. 126. ^ Aldgate, the Minories and Crutched Friars at www.british-history.ac.uk ^ Wilson 1991. ^ Beer 1998, pp. 9–13 ^ Oliver Harris, "Stow and the contemporary antiquarian network", in Gadd and Gillespie 2004, pp. 27–35. ^ Buck, Sir George (1979). Kincaid, Arthur Noel (ed.). The History of King Richard the Third (1619). Gloucester: Alan Sutton. pp. 129, 173. ISBN 0-904387-26-7. ^ Stow 1927, vol. 1, p. xxvi. ^ Stow 1927, vol. 1, pp. xiii–xv. ^ Beer 1998, pp. 2–4. ^ a b c Beer 2004. ^ Trevor-Roper 1975, pp. 340–41. ^ Stow 1927, vol. 1, pp. xv–xvi. ^ Beer 1998, pp. 4–6. ^ a b Stow 1927, vol. 1, pp. xi–xiii. ^ a b Devereux 1990. ^ Harris, Oliver (2005). "'Motheaten, Mouldye, and Rotten': the early custodial history and dissemination of John Leland's manuscript remains". Bodleian Library Record. 18: 460–501 (475–6). ^ Church of St Andrew Undershaft at www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk ^ Stow 1927, vol. 1, pp. lxxxii–lxxxiv. ^ Stow 1927, vol. 1, p. lxxxiv. ^ Stow, John. The Annales of England, "The race of the Kings of Brytaine after the received opinion since Brute, &c" G. Bishop and T. Adams (London), 1605. ^ Parry 1987. ^ Historical Manuscripts Commission (2003). Papers of British Antiquaries and Historians. Guides to Sources for British History. Vol. 12. London: TSO. pp. 194–5. ISBN 0-11-440279-5. ^ Stow 1927, pp. lxxvi–xciii. ^ Alexandra Gillespie, "Stow's 'owlde' manuscripts of London chronicles", in Gadd and Gillespie 2004, pp. 57–67. ^ Taylor 1974. ^ a b Esdaile, Katharine A. (1946). English Church Monuments 1510–1840. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 115. ^ Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1997). London 1: the City of London. The Buildings of England. London: Penguin Books. p. 193. ISBN 0140710922. ^ Katherine Duncan-Jones, "Afterword: Stow's remains", in Gadd and Gillespie 2004, pp. 157–63. ^ The two monuments are compared in Duncan-Jones 2004. ^ Alberge, Dalya (19 March 2021). "'Self-satisfied pork butcher': Shakespeare grave effigy believed to be definitive likeness". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ^ Taylor 1974, p. 321. ^ a b Clark, John (January 2015). "John Stow and the mystery of the quill pen" (PDF). London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Newsletter. No. 143. pp. 4–5. ^ Many of the addresses delivered at the services are published in the annual Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. ^ "The Stow Memorial Service" (PDF). London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Newsletter. No. 160. September 2020. pp. 7–8. ^ "The John Stow Memorial Service and Lecture 2024". London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Newsletter. No. 169. September 2023. p. 12. ^ Paterson, Mike (6 April 2011). "John Stow Memorial Service – 6 April 2011". London Historians' Blog. Retrieved 13 November 2016. Edition Stow, John (1927). Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (ed.). A Survey of London (revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. (2 vols.) Further reading Archer, Ian (1995). "John Stow's Survey of London: the nostalgia of John Stow". In Smith, David L.; Strier, Richard; Bevington, David (eds.). The Theatrical City: culture, theatre, and politics in London, 1576–1649. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–34. ISBN 0521441269. Beer, Barrett L. (1998). Tudor England Observed: the world of John Stow. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1943-4. Beer, Barrett L. (2004). "Stow , John (1524/5–1605)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26611. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Bonahue, Edward T. (1998). "Citizen history: Stow's Survey of London". Studies in English Literature. 38 (1): 61–85. doi:10.2307/451081. JSTOR 451081. Clark, John (1997). "John Stow and the legendary history of London" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 48: 153–5. Collinson, Patrick (2001). "John Stow and nostalgic antiquarianism". In Merritt, J. F. (ed.). Imagining Early Modern London: perceptions and portrayals of the city from Stow to Strype, 1598–1720. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–51. ISBN 0521773466. Devereux, E. J. (1990). "Empty tuns and unfruitful grafts: Richard Grafton's historical publications". Sixteenth Century Journal. 21 (1): 33–56. doi:10.2307/2541131. JSTOR 2541131. Gadd, Ian; Gillespie, Alexandra, eds. (2004). John Stow (1525–1605) and the Making of the English Past: studies in early modern culture and the history of the book. London: British Library. ISBN 0-7123-4864-6. Hall, William Keith (1991). "A topography of time: historical narration in John Stow's Survey of London". Studies in Philology. 88 (1): 1–15. Parry, G. J. R. (1987). "John Stow's unpublished "Historie of this Iland": amity and enmity amongst sixteenth-century scholars". English Historical Review. 102: 633–47. doi:10.1093/ehr/cii.cccciv.633. Pearl, Valerie (1979). "John Stow" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 30: 130–34. Rowse, A. L. (1971). "John Stow as an historian: a commemoration address" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 23 (1): 15–18. Rubinstein, Stanley (1968). "John Stow". Historians of London: an account of the many surveys, histories, perambulations, maps and engravings made about the city and its environs, and of the dedicated Londoners who made them. London: Peter Owen. Taylor, A. J. (1974). "John Stow and his monument" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 25: 316–21. Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1975). "John Stow" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 26: 337–42. Wilson, Janet (1991). "A catalogue of the "unlawful" books found in John Stow's study on 21 February 1568/9". Recusant History. 20: 1–30. doi:10.1017/s0034193200006099.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Stow, John". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 972. External links Wikisource has original works by or about:John Stow Works by John Stow at Project Gutenberg Works by or about John Stow at Internet Archive Annals of England to 1603. OpenLibrary.org Three fifteenth-century chronicles: the Camden Society edition of three fifteenth-century chronicles of London, which contains extensive historical notes made on the manuscripts by Stow. The Survey of London, Everyman edition with modernised spelling (Project Gutenberg) A Survey of London, Reprinted from the text of 1603 (British History Online) Stow, John, A Summarie of the Chronicles of England, London (1598), googlebooks A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, Borough of Southwark and parts adjacent, John Stow (ed. Robert Seymour, 1735) Curriers' Historical Essay Prize A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Montague Stow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Montague_Stow"},{"link_name":"John Stow (priest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stow_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Survey of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Andrew_Undershaft,_St_Mary_Axe,_EC2_-_Wall_monument_of_John_Stow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1491412.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Andrew Undershaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew_Undershaft"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Merchant_Taylors"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"antiquarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian"},{"link_name":"chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"},{"link_name":"English history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_England"},{"link_name":"A. L. Rowse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._L._Rowse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the governor of Barbados, see John Montague Stow. For the archdeacon of Bermuda, see John Stow (priest).\"A Survey of London\" redirects here. For the architectural research project, see Survey of London.Monument with effigy of John Stow, Church of St Andrew Undershaft, City of London, with arms of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors and Latin inscription:\"Either do things worth writing or write things worth reading\"John Stow (also Stowe; 1524/25 – 5 April 1605) was an English historian and antiquarian. He wrote a series of chronicles of English history, published from 1565 onwards under such titles as The Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles, The Chronicles of England, and The Annales of England; and also A Survey of London (1598; second edition 1603). A. L. Rowse has described him as \"one of the best historians of that age; indefatigable in the trouble he took, thorough and conscientious, accurate – above all things devoted to truth\".[1]","title":"John Stow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"St Michael, Cornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael,_Cornhill"},{"link_name":"tallow chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Tallow_Chandlers"},{"link_name":"Minoresses of the Convent of St. Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Clares"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school#Early_Modern_grammar_schools"},{"link_name":"tallow chandlery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallow"},{"link_name":"freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livery_company#Governance"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors' Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Merchant_Taylors"},{"link_name":"Aldgate Pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate_Pump"},{"link_name":"Aldgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldgate"},{"link_name":"Leadenhall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadenhall_Street"},{"link_name":"Fenchurch Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenchurch_Street"},{"link_name":"papistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papist"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St Andrew Undershaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew_Undershaft"},{"link_name":"Ward of Lime Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_Street_(ward)"}],"text":"John Stow was born in about 1525 in the City of London parish of St Michael, Cornhill, then at the heart of London's metropolis. His father, Thomas Stow, was a tallow chandler. Thomas Stow is recorded as paying rent of 6s 8d per year for the family dwelling, and as a youth Stow would fetch milk every morning from a farm on the land nearby to the east owned by the Minoresses of the Convent of St. Clare.[2][3] There is no evidence that he ever attended a grammar school: his learning appears to have been largely self-acquired.Stow did not take up his father's trade of tallow chandlery, instead becoming an apprentice, and in 1547 a freeman, of the Merchant Taylors' Company, by which stage he had set up business in premises close to the Aldgate Pump in Aldgate, near to Leadenhall Street and Fenchurch Street.In about 1560 he started upon his major work, the Survey of London. His antiquarian interests attracted suspicion from the ecclesiastical authorities as a person \"with many dangerous and superstitious books in his possession\", and in February 1569 his house was searched. An inventory was made of all the books at his home, especially those \"in defence of papistry\", but he was able to satisfy his interrogators as to the soundness of his Protestantism.[4] A second attempt to incriminate him was made in 1570 also without success.In about 1570 he moved to the parish of St Andrew Undershaft in the Ward of Lime Street, where he lived in comfortable surroundings until his death in 1605.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antiquarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquarian"},{"link_name":"Matthew Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Parker"},{"link_name":"John Joscelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joscelyn"},{"link_name":"John Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dee"},{"link_name":"William Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fleetwood_(judge)"},{"link_name":"William Lambarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lambarde"},{"link_name":"Robert Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Glover_(officer_of_arms)"},{"link_name":"Henry Savile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Savile_(Bible_translator)"},{"link_name":"William Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Camden"},{"link_name":"Henry Ferrers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ferrers_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hatcher_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Society of Antiquaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_an_English_Academy#The_Elizabethan_Society_of_Antiquaries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Stow was in close contact with many of the leading antiquarians of his day, including Archbishop Matthew Parker, John Joscelyn, John Dee, William Fleetwood, William Lambarde, Robert Glover, Henry Savile, William Camden, Henry Ferrers and Thomas Hatcher. He was active in the first Society of Antiquaries, established in about 1586. He built up an extensive library of manuscript and printed historical sources, which became known to contemporaries as his \"storehouse\", and which he was generous in making available to others.[5][6]","title":"Antiquarian network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir George Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buck"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Edmund Howes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Howes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Richard Grafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grafton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-survxi-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dev-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_St_Andrew_Undershaft_20130324_012.JPG"},{"link_name":"St Andrew Undershaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew_Undershaft"}],"text":"Stow was highly esteemed by his antiquarian contemporaries, probably in no small part because of his willingness to share his material. Sir George Buck wrote of \"honest John Stow, who could not flatter and speak dishonestly, and who was a man very diligent and much inquisitive to uncover all things concerning the affairs or words or persons of princes\", and characterised him as a \"good antiquary and diligent searcher of knowledge\".[7] Edmund Howes described him in later life as being \"of a pleasant and cheerful countenance; his sight and memory very good; very sober, mild, and courteous to any that required his instructions; and retained the true use of all his senses unto the day of his death, being of an excellent memory\".[8]Nevertheless, he was drawn into several bitter quarrels and harboured longstanding grudges. One protracted feud was with his younger brother, Thomas, over their respective shares in their mother's estate before and after her death in 1568 (John believed he was entitled to a greater share as the eldest son; Thomas claimed a greater share because he had cared for their mother during her final years).[9][10][11][12] He had further arguments with neighbours, including William Ditcher and a Mister Crowche.[13][14] His quarrel with his rival chronicler Richard Grafton is noted below.[15][16]The church of St Andrew Undershaft, London, where Stow is buried","title":"Personality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"mendicant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant"},{"link_name":"Court of Aldermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Aldermen"},{"link_name":"Freedom of the City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City#Freedom_of_the_City_of_London"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-11"},{"link_name":"William Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Camden"},{"link_name":"John Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"life annuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_annuity"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"King James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I"},{"link_name":"St Andrew Undershaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew_Undershaft"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Leadenhall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadenhall_Street"},{"link_name":"St Mary Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Axe"}],"text":"Stow's literary efforts did not prove very remunerative, but he accepted his relative poverty with cheerful spirit: Ben Jonson relates once walking with him when Stow jocularly asked two mendicant cripples \"what they would have to take him to their order\". From 1579 he was in receipt of a pension of £4 per annum from the Merchant Taylors' Company; and in 1590 he petitioned the Court of Aldermen for admission to the Freedom of the City of London, in order to reduce his expenses.[11] In about the 1590s, William Camden commissioned Stow to transcribe six autograph notebooks of John Leland in exchange for a life annuity of £8: this was probably (in part) a charitable gesture towards an old but impoverished friend.[17] In March 1604 King James I authorised Stow and his associates to collect \"amongst our loving subjects their voluntary contributions and 'kind gratuities'\", and himself began \"the largesse for the example of others\". Whilst such royal approval was welcome it reaped dividend too slowly for Stow to enjoy any substantial benefit during his lifetime.Stow died on 5 April 1605, and was buried in the church of St Andrew Undershaft[18] on the corner of Leadenhall Street and St Mary Axe.","title":"Later years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geffrey Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"small octavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavo"},{"link_name":"sextodecimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_size"},{"link_name":"Edmund Howes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Howes"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Richard Grafton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grafton"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-survxi-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dev-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Matthew Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Parker"},{"link_name":"Flores historiarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_historiarum"},{"link_name":"Matthew of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Matthew Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Paris"},{"link_name":"Thomas Walsingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Walsingham"},{"link_name":"Sir John Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harte_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stow%27s_Survay_of_London_1618_edition.jpg"}],"text":"Stow published his first work, The woorkes of Geffrey Chaucer, newly printed with divers additions whiche were never in printe before, in 1561.This was followed in 1565 by his Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles (in small octavo format), and in 1566 by the related but distinct Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles ... Abridged (in sextodecimo format). Both works ran through multiple editions during Stow's lifetime: editions of the Summarie appeared in 1566, 1570, 1574, 1575 and 1590 (with additional posthumous editions, by Edmund Howes, in 1607, 1611 and 1618); and of the Summarie Abridged in 1567, 1573, 1584, 1587, 1598, and 1604.[19] The Summarie Abridged makes disparaging allusions in its preface to the rival Abridgement of the Chronicles of England of Richard Grafton: the dispute between the two men continued to fester until Grafton's death in 1573.[15][16]In 1580, Stow published the more expansive The Chronicles of England, from Brute unto this present yeare of Christ, 1580. He later developed this into the still more substantial The Annales of England, of which editions appeared in 1592, 1601, and 1605 – the last being continued to 26 March 1605, or within ten days of Stow's own death.[20][21] Further posthumous editions by Edmund Howes were published in 1615 and 1631.Under Archbishop Matthew Parker's patronage, Stow was persuaded to produce a version of Flores historiarum, allegedly by \"Matthew of Westminster\", published in 1567; and then the Chronicle of Matthew Paris in 1571, and the Historia brevis of Thomas Walsingham in 1574. In the Chronicle of England 1590 Stow writes: \"To The Honorable Sir John Hart, Lord Maior. The Chronicle written before that nothing is perfect the first time, and that it is incident to mankinde to erre and slip sometimes, but the point of fanta[s]tical fooles to preserve and continue in their errors.\"At the urging of Archbishop Parker, Stow also compiled a \"farre larger volume\", a history of Britain entitled \"A Historie of this Iland\". He announced this as \"ready to the presse\" in 1592, but it proved too ambitious to be commercially viable, and he was unable to find a printer prepared to publish it.[22] The manuscript is lost.Stow's Survay of London, 1618 edition","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chorography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorography"},{"link_name":"ward-by-ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_the_City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Anthony Munday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Munday"},{"link_name":"Humfrey Dyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humfrey_Dyson"},{"link_name":"John Strype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strype"},{"link_name":"William John Thoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thoms"},{"link_name":"Henry Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morley"},{"link_name":"critical edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_criticism"},{"link_name":"C. L. Kingsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lethbridge_Kingsford"},{"link_name":"Everyman's Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library"},{"link_name":"H. B. Wheatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Wheatley"}],"sub_title":"Survey of London","text":"The work for which Stow is best known is his Survey of London (original spelling: A Survay of London), published in 1598. This was a work of chorography: a detailed ward-by-ward topographical and historical tour of the city, providing a unique account of its buildings, social conditions and customs. A second, revised edition appeared in 1603. Following Stow's death, a third edition, with additions by Anthony Munday appeared in 1618; a fourth by Munday and Humfrey Dyson in 1633; a fifth with interpolated amendments by John Strype in 1720; and a sixth by the same editor in 1754. The edition of 1598 was reprinted, edited by William John Thoms, in 1842, in 1846, and (with illustrations) in 1876. An edition based on that of 1598, edited by Henry Morley, was published in 1889, and has been reprinted on several occasions since.A critical edition, based on that of 1603 and edited in two volumes by C. L. Kingsford, was published in 1908, and republished with additional notes in 1927. This remains the standard scholarly edition. A more popular single-volume edition was published in Everyman's Library, with an introduction by H. B. Wheatley, in 1912 (revised edition 1956), and has been frequently reprinted.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library"},{"link_name":"Harley Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harleian_Library"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Lambeth Palace Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_Palace#Library"},{"link_name":"Camden Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Society"},{"link_name":"James Gairdner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gairdner"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Many of Stow's own autograph manuscripts are now held in the British Library, notably in the Harley Collection; and others in the Bodleian Library.[23] Some in Lambeth Palace Library (MS 306) were published in 1880 by the Camden Society, edited by James Gairdner, as Three Fifteenth Century Chronicles, with Historical Memoranda by John Stowe the Antiquary, and Contemporary Notes of Occurrences written by him.The manuscript and printed works that made up his library are now scattered, but can often be identified through the many annotations he made to them.[24][25]","title":"Manuscripts and collections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Stow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Johnson_the_elder#Nicholas_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-11"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esdaile-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill"},{"link_name":"effigy of William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_funerary_monument"},{"link_name":"Stratford-upon-Avon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon"},{"link_name":"Gerard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Johnson_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Merchant Taylors' Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Merchant_Taylors"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark2015-33"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esdaile-27"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Baltic Exchange bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark2015-33"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"London and Middlesex Archaeological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Middlesex_Archaeological_Society"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Survey of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_London"},{"link_name":"County of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_London"}],"text":"An 18th-century engraving of Stow's monumentStow's widow commissioned a mural monument to him in St Andrew Undershaft, made of Derbyshire marble and alabaster. The work has been tentatively attributed to Nicholas Johnson.[11][26][27][28][29] It includes an effigy of Stow, which was originally coloured: he is represented seated at a desk, writing in a book (probably the revision of his Annales, which he continued to 26 March, ten days before his death), and flanked by other books. Above him is the motto, based on an epigram of Pliny the Younger, Aut scribenda agere, aut legenda scribere (\"[Blessed is he to whom it is given] either to do things that are worth writing about, or to write things that are worth reading about\"). The figure holds a real quill pen, in a manner similar to the effigy of William Shakespeare at Stratford-upon-Avon: the latter monument has been attributed, on equally tentative grounds, either to Nicholas Johnson's brother, Gerard, or more recently to Nicholas himself.[30][31]In acknowledgement of Stow's continuing reputation as the founding father of London history, the quill held by his effigy has been periodically renewed. The renewal is mentioned as taking place \"annually\" in 1828;[32] and, although the custom may later have fallen into abeyance, it was revived following the monument's restoration by the Merchant Taylors' Company in 1905. In 1924, the ceremony was incorporated into a special church service, with an address by a London historian; and this service continued to be held annually every April until 1991, including the years of the Second World War.[33][27][34] No services could be held in 1992 or 1993 because of damage to the church caused by the Baltic Exchange bomb of 1992. The service was revived in 1994, but from 1996 to 2017 was held only once every three years.[33] The service due to take place in 2020 was cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic,[35] and the next service took place in 2024.[36] The services are jointly sponsored by the Merchant Taylors' Company and the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society, with the quill supplied by the society. The exchange of the quill is undertaken by the Lord Mayor of London or the Master Merchant Taylor alternately.[37]Stow's Survey of London lends its title to the Survey of London, a comprehensive multi-volume architectural survey of the former County of London, founded in 1894 and still in progress.","title":"Commemoration and legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Monument with effigy of John Stow, Church of St Andrew Undershaft, City of London, with arms of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors and Latin inscription:\"Either do things worth writing or write things worth reading\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/St_Andrew_Undershaft%2C_St_Mary_Axe%2C_EC2_-_Wall_monument_of_John_Stow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1491412.jpg/220px-St_Andrew_Undershaft%2C_St_Mary_Axe%2C_EC2_-_Wall_monument_of_John_Stow_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1491412.jpg"},{"image_text":"The church of St Andrew Undershaft, London, where Stow is buried","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Church_of_St_Andrew_Undershaft_20130324_012.JPG/170px-Church_of_St_Andrew_Undershaft_20130324_012.JPG"},{"image_text":"Stow's Survay of London, 1618 edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Stow%27s_Survay_of_London_1618_edition.jpg/220px-Stow%27s_Survay_of_London_1618_edition.jpg"},{"image_text":"An 18th-century engraving of Stow's monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/John_Stow.jpg/170px-John_Stow.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Buck, Sir George (1979). Kincaid, Arthur Noel (ed.). The History of King Richard the Third (1619). Gloucester: Alan Sutton. pp. 129, 173. ISBN 0-904387-26-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buck","url_text":"Buck, Sir George"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofkingric0000buck","url_text":"The History of King Richard the Third (1619)"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofkingric0000buck/page/129","url_text":"129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904387-26-7","url_text":"0-904387-26-7"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Oliver (2005). \"'Motheaten, Mouldye, and Rotten': the early custodial history and dissemination of John Leland's manuscript remains\". Bodleian Library Record. 18: 460–501 (475–6).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Historical Manuscripts Commission (2003). Papers of British Antiquaries and Historians. Guides to Sources for British History. Vol. 12. London: TSO. pp. 194–5. ISBN 0-11-440279-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-440279-5","url_text":"0-11-440279-5"}]},{"reference":"Esdaile, Katharine A. (1946). English Church Monuments 1510–1840. London: B. T. Batsford. p. 115.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bradley, Simon; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1997). London 1: the City of London. The Buildings of England. London: Penguin Books. p. 193. ISBN 0140710922.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buildings_of_England","url_text":"The Buildings of England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140710922","url_text":"0140710922"}]},{"reference":"Alberge, Dalya (19 March 2021). \"'Self-satisfied pork butcher': Shakespeare grave effigy believed to be definitive likeness\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/mar/19/shakespeare-grave-effigy-believed-to-be-definitive-likeness","url_text":"\"'Self-satisfied pork butcher': Shakespeare grave effigy believed to be definitive likeness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Clark, John (January 2015). \"John Stow and the mystery of the quill pen\" (PDF). London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Newsletter. No. 143. pp. 4–5.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/images/documents/LAMAS_NewsletterJan_2015.pdf","url_text":"\"John Stow and the mystery of the quill pen\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stow Memorial Service\" (PDF). London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Newsletter. No. 160. September 2020. pp. 7–8.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/images/documents/Newsletters/LAMAS_Newsletter_Sep_2020.pdf","url_text":"\"The Stow Memorial Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"The John Stow Memorial Service and Lecture 2024\". London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Newsletter. No. 169. September 2023. p. 12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paterson, Mike (6 April 2011). \"John Stow Memorial Service – 6 April 2011\". London Historians' Blog. Retrieved 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://londonhistorians.wordpress.com/2011/04/06/john-stow-memorial-service-6-april-2011/","url_text":"\"John Stow Memorial Service – 6 April 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Stow, John (1927). Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (ed.). A Survey of London (revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lethbridge_Kingsford","url_text":"Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge"},{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603","url_text":"A Survey of London"}]},{"reference":"Archer, Ian (1995). \"John Stow's Survey of London: the nostalgia of John Stow\". In Smith, David L.; Strier, Richard; Bevington, David (eds.). The Theatrical City: culture, theatre, and politics in London, 1576–1649. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–34. ISBN 0521441269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Archer","url_text":"Archer, Ian"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theatricalcitycu0000unse/page/17","url_text":"\"John Stow's Survey of London: the nostalgia of John Stow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smith_(historian)","url_text":"Smith, David L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bevington","url_text":"Bevington, David"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/theatricalcitycu0000unse/page/17","url_text":"17–34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521441269","url_text":"0521441269"}]},{"reference":"Beer, Barrett L. (1998). Tudor England Observed: the world of John Stow. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1943-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1943-4","url_text":"0-7509-1943-4"}]},{"reference":"Beer, Barrett L. (2004). \"Stow [Stowe], John (1524/5–1605)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26611.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26611","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/26611"}]},{"reference":"Bonahue, Edward T. (1998). \"Citizen history: Stow's Survey of London\". Studies in English Literature. 38 (1): 61–85. doi:10.2307/451081. JSTOR 451081.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F451081","url_text":"10.2307/451081"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/451081","url_text":"451081"}]},{"reference":"Clark, John (1997). \"John Stow and the legendary history of London\" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 48: 153–5.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2048.pdf","url_text":"\"John Stow and the legendary history of London\""}]},{"reference":"Collinson, Patrick (2001). \"John Stow and nostalgic antiquarianism\". In Merritt, J. F. (ed.). Imagining Early Modern London: perceptions and portrayals of the city from Stow to Strype, 1598–1720. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–51. ISBN 0521773466.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Collinson","url_text":"Collinson, Patrick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521773466","url_text":"0521773466"}]},{"reference":"Devereux, E. J. (1990). \"Empty tuns and unfruitful grafts: Richard Grafton's historical publications\". Sixteenth Century Journal. 21 (1): 33–56. doi:10.2307/2541131. JSTOR 2541131.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2541131","url_text":"10.2307/2541131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541131","url_text":"2541131"}]},{"reference":"Gadd, Ian; Gillespie, Alexandra, eds. (2004). John Stow (1525–1605) and the Making of the English Past: studies in early modern culture and the history of the book. London: British Library. ISBN 0-7123-4864-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7123-4864-6","url_text":"0-7123-4864-6"}]},{"reference":"Hall, William Keith (1991). \"A topography of time: historical narration in John Stow's Survey of London\". Studies in Philology. 88 (1): 1–15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parry, G. J. R. (1987). \"John Stow's unpublished \"Historie of this Iland\": amity and enmity amongst sixteenth-century scholars\". English Historical Review. 102: 633–47. doi:10.1093/ehr/cii.cccciv.633.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Parry_(historian)","url_text":"Parry, G. J. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Historical_Review","url_text":"English Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcii.cccciv.633","url_text":"10.1093/ehr/cii.cccciv.633"}]},{"reference":"Pearl, Valerie (1979). \"John Stow\" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 30: 130–34.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Pearl","url_text":"Pearl, Valerie"},{"url":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2030.pdf","url_text":"\"John Stow\""}]},{"reference":"Rowse, A. L. (1971). \"John Stow as an historian: a commemoration address\" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 23 (1): 15–18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._L._Rowse","url_text":"Rowse, A. L."},{"url":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2023.pdf","url_text":"\"John Stow as an historian: a commemoration address\""}]},{"reference":"Rubinstein, Stanley (1968). \"John Stow\". Historians of London: an account of the many surveys, histories, perambulations, maps and engravings made about the city and its environs, and of the dedicated Londoners who made them. London: Peter Owen.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Rubinstein","url_text":"Rubinstein, Stanley"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, A. J. (1974). \"John Stow and his monument\" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 25: 316–21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Taylor","url_text":"Taylor, A. J."},{"url":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2025.pdf","url_text":"\"John Stow and his monument\""}]},{"reference":"Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1975). \"John Stow\" (PDF). Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society. 26: 337–42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper","url_text":"Trevor-Roper, Hugh"},{"url":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2026.pdf","url_text":"\"John Stow\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Janet (1991). \"A catalogue of the \"unlawful\" books found in John Stow's study on 21 February 1568/9\". Recusant History. 20: 1–30. doi:10.1017/s0034193200006099.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0034193200006099","url_text":"10.1017/s0034193200006099"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Stow, John\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 972.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Stow,_John","url_text":"Stow, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/pp120-129","external_links_name":"p. 126"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol2/pp245-250","external_links_name":"Aldgate, the Minories and Crutched Friars"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofkingric0000buck","external_links_name":"The History of King Richard the Third (1619)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofkingric0000buck/page/129","external_links_name":"129"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/vii-xxviii","external_links_name":"p. xxvi"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/vii-xxviii","external_links_name":"pp. xiii–xv"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/vii-xxviii","external_links_name":"pp. xv–xvi"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/vii-xxviii","external_links_name":"pp. xi–xiii"},{"Link":"http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-199733-church-of-st-andrew-undershaft-greater-l","external_links_name":"Church of St Andrew Undershaft"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/lxxxii-lxxxvi","external_links_name":"pp. lxxxii–lxxxiv"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/lxxxii-lxxxvi","external_links_name":"p. lxxxiv"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/annalsofenglandt00stow","external_links_name":"The Annales of England, \"The race of the Kings of Brytaine after the received opinion since Brute, &c\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/mar/19/shakespeare-grave-effigy-believed-to-be-definitive-likeness","external_links_name":"\"'Self-satisfied pork butcher': Shakespeare grave effigy believed to be definitive likeness\""},{"Link":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/images/documents/LAMAS_NewsletterJan_2015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"John Stow and the mystery of the quill pen\""},{"Link":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/images/documents/Newsletters/LAMAS_Newsletter_Sep_2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Stow Memorial Service\""},{"Link":"https://londonhistorians.wordpress.com/2011/04/06/john-stow-memorial-service-6-april-2011/","external_links_name":"\"John Stow Memorial Service – 6 April 2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603","external_links_name":"A Survey of London"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/theatricalcitycu0000unse/page/17","external_links_name":"\"John Stow's Survey of London: the nostalgia of John Stow\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/theatricalcitycu0000unse/page/17","external_links_name":"17–34"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26611","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/26611"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F451081","external_links_name":"10.2307/451081"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/451081","external_links_name":"451081"},{"Link":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2048.pdf","external_links_name":"\"John Stow and the legendary history of London\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2541131","external_links_name":"10.2307/2541131"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541131","external_links_name":"2541131"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcii.cccciv.633","external_links_name":"10.1093/ehr/cii.cccciv.633"},{"Link":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2030.pdf","external_links_name":"\"John Stow\""},{"Link":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2023.pdf","external_links_name":"\"John Stow as an historian: a commemoration address\""},{"Link":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2025.pdf","external_links_name":"\"John Stow and his monument\""},{"Link":"http://www.lamas.org.uk/transactions-archive/Vol%2026.pdf","external_links_name":"\"John Stow\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0034193200006099","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0034193200006099"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Stow,+John","external_links_name":"Works by John Stow"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Stow%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Stow%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stow%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Stow%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stow%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Stow%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stow%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Stow%22%29%20OR%20%28%221525-1605%22%20AND%20Stow%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about John Stow"},{"Link":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24989234M/Annals_of_England_to_1603","external_links_name":"Annals of England to 1603"},{"Link":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/camden-record-soc/vol28","external_links_name":"Three fifteenth-century chronicles"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42959","external_links_name":"The Survey of London"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=593","external_links_name":"A Survey of London"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3FUbcqSRd7QC","external_links_name":"Stow, John, A Summarie of the Chronicles of England, London (1598)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nBZAAAAYAAJ&dq=John+Stow+london+curriers&pg=PA381","external_links_name":"A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, Borough of Southwark and parts adjacent, John Stow (ed. Robert Seymour, 1735)"},{"Link":"https://www.history.ac.uk/fellowships/curriers-company-london-history-essay-prize","external_links_name":"Curriers' Historical Essay Prize"},{"Link":"https://www.dhi.ac.uk/strype/","external_links_name":"A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/175667/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121194623","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7488414","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmFbcPxhvT7CWV73hvHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2001734","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1728054","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12471469w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12471469w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/122728076","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268548905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14174970","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85310579","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20050210005&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072772425","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810573564805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/952281","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122728076.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/985379","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s76159","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/03390491X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband
Francis Younghusband
["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Indian Political Service career","3.1 Expedition to Tibet","4 Himalaya and mountaineering","5 Personal life","6 Spiritual life","6.1 Fictional portrayal","7 Works","8 Taxon named in his honor","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 Sources","10 External links"]
British Army officer, explorer, and spiritual writer Sir Francis YounghusbandFrancis Younghusband c. 1905Birth nameFrancis Edward YounghusbandBorn31 May 1863Murree, Punjab, British IndiaDied31 July 1942 (aged 79)Lytchett Minster, Dorset, EnglandAllegiance Great BritainService/branch British ArmyYears of service1881–1919RankLieutenant colonelBattles/warsBritish Expedition to TibetFirst World WarAwardsOrder of the Star of IndiaOrder of the Indian EmpireCharles P. Daly Medal (1922)MacGregor MedalAlma materRoyal Military College, SandhurstSpouse(s)Helen Augusta Magniac Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband, KCSI KCIE (31 May 1863 – 31 July 1942) was a British Army officer, explorer and spiritual writer. He is remembered for his travels in the Far East and Central Asia; especially the 1904 British expedition to Tibet, led by himself, and for his writings on Asia and foreign policy. Younghusband held positions including British commissioner to Tibet and president of the Royal Geographical Society. Early life Francis Younghusband was born in 1863 at Murree, British India (now Pakistan), to a British military family, being the brother of Major-General George Younghusband and the second son of Major-General John W. Younghusband and his wife Clara Jane Shaw. Clara's brother, Robert Shaw, was a noted explorer of Central Asia. His uncle Lieutenant-General Charles Younghusband CB FRS, was a British Army officer and meteorologist. As an infant, Francis was taken to live in England by his mother. When Clara returned to India in 1867 she left her son in the care of two austere and strictly religious aunts. In 1870 his mother and father returned to England and reunited the family. In 1876 at age thirteen, Francis entered Clifton College, Bristol. In 1881 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned as a subaltern in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards in 1882. Military career A one-room inn in a then-wild area east of Tonghua, in Jilin, China, where Younghusband and his companions stayed in 1887 Having read General MacGregor's book Defence of India he could have justifiably called himself an expert on the "Great Game" of espionage that was unfolding on the Steppes of Asia. In 1886–1887, on leave from his regiment, Younghusband made an expedition across Asia though still a young officer. After sailing to China his party set out, with Colonel Mark Bell's permission, to cross 1200 miles of desert with the ostensible authority to survey the geography; but in reality the purposes were to ascertain the strength of the Russian physical threats to the Raj. Departing Peking with a senior colleague, Henry E. M. James (on leave from his Indian Civil Service position) and a young British consular officer from Newchwang, Harry English Fulford, on 4 April 1887, Lieut Younghusband explored Manchuria, visiting the frontier areas of Chinese settlement in the region of the Changbai Mountains. On arrival in India he was granted three months' leave by the Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal Lord Roberts; the scientific results of this travel would prove vital information to the Royal Geographical Society. Younghusband had already carried out numerous scientific observations in particular, showing that the Changbai Mountains's highest peak, Baekdu Mountain, is only around 8,000 feet tall, even though the travellers' British maps showed snow-capped peaks 10,000-12,000 ft tall in the area. Fulford provided the travellers with language and cultural expertise. Younghusband crossed the most inhospitable terrain in the world to the Himalayas before being ordered to make his way home. Parting with his British companions, he crossed the Taklamakan Desert to Chinese Turkestan, and pioneered a route from Kashgar to India through the uncharted Mustagh Pass. He reported to the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, his crossing through the Karakoram Range, the Hindu Kush, the Pamirs and where the range converged with the Himalayas; the nexus of three great empires. In the 1880s the region of the Upper Oxus was still largely unmapped. For this achievement, aged still only 24, he was elected the youngest member of the Royal Geographical Society and received the society's 1890 Patron's Medal. "From Peking To Yarkand and Kashmir via the Mustagh Pass" In 1889, he made captain, and was dispatched with a small escort of Gurkha soldiers to investigate an uncharted region north of Ladakh, where raiders from Hunza had disrupted trade between Yarkand and India the previous year. Whilst encamped in the valley of the Yarkand River, Younghusband received a messenger at his camp, inviting him to dinner with Captain Bronislav Grombchevsky, his Russian counterpart in "The Great Game". Younghusband accepted the invitation to Grombchevsky's camp, and after dinner the two rivals talked into the night, sharing brandy and vodka, and discussing the possibility of a Russian invasion of British India. Grombchevsky impressed Younghusband with the horsemanship skills of his Cossack escort, and Younghusband impressed Grombchevsky with the rifle drill of his Gurkhas. After their meeting in this remote frontier region, Grombchevsky resumed his expedition in the direction of Tibet and Younghusband continued his exploration of the Karakoram. Indian Political Service career Younghusband received a telegram from Simla, to attend the Intelligence Department (ID) to be interviewed by Foreign Secretary Sir Mortimer Durand, transferred to the Indian Political Service. He served as a political officer on secondment from the British Army. He refused a request to visit Lhasa as an interpreter, disguised as a Yarkandi trader, a cover not guaranteed to fool the Russians, after Andrew Dalgleish, a Scots merchant, had been hacked to death. Younghusband was accompanied by a Gurkha escort, celebrated for their ferocity in combat. The Forward policy was circumscribed by a legal offer to all travellers of a peaceable security crossing borders. Departure from Leh on 8 August 1889 on the caravan route took them up the mountain pass of Shimshal towards Hunza, his aim being to restore the tea trade to Xinjiang and prevent any further raids into Kashmir. Colonel Durand from Gilgit joined him. Younghusband probed the villages to gauge the reception: calculating it was a den of thieves, they ascended the steep ravine. The Hunza was barred to them, a trap was sprung; the parley terms took him inside to negotiate. The nervous reception over, they were all relieved to find safety; Younghusband wanted to know who was waylaying innocent civilian traders, and why. The ruler, Safdar Ali extended a letter of welcome to his Kashmiri kingdom; the British investigated whence came the Russian infiltrators under Agent Gromchevsky. Further south at Ladakh, he kept close watch on their movements. Reluctantly, Younghusband dined with the Cossack leaders, who divulged the secrets of their common rivalry. Gromchevsky explained that the Raj had invited enmity for meddling in the Black Sea ports. The Russian displayed little grasp of strategy, but basic raw courage; he betrayed the confidence of Abdul Rahman as no friend to the British. Younghusband tentatively concluded that their possessions at Bokhara and Samarkand were vulnerable. Having drunk large quantities of vodka and brandy, the Cossacks presented arms in cordial salute and they parted in peace. Woefully unprepared for winter, the British garrison at Ladakh refused them entry. Younghusband finally arrived at Gulmit to a 13-gun salute. In khaki, the envoy greeted Safdar Ali at the marquee on the Karakoram Highway, the men of Hunza kneeling at their ruler's feet. This was colonial diplomacy, based on protocol and etiquette, but Younghusband had not come for merely trivial discussions. Reinforced by Durand's troops, Younghusband's arguments were to prevent the criminal looting, murder and highway robbery. Impervious to reason though Safdar Ali was, Younghusband was not prepared to allow him to laugh at the Raj. A demonstration of firepower "caused quite a sensation", he wrote in his diaries. The British major was disdainful, but content when he left on 23 November to return to India, which he reached by Christmas. In 1890, Younghusband was sent on a mission to Chinese Turkestan, accompanied by George Macartney as interpreter. He spent the winter in Kashgar, where he left Macartney as British consul. Younghusband wanted to investigate the Pamir Gap, a possible Russian entry route to India, but he had had to ensure that the Chinese at Kashgar were sorted out, to prevent a tripartite attempt by the Hunza clans. It was for this reason he recruited a Mandarin interpreter, junior officer George Macartney, to accompany his missions into the frozen mountains. They wintered in Kashgar as a listening post, meeting in conference with the Russian Nikolai Petrovsky, who had always resisted trade with Xinjiang (Sinkiang). The Russian agent was well-informed about British India, but proved unscrupulous. Believing he had succeeded, Younghusband did not reckon on Petrovsky's deal with the Taotai of Xinjiang. In July 1891, they were still in the Pamirs when news reached them that the Russians intended to send troops "to note and report with the Chinese and Afghans". At Bozai Gumbaz in the Little Pamir on 12 August he encountered Cossack soldiers, who forced him to leave the area. This was one of the incidents which provoked the Hunza-Nagar Campaign. The troop of 20 or so soldiers planted a flag on what they anticipated was unclaimed territory, 150 miles south of the Russian border. However, the British considered the area to be Afghan territory. Colonel Yonov, decorated with the Order of St George, approached his camp to announce that the area now belonged to the Tsar. Younghusband learnt that they had raided the Chitral territory; furthermore, they had penetrated the Darkot Pass into the Yasin Valley. They were joined by eager intelligence officer Lieutenant Davison, but the British were disabused by Ivanov of British sovereignty: Younghusband remained polite, maintained protocol but hospitable to the big Russian bear hug. During his service in Kashmir, he wrote a book called Kashmir at the request of Edward M. J. Molyneux. Younghusband's descriptions went hand in glove with Molyneux's paintings of the valley. In the book, Younghusband declared his immense admiration of the natural beauty of Kashmir and its history. The Great Game, between Britain and Russia, continued beyond the start of the 20th century until officially ended by the 1907 Anglo-Russian Treaty. Younghusband, among other explorers such as Sven Hedin, Nikolay Przhevalsky, Shoqan Walikhanov and Sir Auriel Stein, had participated in earnest. Rumours of Russian expansion into the Hindu Kush with a Russian presence in Tibet prompted the new Viceroy of India Lord Curzon to appoint Younghusband, by then a major, British commissioner to Tibet from 1902 to 1904. Expedition to Tibet Lamellar coat and helmet. From Tibet, in modern-day China. 14th–17th century CE. Iron, leather, and textile. Presented by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Younghusband. Discoveries Gallery, National Museum of Scotland In 1903, Curzon appointed Younghusband as the head of the Tibet Frontier Commission; John Claude White, the political officer of Sikkim, and E. C. Wilton, served as his deputy commissioners in the commission. Younghusband subsequently led the British expedition to Tibet, which had the putative aim to settle disputes over the Sikkim–Tibet border, but eventually exceeded instructions from the government of the United Kingdom and became a de facto invasion of Tibet. Roughly 100 miles (160 km) inside Tibet, on the way to Gyantse, thence to the capital of Lhasa, a confrontation outside the hamlet of Guru led to a victory by the expedition's troops over 600–700 Tibetan soldiers. Younghusband's well-trained troops were armed with rifles and machine guns, enabling them to easily defeat disorganised Tibetan forces wielding hoes, swords and flintlocks. Ultimately, 202 men of Younghusband's expedition were killed in action while 411 died of non-combat causes. The expedition was supported by King Ugyen Wangchuck of the Kingdom of Bhutan, who was knighted in return for his services. However, the invasion of Tibet embarrassed the British government, which desired good relations with the Qing dynasty for the sake of Britain's trade with Chinese coastal settlements. Accordingly, the British government repudiated the Treaty of Lhasa that Younghusband had signed with Tibetan leaders during the invasion. In 1891, Younghusband received the Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, and then he was awarded the honour of Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in December 1904. He was also awarded the Kaisar-I-Hind Medal (gold) in 1901, and the Gold Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1905. In 1906, Younghusband settled in Kashmir as the British Resident representative before returning to Britain in 1909, where he was an active member of many clubs and societies. In 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. During the First World War, his patriotic Fight for Right campaign commissioned the song "Jerusalem". Himalaya and mountaineering In 1889, Younghusband reached base of Turkestan La (North) from north, and he noted that this was a long glacier and a major Central Asian dividing range. In 1919, Younghusband was elected President of the Royal Geographical Society, and two years later became Chairman of the Mount Everest Committee which was set up to coordinate the initial 1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition to Mount Everest. He actively encouraged the accomplished climber George Mallory to attempt the first ascent of Mount Everest, and they followed the same initial route as the earlier Tibet Mission. Younghusband remained Chairman through the subsequent 1922 and 1924 British Expeditions. In 1938, Younghusband encouraged Ernst Schäfer, who was about to lead a German expedition, to "sneak over the border" when faced with British intransigence towards Schäfer's efforts to reach Tibet. Personal life In 1897 Younghusband married Helen Augusta Magniac, the daughter of Charles Magniac, MP. Augusta's brother, Vernon, served as Younghusband's private secretary during the expedition to Tibet. The Younghusbands had a son who died in infancy, and a daughter, Eileen Younghusband (1902–1981), who became a prominent social worker. From 1921 to 1937 the couple lived at Westerham, Kent, but Helen did not accompany her husband on his travels. In July 1942 Younghusband suffered a stroke after addressing a meeting of the World Congress of Faiths in Birmingham. He died of cardiac failure on 31 July 1942 at Madeline Lees' home Post Green House, at Lytchett Minster, Dorset. He was buried in the village churchyard. Spiritual life Biographer Patrick French described Younghusband's religious belief as one who was brought up an Evangelical Christian, read his way into Tolstoyan simplicity, experienced a revelatory vision in the mountains of Tibet, toyed with telepathy in Kashmir, proposed a new faith based on virile racial theory, then transformed it into what Bertrand Russell called 'a religion of atheism.' Ultimately he became a spiritualist and "premature hippie" who "had great faith in the power of cosmic rays, and claimed that there are extraterrestrials with translucent flesh on the planet Altair." During his 1904 retreat from Tibet, Younghusband had a mystical experience which suffused him with "love for the whole world" and convinced him that "men at heart are divine". This conviction was tinged with regret for the invasion of Tibet, and eventually, in 1936, profound religious convictions invited a founder's address to the World Congress of Faiths (in imitation of the World Parliament of Religions). Younghusband published a number of books with titles including The Gleam: Being an account of the life of Nija Svabhava, pseud. (1923); Mother World (in Travail for the Christ that is to be) (1924); and Life in the Stars: An Exposition of the View that on some Planets of some Stars exist Beings higher than Ourselves, and on one a World-Leader, the Supreme Embodiment of the Eternal Spirit which animates the Whole (1927). The last drew the admiration of Lord Baden-Powell, the Boy Scouts founder. Key concepts consisted of the central belief that would come to be known as the Gaia hypothesis, pantheism, and a Christlike "world leader" living on the planet "Altair" (or "Stellair"), exploring the theology of spiritualism, and guidance by means of telepathy. In his book Within: Thoughts During Convalescence (1912), Younghusband stated: We are giving up the idea that the Kingdom of God is in Heaven, and we are finding that the Kingdom of God is within us. We are relinquishing the old idea of an external God, above, apart, and separate from ourselves; and we are taking on the new idea of an internal spirit working within us – a constraining, immanent influence, a vital, propelling impulse vibrating through us all, expressing itself and fulfilling its purpose through us, and uniting us together in one vast spiritual unity. Younghusband took interest in Eastern philosophy and Theosophy and dismissed the idea of an anthropomorphic god. Taking influence from Henri Bergson's Creative Evolution, he proposed purpose in the cosmos through a creative life force. Younghusband's philosophy of cosmic spiritual evolution was outlined in his books Life in the Stars (1927) and The Living Universe (1933). In the latter book he proposed the idea that the universe is a living organism. Younghusband held the view that spiritual forces in the universe are directing evolution and producing life and intelligence on many different planets. Younghusband's ideas were dismissed by scientists and few took his ideas seriously. He founded the World Congress of Faiths to promote dialogue between different religions. Younghusband allegedly believed in free love ("freedom to unite when and how a man and a woman please"), marriage laws examined as a matter of "outdated custom". Fictional portrayal One of Younghusband's domestic servants, Gladys Aylward, became a Christian missionary in China. The Ingrid Bergman film The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) is based on Gladys Aylward's life, with Ronald Squire portraying Younghusband. Works Younghusband wrote prolifically between 1885 and 1942. Subjects ranged from Asian events, exploration, mountaineering, philosophy, spirituality, politics and more. Confidential Report of a Mission to the Northern Frontier of Kashmir in 1889 (Calcutta, 1890). The Relief of Chitral (1895) (co-authored with his brother George John Younghusband) South Africa of Today (1896) The Heart of a Continent (1896) The heart of a continent: vol.1 "Our True Relationship with India" . The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. 1905. pp. 599–620. Kashmir (1909) (with illustrations by Major Edward M. J. Molyneux) India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904. London: John Murray. 1910. Within: Thoughts During Convalescence (1912) Mutual Influence: A Re-View of Religion (1915) The Sense of Community (1916) The Heart of Nature; or, The quest for natural beauty (1921) The Gleam (1923) Modern Mystics (1923) (ISBN 1-4179-8003-6, reprint 2004) Mother World in Travail for the Christ that is to be (1924) Wonders of the Himalayas (1924) The Epic of Mount Everest (1926) (ISBN 0-330-48285-8, reprint 2001). Life in the Stars (1927) The Light of Experience (1927) The Coming Country: A Pre-Vision (1928) Dawn in India (1930) The Living Universe (1933) The Mystery of Nature in Frances Mason. The Great Design: Order and Progress in Nature (1934) A Venture of Faith: Being a Description of the World Congress of Faiths held in London 1936 (1937) The World's Need of Religion: Being the Proceedings of the World Congress of Faiths, Oxford, July 23rd-27th, 1937 (1937) The Renascence of Religion (1938) The Sum of Things (1939) Vital Religion: A Brotherhood of Faith (1940) Taxon named in his honor Schizopygopsis younghusbandi Regan, 1905 is a species of ray-finned fish endemic to Tibet. It occurs in the Yarlung Tsangpo River (=upper Brahmaputra) drainage and in endorheic lakes in its vicinity. References Citations ^ "MacGregor Medal". United Service Institution of India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021. ^ a b c d C. Hayavando Rao, ed. (1915). The Indian Biographical Dictionary. Madras: Pillar & Co. pp. 470–71. Retrieved 27 March 2010. ^ James 1888, pp. 235–238 ^ General Sir C MacGregor, The Defence of India, (Simla, 1884) ^ a b Younghusband, Francis E. (1896). The Heart of a Continent, pp. 58-290. John Murray, London. Facsimile reprint: (2005) Elbiron Classics. ^ James, Sir Henry Evan Murchison (1888), The Long White Mountain, or, A journey in Manchuria: with some account of the history, people, administration and religion of that country, Longmans, Green, and Co. ^ James 1888, pp. 254, 262) ^ James 1888, pp. 125, 217) ^ The Heart of a Continent, pp. 186ff ^ The Heart of a Continent, pp. 234ff ^ Dictionary of National Biography "Sir George Macartney" ^ Riddick, John (2006). The history of British India. Praeger. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-313-32280-8. ^ David Nalle (June 2000). "Book Review – Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia". Middle East Policy. VII (3). Washington DC: Blackwell. ISSN 1061-1924. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006. ^ Patrick French (2011). Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer. Penguin Books Limited. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-14-196430-0. ^ "Tibetans' fight against British invasion". En.Tibet.cn – China Tibet Information Center. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008. ^ Morris, James: Farewell the Trumpets (Faber and Faber, 1979), p. 102. ^ Nick Heil (2008). Dark Summit: The Extraordinary True Story of One of the Deadliest Seasons on Everest. Virgin Books Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7535-1359-0. ^ Great Britain. India Office The India List and India Office List for 1905, p. 145, at Google Books ^ "Scottish Geographical Medal". Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. ^ Kwarteng, Kwasai (28 May 2012). Ghosts of Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781408829004. ^ 1999, Saga of Siachen, The Himalayan Journal, Vol.55. ^ "Text of The Epic of Mount Everest, Sir Francis Younghusband". Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008. ^ Hale, Christopher. Himmler's Crusade (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2003) pp. 149-151 ^ Fleming, Peter (2012). Bayonets to Lhasa - the British invasion of Tibet. Tauris Parke, London. ISBN 9780857731432. ^ a b Dictionary of National Biography ^ Anon. 1942 Obituary: Sir Francis Edward Younghusband. Geographical Review 32(4):681 ^ French, p.313. ^ French, p. xx ^ quoted in French, p. 252. ^ French, p. 321 ^ Drake, Durant (1919). "Seekers After God" (PDF). The Harvard Theological Review. 12 (1): 67–83. doi:10.1017/S0017816000010294. JSTOR 1507913. S2CID 162397265. ^ a b c d Bowler, Peter J. (2001). Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain. University of Chicago Press. pp. 391–393. ISBN 0-226-06858-7 ^ French, p. 283 ^ French., p. 364 ^ a b Hopkirk, op cit. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). "Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamilies ACROSSOCHEILINAE, BARBINAE, SPINIBARBINAE, SCHIZOTHORACINAE, SCHIZOPYGOPSINAE and Incertae sedis". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2023. Sources Secondary sources Allen, Charles (2004). Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5427-6. Broadbent, Tom (2005). On Younghusband's Path: Peking to Pindi. Head-Hunter. ISBN 0-9548542-2-5. Candler, Edmund (1905). The Unveiling of Lhasa. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. Carrington, Michael (2003). "Officers Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet". Modern Asian Studies. 37, 1: 81–109. doi:10.1017/S0026749X03001033. S2CID 144922428. Fleming, Peter (1986). Bayonets to Lhasa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195838626. French, Patrick (1994). Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-215733-0. Hopkirk, Peter (1990). The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. Kodansha USA. pp. 447–482. ISBN 1-56836-022-3. Mehra, P. (1968). The Younghusband Expedition. Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (25 October 1999). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1-58243-106-2. Seaver, George (1952). Francis Younghusband: Explorer and Mystic. External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Francis Younghusband Halkias, Giorgos, The 1904 Younghusband's Expedition to Tibet, ELINEPA, 2004 Description of rare Younghusband photograph collection held by the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia Works by Francis Younghusband at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Francis Younghusband at Internet Archive Works by Francis Younghusband at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Portraits of Francis Younghusband at the National Portrait Gallery, London "Archival material relating to Francis Younghusband". UK National Archives. World Congress of Faiths' History Royal Geographic Society photograph of Younghusband's Mission to Tibet 1st King's Dragoon Guards (regiments.org) The heart of nature (1921) India and Tibet (1910) vtePresidents of the Royal Geographical Society19th century F. J. Robinson George Murray John Barrow William R. Hamilton George Greenough Roderick Murchison Charles Abbot William J. Hamilton William Smyth Roderick Murchison Francis Egerton Frederick Beechey Roderick Murchison Bingham Baring Roderick Murchison Henry Rawlinson Henry Frere Rutherford Alcock Thomas Baring Henry Bruce John Campbell Richard Strachey M. E. Grant Duff Clements Markham 20th century George Goldie Leonard Darwin George Curzon Douglas Freshfield Thomas Holdich Francis Younghusband Lawrence Dundas David George Hogarth Charles Close William Goodenough Percy Cox Henry Balfour Philip Chetwode Francis Rodd Harry Lindsay James Wordie James Marshall-Cornwall Roger Nathan Raymond Priestley Dudley Stamp Gilbert Laithwaite Edmund Irving Edward Shackleton Duncan Cumming John Hunt Michael John Wise Vivian Fuchs George Bishop Roger Chorley Crispin Tickell George Jellicoe John Palmer 21st century Ron Cooke Neil Cossons Gordon Conway Michael Palin Judith Rees Nicholas Crane Lynda Chalker Nigel Clifford Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands 2 Poland Portugal Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"KCSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"KCIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_explorers"},{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"1904 British expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"}],"text":"Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband, KCSI KCIE (31 May 1863 – 31 July 1942) was a British Army officer, explorer and spiritual writer. He is remembered for his travels in the Far East and Central Asia; especially the 1904 British expedition to Tibet, led by himself, and for his writings on Asia and foreign policy. Younghusband held positions including British commissioner to Tibet and president of the Royal Geographical Society.","title":"Francis Younghusband"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murree"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"George Younghusband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Younghusband"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianBio-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Barkley_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Charles Younghusband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Younghusband"},{"link_name":"Clifton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_College"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College, Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"subaltern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaltern_(rank)"},{"link_name":"1st King's Dragoon Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_King%27s_Dragoon_Guards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianBio-2"}],"text":"Francis Younghusband was born in 1863 at Murree, British India (now Pakistan), to a British military family, being the brother of Major-General George Younghusband and the second son of Major-General John W. Younghusband[2] and his wife Clara Jane Shaw. Clara's brother, Robert Shaw, was a noted explorer of Central Asia. His uncle Lieutenant-General Charles Younghusband CB FRS, was a British Army officer and meteorologist.As an infant, Francis was taken to live in England by his mother. When Clara returned to India in 1867 she left her son in the care of two austere and strictly religious aunts. In 1870 his mother and father returned to England and reunited the family. In 1876 at age thirteen, Francis entered Clifton College, Bristol. In 1881 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned as a subaltern in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards in 1882.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Long_White_Mountain_-_p235_-_Interior_of_an_inn.png"},{"link_name":"Tonghua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonghua"},{"link_name":"Jilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jilin_Province"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"General MacGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_MacGregor"},{"link_name":"Great Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Game"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Henry E. M. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._E._M._James"},{"link_name":"Indian Civil Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service"},{"link_name":"Newchwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newchwang"},{"link_name":"Harry English Fulford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_English_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Manchuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Chinese settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuang_Guandong"},{"link_name":"Changbai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changbai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yh1896-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal Lord Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal_Lord_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Changbai Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changbai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Baekdu Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekdu_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"Taklamakan Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert"},{"link_name":"Chinese Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan"},{"link_name":"Kashgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mustagh Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustagh_Pass"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yh1896-5"},{"link_name":"Lord Dufferin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava"},{"link_name":"Karakoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"Pamirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamirs"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Patron's Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron%27s_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Younghusband_PekingToYarkand_Map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gurkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurkha"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Yarkand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkant_County"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Yarkand River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkand_River"},{"link_name":"Bronislav Grombchevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronislav_Grombchevsky"},{"link_name":"Cossack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Karakoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram"}],"text":"A one-room inn in a then-wild area east of Tonghua, in Jilin, China, where Younghusband and his companions stayed in 1887[3]Having read General MacGregor's book Defence of India he could have justifiably called himself an expert on the \"Great Game\" of espionage that was unfolding on the Steppes of Asia.[4] In 1886–1887, on leave from his regiment, Younghusband made an expedition across Asia though still a young officer. After sailing to China his party set out, with Colonel Mark Bell's permission, to cross 1200 miles of desert with the ostensible authority to survey the geography; but in reality the purposes were to ascertain the strength of the Russian physical threats to the Raj. Departing Peking with a senior colleague, Henry E. M. James (on leave from his Indian Civil Service position) and a young British consular officer from Newchwang, Harry English Fulford, on 4 April 1887, Lieut Younghusband explored Manchuria, visiting the frontier areas of Chinese settlement in the region of the Changbai Mountains.[5][6]On arrival in India he was granted three months' leave by the Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal Lord Roberts; the scientific results of this travel would prove vital information to the Royal Geographical Society. Younghusband had already carried out numerous scientific observations in particular, showing that the Changbai Mountains's highest peak, Baekdu Mountain, is only around 8,000 feet tall, even though the travellers' British maps showed [nonexistent] snow-capped peaks 10,000-12,000 ft tall in the area.[7][original research?] Fulford provided the travellers with language and cultural expertise.[8][original research?] Younghusband crossed the most inhospitable terrain in the world to the Himalayas before being ordered to make his way home. Parting with his British companions, he crossed the Taklamakan Desert to Chinese Turkestan, and pioneered a route from Kashgar to India through the uncharted Mustagh Pass.[5] He reported to the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, his crossing through the Karakoram Range, the Hindu Kush, the Pamirs and where the range converged with the Himalayas; the nexus of three great empires. In the 1880s the region of the Upper Oxus was still largely unmapped. For this achievement, aged still only 24, he was elected the youngest member of the Royal Geographical Society and received the society's 1890 Patron's Medal.\"From Peking To Yarkand and Kashmir via the Mustagh Pass\"In 1889, he made captain, and was dispatched with a small escort of Gurkha soldiers to investigate an uncharted region north of Ladakh, where raiders from Hunza had disrupted trade between Yarkand and India the previous year.[9] Whilst encamped in the valley of the Yarkand River, Younghusband received a messenger at his camp, inviting him to dinner with Captain Bronislav Grombchevsky, his Russian counterpart in \"The Great Game\". Younghusband accepted the invitation to Grombchevsky's camp, and after dinner the two rivals talked into the night, sharing brandy and vodka, and discussing the possibility of a Russian invasion of British India. Grombchevsky impressed Younghusband with the horsemanship skills of his Cossack escort, and Younghusband impressed Grombchevsky with the rifle drill of his Gurkhas.[10] After their meeting in this remote frontier region, Grombchevsky resumed his expedition in the direction of Tibet and Younghusband continued his exploration of the Karakoram.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Mortimer Durand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Mortimer_Durand"},{"link_name":"Indian Political Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Political_Service"},{"link_name":"Andrew Dalgleish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Dalgleish_(spy)"},{"link_name":"Leh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh"},{"link_name":"Shimshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimshal"},{"link_name":"Gilgit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgit"},{"link_name":"Safdar Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safdar_Ali"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Abdul Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Gulmit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulmit"},{"link_name":"Chinese Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan"},{"link_name":"George Macartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney_(British_consul)"},{"link_name":"Kashgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashgar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Petrovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Petrovsky"},{"link_name":"Sinkiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkiang"},{"link_name":"Taotai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taotai"},{"link_name":"Bozai Gumbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bozai_Gumbaz"},{"link_name":"Little Pamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Pamir"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hunza-Nagar Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunza-Nagar_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Yonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Order of St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_George"},{"link_name":"Chitral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitral"},{"link_name":"Darkot Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkot_Pass"},{"link_name":"Yasin Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasin_Valley"},{"link_name":"Edward M. J. Molyneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mary_Joseph_Molyneux"},{"link_name":"Sven Hedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Hedin"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Przhevalsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Przhevalsky"},{"link_name":"Shoqan Walikhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoqan_Walikhanov"},{"link_name":"Sir Auriel Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Stein"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nalle-13"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India"},{"link_name":"Lord Curzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston"}],"text":"Younghusband received a telegram from Simla, to attend the Intelligence Department (ID) to be interviewed by Foreign Secretary Sir Mortimer Durand, transferred to the Indian Political Service. He served as a political officer on secondment from the British Army. He refused a request to visit Lhasa as an interpreter, disguised as a Yarkandi trader, a cover not guaranteed to fool the Russians, after Andrew Dalgleish, a Scots merchant, had been hacked to death. Younghusband was accompanied by a Gurkha escort, celebrated for their ferocity in combat. The Forward policy was circumscribed by a legal offer to all travellers of a peaceable security crossing borders. Departure from Leh on 8 August 1889 on the caravan route took them up the mountain pass of Shimshal towards Hunza, his aim being to restore the tea trade to Xinjiang and prevent any further raids into Kashmir. Colonel Durand from Gilgit joined him. Younghusband probed the villages to gauge the reception: calculating it was a den of thieves, they ascended the steep ravine. The Hunza was barred to them, a trap was sprung; the parley terms took him inside to negotiate. The nervous reception over, they were all relieved to find safety; Younghusband wanted to know who was waylaying innocent civilian traders, and why. The ruler, Safdar Ali extended a letter of welcome to his Kashmiri kingdom; the British investigated whence came the Russian infiltrators under Agent Gromchevsky. Further south at Ladakh, he kept close watch on their movements. Reluctantly, Younghusband dined with the Cossack leaders, who divulged the secrets of their common rivalry. Gromchevsky explained that the Raj had invited enmity for meddling in the Black Sea ports. The Russian displayed little grasp of strategy, but basic raw courage; he betrayed the confidence of Abdul Rahman as no friend to the British. Younghusband tentatively concluded that their possessions at Bokhara and Samarkand were vulnerable. Having drunk large quantities of vodka and brandy, the Cossacks presented arms in cordial salute and they parted in peace. Woefully unprepared for winter, the British garrison at Ladakh refused them entry.Younghusband finally arrived at Gulmit to a 13-gun salute. In khaki, the envoy greeted Safdar Ali at the marquee on the Karakoram Highway, the men of Hunza kneeling at their ruler's feet. This was colonial diplomacy, based on protocol and etiquette, but Younghusband had not come for merely trivial discussions. Reinforced by Durand's troops, Younghusband's arguments were to prevent the criminal looting, murder and highway robbery. Impervious to reason though Safdar Ali was, Younghusband was not prepared to allow him to laugh at the Raj. A demonstration of firepower \"caused quite a sensation\", he wrote in his diaries. The British major was disdainful, but content when he left on 23 November to return to India, which he reached by Christmas.In 1890, Younghusband was sent on a mission to Chinese Turkestan, accompanied by George Macartney as interpreter. He spent the winter in Kashgar, where he left Macartney as British consul.[11] Younghusband wanted to investigate the Pamir Gap, a possible Russian entry route to India, but he had had to ensure that the Chinese at Kashgar were sorted out, to prevent a tripartite attempt by the Hunza clans. It was for this reason he recruited a Mandarin interpreter, junior officer George Macartney, to accompany his missions into the frozen mountains. They wintered in Kashgar as a listening post, meeting in conference with the Russian Nikolai Petrovsky, who had always resisted trade with Xinjiang (Sinkiang). The Russian agent was well-informed about British India, but proved unscrupulous. Believing he had succeeded, Younghusband did not reckon on Petrovsky's deal with the Taotai of Xinjiang.In July 1891, they were still in the Pamirs when news reached them that the Russians intended to send troops \"to note and report with the Chinese and Afghans\". At Bozai Gumbaz in the Little Pamir on 12 August he encountered Cossack soldiers, who forced him to leave the area.[12] This was one of the incidents which provoked the Hunza-Nagar Campaign. The troop of 20 or so soldiers planted a flag on what they anticipated was unclaimed territory, 150 miles south of the Russian border. However, the British considered the area to be Afghan territory. Colonel Yonov, decorated with the Order of St George, approached his camp to announce that the area now belonged to the Tsar. Younghusband learnt that they had raided the Chitral territory; furthermore, they had penetrated the Darkot Pass into the Yasin Valley. They were joined by eager intelligence officer Lieutenant Davison, but the British were disabused by Ivanov of British sovereignty: Younghusband remained polite, maintained protocol but hospitable to the big Russian bear hug.During his service in Kashmir, he wrote a book called Kashmir at the request of Edward M. J. Molyneux. Younghusband's descriptions went hand in glove with Molyneux's paintings of the valley. In the book, Younghusband declared his immense admiration of the natural beauty of Kashmir and its history. The Great Game, between Britain and Russia, continued beyond the start of the 20th century until officially ended by the 1907 Anglo-Russian Treaty. Younghusband, among other explorers such as Sven Hedin, Nikolay Przhevalsky, Shoqan Walikhanov and Sir Auriel Stein, had participated in earnest.[13] Rumours of Russian expansion into the Hindu Kush with a Russian presence in Tibet prompted the new Viceroy of India Lord Curzon to appoint Younghusband, by then a major, British commissioner to Tibet from 1902 to 1904.","title":"Indian Political Service career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamellar_coat_and_helmet._From_Tibet,_in_modern-day_China._14th-17th_century_CE._Iron,_leather,_and_textile._Presented_by_Lieutenant_Colonel_Sir_Francis_Younghusband._Discoveries_Gallery,_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lamellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellar_armour"},{"link_name":"Tibet Frontier Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Frontier_Commission"},{"link_name":"John Claude White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Claude_White"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"British expedition to Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"government of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Younghusband-15"},{"link_name":"Gyantse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyantse"},{"link_name":"Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ugyen Wangchuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugyen_Wangchuck"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhutan"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lhasa"},{"link_name":"Order of the Indian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianBio-2"},{"link_name":"Order of the Star of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List-18"},{"link_name":"Kaisar-I-Hind Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar-I-Hind_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianBio-2"},{"link_name":"Gold Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Scottish_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Fight for Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_for_Right_Movement"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time"}],"sub_title":"Expedition to Tibet","text":"Lamellar coat and helmet. From Tibet, in modern-day China. 14th–17th century CE. Iron, leather, and textile. Presented by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Younghusband. Discoveries Gallery, National Museum of ScotlandIn 1903, Curzon appointed Younghusband as the head of the Tibet Frontier Commission; John Claude White, the political officer of Sikkim, and E. C. Wilton, served as his deputy commissioners in the commission.[14] Younghusband subsequently led the British expedition to Tibet, which had the putative aim to settle disputes over the Sikkim–Tibet border, but eventually exceeded instructions from the government of the United Kingdom and became a de facto invasion of Tibet.[15] Roughly 100 miles (160 km) inside Tibet, on the way to Gyantse, thence to the capital of Lhasa, a confrontation outside the hamlet of Guru led to a victory by the expedition's troops over 600–700 Tibetan soldiers.[16] Younghusband's well-trained troops were armed with rifles and machine guns, enabling them to easily defeat disorganised Tibetan forces wielding hoes, swords and flintlocks.Ultimately, 202 men of Younghusband's expedition were killed in action while 411 died of non-combat causes.[17] The expedition was supported by King Ugyen Wangchuck of the Kingdom of Bhutan, who was knighted in return for his services. However, the invasion of Tibet embarrassed the British government, which desired good relations with the Qing dynasty for the sake of Britain's trade with Chinese coastal settlements. Accordingly, the British government repudiated the Treaty of Lhasa that Younghusband had signed with Tibetan leaders during the invasion.In 1891, Younghusband received the Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire,[2] and then he was awarded the honour of Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in December 1904.[18] He was also awarded the Kaisar-I-Hind Medal (gold) in 1901,[2] and the Gold Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1905.[19] In 1906, Younghusband settled in Kashmir as the British Resident representative before returning to Britain in 1909,[20] where he was an active member of many clubs and societies. In 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. During the First World War, his patriotic Fight for Right campaign commissioned the song \"Jerusalem\".","title":"Indian Political Service career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkestan La (North)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Col"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swa1-21"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest_Committee"},{"link_name":"1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_British_Mount_Everest_reconnaissance_expedition"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"George Mallory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mallory"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_expedition"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_expedition"},{"link_name":"Ernst Schäfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In 1889, Younghusband reached base of Turkestan La (North) from north, and he noted that this was a long glacier and a major Central Asian dividing range.[21]In 1919, Younghusband was elected President of the Royal Geographical Society, and two years later became Chairman of the Mount Everest Committee which was set up to coordinate the initial 1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition to Mount Everest.[22] He actively encouraged the accomplished climber George Mallory to attempt the first ascent of Mount Everest, and they followed the same initial route as the earlier Tibet Mission. Younghusband remained Chairman through the subsequent 1922 and 1924 British Expeditions.In 1938, Younghusband encouraged Ernst Schäfer, who was about to lead a German expedition, to \"sneak over the border\" when faced with British intransigence towards Schäfer's efforts to reach Tibet.[23]","title":"Himalaya and mountaineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Magniac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Magniac"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fleming-24"},{"link_name":"Eileen Younghusband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Younghusband_(British_social_worker)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-25"},{"link_name":"Westerham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerham"},{"link_name":"World Congress of Faiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Congress_of_Faiths&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Lytchett Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytchett_Minster"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnb-25"}],"text":"In 1897 Younghusband married Helen Augusta Magniac, the daughter of Charles Magniac, MP. Augusta's brother, Vernon, served as Younghusband's private secretary during the expedition to Tibet.[24] The Younghusbands had a son who died in infancy, and a daughter, Eileen Younghusband (1902–1981), who became a prominent social worker.[25]From 1921 to 1937 the couple lived at Westerham, Kent, but Helen did not accompany her husband on his travels. In July 1942 Younghusband suffered a stroke after addressing a meeting of the World Congress of Faiths in Birmingham. He died of cardiac failure on 31 July 1942 at Madeline Lees' home Post Green House, at Lytchett Minster, Dorset.[26] He was buried in the village churchyard.[25]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_French"},{"link_name":"Evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"Tolstoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"telepathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy"},{"link_name":"Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir"},{"link_name":"racial theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_theory"},{"link_name":"Bertrand Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"cosmic rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray"},{"link_name":"Altair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"World Congress of Faiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Congress_of_Faiths&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Parliament of Religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Parliament_of_Religions"},{"link_name":"Baden-Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell,_1st_Baron_Baden-Powell"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Gaia hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"pantheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Eastern philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Theosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowler_2001-32"},{"link_name":"Henri Bergson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson"},{"link_name":"life force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowler_2001-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowler_2001-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowler_2001-32"},{"link_name":"free love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_love"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Biographer Patrick French described Younghusband's religious belief as one who wasbrought up an Evangelical Christian, read his way into Tolstoyan simplicity, experienced a revelatory vision in the mountains of Tibet, toyed with telepathy in Kashmir, proposed a new faith based on virile racial theory, then transformed it into what Bertrand Russell called 'a religion of atheism.'[27]Ultimately he became a spiritualist and \"premature hippie\" who \"had great faith in the power of cosmic rays, and claimed that there are extraterrestrials with translucent flesh on the planet Altair.\"[28]During his 1904 retreat from Tibet, Younghusband had a mystical experience which suffused him with \"love for the whole world\" and convinced him that \"men at heart are divine\".[29] This conviction was tinged with regret for the invasion of Tibet, and eventually, in 1936, profound religious convictions invited a founder's address to the World Congress of Faiths (in imitation of the World Parliament of Religions). Younghusband published a number of books with titles including The Gleam: Being an account of the life of Nija Svabhava, pseud. (1923); Mother World (in Travail for the Christ that is to be) (1924); and Life in the Stars: An Exposition of the View that on some Planets of some Stars exist Beings higher than Ourselves, and on one a World-Leader, the Supreme Embodiment of the Eternal Spirit which animates the Whole (1927). The last drew the admiration of Lord Baden-Powell, the Boy Scouts founder.[30] Key concepts consisted of the central belief that would come to be known as the Gaia hypothesis, pantheism, and a Christlike \"world leader\" living on the planet \"Altair\" (or \"Stellair\"), exploring the theology of spiritualism, and guidance by means of telepathy.In his book Within: Thoughts During Convalescence (1912), Younghusband stated:We are giving up the idea that the Kingdom of God is in Heaven, and we are finding that the Kingdom of God is within us. We are relinquishing the old idea of an external God, above, apart, and separate from ourselves; and we are taking on the new idea of an internal spirit working within us – a constraining, immanent influence, a vital, propelling impulse vibrating through us all, expressing itself and fulfilling its purpose through us, and uniting us together in one vast spiritual unity.[31]Younghusband took interest in Eastern philosophy and Theosophy and dismissed the idea of an anthropomorphic god.[32] Taking influence from Henri Bergson's Creative Evolution, he proposed purpose in the cosmos through a creative life force. Younghusband's philosophy of cosmic spiritual evolution was outlined in his books Life in the Stars (1927) and The Living Universe (1933).[32] In the latter book he proposed the idea that the universe is a living organism. Younghusband held the view that spiritual forces in the universe are directing evolution and producing life and intelligence on many different planets.[32] Younghusband's ideas were dismissed by scientists and few took his ideas seriously. He founded the World Congress of Faiths to promote dialogue between different religions.[32]Younghusband allegedly believed in free love (\"freedom to unite when and how a man and a woman please\"), marriage laws examined as a matter of \"outdated custom\".[33]","title":"Spiritual life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gladys Aylward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Aylward"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman"},{"link_name":"The Inn of the Sixth Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inn_of_the_Sixth_Happiness"},{"link_name":"Ronald Squire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Squire"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Fictional portrayal","text":"One of Younghusband's domestic servants, Gladys Aylward, became a Christian missionary in China. The Ingrid Bergman film The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) is based on Gladys Aylward's life, with Ronald Squire portraying Younghusband.[34]","title":"Spiritual life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The heart of a continent: vol.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-A-56/V-1/"},{"link_name":"\"Our True Relationship with India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/Our_True_Relationship_with_India"},{"link_name":"Major Edward M. J. Molyneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Mary_Joseph_Molyneux"},{"link_name":"India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/indiatibethistor00younrich"},{"link_name":"Within: Thoughts During Convalescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/withinthoughtsdu00younrich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4179-8003-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-8003-6"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkirk,_op_cit-35"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-330-48285-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-48285-8"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopkirk,_op_cit-35"},{"link_name":"The Living Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/b29824357"}],"text":"Younghusband wrote prolifically between 1885 and 1942. Subjects ranged from Asian events, exploration, mountaineering, philosophy, spirituality, politics and more.Confidential Report of a Mission to the Northern Frontier of Kashmir in 1889 (Calcutta, 1890).\nThe Relief of Chitral (1895) (co-authored with his brother George John Younghusband)\nSouth Africa of Today (1896)\nThe Heart of a Continent (1896) The heart of a continent: vol.1\n\"Our True Relationship with India\" . The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. 1905. pp. 599–620.\nKashmir (1909) (with illustrations by Major Edward M. J. Molyneux)\nIndia and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904. London: John Murray. 1910.\nWithin: Thoughts During Convalescence (1912)\nMutual Influence: A Re-View of Religion (1915)\nThe Sense of Community (1916)\nThe Heart of Nature; or, The quest for natural beauty (1921)\nThe Gleam (1923)\nModern Mystics (1923) (ISBN 1-4179-8003-6, reprint 2004)\nMother World in Travail for the Christ that is to be (1924)\nWonders of the Himalayas (1924)[35]\nThe Epic of Mount Everest (1926) (ISBN 0-330-48285-8, reprint 2001).\nLife in the Stars (1927)\nThe Light of Experience (1927)[35]\nThe Coming Country: A Pre-Vision (1928)\nDawn in India (1930)\nThe Living Universe (1933)\nThe Mystery of Nature in Frances Mason. The Great Design: Order and Progress in Nature (1934)\nA Venture of Faith: Being a Description of the World Congress of Faiths held in London 1936 (1937)\nThe World's Need of Religion: Being the Proceedings of the World Congress of Faiths, Oxford, July 23rd-27th, 1937 (1937)\nThe Renascence of Religion (1938)\nThe Sum of Things (1939)\nVital Religion: A Brotherhood of Faith (1940)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schizopygopsis younghusbandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizopygopsis_younghusbandi"},{"link_name":"Regan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tate_Regan"},{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Yarlung Tsangpo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_River"},{"link_name":"Brahmaputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra"},{"link_name":"endorheic lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_basin"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETYFish-36"}],"text":"Schizopygopsis younghusbandi Regan, 1905 is a species of ray-finned fish endemic to Tibet. It occurs in the Yarlung Tsangpo River (=upper Brahmaputra) drainage and in endorheic lakes in its vicinity.[36]","title":"Taxon named in his honor"}]
[{"image_text":"A one-room inn in a then-wild area east of Tonghua, in Jilin, China, where Younghusband and his companions stayed in 1887[3]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Long_White_Mountain_-_p235_-_Interior_of_an_inn.png/220px-Long_White_Mountain_-_p235_-_Interior_of_an_inn.png"},{"image_text":"\"From Peking To Yarkand and Kashmir via the Mustagh Pass\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Younghusband_PekingToYarkand_Map.jpg/300px-Younghusband_PekingToYarkand_Map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lamellar coat and helmet. From Tibet, in modern-day China. 14th–17th century CE. Iron, leather, and textile. Presented by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Younghusband. Discoveries Gallery, National Museum of Scotland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lamellar_coat_and_helmet._From_Tibet%2C_in_modern-day_China._14th-17th_century_CE._Iron%2C_leather%2C_and_textile._Presented_by_Lieutenant_Colonel_Sir_Francis_Younghusband._Discoveries_Gallery%2C_National_Museum_of_Scotland.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Our True Relationship with India\" . The Empire and the century. London: John Murray. 1905. pp. 599–620.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/Our_True_Relationship_with_India","url_text":"\"Our True Relationship with India\""}]},{"reference":"India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904. London: John Murray. 1910.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indiatibethistor00younrich","url_text":"India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904"}]},{"reference":"\"MacGregor Medal\". United Service Institution of India. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210101214120/https://usiofindia.org/macgregor-medal/","url_text":"\"MacGregor Medal\""},{"url":"https://usiofindia.org/macgregor-medal/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"C. Hayavando Rao, ed. (1915). The Indian Biographical Dictionary. Madras: Pillar & Co. pp. 470–71. Retrieved 27 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary_%281915%29/Younghusband,_Lt.-Colonel_Sir_Francis_Edward","url_text":"The Indian Biographical Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"James, Sir Henry Evan Murchison (1888), The Long White Mountain, or, A journey in Manchuria: with some account of the history, people, administration and religion of that country, Longmans, Green, and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_James_(civil_servant)","url_text":"James, Sir Henry Evan Murchison"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4bICAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Long White Mountain, or, A journey in Manchuria: with some account of the history, people, administration and religion of that country"}]},{"reference":"Riddick, John (2006). The history of British India. Praeger. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-313-32280-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&q=Riddick&pg=PA82","url_text":"The history of British India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32280-8","url_text":"978-0-313-32280-8"}]},{"reference":"David Nalle (June 2000). \"Book Review – Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia\". Middle East Policy. VII (3). Washington DC: Blackwell. ISSN 1061-1924. Archived from the original on 1 June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060601233205/http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol7/0006_nalle.asp","url_text":"\"Book Review – Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Policy","url_text":"Middle East Policy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1061-1924","url_text":"1061-1924"},{"url":"http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol7/0006_nalle.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patrick French (2011). Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer. Penguin Books Limited. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-14-196430-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ENfKlCIqAxoC","url_text":"Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196430-0","url_text":"978-0-14-196430-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Tibetans' fight against British invasion\". En.Tibet.cn – China Tibet Information Center. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071103094834/http://en.tibet.cn/history/tib/t20050309_14950.htm","url_text":"\"Tibetans' fight against British invasion\""},{"url":"http://en.tibet.cn/history/tib/t20050309_14950.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nick Heil (2008). Dark Summit: The Extraordinary True Story of One of the Deadliest Seasons on Everest. Virgin Books Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7535-1359-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Heil&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Nick Heil"},{"url":"http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/heil-2008-dark-summit-extraordinary.html","url_text":"Dark Summit: The Extraordinary True Story of One of the Deadliest Seasons on Everest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-1359-0","url_text":"978-0-7535-1359-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Geographical Medal\". Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017024018/http://rsgs.org/inspiring-people/medals-awards/scottish-geographical-medal/","url_text":"\"Scottish Geographical Medal\""},{"url":"http://rsgs.org/inspiring-people/medals-awards/scottish-geographical-medal/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kwarteng, Kwasai (28 May 2012). Ghosts of Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781408829004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408829004","url_text":"9781408829004"}]},{"reference":"\"Text of The Epic of Mount Everest, Sir Francis Younghusband\". Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080526062632/http://www.mountain-portal.co.uk/text/everest/Evrst02.htm","url_text":"\"Text of The Epic of Mount Everest, Sir Francis Younghusband\""},{"url":"http://www.mountain-portal.co.uk/text/everest/Evrst02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Drake, Durant (1919). \"Seekers After God\" (PDF). The Harvard Theological Review. 12 (1): 67–83. doi:10.1017/S0017816000010294. JSTOR 1507913. S2CID 162397265.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1507913.pdf","url_text":"\"Seekers After God\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Theological_Review","url_text":"The Harvard Theological Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000010294","url_text":"10.1017/S0017816000010294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507913","url_text":"1507913"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162397265","url_text":"162397265"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). \"Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamilies ACROSSOCHEILINAE, BARBINAE, SPINIBARBINAE, SCHIZOTHORACINAE, SCHIZOPYGOPSINAE and Incertae sedis\". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007165259/http://etyfish.org/cypriniformes11/","url_text":"\"Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamilies ACROSSOCHEILINAE, BARBINAE, SPINIBARBINAE, SCHIZOTHORACINAE, SCHIZOPYGOPSINAE and Incertae sedis\""},{"url":"http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes11/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allen, Charles (2004). Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5427-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)","url_text":"Allen, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5427-6","url_text":"0-7195-5427-6"}]},{"reference":"Broadbent, Tom (2005). On Younghusband's Path: Peking to Pindi. Head-Hunter. ISBN 0-9548542-2-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9548542-2-5","url_text":"0-9548542-2-5"}]},{"reference":"Candler, Edmund (1905). The Unveiling of Lhasa. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Candler","url_text":"Candler, Edmund"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unveilingoflhasa00canduoft","url_text":"The Unveiling of Lhasa"}]},{"reference":"Carrington, Michael (2003). \"Officers Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet\". Modern Asian Studies. 37, 1: 81–109. doi:10.1017/S0026749X03001033. S2CID 144922428.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies","url_text":"Modern Asian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X03001033","url_text":"10.1017/S0026749X03001033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144922428","url_text":"144922428"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Peter (1986). Bayonets to Lhasa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195838626.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fleming_(writer)","url_text":"Fleming, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195838626","url_text":"978-0195838626"}]},{"reference":"French, Patrick (1994). Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-215733-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_French","url_text":"French, Patrick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-215733-0","url_text":"0-00-215733-0"}]},{"reference":"Hopkirk, Peter (1990). The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. Kodansha USA. pp. 447–482. ISBN 1-56836-022-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk","url_text":"Hopkirk, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Game:_The_Struggle_for_Empire_in_Central_Asia","url_text":"The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/greatgame00pete/page/447","url_text":"447–482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-022-3","url_text":"1-56836-022-3"}]},{"reference":"Mehra, P. (1968). The Younghusband Expedition.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Meyer, Karl E.; Brysac, Shareen Blair (25 October 1999). Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia. Basic Books. ISBN 978-1-58243-106-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_E._Meyer","url_text":"Meyer, Karl E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareen_Blair_Brysac","url_text":"Brysac, Shareen Blair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books","url_text":"Basic Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58243-106-2","url_text":"978-1-58243-106-2"}]},{"reference":"Seaver, George (1952). Francis Younghusband: Explorer and Mystic.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Archival material relating to Francis Younghusband\". UK National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F49468","url_text":"\"Archival material relating to Francis Younghusband\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"UK National Archives"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-A-56/V-1/","external_links_name":"The heart of a continent: vol.1"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Empire_and_the_century/Our_True_Relationship_with_India","external_links_name":"\"Our True Relationship with India\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/indiatibethistor00younrich","external_links_name":"India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/withinthoughtsdu00younrich","external_links_name":"Within: Thoughts During Convalescence"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b29824357","external_links_name":"The Living Universe"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210101214120/https://usiofindia.org/macgregor-medal/","external_links_name":"\"MacGregor Medal\""},{"Link":"https://usiofindia.org/macgregor-medal/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary_%281915%29/Younghusband,_Lt.-Colonel_Sir_Francis_Edward","external_links_name":"The Indian Biographical Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Avk88OI8bQkC","external_links_name":"The Heart of a Continent"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4bICAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Long White Mountain, or, A journey in Manchuria: with some account of the history, people, administration and religion of that country"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&q=Riddick&pg=PA82","external_links_name":"The history of British India"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060601233205/http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol7/0006_nalle.asp","external_links_name":"\"Book Review – Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1061-1924","external_links_name":"1061-1924"},{"Link":"http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol7/0006_nalle.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ENfKlCIqAxoC","external_links_name":"Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071103094834/http://en.tibet.cn/history/tib/t20050309_14950.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tibetans' fight against British invasion\""},{"Link":"http://en.tibet.cn/history/tib/t20050309_14950.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/amit/books/heil-2008-dark-summit-extraordinary.html","external_links_name":"Dark Summit: The Extraordinary True Story of One of the Deadliest Seasons on Everest"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA145","external_links_name":"The India List and India Office List for 1905"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017024018/http://rsgs.org/inspiring-people/medals-awards/scottish-geographical-medal/","external_links_name":"\"Scottish Geographical Medal\""},{"Link":"http://rsgs.org/inspiring-people/medals-awards/scottish-geographical-medal/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080526062632/http://www.mountain-portal.co.uk/text/everest/Evrst02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Text of The Epic of Mount Everest, Sir Francis Younghusband\""},{"Link":"http://www.mountain-portal.co.uk/text/everest/Evrst02.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1507913.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Seekers After God\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000010294","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0017816000010294"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1507913","external_links_name":"1507913"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162397265","external_links_name":"162397265"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007165259/http://etyfish.org/cypriniformes11/","external_links_name":"\"Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamilies ACROSSOCHEILINAE, BARBINAE, SPINIBARBINAE, SCHIZOTHORACINAE, SCHIZOPYGOPSINAE and Incertae sedis\""},{"Link":"http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes11/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/unveilingoflhasa00canduoft","external_links_name":"The Unveiling of Lhasa"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X03001033","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0026749X03001033"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144922428","external_links_name":"144922428"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/greatgame00pete/page/447","external_links_name":"447–482"},{"Link":"https://elinepa.org/the-1904-young-husband-s-expedition-to-tibet/","external_links_name":"The 1904 Younghusband's Expedition to Tibet"},{"Link":"http://rgssamachupicchu.blogspot.com.au/2017/10/2017-exhibition-catalogue-settlement-of.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/32545","external_links_name":"Works by Francis Younghusband"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20Francis%20Edward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20Francis%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20F%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20Edward%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20E%2E%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22F%2E%20E%2E%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Francis%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20Edward%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20E%2E%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20E%2E%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20Edward%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20Francis%20Edward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20Francis%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20F%2E%20E%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20F%2E%20Edward%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Francis%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20Francis%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20Edward%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20E%2E%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20title%3A%22F%2E%20E%2E%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Francis%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20Edward%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20E%2E%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20description%3A%22F%2E%20E%2E%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20Francis%20Edward%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20Francis%20E%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Francis%20Younghusband%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Younghusband%2C%20Francis%22%29%20OR%20%28%221863-1942%22%20AND%20Younghusband%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about Francis Younghusband"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/author/14328","external_links_name":"Works by Francis Younghusband"},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04988","external_links_name":"Portraits of Francis Younghusband"},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F49468","external_links_name":"\"Archival material relating to Francis Younghusband\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldfaiths.org/our-history/","external_links_name":"World Congress of Faiths' History"},{"Link":"http://images.rgs.org/search.aspx?view=dDw0OTk0MTgzODU7O2w8c2VhcmNoX2N0bDppbWFnZVN1Ym1pdDtzZWFyY2hfY3RsOnNlYXJjaFBob3RvZ3JhcGhPclBlcnNvblNob3duOjA7c2VhcmNoX2N0bDpzZWFyY2hQaG90b2dyYXBoT3JQZXJzb25TaG93bjoxO3NlYXJjaF9jdGw6c2VhcmNoUGhvdG9ncmFwaE9yUGVyc29uU2hvd246MTs%2BPi0zuGD4Dm6hTZYHYIHKs3%2Fw3xgS&search_ctl%3Akeyword=younghusband&search_ctl%3Aimage_type_list=0&search_ctl%3Acollection_list=-1&search_ctl%3Adate_range_list=0&search_ctl%3AregionEvent=0&search_ctl%3AdropdownThemes=0&search_ctl%3AsearchPhotographOrPersonShown%3A0=on&search_ctl%3AsearchPhotographOrPersonShown%3A1=on&search_ctl%3Arefine_keyword_field=&isAdvancedSearchDisplay=&search_ctl%3Acollection_choosed=&search_ctl%3AisButtongotoPressed=no&search_ctl%3AimageSubmit.x=12&search_ctl%3AimageSubmit.y=1","external_links_name":"Royal Geographic Society photograph of Younghusband's Mission to Tibet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050204123419/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/DG1kdg.htm","external_links_name":"1st King's Dragoon Guards (regiments.org)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/heartofnatureorq00youniala","external_links_name":"The heart of nature (1921)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/IndiaAndTibet","external_links_name":"India and Tibet (1910)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/4544/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000109174734","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/76402504","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4dTWXfQrqqfDB9GhPwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2034947","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000212944","external_links_name":"Chile"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5374249","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12402977p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12402977p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523744406706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119036754","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463241705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50014608","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/20dgcd5l2gchl9w","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000196308&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00461664","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0208370&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35625231","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071768610","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p186654863","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810687621005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/256234","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01796186?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1019704","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q82spb","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/077114558","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway
Headway
["1 Description","1.1 Different measures","1.2 Railway examples","1.3 Other examples","1.4 Low-headway systems","2 Headway and route capacity","2.1 Minimum safe headway","2.2 Capacity","2.3 Examples","3 Headways and ridership","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Bibliography"]
Distance between vehicles in a transit system measured in time or space This article is about the transportation term. For other uses, see Headway (disambiguation). Headway is the distance or duration between vehicles in a transit system measured in space or time. The minimum headway is the shortest such distance or time achievable by a system without a reduction in the speed of vehicles. The precise definition varies depending on the application, but it is most commonly measured as the distance from the tip (front end) of one vehicle to the tip of the next one behind it. It can be expressed as the distance between vehicles, or as time it will take for the trailing vehicle to cover that distance. A "shorter" headway signifies closer spacing between the vehicles. Airplanes operate with headways measured in hours or days, freight trains and commuter rail systems might have headways measured in parts of an hour, metro and light rail systems operate with headways on the order of 90 seconds to 20 minutes, and vehicles on a freeway can have as little as 2 seconds headway between them. Headway is a key input in calculating the overall route capacity of any transit system. A system that requires large headways has more empty space than passenger capacity, which lowers the total number of passengers or cargo quantity being transported for a given length of line (railroad or highway, for instance). In this case, the capacity has to be improved through the use of larger vehicles. On the other end of the scale, a system with short headways, like cars on a freeway, can offer relatively large capacities even though the vehicles carry few passengers. The term is most often applied to rail transport and bus transport, where low headways are often needed to move large numbers of people in mass transit railways and bus rapid transit systems. A lower headway requires more infrastructure, making lower headways expensive to achieve. Modern large cities require passenger rail systems with tremendous capacity, and low headways allow passenger demand to be met in all but the busiest cities. Newer signalling systems and moving block controls have significantly reduced headways in modern systems compared to the same lines only a few years ago. In principle, automated personal rapid transit systems and automobile platoons could reduce headways to as little as fractions of a second. Description Different measures There are a number of different ways to measure and express the same concept, the distance between vehicles. The differences are largely due to historical development in different countries or fields. The term developed from railway use, where the distance between the trains was very great compared to the length of the train itself. Measuring headway from the front of one train to the front of the next was simple and consistent with timetable scheduling of trains, but constraining tip-to-tip headway does not always ensure safety. In the case of a metro system, train lengths are uniformly short and the headway allowed for stopping is much longer, so tip-to-tip headway may be used with a minor safety factor. Where vehicle size varies and may be longer than their stopping distances or spacing, as with freight trains and highway applications, tip-to-tail measurements are more common. The units of measure also vary. The most common terminology is to use the time of passing from one vehicle to the next, which closely mirrors the way the headways were measured in the past. A timer is started when one train passes a point, and then measures time until the next one passes, giving the tip-to-tip time. This same measure can also be expressed in terms of vehicles-per-hour, which is used on the Moscow Metro for instance. Distance measurements are somewhat common in non-train applications, like vehicles on a road, but time measurements are common here as well. Railway examples An example of headway on a railway system with multiple block section. Train B can only enter a section with a green or yellow "aspect" (light), and must reduce speed when passing a yellow signal to the point where they can stop within the sighting distance. Train movements in most rail systems are tightly controlled by railway signalling systems. In many railways drivers are given instructions on speeds, and routes through the rail network. Trains can only accelerate and decelerate relatively slowly, so stopping from anything but low speeds requires several hundred metres or even more. The track distance required to stop is often much longer than the range of the driver's vision. If the track ahead is obstructed, for example a train is at stop there, then the train behind it will probably see it far too late to avoid a collision. Signalling systems serve to provide drivers with information on the state of the track ahead, so that a collision may be avoided. A side effect of this important safety function is that the headway of any rail system is effectively determined by the structure of the signalling system, and particularly the spacing between signals and the amount of information that can be provided in the signal. Rail system headways can be calculated from the signalling system. In practice there are a variety of different methods of keeping trains apart, some which are manual such as train order working or systems involving telegraphs, and others which rely entirely on signalling infrastructure to regulate train movements. Manual systems of working trains are common in area with low numbers of train movements, and headways are more often discussed in the context of non-manual systems. For automatic block signalling (ABS), the headway is measured in minutes, and calculated from the time from the passage of a train to when the signalling system returns to full clear (proceed). It is not normally measured tip to tip. An ABS system divides the track into block sections, into which only one train can enter at a time. Commonly trains are kept two to three block sections apart, depending on how the signalling system is designed, and so the length of the block section will often determine the headway. To have visual contact as a method to avoid collision (such as during shunting) is done only at low speeds, like 40 km/h. A key safety factor of train operations is to space the trains out by at least this distance, the "brick-wall stop" criterion. In order to signal the trains in time to allow them to stop, the railways placed workmen on the lines who timed the passing of a train, and then signalled any following trains if a certain elapsed time had not passed. This is why train headways are normally measured as tip-to-tip times, because the clock was reset as the engine passed the workman. As remote signalling systems were invented, the workmen were replaced with signal towers at set locations along the track. This broke the track into a series of block sections between the towers. Trains were not allowed to enter a section until the signal said it was clear. This had the side-effect of limiting the maximum speed of the trains to the speed where they could stop in the distance of one block section. This was an important consideration for the Advanced Passenger Train in the United Kingdom, where the lengths of block sections limited speeds and demanded a new braking system be developed. There is no perfect block-section size for the block-control approach. Longer sections, using as few signals as possible, are advantageous because signals are expensive and are points of failure, and they allow higher speeds because the trains have more room to stop. On the other hand, they also increase the headway, and thus reduce the overall capacity of the line. These needs have to be balanced on a case-by-case basis. Other examples In the case of automobile traffic, the key consideration in braking performance is the user's reaction time. Unlike the train case, the stopping distance is generally much shorter than the spotting distance. That means that the driver will be matching their speed to the vehicle in front before they reach it, eliminating the "brick-wall" effect. Widely used numbers are that a car traveling at 60 mph will require about 225 feet to stop, a distance it will cover just under 6 seconds. Nevertheless, highway travel often occurs with considerable safety with tip-to-tail headways on the order of 2 seconds. That's because the user's reaction time is about 1.5 seconds so 2 seconds allows for a slight overlap that makes up for any difference in braking performance between the two cars. Various personal rapid transit systems in the 1970s considerably reduced the headways compared to earlier rail systems. Under computer control, reaction times can be reduced to fractions of a second. Whether traditional headway regulations should apply to PRT and car train technology is debatable. In the case of the Cabinentaxi system developed in Germany, headways were set to 1.9 seconds because the developers were forced to adhere to the brick-wall criterion. In experiments, they demonstrated headways on the order of half of a second. In 2017, in the UK, 66% of cars and Light Commercial Vehicles, and 60% of motorcycles left the recommended two-second gap between themselves and other vehicles. Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Low-headway systems Headway spacing is selected by various safety criteria, but the basic concept remains the same – leave enough time for the vehicle to safely stop behind the vehicle in front of it. The "safely stop" criterion has a non-obvious solution, however; if a vehicle follows immediately behind the one in front, the vehicle in front simply cannot stop quickly enough to damage the vehicle behind it. An example would be a conventional train, where the vehicles are held together and have only a few millimetres of "play" in the couplings. Even when the locomotive applies emergency braking, the cars following do not suffer any damage because they quickly close the gap in the couplings before the speed difference can build up. There have been many experiments with automated driving systems that follow this logic and greatly decrease headways to tenths or hundredths of a second in order to improve safety. Today, modern CBTC railway signalling systems are able to significantly reduce headway between trains in the operation. Using automated "car follower" cruise control systems, vehicles can be formed into platoons (or flocks) that approximate the capacity of conventional trains. These systems were first employed as part of personal rapid transit research, but later using conventional cars with autopilot-like systems. Paris Métro Line 14 runs with headways as low as 85 seconds, while several lines of the Moscow Metro have peak hour headways of 90 seconds. Headway and route capacity Route capacity is defined by three figures; the number of passengers (or weight of cargo) per vehicle, the maximum safe speed of the vehicles, and the number of vehicles per unit time. Since the headway factors into two of the three inputs, it is a primary consideration in capacity calculations. The headway, in turn, is defined by the braking performance, or some external factor based on it, like block sizes. Following the methods in Anderson: Minimum safe headway The minimum safe headway measured tip-to-tail is defined by the braking performance: T m i n = t r + k V 2 ( 1 a f − 1 a l ) {\displaystyle T_{min}=t_{r}+{\frac {kV}{2}}\left({\frac {1}{a_{f}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{l}}}\right)} where: T m i n {\displaystyle T_{min}} is the minimum safe headway, in seconds V {\displaystyle V} is the speed of the vehicles t r {\displaystyle t_{r}} is the reaction time, the maximum time it takes for a following vehicle to detect a malfunction in the leader, and to fully apply the emergency brakes. a f {\displaystyle a_{f}} is the minimum braking deceleration of the follower. a l {\displaystyle a_{l}} is the maximum braking deceleration of the leader. For brick-wall considerations, a l {\displaystyle a_{l}} is infinite and this consideration is eliminated. k {\displaystyle k} is an arbitrary safety factor, greater than or equal to 1. The tip-to-tip headway is simply the tip-to-tail headway plus the length of the vehicle, expressed in time: T t o t = L V + t r + k V 2 ( 1 a f − 1 a l ) {\displaystyle T_{tot}={\frac {L}{V}}+t_{r}+{\frac {kV}{2}}\left({\frac {1}{a_{f}}}-{\frac {1}{a_{l}}}\right)} where: T t o t {\displaystyle T_{tot}} time for vehicle and headway to pass a point L {\displaystyle L} is the vehicle length Capacity The vehicular capacity of a single lane of vehicles is simply the inverse of the tip-to-tip headway. This is most often expressed in vehicles-per-hour: n v e h = 3600 T m i n {\displaystyle n_{veh}={\frac {3600}{T_{min}}}} where: n v e h {\displaystyle n_{veh}} is the number of vehicles per hour T m i n {\displaystyle T_{min}} is the minimum safe headway, in seconds The passenger capacity of the lane is simply the product of vehicle capacity and the passenger capacity of the vehicles: n p a s = P 3600 T m i n {\displaystyle n_{pas}=P{\frac {3600}{T_{min}}}} where: n p a s {\displaystyle n_{pas}} is the number of passengers per hour P {\displaystyle P} is the maximum passenger capacity per vehicle T m i n {\displaystyle T_{min}} is the minimum safe headway, in seconds Examples Consider these examples: 1) freeway traffic, per lane: 100 km/h (~28 m/s) speeds, 4 passengers per vehicle, 4 meter vehicle length, 2.5 m/s^2 braking (1/4 g), 2 second reaction time, brick-wall stop, k {\displaystyle k} of 1.5; T t o t = 4 28 + 2 + 1.5 × 28 2 ( 1 2.5 ) {\displaystyle T_{tot}={\frac {4}{28}}+2+{\frac {1.5\times 28}{2}}\left({\frac {1}{2.5}}\right)} n p a s = P × 3600 T t o t {\displaystyle n_{pas}={P}\times {\frac {3600}{T_{tot}}}} T t o t {\displaystyle T_{tot}} = 10.5 seconds ; n p a s {\displaystyle n_{pas}} = 7,200 passengers per hour if 4 people per car and 2 seconds headway is assumed, or 342 passengers per hour if 1 person per car and 10,5 seconds headway is assumed. The headway used in reality is much less than 10.5 seconds, since the brick-wall principle is not used on freeways. In reality, 1.5 persons per car and 2 seconds headway can be assumed, giving 1800 cars or 2700 passengers per lane and hour. For comparison, the Marin County, California (near San Francisco) states that peak flow on the three-lane Highway 101 is about 7,200 vehicles per hour. This is about the same number of passengers per lane. Notwithstanding these formulas it is widely known that reducing headway increases risk of collision in standard private automobile settings and is often referred to as tailgating. 2) metro system, per line: 40 km/h (~11 m/s) speeds, 1000 passengers, 100 meter vehicle length, 0.5 m/s^2 braking, 2 second reaction time, brick-wall stop, k {\displaystyle k} of 1.5; T t o t = 100 11 + 2 + 1.5 × 11 2 ( 1 0.5 ) {\displaystyle T_{tot}={\frac {100}{11}}+2+{\frac {1.5\times 11}{2}}\left({\frac {1}{0.5}}\right)} n p a s = 1000 × 3600 T t o t {\displaystyle n_{pas}={1000}\times {\frac {3600}{T_{tot}}}} T t o t {\displaystyle T_{tot}} = 28 seconds ; n p a s {\displaystyle n_{pas}} = 130,000 passengers per hour Note that most signalling systems used on metros place an artificial limit on headway that is not dependent on braking performance. Also the time needed for station stops limits the headway. Using a typical figure of 2 minutes (120 seconds): n p a s = 1000 × 3600 120 {\displaystyle n_{pas}={1000}\times {\frac {3600}{120}}} n p a s {\displaystyle n_{pas}} = 30,000 passengers per hour Since the headway of a metro is constrained by signalling considerations, not vehicle performance, reductions in headway through improved signalling have a direct impact on passenger capacity. For this reason, the London Underground system has spent a considerable amount of money on upgrading the SSR Network, Jubilee and Central lines with new CBTC signalling to reduce the headway from about 3 minutes to 1, while preparing for the 2012 Olympics. 3) automated personal rapid transit system, 30 km/h (~8 m/s) speeds, 3 passengers, 3 meter vehicle length, 2.5 m/s^2 braking (1/4 g), 0.01 second reaction time, brake-failure on lead vehicle for 1 m/s slowing, bot 2.5, m/s if lead vehicle breaks. k {\displaystyle k} of 1.1; T t o t = 3 8 + 0.01 + 1.1 × 8 2 ( 1 2.5 − 1 2.5 ) {\displaystyle T_{tot}={\frac {3}{8}}+0.01+{\frac {1.1\times 8}{2}}\left({\frac {1}{2.5}}-{\frac {1}{2.5}}\right)} n p a s = 3 × 3600 0.385 {\displaystyle n_{pas}={3}\times {\frac {3600}{0.385}}} T t o t {\displaystyle T_{tot}} = 3 seconds ; n p a s {\displaystyle n_{pas}} = 28,000 passengers per hour This number is similar to the ones proposed by the Cabinentaxi system, although they predicted that actual use would be much lower. Although PRTs have less passenger seating and speeds, their shorter headways dramatically improve passenger capacity. However, these systems are often constrained by brick-wall considerations for legal reasons, which limits their performance to a car-like 2 seconds. In this case: n p a s = 3 × 3600 2 {\displaystyle n_{pas}={3}\times {\frac {3600}{2}}} n p a s {\displaystyle n_{pas}} = 5,400 passengers per hour Headways and ridership Headways have an enormous impact on ridership levels above a certain critical waiting time. Following Boyle, the effect of changes in headway are directly proportional to changes in ridership by a simple conversion factor of 1.5. That is, if a headway is reduced from 12 to 10 minutes, the average rider wait time will decrease by 1 minute, the overall trip time by the same one minute, so the ridership increase will be on the order of 1 x 1.5 + 1 or about 2.5%. Also see Ceder for an extensive discussion. References Notes ^ The Metro normally states their best headway as 142 trains per hour, but their english page Archived 21 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine uses the more familiar units. ^ Parkinson and Fisher, pg 17 ^ For a links to a variety of sources on the brick-wall stop in public transit planning, see Richard Gronning, "Brick-Wall Stops and PRT", June 2009 ^ Leonard Hugh Williams, "Advanced Passenger Train: A Promise Unfulfilled", Ian Allan, 1985, ISBN 0-7110-1474-4 ^ Parkinson and Fisher, pg 18–19 ^ Van Winsum, W.; Brouwer, W. (1997). "Time Headway in Car following and Operational Performance during Unexpected Braking". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 84 (3 supplement): 1247–1257. doi:10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1247. PMID 9229443. S2CID 6944186. ^ Carnegie, Appendix 1 ^ "Vehicle Speed Compliance Statistics, Great Britain: 2017" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2023. ^ "Paris Metro Line 14 extended, transforming it into the longest, fastest and best performing line". 23 December 2020. ^ "Moscow metro benefits from modernisation". ^ "Traffic Analysis Toolbox", US Department of Transit, FHWA-HRT-04-040 ^ Anderson, pg. 47–48 ^ "How a Freeway Breaks Down", Marin County Public Works ^ Bombardier to Deliver Major London Underground Signalling. Press release, Bombardier Transportation Media Center, 2011. Accessed June 2011 ^ railway-technology.com, "London Olympics Transport Upgrade" ^ "Communications on research ained at improving transport conditions in cities, towns and other built-up areas", Forschung Stadtverkehr, Issue 25 (1979) ^ Boyle, pg. 13 ^ Ceder, pg. 537–542 Bibliography John Edward Anderson, "Transit Systems Theory", Lexington Books, 1978 John Edward Anderson, "The Capacity of a Personal Rapid Transit System", 13 May 1997 Daniel Boyle, "Fixed Route Transit Ridership Forecasting and Service Planning Methods", Synthesis of Transit Practice, Volume 66 (2006), Transportation Research Board, ISBN 0-309-09772-X Jon Carnegie, Alan Voorhees and Paul Hoffman, "Viability of Personal Rapid Transit In New Jersey", February 2007 Avishai Ceder, "Public transit planning and operation: theory, modelling and practice", Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007, ISBN 0-7506-6166-6 Tom Parkinson and Ian Fisher, "Rail Transit Capacity", Transportation Research Board, 1996, ISBN 0-309-05718-3 vtePublic transportBus service Bus driver list Bus rapid transit Charabanc Circle route Cross-city route Express bus Guided bus Intercity bus driver Marshrutka Open top bus Pesero Public light bus Rail replacement bus Share taxi/Taxibus Shuttle bus Transit bus Trolleybus Rail Passenger rail terminology glossary Airport rail link Cable car Commuter rail Circle route Cross-city route Elevated railway Funicular Heavy rail Heritage railway Heritage streetcar High-speed rail Higher-speed rail Horsecar Inter-city rail Interurban Light rail Maglev Medium-capacity rail system Monorail Narrow-gauge railway People mover Platform screen doors Railbus Metro/Rapid Transit Rubber-tyred metro Regional rail Street running Suspension railway Tram Tram-train Vehicles for hire Auto rickshaw taxi Boda boda Combination bus Cycle rickshaw Demand-responsive transport Microtransit Paratransit Dollar van Dolmuş Gondola Hackney carriage Jeepney Limousine Motorcycle taxi Marshrutka Nanny van Personal rapid transit Pesero Public light bus Pulled rickshaw Share taxi Songthaew Taxi Tuk tuk Carpooling Car jockey Flexible carpooling Real-time ridesharing Slugging Vanpool Ship Cable ferry Ferry Hovercraft Hydrofoil Ocean liner Vaporetto Water taxi Cable Aerial tramway Cable ferry Cable railway Elevator Funicular Gondola lift bicable tricable Inclined elevator Building transport Elevator Escalator Moving walkway Inclined elevator Othertransport Airline Airliner Carsharing Bicycle-sharing Scooter-sharing Elevator Escalator Horse-drawn vehicle Hyperloop Inclined elevator Moving walkway Personal transporter Robotaxi Shweeb Slope car Trackless train Vactrain Locations Airport Bus bulb Bus garage Bus lane Bus stand Bus station Bus stop Bus turnout (bus bay) Dry dock Ferry terminal Hangar Harbor Interchange station Kassel kerb Layover Metro station Park and ride Port Queue jump Taxicab stand Train station Tram stop Transit mall Transport hub Ticketingand fares Automated fare collection Bus advertising Contract of carriage Dead mileage Exit fare Fare avoidance Fare capping Fare evasion Farebox recovery ratio Free public transport Free travel pass Integrated ticketing Manual fare collection Money train Paid area Penalty fare Proof-of-payment Reduced fare program Smart cards (CIPURSE, Calypso) Ticket machine Transfer Transit pass Routing Circle route Cross-city route Network length Non-revenue track Radial route Transport network Facilities Checked baggage First class Sleeper Standing passenger Travel class Scheduling Bus bunching Clock-face scheduling Headway Night (owl) service On-time performance Public transport timetable Short turn Politics Airport security Complete streets Green transport hierarchy Rail subsidies Security Street hierarchy Transit district Transit police Transit-oriented development (TOD) Transportation authority Transportation demand management Transportation planning Technologyand signage Destination sign Passenger information system Platform display Timetable Other topics Boarding Bus rapid transit creep Crush load Destination sign Dwell time Hail and ride Land transport Outline of transport Passenger load factor Public good Request stop Service Sustainable transport Timing point Transit map Transport economics Micromobility Transport portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Headway (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headway_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Airplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"freight trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_train"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeway"},{"link_name":"route capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_capacity"},{"link_name":"rail transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"bus transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_transport"},{"link_name":"bus rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"moving block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_block_signalling"},{"link_name":"personal rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"automobile platoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon_(automobile)"}],"text":"This article is about the transportation term. For other uses, see Headway (disambiguation).Headway is the distance or duration between vehicles in a transit system measured in space or time. The minimum headway is the shortest such distance or time achievable by a system without a reduction in the speed of vehicles. The precise definition varies depending on the application, but it is most commonly measured as the distance from the tip (front end) of one vehicle to the tip of the next one behind it. It can be expressed as the distance between vehicles, or as time it will take for the trailing vehicle to cover that distance. A \"shorter\" headway signifies closer spacing between the vehicles. Airplanes operate with headways measured in hours or days, freight trains and commuter rail systems might have headways measured in parts of an hour, metro and light rail systems operate with headways on the order of 90 seconds to 20 minutes, and vehicles on a freeway can have as little as 2 seconds headway between them.Headway is a key input in calculating the overall route capacity of any transit system. A system that requires large headways has more empty space than passenger capacity, which lowers the total number of passengers or cargo quantity being transported for a given length of line (railroad or highway, for instance). In this case, the capacity has to be improved through the use of larger vehicles. On the other end of the scale, a system with short headways, like cars on a freeway, can offer relatively large capacities even though the vehicles carry few passengers.The term is most often applied to rail transport and bus transport, where low headways are often needed to move large numbers of people in mass transit railways and bus rapid transit systems. A lower headway requires more infrastructure, making lower headways expensive to achieve. Modern large cities require passenger rail systems with tremendous capacity, and low headways allow passenger demand to be met in all but the busiest cities. Newer signalling systems and moving block controls have significantly reduced headways in modern systems compared to the same lines only a few years ago. In principle, automated personal rapid transit systems and automobile platoons could reduce headways to as little as fractions of a second.","title":"Headway"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Metro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Different measures","text":"There are a number of different ways to measure and express the same concept, the distance between vehicles. The differences are largely due to historical development in different countries or fields.The term developed from railway use, where the distance between the trains was very great compared to the length of the train itself. Measuring headway from the front of one train to the front of the next was simple and consistent with timetable scheduling of trains, but constraining tip-to-tip headway does not always ensure safety. In the case of a metro system, train lengths are uniformly short and the headway allowed for stopping is much longer, so tip-to-tip headway may be used with a minor safety factor. Where vehicle size varies and may be longer than their stopping distances or spacing, as with freight trains and highway applications, tip-to-tail measurements are more common.The units of measure also vary. The most common terminology is to use the time of passing from one vehicle to the next, which closely mirrors the way the headways were measured in the past. A timer is started when one train passes a point, and then measures time until the next one passes, giving the tip-to-tip time. This same measure can also be expressed in terms of vehicles-per-hour, which is used on the Moscow Metro for instance.[1] Distance measurements are somewhat common in non-train applications, like vehicles on a road, but time measurements are common here as well.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3_aspect_headway.jpg"},{"link_name":"railway signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling"},{"link_name":"Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train"},{"link_name":"automatic block signalling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_block_signalling"},{"link_name":"shunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting_(rail)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Advanced Passenger Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Passenger_Train"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Railway examples","text":"An example of headway on a railway system with multiple block section. Train B can only enter a section with a green or yellow \"aspect\" (light), and must reduce speed when passing a yellow signal to the point where they can stop within the sighting distance.Train movements in most rail systems are tightly controlled by railway signalling systems. In many railways drivers are given instructions on speeds, and routes through the rail network. Trains can only accelerate and decelerate relatively slowly, so stopping from anything but low speeds requires several hundred metres or even more. The track distance required to stop is often much longer than the range of the driver's vision. If the track ahead is obstructed, for example a train is at stop there, then the train behind it will probably see it far too late to avoid a collision.Signalling systems serve to provide drivers with information on the state of the track ahead, so that a collision may be avoided. A side effect of this important safety function is that the headway of any rail system is effectively determined by the structure of the signalling system, and particularly the spacing between signals and the amount of information that can be provided in the signal. Rail system headways can be calculated from the signalling system. In practice there are a variety of different methods of keeping trains apart, some which are manual such as train order working or systems involving telegraphs, and others which rely entirely on signalling infrastructure to regulate train movements. Manual systems of working trains are common in area with low numbers of train movements, and headways are more often discussed in the context of non-manual systems.For automatic block signalling (ABS), the headway is measured in minutes, and calculated from the time from the passage of a train to when the signalling system returns to full clear (proceed). It is not normally measured tip to tip. An ABS system divides the track into block sections, into which only one train can enter at a time. Commonly trains are kept two to three block sections apart, depending on how the signalling system is designed, and so the length of the block section will often determine the headway.To have visual contact as a method to avoid collision (such as during shunting) is done only at low speeds, like 40 km/h. A key safety factor of train operations is to space the trains out by at least this distance, the \"brick-wall stop\" criterion.[2][3] In order to signal the trains in time to allow them to stop, the railways placed workmen on the lines who timed the passing of a train, and then signalled any following trains if a certain elapsed time had not passed. This is why train headways are normally measured as tip-to-tip times, because the clock was reset as the engine passed the workman.As remote signalling systems were invented, the workmen were replaced with signal towers at set locations along the track. This broke the track into a series of block sections between the towers. Trains were not allowed to enter a section until the signal said it was clear. This had the side-effect of limiting the maximum speed of the trains to the speed where they could stop in the distance of one block section. This was an important consideration for the Advanced Passenger Train in the United Kingdom, where the lengths of block sections limited speeds and demanded a new braking system be developed.[4]There is no perfect block-section size for the block-control approach. Longer sections, using as few signals as possible, are advantageous because signals are expensive and are points of failure, and they allow higher speeds because the trains have more room to stop. On the other hand, they also increase the headway, and thus reduce the overall capacity of the line. These needs have to be balanced on a case-by-case basis.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"personal rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Cabinentaxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinentaxi"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Other examples","text":"In the case of automobile traffic, the key consideration in braking performance is the user's reaction time.[6] Unlike the train case, the stopping distance is generally much shorter than the spotting distance. That means that the driver will be matching their speed to the vehicle in front before they reach it, eliminating the \"brick-wall\" effect.Widely used numbers are that a car traveling at 60 mph will require about 225 feet to stop, a distance it will cover just under 6 seconds. Nevertheless, highway travel often occurs with considerable safety with tip-to-tail headways on the order of 2 seconds. That's because the user's reaction time is about 1.5 seconds so 2 seconds allows for a slight overlap that makes up for any difference in braking performance between the two cars.Various personal rapid transit systems in the 1970s considerably reduced the headways compared to earlier rail systems. Under computer control, reaction times can be reduced to fractions of a second. Whether traditional headway regulations should apply to PRT and car train technology is debatable. In the case of the Cabinentaxi system developed in Germany, headways were set to 1.9 seconds because the developers were forced to adhere to the brick-wall criterion. In experiments, they demonstrated headways on the order of half of a second.[7]In 2017, in the UK, 66% of cars and Light Commercial Vehicles, and 60% of motorcycles left the recommended two-second gap between themselves and other vehicles.[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication-based_train_control"},{"link_name":"cruise control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_control"},{"link_name":"platoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Paris Métro Line 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro_Line_14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Moscow Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Metro"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Low-headway systems","text":"Headway spacing is selected by various safety criteria, but the basic concept remains the same – leave enough time for the vehicle to safely stop behind the vehicle in front of it. The \"safely stop\" criterion has a non-obvious solution, however; if a vehicle follows immediately behind the one in front, the vehicle in front simply cannot stop quickly enough to damage the vehicle behind it. An example would be a conventional train, where the vehicles are held together and have only a few millimetres of \"play\" in the couplings. Even when the locomotive applies emergency braking, the cars following do not suffer any damage because they quickly close the gap in the couplings before the speed difference can build up.There have been many experiments with automated driving systems that follow this logic and greatly decrease headways to tenths or hundredths of a second in order to improve safety. Today, modern CBTC railway signalling systems are able to significantly reduce headway between trains in the operation. Using automated \"car follower\" cruise control systems, vehicles can be formed into platoons (or flocks) that approximate the capacity of conventional trains. These systems were first employed as part of personal rapid transit research, but later using conventional cars with autopilot-like systems.Paris Métro Line 14 runs with headways as low as 85 seconds,[9] while several lines of the Moscow Metro have peak hour headways of 90 seconds.[10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"number of passengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_of_passengers"},{"link_name":"number of vehicles per unit time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_capacity"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Route capacity is defined by three figures; the number of passengers (or weight of cargo) per vehicle, the maximum safe speed of the vehicles, and the number of vehicles per unit time.\nSince the headway factors into two of the three inputs, it is a primary consideration in capacity calculations.[11] The headway, in turn, is defined by the braking performance, or some external factor based on it, like block sizes. Following the methods in Anderson:[12]","title":"Headway and route capacity"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Minimum safe headway","text":"The minimum safe headway measured tip-to-tail is defined by the braking performance:T\n \n m\n i\n n\n \n \n =\n \n t\n \n r\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n k\n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n l\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{min}=t_{r}+{\\frac {kV}{2}}\\left({\\frac {1}{a_{f}}}-{\\frac {1}{a_{l}}}\\right)}where:T\n \n m\n i\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{min}}\n \n is the minimum safe headway, in seconds\n\n \n \n \n V\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V}\n \n is the speed of the vehicles\n\n \n \n \n \n t\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{r}}\n \n is the reaction time, the maximum time it takes for a following vehicle to detect a malfunction in the leader, and to fully apply the emergency brakes.\n\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{f}}\n \n is the minimum braking deceleration of the follower.\n\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n l\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{l}}\n \n is the maximum braking deceleration of the leader. For brick-wall considerations, \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n l\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{l}}\n \n is infinite and this consideration is eliminated.\n\n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is an arbitrary safety factor, greater than or equal to 1.The tip-to-tip headway is simply the tip-to-tail headway plus the length of the vehicle, expressed in time:T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n =\n \n \n L\n V\n \n \n +\n \n t\n \n r\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n k\n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n f\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n l\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{tot}={\\frac {L}{V}}+t_{r}+{\\frac {kV}{2}}\\left({\\frac {1}{a_{f}}}-{\\frac {1}{a_{l}}}\\right)}where:T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{tot}}\n \n time for vehicle and headway to pass a point\n\n \n \n \n L\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L}\n \n is the vehicle length","title":"Headway and route capacity"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Capacity","text":"The vehicular capacity of a single lane of vehicles is simply the inverse of the tip-to-tip headway. This is most often expressed in vehicles-per-hour:n\n \n v\n e\n h\n \n \n =\n \n \n 3600\n \n T\n \n m\n i\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{veh}={\\frac {3600}{T_{min}}}}where:n\n \n v\n e\n h\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{veh}}\n \n is the number of vehicles per hour\n\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n m\n i\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{min}}\n \n is the minimum safe headway, in secondsThe passenger capacity of the lane is simply the product of vehicle capacity and the passenger capacity of the vehicles:n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n =\n P\n \n \n 3600\n \n T\n \n m\n i\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}=P{\\frac {3600}{T_{min}}}}where:n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}}\n \n is the number of passengers per hour\n\n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is the maximum passenger capacity per vehicle\n\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n m\n i\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{min}}\n \n is the minimum safe headway, in seconds","title":"Headway and route capacity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marin County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_County,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Highway 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_101_in_California"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"tailgating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailgating"},{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSR-14"},{"link_name":"Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_line"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)"},{"link_name":"CBTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication-based_train_control"},{"link_name":"2012 Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"personal rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"Cabinentaxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinentaxi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"Consider these examples:1) freeway traffic, per lane: 100 km/h (~28 m/s) speeds, 4 passengers per vehicle, 4 meter vehicle length, 2.5 m/s^2 braking (1/4 g), 2 second reaction time, brick-wall stop, \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n of 1.5;T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n =\n \n \n 4\n 28\n \n \n +\n 2\n +\n \n \n \n 1.5\n ×\n 28\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 1\n 2.5\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{tot}={\\frac {4}{28}}+2+{\\frac {1.5\\times 28}{2}}\\left({\\frac {1}{2.5}}\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n =\n \n P\n \n ×\n \n \n 3600\n \n T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}={P}\\times {\\frac {3600}{T_{tot}}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{tot}}\n \n = 10.5 seconds ; \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}}\n \n = 7,200 passengers per hour if 4 people per car and 2 seconds headway is assumed, or 342 passengers per hour if 1 person per car and 10,5 seconds headway is assumed.The headway used in reality is much less than 10.5 seconds, since the brick-wall principle is not used on freeways. In reality, 1.5 persons per car and 2 seconds headway can be assumed, giving 1800 cars or 2700 passengers per lane and hour.For comparison, the Marin County, California (near San Francisco) states that peak flow on the three-lane Highway 101 is about 7,200 vehicles per hour.[13] This is about the same number of passengers per lane.Notwithstanding these formulas it is widely known that reducing headway increases risk of collision in standard private automobile settings and is often referred to as tailgating.2) metro system, per line: 40 km/h (~11 m/s) speeds, 1000 passengers, 100 meter vehicle length, 0.5 m/s^2 braking, 2 second reaction time, brick-wall stop, \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n of 1.5;T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n =\n \n \n 100\n 11\n \n \n +\n 2\n +\n \n \n \n 1.5\n ×\n 11\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n 1\n 0.5\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{tot}={\\frac {100}{11}}+2+{\\frac {1.5\\times 11}{2}}\\left({\\frac {1}{0.5}}\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n =\n \n 1000\n \n ×\n \n \n 3600\n \n T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}={1000}\\times {\\frac {3600}{T_{tot}}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{tot}}\n \n = 28 seconds ; \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}}\n \n = 130,000 passengers per hourNote that most signalling systems used on metros place an artificial limit on headway that is not dependent on braking performance. Also the time needed for station stops limits the headway. Using a typical figure of 2 minutes (120 seconds):n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n =\n \n 1000\n \n ×\n \n \n 3600\n 120\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}={1000}\\times {\\frac {3600}{120}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}}\n \n = 30,000 passengers per hourSince the headway of a metro is constrained by signalling considerations, not vehicle performance, reductions in headway through improved signalling have a direct impact on passenger capacity. For this reason, the London Underground system has spent a considerable amount of money on upgrading the SSR Network,[14] Jubilee and Central lines with new CBTC signalling to reduce the headway from about 3 minutes to 1, while preparing for the 2012 Olympics.[15]3) automated personal rapid transit system, 30 km/h (~8 m/s) speeds, 3 passengers, 3 meter vehicle length, 2.5 m/s^2 braking (1/4 g), 0.01 second reaction time, brake-failure on lead vehicle for 1 m/s slowing, bot 2.5, m/s if lead vehicle breaks. \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n of 1.1;T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n =\n \n \n 3\n 8\n \n \n +\n 0.01\n +\n \n \n \n 1.1\n ×\n 8\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 1\n 2.5\n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2.5\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{tot}={\\frac {3}{8}}+0.01+{\\frac {1.1\\times 8}{2}}\\left({\\frac {1}{2.5}}-{\\frac {1}{2.5}}\\right)}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n =\n \n 3\n \n ×\n \n \n 3600\n 0.385\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}={3}\\times {\\frac {3600}{0.385}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n T\n \n t\n o\n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{tot}}\n \n = 3 seconds ; \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}}\n \n = 28,000 passengers per hourThis number is similar to the ones proposed by the Cabinentaxi system, although they predicted that actual use would be much lower.[16] Although PRTs have less passenger seating and speeds, their shorter headways dramatically improve passenger capacity. However, these systems are often constrained by brick-wall considerations for legal reasons, which limits their performance to a car-like 2 seconds. In this case:n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n =\n \n 3\n \n ×\n \n \n 3600\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}={3}\\times {\\frac {3600}{2}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n n\n \n p\n a\n s\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle n_{pas}}\n \n = 5,400 passengers per hour","title":"Headway and route capacity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ridership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridership"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Headways have an enormous impact on ridership levels above a certain critical waiting time. Following Boyle, the effect of changes in headway are directly proportional to changes in ridership by a simple conversion factor of 1.5. That is, if a headway is reduced from 12 to 10 minutes, the average rider wait time will decrease by 1 minute, the overall trip time by the same one minute, so the ridership increase will be on the order of 1 x 1.5 + 1 or about 2.5%.[17] Also see Ceder for an extensive discussion.[18]","title":"Headways and ridership"}]
[{"image_text":"An example of headway on a railway system with multiple block section. Train B can only enter a section with a green or yellow \"aspect\" (light), and must reduce speed when passing a yellow signal to the point where they can stop within the sighting distance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/3_aspect_headway.jpg/550px-3_aspect_headway.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Van Winsum, W.; Brouwer, W. (1997). \"Time Headway in Car following and Operational Performance during Unexpected Braking\". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 84 (3 supplement): 1247–1257. doi:10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1247. PMID 9229443. S2CID 6944186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.1997.84.3c.1247","url_text":"10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9229443","url_text":"9229443"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6944186","url_text":"6944186"}]},{"reference":"\"Vehicle Speed Compliance Statistics, Great Britain: 2017\" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/743878/vehicle-speed-compliance-statistics-2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Vehicle Speed Compliance Statistics, Great Britain: 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paris Metro Line 14 extended, transforming it into the longest, fastest and best performing line\". 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/paris-metro-line-14-extended-and-to-become-the-longest-fastest-and-most-performant-line/","url_text":"\"Paris Metro Line 14 extended, transforming it into the longest, fastest and best performing line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moscow metro benefits from modernisation\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/moscow-metro-benefits-from-modernisation/","url_text":"\"Moscow metro benefits from modernisation\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=2","external_links_name":"english page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090821095919/http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_0.php?id_page=2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/brickwall-stops.doc","external_links_name":"\"Brick-Wall Stops and PRT\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.1997.84.3c.1247","external_links_name":"10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1247"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9229443","external_links_name":"9229443"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6944186","external_links_name":"6944186"},{"Link":"https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/743878/vehicle-speed-compliance-statistics-2017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vehicle Speed Compliance Statistics, Great Britain: 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.urban-transport-magazine.com/en/paris-metro-line-14-extended-and-to-become-the-longest-fastest-and-most-performant-line/","external_links_name":"\"Paris Metro Line 14 extended, transforming it into the longest, fastest and best performing line\""},{"Link":"https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/moscow-metro-benefits-from-modernisation/","external_links_name":"\"Moscow metro benefits from modernisation\""},{"Link":"http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/trafficanalysistools/tat_vol3/sect5.htm","external_links_name":"\"Traffic Analysis Toolbox\""},{"Link":"http://www.co.marin.ca.us/depts/pw/main/HWY101.pdf","external_links_name":"\"How a Freeway Breaks Down\""},{"Link":"http://www.bombardier.com/en/transportation/media-centre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d80181411","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/london-olympics/","external_links_name":"\"London Olympics Transport Upgrade\""},{"Link":"http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/big/Cabintaxi%20PRT-GRT%20Study.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Communications on research ained at improving transport conditions in cities, towns and other built-up areas\""},{"Link":"http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/cap2.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Capacity of a Personal Rapid Transit System\""},{"Link":"http://faculty.washington.edu/jbs/itrans/big/PRTfinalreport.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Viability of Personal Rapid Transit In New Jersey\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QucV7bDg9N4C","external_links_name":"\"Public transit planning and operation: theory, modelling and practice\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NbYqQSQcE2MC","external_links_name":"\"Rail Transit Capacity\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gules
Gules
["1 Etymology","2 Poetic meanings","3 Examples","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Tincture of red in heraldry For the Turkish village, see Güleş, Ardanuç. Gules ClassColourNon-heraldic equivalentRedMonochromatic designationsHatching pattern Tricking abbr.g., gu.Poetic designationsHeavenly bodyMarsJewelRuby In heraldry, gules (/ˈɡjuːlz/) is the tincture with the colour red. It is one of the class of five dark tinctures called "colours", the others being azure (blue), sable (black), vert (green) and purpure (purple). Gules is portrayed in heraldic hatching by vertical lines, or indicated by the abbreviation g. or gu. when a coat of arms is tricked. Etymology The term gules derives from the Middle English goules, which itself is an Old French word meaning "neckpiece made of red fur". Goules is derived from the Old French gole or guele, both of which mean "throat", which are ultimately derived from the Latin gula, also meaning "throat". Gules is similar to the English word gullet. A. C. Fox-Davies states that the term originates from the Persian word گل gol, meaning "rose", but according to Brault there is no evidence to support this derivation. The modern French spelling of the tincture is gueules. Both gules and rojo are used for red in Spanish heraldry. In Portugal, red is known as vermelho, and in Germany the colour is called rot. In Dutch heraldry, the tincture is called keel. Poetic meanings Centuries ago, arms were often described poetically and the tinctures were associated with different gemstones, flowers and heavenly bodies. Gules usually represented the following: Of jewels, the ruby Of heavenly bodies, Mars Examples Different uses of the tincture gules shown in the quartered coat of arms of Nassau-Dillenburg (attributed to Otto II of Nassau, d. 1351):  1. The lion of Nassau, Azure billetty or, a lion rampant of the last armed and langued gules;  2. County of Katzenelnbogen, Or a lion rampant guardant gules, armed langued and crowned azure;  3. County of Vianden, Gules, a fess argent;  4. County of Dietz, Gules, two lions passants or armed and langued azure Gules is the most widely used heraldic tincture. Through the sixteenth century, nearly half of all noble coats of arms in Poland had a field gules with one or more argent charges on them. Examples of coats of arms consisting of purely a red shield (blazoned gules plain) include those of the d'Albret family, the Rossi family, the Swiss canton of Schwyz (prior to 1815), and the old coats of arms of the cities of Nîmes and Montpellier. The Plantagenet coat of arms, gules three lions passants guardants or, origin of the Royal Arms of England Coat of arms of the House of Savoy, gules a cross argent The Royal Arms of Scotland Or a lion rampant Gules within a double tressure flory-counter-flory of the second Coat of arms of Schwyz (stained glass, 1573), gules plain; the Juliusbanner with the Arma Christi inset is held by one of the supporters. The Austrian Bindenschild, gules a fess argent, originally the Babenberg coat of arms. Below the Bindenschild is a small coat of arms of the city of Vienna, gules a cross argent Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Poland, Gules, an eagle argent, crowned or Coat of arms of French Maison d'Albret. Gueules plain by contemporary heraldic artist Dario Scaricamazza. See also Polish heraldry Cinnabar Murrey Sinople References ^ Harper, Douglas. "gules". Online Etymology Dictionary. ^ "Definition of GULES". ^ A Complete Guide to Heraldry, by Arthur Charles Fox-Davies, p. 29 ^ Brault, Gerard J. (1997). Early Blazon: Heraldic Terminology in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, (2nd ed.). Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-711-4. ^ a b Parker, James (1894). A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ^ Historia Anglorum c. 1250 ^ Chillon Castle, c. 1500 ^ Livro de Armerio-Mor, c. 1509 ^ Stained glass at the Franciscan Monastery Museum in Villingen-Schwenningen, 1567 ^ Chorographia Württemberg, 1591, attributed to Casimir III the Great External links Media related to Gules at Wikimedia Commons Look up gules in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. vteHeraldry Authorities Grant of arms History Law of arms Officers of arms King of Arms herald pursuivant private Types National dominion civic Ecclesiastical papal Burgher Women Attributed Topics Armiger Augmentation abatement Ancient and modern Alliance courtesy Blazon Cadency distinction Canting Field divisions variations Fraud Marshalling quartering impalement National traditions Societies Achievement Coat of arms Crowns and coronets Crest Compartment Escutcheon Helmet Mantling pavilion Motto slogan Supporter Torse Charges Attitudes Erasure Fimbriation Lines Ordinaries Annulet Bar Bend Bordure Canton Chevron (Łękawica) Componée Cross Crozier head Chief Fess Flaunch Goutte Gyron Hamade Inescutcheon Label Lozenge Orle Pale Pall Pile Roundel Bezant Saltire Beasts Bear Boar Bull/ox Dog/hound Camelopard Hind/stag Kangaroo Leopard Lion Wolf Birds Alerion Black swan Cock Crow Dove Eagle Szaszor Przepaska Martlet Pelican Other Bee Crapaudy Dolphin Emmet Ged Lucy Portcullis Reremouse Scallop Serpent Wolfsangel Legendary Allocamelus Alphyn Amphiptere Basilisk Biscione Chollima Cockatrice Dragon Chinese Enfield Garuda Griffin/Keythong Harpy Hippocampus Hippogriff Lampago Lindworm Manticore Mermaid Musimon Ouroboros Pantheon Panther Pegasus Phoenix Salamander Sea-griffin Sea-lion Tyger Unicorn Winged lion Woodwose Wyvern Yale Plants Fleur-de-lis Laurel wreath Oak Quatrefoil Rose Shamrock Trefoil Thistle Turnip Waterlily/Seeblatt Knots Bourchier Bowen Cavendish/Savoy Dacre Harrington Hastings/Hungerford Heneage Hinckaert Hungerford knot Lacy Ormonde/Wake Savoy Stafford Tristram/Bowen Wake Tinctures Rule of tincture Tricking Hatching Metals    Argent (white)    Or (gold) Colours    Gules (red)    Sable (black)    Azure (blue)    Vert (green)    Purpure (purple)1 Furs Ermine Ermines Erminois Erminites Pean Vair Potent Stains    Murrey (mulberry)    Sanguine (blood red)    Tenné Rare metals1   Copper   Buff (metal in the United States) Rare colours1    Bleu celeste   Brunâtre (brown)   Buff (color in Canada)   Cendrée   Ochre   Orange   Rose Realistic Proper Carnation Applications Bookplate Hatchment Flag banner of arms Badge Roll of arms Illyrian Seal equestrian Tabard Trophy of arms Related Mon Emblem socialist Logotype Phaleristics Vexillology Sigillography 1 Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic) List of oldest heraldry Heraldry portal resources
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Güleş, Ardanuç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCle%C5%9F,_Ardanu%C3%A7"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"/ˈɡjuːlz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"tincture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red"},{"link_name":"azure (blue)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"sable (black)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"vert (green)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"purpure (purple)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpure"},{"link_name":"hatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatching_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"tricked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricking"}],"text":"For the Turkish village, see Güleş, Ardanuç.In heraldry, gules (/ˈɡjuːlz/) is the tincture with the colour red. It is one of the class of five dark tinctures called \"colours\", the others being azure (blue), sable (black), vert (green) and purpure (purple).Gules is portrayed in heraldic hatching by vertical lines, or indicated by the abbreviation g. or gu. when a coat of arms is tricked.","title":"Gules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"gullet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"A. C. Fox-Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"گل","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84#Persian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The term gules derives from the Middle English goules, which itself is an Old French word meaning \"neckpiece made of red fur\". Goules is derived from the Old French gole or guele, both of which mean \"throat\", which are ultimately derived from the Latin gula, also meaning \"throat\". Gules is similar to the English word gullet.[1][2] A. C. Fox-Davies states that the term originates from the Persian word گل gol, meaning \"rose\",[3] but according to Brault there is no evidence to support this derivation.[4]The modern French spelling of the tincture is gueules. Both gules and rojo are used for red in Spanish heraldry. In Portugal, red is known as vermelho, and in Germany the colour is called rot. In Dutch heraldry, the tincture is called keel.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parker-5"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parker-5"}],"text":"Centuries ago, arms were often described poetically and the tinctures were associated with different gemstones, flowers and heavenly bodies. Gules usually represented the following:Of jewels, the ruby[5]Of heavenly bodies, Mars[5]","title":"Poetic meanings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maurice_of_Nassau_arms.svg"},{"link_name":"quartered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Nassau-Dillenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-Dillenburg"},{"link_name":"Otto II of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"lion of Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Nassau"},{"link_name":"County of Katzenelnbogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Katzenelnbogen"},{"link_name":"County of Vianden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vianden"},{"link_name":"County of Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diez,_Germany"},{"link_name":"coats of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_heraldry"},{"link_name":"argent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"d'Albret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albret"},{"link_name":"canton of Schwyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz"},{"link_name":"Nîmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEmes"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_III,_King_of_England,_coat_of_arms_(Royal_MS_14_C_VII,_100r).jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Arms of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schweiz_Schloss_Chillon_Wandwappen.jpg"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fl-_14v_Livro_do_Armeiro-Mor,_Rei_da_Escocia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Arms of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_the_canton_of_Schwyz_on_stained-glass_window.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of Schwyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Schwyz"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wappenscheibe"},{"link_name":"Juliusbanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusbanner"},{"link_name":"Arma Christi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma_Christi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Villingen,_Franziskanermuseum,_Wappenscheibe_mit_dem_%C3%B6sterr._Bindenschild,_1567,_Inv._11858.jpg"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Babenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babenberg"},{"link_name":"city of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolleber_Chorographia_Mh6-1_0567_Wappen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_-_De_gueules_plain.png"}],"text":"Different uses of the tincture gules shown in the quartered coat of arms of Nassau-Dillenburg (attributed to Otto II of Nassau, d. 1351):  1. The lion of Nassau, Azure billetty or, a lion rampant of the last armed and langued gules;  2. County of Katzenelnbogen, Or a lion rampant guardant gules, armed langued and crowned azure;  3. County of Vianden, Gules, a fess argent;  4. County of Dietz, Gules, two lions passants or armed and langued azureGules is the most widely used heraldic tincture. Through the sixteenth century, nearly half of all noble coats of arms in Poland had a field gules with one or more argent charges on them.[citation needed]Examples of coats of arms consisting of purely a red shield (blazoned gules plain) include those of the d'Albret family, the Rossi family, the Swiss canton of Schwyz (prior to 1815), and the old coats of arms of the cities of Nîmes and Montpellier.The Plantagenet coat of arms, gules three lions passants guardants or, origin of the Royal Arms of England[6]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms of the House of Savoy, gules a cross argent[7]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Royal Arms of Scotland Or a lion rampant Gules within a double tressure flory-counter-flory of the second[8]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms of Schwyz (stained glass, 1573), gules plain; the Juliusbanner with the Arma Christi inset is held by one of the supporters.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Austrian Bindenschild, gules a fess argent, originally the Babenberg coat of arms. Below the Bindenschild is a small coat of arms of the city of Vienna, gules a cross argent [9]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms of the Kingdom of Poland, Gules, an eagle argent, crowned or[10]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms of French Maison d'Albret. Gueules plain by contemporary heraldic artist Dario Scaricamazza.","title":"Examples"}]
[{"image_text":"Different uses of the tincture gules shown in the quartered coat of arms of Nassau-Dillenburg (attributed to Otto II of Nassau, d. 1351):  1. The lion of Nassau, Azure billetty or, a lion rampant of the last armed and langued gules;  2. County of Katzenelnbogen, Or a lion rampant guardant gules, armed langued and crowned azure;  3. County of Vianden, Gules, a fess argent;  4. County of Dietz, Gules, two lions passants or armed and langued azure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Maurice_of_Nassau_arms.svg/170px-Maurice_of_Nassau_arms.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Polish heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_heraldry"},{"title":"Cinnabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnabar"},{"title":"Murrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrey"},{"title":"Sinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinople_(heraldry)"}]
[{"reference":"Harper, Douglas. \"gules\". Online Etymology Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etymonline.com/?term=gules","url_text":"\"gules\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary","url_text":"Online Etymology Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of GULES\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gules","url_text":"\"Definition of GULES\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, James (1894). A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.etymonline.com/?term=gules","external_links_name":"\"gules\""},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gules","external_links_name":"\"Definition of GULES\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding/decoding_model_of_communication
Encoding/decoding model of communication
["1 Definition","2 Application of model","3 Three positions upon decoding messages","3.1 Dominant/hegemonic position","3.2 Negotiated position","3.3 Oppositional position","4 The encoding/decoding model critique","5 See also","6 References"]
Cultural studies model The encoding/decoding model of communication emerged in rough and general form in 1948 in Claude E. Shannon's "A Mathematical Theory of Communication," where it was part of a technical schema for designating the technological encoding of signals. Gradually, it adapted by communications scholars, most notably Wilbur Schramm, in the 1950s, primarily to explain how mass communications could be effectively transmitted to a public, its meanings intact by the audience (i.e., decoders). As the jargon of Shannon's information theory moved into semiotics, notably through the work of thinkers Roman Jakobson, Roland Barthes, and Umberto Eco, who in the course of the 1960s began to put more emphasis on the social and political aspects of encoding. It became much more widely known, and popularised, when adapted by cultural studies scholar Stuart Hall in 1973, for a conference addressing mass communications scholars (were were familiar with the model from its widespread circulation in communication studies). In a Marxist twist on this model, Stuart Hall's study, titled the study 'Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse.' offered a theoretical approach of how media messages are produced, disseminated, and interpreted. Hall proposed that audience members can play an active role in decoding messages as they rely on their own social contexts and capability of changing messages through collective action. Thus, encoding/decoding is the translation needed for a message to be easily understood. When you decode a message, you extract the meaning of that message in ways to simplify it. Decoding has both verbal and non-verbal forms of communication: Decoding behavior without using words, such as displays of non-verbal communication. There are many examples, including observing body language and its associated emotions, e.g. monitoring signs when someone is upset, angry, or stressed where they use excessive hand/arm movements, crying, and even silence. Moreover, there are times when an individual can send a message across to someone, the message can be interpreted differently from person to person. Decoding is all about understanding others, based on the information given throughout the message being received. Whether there is a large audience or exchanging a message to one person, decoding is the process of obtaining, absorbing and sometimes utilizing information that was given throughout a verbal or non-verbal message. Since advertisements can have multiple layers of meaning, they can be decoded in various ways and can mean something different to different people. "The level of connotation of the visual sign, of its contextual reference and positioning in different discursive fields of meaning and association, is the point where already coded signs intersect with the deep semantic codes of a culture and take on additional more active ideological dimensions."— Stuart Hall, 1980, "Encoding/decoding." Definition The encoding of a message is the production of the message. It is a system of coded meanings, and in order to create that, the sender needs to understand how the word is comprehensible to the members of the audience. In the process of encoding, the sender (i.e. encoder) uses verbal (e.g. words, signs, images, video) and non-verbal (e.g. body language, hand gestures, face expressions) symbols for which he or she believes the receiver (that is, the decoder) will understand. The symbols can be words and numbers, images, face expressions, signals and/or actions. It is very important how a message will be encoded; it partially depends on the purpose of the message. The decoding of a message is how an audience member is able to understand, and interpret the message. It is a process of interpretation and translation of coded information into a comprehensible form. The audience is trying to reconstruct the idea by giving meanings to symbols and by interpreting messages as a whole. Effective communication is accomplished only when the message is received and understood in the intended way. However, it is still possible for the message recipient to understand a message in a completely different way from what the encoder was trying to convey. This is when "distortions" or "misunderstandings" rise from "lack of equivalence" between the two sides in communicative exchange. In his essay, Hall compares two models of communication. The first, the traditional model, is criticized for its linearity – sender/message/receiver – and for its lack of structured conception of various moments as a complex structure of relations. The author proposes the idea that there is more to the process of communication and, thus, advances a four-stage model of communication that takes into account the production, circulation, use and reproduction of media messages. In contrast to the traditional linear approach of the sender and receiver, he perceives each of these steps as both autonomous and interdependent. Hall further explains that the meanings and messages in the discursive "production" are organized through the operation of codes within the rules of "language." "Each stage will affect the message (or "product") being conveyed as a result of its 'discursive form' (e.g. practices, instruments, relations)." Therefore, once the discourse is accomplished, it must be translated into social practices in order to be completed and effective – "If no 'meaning' is taken, there can be no 'consumption'." Each of these steps helps defines the one that follows, while remaining clearly distinct. Thus, even though each of these moments (stages) are equally important to the process as a whole, they do not completely ensure that the following moment will necessarily happen. "Each can constitute its own break or interruption of the 'passage of forms' on whose continuity the flow of effective production (i.e. reproduction) depends." These four stages are: Production – This is where the encoding, the construction of a message begins. Production process has its own "discursive" aspect, as it is also framed by meanings and ideas; by drawing upon society's dominant ideologies, the creator of the message is feeding off of society's beliefs, and values. Numerous factors are involved in the production process. On one hand "knowledge-in-use concerning the routines of production, technical skills, professional ideologies, institutional knowledge, definitions and assumptions, assumptions about the audience" form the "production structures of the television." On the other hand, "topics, treatments, agendas, events, personnel, images of the audience, 'definitions of the situation' from other sources and other discursive formations" form the other part of wider socio-cultural and political structure. Circulation – How individuals perceive things: visual vs. written. How things are circulated influences how audience members will receive the message and put it to use. According to Philip Elliott the audience is both the "source" and the "receiver" of the television message. For example, circulation and reception of a media message are incorporated in the production process through numerous "feedbacks." So circulation and perception, although not identical, are certainly related to and involved into the production process. Use (distribution or consumption) – For a message to be successfully "realized", "the broadcasting structures must yield encoded messages in the form of a meaningful discourse." This means that the message has to be adopted as a meaningful discourse and it has to be meaningfully decoded. However, the decoding/interpreting of a message requires active recipients. Reproduction – This stage is directly after audience members have interpreted a message in their own way based on their experiences and beliefs. The decoded meanings are the ones with "an effect" (e.g. influence, instruct, entertain) with "very complex perceptual, cognitive, emotional, ideological or behavioral consequences." What is done with the message after it has been interpreted is where this stage comes in. At this point, you will see whether individuals take action after they have been exposed to a specific message. Since discursive form plays such an important role in a communicative process, Hall suggests that "encoding" and "decoding" are "determinate moments." What he means by that is that an event, for example, cannot be transmitted in its "raw format." A person would have to be physically at the place of the event to see it in such format. Rather, he states that events can only be transported to the audience in the audio-visual forms of televisual discourse (that is, the message goes to processes of production and distribution). This is when the other determinant moment begins – decoding, or interpretation of the images and messages through a wider social, cultural, and political cognitive spectrum (that is, the processes of consumption and reproduction). "The event must become a 'story' before it can become a communicative event." - Stuart Hall, 1980, "Encoding/decoding" Application of model This model has been adopted and applied by many media theorists since Hall developed it. Hall's work has been central to the development of cultural studies, a field that had started challenging the mainstream media effects models in 1960. The main focus was how audience members make meanings and understand reality through their use of cultural symbols in both print and visual media. Theorists such as Dick Hebdige, David Morley, and Janice Radway have been heavily influenced by Hall, and applied his theory to help develop their own: Hebdige was a British cultural and critic scholar who studied under Hall at the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies. His model builds from Hall's idea of subculture. He is most known for his influential book Subculture: The Meaning of Style, where he argues that younger generations are challenging dominant ideologies by developing distinct styles and practices that manifest their separate identity, and subversions. His exploration of the punk subculture outlines the potential causes and influences of the punk movement, especially for the youth. His extensive study on subcultures and its resistance against mainstream society showed that the punk subculture used commodification to differentiate themselves from, or become accepted by, the mainstream. Hebdige believed that punk was incorporated into the media in an attempt to categorize it within society, and he critically examines this issue by applying Hall's theory of encoding and decoding. David Morley is a sociologist who studies the sociology of the television audience. Known for being a key researcher in conducting The Nationwide Project in the late 1970s, Morley took this popular news program that aired daily on BBC. It reported on national news from London and the major events of the day, and was broadcast throughout the UK. He applied Hall's reception theory to study the encoding/decoding model of this news program. This study focused on the ways this program addressed the audience member and the ideological themes it presented. Morley then took it a step further and conducted qualitative research that included individuals with varying social backgrounds. This was where Hall's research came into play. He wanted to see how they would react to certain clips of the program based on Hall's three decoding methods: dominant/hegemonic, negotiated, or oppositional. Janice Radway, an American literary and cultural studies scholar, conducted a study on women in terms of romance reading. In her book Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy and Popular Literature, Radway studied a group of midwestern women that were fans of romance novels. She argued that this cultural activity functioned as personal time for women that did not typically have any personal time to themselves. Although her work was not seen as scientific, and her study applied only to a small group of women, she was interested in interpreting how women could relate their everyday life to a fiction book. As a result, her study demonstrated that these studies define culture in very broad terms, because in the end culture is made up of the symbols of expression that society uses to make sense of everyday life. Radway's audience research worked off of Hall's theory of encoding/decoding. Studying how specific individuals receive and interpret messages based on their backgrounds was something that played a huge role in Radway's study on women. Some women related to the book and some identified as though they were characters in the book; but the meaning, dependent upon their backgrounds, identities and beliefs, circulates within society and is reinforced by Hall's theory of encoding/decoding. Three positions upon decoding messages Hall argues that there are three positions that people may take upon decoding a television message. He argues three different positions because "decodings do not follow inevitably from encodings". Thus, just because a message is encoded on television in a particular way, it does not mean it will be decoded in its intended format. This lays the foundation for Hall's hypothetical positions—he needs multiple positions because there are multiple interpretations that could occur. These positions are known as the dominant-hegemonic position, the negotiated position, and the oppositional position. Dominant/hegemonic position The first position that he discusses is the dominant-hegemonic code. This code or position is one where the consumer takes the actual meaning directly, and decodes it exactly the way it was encoded. For instance, political and military elites primarily generated the politics of Northern Ireland and the Chilean Coup. These elites created the "hegemonic interpretations" Because these ideas were hegemonic interpretations, they became dominant. Hall demonstrates that if a viewer of a newscast on such topics decoded the message "in terms of the reference code in which it has been encoded" that the viewer would be "operating inside the dominant code" Thus, the dominant code involves taking the connotative meaning of a message in the exact way a sender intended a message to be interpreted (decoded). Under this framework, the consumer is located within the dominant point of view, and is fully sharing the texts codes and accepts and reproduces the intended meaning. Here, there is barely any misunderstanding because both the sender and receiver have the same cultural biases. This means that the intended message was created by the dominant class and that the recipient was also a part of the dominant point of view. And there is no misunderstanding between sender and receiver for they have similar cultural biases. A modern-day example of the dominant-hegemonic code is described by communication scholar Garrett Castleberry in his article "Understanding Stuart Hall's 'Encoding/Decoding' Through AMC's Breaking Bad". Castleberry argues that there is a dominant-hegemonic "position held by the entertainment industry that illegal drug side-effects cause less damage than perceived". If this is the dominant code and television shows like Breaking Bad support such perceptions, then they are operating within the dominant code. Likewise, a viewer believing such perceptions will also be operating within the dominant-hegemonic code since they are decoding the message in the way it is intended. Negotiated position Another hypothetical position is the negotiated position. This position is a mixture of accepting and rejecting elements. Readers are acknowledging the dominant message, but are not willing to completely accept the message the way the encoder intended. The reader to a certain extent, shares the text's code and generally accepts the preferred meaning, but is simultaneously resisting and modifying it in a way which reflects their own experiences and interests. Hall explains this when he states "decoding within the negotiated version contains a mixture of adaptive and oppositional elements: it acknowledges the legitimacy of the hegemonic definitions to make the grand significations (abstract), while, at a more restricted, situational (situated) level, it makes its own ground rules- it operates with exceptions to the rule". Basically, this means that people understand the dominant position, they generally believe the position, but they are in a situation where they must make up their own separate rules to coexist with the dominant position. Hall provides an example involving an Industrial Relations Bill. In his example, he shows how a factory worker may recognize and agree with the dominant position that a wage freeze is beneficial. However, while the worker may recognize that the wage freeze is needed, they may not be willing to partake in a wage freeze since it will directly affect them rather than others His example demonstrates that people may negotiate a code to work around their own beliefs and self-interests. This code is very much based on context. Once more, Castleberry demonstrates the negotiated code at play in a modern-day television show. In Breaking Bad, protagonist Walter White's wife Skylar leaves him after she discovers that he is a methamphetamine cook, and many viewers had negotiated "an acceptance of Walter's sins, while communicating negative discourse concerning Skylar". This negative discourse, according to actress Anna Gunn, who portrayed Skylar, was because her character did not fit what was expected of a wife. This expectation could be seen as a dominant code. In addition, Walter's actions were against the dominant code. Because of these conflicting dominant codes, Castleberry implies that many viewers negotiated their own code where Walter's actions were acceptable due to Skylar's role as a non-traditional wife. Oppositional position Lastly, there is the oppositional position or code. Hall summarizes that a viewer can understand the literal (denotative) and connotative meanings of a message while decoding a message "in a globally contrary way." This means that a person recognizes that their meaning is not the dominant meaning, or what was intended, but alters the message in their mind to fit an "alternative framework of reference" It is more like that receiver decode a different message. Thus, readers' or viewers social situation has placed them in a directly oppositional relationship to the dominant code, and although they understand the intended meaning they do not share the text's code and end up rejecting it. Again, this code is based very much on experiences. One's personal experiences will likely influence them to take on the oppositional position when they encode hegemonic positions. Highly political discourse emerges from these oppositional codes as "events which are normally signified and decoded in a negotiated way begin to be given an oppositional reading." The encoding/decoding model critique Hall's encoding/decoding model has left its proponents with three main problems to solve. The first problem concerns polysemy. The three positions of decoding proposed by Hall are based on the audience's conscious awareness of the intended meanings encoded into the text. In other words, these positions – agreement, negotiation, opposition – are in relation to the intended meaning. However, polysemy means that the audience may create new meanings out of the text. The audience's perceived meanings may not be intended by the producers. Therefore, 'polysemy' and 'opposition' should be seen as two analytically distinct processes, although they do interconnect in the overall reading process. The second problem relates to aesthetics. TV viewers may take an aesthetically critical stance towards the text, commenting on the paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects of textual production. Underlying this is the viewers' awareness of the 'constructedness' of the text, which is a different dimension from meaning making in the decoding process. The third problem addresses the positions of encoding. Hall's model does not differentiate the various positions media producers may take in relation to the dominant ideology. Instead, it assumes that encoding always takes place within a dominant-hegemonic position. Ross suggests two ways to modify Hall's typology of the Encoding/Decoding Model by expanding the original version. While presenting the modified typology, Ross stresses that his suggested version does not imply to replace the original model but rather to expand it and to let the model work in a new way. Further is the explanation of one of the alternative models suggested by Ross, which is a more complex typology consisting of nine combinations of encoding and decoding positions (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The reasons why the original model needs to be revisited and the alternative model description to follow. In line with previous scholarship criticizing Hall's model, Ross and Morley argue that the model has some unsolved problems. First, Morley mentions that in the decoding stage there is a need to distinguish comprehension of the text and its evaluation. Comprehension here refers to the reader's understanding of the text in the basic sense and the sender's intention, and to possible readers interpretations of the text (borrowed from Schroder). Evaluation is how readers relate the text to the ideological position (also borrowed from Schroder). Second, Morley discusses the problem of understanding the concept of 'oppositional reading'. There might be confusion between referring 'oppositional reading' to rejecting the preferred meaning (dominant ideology) and to disagreement with the text. For example, imagine that an oppositional TV channel produced a news story about some flaws in the ObamaCare. According to the original model, a reader can fully share the text's code and accept its meaning, or reject it and bring an alternative frame of it. In the first case nevertheless a reader fully agrees with the text, s/he would be in opposition to the dominant ideology (we understand dominant ideology here as promoting government initiatives), while in the second case by disagreeing with the news story a reader would actually favor dominant ideology. That leads to the final problem of the original model -- assuming that all the media encode texts within the dominant ideology and thus suggesting that media is homogeneous in nature. In order to address these problems, Ross suggests two steps in modifying the original model. The first step is to distinguish between the graphical model and the typology, which is different decoding positions (dominant-hegemonic, negotiated, and oppositional). The second step is to divide the model into two versions, an ideology version (Figure 1) and a text-related version (Figure 2). Figure 1. The modified encoding/decoding typology (ideology version) ENCODING POSITIONS Dominant-hegemonic encoding (Hall's assumed mode) Negotiated Encoding (partly critical text) Oppositional encoding (a radical text) DECODING POSITIONS (ideological) Dominant-hegemonic position Dominant-hegemonic reading of dominant-hegemonic text Dominant-hegemonic reading of negotiated text = Neutralization Dominant-hegemonic reading of oppositional text = Neutralization Negotiated position Negotiated reading of dominant-hegemonic text Negotiated reading of negotiated text Negotiated reading of oppositional text Oppositional position Oppositional reading of dominant-hegemonic text Oppositional reading of negotiated text = Amplification of critique Oppositional reading of oppositional text = Agreement with oppositional text The main addition in both new typologies of Hall's model are two types of encoding meanings, which are a Negotiated position and an Oppositional position. As the original model makes all media institutions encode messages in the dominant-hegemonic manner, Ross takes a step further and 'allow' media institutions to encode texts according to the oppositional or negotiated framework. Thus, media texts in both Hall's versions can be dominant-hegemonic (Hall's assumed mode), partly critical or radical. Another addition to the original model is the appearance of a Neutralization category meaning that media texts encoded within an oppositional or negotiated framework are decoded according to the dominant ideology. Let's look at the upper right corner of the Ross ideology version (Figure 1) at the cell when a radical text intersects with a dominant-hegemonic decoding position. For example, neutralization will happen if a TV news report conveying a message about an oppositional political party in Russia may be interpreted by a conservative viewer as an evidence of the US sponsorship of anti-government organizations underlying Russian independency. Let's now look at the lower right corner of the same version at the cell when a radical text is decoded by viewers within an oppositional position. In this case 'oppositional reading of oppositional text' needs explanation that it equals to the "agreement with oppositional text" as readers text evaluation might cause misunderstanding. Figure 2. The modified encoding/decoding typology (text-relative version) ENCODING POSITIONS Dominant-hegemonic encoding (Hall's assumed mode) Negotiated Encoding (partly critical text) Oppositional encoding (a radical text) DECODING POSITIONS (text-relative) Text-accepting position Text-acceptance of dominant-hegemonic text Text-acceptance of negotiated text Text-acceptance of oppositional text Text-negotiation position Negotiation of dominant-hegemonic text Negotiation of negotiated text Negotiation of oppositional text Text-oppositional position Text-oppositional reading of dominant-hegemonic text Text-oppositional reading of negotiated text Text-oppositional reading of oppositional text = Neutralization In order to avoid misinterpretations and to make an alternative typology more reader-friendly, Ross suggests a text-relative version that stresses not the ideological tendency of the text, but rather if receivers are in agreement or opposition with any kind of text. In this version Ross changed the term 'dominant-hegemonic' to 'text-acceptance'; and the term 'oppositional' to 'text-oppositional' in order to remind readers the difference between opposition to the dominant ideology and opposition to the text. In the text-relative version a Neutralization category moved to the lower right cell while saving its meaning. Neutralization means applying dominant ideology to the radical text or rejecting oppositional texts. Wu and Bergman propose a revision to Hall's encoding/decoding model in a different way. They conceptualize the adoption of certain codes by producers and viewers respectively as encoding strategies and decoding strategies. For producers, encoding strategies are partly influenced by their imagination of how the audience will decode their products, which they conceptualize as the imagined decoding strategies. For viewers, their awareness of the 'constructedness' of the text means that from the text they also perceive, apart from its meaning, the encoding strategies, which are not necessarily the same strategies adopted by producers. These perceived encoding strategies constitute an important dimension of the decoding process. Based on their intended meanings and imagined decoding strategies, media producers execute certain encoding strategies and give a certain shape to the text. In the decoding process, viewers derive both perceived meanings and perceived encoding strategies from the text. From these two dimensions, viewers arrive at their evaluation of the text. This revised model admits the diversity of producers' ideological positions in the encoding process. Clearly separating perceived meanings from intended meanings, it anticipates the situation of polysemy. By distinguishing between perceived meanings and perceived encoding strategies, it also gives space to audience's awareness of the 'constructedness' of the text. To conclude, while Hall's Encoding/Decoding model of communication is highly evaluated and widely used in research, it has been criticised as it contains some unsolved problems. This section discussed some flaws in the original model and introduced proposed revisions to Hall's typology. See also Aberrant decoding Semiotic democracy Reception theory Reader-response criticism References ^ Wilbur, Schramm (1954). The process and effects of mass communication. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ^ Geoghegan, Bernard (2024). Code: From Information Theory to French Theory. Durhan, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Hall, Stuart. "Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse" (PDF). University of Birmingham. Retrieved 27 October 2019. ^ Kelly, Aidan; Lawlor, Katrina; O'Donohoe, Stephanie (2009). "Chapter 8: Encoding Advertisements: The Creative Perspective". In Turow, Joseph; McAllister, Matthew P. (eds.). The Advertising and Consumer Culture Reader. Hoboken, New Jersey: Routledge. pp. 133–49. ISBN 978-0415963305. ^ a b Bankovic, M. (2013). Business communication: script. Retrieved from: http://www.vts.edu.rs/images/nastava/PoslovneKomunikacije/POSLOVNE_KOMUNIKACIJE-skripta.pdf ^ a b c d Campbell, Richard (2002). Media & Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication. Boston, Massachusetts: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312403287. ^ a b c d e f Hall, Stuart (2009). Durham, Meenakshi Gigi; Keller, Douglas M. (eds.). Media and Cultural Studies: KeyWorks. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. pp. 171–74. ISBN 9781405150309. ^ "Audiences and Reception Theory." Julie Martin: Community Manager / Animatrice De Communaute. 2007. ^ a b Castleberry, Garret (2015). "Understanding Stuart Hall's 'Encoding/Decoding' Through AMC's Breaking Bad". In Glenister Roberts, Kathleen (ed.). Communication Theory and Millennial Popular Culture: Essays and Applications. New York City: Peter Lang Inc. p. 90. ISBN 978-1433126420. ^ Wu, Shangwei; Bergman, Tabe (May 2019). "An active, resistant audience – but in whose interest? Online discussions on Chinese TV dramas as maintaining dominant ideology" (PDF). Participations: International Journal of Audience Research. 16 (1): 23. ^ Morley, D. (2006). Unanswered questions in audience research. The Communication Review 9(2), 101–121. ^ a b Schrøder, K. C. (2000). Making sense of audience discourses: Towards a multidimensional model of mass media reception. European Journal of Cultural Studies 3(2), 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/136754940000300205 ^ Michelle, C. (2007). Modes of reception: A consolidated analytical framework. The Communication Review 10(3), 181–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420701528057 ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ross, S. (2011, May 25th). The encoding/decoding model revisited: Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association. Boston, MA. ^ a b Morley, D. (2006). Unanswered questions in audience research. Communication Review 9(2), 101-121. ^ a b Schrøder, K. (2000). Making sense of audience discourses: Towards a multidimensional model of mass media reception. European Journal of Cultural Studies 3(2), 233-258. ^ Wu, S., & Bergman, T. (2019). An active, resistant audience – but in whose interest? Online discussions on Chinese TV dramas as maintaining dominant ideology. Participations 16(1), 23.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claude E. Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_E._Shannon"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Schramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-How_communication_works-1"},{"link_name":"Roman Jakobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Jakobson"},{"link_name":"Roland Barthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Barthes"},{"link_name":"Umberto Eco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_Eco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Code-2"},{"link_name":"Stuart Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"social contexts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_environment"},{"link_name":"collective action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_action"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)"},{"link_name":"contextual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualization_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"semantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic"},{"link_name":"ideological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideological"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"}],"text":"The encoding/decoding model of communication emerged in rough and general form in 1948 in Claude E. Shannon's \"A Mathematical Theory of Communication,\" where it was part of a technical schema for designating the technological encoding of signals. Gradually, it adapted by communications scholars, most notably Wilbur Schramm, in the 1950s, primarily to explain how mass communications could be effectively transmitted to a public, its meanings intact by the audience (i.e., decoders).[1] As the jargon of Shannon's information theory moved into semiotics, notably through the work of thinkers Roman Jakobson, Roland Barthes, and Umberto Eco, who in the course of the 1960s began to put more emphasis on the social and political aspects of encoding.[2] It became much more widely known, and popularised, when adapted by cultural studies scholar Stuart Hall in 1973, for a conference addressing mass communications scholars (were were familiar with the model from its widespread circulation in communication studies). In a Marxist twist on this model, Stuart Hall's study, titled the study 'Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse.' offered a theoretical approach of how media messages are produced, disseminated, and interpreted.[3] Hall proposed that audience members can play an active role in decoding messages as they rely on their own social contexts and capability of changing messages through collective action.Thus, encoding/decoding is the translation needed for a message to be easily understood. When you decode a message, you extract the meaning of that message in ways to simplify it. Decoding has both verbal and non-verbal forms of communication: Decoding behavior without using words, such as displays of non-verbal communication. There are many examples, including observing body language and its associated emotions, e.g. monitoring signs when someone is upset, angry, or stressed where they use excessive hand/arm movements, crying, and even silence. Moreover, there are times when an individual can send a message across to someone, the message can be interpreted differently from person to person. Decoding is all about understanding others, based on the information given throughout the message being received. Whether there is a large audience or exchanging a message to one person, decoding is the process of obtaining, absorbing and sometimes utilizing information that was given throughout a verbal or non-verbal message.Since advertisements can have multiple layers of meaning, they can be decoded in various ways and can mean something different to different people.[4]\"The level of connotation of the visual sign, of its contextual reference and positioning in different discursive fields of meaning and association, is the point where already coded signs intersect with the deep semantic codes of a culture and take on additional more active ideological dimensions.\"— Stuart Hall, 1980, \"Encoding/decoding.\"[3]","title":"Encoding/decoding model of communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"encoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding_(semiotics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"decoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding_(semiotics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"encoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoding_(semiotics)"},{"link_name":"decoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoding_(semiotics)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"}],"text":"The encoding of a message is the production of the message. It is a system of coded meanings, and in order to create that, the sender needs to understand how the word is comprehensible to the members of the audience.In the process of encoding, the sender (i.e. encoder) uses verbal (e.g. words, signs, images, video) and non-verbal (e.g. body language, hand gestures, face expressions) symbols for which he or she believes the receiver (that is, the decoder) will understand. The symbols can be words and numbers, images, face expressions, signals and/or actions. It is very important how a message will be encoded; it partially depends on the purpose of the message.[5]The decoding of a message is how an audience member is able to understand, and interpret the message. It is a process of interpretation and translation of coded information into a comprehensible form. The audience is trying to reconstruct the idea by giving meanings to symbols and by interpreting messages as a whole. Effective communication is accomplished only when the message is received and understood in the intended way. However, it is still possible for the message recipient to understand a message in a completely different way from what the encoder was trying to convey. This is when \"distortions\" or \"misunderstandings\" rise from \"lack of equivalence\" between the two sides in communicative exchange.[5]In his essay,[3] Hall compares two models of communication. The first, the traditional model, is criticized for its linearity – sender/message/receiver – and for its lack of structured conception of various moments as a complex structure of relations. The author proposes the idea that there is more to the process of communication and, thus, advances a four-stage model of communication that takes into account the production, circulation, use and reproduction of media messages. In contrast to the traditional linear approach of the sender and receiver, he perceives each of these steps as both autonomous and interdependent. Hall further explains that the meanings and messages in the discursive \"production\" are organized through the operation of codes within the rules of \"language.\" \"Each stage will affect the message (or \"product\") being conveyed as a result of its 'discursive form' (e.g. practices, instruments, relations).\"[3] Therefore, once the discourse is accomplished, it must be translated into social practices in order to be completed and effective – \"If no 'meaning' is taken, there can be no 'consumption'.\" Each of these steps helps defines the one that follows, while remaining clearly distinct.[3] Thus, even though each of these moments (stages) are equally important to the process as a whole, they do not completely ensure that the following moment will necessarily happen. \"Each can constitute its own break or interruption of the 'passage of forms' on whose continuity the flow of effective production (i.e. reproduction) depends.\"[3]These four stages are:[3]Production – This is where the encoding, the construction of a message begins. Production process has its own \"discursive\" aspect, as it is also framed by meanings and ideas; by drawing upon society's dominant ideologies, the creator of the message is feeding off of society's beliefs, and values. Numerous factors are involved in the production process. On one hand \"knowledge-in-use concerning the routines of production, technical skills, professional ideologies, institutional knowledge, definitions and assumptions, assumptions about the audience\"[3] form the \"production structures of the television.\"[3] On the other hand, \"topics, treatments, agendas, events, personnel, images of the audience, 'definitions of the situation' from other sources and other discursive formations\"[3] form the other part of wider socio-cultural and political structure.\nCirculation – How individuals perceive things: visual vs. written. How things are circulated influences how audience members will receive the message and put it to use. According to Philip Elliott the audience is both the \"source\" and the \"receiver\" of the television message. For example, circulation and reception of a media message are incorporated in the production process through numerous \"feedbacks.\" So circulation and perception, although not identical, are certainly related to and involved into the production process.\nUse (distribution or consumption) – For a message to be successfully \"realized\", \"the broadcasting structures must yield encoded messages in the form of a meaningful discourse.\"[3] This means that the message has to be adopted as a meaningful discourse and it has to be meaningfully decoded. However, the decoding/interpreting of a message requires active recipients.\nReproduction – This stage is directly after audience members have interpreted a message in their own way based on their experiences and beliefs. The decoded meanings are the ones with \"an effect\" (e.g. influence, instruct, entertain) with \"very complex perceptual, cognitive, emotional, ideological or behavioral consequences.\"[3] What is done with the message after it has been interpreted is where this stage comes in. At this point, you will see whether individuals take action after they have been exposed to a specific message.Since discursive form plays such an important role in a communicative process, Hall suggests that \"encoding\" and \"decoding\" are \"determinate moments.\"[3] What he means by that is that an event, for example, cannot be transmitted in its \"raw format.\" A person would have to be physically at the place of the event to see it in such format. Rather, he states that events can only be transported to the audience in the audio-visual forms of televisual discourse (that is, the message goes to processes of production and distribution). This is when the other determinant moment begins – decoding, or interpretation of the images and messages through a wider social, cultural, and political cognitive spectrum (that is, the processes of consumption and reproduction).\"The event must become a 'story' before it can become a communicative event.\"- Stuart Hall, 1980, \"Encoding/decoding\"[3]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cultural studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Studies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Media_&_Culture-6"},{"link_name":"Dick Hebdige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Hebdige"},{"link_name":"Janice Radway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Radway"},{"link_name":"subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture"},{"link_name":"Subculture: The Meaning of Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subculture:_The_Meaning_of_Style"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Nationwide Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nationwide_Project"},{"link_name":"reception theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reception_theory"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Janice Radway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Radway"},{"link_name":"Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy and Popular Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_the_Romance"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Media_&_Culture-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Media_&_Culture-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Media_&_Culture-6"}],"text":"This model has been adopted and applied by many media theorists since Hall developed it. Hall's work has been central to the development of cultural studies, a field that had started challenging the mainstream media effects models in 1960. The main focus was how audience members make meanings and understand reality through their use of cultural symbols in both print and visual media.[6] Theorists such as Dick Hebdige, David Morley, and Janice Radway have been heavily influenced by Hall, and applied his theory to help develop their own:Hebdige was a British cultural and critic scholar who studied under Hall at the Birmingham School of Cultural Studies. His model builds from Hall's idea of subculture. He is most known for his influential book Subculture: The Meaning of Style, where he argues that younger generations are challenging dominant ideologies by developing distinct styles and practices that manifest their separate identity, and subversions. His exploration of the punk subculture outlines the potential causes and influences of the punk movement, especially for the youth. His extensive study on subcultures and its resistance against mainstream society showed that the punk subculture used commodification to differentiate themselves from, or become accepted by, the mainstream. Hebdige believed that punk was incorporated into the media in an attempt to categorize it within society, and he critically examines this issue by applying Hall's theory of encoding and decoding.[citation needed]David Morley is a sociologist who studies the sociology of the television audience. Known for being a key researcher in conducting The Nationwide Project in the late 1970s, Morley took this popular news program that aired daily on BBC. It reported on national news from London and the major events of the day, and was broadcast throughout the UK. He applied Hall's reception theory to study the encoding/decoding model of this news program. This study focused on the ways this program addressed the audience member and the ideological themes it presented. Morley then took it a step further and conducted qualitative research that included individuals with varying social backgrounds. This was where Hall's research came into play. He wanted to see how they would react to certain clips of the program based on Hall's three decoding methods: dominant/hegemonic, negotiated, or oppositional.[citation needed]Janice Radway, an American literary and cultural studies scholar, conducted a study on women in terms of romance reading. In her book Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy and Popular Literature, Radway studied a group of midwestern women that were fans of romance novels. She argued that this cultural activity functioned as personal time for women that did not typically have any personal time to themselves.[6] Although her work was not seen as scientific, and her study applied only to a small group of women, she was interested in interpreting how women could relate their everyday life to a fiction book.[6] As a result, her study demonstrated that these studies define culture in very broad terms, because in the end culture is made up of the symbols of expression that society uses to make sense of everyday life.[6] Radway's audience research worked off of Hall's theory of encoding/decoding. Studying how specific individuals receive and interpret messages based on their backgrounds was something that played a huge role in Radway's study on women. Some women related to the book and some identified as though they were characters in the book; but the meaning, dependent upon their backgrounds, identities and beliefs, circulates within society and is reinforced by Hall's theory of encoding/decoding.","title":"Application of model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-7"}],"text":"Hall argues that there are three positions that people may take upon decoding a television message. He argues three different positions because \"decodings do not follow inevitably from encodings\".[7] Thus, just because a message is encoded on television in a particular way, it does not mean it will be decoded in its intended format. This lays the foundation for Hall's hypothetical positions—he needs multiple positions because there are multiple interpretations that could occur. These positions are known as the dominant-hegemonic position, the negotiated position, and the oppositional position.","title":"Three positions upon decoding messages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"Chilean Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-7"},{"link_name":"connotative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotation"},{"link_name":"cultural biases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_bias"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"Breaking Bad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Bad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academia.edu-9"}],"sub_title":"Dominant/hegemonic position","text":"The first position that he discusses is the dominant-hegemonic code. This code or position is one where the consumer takes the actual meaning directly, and decodes it exactly the way it was encoded. For instance, political and military elites primarily generated the politics of Northern Ireland and the Chilean Coup. These elites created the \"hegemonic interpretations\"[7] Because these ideas were hegemonic interpretations, they became dominant. Hall demonstrates that if a viewer of a newscast on such topics decoded the message \"in terms of the reference code in which it has been encoded\" that the viewer would be \"operating inside the dominant code\"[7] Thus, the dominant code involves taking the connotative meaning of a message in the exact way a sender intended a message to be interpreted (decoded). Under this framework, the consumer is located within the dominant point of view, and is fully sharing the texts codes and accepts and reproduces the intended meaning. Here, there is barely any misunderstanding because both the sender and receiver have the same cultural biases.[8] This means that the intended message was created by the dominant class and that the recipient was also a part of the dominant point of view. And there is no misunderstanding between sender and receiver for they have similar cultural biases.[3]A modern-day example of the dominant-hegemonic code is described by communication scholar Garrett Castleberry in his article \"Understanding Stuart Hall's 'Encoding/Decoding' Through AMC's Breaking Bad\". Castleberry argues that there is a dominant-hegemonic \"position held by the entertainment industry that illegal drug side-effects cause less damage than perceived\". If this is the dominant code and television shows like Breaking Bad support such perceptions, then they are operating within the dominant code.[9] Likewise, a viewer believing such perceptions will also be operating within the dominant-hegemonic code since they are decoding the message in the way it is intended.","title":"Three positions upon decoding messages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hegemonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemony"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-7"},{"link_name":"Walter White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_White_(Breaking_Bad)"},{"link_name":"Skylar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylar_White"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"Anna Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Gunn"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academia.edu-9"}],"sub_title":"Negotiated position","text":"Another hypothetical position is the negotiated position. This position is a mixture of accepting and rejecting elements. Readers are acknowledging the dominant message, but are not willing to completely accept the message the way the encoder intended. The reader to a certain extent, shares the text's code and generally accepts the preferred meaning, but is simultaneously resisting and modifying it in a way which reflects their own experiences and interests.Hall explains this when he states \"decoding within the negotiated version contains a mixture of adaptive and oppositional elements: it acknowledges the legitimacy of the hegemonic definitions to make the grand significations (abstract), while, at a more restricted, situational (situated) level, it makes its own ground rules- it operates with exceptions to the rule\".[3] Basically, this means that people understand the dominant position, they generally believe the position, but they are in a situation where they must make up their own separate rules to coexist with the dominant position. Hall provides an example involving an Industrial Relations Bill. In his example, he shows how a factory worker may recognize and agree with the dominant position that a wage freeze is beneficial. However, while the worker may recognize that the wage freeze is needed, they may not be willing to partake in a wage freeze since it will directly affect them rather than others [7] His example demonstrates that people may negotiate a code to work around their own beliefs and self-interests. This code is very much based on context.Once more, Castleberry demonstrates the negotiated code at play in a modern-day television show. In Breaking Bad, protagonist Walter White's wife Skylar leaves him after she discovers that he is a methamphetamine cook, and many viewers had negotiated \"an acceptance of Walter's sins, while communicating negative discourse concerning Skylar\". This negative discourse, according to actress Anna Gunn, who portrayed Skylar, was because her character did not fit what was expected of a wife. This expectation could be seen as a dominant code. In addition, Walter's actions were against the dominant code. Because of these conflicting dominant codes, Castleberry implies that many viewers negotiated their own code where Walter's actions were acceptable due to Skylar's role as a non-traditional wife.[9]","title":"Three positions upon decoding messages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall-7"}],"sub_title":"Oppositional position","text":"Lastly, there is the oppositional position or code. Hall summarizes that a viewer can understand the literal (denotative) and connotative meanings of a message while decoding a message \"in a globally contrary way.\"[3] This means that a person recognizes that their meaning is not the dominant meaning, or what was intended, but alters the message in their mind to fit an \"alternative framework of reference\"[7] It is more like that receiver decode a different message. Thus, readers' or viewers social situation has placed them in a directly oppositional relationship to the dominant code, and although they understand the intended meaning they do not share the text's code and end up rejecting it. Again, this code is based very much on experiences. One's personal experiences will likely influence them to take on the oppositional position when they encode hegemonic positions. Highly political discourse emerges from these oppositional codes as \"events which are normally signified and decoded in a negotiated way begin to be given an oppositional reading.\"[7]","title":"Three positions upon decoding messages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"polysemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysemy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doi.org-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doi.org-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encoding_and_Decoding-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Hall's encoding/decoding model has left its proponents with three main problems to solve.[10] The first problem concerns polysemy. The three positions of decoding proposed by Hall are based on the audience's conscious awareness of the intended meanings encoded into the text. In other words, these positions – agreement, negotiation, opposition – are in relation to the intended meaning. However, polysemy means that the audience may create new meanings out of the text. The audience's perceived meanings may not be intended by the producers. Therefore, 'polysemy' and 'opposition' should be seen as two analytically distinct processes, although they do interconnect in the overall reading process.[11][12] The second problem relates to aesthetics. TV viewers may take an aesthetically critical stance towards the text, commenting on the paradigmatic and syntagmatic aspects of textual production. Underlying this is the viewers' awareness of the 'constructedness' of the text, which is a different dimension from meaning making in the decoding process.[12][13] The third problem addresses the positions of encoding. Hall's model does not differentiate the various positions media producers may take in relation to the dominant ideology. Instead, it assumes that encoding always takes place within a dominant-hegemonic position.[14]Ross[14] suggests two ways to modify Hall's typology of the Encoding/Decoding Model by expanding the original version.[3] While presenting the modified typology, Ross stresses that his suggested version does not imply to replace the original model but rather to expand it and to let the model work in a new way. Further is the explanation of one of the alternative models suggested by Ross,[14] which is a more complex typology consisting of nine combinations of encoding and decoding positions (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The reasons why the original model needs to be revisited and the alternative model description to follow.In line with previous scholarship criticizing Hall's model, Ross[14] and Morley[15] argue that the model has some unsolved problems. First, Morley mentions that in the decoding stage there is a need to distinguish comprehension of the text and its evaluation. Comprehension here refers to the reader's understanding of the text in the basic sense and the sender's intention, and to possible readers interpretations of the text (borrowed from Schroder[16]). Evaluation is how readers relate the text to the ideological position (also borrowed from Schroder[16]).Second, Morley[15] discusses the problem of understanding the concept of 'oppositional reading'. There might be confusion between referring 'oppositional reading' to rejecting the preferred meaning (dominant ideology) and to disagreement with the text. For example, imagine that an oppositional TV channel produced a news story about some flaws in the ObamaCare. According to the original model, a reader can fully share the text's code and accept its meaning, or reject it and bring an alternative frame of it. In the first case nevertheless a reader fully agrees with the text, s/he would be in opposition to the dominant ideology (we understand dominant ideology here as promoting government initiatives), while in the second case by disagreeing with the news story a reader would actually favor dominant ideology. That leads to the final problem of the original model -- assuming that all the media encode texts within the dominant ideology and thus suggesting that media is homogeneous in nature.[14]In order to address these problems, Ross[14] suggests two steps in modifying the original model. The first step is to distinguish between the graphical model and the typology, which is different decoding positions (dominant-hegemonic, negotiated, and oppositional). The second step is to divide the model into two versions, an ideology version (Figure 1) and a text-related version (Figure 2).Figure 1. The modified encoding/decoding typology (ideology version)[14]The main addition in both new typologies of Hall's model are two types of encoding meanings, which are a Negotiated position and an Oppositional position. As the original model makes all media institutions encode messages in the dominant-hegemonic manner,[3] Ross[14] takes a step further and 'allow' media institutions to encode texts according to the oppositional or negotiated framework. Thus, media texts in both Hall's versions can be dominant-hegemonic (Hall's assumed mode), partly critical or radical.Another addition to the original model is the appearance of a Neutralization category meaning that media texts encoded within an oppositional or negotiated framework are decoded according to the dominant ideology. Let's look at the upper right corner of the Ross ideology version (Figure 1) at the cell when a radical text intersects with a dominant-hegemonic decoding position. For example, neutralization will happen if a TV news report conveying a message about an oppositional political party in Russia may be interpreted by a conservative viewer as an evidence of the US sponsorship of anti-government organizations underlying Russian independency. Let's now look at the lower right corner of the same version at the cell when a radical text is decoded by viewers within an oppositional position. In this case 'oppositional reading of oppositional text' needs explanation that it equals to the \"agreement with oppositional text\" as readers text evaluation might cause misunderstanding.Figure 2. The modified encoding/decoding typology (text-relative version)[14]In order to avoid misinterpretations and to make an alternative typology more reader-friendly, Ross suggests a text-relative version that stresses not the ideological tendency of the text, but rather if receivers are in agreement or opposition with any kind of text.[14] In this version Ross changed the term 'dominant-hegemonic' to 'text-acceptance'; and the term 'oppositional' to 'text-oppositional' in order to remind readers the difference between opposition to the dominant ideology and opposition to the text.In the text-relative version a Neutralization category moved to the lower right cell while saving its meaning. Neutralization means applying dominant ideology to the radical text or rejecting oppositional texts.Wu and Bergman[17] propose a revision to Hall's encoding/decoding model in a different way. They conceptualize the adoption of certain codes by producers and viewers respectively as encoding strategies and decoding strategies. For producers, encoding strategies are partly influenced by their imagination of how the audience will decode their products, which they conceptualize as the imagined decoding strategies. For viewers, their awareness of the 'constructedness' of the text means that from the text they also perceive, apart from its meaning, the encoding strategies, which are not necessarily the same strategies adopted by producers. These perceived encoding strategies constitute an important dimension of the decoding process. Based on their intended meanings and imagined decoding strategies, media producers execute certain encoding strategies and give a certain shape to the text. In the decoding process, viewers derive both perceived meanings and perceived encoding strategies from the text. From these two dimensions, viewers arrive at their evaluation of the text. This revised model admits the diversity of producers' ideological positions in the encoding process. Clearly separating perceived meanings from intended meanings, it anticipates the situation of polysemy. By distinguishing between perceived meanings and perceived encoding strategies, it also gives space to audience's awareness of the 'constructedness' of the text.To conclude, while Hall's Encoding/Decoding model of communication is highly evaluated and widely used in research, it has been criticised as it contains some unsolved problems. This section discussed some flaws in the original model and introduced proposed revisions to Hall's typology.","title":"The encoding/decoding model critique"}]
[]
[{"title":"Aberrant decoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberrant_decoding"},{"title":"Semiotic democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotic_democracy"},{"title":"Reception theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reception_theory"},{"title":"Reader-response criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader-response_criticism"}]
[{"reference":"Wilbur, Schramm (1954). The process and effects of mass communication. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press","url_text":"University of Illinois Press"}]},{"reference":"Geoghegan, Bernard (2024). Code: From Information Theory to French Theory. Durhan, North Carolina: Duke University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press","url_text":"Duke University Press"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Stuart. \"Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse\" (PDF). University of Birmingham. Retrieved 27 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-artslaw/history/cccs/stencilled-occasional-papers/1to8and11to24and38to48/SOP07.pdf","url_text":"\"Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Aidan; Lawlor, Katrina; O'Donohoe, Stephanie (2009). \"Chapter 8: Encoding Advertisements: The Creative Perspective\". In Turow, Joseph; McAllister, Matthew P. (eds.). The Advertising and Consumer Culture Reader. Hoboken, New Jersey: Routledge. pp. 133–49. ISBN 978-0415963305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415963305","url_text":"978-0415963305"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Richard (2002). Media & Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication. Boston, Massachusetts: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312403287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312403287","url_text":"978-0312403287"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Stuart (2009). Durham, Meenakshi Gigi; Keller, Douglas M. (eds.). Media and Cultural Studies: KeyWorks. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. pp. 171–74. ISBN 9781405150309.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)","url_text":"Hall, Stuart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)","url_text":"Wiley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405150309","url_text":"9781405150309"}]},{"reference":"Castleberry, Garret (2015). \"Understanding Stuart Hall's 'Encoding/Decoding' Through AMC's Breaking Bad\". In Glenister Roberts, Kathleen (ed.). Communication Theory and Millennial Popular Culture: Essays and Applications. New York City: Peter Lang Inc. p. 90. ISBN 978-1433126420.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)","url_text":"Peter Lang Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433126420","url_text":"978-1433126420"}]},{"reference":"Wu, Shangwei; Bergman, Tabe (May 2019). \"An active, resistant audience – but in whose interest? Online discussions on Chinese TV dramas as maintaining dominant ideology\" (PDF). Participations: International Journal of Audience Research. 16 (1): 23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.participations.org/Volume%2016/Issue%201/7.pdf","url_text":"\"An active, resistant audience – but in whose interest? Online discussions on Chinese TV dramas as maintaining dominant ideology\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/college-artslaw/history/cccs/stencilled-occasional-papers/1to8and11to24and38to48/SOP07.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse\""},{"Link":"http://www.vts.edu.rs/images/nastava/PoslovneKomunikacije/POSLOVNE_KOMUNIKACIJE-skripta.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.vts.edu.rs/images/nastava/PoslovneKomunikacije/POSLOVNE_KOMUNIKACIJE-skripta.pdf"},{"Link":"http://juliemartin.org/juliemartin-audiencesreception.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Audiences and Reception Theory.\""},{"Link":"http://www.participations.org/Volume%2016/Issue%201/7.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An active, resistant audience – but in whose interest? Online discussions on Chinese TV dramas as maintaining dominant ideology\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177/136754940000300205","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1177/136754940000300205"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420701528057","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420701528057"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_cannula
Nasal cannula
["1 Applications","1.1 Supplemental oxygen","1.2 Nasal high-flow therapy","2 Reservoir cannula","3 See also","4 References"]
Medical device to deliver supplemental oxygen For the general medical term cannula, see Cannula. Nasal cannulaPhotograph of a patient wearing a nasal cannulaICD-10-PCSA4615ICD-993.90 93.99MeSHD012121OPS-301 code8-71 The nasal cannula (NC) is a device used to deliver supplemental oxygen or increased airflow to a patient or person in need of respiratory help. This device consists of a lightweight tube which on one end splits into two prongs which are placed in the nostrils curving toward the sinuses behind the nose, and from which a mixture of air and oxygen flows. The other end of the tube is connected to an oxygen supply such as a portable oxygen generator, or a wall connection in a hospital via a flowmeter. The cannula is generally attached to the patient by way of the tube hooking around the patient's ears or by an elastic headband, and the prongs curve toward the paranasal sinuses. The earliest, and most widely used form of adult nasal cannula carries 1–3 litres of oxygen per minute. Cannulae with smaller prongs intended for infant or neonatal use can carry less than one litre per minute. Flow rates of up to 60 litres of air/oxygen per minute can be delivered through wider bore humidified nasal cannula. The nasal cannula was invented by Wilfred Jones and patented in 1949 by his employer, BOC. Applications Supplemental oxygen Nasal prongs A nasal cannula is generally used wherever small amounts of supplemental oxygen are required, without rigid control of respiration, such as in oxygen therapy. Most cannulae can only provide oxygen at low flow rates—up to 5 litres per minute (L/min)—delivering an oxygen concentration of 28–44%. Rates above 5 L/min can result in discomfort to the patient, drying of the nasal passages, and possibly nose bleeds (epistaxis). Also with flow rates above 6 L/min, the laminar flow becomes turbulent and the oxygen therapy being delivered is only as effective as delivering 5–6 L/min. The nasal cannula is often used in elderly patients or patients who can benefit from oxygen therapy but do not require it to self respirate. These patients do not need oxygen to the degree of wearing a non-rebreather mask. It is especially useful in those patients where vasoconstriction could negatively impact their condition, such as those suffering from strokes. A nasal cannula may also be used by pilots and passengers in small, unpressurized aircraft that do not exceed certain altitudes. The cannula provides extra oxygen to compensate for the lower oxygen content available for breathing at the low ambient air pressures of high altitude, preventing hypoxia. Special aviation cannula systems are manufactured for this purpose. Since the early 2000s, with the introduction of nasal cannula which uses heated humidification for respiratory gas humidification, flows above 6 LPM have become possible without the associated discomfort, and with the added benefit of improving mucociliary clearance. Nasal high-flow therapy See also: High-flow therapy High flows of an air/oxygen blend can be administered via a nasal cannula to accurately deliver high volume of oxygen therapy. Respiratory gas humidification allows the high flows to be delivered comfortably via the cannula. Nasal high-flow therapy can be used as an effective alternative to face mask oxygen and allows the patient to continue to talk, eat and drink while receiving the therapy. Definition: Non-invasive delivery of oxygen air mixture delivered via a nasal cannula at flows that exceed the patient's inspiratory flow demands with gas that has been optimally conditioned by warming and humidifying the gas to close to 100% relative humidity at body temperature. Reservoir cannula A reservoir cannula is an oxygen conserving supplemental oxygen administration device which accumulates constant flow oxygen in a small reservoir below the nose during exhalation and delivers it in a bolus it at the beginning of the next inhalation, which ensures that most of it reaches the parts of the lung in which gas exchange occurs, and little is wasted in dead space. This section needs expansion with: more information on use and function from source cited or others. You can help by adding to it. (July 2023) See also Oxygen tank – Storage vessel for oxygen Oxygen therapy – Use of oxygen as a medical treatment Oxygen mask – Interface between the oxygen delivery system and the human user Hyperbaric medicine, also known as Hyperbaric oxygen therapy – Medical treatment at raised ambient pressure Space suit – Garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space Oxygen tent – Canopy over a patient to provide supplemental oxygen Oxygen bar – Establishment that sells oxygen for on-site recreational use References ^ Rengasamy, Sundara; Nassef, Bishoi; Bilotta, Federico; Pugliese, Francesco; Nozari, Ala; Ortega, Rafael (2021-07-15). Ingelfinger, Julie R. (ed.). "Administration of Supplemental Oxygen". New England Journal of Medicine. pp. e9. doi:10.1056/NEJMvcm2035240. Retrieved 2023-09-27. ^ "Elsevier – Clinical Skills Oxygen Therapy: Nasal Cannula or Oxygen Mask". elsevier.health. Retrieved 2023-09-27. ^ "Improvements in or relating to nasal inhalation apparatus". (Primary Source). Espacenet. The European Patent Organisation. Retrieved November 26, 2018. ^ Roca O, Riera J, Torres F, Masclans JR (April 2010). "High-flow oxygen therapy in acute respiratory failure". Respir Care. 55 (4): 408–13. PMID 20406507. ^ Hasani A, Chapman TH, McCool D, Smith RE, Dilworth JP, Agnew JE (2008). "Domiciliary humidification improves lung mucociliary clearance in patients with bronchiectasis". Chron Respir Dis. 5 (2): 81–6. doi:10.1177/1479972307087190. PMID 18539721. S2CID 206736621. ^ Sim MA, Dean P, Kinsella J, Black R, Carter R, Hughes M (September 2008). "Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated". Anaesthesia. 63 (9): 938–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05536.x. PMID 18540928. ^ Turnbull B (2008). "High-flow humidified oxygen therapy used to alleviate respiratory distress". Br J Nurs. 17 (19): 1226–30. doi:10.12968/bjon.2008.17.19.31462. PMID 18974691. ^ Parke RL, McGuinness SP, Eccleston ML (March 2011). "A preliminary randomized controlled trial to assess effectiveness of nasal high-flow oxygen in intensive care patients". Respir Care. 56 (3): 265–70. doi:10.4187/respcare.00801. PMID 21255498. ^ Tiruvoipati R, Lewis D, Haji K, Botha J (September 2010). "High-flow nasal oxygen vs high-flow face mask: a randomized crossover trial in extubated patients". J Crit Care. 25 (3): 463–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.06.050. PMID 19781896. ^ Dumont, Cheryl Plate; Tiep, Brian L. (August 2002). "Usinag a Reservoir Nasal Cannula in Acute Care" (PDF). Critical Care Nurse. 22 (4): 41–46. vteBreathing apparatusHigh altitude breathing apparatus Aviation breathing apparatus Emergency oxygen system Mountaineering breathing apparatus Occupational breathing apparatusRespiratorRegulated by NIOSH and others Gas mask Supplied-air respirator Self-contained breathing apparatus Self-contained self-rescue device Particulate Respirator N95 respirator Dust mask Powered air-purifying respirator Chemical cartridge Facepieces Smoke hood Elastomeric respirator Regulations 42 CFR Part 84 (United States) ANSI K13.1-1973 EN 149 (Europe) GB2626 (China), and others Medical breathing apparatus Anaesthetic machine Bubble CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure Resuscitator Bag valve mask Pocket mask Ventilator Iron lung Non-invasive ventilation Oxygen therapy Hyperbaric medicine Built-in breathing system Positive airway pressure Respiratory gas humidification Supplemental oxygen Nasal cannula Reservoir cannula Non-rebreather mask Oxygen hood Oxygen mask Oxygen tent Partial rebreather mask Simple face mask Venturi mask Underwater breathing apparatus Open-circuit scuba Diving helmet Diving rebreather Full-face diving mask Surface-supplied diving equipment Snorkel Helicopter escape set Submarine escape set Atmospheric diving suit Gas extender Helium reclaim system User respiratory interface Breathing mask Full facepiece Half mask orinasal mask General Breathing gas Breathing performance of regulators Dead space Emergency gas supply Escape breathing apparatus Facepiece Hazmat suit Negative pressure breathing Open circuit breathing apparatus Oxygen concentrator Positive pressure breathing Respiratory protective equipment Pressure regulator Constant flow regulator Demand valve Rebreather Closed circuit rebreather Counterlung Oxygen rebreather Carbon dioxide scrubber Semi-closed circuit Work of breathing Escape respirator Category Commons Glossary
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannula"},{"link_name":"supplemental oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapy"},{"link_name":"respiratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system"},{"link_name":"nostrils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostril"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nejm-1"},{"link_name":"flowmeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowmeter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsev-2"},{"link_name":"paranasal sinuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses"},{"link_name":"BOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOC_(company)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Espacenet-3"}],"text":"For the general medical term cannula, see Cannula.The nasal cannula (NC) is a device used to deliver supplemental oxygen or increased airflow to a patient or person in need of respiratory help. This device consists of a lightweight tube which on one end splits into two prongs which are placed in the nostrils curving toward the sinuses behind the nose, and from which a mixture of air and oxygen flows.[1] The other end of the tube is connected to an oxygen supply such as a portable oxygen generator, or a wall connection in a hospital via a flowmeter.[2] The cannula is generally attached to the patient by way of the tube hooking around the patient's ears or by an elastic headband, and the prongs curve toward the paranasal sinuses. The earliest, and most widely used form of adult nasal cannula carries 1–3 litres of oxygen per minute.Cannulae with smaller prongs intended for infant or neonatal use can carry less than one litre per minute. Flow rates of up to 60 litres of air/oxygen per minute can be delivered through wider bore humidified nasal cannula.The nasal cannula was invented by Wilfred Jones and patented in 1949 by his employer, BOC.[3]","title":"Nasal cannula"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasal_cannula.png"},{"link_name":"non-rebreather mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rebreather_mask"},{"link_name":"respiratory gas humidification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_gas_humidification"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roca2010-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hasani2008-5"}],"sub_title":"Supplemental oxygen","text":"Nasal prongsA nasal cannula is generally used wherever small amounts of supplemental oxygen are required, without rigid control of respiration, such as in oxygen therapy. Most cannulae can only provide oxygen at low flow rates—up to 5 litres per minute (L/min)—delivering an oxygen concentration of 28–44%. Rates above 5 L/min can result in discomfort to the patient, drying of the nasal passages, and possibly nose bleeds (epistaxis). Also with flow rates above 6 L/min, the laminar flow becomes turbulent and the oxygen therapy being delivered is only as effective as delivering 5–6 L/min.The nasal cannula is often used in elderly patients or patients who can benefit from oxygen therapy but do not require it to self respirate. These patients do not need oxygen to the degree of wearing a non-rebreather mask. It is especially useful in those patients where vasoconstriction could negatively impact their condition, such as those suffering from strokes.A nasal cannula may also be used by pilots and passengers in small, unpressurized aircraft that do not exceed certain altitudes. The cannula provides extra oxygen to compensate for the lower oxygen content available for breathing at the low ambient air pressures of high altitude, preventing hypoxia. Special aviation cannula systems are manufactured for this purpose.Since the early 2000s, with the introduction of nasal cannula which uses heated humidification for respiratory gas humidification, flows above 6 LPM have become possible without the associated discomfort,[4] and with the added benefit of improving mucociliary clearance.[5]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High-flow therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-flow_therapy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sim2008-6"},{"link_name":"Respiratory gas humidification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_gas_humidification"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turnbull2008-7"},{"link_name":"high-flow therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-flow_therapy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21255498-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tiruvoipati2009-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Nasal high-flow therapy","text":"See also: High-flow therapyHigh flows of an air/oxygen blend can be administered via a nasal cannula to accurately deliver high volume of oxygen therapy.[6] Respiratory gas humidification allows the high flows to be delivered comfortably via the cannula.[7] Nasal high-flow therapy can be used as an effective alternative to face mask oxygen[8] and allows the patient to continue to talk, eat and drink while receiving the therapy.[9]\nDefinition: Non-invasive delivery of oxygen air mixture delivered via a nasal cannula at flows that exceed the patient's inspiratory flow demands with gas that has been optimally conditioned by warming and humidifying the gas to close to 100% relative humidity at body temperature.[citation needed]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A reservoir cannula is an oxygen conserving supplemental oxygen administration device which accumulates constant flow oxygen in a small reservoir below the nose during exhalation and delivers it in a bolus it at the beginning of the next inhalation, which ensures that most of it reaches the parts of the lung in which gas exchange occurs, and little is wasted in dead space. [10]","title":"Reservoir cannula"}]
[{"image_text":"Nasal prongs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nasal_cannula.png/220px-Nasal_cannula.png"}]
[{"title":"Oxygen tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_tank"},{"title":"Oxygen therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapy"},{"title":"Oxygen mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_mask"},{"title":"Hyperbaric medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine"},{"title":"Space suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_suit"},{"title":"Oxygen tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_tent"},{"title":"Oxygen bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_bar"}]
[{"reference":"Rengasamy, Sundara; Nassef, Bishoi; Bilotta, Federico; Pugliese, Francesco; Nozari, Ala; Ortega, Rafael (2021-07-15). Ingelfinger, Julie R. (ed.). \"Administration of Supplemental Oxygen\". New England Journal of Medicine. pp. e9. doi:10.1056/NEJMvcm2035240. Retrieved 2023-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMvcm2035240","url_text":"\"Administration of Supplemental Oxygen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMvcm2035240","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMvcm2035240"}]},{"reference":"\"Elsevier – Clinical Skills Oxygen Therapy: Nasal Cannula or Oxygen Mask\". elsevier.health. Retrieved 2023-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/oxygen-therapy-nasal-cannula-or-oxygen-mask","url_text":"\"Elsevier – Clinical Skills Oxygen Therapy: Nasal Cannula or Oxygen Mask\""}]},{"reference":"\"Improvements in or relating to nasal inhalation apparatus\". (Primary Source). Espacenet. The European Patent Organisation. Retrieved November 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=GB&NR=618570&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP#","url_text":"\"Improvements in or relating to nasal inhalation apparatus\""}]},{"reference":"Roca O, Riera J, Torres F, Masclans JR (April 2010). \"High-flow oxygen therapy in acute respiratory failure\". Respir Care. 55 (4): 408–13. PMID 20406507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20406507","url_text":"20406507"}]},{"reference":"Hasani A, Chapman TH, McCool D, Smith RE, Dilworth JP, Agnew JE (2008). \"Domiciliary humidification improves lung mucociliary clearance in patients with bronchiectasis\". Chron Respir Dis. 5 (2): 81–6. doi:10.1177/1479972307087190. PMID 18539721. S2CID 206736621.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1479972307087190","url_text":"\"Domiciliary humidification improves lung mucociliary clearance in patients with bronchiectasis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1479972307087190","url_text":"10.1177/1479972307087190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18539721","url_text":"18539721"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206736621","url_text":"206736621"}]},{"reference":"Sim MA, Dean P, Kinsella J, Black R, Carter R, Hughes M (September 2008). \"Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated\". Anaesthesia. 63 (9): 938–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05536.x. PMID 18540928.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.2008.05536.x","url_text":"\"Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.2008.05536.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05536.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18540928","url_text":"18540928"}]},{"reference":"Turnbull B (2008). \"High-flow humidified oxygen therapy used to alleviate respiratory distress\". Br J Nurs. 17 (19): 1226–30. doi:10.12968/bjon.2008.17.19.31462. PMID 18974691.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fbjon.2008.17.19.31462","url_text":"10.12968/bjon.2008.17.19.31462"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18974691","url_text":"18974691"}]},{"reference":"Parke RL, McGuinness SP, Eccleston ML (March 2011). \"A preliminary randomized controlled trial to assess effectiveness of nasal high-flow oxygen in intensive care patients\". Respir Care. 56 (3): 265–70. doi:10.4187/respcare.00801. PMID 21255498.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4187%2Frespcare.00801","url_text":"\"A preliminary randomized controlled trial to assess effectiveness of nasal high-flow oxygen in intensive care patients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4187%2Frespcare.00801","url_text":"10.4187/respcare.00801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21255498","url_text":"21255498"}]},{"reference":"Tiruvoipati R, Lewis D, Haji K, Botha J (September 2010). \"High-flow nasal oxygen vs high-flow face mask: a randomized crossover trial in extubated patients\". J Crit Care. 25 (3): 463–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.06.050. PMID 19781896.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcrc.2009.06.050","url_text":"10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.06.050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19781896","url_text":"19781896"}]},{"reference":"Dumont, Cheryl Plate; Tiep, Brian L. (August 2002). \"Usinag a Reservoir Nasal Cannula in Acute Care\" (PDF). Critical Care Nurse. 22 (4): 41–46.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nihon-rufuto.com/medical/breathing/image/oxymizer_download03.pdf","url_text":"\"Usinag a Reservoir Nasal Cannula in Acute Care\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=93.90&Submit=Search&action=search","external_links_name":"93.90"},{"Link":"http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=93.99&Submit=Search&action=search","external_links_name":"93.99"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012121","external_links_name":"D012121"},{"Link":"http://www.icd-code.de/ops/code/8-71.html","external_links_name":"8-71"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasal_cannula&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMvcm2035240","external_links_name":"\"Administration of Supplemental Oxygen\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMvcm2035240","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJMvcm2035240"},{"Link":"https://elsevier.health/en-US/preview/oxygen-therapy-nasal-cannula-or-oxygen-mask","external_links_name":"\"Elsevier – Clinical Skills Oxygen Therapy: Nasal Cannula or Oxygen Mask\""},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=GB&NR=618570&KC=&FT=E&locale=en_EP#","external_links_name":"\"Improvements in or relating to nasal inhalation apparatus\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20406507","external_links_name":"20406507"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1479972307087190","external_links_name":"\"Domiciliary humidification improves lung mucociliary clearance in patients with bronchiectasis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1479972307087190","external_links_name":"10.1177/1479972307087190"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18539721","external_links_name":"18539721"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206736621","external_links_name":"206736621"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.2008.05536.x","external_links_name":"\"Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2044.2008.05536.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05536.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18540928","external_links_name":"18540928"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fbjon.2008.17.19.31462","external_links_name":"10.12968/bjon.2008.17.19.31462"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18974691","external_links_name":"18974691"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4187%2Frespcare.00801","external_links_name":"\"A preliminary randomized controlled trial to assess effectiveness of nasal high-flow oxygen in intensive care patients\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4187%2Frespcare.00801","external_links_name":"10.4187/respcare.00801"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21255498","external_links_name":"21255498"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcrc.2009.06.050","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.06.050"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19781896","external_links_name":"19781896"},{"Link":"https://www.nihon-rufuto.com/medical/breathing/image/oxymizer_download03.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Usinag a Reservoir Nasal Cannula in Acute Care\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma
Charisma
["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Divinely conferred charisma","2.2 Personality charisma","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Charm that can inspire devotion in others For other uses, see Charisma (disambiguation). Charisma (/kəˈrɪzmə/) is a personal quality of presence or charm that other people find psychologically compelling. In the fields of sociology and political science, psychology and management the term charismatic describes a type of leadership. In Christian theology, the term charisma appears as the Spiritual gift (charism) which is an endowment with an extraordinary power given by the Holy Spirit. Etymology The English word charisma derives from the Ancient Greek word χάρισμα (chárisma), which denotes a "favor freely given" and the "gift of grace". The singular term and the plural term χαρίσματα (charismata) both derive from the word χάρις (charis), meaning grace and charm. In religious praxis, the Ancient Greeks ascribed personality charisma to their pantheon of gods and goddesses, e.g. attributing charm, beauty, nature, creativity, and fertility to the individual Charites (Χάριτες). In theology and sociology, the denotations of the word charisma expanded from the Ancient Greek definition into the connotations of divinely-conferred charisma and of personality charisma, thus in A History of Charisma (2010), John Potts said that: Contemporary charisma maintains, however, the irreducible character ascribed to it by Weber: it retains a mysterious, elusive quality. Media commentators regularly describe charisma as the X-factor. . . . The enigmatic character of charisma also suggests a connection — at least to some degree — to the earliest manifestations of charisma as a spiritual gift.: 3  Moreover, the Koine Greek dialect spoken in Ancient Rome employed the terms charisma and charismata without the religious connotations. History Divinely conferred charisma See also: Spiritual gift The Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible record the development of divinely conferred charisma. In the Hebrew text the idea of charismatic leadership is generally signaled by the use of the noun hen (favor) or the verb hanan (to show favor). The Greek term for charisma (grace or favor), and its root charis (grace) replaced the Hebrew terms in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (the 3rd century BCE Septuagint). Throughout, "the paradigmatic image of the charismatic hero is the figure who has received God's favor".: 1545  In other words, divinely conferred charisma applied to highly revered figures. Thus, Eastern Mediterranean Jews in the 1st century CE had notions of charis and charisma that embraced the range of meanings found in Greek culture and the spiritual meanings from the Hebrew Bible.: 15  From this linguistic legacy of fused cultures, in 1 Corinthians, Paul the Apostle introduced the meaning that the Holy Spirit bestowed charism and charismata, "the gift of God's grace," upon individuals or groups. For Paul, "here is a clear distinction between charisma and charis; charisma is the direct result of divine charis or grace.": 36–37 : 1549  In the New Testament Epistles, Paul refers to charisma or its plural charismata seven times in 1 Corinthians, written in Koine (or common) Greek around 54 CE. He elaborates on his concepts with six references in Romans (c. 56). He makes three individual references in 2 Corinthians 56, 1 Timothy, and 2 Timothy 62–67. The seventeenth and only other mention of charisma is in 1 Peter.: 23, 37, 43, 45  The gospels, written in the late first century, apply divinely conferred charisma to revered figures. Examples are accounts of Jesus' baptism and of his transfiguration, in which disciples see him as radiant with light, appearing together with Moses and Elijah. Another example is Gabriel's greeting to Mary as "full of grace". In these and other instances early Christians designated certain individuals as possessing "spiritual gifts", and these gifts included "the ability to penetrate the neighbour to the bottom of his heart and spirit and to recognize whether he is dominated by a good or by an evil spirit and the gift to help him to freedom from his demon". Believers characterized their revered religious figures as having "a higher perfection… a special Charisma". Then, with the establishment of the Christian Church, "the old charismatic gifts and free offerings were transformed into a hierarchical sacerdotal system". The focus on the institution rather than divinely inspired individuals increasingly dominated religious thought and life, and that focus went unchanged for centuries. In the 17th century church leaders, notably in the Latin tradition, accented "individual gifts particular talents imparted by God or the Holy Spirit." The 19th century brought a shift in emphasis toward individual and spiritual aspects of charisma; Protestant and some Catholic theologians narrowed the concept to superlative, out-of-the-ordinary, and virtuoso gifts. Simultaneously, the term became alienated from the much wider meaning that early Christians had attached to it. Still, the narrowed term projected back to the earlier period "A systematically reflected and highly differentiated understanding of charisma was often unconsciously infused into the Scriptures and writings of the church fathers, so that these texts were no longer read through the eyes of the authors". These dialectic meanings influenced changes in Pentecostalism in the late 19th century, and charismatic movements in some mainline churches in the mid-20th century. The discussion in the 21st Century Religion section explores what charisma means in these and other religious groups. Personality charisma See also: Charismatic authority The basis for modern secular usage comes from German sociologist Max Weber. He discovered the term in the work of Rudolph Sohm, a German church historian whose 1892 Kirchenrecht was immediately recognized in Germany as an epoch-making work. It also stimulated a debate between Sohm and leading theologians and religion scholars, which lasted more than twenty years and stimulated a rich polemical literature. That debate and literature had made charisma a popular term when Weber used it in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and in his Sociology of Religion. Perhaps because he assumed that readers already understood the idea, Weber's early writings lacked definition or explanation of the concept. In the collection of his works, Economy and Society, he identified the term as a prime example of action he labeled "value-rational," in distinction from and opposition to action he labeled "Instrumentally rational." Because he applied meanings for charisma similar to Sohm, who had affirmed the purely charismatic nature of early Christianity,: 1544  Weber's charisma would have coincided with the divinely conferred charisma sense defined above in Sohm's work. Weber introduced the personality charisma sense when he applied charisma to designate a form of authority. To explain charismatic authority, he developed his classic definition:Charisma is a certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader.: 328, 358ff  Here Weber extends the concept of charisma beyond supernatural to superhuman and even to exceptional powers and qualities. Sociologist Paul Joosse examined Weber's famous definition, and found that:through simple yet profoundly consequential phrases such as "are considered" and "is treated", charisma becomes a relational, attributable, and at last a properly sociological concept.... For Weber, the locus of power is in the led, who actively (if perhaps unconsciously) invest their leaders with social authority. In other words, Weber indicates that it is followers who attribute powers to the individual, emphasizing that "the recognition on the part of those subject to authority" is decisive for the validity of charisma.: 359  Weber died in 1920, leaving "disordered, fragmentary manuscripts without even the guidance of a plan or table of the proposed contents". One unfinished manuscript contained his above quoted definition of charisma. It took over a quarter century for his work to be translated into English. With regard to charisma, Weber's formulations are generally regarded as having revived the concept from its deep theological obscurity. However, even with the admirable translations and prefaces of his entire works, many scholars have found Weber's formulations ambiguous. For the past half-century they have debated the meaning of many Weberian concepts, including the meaning of charisma, the role of followers, and the degree of a supernatural component. See also Charis (name) – male given name (Χάρης)Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Instrumental and value-rational action – Philosophical terms Rizz (slang) – Internet slang word for "charisma"Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Superficial charm – Flattery, telling people what they want to hear Trait leadership – Patterns of personal characteristics that foster consistent leader effectiveness References ^ Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2010). "charisma". New Oxford American Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 292."charisma". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-12-07. ^ a b c d e Joosse, Paul (2014). "Becoming a God: Max Weber and the social construction of charisma". Journal of Classical Sociology. 14 (3): 266–283. doi:10.1177/1468795X14536652. S2CID 143606190. ^ Antonakis, John; Fenley, Marika; Liechti, Sue (2011). "Can Charisma be Taught? Tests of Two Interventions" (PDF). Academy of Management Learning & Education. 10 (3): 374–396. doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0012. ^ "Spiritual gifts". A Dictionary of the Bible by W. R. F. Browning. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011. ^ "charisma". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. ^ "charism, charisma, charismata, charisms". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. III (Second ed.). 1989. p. 41. ^ Beekes, Robert S.P. (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 10/1. Brill. p. 1607. ^ a b c d Potts, John (2010). A History of Charisma. Palgrave Macmillan. ^ a b c Ebertz, Michael N. (2007). "Charisma". In Betz, Hans Dieter; Browning, Don S.; Janowski, Bernd; Jüngel, Eberhard (eds.). Religion Past & Present. Vol. II. Brill. pp. 493–496. ^ a b c d Scheper, George L. (2005). "Charisma". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 3 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference. ^ Grabo, Allen; Spisak, Brian R.; Van Vugt, Mark (2017). "Charisma as signal: An evolutionary perspective on charismatic leadership". The Leadership Quarterly. 28 (4): 473–485. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.05.001. hdl:1871.1/cfaf823d-55a3-4d48-95e4-68a021621ed2. ^ Dicharry, W.F. (1967). "Charism". New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. III. Thomson/Gale. p. 460. ^ a b Benz, Ernst Wilhelm (1986). "The Roles of Christianity". The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16. p. 306. ^ Troeltsch, Ernst (1931) . The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches. Vol. 1. Translated by Wyon, Olive. Allen and Unwin. pp. 99, 109. ^ Morse, William; Morse, Mary (1985). Harper's Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. Harper and Row. p. 110. ^ Baumert, Norbert (1991). "'Charisma' – Versuch einer Sprachregelung". Philosophisch-Theologische (in German). 66: 22. Quoted in Ebertz, 2007, op. cit., p. 495 ^ Sohm, Rudolf (1892). Kirchenrecht. Leipzig: Duncher & Humblot. ^ Smith, David Norman. (1998). "Faith, Reason, and Charisma: Rudolf Sohm, Max Weber, and the Theology of Grace". Sociological Inquiry. 68 (1): 32–60. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1998.tb00453.x. ^ Weber, Max (1968). Economy and Society. Bedminster Press. pp. 24–25. ^ a b Weber, Max (1947) . The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Translated by Henderson, A.M.; Parsons, Talcott. Free Press. ^ a b MacRae, Donald G. (1974). Max Weber. Viking. p. 101. ^ Calhoun, Craig, ed. (2002). "Weber, Max". Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press. pp. 510–512. ^ Turner, Stephen (2003). "Charisma Reconsidered". Journal of Classical Sociology. 3 (5): 5–26. doi:10.1177/1468795X03003001692. S2CID 220121939. ^ Hunt, Sonja M. (1984). "The Role of Leadership in the Construction of Reality". In Kellerman, Barbara (ed.). Leadership Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Prentice-Hall. pp. 157–178.Geertz, Clifford (1977). "Centers, Kings, and Charisma: Reflections on the Symbolics of Power". In Clark, Ben-David J. (ed.). Culture and Its Creators. University of Chicago Press. pp. 150–171.Rustow, Dankwart A. (1970). "The Study of Leadership". In Rustow, Dankwart A. (ed.). Philosophers and Kings: Studies in Leadership. Braziller. pp. 10–16.Stutje, Jan Willem (2012). Charismatic Leadership and Social Movements: The Revolutionary Power of Ordinary Men and Women. ISBN 978-0-85745-329-7. External links Look up charisma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Antonakis, John (2015-02-09). "Let's face it: Charisma matters". TEDx Lausanne. Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Flora, Carlin (2005-05-01). "The X-Factors of Success". Psychology Today. "Max Weber and Charisma". Archived from the original on 2005-07-27. Robbin, Thomas (1998). "Charisma". In Swatos, William H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0-7619-8956-0. Toth, Michael A. (April 1972). "Toward a Theory of the Routinization of Charisma". Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal. 9 (2): 93–98. Greer, Mark (January 2005). "The Science of Savoir Faire". Monitor on Psychology. 36 (1). American Psychological Association. "Charismatic Cults". Thinking Allowed. BBC Four. 26 January 2005. Rapoport, David C. (June 1979). "Moses, Charisma, and Covenant". Western Political Quarterly. 32 (2): 123–143. doi:10.2307/448172. JSTOR 448172. "The Character of Charisma". 2004-07-15. Archived from the original on 2006-06-28. Zernike, Kate (2008-02-17). "The Charisma Mandate". The New York Times. Oppenheimer, Mark (2008-07-20). "Charm School: Scholars Unpack the Secrets of Charisma, and Suggest the Elusive Quality Can Be Taught". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04. Bitar, Amer (2020). Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030573973. vteVirtuesAbout virtues Endowment Moral character Nicomachean Ethics Positive psychology Trait theory Virtue ethics Virtue families Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā Brahmavihārās Cardinal virtues Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Epistemic virtues Five virtues Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues Nine Noble Virtues Pāramīs Prussian virtues Scout Law Seven virtues Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers Theological virtues Three Treasures Values in Action Inventory of Strengths Yamas Individual virtues Accountability Alertness Altruism Authenticity Calmness Charisma Charity Chastity Chivalry Cleanliness Compassion Conscientiousness Courage Civil Moral Courtesy Diligence Discernment Discipline Duty Empathy Endurance Equanimity Etiquette Faith Faithfulness Fidelity Foresight Forgiveness Frugality Generosity Glory Good faith Gratitude Heroism Honesty Honour Hope Hospitality Humanity Humility Impartiality Innocence Insight Integrity Intelligence Emotional Social Judgement Justice Kindness Love Loyalty Magnanimity Magnificence Meekness Mercy Moderation Modesty Nonattachment Patience Patriotism Perspicacity Philanthropy Piety Filial Pity Politeness Prudence Punctuality Religion Renunciation Resilience Respect Reverence Righteous indignation Righteousness Self-control Self-cultivation Self-transcendence Simplicity Sincerity Solidarity Sportsmanship Sympathy Taste Temperance Tranquillity Trust Wisdom Wit Workmanship Chinese De Jing Li Ren Yi Greek Agape Arete Ataraxia Eutrapelia Philotimo Phronesis Sophia Sophrosyne Indian Adhiṭṭhāna Ahimsa Akrodha Aparigraha Ārjava Asteya Brahmacharya Dāna Dhṛti Hrī Karuṇā Kshama Kshanti Mettā Muditā Prajñā Satya Shaucha Sevā Śraddhā/Saddhā Upekṣā Vīrya Latin Auctoritas Caritas Decorum Dignitas Fides Gravitas Humanitas Pietas Virtus Other Ganbaru Giri Sadaqah Seny Sisu Virtù Authority control databases: National Spain Germany Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charisma (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/kəˈrɪzmə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Christian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"Spiritual gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gift"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DotBSpiritGifts-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For other uses, see Charisma (disambiguation).Charisma (/kəˈrɪzmə/) is a personal quality of presence or charm that other people find psychologically compelling.[1] In the fields of sociology and political science, psychology and management the term charismatic describes a type of leadership.[2][3] In Christian theology, the term charisma appears as the Spiritual gift (charism) which is an endowment with an extraordinary power given by the Holy Spirit.[4][5]","title":"Charisma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OED-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Charites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charites"},{"link_name":"[Max] Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potts-8"},{"link_name":"Koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"Ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebertz-9"}],"text":"The English word charisma derives from the Ancient Greek word χάρισμα (chárisma), which denotes a \"favor freely given\" and the \"gift of grace\".[2] The singular term and the plural term χαρίσματα (charismata) both derive from the word χάρις (charis), meaning grace and charm.[6][7] In religious praxis, the Ancient Greeks ascribed personality charisma to their pantheon of gods and goddesses, e.g. attributing charm, beauty, nature, creativity, and fertility to the individual Charites (Χάριτες). In theology and sociology, the denotations of the word charisma expanded from the Ancient Greek definition into the connotations of divinely-conferred charisma and of personality charisma, thus in A History of Charisma (2010), John Potts said that:Contemporary charisma maintains, however, the irreducible character ascribed to it by [Max] Weber: it retains a mysterious, elusive quality. Media commentators regularly describe charisma as the X-factor. . . . The enigmatic character of charisma also suggests a connection — at least to some degree — to the earliest manifestations of charisma as a spiritual gift.[8]: 3Moreover, the Koine Greek dialect spoken in Ancient Rome employed the terms charisma and charismata without the religious connotations.[9]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spiritual gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gift"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Christian Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"BCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"Septuagint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek#Biblical_Koine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheper-10"},{"link_name":"1545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0003unse_a7f0/page/1545/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potts-8"},{"link_name":"1 Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Corinthians"},{"link_name":"Paul the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potts-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheper-10"},{"link_name":"1549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0003unse_a7f0/page/1549/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Epistles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle"},{"link_name":"1 Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Corinthians"},{"link_name":"Koine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era"},{"link_name":"2 Corinthians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Corinthians"},{"link_name":"1 Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Timothy"},{"link_name":"2 Timothy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Timothy"},{"link_name":"1 Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Peter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potts-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebertz-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel"},{"link_name":"Jesus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"transfiguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Gabriel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheper-10"},{"link_name":"early Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christians"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benz-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benz-13"},{"link_name":"Christian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Latin tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Christianity"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"theologians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"early Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ebertz-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pentecostalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"charismatic movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_movements"},{"link_name":"21st Century Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#21st_century_religion"}],"sub_title":"Divinely conferred charisma","text":"See also: Spiritual giftThe Hebrew Bible and the Christian Bible record the development of divinely conferred charisma. In the Hebrew text the idea of charismatic leadership is generally signaled by the use of the noun hen (favor) or the verb hanan (to show favor). The Greek term for charisma (grace or favor), and its root charis (grace) replaced the Hebrew terms in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible (the 3rd century BCE Septuagint). Throughout, \"the paradigmatic image of the charismatic hero is the figure who has received God's favor\".[10]: 1545  In other words, divinely conferred charisma[11] applied to highly revered figures.Thus, Eastern Mediterranean Jews in the 1st century CE had notions of charis and charisma that embraced the range of meanings found in Greek culture and the spiritual meanings from the Hebrew Bible.[8]: 15  From this linguistic legacy of fused cultures, in 1 Corinthians, Paul the Apostle introduced the meaning that the Holy Spirit bestowed charism and charismata, \"the gift of God's grace,\" upon individuals or groups. For Paul, \"[t]here is a clear distinction between charisma and charis; charisma is the direct result of divine charis or grace.\"[8]: 36–37 [10]: 1549In the New Testament Epistles, Paul refers to charisma or its plural charismata seven times in 1 Corinthians, written in Koine (or common) Greek around 54 CE. He elaborates on his concepts with six references in Romans (c. 56). He makes three individual references in 2 Corinthians 56, 1 Timothy, and 2 Timothy 62–67. The seventeenth and only other mention of charisma is in 1 Peter.[8]: 23, 37, 43, 45 [2][9][12]The gospels, written in the late first century, apply divinely conferred charisma to revered figures. Examples are accounts of Jesus' baptism and of his transfiguration, in which disciples see him as radiant with light, appearing together with Moses and Elijah. Another example is Gabriel's greeting to Mary as \"full of grace\".[10] In these and other instances early Christians designated certain individuals as possessing \"spiritual gifts\", and these gifts included \"the ability to penetrate the neighbour to the bottom of his heart and spirit and to recognize whether he is dominated by a good or by an evil spirit and the gift to help him to freedom from his demon\".[13]Believers characterized their revered religious figures as having \"a higher perfection… a special Charisma\".[13] Then, with the establishment of the Christian Church, \"the old charismatic gifts and free offerings were transformed into a hierarchical sacerdotal system\".[14] The focus on the institution rather than divinely inspired individuals increasingly dominated religious thought and life, and that focus went unchanged for centuries.[15]In the 17th century church leaders, notably in the Latin tradition, accented \"individual gifts [and] particular talents imparted by God or the Holy Spirit.\" The 19th century brought a shift in emphasis toward individual and spiritual aspects of charisma; Protestant and some Catholic theologians narrowed the concept to superlative, out-of-the-ordinary, and virtuoso gifts. Simultaneously, the term became alienated from the much wider meaning that early Christians had attached to it.[9] Still, the narrowed term projected back to the earlier period \"A systematically reflected and highly differentiated understanding of charisma was often unconsciously infused into the Scriptures and writings of the church fathers, so that these texts were no longer read through the eyes of the authors\".[16]These dialectic meanings influenced changes in Pentecostalism in the late 19th century, and charismatic movements in some mainline churches in the mid-20th century. The discussion in the 21st Century Religion section explores what charisma means in these and other religious groups.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charismatic authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_authority"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologist"},{"link_name":"Max Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Sohm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Sohm"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"church historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_historian"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism"},{"link_name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_Religion_(book)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeberES-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scheper-10"},{"link_name":"1544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0003unse_a7f0/page/1544/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"charismatic authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_authority"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeberTSEO-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WeberTSEO-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Personality charisma","text":"See also: Charismatic authorityThe basis for modern secular usage comes from German sociologist Max Weber. He discovered the term in the work of Rudolph Sohm, a German church historian whose 1892 Kirchenrecht[17] was immediately recognized in Germany as an epoch-making work.[2] It also stimulated a debate between Sohm and leading theologians and religion scholars, which lasted more than twenty years and stimulated a rich polemical literature.[18] That debate and literature had made charisma a popular term when Weber used it in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and in his Sociology of Religion. Perhaps because he assumed that readers already understood the idea, Weber's early writings lacked definition or explanation of the concept. In the collection of his works, Economy and Society, he identified the term as a prime example of action he labeled \"value-rational,\" in distinction from and opposition to action he labeled \"Instrumentally rational.\"[19] Because he applied meanings for charisma similar to Sohm, who had affirmed the purely charismatic nature of early Christianity,[10]: 1544  Weber's charisma would have coincided with the divinely conferred charisma sense defined above in Sohm's work.Weber introduced the personality charisma sense when he applied charisma to designate a form of authority. To explain charismatic authority, he developed his classic definition:Charisma is a certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. These as such are not accessible to the ordinary person, but are regarded as of divine origin or as exemplary, and on the basis of them the individual concerned is treated as a leader.[20]: 328, 358ffHere Weber extends the concept of charisma beyond supernatural to superhuman and even to exceptional powers and qualities. Sociologist Paul Joosse examined Weber's famous definition, and found that:through simple yet profoundly consequential phrases such as \"are considered\" and \"is treated\", charisma becomes a relational, attributable, and at last a properly sociological concept.... For Weber, the locus of power is in the led, who actively (if perhaps unconsciously) invest their leaders with social authority.[2]In other words, Weber indicates that it is followers who attribute powers to the individual, emphasizing that \"the recognition on the part of those subject to authority\" is decisive for the validity of charisma.[20]: 359Weber died in 1920, leaving \"disordered, fragmentary manuscripts without even the guidance of a plan or table of the proposed contents\". One unfinished manuscript contained his above quoted definition of charisma.[21] It took over a quarter century for his work to be translated into English.[22] With regard to charisma, Weber's formulations are generally regarded as having revived the concept from its deep theological obscurity.[23] However, even with the admirable translations and prefaces of his entire works, many scholars have found Weber's formulations ambiguous. For the past half-century they have debated the meaning of many Weberian concepts, including the meaning of charisma, the role of followers, and the degree of a supernatural component.[21][24]","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Charis (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charis_(name)"},{"title":"Instrumental and value-rational action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_value-rational_action"},{"title":"Rizz (slang)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizz_(slang)"},{"title":"Superficial charm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial_charm"},{"title":"Trait leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_leadership"}]
[{"reference":"Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2010). \"charisma\". New Oxford American Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 292.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newoxfordamerica0000unse_l5h7/page/292/mode/1up","url_text":"292"}]},{"reference":"\"charisma\". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2022-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/charisma","url_text":"\"charisma\""}]},{"reference":"Joosse, Paul (2014). \"Becoming a God: Max Weber and the social construction of charisma\". Journal of Classical Sociology. 14 (3): 266–283. doi:10.1177/1468795X14536652. S2CID 143606190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468795X14536652","url_text":"10.1177/1468795X14536652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143606190","url_text":"143606190"}]},{"reference":"Antonakis, John; Fenley, Marika; Liechti, Sue (2011). \"Can Charisma be Taught? Tests of Two Interventions\" (PDF). Academy of Management Learning & Education. 10 (3): 374–396. doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0012.","urls":[{"url":"https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_FDC9DF7BA052.P001/REF.pdf","url_text":"\"Can Charisma be Taught? Tests of Two Interventions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famle.2010.0012","url_text":"10.5465/amle.2010.0012"}]},{"reference":"\"charisma\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=charisma","url_text":"\"charisma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language","url_text":"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"}]},{"reference":"\"charism, charisma, charismata, charisms\". Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. III (Second ed.). 1989. p. 41.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0000unse_a3t6/page/41/mode/1up","url_text":"41"}]},{"reference":"Beekes, Robert S.P. (2010). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 10/1. Brill. p. 1607.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek/page/1607/mode/1up","url_text":"1607"}]},{"reference":"Potts, John (2010). A History of Charisma. Palgrave Macmillan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ebertz, Michael N. (2007). \"Charisma\". In Betz, Hans Dieter; Browning, Don S.; Janowski, Bernd; Jüngel, Eberhard (eds.). Religion Past & Present. Vol. II. Brill. pp. 493–496.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/religionpastpres0002unse/page/493/mode/1up","url_text":"493"}]},{"reference":"Scheper, George L. (2005). \"Charisma\". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 3 (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grabo, Allen; Spisak, Brian R.; Van Vugt, Mark (2017). \"Charisma as signal: An evolutionary perspective on charismatic leadership\". The Leadership Quarterly. 28 (4): 473–485. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.05.001. hdl:1871.1/cfaf823d-55a3-4d48-95e4-68a021621ed2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.leaqua.2017.05.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.05.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2Fcfaf823d-55a3-4d48-95e4-68a021621ed2","url_text":"1871.1/cfaf823d-55a3-4d48-95e4-68a021621ed2"}]},{"reference":"Dicharry, W.F. (1967). \"Charism\". New Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. III. Thomson/Gale. p. 460.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New Catholic Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newcatholicencyc0003unse/page/460/mode/1up","url_text":"460"}]},{"reference":"Benz, Ernst Wilhelm (1986). \"The Roles of Christianity\". The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16. p. 306.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Troeltsch, Ernst (1931) [1911]. The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches. Vol. 1. Translated by Wyon, Olive. Allen and Unwin. pp. 99, 109.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morse, William; Morse, Mary (1985). Harper's Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. Harper and Row. p. 110.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baumert, Norbert (1991). \"'Charisma' – Versuch einer Sprachregelung\". Philosophisch-Theologische (in German). 66: 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sohm, Rudolf (1892). Kirchenrecht. Leipzig: Duncher & Humblot.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, David Norman. (1998). \"Faith, Reason, and Charisma: Rudolf Sohm, Max Weber, and the Theology of Grace\". Sociological Inquiry. 68 (1): 32–60. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1998.tb00453.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-682X.1998.tb00453.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1475-682X.1998.tb00453.x"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Max (1968). Economy and Society. Bedminster Press. pp. 24–25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Weber, Max (1947) [1924]. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. Translated by Henderson, A.M.; Parsons, Talcott. Free Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MacRae, Donald G. (1974). Max Weber. Viking. p. 101.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Calhoun, Craig, ed. (2002). \"Weber, Max\". Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press. pp. 510–512.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci0000unse_e6d9/page/510/mode/2up","url_text":"510"}]},{"reference":"Turner, Stephen (2003). \"Charisma Reconsidered\". Journal of Classical Sociology. 3 (5): 5–26. doi:10.1177/1468795X03003001692. S2CID 220121939.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468795X03003001692","url_text":"10.1177/1468795X03003001692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220121939","url_text":"220121939"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Sonja M. (1984). \"The Role of Leadership in the Construction of Reality\". In Kellerman, Barbara (ed.). Leadership Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Prentice-Hall. pp. 157–178.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Geertz, Clifford (1977). \"Centers, Kings, and Charisma: Reflections on the Symbolics of Power\". In Clark, Ben-David J. (ed.). Culture and Its Creators. University of Chicago Press. pp. 150–171.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rustow, Dankwart A. (1970). \"The Study of Leadership\". In Rustow, Dankwart A. (ed.). Philosophers and Kings: Studies in Leadership. Braziller. pp. 10–16.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stutje, Jan Willem (2012). Charismatic Leadership and Social Movements: The Revolutionary Power of Ordinary Men and Women. ISBN 978-0-85745-329-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-329-7","url_text":"978-0-85745-329-7"}]},{"reference":"Antonakis, John (2015-02-09). \"Let's face it: Charisma matters\". TEDx Lausanne. Archived from the original on 2015-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150418063507/http://www.tedxlausanne.com/talk/lets-face-it-charisma-matters","url_text":"\"Let's face it: Charisma matters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TEDx","url_text":"TEDx"},{"url":"http://www.tedxlausanne.com/talk/lets-face-it-charisma-matters","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Flora, Carlin (2005-05-01). \"The X-Factors of Success\". Psychology Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200505/the-x-factors-success","url_text":"\"The X-Factors of Success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Today","url_text":"Psychology Today"}]},{"reference":"\"Max Weber and Charisma\". Archived from the original on 2005-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050727085058/http://cbae.nmsu.edu/~dboje/teaching/338/charisma.htm","url_text":"\"Max Weber and Charisma\""},{"url":"http://cbae.nmsu.edu/~dboje/teaching/338/charisma.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Robbin, Thomas (1998). \"Charisma\". In Swatos, William H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 0-7619-8956-0.","urls":[{"url":"http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/charisma.htm","url_text":"\"Charisma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-8956-0","url_text":"0-7619-8956-0"}]},{"reference":"Toth, Michael A. (April 1972). \"Toward a Theory of the Routinization of Charisma\". Rocky Mountain Social Science Journal. 9 (2): 93–98.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.pdx.edu/~tothm/essays/essays/toward_a_theory_of__the_routiniz.htm","url_text":"\"Toward a Theory of the Routinization of Charisma\""}]},{"reference":"Greer, Mark (January 2005). \"The Science of Savoir Faire\". Monitor on Psychology. 36 (1). American Psychological Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.apa.org/monitor/jan05/savoir.html","url_text":"\"The Science of Savoir Faire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charismatic Cults\". Thinking Allowed. BBC Four. 26 January 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/thinkingallowed_20050126.shtml","url_text":"\"Charismatic Cults\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four","url_text":"BBC Four"}]},{"reference":"Rapoport, David C. (June 1979). \"Moses, Charisma, and Covenant\". Western Political Quarterly. 32 (2): 123–143. doi:10.2307/448172. JSTOR 448172.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F448172","url_text":"10.2307/448172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/448172","url_text":"448172"}]},{"reference":"\"The Character of Charisma\". 2004-07-15. Archived from the original on 2006-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060628210910/http://whyfiles.org/205charisma/","url_text":"\"The Character of Charisma\""},{"url":"http://whyfiles.org/205charisma/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zernike, Kate (2008-02-17). \"The Charisma Mandate\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/weekinreview/17zernike.html","url_text":"\"The Charisma Mandate\""}]},{"reference":"Oppenheimer, Mark (2008-07-20). \"Charm School: Scholars Unpack the Secrets of Charisma, and Suggest the Elusive Quality Can Be Taught\". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2008-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090409/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/07/20/charm_school/","url_text":"\"Charm School: Scholars Unpack the Secrets of Charisma, and Suggest the Elusive Quality Can Be Taught\""},{"url":"http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/07/20/charm_school/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bitar, Amer (2020). Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030573973.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X4oBEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature","url_text":"Springer Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030573973","url_text":"9783030573973"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0003unse_a7f0/page/1545/mode/1up","external_links_name":"1545"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0003unse_a7f0/page/1549/mode/1up","external_links_name":"1549"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0003unse_a7f0/page/1544/mode/1up","external_links_name":"1544"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newoxfordamerica0000unse_l5h7/page/292/mode/1up","external_links_name":"292"},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/charisma","external_links_name":"\"charisma\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468795X14536652","external_links_name":"10.1177/1468795X14536652"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143606190","external_links_name":"143606190"},{"Link":"https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_FDC9DF7BA052.P001/REF.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Can Charisma be Taught? Tests of Two Interventions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5465%2Famle.2010.0012","external_links_name":"10.5465/amle.2010.0012"},{"Link":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=charisma","external_links_name":"\"charisma\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0000unse_a3t6/page/41/mode/1up","external_links_name":"41"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/etymological-dictionary-of-greek/page/1607/mode/1up","external_links_name":"1607"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/religionpastpres0002unse/page/493/mode/1up","external_links_name":"493"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.leaqua.2017.05.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.05.001"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2Fcfaf823d-55a3-4d48-95e4-68a021621ed2","external_links_name":"1871.1/cfaf823d-55a3-4d48-95e4-68a021621ed2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newcatholicencyc0003unse/page/460/mode/1up","external_links_name":"460"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-682X.1998.tb00453.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1475-682X.1998.tb00453.x"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsoci0000unse_e6d9/page/510/mode/2up","external_links_name":"510"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468795X03003001692","external_links_name":"10.1177/1468795X03003001692"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220121939","external_links_name":"220121939"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150418063507/http://www.tedxlausanne.com/talk/lets-face-it-charisma-matters","external_links_name":"\"Let's face it: Charisma matters\""},{"Link":"http://www.tedxlausanne.com/talk/lets-face-it-charisma-matters","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/articles/200505/the-x-factors-success","external_links_name":"\"The X-Factors of Success\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050727085058/http://cbae.nmsu.edu/~dboje/teaching/338/charisma.htm","external_links_name":"\"Max Weber and Charisma\""},{"Link":"http://cbae.nmsu.edu/~dboje/teaching/338/charisma.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/charisma.htm","external_links_name":"\"Charisma\""},{"Link":"https://web.pdx.edu/~tothm/essays/essays/toward_a_theory_of__the_routiniz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Toward a Theory of the Routinization of Charisma\""},{"Link":"https://www.apa.org/monitor/jan05/savoir.html","external_links_name":"\"The Science of Savoir Faire\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/thinkingallowed_20050126.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Charismatic Cults\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F448172","external_links_name":"10.2307/448172"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/448172","external_links_name":"448172"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060628210910/http://whyfiles.org/205charisma/","external_links_name":"\"The Character of Charisma\""},{"Link":"http://whyfiles.org/205charisma/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/weekinreview/17zernike.html","external_links_name":"\"The Charisma Mandate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204090409/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/07/20/charm_school/","external_links_name":"\"Charm School: Scholars Unpack the Secrets of Charisma, and Suggest the Elusive Quality Can Be Taught\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/07/20/charm_school/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X4oBEAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5266970","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4009779-1","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565052","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph270276&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houthulst
Houthulst
["1 Landmarks","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°59′N 02°57′E / 50.983°N 2.950°E / 50.983; 2.950Municipality in Flemish Community, BelgiumHouthulstMunicipalityHouthulst town hall FlagCoat of armsLocation of Houthulst HouthulstLocation in Belgium Location of Houthulst in West Flanders Coordinates: 50°59′N 02°57′E / 50.983°N 2.950°E / 50.983; 2.950Country BelgiumCommunityFlemish CommunityRegionFlemish RegionProvinceWest FlandersArrondissementDiksmuideGovernment • MayorJeroen Vandromme (CD&V) • Governing party/iesCD&V, VooruitArea • Total56.02 km2 (21.63 sq mi)Population (2018-01-01) • Total10,032 • Density180/km2 (460/sq mi)Postal codes8650NIS code32006Area codes051Websitewww.houthulst.be Houthulst (Dutch pronunciation: ; West Flemish: Oetulst, West Flemish pronunciation: ) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality consists of the sub-municipalities Houthulst, Jonkershove, Klerken and Merkem. On January 1, 2006, Houthulst had a total population of 9,051. The total area is 55.89 km² which gives a population density of 162 inhabitants per km². Landmarks The Sint-Jan Baptistkerk (Church of Saint John the Baptist) is the church of Houthulst. It was rebuilt in 1924 after being completely destroyed during World War I. The Belgian Military Cemetery , containing the graves of almost 1800 Belgian soldiers killed during World War I. The cemetery also contains 81 Italian graves. Most of the soldiers who have been buried here were killed during the final assault on the Germans on September 28, 1918, to liberate the Vrijbos forest. Houthulst - Military Cemetery References ^ "Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019. External links Media related to Houthulst at Wikimedia Commons Official website - Available only in Dutch Places adjacent to Houthulst Diksmuide Kortemark Lo-Reninge Houthulst Staden Langemark-Poelkapelle vteMunicipalities in the Province of West Flanders, Flanders, BelgiumBruges Beernem Blankenberge Bruges/Brugge Damme Jabbeke Knokke-Heist Oostkamp Torhout Zedelgem Zuienkerke Diksmuide Diksmuide Houthulst Koekelare Kortemark Lo-Reninge Kortrijk Anzegem Avelgem Deerlijk Harelbeke Kortrijk Kuurne Lendelede Menen Spiere-Helkijn Waregem Wevelgem Zwevegem Ostend Bredene De Haan Gistel Ichtegem Middelkerke Oostende/Ostend Oudenburg Roeselare Hooglede Ingelmunster Izegem Ledegem Lichtervelde Moorslede Roeselare Staden Tielt Ardooie Dentergem Meulebeke Oostrozebeke Pittem Ruiselede Tielt Wielsbeke Wingene Veurne Alveringem De Panne Koksijde Nieuwpoort Veurne Ypres Heuvelland Ieper/Ypres Langemark-Poelkapelle Mesen Poperinge Vleteren Wervik Zonnebeke Bold indicates cities Italic indicates Municipalities with language facilities Authority control databases International VIAF Geographic MusicBrainz area This West Flanders location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɦʌu̯tɦʏlst]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"West Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flemish_language"},{"link_name":"[utœːst]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"West Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Jonkershove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonkershove&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klerken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klerken"},{"link_name":"Merkem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkem"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"}],"text":"Municipality in Flemish Community, BelgiumHouthulst (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɦʌu̯tɦʏlst]; West Flemish: Oetulst, West Flemish pronunciation: [utœːst]) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality consists of the sub-municipalities Houthulst, Jonkershove, Klerken and Merkem. On January 1, 2006, Houthulst had a total population of 9,051. The total area is 55.89 km² which gives a population density of 162 inhabitants per km².","title":"Houthulst"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Belgian Military Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgian_Military_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgisch_militaire_begraafplaats_van_Houthulst"},{"link_name":"graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier"},{"link_name":"final assault on the Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Battle_of_Ypres"},{"link_name":"September 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_28"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918"},{"link_name":"Vrijbos forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vrijbos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Houthulst_-_Military_Cemetery_1.jpg"}],"text":"The Sint-Jan Baptistkerk (Church of Saint John the Baptist) is the church of Houthulst. It was rebuilt in 1924 after being completely destroyed during World War I.\nThe Belgian Military Cemetery [nl], containing the graves of almost 1800 Belgian soldiers killed during World War I. The cemetery also contains 81 Italian graves. Most of the soldiers who have been buried here were killed during the final assault on the Germans on September 28, 1918, to liberate the Vrijbos forest.Houthulst - Military Cemetery","title":"Landmarks"}]
[{"image_text":"Houthulst - Military Cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Houthulst_-_Military_Cemetery_1.jpg/220px-Houthulst_-_Military_Cemetery_1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\". Statbel. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/sites/default/files/files/documents/bevolking/5.1%20Structuur%20van%20de%20bevolking/Wettelijke_bevolking_per_gemeente_2011_2017.xls","url_text":"\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houthulst&params=50_59_N_02_57_E_region:BE_type:city","external_links_name":"50°59′N 02°57′E / 50.983°N 2.950°E / 50.983; 2.950"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houthulst&params=50_59_N_02_57_E_region:BE_type:city","external_links_name":"50°59′N 02°57′E / 50.983°N 2.950°E / 50.983; 2.950"},{"Link":"http://www.houthulst.be/","external_links_name":"www.houthulst.be"},{"Link":"https://statbel.fgov.be/sites/default/files/files/documents/bevolking/5.1%20Structuur%20van%20de%20bevolking/Wettelijke_bevolking_per_gemeente_2011_2017.xls","external_links_name":"\"Wettelijke Bevolking per gemeente op 1 januari 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.houthulst.be/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316876048","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/b29b03ad-40b6-4499-93f2-d7cc3566145f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houthulst&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnei_Yeechalal_Rehovot_F.C.
Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot F.C.
["1 Background","2 History","3 Honours","3.1 League","3.2 Cups","4 References","5 External links"]
Israeli football club Football clubBnei Yeechalal RehovotFull nameBnei Yeechalal Rehovot Football Clubבני יצ'אלאל רחובותFounded2007GroundKiryat Moshe, RehovotChairmanAbay ZaudaManagerHezi RashtiLeagueLiga Gimel2023–24Liga Gimel Central, 4th Home colours Away colours Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot (Hebrew: בני יצ'אלאל רחובות) is an Israeli football club based in Rehovot. The club is currently in Liga Bet South B division. Background Yeechalal (which means "Everything is possible" in the Amharic language), The Community Association of Ethiopian Immigrants for Advancement in Sport, was founded in 2000, in order to promote sports amongst youth from the Ethiopian immigrants community in Israel and take responsibility over their future. History Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot Football Club was founded in 2007 and joined Liga Gimel. In 2008–09, their second season of existence, the club finished on top of Liga Gimel Central division, level on points with Hapoel Rahat and F.C. Kiryat Gat, and had to face both clubs in a three-way promotion play-off. Bnei Yeechalal remained in Liga Gimel, after they lost both matches, 2–3 to F.C. Kiryat Gat and 1–3 to Hapoel Rahat. However, in the following season, they won their division and were promoted to Liga Bet. The club's best placing to date was the sixth place in Liga Bet South B division, which was achieved in the 2014–15 season. Honours League Honour No. Years Fifth tier 1 2009–10 Cups Honour No. Years Liga Bet divisional State Cup 1 2015–16 Liga Gimel divisional State Cup 1 2009–10 References ^ Football team which almost all of their players are Ethiopians made history and promoted Channel 2 news, Mako, 25.4.2010 (in Hebrew) ^ Home Page Archived 2014-08-01 at the Wayback Machine Yeechalal ^ Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot 2008/2009 The Israel Football Association (in Hebrew) ^ Liga Gimel Central – 2009/2010 The Israel Football Association (in Hebrew) External links Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot Israel Football Association (in Hebrew) vteLiga BetNorth A Ahi Acre Ahli Tamra Ahva Arraba Ahva Kafr Manda Beitar Nahariya F.C. Bnei M.M.B.E. HaGolan VeHaGalil F.C. Shefa'-Amr F.C. Tzeirei Tamra Hapoel Bnei Bi'ina Hapoel Karmiel Ironi Bnei Kabul Maccabi Abu Sna'an Maccabi Ahva Sha'ab Maccabi Bnei Jadeida Maccabi Ironi Tamra Maccabi Ironi Yafa North B Beitar Haifa Bnei Qalansawe Hapoel Beit She'an Hapoel Bnei Ar'ara 'Ara Hapoel Bnei Fureidis Hapoel Bnei Musmus Hapoel F.C. Sandala Gilboa Hapoel Qalansawe Hapoel Tirat HaCarmel Hapoel Yafa Ihud Bnei Baqa Ihud Bnei Kafr Qara Maccabi Ahi Iksal Maccabi Ahva Fureidis Maccabi Neve Sha'anan Eldad Maccabi Tirat HaCarmel South A Beitar Ramat Gan Beitar Petah Tikva Beitar Tel Aviv Bnei Jaffa F.C. HaMakhtesh Giv'atayim Hakoah Amidar Ramat Gan Hapoel Azor Hapoel Hod HaSharon Hapoel Kafr Qasim Shouaa Hapoel Kiryat Ono Hapoel Mahane Yehuda Inter Aliyah Tel Aviv Ironi Beit Dagan Maccabi Ironi Amishav Petah Tikva Sporting Tel Aviv Tzeirei Tira South B Beitar Kiryat Gat Beitar Yavne Bnei Eilat F.C. Jerusalem F.C. Ramla F.C. Sderot F.C. Shikun HaMizrah Hapoel Ar'arat an-Naqab Hapoel Bnei Ashdod Hapoel Shimshon Ashkelon Hapoel Gedera Hapoel Segev Shalom Hapoel Yeruham Maccabi Ironi Netivot Maccabi Kiryat Gat Maccabi Ramla Seasons(fourth level) 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rehovot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehovot"},{"link_name":"Liga Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Bet"}],"text":"Football clubBnei Yeechalal Rehovot (Hebrew: בני יצ'אלאל רחובות) is an Israeli football club based in Rehovot. The club is currently in Liga Bet South B division.","title":"Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yeechalal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeechalal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amharic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Yeechalal (which means \"Everything is possible\" in the Amharic language),[1] The Community Association of Ethiopian Immigrants for Advancement in Sport, was founded in 2000, in order to promote sports amongst youth from the Ethiopian immigrants community in Israel and take responsibility over their future.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liga Gimel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Gimel"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Liga_Gimel"},{"link_name":"Liga Gimel Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Gimel#Liga_Gimel_Central"},{"link_name":"Hapoel Rahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapoel_Rahat_F.C."},{"link_name":"F.C. Kiryat Gat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Kiryat_Gat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Liga_Gimel"},{"link_name":"Liga Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Bet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Liga_Bet"}],"text":"Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot Football Club was founded in 2007 and joined Liga Gimel. In 2008–09, their second season of existence, the club finished on top of Liga Gimel Central division, level on points with Hapoel Rahat and F.C. Kiryat Gat, and had to face both clubs in a three-way promotion play-off. Bnei Yeechalal remained in Liga Gimel, after they lost both matches, 2–3 to F.C. Kiryat Gat and 1–3 to Hapoel Rahat.[3] However, in the following season, they won their division and were promoted to Liga Bet.[4]The club's best placing to date was the sixth place in Liga Bet South B division, which was achieved in the 2014–15 season.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cups","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.mako.co.il/news-channel2/Channel-2-Newscast/Article-e18e59f5a663821004.htm","external_links_name":"Football team which almost all of their players are Ethiopians made history and promoted"},{"Link":"http://www.yeechalal.org.il/eng-index.asp","external_links_name":"Home Page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140801204159/http://yeechalal.org.il/eng-index.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://football.org.il/Clubs/Pages/TeamDetails.aspx?TEAM_ID=5552&SEASON_ID=10","external_links_name":"Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot 2008/2009"},{"Link":"http://football.org.il/Leagues/Pages/LeagueDetails.aspx?SEASON_ID=11&LEAGUE_ID=89","external_links_name":"Liga Gimel Central – 2009/2010"},{"Link":"http://football.org.il/Clubs/Pages/TeamDetails.aspx?TEAM_ID=5552","external_links_name":"Bnei Yeechalal Rehovot"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_of_fit
Direction of fit
["1 In general","2 In medieval philosophy","3 In speech act theory","4 In philosophy of mind","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The technical term direction of fit is used to describe the distinctions that are offered by two related pairs of opposing terms: The more general set of mind-to-world (i.e., mind-to-fit-world, not from-mind-to-world) vs. world-to-mind (i.e., world-to-fit-mind) used by philosophers of mind, and The narrower, more specific set, word-to-world (i.e., word-to-fit-world) vs. world-to-word (i.e., world-to-fit-word) used by advocates of speech act theory such as John Searle. In general In philosophy of mind, a belief has a mind-to-world direction of fit. A belief (that p, say) depicts the world as being in a state of affairs such that p is true. Beliefs, some philosophers have argued, aim at the truth and so aim to fit the world. A belief is satisfied when it fits the world. A desire, on the other hand, normally expresses a yet to be realized state of affairs and so has a world-to-mind direction of fit. A desire that p, unlike a belief, doesn't depict the world as being in the state that p; rather it expresses a desire that the world be such that p is true. Desire is a state that is satisfied when the world fits it. A way to account for the difference is that a (rational) person that holds the belief that p when confronted with evidence that not-p, will revise his belief, whereas a person that desires that p can retain his desire that p in the face of evidence that not-p. To a philosopher of language a word-to-world fit occurs when, say, a sports journalist correctly names Jones as a goal scorer; while if the journalist mistakenly names Smith as the goal scorer, the printed account does not display a word-to-world fit, and must be altered such that it matches the real world. Conversely, a world-to-word fit occurs when a fan of Smith's team opines that they deserved to win the match, even though they lost. In this case, the world would have to change to make the sports fan's wish become true. However, in the case of, say, a judge delivering a death sentence to a criminal declared guilty by a jury, the utterances of the judge alter the world, through the fact of that utterance; and, in this case, the judge is generating a world-to-word-to-world fit (see below). So, if the judge's opinion is upheld, the world must be altered to match the content of the judge's utterance (i.e., the criminal must be executed). In medieval philosophy According to Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica, Part I, Question 21, Article 2), there are two kinds of "truth" (veritas), both understood as correspondence between mind (intellectus) or words (oratio) and world ("things", res): Truth consists in the equation of (adaequatio rei et intellectus), as said above. Now the mind, that is the cause of the thing, is related to it as its rule and measure; whereas the converse is the case with the mind that receives its knowledge from things. When therefore things are the measure and rule of the mind, truth consists in the equation of the mind to the thing, as happens in ourselves. For according as a thing is, or is not, our thoughts or our words about it are true or false. But when the mind is the rule or measure of things, truth consists in the equation of the thing to the mind; just as the work of an artist is said to be true, when it is in accordance with his art. Now as works of art are related to art, so are works of justice related to the law with which they accord. Therefore God's justice, which establishes things in the order conformable to the rule of His wisdom, which is the law of His justice, is suitably called truth. Thus we also in human affairs speak of the truth of justice. (emphasis added to original) In speech act theory Perhaps the first to speak of a "direction of fit" was the philosopher J. L. Austin. Austin did not use the distinction between different directions of fit to contrast commands or expressions of intention to assertions, or desires to beliefs. He rather distinguishes different ways of asserting that an item is of a certain type. In a detailed analysis of the distinctions between various scenarios, such as (a) mislabeling a triangle as a square (which Austin regarded as an act of linguistic violence) and (b) inaccurately describing a triangular object as a square (which Austin considered an act of factual violence), Austin introduced a conceptual differentiation. He labeled these distinctions as follows: "the onus of match": in the case of one wanting to match X and Y, the distinction between the matching of X to Y and the matching of Y to X; and "the direction of fit": in the case of naming something, the difference between the fitting of a name to an item, and the fitting of an item to a name. The concept of direction of fit can also apply to speech acts: e.g., statements, guesses and conjectures have word-to-world direction of fit, while commands and promises have a world-to-word direction of fit. John Searle and Daniel Vanderveken assert that there are only four possible "directions of fit" in language: 1. The word-to-world direction of fit. In achieving success of fit the propositional content of the utterance fits an independently existing state of affairs in the world. E.g.: "We are married". 2. The world-to-word direction of fit. To achieve success of fit the world must change to match the propositional content of the utterance. E.g.: "Will you marry me?", "I want to marry him", "You'd just better marry her, buddy!", etc. 3. The double direction of fit. To achieve success of fit the world is thereby altered to fit the propositional content by representing the world as being so altered, unlike sense 2. E.g.: "I declare you man and wife". The 'doubled' direction is therefore always world-to-word-to-world. For obvious reasons, Searle calls sentences of this type 'declarations'. 4. The null or empty direction of fit. There is no direct question of achieving success of fit between the propositional content and the world, because success of fit is presupposed by the utterance. E.g.: "I'm glad I married you" presupposes that the speaker is married to the listener. Searle used this notion of "direction of fit" to create a taxonomy of illocutionary acts. Although Elizabeth Anscombe never employed the term "the direction of fit", Searle has strongly argued that the following passage from her work Intention was, by far, "the best illustration" of the distinction between the tasks of " the words (more strictly their propositional content) to match the world… the world to match the words": §32. Let us consider a man going round a town with a shopping list in his hand. Now it is clear that the relation of this list to the things he actually buys is one and the same whether his wife gave him the list or it is his own list; and that there is a different relation where a list is made by a detective following him about. If he made the list itself, it was an expression of intention; if his wife gave it him, it has the role of an order. What then is the identical relation to what happens, in the order and the intention, which is not shared by the record? It is precisely this: if the list and the things that the man actually buys do not agree, and if this and this alone constitutes a mistake, then the mistake is not in the list but in the man's performance (if his wife were to say: “Look, it says butter and you have bought margarine”, he would hardly reply: “What a mistake! we must put that right” and alter the word on the list to “margarine”); whereas if the detective's record and what the man actually buys do not agree, then the mistake is in the record. In philosophy of mind According to Velleman, when used in the domain of the philosophy of mind, the concept direction of fit represents the distinguishing feature between two types of intentional mental states: Facta (singular factum, states that currently exist) are states with a mind-to-world direction of fit. Examples include beliefs, perceptions, hypotheses, and fantasies. In the event of a mismatch between the mental state and the world, the mental state is in some sense false or wrong and should perhaps be changed. Facienda (singular faciendum, states that are yet to exist) are states with a world-to-mind direction of fit. Examples include intentions and desires. If there is a mismatch between the mental state and the world, the world is in some sense wrong and should perhaps be changed. In some forms of mind-body dualism, a matching factum and faciendum must be present in a person's mind in order for him to act intentionally. If a person has the belief that action (A) will lead to state (S), and has the desire that state (S) obtain, then he will perform action (A). The action is directly caused by simultaneous presence of the two mental states; no further explanation is needed. According to Velleman: The term "direction of fit" refers to the two ways in which attitudes can relate propositions to the world. In cognitive attitudes , a proposition is grasped as patterned after the world; whereas in conative attitudes , the proposition is grasped as a pattern for the world to follow. The propositional object of desire is regarded not as fact -- not, that is, as factum, having been brought about -- but rather as faciendum, to be brought about: it's regarded not as true but as to be made true. See also Triangle of reference References ^ John Searle, Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 7. ^ Searle (2001), p.37. ^ Searle (2001), p.37. ^ Searle (2001), p.37-8. ^ Hennig, Boris. "Two Epistemic Directions of Fit" (PDF). Retrieved 4 May 2011. ^ Austin (1953), p.234. ^ Searle & Vanderveken, (1985), pp.52-53. ^ See Searle (1975/1976/1979). ^ Searle, 1985, p.3. ^ Anscombe, 1963, p.56 ^ Velleman, (1992), p.8. Bibliography Anscombe, G.E.M., Intention (Second Edition), Basil Blackwell, (Oxford), 1963 (first edition 1957). Austin, J.L., How to Do Things With Words: The William James Lectures Delivered at Harvard University in 1955, Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 1962. Austin, J.L., "How to Talk: Some Simple Ways", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Vol.53, (1953), pp. 227–246. Churchland, Paul, "Conceptual progress and word/world relations: In search of the essence of natural kinds", Canadian Journal of Philosophy 15(1):1–17 (1985) Humberstone, I.L., "Direction of Fit", Mind, Vol.101, No.401, (January 1992), pp. 59–83. Kissine, Mikhail. "Direction of fit". Logique et Analyse 50.198 (2007): 113-128. Searle, J.R., "A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts", pp. 1–19 in Searle, J.R., Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1979. (N.B. This is a reprint of the same paper that was published twice, in 1975 and 1976, under two different titles: (a) Searle, J.R., "A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts", pp. 344–369 in Gunderson, K. (ed.), Language, Mind, and Knowledge, University of Minnesota Press, (Minneapolis), 1975; and (b) Searle, J.R., "A Classification of Illocutionary Acts", Language in Society, Vol.5, (1976), pp. 1–24.) Searle, J.R., Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1985. Searle, J.R., Rationality in Action, The MIT Press, (Cambridge, Massachusetts), 2001. Searle, J.R. & Vanderveken, D., Foundations of Illocutionary Logic, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1985. Velleman, J.D., "The Guise of the Good", Noûs, Vol.26, No.1, (March 1992), pp. 3–26.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"philosophers of mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"speech act theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_act"},{"link_name":"John Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle"}],"text":"The technical term direction of fit is used to describe the distinctions that are offered by two related pairs of opposing terms:[citation needed]The more general set of mind-to-world (i.e., mind-to-fit-world, not from-mind-to-world) vs. world-to-mind[citation needed] (i.e., world-to-fit-mind) used by philosophers of mind,[who?] and\nThe narrower, more specific set, word-to-world[1] (i.e., word-to-fit-world) vs. world-to-word [citation needed] (i.e., world-to-fit-word) used by advocates of speech act theory such as John Searle.","title":"Direction of fit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"belief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"philosopher of language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_language"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"sentence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(law)"},{"link_name":"guilty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilt_(law)"},{"link_name":"jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In philosophy of mind, a belief has a mind-to-world direction of fit.[2] A belief (that p, say) depicts the world as being in a state of affairs such that p is true. Beliefs, some philosophers have argued,[3] aim at the truth and so aim to fit the world. A belief is satisfied when it fits the world.A desire, on the other hand, normally expresses a yet to be realized state of affairs and so has a world-to-mind direction of fit.[4] A desire that p, unlike a belief, doesn't depict the world as being in the state that p; rather it expresses a desire that the world be such that p is true. Desire is a state that is satisfied when the world fits it.A way to account for the difference is that a (rational) person that holds the belief that p when confronted with evidence that not-p, will revise his belief, whereas a person that desires that p can retain his desire that p in the face of evidence that not-p.[who?]To a philosopher of language[who?] a word-to-world fit occurs when, say, a sports journalist correctly names Jones as a goal scorer; while if the journalist mistakenly names Smith as the goal scorer, the printed account does not display a word-to-world fit, and must be altered such that it matches the real world. Conversely, a world-to-word fit occurs when a fan of Smith's team opines that they deserved to win the match, even though they lost. In this case, the world would have to change to make the sports fan's wish become true.However, in the case of, say, a judge delivering a death sentence to a criminal declared guilty by a jury, the utterances of the judge alter the world, through the fact of that utterance;[citation needed] and, in this case, the judge is generating a world-to-word-to-world fit (see below). So, if the judge's opinion is upheld, the world must be altered to match the content of the judge's utterance (i.e., the criminal must be executed).","title":"In general"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Summa Theologica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_Theologica"},{"link_name":"truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth"},{"link_name":"correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_theory_of_truth"},{"link_name":"adaequatio rei et intellectus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaequatio_rei_et_intellectus"}],"text":"According to Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologica, Part I, Question 21, Article 2), there are two kinds of \"truth\" (veritas), both understood as correspondence between mind (intellectus) or words (oratio) and world (\"things\", res):Truth consists in the equation of [thing and mind] (adaequatio rei et intellectus), as said above. Now the mind, that is the cause of the thing, is related to it as its rule and measure; whereas the converse is the case with the mind that receives its knowledge from things.\nWhen therefore things are the measure and rule of the mind, truth consists in the equation of the mind to the thing, as happens in ourselves. For according as a thing is, or is not, our thoughts or our words about it are true or false.\n\nBut when the mind is the rule or measure of things, truth consists in the equation of the thing to the mind; just as the work of an artist is said to be true, when it is in accordance with his art. Now as works of art are related to art, so are works of justice related to the law with which they accord. Therefore God's justice, which establishes things in the order conformable to the rule of His wisdom, which is the law of His justice, is suitably called truth. Thus we also in human affairs speak of the truth of justice. (emphasis added to original)","title":"In medieval philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. L. Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._L._Austin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"speech acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_acts"},{"link_name":"commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_mood"},{"link_name":"John Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Searle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"utterance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utterance"},{"link_name":"illocutionary acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illocutionary_act"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Anscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Perhaps the first to speak of a \"direction of fit\" was the philosopher J. L. Austin. Austin did not use the distinction between different directions of fit to contrast commands or expressions of intention to assertions, or desires to beliefs. He rather distinguishes different ways of asserting that an item is of a certain type.[5]In a detailed analysis [6] of the distinctions between various scenarios, such as (a) mislabeling a triangle as a square (which Austin regarded as an act of linguistic violence) and (b) inaccurately describing a triangular object as a square (which Austin considered an act of factual violence), Austin introduced a conceptual differentiation. He labeled these distinctions as follows:\"the onus of match\": in the case of one wanting to match X and Y, the distinction between the matching of X to Y and the matching of Y to X; and\n\"the direction of fit\": in the case of naming something, the difference between the fitting of a name to an item, and the fitting of an item to a name.The concept of direction of fit can also apply to speech acts: e.g., statements, guesses and conjectures have word-to-world direction of fit, while commands and promises have a world-to-word direction of fit.John Searle and Daniel Vanderveken[7] assert that there are only four possible \"directions of fit\" in language:1. The word-to-world direction of fit.\nIn achieving success of fit the propositional content of the utterance fits an independently existing state of affairs in the world. E.g.: \"We are married\".2. The world-to-word direction of fit.\nTo achieve success of fit the world must change to match the propositional content of the utterance. E.g.: \"Will you marry me?\", \"I want to marry him\", \"You'd just better marry her, buddy!\", etc.3. The double direction of fit.\nTo achieve success of fit the world is thereby altered to fit the propositional content by representing the world as being so altered, unlike sense 2. E.g.: \"I declare you man and wife\". The 'doubled' direction is therefore always world-to-word-to-world. For obvious reasons, Searle calls sentences of this type 'declarations'.4. The null or empty direction of fit.\nThere is no direct question of achieving success of fit between the propositional content and the world, because success of fit is presupposed by the utterance. E.g.: \"I'm glad I married you\" presupposes that the speaker is married to the listener.Searle used this notion of \"direction of fit\" to create a taxonomy of illocutionary acts.[8]Although Elizabeth Anscombe never employed the term \"the direction of fit\", Searle has strongly argued[9] that the following passage from her work Intention was, by far, \"the best illustration\" of the distinction between the tasks of \"[getting] the words (more strictly their propositional content) to match the world… [and that of getting] the world to match the words\":§32. Let us consider a man going round a town with a shopping list in his hand. Now it is clear that the relation of this list to the things he actually buys is one and the same whether his wife gave him the list or it is his own list; and that there is a different relation where a list is made by a detective following him about. If he made the list itself, it was an expression of intention; if his wife gave it him, it has the role of an order. What then is the identical relation to what happens, in the order and the intention, which is not shared by the record? It is precisely this: if the list and the things that the man actually buys do not agree, and if this and this alone constitutes a mistake, then the mistake is not in the list but in the man's performance (if his wife were to say: “Look, it says butter and you have bought margarine”, he would hardly reply: “What a mistake! we must put that right” and alter the word on the list to “margarine”); whereas if the detective's record and what the man actually buys do not agree, then the mistake is in the record.[10]","title":"In speech act theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"philosophy of mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind"},{"link_name":"intentional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentionality"},{"link_name":"mental states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mental_state"},{"link_name":"beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief"},{"link_name":"perceptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"hypotheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotheses"},{"link_name":"fantasies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"intentions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentionality"},{"link_name":"mind-body dualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)"},{"link_name":"mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind"},{"link_name":"act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"caused","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality"},{"link_name":"propositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition"},{"link_name":"cognitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive"},{"link_name":"conative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conatus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"According to Velleman, when used in the domain of the philosophy of mind, the concept direction of fit represents the distinguishing feature between two types of intentional mental states:Facta (singular factum, states that currently exist) are states with a mind-to-world direction of fit.\nExamples include beliefs, perceptions, hypotheses, and fantasies. In the event of a mismatch between the mental state and the world, the mental state is in some sense false or wrong and should perhaps be changed.Facienda (singular faciendum, states that are yet to exist) are states with a world-to-mind direction of fit.\nExamples include intentions and desires. If there is a mismatch between the mental state and the world, the world is in some sense wrong and should perhaps be changed.In some forms of mind-body dualism, a matching factum and faciendum must be present in a person's mind in order for him to act intentionally. If a person has the belief that action (A) will lead to state (S), and has the desire that state (S) obtain, then he will perform action (A). The action is directly caused by simultaneous presence of the two mental states; no further explanation is needed.According to Velleman:The term \"direction of fit\" refers to the two ways in which attitudes can relate propositions to the world.\nIn cognitive attitudes [such as belief], a proposition is grasped as patterned after the world; whereas in conative attitudes [such as desire], the proposition is grasped as a pattern for the world to follow.\nThe propositional object of desire is regarded not as fact -- not, that is, as factum, having been brought about -- but rather as faciendum, to be brought about: it's regarded not as true but as to be made true.[11]","title":"In philosophy of mind"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"How to Do Things With Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Do_Things_With_Words"},{"link_name":"\"Direction of Fit\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fitelson.org/epistemology/humberstone.pdf"}],"text":"Anscombe, G.E.M., Intention (Second Edition), Basil Blackwell, (Oxford), 1963 (first edition 1957).\nAustin, J.L., How to Do Things With Words: The William James Lectures Delivered at Harvard University in 1955, Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 1962.\nAustin, J.L., \"How to Talk: Some Simple Ways\", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Vol.53, (1953), pp. 227–246.\nChurchland, Paul, \"Conceptual progress and word/world relations: In search of the essence of natural kinds\", Canadian Journal of Philosophy 15(1):1–17 (1985)\nHumberstone, I.L., \"Direction of Fit\", Mind, Vol.101, No.401, (January 1992), pp. 59–83.\nKissine, Mikhail. \"Direction of fit\". Logique et Analyse 50.198 (2007): 113-128.\nSearle, J.R., \"A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts\", pp. 1–19 in Searle, J.R., Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1979. (N.B. This is a reprint of the same paper that was published twice, in 1975 and 1976, under two different titles: (a) Searle, J.R., \"A Taxonomy of Illocutionary Acts\", pp. 344–369 in Gunderson, K. (ed.), Language, Mind, and Knowledge, University of Minnesota Press, (Minneapolis), 1975; and (b) Searle, J.R., \"A Classification of Illocutionary Acts\", Language in Society, Vol.5, (1976), pp. 1–24.)\nSearle, J.R., Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1985.\nSearle, J.R., Rationality in Action, The MIT Press, (Cambridge, Massachusetts), 2001.\nSearle, J.R. & Vanderveken, D., Foundations of Illocutionary Logic, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1985.\nVelleman, J.D., \"The Guise of the Good\", Noûs, Vol.26, No.1, (March 1992), pp. 3–26.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Triangle of reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_of_reference"}]
[{"reference":"Hennig, Boris. \"Two Epistemic Directions of Fit\" (PDF). Retrieved 4 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.borishennig.de/texte/2011/dof.pdf","url_text":"\"Two Epistemic Directions of Fit\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Direction_of_fit&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"http://www.borishennig.de/texte/2011/dof.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Two Epistemic Directions of Fit\""},{"Link":"http://fitelson.org/epistemology/humberstone.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Direction of Fit\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanamahism
Sanamahism
["1 Deities","2 Origin","3 Revival","4 Official status","5 Practices","6 Religious festivals","7 Associations and organizations","8 References","9 Sources"]
Indigenous religion of the Meitei people "Meitei religion" redirects here. For other uses, see Meiteism and Meitei Vaishnavism. This article contains the Meitei alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see errors in display. Sanamahismꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡThe Symbol of SanamahismTypeEthnic religionClassificationAnimismScripturePuyasTheologyPolytheismRegionManipur, IndiaLanguageMeiteiNumber of followersapprox. 235,000 Part of a series onSanamahism Primordial deities Sidaba Mapu Leimarel Sidabi Lainingthou Sanamahi Pakhangba Koupalu Marjing Thangching Wangbren Incarnations Imoinu Phouleima Scripture Laihui Nongshapa Laihui Pakhangpa Laihui Sanamahi Laihui Nongarols Khongjomnubi Nongarol Konthoujam Nongarol Other texts Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Sakok Lamlen Phouoibi Waron Panthoibi Khongul Poireiton Khunthok Numit Kappa Nongban Pombi Luwaoba Leithak Leikharol Leishemlon Hichan Hilao Religious roles Maiba Maibi Temples Ebudhou Thangjing Temple Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple Festivals Sajibu Nongma Panba Imoinu Iratpa Lai Haraoba Mera Chaorel Houba Mera Hou Chongba Panthoibi Iratpa Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba vte Sanamahism (Manipuri: ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ, romanized: Sanamahi laining, transl: Sanamahi religion, lit. 'liquid gold religion'), also known as Meiteism (Manipuri: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ, romanized: Meitei laining), or Lainingthouism (Manipuri: ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ) is an ethnic religion of the Meitei people of Manipur, in Northeast India. It is a polytheistic religion and is named after Lainingthou Sanamahi, one of the most important deities of the Meitei faith. Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god Sidaba Mapu and the supreme goddess Leimarel Sidabi. Traditionally every Meitei household, irrespective of the religion, worships Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi. Sanamahism does not have a religious head but has a body, the Maru Loishang, that oversees the main religious activities and governs all affairs of the religion, including the conduct of priest and priestess. The Maru Loishang also acts a court for religious disputes. There are three main departments under the Manu Loishang, namely, the Amaiba Loishang, the Pena Asheiba Loishang, and the Amaibi Loishang. These departments have existed since the reign of King Meidingu Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong of Manipur in 662 AD. Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god Sidaba Mapu and the supreme goddess Leimarel Sidabi. Deities The deities in Sanamhism can be classified as principal deities, ancestral deities, or apokpa, regional deities called Lam Lai or Umang Lai, and the ancestral deities worshipped by particular Meitei clans (Yek Lai) and families (Saghei Lai). There are five main deities in Sanamahism: Lainingthou Sanamahi, protector and guardian god of mankind. Kuru, creator of the universe. Pakhangba, ruler of the universe and destroyer of evil. Leimarel Sidabi: Earth Goddess. Imoinu Ahongbi, an incarnation of Leimarel, and a goddess of wealth and prosperity. Other important gods and goddesses include Panthoibi, Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou, Lainingthou Koubru, Ibudhou Marjing, Thongalel, Wangbren, Eputhou Thangjing, Kounu, Nongshaba, Nongthang Leima, and Irai Leima. The Umang Lais are often regarded as aspects or incarnations of the main deities. The worship of Umang Lais and the ritual that this entails, referred to as the Umang Lai Haraoba, is one of the main religious festivals in Sanamahism. The Umang Lais are associated with sacred groves, also called Umang Lai. There are similarities between the Umang Lais and the Nat deities of Myanmar. All the deities are denoted by the universal term Lai which means "god" in Meithei. When referring to a male deity, the terms Lainingthou, Ebhudhou or Epa are used while the terms, Lairembi, Ebhendhou or Ema are used to refer to a female deity. Lairembi is mostly used for the Umang Lais. Origin The first mentions are found in the Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Court Chronicles of the kings of Manipur, starting from the king Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, who ruled for more than a century, from 33 to 154 CE. Kangla Pakhangba Laishang, the temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur Revival The collective effort of the revival of Sanamahism is often referred to as the Sanamahi movement. The earliest accounts can be traced back to the formation of the Apokpa Marup by Laininghal Naoriya Phulo in 1930 at Cachar (present day Assam, India). The movement spread to the Manipur Valley by 1934. Although the movement did not gain momentum due to the Japanese invasion in the Second world war, plans were initially made to intensify the movement under the leadership of Takhellambam Bokul (Sanamahi Bokul). Phullo died in 1941. Three years after the death of Phullo in 1944, the movement finally started gaining momentum in Manipur. Resolutions were made to denounce Hinduism and to revive Sanamahism in Manipur. Mass campaign were held to popularize Sanamahi religion at various places in Manipur. On the 14th of May, 1945, the popular Meitei Marup was formed. This marked the beginning of the revival of Sanamahism and the Meitei Mayek, original script of the Manipuri Language among other things. The term Sanamahism and Meitei Marup are often used interchangeably. The Brahma Sabha strongly opposed the movement and formally outcast 38 members of the Meitei Marup. By the 1970s and 1980s, the Sanamahi Movement attracted more activists. Massive drives were held reclaiming shrines of deiteis and adverting Hindu practices or worship to ancient old traditions of Sanamahism. Notable movement was the seize of the idols of Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi from Hindu Brahmins which are now presently installed in the temple at First Manipur Rifles Ground, Imphal. On the 16th of February, 1974, mass convert to Sanamahism was held. The event is coined, Nongkhang Parei Hanba, symbolic to reversing the forced mass baptism into Hinduism in 1729, referred to as Nongkhang Iruppa. On April 23, 1992, the then Maharaja of Manipur, Okendrajit Sana declared that "I open the Lubak Tabu and abandon Hinduism as state religion and recognition is hereby withdrawn by the Royal Customary Law of the Country, instead the Royal Customary Law revives the Lainingthouism as the state religion and do herby give recognition as state religion." The 2011 census of India places the Sanamahi followers to be 8.19% of the total population of Manipur, India. Official status On 5 August 2022, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly re-affirmed a resolution to record the Sanamahi religion in the census data with a separate unique code as an officially recognised minority religion of India. In the past, on 31 July 2002 and on 1 August 2003, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly had adopted similar resolutions to allot a unique code for the religion but did not get approved by the Central Government of India. In the previous decades, many social, religious and political activists, associations and organisations struggled through violent agitations and protests to include the Sanamahi religion as an officially recognised minority religion of India. Practices Many Sanamahi practices are focused on food offerings to deities, combined with hymns, as well as oracular ritual in which priestesses become possessed by a god or goddess. An offering formula to call up the gods, uttered by a priestess over a body of water during the Lai Haraoba festival, goes: Incarnate Lord, Lairen (Lai- God, Len- Supreme) Deity Pakhangba, O golden one, Goddess of the waters, Ruler of the rivers: Golden Goddess (Laisana) fair and beautiful one: For you, Lord and Lady, in order to call up your souls, We have poured the rice on the finest of banana leaves, And on it have placed the fertile egg and the langthrei buds. We do not offer you the ordinary khayom (offering packet), we offer you your own khayoms, And we have tied them with the seven bamboo strips. Which (represent) the seven days of the week. We offer you the khayoms as they are tied thus. Lord and Lady, we beseech you, Ascend from within the khayoms, riding along the hiris. Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text Sanamahi Naiyom provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain. Religious festivals Main article: Fairs and Festivals in Manipur Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba Lai Haraoba Mera Hou Chongba Mera Chaorel Houba Kwaak Taanba Yaoshang Panthoibi Iratpa Imoinu Iratpa Sajibu Cheiraoba Heikru Hidongba Associations and organizations International Sanamahism Students' Association Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board South East Asia Cultural Organisation References ^ 2001 Census ^ Meitei, Mayanglambam Mangangsana (6 June 2021). The Sound of Pena in Manipur. Marjing Mayanglambam. p. 30. ISBN 978-93-5473-655-1. ^ Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (25 November 2020). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2. ^ Zehol, Lucy (1998). Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives. Regency Publications. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-86030-51-6. ^ Gourchandra, M. (1982). Sanamahi Laihui. ^ "The Revivalism of Sanamahism". e-pao.net. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ Nilabir, Sairem (2002). Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou. ^ a b "Maru (Pandit Loisang)". Maru (Pandit Loisang). Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ a b "IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur | IGNCA". ignca.gov.in. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ "Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival". e-pao.net. Retrieved 18 April 2022. ^ a b Meitei, Langonjam Chingkheinganba. "Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "The Revivalism of Sanamahism". e-pao.net. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ "Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines". e-pao.net. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ Chingkheinganba, Salam (14 February 2020). "Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times". www.imphaltimes.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ "Minority religion status sought". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ "Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022. ^ Saroj Parratt (1997). The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. Vikas. p. 77. ISBN 8125904166. ^ Soibam Birajit (2014). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM. p. 103. Sources Otojit Kshetrimayum (2009), "Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study", Indian Anthropologist, 39 (1/2): 17–34, ISSN 0970-0927, JSTOR 41920088 Kshetrimayum, Otojit (2014), Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-50-8 Hodson, T.C. (2015), The Meitheis, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-56-0 Saroj Nalini Parratt (1974), The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development, Australian National University Press Saroj N. Arambam Parratt; John Parratt (2001), "The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur", Modern Asian Studies, 35 (4): 905–919, doi:10.1017/S0026749X0100405X, JSTOR 313195, S2CID 145449486 Sohini Ray (2009), "Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India", Anthropological Quarterly, 82 (1): 129–154, doi:10.1353/anq.0.0047, JSTOR 25488260, S2CID 140755509 Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-21-8 Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), Population Geography of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-25-6 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sanamahism. Portals: Religion Philosophy India History Asia vteSanamahismPractices and beliefs Lai haraoba Ritual dance Polytheism Animism Meitei festival Mythology Sanamahism shrines List of Umang Lai Laishang Meitei architecture Notable Lai Taibang Mapu Sanamahi Lainingthou Koupalu Lan Leima Important literature Numit Kappa Sanamahi Laihui See also Religion in Manipur List of Meitei deities vteReligion in India topicsIndian Hinduism Punjab South India) Buddhism Jainism Ayyavazhi Sikhism Abrahamic Islam Sunni Islam Shia Islam Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Judaism Baháʼí Faith Ahmadiyya Other paths Zoroastrianism Tribalism Irreligion Bathouism Donyi-Polo Sanamahism Sarnaism Meena ethnic Policy and history Secularism in India Freedom of religion Religious violence Religious harmony Religious thinkers Ministry of Minority Affairs vteReligionReligious groups and denominationsWesternAbrahamicJudaism Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Zionist Conservative Reform Karaite Haymanot Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic list Christianity Catholicism Latin Eastern Eastern Orthodoxy Church Oriental Orthodoxy Nestorianism Ancient Assyrian Proto-Protestantism Hussites/Moravians Waldensians Protestantism Adventism Anabaptism Amish Brethren Hutterites Mennonites Schwenkfelder Church Anglicanism Baptists Calvinism Congregationalism Presbyterianism Reformed Charismatic Christianity Pentecostal Charismatic Neo-charismatic Evangelicalism Irvingism Lutheran Methodist Holiness Nondenominational Plymouth Brethren Quakerism Restorationism Esoteric Independent Catholicism Old Catholic Judaizers Nontrinitarianism Bible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses British Israelism Christadelphians Mormonism Oneness Pentecostalism Spiritual Swedenborgianism Tolstoyan Unitarianism list Islam Sunni Ash'arism Maturidism Atharism Salafism Wahhabism Modernist Salafism Shia Twelver Shi'ism Zaydism Isma'ilism Alawis Sufism Khawarij Ibadism Alevism Ahmadi Mahdawi movement Quranism Milah Abraham Non-denominational list Other Ali-Illahism Bábism Baháʼí Druze Mandaeism Rastafari Samaritanism IranianZoroastrian Ilm-e-Khshnoom Mazdaznan Zurvanism Yazdânism Ishikism Shabakism Yarsanism Yazidism Other Assianism/Uatsdin Roshani Chinese Manichaeism EasternEast AsianChinese Chinese folk religion Confucianism Luoism Nuo Salvationist Xiantiandao Yiguandao Taoism Folk Taoism Yao Taoism Japanese Shinto list Shugendō Tenrikyo Ryukyuan Korean Korean shamanism Cheondoism Jeungsanism Vietnamese Vietnamese folk religion Đạo Mẫu Caodaism Hoahaoism Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương IndianHinduism Vaishnavism Krishnaism Sri Vaishnavism Brahma Sampradaya Nimbarka Sampradaya Pushtimarg Mahanubhava Ramanandi Warkari Swaminarayan Shaivism Shaiva Siddhanta Ganapatya Kashmiri Kapalika Kaumaram Lingayatism Nath Balinese Shaktism Smartism Sauraism Śrauta Sant Mat Neo-Hinduism list Buddhism Theravada Mahayana Chan/Zen/Thiền Amidism Nichiren Vajrayana Tibetan Neo-Buddhism list Other Ayyavazhi Kalash Jainism Digambara Śvetāmbara Sarnaism Kirat Mundhum Srilankan Vedda Ravidassia Sikhism Khalsa Sects EthnicAltaic Turko-Mongolic Burkhanism Tengrism Vattisen Yaly Tungusic Evenki Manchu Austroasiatic Sarnaism Austronesian Batak Parmalim Dayak Kaharingan Traditional Sabahan religions Indonesian Aliran Kepercayaan Kejawèn Kapitayan Karo Pemena Malaysian Philippine Dayawism Tagalog Polynesian Hawaiian Māori Sumbese Marapu Sundanese Wiwitan NativeAmerican Abenaki Anishinaabe Blackfoot Californian Miwok Ohlone Pomo Cherokee Chilote Choctaw Creek Guarani Haida Ho-Chunk Hopi Iroquois Longhouse Seneca Wyandot Jivaroan Kwakwakaʼwakw Lakota Lenape Mapuche Mesoamerican Aztec Maya Olmec Purépecha Midewiwin Muisca Native American Church Navajo Nuu-chah-nulth Pawnee Tsimshian Ute Zuni Tai and Miao Ahom Hmongism Mo Satsana Phi Tibeto-Burmese Bon Burmese Benzhuism Bimoism Bathouism Bongthingism Dongba Donyi-Polo Heraka Kiratism Qiang Sanamahism Traditional AfricanNorth African Berber Guanche church Sub-SaharanAfrican Akamba Akan Baluba Bantu Kongo Zulu Bushongo Dinka Dogon Efik Fon and Ewe Ik Lotuko Lozi Lugbara Maasai Mbuti Odinala San Serer Tumbuka Urhobo Waaqeffanna Yoruba Ifá Diasporic: Candomblé Bantu Jejé Ketu Comfa Convince Espiritismo Kumina Obeah Palo Quimbanda Santería Tambor de Mina Trinidad Orisha Umbanda Vodou Voodoo Winti Other ethnic Aboriginal Australian Inuit Papuan Siberian New religious movementsSyncretic Brahmoism Falun Gong Japanese Meivazhi Modekngei New Acropolis New Age New Thought Rajneesh Rastafari Sant Mat Radha Soami Spiritualism Subud Tensegrity Thelema Theosophy Neo-Theosophy Agni Yoga Transcendental Meditation Unitarian Universalism White Brotherhood Modernpaganism African Godianism Armenian Baltic Dievturība Romuva Caucasian Abkhaz Circassian Celtic Druidry Germanic Hellenism (modern religion) Italo-Roman Neoshamanism Ossetian Polytheistic reconstructionism Romanian Slavic Uralic Estonian Modern Finnish paganism Hungarian Mari religion Erzyan native religion Sámi Udmurt Wicca Zalmoxianism list De novo Anthroposophy Discordianism Eckankar Fourth Way Goddess Jediism Satanism Scientology UFO religion Raëlism Historical religions Prehistoric Paleolithic Ainu Arabian Armenian Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Old Prussian Basque Celtic Druidism Irish Cook Islands Dravidian Egyptian Atenism Etruscan Finnish Fuegian Selk'nam Georgian Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Frankish paganism Norse Greek Gnosticism Greco-Buddhism Hermeticism Mysteries Orphism Guanche Harappan Hittite Hungarian Hurrian Inca Jamaican Maroon Manichaeism Mazdakism Melanesian Mesopotamian Babylonian Sumerian Micronesian Nauruan Indigenous religion Olmec Paleo-Balkan Albanian Dacian Illyrian Thracian Proto-Indo-Iranian Iranian Vedic Rapa Nui Roman Cult of Magna Mater Gallo-Roman Imperial cult Mithraism Mysteries of Isis Semitic Canaanite Punic Yahwism Scythian Slavic Somali Tongan Urartu Vainakh Zapotec TopicsAspects Apostasy / Disaffiliation Behaviour Beliefs Call to prayer Clergy Covenant Conversion Deities Denomination Entheogens Ethnic Faith Fire Folk religion God Goddess Indigenous Meditation Monasticism Monk Novice Nun Mysticism Mythology Ordination Orthodoxy Orthopraxy Paganism Prayer Prophecy Religious experience Ritual Liturgy Purification Sacrifice Sacred space Bodies of water Groves Mountains Trees Soul Spirituality Supernatural Symbols Text Truth Water Worship Astral Nature Place Theism Animism Deism Dualism Henotheism Monotheism Nontheism Panentheism Pantheism Polytheism Transtheism Religiousstudies Anthropology Cognitive science Comparative Evolutionary origin of religion Evolutionary psychology History Neurotheology Philosophy Psychology Sociology Soteriology Salvation Theology Theories about religion Women Religion and society Agriculture Business Clergy / Laity Monasticism Ordination Priest Conversion Assimilation Missionary Proselytism Disability Education Fanaticism Freedom Pluralism Syncretism Toleration Universalism Fundamentalism Growth Happiness Homosexuality Minorities National church National religiosity levels Politics Populations Religiocentrism Schism Science State Theocracy Vegetarianism Video games Violence Persecution Terrorism War Wealth Secularism and irreligion Agnosticism Antireligion Atheism Criticism Deconstruction Objectivism Secular humanism Secular theology Secularization Separation of church and state Unaffiliated Overviewsand lists Abrahamic prophets Deification Deities Founders Index Mass gatherings Names of God New religious movements Organizations Outline Religions and spiritual traditions Scholars Timeline Religion by countryAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales North America Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Category Portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meiteism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiteism"},{"link_name":"Meitei Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"the Meitei alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_script"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meitei_script_display_help"},{"link_name":"Manipuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meitei_30-2"},{"link_name":"Manipuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Manipuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_language"},{"link_name":"ethnic religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_religion"},{"link_name":"Meitei people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_people"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Northeast India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India"},{"link_name":"Lainingthou Sanamahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainingthou_Sanamahi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sidaba Mapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidaba_Mapu"},{"link_name":"Leimarel Sidabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimarel_Sidabi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Meidingu Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naothingkhong"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Sidaba Mapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidaba_Mapu"},{"link_name":"Leimarel Sidabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimarel_Sidabi"}],"text":"\"Meitei religion\" redirects here. For other uses, see Meiteism and Meitei Vaishnavism.This article contains the Meitei alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see errors in display.Sanamahism (Manipuri: ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡ, romanized: Sanamahi laining, transl: Sanamahi religion, lit. 'liquid gold religion'),[2] also known as Meiteism (Manipuri: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ, romanized: Meitei laining),[3][4] or Lainingthouism (Manipuri: ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ) is an ethnic religion of the Meitei people of Manipur, in Northeast India. It is a polytheistic religion and is named after Lainingthou Sanamahi, one of the most important deities of the Meitei faith.[5][6][7] Sanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god Sidaba Mapu and the supreme goddess Leimarel Sidabi. Traditionally every Meitei household, irrespective of the religion, worships Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi. Sanamahism does not have a religious head but has a body, the Maru Loishang, that oversees the main religious activities and governs all affairs of the religion, including the conduct of priest and priestess.[8] The Maru Loishang also acts a court for religious disputes.[8] There are three main departments under the Manu Loishang, namely, the Amaiba Loishang, the Pena Asheiba Loishang, and the Amaibi Loishang.[9] These departments have existed since the reign of King Meidingu Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong of Manipur in 662 AD.[9]\nSanamahi is the eldest son of the supreme god Sidaba Mapu and the supreme goddess Leimarel Sidabi.","title":"Sanamahism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"apokpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokpa_(deity_type)"},{"link_name":"Lainingthou Sanamahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainingthou_Sanamahi"},{"link_name":"Kuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity"},{"link_name":"Pakhangba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhangba"},{"link_name":"Leimarel Sidabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimarel_Sidabi"},{"link_name":"Imoinu Ahongbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imoinu_Ahongbi"},{"link_name":"Panthoibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthoibi"},{"link_name":"Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainingthou_Nongpok_Ningthou"},{"link_name":"Lainingthou Koubru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainingthou_Koubru"},{"link_name":"Ibudhou Marjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibudhou_Marjing"},{"link_name":"Thongalel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thongalel"},{"link_name":"Wangbren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangbren"},{"link_name":"Eputhou Thangjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eputhou_Thangjing"},{"link_name":"Kounu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kounu"},{"link_name":"Nongshaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongshaba"},{"link_name":"Nongthang Leima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongthang_Leima"},{"link_name":"Irai Leima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irai_Leima"},{"link_name":"sacred groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_groves"},{"link_name":"Umang Lai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umang_Lai"},{"link_name":"Nat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_(deity)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The deities in Sanamhism can be classified as principal deities, ancestral deities, or apokpa, regional deities called Lam Lai or Umang Lai, and the ancestral deities worshipped by particular Meitei clans (Yek Lai) and families (Saghei Lai).There are five main deities in Sanamahism:Lainingthou Sanamahi, protector and guardian god of mankind.\nKuru, creator of the universe.\nPakhangba, ruler of the universe and destroyer of evil.\nLeimarel Sidabi: Earth Goddess.\nImoinu Ahongbi, an incarnation of Leimarel, and a goddess of wealth and prosperity.Other important gods and goddesses include Panthoibi, Lainingthou Nongpok Ningthou, Lainingthou Koubru, Ibudhou Marjing, Thongalel, Wangbren, Eputhou Thangjing, Kounu, Nongshaba, Nongthang Leima, and Irai Leima.The Umang Lais are often regarded as aspects or incarnations of the main deities. The worship of Umang Lais and the ritual that this entails, referred to as the Umang Lai Haraoba, is one of the main religious festivals in Sanamahism. The Umang Lais are associated with sacred groves, also called Umang Lai. There are similarities between the Umang Lais and the Nat deities of Myanmar.[10]All the deities are denoted by the universal term Lai which means \"god\" in Meithei. When referring to a male deity, the terms Lainingthou, Ebhudhou or Epa are used while the terms, Lairembi, Ebhendhou or Ema are used to refer to a female deity. Lairembi is mostly used for the Umang Lais.","title":"Deities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheitharol Kumbaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheitharol_Kumbaba"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"},{"link_name":"Nongda Lairen Pakhangba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongda_Lairen_Pakhangba"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_of_God_Pakhangba_of_Sanamahi_religion_inside_the_Kangla_Fort,_Imphal_West,_Manipur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kangla Pakhangba Laishang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangla_Pakhangba_Laishang"},{"link_name":"Pakhangba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakhangba"},{"link_name":"Kangla Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangla_Fort"},{"link_name":"Imphal West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imphal_West"},{"link_name":"Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur"}],"text":"The first mentions are found in the Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Court Chronicles of the kings of Manipur, starting from the king Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, who ruled for more than a century, from 33 to 154 CE. [citation needed]Kangla Pakhangba Laishang, the temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apokpa Marup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokpa_Marup"},{"link_name":"Laininghal Naoriya Phulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laininghal_Naoriya_Phulo"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"Japanese invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"Meitei Mayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_script"},{"link_name":"Okendrajit Sana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okendrajit_Sana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"}],"text":"The collective effort of the revival of Sanamahism is often referred to as the Sanamahi movement. The earliest accounts can be traced back to the formation of the Apokpa Marup by Laininghal Naoriya Phulo in 1930 at Cachar (present day Assam, India).[11] The movement spread to the Manipur Valley by 1934. Although the movement did not gain momentum due to the Japanese invasion in the Second world war, plans were initially made to intensify the movement under the leadership of Takhellambam Bokul (Sanamahi Bokul).[11] Phullo died in 1941.Three years after the death of Phullo in 1944, the movement finally started gaining momentum in Manipur. Resolutions were made to denounce Hinduism and to revive Sanamahism in Manipur. Mass campaign were held to popularize Sanamahi religion at various places in Manipur. On the 14th of May, 1945, the popular Meitei Marup was formed. This marked the beginning of the revival of Sanamahism and the Meitei Mayek, original script of the Manipuri Language among other things. The term Sanamahism and Meitei Marup are often used interchangeably. The Brahma Sabha strongly opposed the movement and formally outcast 38 members of the Meitei Marup.By the 1970s and 1980s, the Sanamahi Movement attracted more activists. Massive drives were held reclaiming shrines of deiteis and adverting Hindu practices or worship to ancient old traditions of Sanamahism. Notable movement was the seize of the idols of Sanamahi and Leimarel Sidabi from Hindu Brahmins which are now presently installed in the temple at First Manipur Rifles Ground, Imphal. On the 16th of February, 1974, mass convert to Sanamahism was held. The event is coined, Nongkhang Parei Hanba, symbolic to reversing the forced mass baptism into Hinduism in 1729, referred to as Nongkhang Iruppa.On April 23, 1992, the then Maharaja of Manipur, Okendrajit Sana declared that \"I open the Lubak Tabu and abandon Hinduism as state religion and recognition is hereby withdrawn by the Royal Customary Law of the Country, instead the Royal Customary Law revives the Lainingthouism as the state religion and do herby give recognition as state religion.\"[12]The 2011 census of India places the Sanamahi followers to be 8.19% of the total population of Manipur, India.","title":"Revival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manipur State Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipur_State_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"On 5 August 2022, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly re-affirmed a resolution to record the Sanamahi religion in the census data with a separate unique code as an officially recognised minority religion of India. In the past, on 31 July 2002 and on 1 August 2003, the Manipur State Legislative Assembly had adopted similar resolutions to allot a unique code for the religion but did not get approved by the Central Government of India.[13]In the previous decades, many social, religious and political activists, associations and organisations struggled through violent agitations and protests to include the Sanamahi religion as an officially recognised minority religion of India.[14][15][16]","title":"Official status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oracular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle"},{"link_name":"Lai Haraoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Haraoba"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Many Sanamahi practices are focused on food offerings to deities, combined with hymns, as well as oracular ritual in which priestesses become possessed by a god or goddess. An offering formula to call up the gods, uttered by a priestess over a body of water during the Lai Haraoba festival, goes:Incarnate Lord, Lairen (Lai- God, Len- Supreme) Deity Pakhangba, O golden one,\nGoddess of the waters, Ruler of the rivers:\nGolden Goddess (Laisana) fair and beautiful one:\nFor you, Lord and Lady, in order to call up your souls,\nWe have poured the rice on the finest of banana leaves,\nAnd on it have placed the fertile egg and the langthrei buds.\nWe do not offer you the ordinary khayom (offering packet), we offer you your own khayoms,\nAnd we have tied them with the seven bamboo strips.\nWhich (represent) the seven days of the week.\nWe offer you the khayoms as they are tied thus.\nLord and Lady, we beseech you,\nAscend from within the khayoms, riding along the hiris.[17]Some esoteric practices are also a part of Sanamahism, such as the use of mantras for various purposes. The mystical text Sanamahi Naiyom provides several formulas, such as a mantra that is believed to stop rain.[18]","title":"Practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanamahi_Ahong_Khong_Chingba"},{"link_name":"Lai Haraoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Haraoba"},{"link_name":"Mera Hou Chongba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mera_Hou_Chongba"},{"link_name":"Mera Chaorel Houba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mera_Chaorel_Houba"},{"link_name":"Kwaak Taanba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaak_Taanba"},{"link_name":"Yaoshang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoshang"},{"link_name":"Panthoibi Iratpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthoibi_Iratpa"},{"link_name":"Imoinu Iratpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imoinu_Iratpa"},{"link_name":"Sajibu Cheiraoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajibu_Cheiraoba"},{"link_name":"Heikru Hidongba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heikru_Hidongba"}],"text":"Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba\nLai Haraoba\nMera Hou Chongba\nMera Chaorel Houba\nKwaak Taanba\nYaoshang\nPanthoibi Iratpa\nImoinu Iratpa\nSajibu Cheiraoba\nHeikru Hidongba","title":"Religious festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Sanamahism Students' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sanamahism_Students%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Lainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainingthou_Sanamahi_Sanapung"},{"link_name":"Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainingthou_Sanamahi_Temple_Board"},{"link_name":"South East Asia Cultural Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Asia_Cultural_Organisation"}],"text":"International Sanamahism Students' Association\nLainingthou Sanamahi Sanapung\nLainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board\nSouth East Asia Cultural Organisation","title":"Associations and organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0970-0927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0927"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41920088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41920088"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-82395-50-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-50-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-82395-56-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-56-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0026749X0100405X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X0100405X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"313195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/313195"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"145449486","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145449486"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/anq.0.0047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fanq.0.0047"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25488260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25488260"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"140755509","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140755509"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-82395-21-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-21-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-93-82395-25-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-25-6"},{"link_name":"Sanamahism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sanamahism"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sanamahism_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sanamahism_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sanamahism_navbox"},{"link_name":"Sanamahism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lai haraoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai_Haraoba"},{"link_name":"Ritual dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maibi_Jagoi"},{"link_name":"Polytheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism"},{"link_name":"Animism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"link_name":"Meitei festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairs_and_Festivals_in_Manipur"},{"link_name":"Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_mythology"},{"link_name":"Sanamahism shrines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laishang"},{"link_name":"List of Umang Lai Laishang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umang_Lai"},{"link_name":"Meitei architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_architecture"},{"link_name":"Notable Lai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_deities"},{"link_name":"Taibang Mapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidaba_Mapu"},{"link_name":"Sanamahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanamahi"},{"link_name":"Lainingthou Koupalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Koubru"},{"link_name":"Lan Leima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imoinu"},{"link_name":"Numit Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numit_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Sanamahi Laihui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanamahi_Laihui"},{"link_name":"See also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sanamahism"},{"link_name":"Religion in Manipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Manipur"},{"link_name":"List of Meitei deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deities_in_Sanamahism"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Religion_in_India_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_India_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_India_topics"},{"link_name":"Religion in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_India"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Punjab"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_India"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism_in_India"},{"link_name":"Ayyavazhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyavazhi"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_India"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_India"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_India"},{"link_name":"Shia Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_India"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_India"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_India"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India"},{"link_name":"Ahmadiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_India"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India"},{"link_name":"Tribalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India"},{"link_name":"Irreligion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_India"},{"link_name":"Bathouism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathouism"},{"link_name":"Donyi-Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donyi-Polo"},{"link_name":"Sanamahism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sarnaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnaism"},{"link_name":"Secularism in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism_in_India"},{"link_name":"Freedom of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India"},{"link_name":"Religious violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India"},{"link_name":"Religious harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_harmony_in_India"},{"link_name":"Religious thinkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_thinkers_of_India"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Minority Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Religion_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics"},{"link_name":"Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"Religious groups and denominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_religions"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Haredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Hasidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Karaite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Haymanot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymanot"},{"link_name":"Reconstructionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Renewal"},{"link_name":"Humanistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Nestorianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianism"},{"link_name":"Ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Proto-Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Hussites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussites"},{"link_name":"Moravians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_Church"},{"link_name":"Waldensians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Adventism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventism"},{"link_name":"Anabaptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptism"},{"link_name":"Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish"},{"link_name":"Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren"},{"link_name":"Hutterites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutterites"},{"link_name":"Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonites"},{"link_name":"Schwenkfelder Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church"},{"link_name":"Anglicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Calvinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"Congregationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_church"},{"link_name":"Presbyterianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism"},{"link_name":"Charismatic Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"Charismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_movement"},{"link_name":"Neo-charismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement"},{"link_name":"Evangelicalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicalism"},{"link_name":"Irvingism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiness_movement"},{"link_name":"Nondenominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Brethren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren"},{"link_name":"Quakerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Restorationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_Movement"},{"link_name":"Esoteric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Independent Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Old Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Judaizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizers"},{"link_name":"Nontrinitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontrinitarianism"},{"link_name":"Bible Students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_Student_movement"},{"link_name":"Jehovah's Witnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses"},{"link_name":"British Israelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Israelism"},{"link_name":"Christadelphians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christadelphians"},{"link_name":"Mormonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism"},{"link_name":"Oneness Pentecostalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism"},{"link_name":"Spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Swedenborgianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)"},{"link_name":"Tolstoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement"},{"link_name":"Unitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"Ash'arism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash%27arism"},{"link_name":"Maturidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maturidism"},{"link_name":"Atharism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharism"},{"link_name":"Salafism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement"},{"link_name":"Wahhabism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabism"},{"link_name":"Modernist Salafism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"Twelver Shi'ism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism"},{"link_name":"Zaydism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaydism"},{"link_name":"Isma'ilism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27ilism"},{"link_name":"Alawis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawites"},{"link_name":"Sufism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Khawarij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharijites"},{"link_name":"Ibadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadi_Islam"},{"link_name":"Alevism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevism"},{"link_name":"Ahmadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya"},{"link_name":"Mahdawi movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdawi_movement"},{"link_name":"Quranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quranism"},{"link_name":"Milah Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milah_Abraham"},{"link_name":"Non-denominational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches"},{"link_name":"Ali-Illahism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Illahism"},{"link_name":"Bábism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bism"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"Mandaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism"},{"link_name":"Rastafari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari"},{"link_name":"Samaritanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritanism"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_religions"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrian"},{"link_name":"Ilm-e-Khshnoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom"},{"link_name":"Mazdaznan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdaznan"},{"link_name":"Zurvanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurvanism"},{"link_name":"Yazdânism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism"},{"link_name":"Ishikism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikism"},{"link_name":"Shabakism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabakism"},{"link_name":"Yarsanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarsanism"},{"link_name":"Yazidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidism"},{"link_name":"Assianism/Uatsdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assianism"},{"link_name":"Roshani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshani_movement"},{"link_name":"Chinese Manichaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_religions"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_religions"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Confucianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism"},{"link_name":"Luoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_teaching"},{"link_name":"Nuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Salvationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions"},{"link_name":"Xiantiandao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiantiandao"},{"link_name":"Yiguandao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiguandao"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Folk Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions"},{"link_name":"Yao Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools"},{"link_name":"Shugendō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Tenrikyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenrikyo"},{"link_name":"Ryukyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Korea"},{"link_name":"Korean shamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_shamanism"},{"link_name":"Cheondoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheondoism"},{"link_name":"Jeungsanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeung_San_Do"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Đạo Mẫu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu"},{"link_name":"Caodaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caodaism"},{"link_name":"Hoahaoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o"},{"link_name":"Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Krishnaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnaism"},{"link_name":"Sri Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Brahma Sampradaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"Nimbarka Sampradaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"Pushtimarg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtimarg"},{"link_name":"Mahanubhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanubhava"},{"link_name":"Ramanandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"Warkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warkari"},{"link_name":"Swaminarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya"},{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Shaiva Siddhanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta"},{"link_name":"Ganapatya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganapatya"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Kapalika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapalika"},{"link_name":"Kaumaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaumaram"},{"link_name":"Lingayatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingayatism"},{"link_name":"Nath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nath"},{"link_name":"Balinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Shaktism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism"},{"link_name":"Smartism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smarta_tradition"},{"link_name":"Sauraism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"Śrauta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arauta"},{"link_name":"Sant Mat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Mat"},{"link_name":"Neo-Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominations"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Theravada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada"},{"link_name":"Mahayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahayana"},{"link_name":"Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"Thiền","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n"},{"link_name":"Amidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Nichiren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Vajrayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Neo-Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_modernism"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Ayyavazhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyavazhi"},{"link_name":"Kalash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"Digambara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digambara"},{"link_name":"Śvetāmbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara"},{"link_name":"Sarnaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnaism"},{"link_name":"Kirat Mundhum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum"},{"link_name":"Srilankan Vedda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedda"},{"link_name":"Ravidassia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravidassia"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Khalsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalsa"},{"link_name":"Sects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Ethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_religion"},{"link_name":"Altaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaic_languages"},{"link_name":"Turko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Mongolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism"},{"link_name":"Burkhanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkhanism"},{"link_name":"Tengrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrism"},{"link_name":"Vattisen Yaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly"},{"link_name":"Tungusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth"},{"link_name":"Evenki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenks#Religion"},{"link_name":"Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_shamanism"},{"link_name":"Austroasiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages"},{"link_name":"Sarnaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarna_(place)"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Batak Parmalim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmalim"},{"link_name":"Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals"},{"link_name":"Kaharingan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharingan"},{"link_name":"Traditional Sabahan religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions"},{"link_name":"Aliran Kepercayaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan"},{"link_name":"Kejawèn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n"},{"link_name":"Kapitayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitayan"},{"link_name":"Karo Pemena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemena"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Philippine Dayawism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people"},{"link_name":"Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_religion"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_religion"},{"link_name":"Sumbese Marapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marapu"},{"link_name":"Sundanese Wiwitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan"},{"link_name":"NativeAmerican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_religions"},{"link_name":"Abenaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki_mythology"},{"link_name":"Anishinaabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Blackfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology"},{"link_name":"Californian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Miwok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwok_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ohlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohlone_mythology"},{"link_name":"Pomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo_religion"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Chilote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilote_mythology"},{"link_name":"Choctaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw_mythology"},{"link_name":"Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Guarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_mythology"},{"link_name":"Haida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ho-Chunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology"},{"link_name":"Hopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_mythology"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_mythology"},{"link_name":"Longhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhouse_Religion"},{"link_name":"Seneca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_mythology"},{"link_name":"Wyandot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandot_religion"},{"link_name":"Jivaroan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion"},{"link_name":"Kwakwakaʼwakw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology"},{"link_name":"Lakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_mythology"},{"link_name":"Lenape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenape_mythology"},{"link_name":"Mapuche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_religion"},{"link_name":"Mesoamerican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion"},{"link_name":"Aztec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_religion"},{"link_name":"Maya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_religion"},{"link_name":"Olmec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_religion"},{"link_name":"Purépecha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion"},{"link_name":"Midewiwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midewiwin"},{"link_name":"Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_mythology"},{"link_name":"Native American Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Church"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Nuu-chah-nulth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology"},{"link_name":"Pawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnee_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tsimshian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_mythology"},{"link_name":"Zuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_peoples"},{"link_name":"Miao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_people"},{"link_name":"Ahom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahom_religion"},{"link_name":"Hmongism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Mo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Satsana Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Tibeto-Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages"},{"link_name":"Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Benzhuism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzhuism"},{"link_name":"Bimoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimoism"},{"link_name":"Bathouism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathouism"},{"link_name":"Bongthingism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Dongba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongba"},{"link_name":"Donyi-Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donyi-Polo"},{"link_name":"Heraka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraka"},{"link_name":"Kiratism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum"},{"link_name":"Qiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Sanamahism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Traditional African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion"},{"link_name":"Guanche church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People"},{"link_name":"Sub-SaharanAfrican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"Akamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamba_people"},{"link_name":"Akan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_religion"},{"link_name":"Baluba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluba_mythology"},{"link_name":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_mythology"},{"link_name":"Kongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_religion"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion"},{"link_name":"Bushongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushongo_mythology"},{"link_name":"Dinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinka_religion"},{"link_name":"Dogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_religion"},{"link_name":"Efik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik_mythology"},{"link_name":"Fon and Ewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahomean_religion"},{"link_name":"Ik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ik_people"},{"link_name":"Lotuko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotuko_mythology"},{"link_name":"Lozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_mythology"},{"link_name":"Lugbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugbara_mythology"},{"link_name":"Maasai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_mythology"},{"link_name":"Mbuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti_mythology"},{"link_name":"Odinala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinala"},{"link_name":"San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_religion"},{"link_name":"Serer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_religion"},{"link_name":"Tumbuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology"},{"link_name":"Urhobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people"},{"link_name":"Waaqeffanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waaqeffanna"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion"},{"link_name":"Ifá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Diasporic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_diaspora_religions"},{"link_name":"Candomblé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu"},{"link_name":"Jejé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ketu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu"},{"link_name":"Comfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfa"},{"link_name":"Convince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convince"},{"link_name":"Espiritismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritismo"},{"link_name":"Kumina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumina"},{"link_name":"Obeah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah"},{"link_name":"Palo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Quimbanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimbanda"},{"link_name":"Santería","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Tambor de Mina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina"},{"link_name":"Trinidad Orisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha"},{"link_name":"Umbanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbanda"},{"link_name":"Vodou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Vodou"},{"link_name":"Voodoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo"},{"link_name":"Winti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winti"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_religion"},{"link_name":"Papuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_mythology"},{"link_name":"Siberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia"},{"link_name":"New religious movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_religious_movement"},{"link_name":"Brahmoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmoism"},{"link_name":"Falun Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun_Gong"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_new_religions"},{"link_name":"Meivazhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meivazhi"},{"link_name":"Modekngei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modekngei"},{"link_name":"New Acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Acropolis"},{"link_name":"New Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age"},{"link_name":"New Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Thought"},{"link_name":"Rajneesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajneesh_movement"},{"link_name":"Rastafari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari"},{"link_name":"Sant Mat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements"},{"link_name":"Radha Soami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Soami"},{"link_name":"Spiritualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)"},{"link_name":"Subud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subud"},{"link_name":"Tensegrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)"},{"link_name":"Thelema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelema"},{"link_name":"Theosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy"},{"link_name":"Neo-Theosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Theosophy"},{"link_name":"Agni Yoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_Yoga"},{"link_name":"Transcendental Meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation"},{"link_name":"Unitarian Universalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism"},{"link_name":"White Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Modernpaganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_paganism"},{"link_name":"Godianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godianism"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetanism"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Dievturība","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba"},{"link_name":"Romuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romuva_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Circassian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Druidry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druidry_(modern)"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)"},{"link_name":"Hellenism (modern religion)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)"},{"link_name":"Italo-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion"},{"link_name":"Neoshamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoshamanism"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assianism"},{"link_name":"Polytheistic reconstructionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmoxianism"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith"},{"link_name":"Uralic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism"},{"link_name":"Modern Finnish paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith"},{"link_name":"Mari religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_religion"},{"link_name":"Erzyan native religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion"},{"link_name":"Sámi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism"},{"link_name":"Udmurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_Vos"},{"link_name":"Wicca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca"},{"link_name":"Zalmoxianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmoxianism"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements"},{"link_name":"Anthroposophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophy"},{"link_name":"Discordianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discordianism"},{"link_name":"Eckankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eckankar"},{"link_name":"Fourth Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Way"},{"link_name":"Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess_movement"},{"link_name":"Jediism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jediism"},{"link_name":"Satanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism"},{"link_name":"Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology"},{"link_name":"UFO religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_religion"},{"link_name":"Raëlism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism"},{"link_name":"Historical religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_religion"},{"link_name":"Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_religion"},{"link_name":"Ainu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion"},{"link_name":"Arabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Old Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_mythology"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion"},{"link_name":"Druidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_mythology"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology"},{"link_name":"Dravidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"link_name":"Atenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenism"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_religion"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_mythology"},{"link_name":"Fuegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture"},{"link_name":"Selk'nam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism"},{"link_name":"Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology"},{"link_name":"Frankish paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_paganism"},{"link_name":"Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_religion"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion"},{"link_name":"Gnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism"},{"link_name":"Greco-Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Hermeticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeticism"},{"link_name":"Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries"},{"link_name":"Orphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphism_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Guanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Harappan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion"},{"link_name":"Hittite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Hurrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_religion"},{"link_name":"Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_mythology"},{"link_name":"Jamaican Maroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion"},{"link_name":"Manichaeism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism"},{"link_name":"Mazdakism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazdak"},{"link_name":"Melanesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion"},{"link_name":"Babylonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_religion"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion"},{"link_name":"Micronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronesian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Nauruan Indigenous religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion"},{"link_name":"Olmec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_religion"},{"link_name":"Paleo-Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Illyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_religion"},{"link_name":"Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_religion"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion"},{"link_name":"Vedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion"},{"link_name":"Rapa Nui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Cult of Magna Mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybele"},{"link_name":"Gallo-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion"},{"link_name":"Imperial cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult"},{"link_name":"Mithraism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithraism"},{"link_name":"Mysteries of Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis"},{"link_name":"Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"Punic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_religion"},{"link_name":"Yahwism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism"},{"link_name":"Scythian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_religion"},{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_mythology"},{"link_name":"Tongan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongan_religion"},{"link_name":"Urartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu#Religion"},{"link_name":"Vainakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainakh_religion"},{"link_name":"Zapotec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion"},{"link_name":"Apostasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy"},{"link_name":"Disaffiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation"},{"link_name":"Behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_behaviour"},{"link_name":"Beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief#Religion"},{"link_name":"Call to prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_prayer"},{"link_name":"Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion"},{"link_name":"Deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"Denomination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denomination"},{"link_name":"Entheogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogen"},{"link_name":"Ethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_religion"},{"link_name":"Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith"},{"link_name":"Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_worship"},{"link_name":"Folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_religion"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess"},{"link_name":"Indigenous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_religion"},{"link_name":"Meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation"},{"link_name":"Monasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticism"},{"link_name":"Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Novice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novice"},{"link_name":"Nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"},{"link_name":"Mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"link_name":"Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Orthopraxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopraxy"},{"link_name":"Paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism"},{"link_name":"Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer"},{"link_name":"Prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy"},{"link_name":"Religious experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experience"},{"link_name":"Ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy"},{"link_name":"Purification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_purification"},{"link_name":"Sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"Sacred space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_space"},{"link_name":"Bodies of water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_waters"},{"link_name":"Groves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_grove"},{"link_name":"Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_mountains"},{"link_name":"Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_tree"},{"link_name":"Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul"},{"link_name":"Spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"Symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_symbol"},{"link_name":"Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_text"},{"link_name":"Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth"},{"link_name":"Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship"},{"link_name":"Astral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_worship"},{"link_name":"Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_worship"},{"link_name":"Theism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theism"},{"link_name":"Animism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"link_name":"Deism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism"},{"link_name":"Dualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Henotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheism"},{"link_name":"Monotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"Nontheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontheism"},{"link_name":"Panentheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panentheism"},{"link_name":"Pantheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism"},{"link_name":"Polytheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism"},{"link_name":"Transtheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheism"},{"link_name":"Religiousstudies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_studies"},{"link_name":"Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Cognitive science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Comparative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_religion"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary origin of religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Neurotheology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Soteriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soteriology"},{"link_name":"Salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation"},{"link_name":"Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Theories about religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_about_religion"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Religion and society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society"},{"link_name":"Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture"},{"link_name":"Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_business"},{"link_name":"Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"Laity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"Monasticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasticism"},{"link_name":"Ordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination"},{"link_name":"Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"Conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion"},{"link_name":"Assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_assimilation"},{"link_name":"Missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"Proselytism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytism"},{"link_name":"Disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_education"},{"link_name":"Fanaticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_fanaticism"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Pluralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism"},{"link_name":"Syncretism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism"},{"link_name":"Toleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toleration"},{"link_name":"Universalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universalism"},{"link_name":"Fundamentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism"},{"link_name":"Growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_happiness"},{"link_name":"Homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Minorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_religion"},{"link_name":"National church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_church"},{"link_name":"National religiosity levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_politics"},{"link_name":"Populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_populations"},{"link_name":"Religiocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiocentrism"},{"link_name":"Schism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schism"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion"},{"link_name":"Theocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy"},{"link_name":"Vegetarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_video_games"},{"link_name":"Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence"},{"link_name":"Persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_persecution"},{"link_name":"Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_terrorism"},{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_war"},{"link_name":"Wealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Secularism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism"},{"link_name":"irreligion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"Agnosticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism"},{"link_name":"Antireligion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antireligion"},{"link_name":"Atheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"Criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Deconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_deconstruction"},{"link_name":"Objectivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism"},{"link_name":"Secular humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_humanism"},{"link_name":"Secular theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_theology"},{"link_name":"Secularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularization"},{"link_name":"Separation of church and state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state"},{"link_name":"Unaffiliated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions"},{"link_name":"lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions"},{"link_name":"Deification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities"},{"link_name":"Deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_deities"},{"link_name":"Founders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles"},{"link_name":"Mass gatherings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings"},{"link_name":"Names of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_God"},{"link_name":"New religious movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements"},{"link_name":"Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Religions and spiritual traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions"},{"link_name":"Scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_studies"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_religion"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Angola"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Benin"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Chad"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Libya"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mali"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Niger"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Togo"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Asia"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_China"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Korea"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Laos"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Macau"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czechia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Malta"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_England"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Belize"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Panama"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Palau"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_South_America"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion"}],"text":"Otojit Kshetrimayum (2009), \"Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study\", Indian Anthropologist, 39 (1/2): 17–34, ISSN 0970-0927, JSTOR 41920088\nKshetrimayum, Otojit (2014), Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-50-8\nHodson, T.C. (2015), The Meitheis, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-56-0\nSaroj Nalini Parratt (1974), The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development, Australian National University Press\nSaroj N. Arambam Parratt; John Parratt (2001), \"The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur\", Modern Asian Studies, 35 (4): 905–919, doi:10.1017/S0026749X0100405X, JSTOR 313195, S2CID 145449486\nSohini Ray (2009), \"Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India\", Anthropological Quarterly, 82 (1): 129–154, doi:10.1353/anq.0.0047, JSTOR 25488260, S2CID 140755509\nSingh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-21-8\nSingh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), Population Geography of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-25-6Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sanamahism.Portals: Religion Philosophy India History AsiavteSanamahismPractices and beliefs\nLai haraoba\nRitual dance\nPolytheism\nAnimism\nMeitei festival\nMythology\nSanamahism shrines\nList of Umang Lai Laishang\nMeitei architecture\nNotable Lai\nTaibang Mapu\nSanamahi\nLainingthou Koupalu\nLan Leima\nImportant literature\nNumit Kappa\nSanamahi Laihui\nSee also\nReligion in Manipur\nList of Meitei deitiesvteReligion in India topicsIndian\nHinduism\nPunjab\nSouth India)\nBuddhism\nJainism\nAyyavazhi\nSikhism\nAbrahamic\nIslam\nSunni Islam\nShia Islam\nChristianity\nCatholicism\nProtestantism\nJudaism\nBaháʼí Faith\nAhmadiyya\nOther paths\nZoroastrianism\nTribalism\nIrreligion\nBathouism\nDonyi-Polo\nSanamahism\nSarnaism\nMeena ethnic\nPolicy and history\nSecularism in India\nFreedom of religion\nReligious violence\nReligious harmony\nReligious thinkers\nMinistry of Minority AffairsvteReligionReligious groups and denominationsWesternAbrahamicJudaism\nOrthodox\nHaredi\nHasidic\nModern\nZionist\nConservative\nReform\nKaraite\nHaymanot\nReconstructionist\nRenewal\nHumanistic\nlist\nChristianity\nCatholicism\nLatin\nEastern\nEastern Orthodoxy\nChurch\nOriental Orthodoxy\nNestorianism\nAncient\nAssyrian\nProto-Protestantism\nHussites/Moravians\nWaldensians\nProtestantism\nAdventism\nAnabaptism\nAmish\nBrethren\nHutterites\nMennonites\nSchwenkfelder Church\nAnglicanism\nBaptists\nCalvinism\nCongregationalism\nPresbyterianism\nReformed\nCharismatic Christianity\nPentecostal\nCharismatic\nNeo-charismatic\nEvangelicalism\nIrvingism\nLutheran\nMethodist\nHoliness\nNondenominational\nPlymouth Brethren\nQuakerism\nRestorationism\nEsoteric\nIndependent Catholicism\nOld Catholic\nJudaizers\nNontrinitarianism\nBible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses\nBritish Israelism\nChristadelphians\nMormonism\nOneness Pentecostalism\nSpiritual\nSwedenborgianism\nTolstoyan\nUnitarianism\nlist\nIslam\nSunni\nAsh'arism\nMaturidism\nAtharism\nSalafism\nWahhabism\nModernist Salafism\nShia\nTwelver Shi'ism\nZaydism\nIsma'ilism\nAlawis\nSufism\nKhawarij\nIbadism\nAlevism\nAhmadi\nMahdawi movement\nQuranism\nMilah Abraham\nNon-denominational\nlist\nOther\nAli-Illahism\nBábism\nBaháʼí\nDruze\nMandaeism\nRastafari\nSamaritanism\nIranianZoroastrian\nIlm-e-Khshnoom\nMazdaznan\nZurvanism\nYazdânism\nIshikism\nShabakism\nYarsanism\nYazidism\nOther\nAssianism/Uatsdin\nRoshani\nChinese Manichaeism\nEasternEast AsianChinese\nChinese folk religion\nConfucianism\nLuoism\nNuo\nSalvationist\nXiantiandao\nYiguandao\nTaoism\nFolk Taoism\nYao Taoism\nJapanese\nShinto\nlist\nShugendō\nTenrikyo\nRyukyuan\nKorean\nKorean shamanism\nCheondoism\nJeungsanism\nVietnamese\nVietnamese folk religion\nĐạo Mẫu\nCaodaism\nHoahaoism\nĐạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương\nIndianHinduism\nVaishnavism\nKrishnaism\nSri Vaishnavism\nBrahma Sampradaya\nNimbarka Sampradaya\nPushtimarg\nMahanubhava\nRamanandi\nWarkari\nSwaminarayan\nShaivism\nShaiva Siddhanta\nGanapatya\nKashmiri\nKapalika\nKaumaram\nLingayatism\nNath\nBalinese\nShaktism\nSmartism\nSauraism\nŚrauta\nSant Mat\nNeo-Hinduism\nlist\nBuddhism\nTheravada\nMahayana\nChan/Zen/Thiền\nAmidism\nNichiren\nVajrayana\nTibetan\nNeo-Buddhism\nlist\nOther\nAyyavazhi\nKalash\nJainism\nDigambara\nŚvetāmbara\nSarnaism\nKirat Mundhum\nSrilankan Vedda\nRavidassia\nSikhism\nKhalsa\nSects\nEthnicAltaic\nTurko-Mongolic\nBurkhanism\nTengrism\nVattisen Yaly\nTungusic\nEvenki\nManchu\nAustroasiatic\nSarnaism\nAustronesian\nBatak Parmalim\nDayak\nKaharingan\nTraditional Sabahan religions\nIndonesian\nAliran Kepercayaan\nKejawèn\nKapitayan\nKaro Pemena\nMalaysian\nPhilippine Dayawism\nTagalog\nPolynesian\nHawaiian\nMāori\nSumbese Marapu\nSundanese Wiwitan\nNativeAmerican\nAbenaki\nAnishinaabe\nBlackfoot\nCalifornian\nMiwok\nOhlone\nPomo\nCherokee\nChilote\nChoctaw\nCreek\nGuarani\nHaida\nHo-Chunk\nHopi\nIroquois\nLonghouse\nSeneca\nWyandot\nJivaroan\nKwakwakaʼwakw\nLakota\nLenape\nMapuche\nMesoamerican\nAztec\nMaya\nOlmec\nPurépecha\nMidewiwin\nMuisca\nNative American Church\nNavajo\nNuu-chah-nulth\nPawnee\nTsimshian\nUte\nZuni\nTai and Miao\nAhom\nHmongism\nMo\nSatsana Phi\nTibeto-Burmese\nBon\nBurmese\nBenzhuism\nBimoism\nBathouism\nBongthingism\nDongba\nDonyi-Polo\nHeraka\nKiratism\nQiang\nSanamahism\nTraditional AfricanNorth African\nBerber\nGuanche church\nSub-SaharanAfrican\nAkamba\nAkan\nBaluba\nBantu\nKongo\nZulu\nBushongo\nDinka\nDogon\nEfik\nFon and Ewe\nIk\nLotuko\nLozi\nLugbara\nMaasai\nMbuti\nOdinala\nSan\nSerer\nTumbuka\nUrhobo\nWaaqeffanna\nYoruba\nIfá\nDiasporic:\nCandomblé\nBantu\nJejé\nKetu\nComfa\nConvince\nEspiritismo\nKumina\nObeah\nPalo\nQuimbanda\nSantería\nTambor de Mina\nTrinidad Orisha\nUmbanda\nVodou\nVoodoo\nWinti\nOther ethnic\nAboriginal Australian\nInuit\nPapuan\nSiberian\nNew religious movementsSyncretic\nBrahmoism\nFalun Gong\nJapanese\nMeivazhi\nModekngei\nNew Acropolis\nNew Age\nNew Thought\nRajneesh\nRastafari\nSant Mat\nRadha Soami\nSpiritualism\nSubud\nTensegrity\nThelema\nTheosophy\nNeo-Theosophy\nAgni Yoga\nTranscendental Meditation\nUnitarian Universalism\nWhite Brotherhood\nModernpaganism\nAfrican\nGodianism\nArmenian\nBaltic\nDievturība\nRomuva\nCaucasian\nAbkhaz\nCircassian\nCeltic\nDruidry\nGermanic\nHellenism (modern religion)\nItalo-Roman\nNeoshamanism\nOssetian\nPolytheistic reconstructionism\nRomanian\nSlavic\nUralic\nEstonian\nModern Finnish paganism\nHungarian\nMari religion\nErzyan native religion\nSámi\nUdmurt\nWicca\nZalmoxianism\nlist\nDe novo\nAnthroposophy\nDiscordianism\nEckankar\nFourth Way\nGoddess\nJediism\nSatanism\nScientology\nUFO religion\nRaëlism\nHistorical religions\nPrehistoric\nPaleolithic\nAinu\nArabian\nArmenian\nBaltic\nLatvian\nLithuanian\nOld Prussian\nBasque\nCeltic\nDruidism\nIrish\nCook Islands\nDravidian\nEgyptian\nAtenism\nEtruscan\nFinnish\nFuegian\nSelk'nam\nGeorgian\nGermanic\nAnglo-Saxon\nContinental\nFrankish paganism\nNorse\nGreek\nGnosticism\nGreco-Buddhism\nHermeticism\nMysteries\nOrphism\nGuanche\nHarappan\nHittite\nHungarian\nHurrian\nInca\nJamaican Maroon\nManichaeism\nMazdakism\nMelanesian\nMesopotamian\nBabylonian\nSumerian\nMicronesian\nNauruan Indigenous religion\nOlmec\nPaleo-Balkan\nAlbanian\nDacian\nIllyrian\nThracian\nProto-Indo-Iranian\nIranian\nVedic\nRapa Nui\nRoman\nCult of Magna Mater\nGallo-Roman\nImperial cult\nMithraism\nMysteries of Isis\nSemitic\nCanaanite\nPunic\nYahwism\nScythian\nSlavic\nSomali\nTongan\nUrartu\nVainakh\nZapotec\nTopicsAspects\nApostasy / Disaffiliation\nBehaviour\nBeliefs\nCall to prayer\nClergy\nCovenant\nConversion\nDeities\nDenomination\nEntheogens\nEthnic\nFaith\nFire\nFolk religion\nGod\nGoddess\nIndigenous\nMeditation\nMonasticism\nMonk\nNovice\nNun\nMysticism\nMythology\nOrdination\nOrthodoxy\nOrthopraxy\nPaganism\nPrayer\nProphecy\nReligious experience\nRitual\nLiturgy\nPurification\nSacrifice\nSacred space\nBodies of water\nGroves\nMountains\nTrees\nSoul\nSpirituality\nSupernatural\nSymbols\nText\nTruth\nWater\nWorship\nAstral\nNature\nPlace\nTheism\nAnimism\nDeism\nDualism\nHenotheism\nMonotheism\nNontheism\nPanentheism\nPantheism\nPolytheism\nTranstheism\nReligiousstudies\nAnthropology\nCognitive science\nComparative\nEvolutionary origin of religion\nEvolutionary psychology\nHistory\nNeurotheology\nPhilosophy\nPsychology\nSociology\nSoteriology\nSalvation\nTheology\nTheories about religion\nWomen\nReligion and society\nAgriculture\nBusiness\nClergy / Laity\nMonasticism\nOrdination\nPriest\nConversion\nAssimilation\nMissionary\nProselytism\nDisability\nEducation\nFanaticism\nFreedom\nPluralism\nSyncretism\nToleration\nUniversalism\nFundamentalism\nGrowth\nHappiness\nHomosexuality\nMinorities\nNational church\nNational religiosity levels\nPolitics\nPopulations\nReligiocentrism\nSchism\nScience\nState\nTheocracy\nVegetarianism\nVideo games\nViolence\nPersecution\nTerrorism\nWar\nWealth\nSecularism and irreligion\nAgnosticism\nAntireligion\nAtheism\nCriticism\nDeconstruction\nObjectivism\nSecular humanism\nSecular theology\nSecularization\nSeparation of church and state\nUnaffiliated\nOverviewsand lists\nAbrahamic prophets\nDeification\nDeities\nFounders\nIndex\nMass gatherings\nNames of God\nNew religious movements\nOrganizations\nOutline\nReligions and spiritual traditions\nScholars\nTimeline\nReligion by countryAfrica\nAlgeria\nAngola\nBenin\nBotswana\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCameroon\nCape Verde\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nComoros\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEquatorial Guinea\nEritrea\nEswatini\nEthiopia\nGabon\nGambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMauritius\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNamibia\nNiger\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSão Tomé and Príncipe\nSenegal\nSeychelles\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSouth Africa\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nTanzania\nTogo\nTunisia\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nAsia\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor\nGeorgia\nHong Kong\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nKorea\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMacau\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPalestine\nPhilippines\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTaiwan\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nEurope\nAlbania\nAndorra\nAustria\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCzechia\nDenmark\nEstonia\nFinland\nFrance\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland\nIreland\nItaly\nKosovo\nLatvia\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMalta\nMoldova\nMonaco\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNorth Macedonia\nNorway\nPoland\nPortugal\nRomania\nRussia\nSan Marino\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom\nEngland\nNorthern Ireland\nScotland\nWales\nNorth America\nAntigua and Barbuda\nBahamas\nBarbados\nBelize\nCanada\nCosta Rica\nCuba\nDominica\nDominican Republic\nEl Salvador\nGrenada\nGuatemala\nHaiti\nHonduras\nJamaica\nMexico\nNicaragua\nPanama\nSaint Kitts and Nevis\nSaint Lucia\nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines\nTrinidad and Tobago\nUnited States\nOceania\nAustralia\nFiji\nKiribati\nMarshall Islands\nMicronesia\nNauru\nNew Zealand\nPalau\nPapua New Guinea\nSamoa\nSolomon Islands\nTonga\nTuvalu\nVanuatu\nSouth America\nArgentina\nBolivia\nBrazil\nChile\nColombia\nEcuador\nGuyana\nParaguay\nPeru\nSuriname\nUruguay\nVenezuela\n\n Category\n Portal","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Kangla Pakhangba Laishang, the temple of God Pakhangba of Sanamahi religion inside the Kangla Fort, Imphal West, Manipur","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Temple_of_God_Pakhangba_of_Sanamahi_religion_inside_the_Kangla_Fort%2C_Imphal_West%2C_Manipur.jpg/300px-Temple_of_God_Pakhangba_of_Sanamahi_religion_inside_the_Kangla_Fort%2C_Imphal_West%2C_Manipur.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Meitei, Mayanglambam Mangangsana (6 June 2021). The Sound of Pena in Manipur. Marjing Mayanglambam. p. 30. ISBN 978-93-5473-655-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&q=meitei%20traditional%20religion%20which%20is%20loosely%20named%20Sanamahi%20Laining&pg=PA30","url_text":"The Sound of Pena in Manipur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5473-655-1","url_text":"978-93-5473-655-1"}]},{"reference":"Meitei, Sanjenbam Yaiphaba; Chaudhuri, Sarit K.; Arunkumar, M. C. (25 November 2020). The Cultural Heritage of Manipur. Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-000-29637-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&q=Meitei%20Laining%20or%20Sanamahism&pg=PT185","url_text":"The Cultural Heritage of Manipur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-29637-2","url_text":"978-1-000-29637-2"}]},{"reference":"Zehol, Lucy (1998). Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives. Regency Publications. p. 79. ISBN 978-81-86030-51-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1qTRz27T_UcC&q=meiteism%20sanamahism&pg=PA79","url_text":"Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86030-51-6","url_text":"978-81-86030-51-6"}]},{"reference":"Gourchandra, M. (1982). Sanamahi Laihui.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465618","url_text":"Sanamahi Laihui"}]},{"reference":"\"The Revivalism of Sanamahism\". e-pao.net. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism","url_text":"\"The Revivalism of Sanamahism\""}]},{"reference":"Nilabir, Sairem (2002). Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465239","url_text":"Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou"}]},{"reference":"\"Maru (Pandit Loisang)\". Maru (Pandit Loisang). Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://panditloisangmanipur.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"Maru (Pandit Loisang)\""}]},{"reference":"\"IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur | IGNCA\". ignca.gov.in. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ignca.gov.in/regional-centers/northeastern-regional-centre-guwahati/report-workshop-on-maibi-culture-of-manipur/","url_text":"\"IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur | IGNCA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival\". e-pao.net. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Myanmar_Nat_and_Manipuri_UmangLai_Nat_Festival","url_text":"\"Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Meitei, Langonjam Chingkheinganba. \"Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3726228","url_text":"\"Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Revivalism of Sanamahism\". e-pao.net. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism","url_text":"\"The Revivalism of Sanamahism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines\". e-pao.net. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..060822.aug22","url_text":"\"Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines\""}]},{"reference":"Chingkheinganba, Salam (14 February 2020). \"Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times\". www.imphaltimes.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/16776-okram-joy-threatens-to-throng-at-assembly-if-house-fails-to-recognise-sanamahi-as-minority-religion","url_text":"\"Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minority religion status sought\". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-14-The-Committee-on-Inclusion-of-Sanamahi-Religion-in-the-list.html","url_text":"\"Minority religion status sought\""}]},{"reference":"\"Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy\". www.thesangaiexpress.com. Retrieved 9 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/2/14/IMPHAL-Feb-14-Ex-MLA-O-Joy-has-urged-the-State-Government-to-declare-Sanamahi-as-a-religious-minority-.amp.html","url_text":"\"Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy\""}]},{"reference":"Saroj Parratt (1997). The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba. Vikas. p. 77. ISBN 8125904166.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8125904166","url_text":"8125904166"}]},{"reference":"Soibam Birajit (2014). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM. p. 103.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness"}]},{"reference":"Otojit Kshetrimayum (2009), \"Women and Shamanism in Manipur and Korea: A Comparative Study\", Indian Anthropologist, 39 (1/2): 17–34, ISSN 0970-0927, JSTOR 41920088","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0927","url_text":"0970-0927"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41920088","url_text":"41920088"}]},{"reference":"Kshetrimayum, Otojit (2014), Ritual, Politics and Power in North East India: Contextualising the Lai Haraoba of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-50-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-50-8","url_text":"978-93-82395-50-8"}]},{"reference":"Hodson, T.C. (2015), The Meitheis, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-56-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-56-0","url_text":"978-93-82395-56-0"}]},{"reference":"Saroj Nalini Parratt (1974), The Religion of Manipur: Beliefs, Rituals and Historical Development, Australian National University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saroj N. Arambam Parratt; John Parratt (2001), \"The Second 'Women's War' and the Emergence of Democratic Government in Manipur\", Modern Asian Studies, 35 (4): 905–919, doi:10.1017/S0026749X0100405X, JSTOR 313195, S2CID 145449486","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X0100405X","url_text":"10.1017/S0026749X0100405X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/313195","url_text":"313195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145449486","url_text":"145449486"}]},{"reference":"Sohini Ray (2009), \"Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India\", Anthropological Quarterly, 82 (1): 129–154, doi:10.1353/anq.0.0047, JSTOR 25488260, S2CID 140755509","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fanq.0.0047","url_text":"10.1353/anq.0.0047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25488260","url_text":"25488260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140755509","url_text":"140755509"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), The Meeteis of Manipur: A Study in Human Geography, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-21-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-21-8","url_text":"978-93-82395-21-8"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Dr. Saikhom Gopal (2015), Population Geography of Manipur, Ruby Press & Co., ISBN 978-93-82395-25-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-82395-25-6","url_text":"978-93-82395-25-6"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm","external_links_name":"2001 Census"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j7E2EAAAQBAJ&q=meitei%20traditional%20religion%20which%20is%20loosely%20named%20Sanamahi%20Laining&pg=PA30","external_links_name":"The Sound of Pena in Manipur"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&q=Meitei%20Laining%20or%20Sanamahism&pg=PT185","external_links_name":"The Cultural Heritage of Manipur"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1qTRz27T_UcC&q=meiteism%20sanamahism&pg=PA79","external_links_name":"Ethnicity in Manipur: Experiences, Issues, and Perspectives"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465618","external_links_name":"Sanamahi Laihui"},{"Link":"http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism","external_links_name":"\"The Revivalism of Sanamahism\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465239","external_links_name":"Laiyingthou Sanamahi Amasung Sanamahi Laining Hinggat Ihou"},{"Link":"https://panditloisangmanipur.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"\"Maru (Pandit Loisang)\""},{"Link":"https://ignca.gov.in/regional-centers/northeastern-regional-centre-guwahati/report-workshop-on-maibi-culture-of-manipur/","external_links_name":"\"IGNCA's Workshop on Maibi Culture of Manipur | IGNCA\""},{"Link":"http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Festival_of_Manipur.Myanmar_Nat_and_Manipuri_UmangLai_Nat_Festival","external_links_name":"\"Myanmar Nat and Manipuri UmangLai Nat Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/3726228","external_links_name":"\"Apokpa Marup_ Naoriya Phulo\""},{"Link":"http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Manipur_and_Religion.The_Revivalism_of_Sanamahism","external_links_name":"\"The Revivalism of Sanamahism\""},{"Link":"http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=9..060822.aug22","external_links_name":"\"Separate code mooted for Sanamahi religion : 06th aug22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines\""},{"Link":"https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/16776-okram-joy-threatens-to-throng-at-assembly-if-house-fails-to-recognise-sanamahi-as-minority-religion","external_links_name":"\"Okram Joy threatens to throng at assembly if house fails to recognise Sanamahi as minority religion - Imphal Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/14/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Oct-14-The-Committee-on-Inclusion-of-Sanamahi-Religion-in-the-list.html","external_links_name":"\"Minority religion status sought\""},{"Link":"https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/2/14/IMPHAL-Feb-14-Ex-MLA-O-Joy-has-urged-the-State-Government-to-declare-Sanamahi-as-a-religious-minority-.amp.html","external_links_name":"\"Government should declare Sanamahi as minority religion, says O Joy\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=COCBAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Pleasing of the Gods: Meitei Lai Haraoba"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PgHgCwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0927","external_links_name":"0970-0927"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41920088","external_links_name":"41920088"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X0100405X","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0026749X0100405X"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/313195","external_links_name":"313195"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145449486","external_links_name":"145449486"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fanq.0.0047","external_links_name":"10.1353/anq.0.0047"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25488260","external_links_name":"25488260"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140755509","external_links_name":"140755509"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ-45
Modular connector
["1 Nomenclature","2 History","3 Gender","4 Latching tab and orientation","5 Size and contacts","5.1 Insulation displacement contact types","5.2 Interchangeability","6 Termination","7 Pinout","8 4P4C","8.1 Handset wiring","8.2 Data port","9 6P6C","9.1 RJ11 wiring","9.2 Pinout","9.3 Powered version of RJ11","9.4 Compatibility with structured cabling","10 8P8C","10.1 Standardization","10.2 Pinout","10.3 Types and compatibility","10.4 Applications","10.5 Crossover cables","11 10P10C","12 Standards","13 See also","14 Notes","15 References","16 Bibliography","17 External links"]
Electrical connector commonly used in telephone and computer networks Left to right, modular connectors: 8P8C plug, 6P6C plug, 6P4C plug, 4P4C plug, 6P6C jack. An 8P8C modular plug. This is the common crimp-type plug, of the same kind pictured above crimped onto a cable (with molded sleeve). A modular connector is a type of electrical connector for cords and cables of electronic devices and appliances, such as in computer networking, telecommunication equipment, and audio headsets. Modular connectors were originally developed for use on specific Bell System telephone sets in the 1960s, and similar types found use for simple interconnection of customer-provided telephone subscriber premises equipment to the telephone network. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandated in 1976 an interface registration system, in which they became known as registered jacks. The convenience of prior existence for designers and ease of use led to a proliferation of modular connectors for many other applications. Many applications that originally used bulkier, more expensive connectors have converted to modular connectors. Probably the best-known applications of modular connectors are for telephone and Ethernet. Accordingly, various electronic interface specifications exist for applications using modular connectors, which prescribe physical characteristics and assign electrical signals to their contacts. Nomenclature Modular connectors are often referred to as modular phone jack and plug, RJ connector, and Western jack and plug. The term modular connector arose from its original use in modular wiring components of telephone equipment by the Western Electric Company in the 1960s. This includes the 6P2C used for telephone line connections and 4P4C used for handset connectors. Registered jack designations describe the signals and wiring used for voice and data communication at customer-facing interfaces of the public switched telephone network. It is common to use a registered jack number to refer to the physical connector itself; for instance, the regular 8P8C modular connector type is often labeled RJ45 because the registered jack standard of the similar name RJ45S specified a similar, but modified, 8P8C modular connector. Similarly, various six-position modular connectors may be called RJ11. Likewise, the 4P4C connector is sometimes called RJ9 or RJ22 though no such official designations exist. History The first types of small modular telephone connectors were created by AT&T in the mid-1960s for the plug-in handset and line cords of the Trimline telephone. Driven by demand for multiple sets in residences with various lengths of cords, the Bell System introduced customer-connectable part kits and telephones, sold through PhoneCenter stores in the early 1970s. For this purpose, Illinois Bell started installing modular telephone sets on a limited scale in June 1972. The patents by Edwin C. Hardesty and coworkers, US 3699498  (1972) and US 3860316  (1975), followed by other improvements, were the basis for the modular molded-plastic connectors that became commonplace for telephone cords by the 1980s. In 1976, these connectors were standardized nationally in the United States by the Registration Interface program of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which designated a series of Registered Jack (RJ) specifications for interconnection of customer-premises equipment to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Gender Modular connectors have gender: plugs are considered to be male, while jacks or sockets are considered to be female. Plugs are used to terminate cables and cords, while jacks are used for fixed locations on surfaces of walls, panels, and equipment. Other than telephone extension cables, cables with a modular plug on one end and a jack on the other are rare. Instead, cables are usually connected using a female-to-female coupler, having two jacks wired back-to-back. Latching tab and orientation Most modular connectors are designed with a latching mechanism that secures the physical connection. As a plug is inserted into a jack, a plastic tab on the plug locks against a ridge in the socket so that the plug cannot be removed without disengaging the tab by pressing it against the plug body. The standard orientation for installing a jack in a vertical surface is with the tab down. The modular plug is often installed with a boot, a plastic covering over the tab and body, to prevent the latching tab to hook into other cords or edges, which may cause excessive bending or breaking of the tab. Such snagless cords are usually constructed by installing the protective boot before the modular plug is crimped. Size and contacts 8P8C modular plug contact numbering Modular connectors are designated using two numbers that represent the maximum number of contact positions and the number of installed contacts, with each number followed by P and C, respectively. For example, 6P2C is a connector having six positions and two installed contacts. Alternate designations omit the letters while separating the position and contact quantities with either an x (6x2) or a slash (6/2). When not installed, contacts are usually omitted from the outer positions inward, such that the number of contacts is almost always even. The connector body positions with omitted or unconnected contacts are unused for the electrical connection but ensure that the plug fits correctly. For instance, inexpensive telephone cords often have connectors with six positions and four contacts, to which are attached just two wires, carrying only line 1 from a one-, two-, or three-line jack. The contact positions are numbered sequentially starting from 1. When viewed head-on with the retention mechanism on the bottom, jacks will have contact position number 1 on the left and plugs will have it on the right. Contacts are numbered by the contact position. For example, on a six-position, two-contact plug, where the outermost four positions do not have contacts, the two contacts are numbered 3 and 4. Modular connectors are manufactured in four sizes, with four, six, eight, and ten positions. The insulating plastic bodies of 4P and 6P connectors have different widths, whereas 8P or 10P connectors share an even larger body width. Insulation displacement contact types 8P8C plug with contacts for solid wire (left) and stranded wire (right) Contacts for solid wire (top left) and stranded wire (bottom right) Internally, the contacts in the plugs have sharp prongs that, when crimped, displace the wire insulation and connect with the conductors inside—a mechanism known as insulation displacement. Cables have either solid or stranded (tinsel wire) conductors, and a given plug is designed for only one type. The sharp prongs are different in the connectors made for each type of wire, and a mismatch between plug type and wire type results in unreliable connections. A modular plug for solid (single-strand) wire often has three slightly splayed prongs on each contact to securely surround and grip the conductor while scraping along the outside, and a plug for stranded wire has prongs that are designed to pierce the insulation and go straight through to contact multiple wire strands. Interchangeability Some modular connectors are indexed, meaning their dimensions are intentionally non-standard, preventing connections with connectors of standard dimensions. The means of indexing may be non-standard cross-sectional dimensions or shapes, retention mechanism dimensions or configuration. For example, a Modified Modular Jack using an offset latching tab was developed by Digital Equipment Corporation to prevent accidental interchange of data and telephone cables. Modular connector typical dimensions (millimeters) Connector Length Width Height 4P4C 7.7 6P6C 13.34 9.85 6.60 8P8C 22.48 11.68 8.00 The dimensions of modular connectors are such that a narrower plug can be inserted into a wider jack that has more positions than the plug, leaving the jack's outermost contacts unconnected. The height of the plug's insertion area is 0.260 inches (6.60 mm) and the contacts are 0.040 inches (1.02 mm) apart (contact pitch), so the width is dependent on the number of pin positions. However, not all plugs from all manufacturers have this capability, and some jack manufacturers warn that their jacks are not designed to accept smaller plugs without damage. If an inserted plug lacks slots to accommodate the jack's contacts at the outermost extremes, it may permanently deform those outermost contacts of an incompatible jack. Excessive resistance may be encountered when inserting an incompatible plug, as the outermost contacts in the jack are forcibly deformed. Special modular plugs have been manufactured (for example, the Siemon UP-2468) which have extra slots beyond their standard contacts, to accommodate the wider jack's outermost contacts without damage. These special plug connectors can be visually identified by carefully looking for the extra slots molded into the plug. The molded plastic bodies of the special plugs may also be colored with a light blueish tinge, to aid in quick recognition. The special plugs are preferred for test equipment and adapters, which may be rapidly connected to a large number of corresponding connectors in quick succession for testing purposes. The use of the special plugs avoids inadvertent damage to the equipment under test, even when a narrower plug is inserted into a nominally incompatible wider jack. Termination A modular plug crimping tool with exchangeable crimping dies Termination of cables with modular connectors is similar across the various number of positions and contacts in the plug. The crimping tool contains a die that is often exchangeable and is closely matched to the shape and pin count of the modular plug. A crimping die-set looks similar to an 8P8C jack, except for the eight teeth lining the top portion of the die. When the tool is operated, the die compresses around the 8P8C plug. As the die compresses, these teeth force the plug contacts into the conductors of the cable being terminated. The crimper may also permanently deform part of the plastic plug body in such a way that it grips the outer sheath of the cable for secure fastening and strain relief. These actions permanently attach the plug to the cable. Pinout The contact assignments (pinout) of modular connectors vary by application. Telephone network connections are standardized by registered jack designations, and Ethernet over twisted pair is specified by the ANSI/TIA-568 standard. For other applications, standardization may be lacking; for example, multiple conventions exist for the use of 8P8C connectors in RS-232 applications. For this reason, D-sub-to-modular adapters are typically shipped with the D-sub contacts (pins or sockets) terminated but not inserted into the connector body so that the D-sub-to-modular contact pairing can be assigned as needed. 4P4C 4P4C modular connector on a handset cord. Wired telephone that uses 4P4C connectors for the coiled handset cord. The four-position four-conductor (4P4C) connector is the standard modular connector used on both ends of telephone handset cords and is therefore often called a handset connector. This handset connector is not a registered jack, because it was not intended to connect directly to telephone lines. However, it is often referred to as RJ9, RJ10, or RJ22. Handset wiring Handsets and often headsets for use with telephones commonly use a 4P4C connector. The two center pins are commonly used for the receiver, and the outer pins connect the transmitter so that a reversal of conductors between the ends of a cord does not affect the signal routing. This may differ for other equipment, including hands-free headsets. Data port The Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K and Macintosh Plus from Apple as well as the Amiga 1000 from Commodore use 4P4C connectors to connect the keyboard to the main computer housing. The connector provides power to the keyboard on the outer two contacts and receives data signals on the inner pair. The cable between the computer and the keyboard is a coiled cord with an appearance very similar to a telephone handset cable. The connector on the Amiga 1000 uses crossover wiring, similar to a telephone handset. The connector wiring on the Apple computers, however, requires a polarized straight-through pinout. Using a telephone handset cable instead of the supplied cable could short out the +5 volt DC supply and damage the Apple computer or the keyboard. Modular connectors are often used for data links, such as serial line connections, because of their compact dimensions. For example, some DirecTV set-top boxes include a 4P4C data port with an adapter cord to connect to a computer serial port to control the set-top box. 6P6C 6P4C crimp-on style connector. Modular plugs are described by the maximum number of physical contact positions and the actual number of contacts installed in these positions. The 6P2C, 6P4C, and 6P6C modular connectors are probably best known for their use as RJ11, RJ14, and RJ25 non-powered registered jacks, respectively (and 6P4C and 6P6C for powered RJ11 and RJ14, power being delivered on the outer pairs). These interfaces use the same six-position modular connector body but have different numbers of pins installed. RJ11 is a physical interface often used for terminating single telephone lines. RJ14 is similar, but for two lines, and RJ25 is for three lines. RJ61 is a similar registered jack for four lines, but uses an 8P8C connector. RJ11 wiring Cables sold as RJ11 often actually use 6P4C connectors (six positions, four contacts) and RJ14 wiring – four wires running to a central junction box. Two of its six possible contact positions connect tip and ring, and the other two contact positions may be unused or provide low-voltage power for night light or other features on the telephone set. In some installations, an extra contact was also required for the ground connection for selective ringers. Pinout The pins of the 6P6C connector are numbered 1 to 6, counting left to right when holding the connector tab side down with the opening for the cable facing the viewer. Position Pair T/R ± RJ11 RJ14 RJ25 Twisted pair colors 25-pair colors Old colors German colors Australian colors Dutch colors Diagram 1 3 T + Does not appear Does not appear T3 white/green white/green white pink orange Does not appear 6P6C connector showing the location of pin 1 2 2 T + Does not appear T2 T2 white/orange white/orange black green red orange 3 1 R − R1 R1 R1 blue blue/white red white blue red 4 1 T + T1 T1 T1 white/blue white/blue green brown white blue 5 2 R − Does not appear R2 R2 orange orange/white yellow yellow black white 6 3 R − Does not appear Does not appear R3 green green/white blue gray green Does not appear ^ Established in the 1950s for polyethylene-insulated conductor (PIC) cable.Horn, F. W. (October 1958). "'Even-Count' Cable" (PDF). Bell Laboratories Record. 37 (5): 208–217. Retrieved October 13, 2022. ^ While the old solid color code was well established for pair 1 and usually pair 2, there are several conflicting conventions for pair 3 (and sometimes even pair 2). The colors shown above were taken from a vendor of silver satin flat 8-conductor phone cable that claims to be standard. 6-pair solid (old) bellwire cables previously used by the Bell System use white for pair 3 tip but some vendors' cable may substitute orange for white. At least one other vendor of flat 8-conductor cable uses the sequence blue, orange, black, red, green, yellow, brown and white/slate. ^ This color scheme originates in the (withdrawn) national standard DIN 47100. The scheme shown here is the correct color code for interfacing with the RJ connector standards. ^ "(nl) Support document for the 'PTT norm 88'" (PDF). Watel (in Dutch). p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-08. However, with German domestic telephone equipment, and that in some neighboring countries, 6P4C plugs and sockets are typically only used to connect the telephone cord to the phone base unit, whereas the mechanically different TAE connector is used at the other end to connect to a service provider interface. Older base units may accommodate the additional connectors of TAE (E, W, a2, b2) and may feature non-RJ standard sockets that can be connected directly to TAE plugs. Further, flat DIN 47100 cables typically place the wires in ascending order. When used directly with 6P4C plugs, the color coding may be undetermined. Powered version of RJ11 In the powered version of the RJ11 interface, pins 2 and 5 (black and yellow) may carry low-voltage AC or DC power. While the telephone line on pins 3 and 4 (red and green) supplies enough power for most telephone terminals, old telephone terminals with incandescent lights, such as the Western Electric Princess and Trimline telephones, need more power than the phone line can supply. Typically, the power on pins 2 and 5 is supplied by an AC adapter plugged into a nearby power outlet which potentially even supplies power to all of the jacks in the house. Compatibility with structured cabling Structured cabling networks adhering to ANSI/TIA-568, ISO/IEC 11801 (or ISO/IEC 15018 for home networks) are widely used for both computer networking and analog telephony. These standards specify the T568A or T568B wiring arrangements compatible with Ethernet. The 8P8C jack used by structured cabling physically accepts the 6-position connector used by RJ11, RJ14 and RJ25. Only RJ11 and RJ14 have full electrical compatibility because Ethernet-compatible pin-outs split the third pair of RJ25 across two separate cable pairs, rendering that pair unusable by an analog phone. Both the third and fourth pairs of RJ61 are similarly split. The incompatible T568A and T568B layouts were necessary to preserve the electrical properties of the third and fourth pairs for Ethernet, which operates at much higher frequencies than analog telephony. Because of these incompatibilities, and because RJ25 and RJ61 were never very common, the T568A and T568B conventions have largely displaced RJ25 and RJ61 for telephones with more than two lines. 8P8C An 8P8C modular plug not yet crimped onto a cable An 8P8C female modular connector with a key cut (the connector used in the obsolete RJ45S specification) The 8 position 8 contact (8P8C) connector is a modular connector commonly used to terminate twisted pair and multi-conductor flat cable. These connectors are commonly used for Ethernet over twisted pair, registered jacks and other telephone applications, RS-232 serial communication using the ANSI/TIA-568 (formerly TIA/EIA-568) and Yost standards, and other applications involving unshielded twisted pair, shielded twisted pair, and multi-conductor flat cable. An 8P8C modular connection consists of a male plug and a female jack, each with eight equally spaced contacts. On the plug, the contacts are flat metal bars positioned parallel to the connector body. Inside the jack, the contacts are metal spring wires angled away from the insertion interface. When the plug is mated with the jack, the contacts meet and create an electrical connection. The spring force of the jack contacts ensures a good interface. Left: Generic 8P8C (or 8PMJ, 8-position modular jack) male connector. Right: RJ45 male connector (with key) Although commonly referred to as RJ45 in the context of Ethernet and category 5 cables, RJ45 originally referred to a specific wiring configuration of an 8P8C connector. The original telephone-system-standard RJ45 plug has a key that excludes insertion in an un-keyed 8P8C socket. The original RJ45S was intended for high-speed modems and is obsolete. The RJ45S jack mates with a keyed 8P2C modular plug, and has pins 4 and 5 (the middle positions) wired for the ring and tip conductors of a single telephone line and pins 7 and 8 shorting a programming resistor. This is a different mechanical interface and wiring scheme than ANSI/TIA-568 T568A and T568B schemes with the 8P8C connector in Ethernet and telephone applications. Generic 8P8C modular connectors are similar to those used for the RJ45S variant, although the RJ45S plug is keyed and not compatible with non-keyed 8P8C modular jacks. Telephone installers who wired RJ45S modem jacks or RJ61X telephone jacks were familiar with the pin assignments of the standard. However, the standard un-keyed modular connectors became ubiquitous for computer networking and informally inherited the name RJ45. Standardization The shape and dimensions of an 8P8C modular connector are specified for US telephone applications by the Administrative Council for Terminal Attachment (ACTA) in national standard ANSI/TIA-1096-A and international standard ISO-8877. This standard does not use the short term 8P8C and covers more than just 8P8C modular connectors, but the 8P8C modular connector type is the eight-position connector type described therein, with eight contacts installed. For data communication applications (LAN, structured cabling), International Standard IEC 60603 specifies in parts 7-1, 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, and 7-7 not only the same physical dimensions but also high-frequency performance requirements for shielded and unshielded versions of this connector for carrying frequencies up to 100, 250 and 600 MHz. Pinout T568A wiring, defined in TIA-568 T568B wiring, defined in TIA-568 8P8C connectors are frequently terminated using the T568A or T568B assignments that are defined in ANSI/TIA-568. The drawings to the right show that the copper connections and pairing are the same, the only difference is that the orange and green pairs (colors) are swapped. A cable wired as T568A at one end and wired as T568B at the other end (Tx and Rx pairs reversed) is an Ethernet crossover cable. Before the widespread acceptance of auto MDI-X capabilities, a crossover cable was needed to interconnect similar network equipment (such as Ethernet hubs to Ethernet hubs). Crossover cables are sometimes still used to connect two computers together without a switch or hub, however, most network interface cards (NIC) in use today implement auto MDI-X to automatically configure themselves based on the type of cable plugged into them. A cable wired the same at both ends is called a patch or straight-through cable, because no pin/pair assignments are swapped. If a patch or straight cable is used to connect two computers with auto MDI-X capable NICs, one NIC will configure itself to swap the functions of its Tx and Rx wire pairs. Pin T568A pair T568A color T568B pair T568B color 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX signal 1000BASE-T/10GBASE-T signal Wire Diagram 1 3 white/green stripe 2 white/orange stripe TD+ DA+ tip Pin numbering on plug face. Connected pins on plug and jack have the same number. 2 3 green solid 2 orange solid TD− DA− ring 3 2 white/orange stripe 3 white/green stripe RD+ DB+ tip 4 1 blue solid 1 blue solid not used DC+ ring 5 1 white/blue stripe 1 white/blue stripe not used DC− tip 6 2 orange solid 3 green solid RD− DB− ring 7 4 white/brown stripe 4 white/brown stripe not used DD+ tip 8 4 brown solid 4 brown solid not used DD− ring Types and compatibility Two types of 8P8C plugs and crimping tools for installing the plug onto a cable are commonly available: Western Electric/Stewart Stamping (WE/SS) and Tyco/AMP. While the two types are similar, the tooling and plug types cannot be interchanged. WE/SS compatible plugs are available from a large number of manufacturers, whereas Tyco/AMP plugs are produced exclusively by Tyco Electronics. Both types of modular plugs can be mated with a standard 8P8C modular jack. Both types of 8P8C plugs are available in shielded and unshielded varieties for different attenuation tolerances as needed. Shielded plugs are more expensive and require shielded cable, but have a lower attenuation, and may reduce electromagnetic interference. Although a narrower 4-pin and 6-pin plug fits into the wider 8-pin jack and makes a connection with the available contacts on the plug, because the body of the smaller connector may stress the remaining contacts, the smaller connector can potentially damage the springs of the larger jack. Applications 8P8C connectors are commonly used in computer networking applications, where interconnecting cables are terminated at each end with an 8P8C modular plug wired according to TIA/EIA standards. Most wired Ethernet communications are carried over Category 5e or Category 6 cable terminated with 8P8C modular plugs. The connector is also used in other telecommunications connections, including ISDN and T1. Where building network and telephone wiring is pre-installed, the center (blue) pair is often used to carry telephony signals. While this allows an RJ11 plug to connect, it may damage the modular jack; an approved converter prevents damage. In landline telephony, an 8P8C jack is used at the point a line enters the building to allow the line to be broken to insert automatic dialing equipment, including intrusion alarm panels. The EIA/TIA-561 standard describes the use of 8P8C connectors for RS-232 serial interfaces. This application is common as a console interface for network equipment, such as switches, routers, and headless computers. 8P8C modular connectors are also commonly used as a microphone connectors for PMR, LMR, and amateur radio transceivers. Frequently the pinout is different, usually mirrored (i.e. what would be pins 1 to 8 in the ANSI/TIA-568 standard might be pins 8 to 1 in the radio and its manual). In analog mobile telephony, the 8P8C connector was used to connect an AMPS cellular handset to its (separate) base unit; this usage is now obsolete. The physical connector is standardized as the IEC 60603-7 8P8C modular connector with different categories of performance. The physical dimensions of the male and female connectors are specified in ANSI/TIA-1096-A and ISO-8877 standards and normally wired to the T568A and T568B pinouts specified in the ANSI/TIA-568 standard to be compatible with both telephone and Ethernet. A similar standard jack once used for modem and data connections, the RJ45S, used a keyed variety of the 8P8C body with an extra tab that prevents it from mating with other connectors; the visual difference compared to the more common 8P8C is subtle, but it is a different connector. The original RJ45S keyed 8P2C modular connector, obsolete today, had pins 5 and 4 wired for tip and ring of a single telephone line and pins 7 and 8 shorting a programming resistor. Electronics catalogs commonly advertise 8P8C modular connectors as RJ45. An installer can wire the jack to any pin-out or use it as part of a generic structured cabling system such as ISO/IEC 15018 or ISO/IEC 11801 using 8P8C patch panels for both phone and data. Crossover cables A router-to-router crossover cable uses two 8-position connectors and a unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable with differently wired connectors at each end. 10P10C The pin arrangement for a 10P10C socket A 10P10C plug The 10P10C connector is commonly referred to as an RJ50 connector, although this was never a standard registered jack. The 10P10C has 10 contact positions and 10 contacts. The most common uses of the 10P10C connector are in proprietary data transfer systems. Standards ANSI/TIA-968-A: Telephone terminal equipment: Technical requirements for connection of terminal equipment to the telephone network at the Wayback Machine (archived 2018-09-28) ANSI/TIA-1096-A: Telecommunications telephone terminal equipment connector requirements for connection of terminal equipment to the telephone network IEC 60603-7-1: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-1: Detail specification for 8-way, shielded free and fixed connectors with common mating features, with assessed quality IEC 60603-7-2: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-2: Detail specification for 8-way, unshielded, free and fixed connectors, for data transmissions with frequencies up to 100 MHz IEC 60603-7-4: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-4: Detail specification for 8-way, unshielded, free and fixed connectors, for data transmissions with frequencies up to 250 MHz IEC 60603-7-5: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-5: Detail specification for 8-way, shielded, free and fixed connectors, for data transmissions with frequencies up to 250 MHz IEC 60603-7-7: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-7: Detail specification for 8-way, shielded, free and fixed connectors, for data transmissions with frequencies up to 600 MHz ISO/IEC 8877, EN 28877: Information Technology—Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems—Interface Connector and Contact Assignments for ISDN Basic Access Interface Located at Reference Points S and T US government documents define registered jack applications of modular connectors for telecommunications. See Registered jack § History and authority See also BS 6312 – British equivalent to RJ25 EtherCON – ruggedized 8P8C Ethernet connector XJACK - retractable 8P8C Ethernet connector GG45 TERA Notes ^ The often omitted S suffix indicates this is a wiring configuration supporting a single telephone line. ^ WE/SS and Tyco/AMP 8P8C plugs have different spacings for the cable strain relief. Using a WE/SS 8P8C crimp die set on a Tyco/AMP 8P8C plug crushes the top of the connector and damages the crimp die set, and vice versa. ^ The body of a 6P6C or 4P4C plug typically projects out by more than one millimeter further than the contacts and presses the outermost contacts of the larger connector further than if a full-size connector were inserted. ^ 4P4C and 10P10C connectors are not defined in these standards. References ^ a b Krumreich C.L., Mosing L.W., The Evolution of a Telephone, Bell Laboratories Record 44(1) p.14 (January 1966) ^ Walden S.W., Telephone Sets Go Mod (Modular, That Is), Bell Laboratories Record, Vol. 52(8) p. 238 (Sept. 1974) ^ AT&T, Registration Interface—Selection and General Information, Bell System Practices, Section 463-400-100 Issue 1, May 1976 ^ FCC 47 CFR Part 68 Connection of Terminal Equipment to the Telephone Network, Section 68.502 superseded by T1.TR5-1999 ^ "Six Conductor/Six Position Line Cord Module" (PDF). Bel-Stewart Connector. Bel. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ "RJ-45 Plug for Proposed CAT 6 Specifications" (PDF). Molex #449150001, Modular Plug, Category 6, Long Body, Unshielded, 8/8. Molex, LLC. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ "Six Conductor/Six Position Line Cord Module" (PDF). Bel-Stewart Connector. Bel. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ "RJ-45 Plug for Proposed CAT 6 Specifications" (PDF). Molex #449150001, Modular Plug, Category 6, Long Body, Unshielded, 8/8. Molex, LLC. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ "Universal Modular Plug". ^ BICSI (October 7, 2002). "Background Information". Telecommunications Cabling Installation (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 88. ISBN 0-07-140979-3. 4-position and 4-contact connectors are used primarily for telephone handset cords. ^ "Apple Macintosh Plus", My Old Computers, archived from the original on 2009-02-27, retrieved 2010-10-16. ^ "Mac Plus Keyboard Cable", Syrinx, UK: Megadon, ...the cable is the same as the telephone cable that connects handsets to the phone, unfortunately this type of cable and pretty much any type of pre manufactured cable is wired wrong for the Mac Plus. Under no circumstances should you use this cable as you will damage your keyboard and/or your Mac! ^ "Direc TV Channel Control" (wiki). GB-PVR. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Each end of a handset cord is wired opposite the other... ^ Trulove 2005, pp. 23, 132: Designing LAN Wiring Systems: The 8-pin modular jack is sometimes referred to as an "RJ-45", because the connector/jack components are the same. However, RJ-45 actually applies to a special purpose jack configuration that is not used in LAN or standard telephone wiring. Work Area Outlets: Modular jacks are often referred to as "RJ-45" jacks. This is not really the correct moniker, although it is in very common use. ^ Oliviero, Andrew; Woodward, Bill (July 20, 2009). "Connectors". Cabling: The Complete Guide to Copper and Fiber-Optic Networking (4th ed.). Sybex. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-470-47707-6. The RJ (registered jack) prefix is one of the most widely (and incorrectly) used prefixes in the computer industry; nearly everyone, including people working for cabling companies, is guilty of referring to an eight-position modular jack (sometimes called an 8P8C) as an RJ-45. ^ Semenov, Andrey B.; Strizhakov, Stanislav K.; Suncheley, Igor R. (October 3, 2002). "Electrical Cable Connectors". Structured cable systems. Springer. p. 129. ISBN 3-540-43000-8. The traditional 8-contact connector, which is called Western Plug, 8PMJ (8-position modular jack), 8P8C (8 position 8 conductor), or somewhat incorrectly RJ-45, is used widely in SCS practice. ^ Trulove 2005, p. 219: User Cords and Connectors: This 8-pin modular plug is probably the most subject to name abuse, because it resembles the specialized RJ-45 connector. However, the RJ-45 wiring pattern (which includes an interface programming resistor) is so radically different from that of T568A and B that it really should not be called by that name at all. ^ a b Modular jack wiring, Ontario, California: HVS, archived from the original on 2010-02-08 ^ Modular wiring reference, Siemon ^ IEEE 802.3 14.5.1 MDI connectors ^ "Stewart Connector 937-SP-3088 – Eight conductor/eight position line cord module" (PDF). Glen Rock, Pennsylvania: Bel Stewart Connector. 2006-02-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-18. ^ "Tyco/AMP 5-554739-2 – Modular plug assembly, 8 position, flat oval cable" (PDF). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Tyco Electronics. 2008-03-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-09-10. ^ "RJ45", Layer 1, Zytrax. ^ "Modular Wiring Reference". Siemon. Retrieved 2010-10-14. ^ 10 pin RJ50 (10P10C) male (connector diagram and applications), Pinouts guide, archived from the original on 2013-05-18, retrieved 2010-10-17 Bibliography Trulove, James (December 19, 2005), LAN wiring (3rd ed.), McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN 0-07-145975-8. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Modular connectors. How to Make a Network Cable, a how-to article from wikiHow Premium Modular Plugs at the Wayback Machine (archived 2013-02-15) Catalog page showing the difference between solid and stranded contacts vteAudio and video interfaces and connectorsAudio onlyAnalog PC System Design Guide connectors: TRS 3.5 mm Balanced audio connectors: TRS 6.53 mm XLR Digital S/PDIF connectors: RCA jack, coaxial TOSLINK, optical BNC AES3, AES/EBU connectors: RCA jack XLR TOSLINK, optical BNC Video onlyAnalog VGA connectors: DB-15 DVI-A Composite connectors: RCA jack yellow S-Video connectors: Mini-DIN 4 pin Component connectors: RCA jacks × 3 Composite S-Video, and Component connectors: VIVO using Mini-DIN 9 pin Digital and analog DVI connectors: DVI-I/DVI-D Video and audioDigital HDMI connectors: HDMI connector DisplayPort connectors: DisplayPort connector HDBaseT connectors: 8P8C connector vteUnshielded and shielded twisted pair cabling standardsCategories Cat 1 Cat 2 Cat 3 Cat 4 Cat 5/5e Cat 6/6a Cat 7/7a Cat 8/8.1/8.2 See also Copper cable certification Ethernet over twisted pair Modular connector TIA/EIA-568 Twisted pair
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rjxx.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncrimped_rj-45_connector_close-up.jpg"},{"link_name":"crimped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(joining)"},{"link_name":"electrical connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_connector"},{"link_name":"computer networking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"Bell System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_System"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"registered jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_jack"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line"},{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"}],"text":"Left to right, modular connectors: 8P8C plug, 6P6C plug, 6P4C plug, 4P4C plug, 6P6C jack.An 8P8C modular plug. This is the common crimp-type plug, of the same kind pictured above crimped onto a cable (with molded sleeve).A modular connector is a type of electrical connector for cords and cables of electronic devices and appliances, such as in computer networking, telecommunication equipment, and audio headsets.Modular connectors were originally developed for use on specific Bell System telephone sets in the 1960s, and similar types found use for simple interconnection of customer-provided telephone subscriber premises equipment to the telephone network. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandated in 1976 an interface registration system, in which they became known as registered jacks. The convenience of prior existence for designers and ease of use led to a proliferation of modular connectors for many other applications. Many applications that originally used bulkier, more expensive connectors have converted to modular connectors. Probably the best-known applications of modular connectors are for telephone and Ethernet.Accordingly, various electronic interface specifications exist for applications using modular connectors, which prescribe physical characteristics and assign electrical signals to their contacts.","title":"Modular connector"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Electric Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krumreich-1"},{"link_name":"6P2C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6P2C"},{"link_name":"telephone line connections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_jack_and_plug"},{"link_name":"4P4C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4P4C"},{"link_name":"handset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handset"},{"link_name":"Registered jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_jack"},{"link_name":"public switched telephone network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Modular connectors are often referred to as modular phone jack and plug, RJ connector, and Western jack and plug. The term modular connector arose from its original use in modular wiring components of telephone equipment by the Western Electric Company in the 1960s.[1] This includes the 6P2C used for telephone line connections and 4P4C used for handset connectors.Registered jack designations describe the signals and wiring used for voice and data communication at customer-facing interfaces of the public switched telephone network. It is common to use a registered jack number to refer to the physical connector itself; for instance, the regular 8P8C modular connector type is often labeled RJ45 because the registered jack standard of the similar name RJ45S specified a similar, but modified, 8P8C modular connector. Similarly, various six-position modular connectors may be called RJ11. Likewise, the 4P4C connector is sometimes called RJ9 or RJ22 though no such official designations exist.[citation needed]","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trimline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimline"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krumreich-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"US 3699498","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3699498"},{"link_name":"US 3860316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3860316"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"public switched telephone network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCC47Part68-4"}],"text":"The first types of small modular telephone connectors were created by AT&T in the mid-1960s for the plug-in handset and line cords of the Trimline telephone.[1] Driven by demand for multiple sets in residences with various lengths of cords, the Bell System introduced customer-connectable part kits and telephones, sold through PhoneCenter stores in the early 1970s.[2] For this purpose, Illinois Bell started installing modular telephone sets on a limited scale in June 1972. The patents by Edwin C. Hardesty and coworkers, US 3699498  (1972) and US 3860316  (1975), followed by other improvements, were the basis for the modular molded-plastic connectors that became commonplace for telephone cords by the 1980s. In 1976, these connectors were standardized nationally in the United States by the Registration Interface program of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), which designated a series of Registered Jack (RJ) specifications for interconnection of customer-premises equipment to the public switched telephone network (PSTN).[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners"}],"text":"Modular connectors have gender: plugs are considered to be male, while jacks or sockets are considered to be female. Plugs are used to terminate cables and cords, while jacks are used for fixed locations on surfaces of walls, panels, and equipment. Other than telephone extension cables, cables with a modular plug on one end and a jack on the other are rare. Instead, cables are usually connected using a female-to-female coupler, having two jacks wired back-to-back.","title":"Gender"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Most modular connectors are designed with a latching mechanism that secures the physical connection. As a plug is inserted into a jack, a plastic tab on the plug locks against a ridge in the socket so that the plug cannot be removed without disengaging the tab by pressing it against the plug body. The standard orientation for installing a jack in a vertical surface is with the tab down.The modular plug is often installed with a boot, a plastic covering over the tab and body, to prevent the latching tab to hook into other cords or edges, which may cause excessive bending or breaking of the tab. Such snagless cords are usually constructed by installing the protective boot before the modular plug is crimped.","title":"Latching tab and orientation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rj45plug-8p8c.png"},{"link_name":"jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_jack#RJ11,_RJ14,_RJ25_wiring"}],"text":"8P8C modular plug contact numberingModular connectors are designated using two numbers that represent the maximum number of contact positions and the number of installed contacts, with each number followed by P and C, respectively. For example, 6P2C is a connector having six positions and two installed contacts. Alternate designations omit the letters while separating the position and contact quantities with either an x (6x2) or a slash (6/2).When not installed, contacts are usually omitted from the outer positions inward, such that the number of contacts is almost always even. The connector body positions with omitted or unconnected contacts are unused for the electrical connection but ensure that the plug fits correctly. For instance, inexpensive telephone cords often have connectors with six positions and four contacts, to which are attached just two wires, carrying only line 1 from a one-, two-, or three-line jack.The contact positions are numbered sequentially starting from 1. When viewed head-on with the retention mechanism on the bottom, jacks will have contact position number 1 on the left and plugs will have it on the right. Contacts are numbered by the contact position. For example, on a six-position, two-contact plug, where the outermost four positions do not have contacts, the two contacts are numbered 3 and 4.Modular connectors are manufactured in four sizes, with four, six, eight, and ten positions. The insulating plastic bodies of 4P and 6P connectors have different widths, whereas 8P or 10P connectors share an even larger body width.","title":"Size and contacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rj-45_male_compare.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rj-45_male_compare_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"crimped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(joining)"},{"link_name":"insulation displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulation_Displacement_Connector"},{"link_name":"tinsel wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsel_wire"}],"sub_title":"Insulation displacement contact types","text":"8P8C plug with contacts for solid wire (left) and stranded wire (right)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tContacts for solid wire (top left) and stranded wire (bottom right)Internally, the contacts in the plugs have sharp prongs that, when crimped, displace the wire insulation and connect with the conductors inside—a mechanism known as insulation displacement. Cables have either solid or stranded (tinsel wire) conductors, and a given plug is designed for only one type. The sharp prongs are different in the connectors made for each type of wire, and a mismatch between plug type and wire type results in unreliable connections. A modular plug for solid (single-strand) wire often has three slightly splayed prongs on each contact to securely surround and grip the conductor while scraping along the outside, and a plug for stranded wire has prongs that are designed to pierce the insulation and go straight through to contact multiple wire strands.","title":"Size and contacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Modified Modular Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Modular_Jack"},{"link_name":"Digital Equipment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Siemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siemon_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Interchangeability","text":"Some modular connectors are indexed, meaning their dimensions are intentionally non-standard, preventing connections with connectors of standard dimensions. The means of indexing may be non-standard cross-sectional dimensions or shapes, retention mechanism dimensions or configuration. For example, a Modified Modular Jack using an offset latching tab was developed by Digital Equipment Corporation to prevent accidental interchange of data and telephone cables.The dimensions of modular connectors are such that a narrower plug can be inserted into a wider jack that has more positions than the plug, leaving the jack's outermost contacts unconnected. The height of the plug's insertion area is 0.260 inches (6.60 mm) and the contacts are 0.040 inches (1.02 mm) apart (contact pitch), so the width is dependent on the number of pin positions.[7][8] However, not all plugs from all manufacturers have this capability, and some jack manufacturers warn that their jacks are not designed to accept smaller plugs without damage. If an inserted plug lacks slots to accommodate the jack's contacts at the outermost extremes, it may permanently deform those outermost contacts of an incompatible jack. Excessive resistance may be encountered when inserting an incompatible plug, as the outermost contacts in the jack are forcibly deformed.Special modular plugs have been manufactured (for example, the Siemon UP-2468[9]) which have extra slots beyond their standard contacts, to accommodate the wider jack's outermost contacts without damage. These special plug connectors can be visually identified by carefully looking for the extra slots molded into the plug. The molded plastic bodies of the special plugs may also be colored with a light blueish tinge, to aid in quick recognition. The special plugs are preferred for test equipment and adapters, which may be rapidly connected to a large number of corresponding connectors in quick succession for testing purposes. The use of the special plugs avoids inadvertent damage to the equipment under test, even when a narrower plug is inserted into a nominally incompatible wider jack.","title":"Size and contacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crimping-pliers-pro-RJ-0a.jpg"},{"link_name":"strain relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_relief"}],"text":"A modular plug crimping tool with exchangeable crimping diesTermination of cables with modular connectors is similar across the various number of positions and contacts in the plug. The crimping tool contains a die that is often exchangeable and is closely matched to the shape and pin count of the modular plug.A crimping die-set looks similar to an 8P8C jack, except for the eight teeth lining the top portion of the die. When the tool is operated, the die compresses around the 8P8C plug. As the die compresses, these teeth force the plug contacts into the conductors of the cable being terminated. The crimper may also permanently deform part of the plastic plug body in such a way that it grips the outer sheath of the cable for secure fastening and strain relief. These actions permanently attach the plug to the cable.","title":"Termination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pinout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinout"},{"link_name":"Ethernet over twisted pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair"},{"link_name":"ANSI/TIA-568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI/TIA-568"},{"link_name":"RS-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232"},{"link_name":"D-sub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-sub"}],"text":"The contact assignments (pinout) of modular connectors vary by application. Telephone network connections are standardized by registered jack designations, and Ethernet over twisted pair is specified by the ANSI/TIA-568 standard. For other applications, standardization may be lacking; for example, multiple conventions exist for the use of 8P8C connectors in RS-232 applications. For this reason, D-sub-to-modular adapters are typically shipped with the D-sub contacts (pins or sockets) terminated but not inserted into the connector body so that the D-sub-to-modular contact pairing can be assigned as needed.","title":"Pinout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RJ9.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATTtelephone-large.jpg"},{"link_name":"handset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handset"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"4P4C modular connector on a handset cord.Wired telephone that uses 4P4C connectors for the coiled handset cord.The four-position four-conductor (4P4C) connector is the standard modular connector used on both ends of telephone handset cords and is therefore often called a handset connector.[10]This handset connector is not a registered jack, because it was not intended to connect directly to telephone lines. However, it is often referred to as RJ9, RJ10, or RJ22.","title":"4P4C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"headsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headset_(audio)"}],"sub_title":"Handset wiring","text":"Handsets and often headsets for use with telephones commonly use a 4P4C connector. The two center pins are commonly used for the receiver, and the outer pins connect the transmitter so that a reversal of conductors between the ends of a cord does not affect the signal routing. This may differ for other equipment, including hands-free headsets.","title":"4P4C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macintosh 128K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_128K"},{"link_name":"Macintosh 512K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_512K"},{"link_name":"Macintosh Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh_Plus"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Amiga 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_1000"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_International"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Amiga 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_1000"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"DirecTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirecTV"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DirecTV-13"}],"sub_title":"Data port","text":"The Macintosh 128K, Macintosh 512K and Macintosh Plus from Apple as well as the Amiga 1000 from Commodore use 4P4C connectors to connect the keyboard to the main computer housing. The connector provides power to the keyboard on the outer two contacts and receives data signals on the inner pair. The cable between the computer and the keyboard is a coiled cord with an appearance very similar to a telephone handset cable.[11] The connector on the Amiga 1000 uses crossover wiring, similar to a telephone handset. The connector wiring on the Apple computers, however, requires a polarized straight-through pinout. Using a telephone handset cable instead of the supplied cable could short out the +5 volt DC supply and damage the Apple computer or the keyboard.[12]Modular connectors are often used for data links, such as serial line connections, because of their compact dimensions. For example, some DirecTV set-top boxes include a 4P4C data port with an adapter cord to connect to a computer serial port to control the set-top box.[13]","title":"4P4C"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conector_RJ11.jpg"},{"link_name":"contact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_connector"},{"link_name":"RJ11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ11"},{"link_name":"RJ14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ14"},{"link_name":"RJ25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ25"},{"link_name":"RJ61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ61"}],"text":"6P4C crimp-on style connector.Modular plugs are described by the maximum number of physical contact positions and the actual number of contacts installed in these positions. The 6P2C, 6P4C, and 6P6C modular connectors are probably best known for their use as RJ11, RJ14, and RJ25 non-powered registered jacks, respectively (and 6P4C and 6P6C for powered RJ11 and RJ14, power being delivered on the outer pairs). These interfaces use the same six-position modular connector body but have different numbers of pins installed.RJ11 is a physical interface often used for terminating single telephone lines. RJ14 is similar, but for two lines, and RJ25 is for three lines. RJ61 is a similar registered jack for four lines, but uses an 8P8C connector.","title":"6P6C "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"junction box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box"},{"link_name":"tip and ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_and_ring"},{"link_name":"ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"selective ringers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_line_(telephony)"}],"sub_title":"RJ11 wiring","text":"Cables sold as RJ11 often actually use 6P4C connectors (six positions, four contacts) and RJ14 wiring – four wires running to a central junction box. Two of its six possible contact positions connect tip and ring, and the other two contact positions may be unused or provide low-voltage power for night light or other features on the telephone set. In some installations, an extra contact was also required for the ground connection for selective ringers.","title":"6P6C "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25-pair_colors_14-0"},{"link_name":"\"'Even-Count' Cable\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Bell-Laboratories-Record/50s/Bell-Laboratories-Record-1959-06.pdf#page=10"},{"link_name":"Bell Laboratories Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Record"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Old_colors_15-0"},{"link_name":"Bell System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_System"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-German_colors_16-0"},{"link_name":"DIN 47100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_47100"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dutch_colors_17-0"},{"link_name":"\"(nl) Support document for the 'PTT norm 88'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//support.watel.nl/watel_schema_telecom_data.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161008184151/http://support.watel.nl/watel_schema_telecom_data.pdf"},{"link_name":"6P4C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6P4C"},{"link_name":"TAE connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAE_connector"}],"sub_title":"Pinout","text":"The pins of the 6P6C connector are numbered 1 to 6, counting left to right when holding the connector tab side down with the opening for the cable facing the viewer.^ Established in the 1950s for polyethylene-insulated conductor (PIC) cable.Horn, F. W. (October 1958). \"'Even-Count' Cable\" (PDF). Bell Laboratories Record. 37 (5): 208–217. Retrieved October 13, 2022.\n\n^ While the old solid color code was well established for pair 1 and usually pair 2, there are several conflicting conventions for pair 3 (and sometimes even pair 2). The colors shown above were taken from a vendor of silver satin flat 8-conductor phone cable that claims to be standard. 6-pair solid (old) bellwire cables previously used by the Bell System use white for pair 3 tip but some vendors' cable may substitute orange for white. At least one other vendor of flat 8-conductor cable uses the sequence blue, orange, black, red, green, yellow, brown and white/slate.[citation needed]\n\n^ This color scheme originates in the (withdrawn) national standard DIN 47100. The scheme shown here is the correct color code for interfacing with the RJ connector standards.\n\n^ \"(nl) Support document for the 'PTT norm 88'\" (PDF). Watel (in Dutch). p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-08.However, with German domestic telephone equipment, and that in some neighboring countries, 6P4C plugs and sockets are typically only used to connect the telephone cord to the phone base unit, whereas the mechanically different TAE connector is used at the other end to connect to a service provider interface. Older base units may accommodate the additional connectors of TAE (E, W, a2, b2) and may feature non-RJ standard sockets that can be connected directly to TAE plugs. Further, flat DIN 47100 cables typically place the wires in ascending order. When used directly with 6P4C plugs, the color coding may be undetermined.","title":"6P6C "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_telephone"},{"link_name":"Trimline telephones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimline_telephone"},{"link_name":"AC adapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_adapter"}],"sub_title":"Powered version of RJ11","text":"In the powered version of the RJ11 interface, pins 2 and 5 (black and yellow) may carry low-voltage AC or DC power. While the telephone line on pins 3 and 4 (red and green) supplies enough power for most telephone terminals, old telephone terminals with incandescent lights, such as the Western Electric Princess and Trimline telephones, need more power than the phone line can supply. Typically, the power on pins 2 and 5 is supplied by an AC adapter plugged into a nearby power outlet which potentially even supplies power to all of the jacks in the house.","title":"6P6C "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Structured cabling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_cabling"},{"link_name":"ANSI/TIA-568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI/TIA-568"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 11801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801"},{"link_name":"Ethernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet"}],"sub_title":"Compatibility with structured cabling","text":"Structured cabling networks adhering to ANSI/TIA-568, ISO/IEC 11801 (or ISO/IEC 15018 for home networks) are widely used for both computer networking and analog telephony. These standards specify the T568A or T568B wiring arrangements compatible with Ethernet. The 8P8C jack used by structured cabling physically accepts the 6-position connector used by RJ11, RJ14 and RJ25. Only RJ11 and RJ14 have full electrical compatibility because Ethernet-compatible pin-outs split the third pair of RJ25 across two separate cable pairs, rendering that pair unusable by an analog phone. Both the third and fourth pairs of RJ61 are similarly split. The incompatible T568A and T568B layouts were necessary to preserve the electrical properties of the third and fourth pairs for Ethernet, which operates at much higher frequencies than analog telephony. Because of these incompatibilities, and because RJ25 and RJ61 were never very common, the T568A and T568B conventions have largely displaced RJ25 and RJ61 for telephones with more than two lines.","title":"6P6C "},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncrimped_rj-45_connector_close-up.jpg"},{"link_name":"crimped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_(joining)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RJ45_female_connector.jpg"},{"link_name":"twisted pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair"},{"link_name":"flat cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_cable"},{"link_name":"Ethernet over twisted pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair"},{"link_name":"RS-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232"},{"link_name":"ANSI/TIA-568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI/TIA-568"},{"link_name":"Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yost_cable"},{"link_name":"unshielded twisted pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unshielded_twisted_pair"},{"link_name":"shielded twisted pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shielded_twisted_pair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8P8C_vs_RJ45_female_connectors.png"},{"link_name":"category 5 cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_5_cable"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrulove200523,_132-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrulove2005219-21"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HVS-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"ANSI/TIA-568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI/TIA-568"}],"text":"An 8P8C modular plug not yet crimped onto a cableAn 8P8C female modular connector with a key cut (the connector used in the obsolete RJ45S specification)The 8 position 8 contact (8P8C) connector is a modular connector commonly used to terminate twisted pair and multi-conductor flat cable. These connectors are commonly used for Ethernet over twisted pair, registered jacks and other telephone applications, RS-232 serial communication using the ANSI/TIA-568 (formerly TIA/EIA-568) and Yost standards, and other applications involving unshielded twisted pair, shielded twisted pair, and multi-conductor flat cable.An 8P8C modular connection consists of a male plug and a female jack, each with eight equally spaced contacts. On the plug, the contacts are flat metal bars positioned parallel to the connector body. Inside the jack, the contacts are metal spring wires angled away from the insertion interface. When the plug is mated with the jack, the contacts meet and create an electrical connection. The spring force of the jack contacts ensures a good interface.Left: Generic 8P8C (or 8PMJ, 8-position modular jack) male connector. Right: RJ45 male connector (with key)Although commonly referred to as RJ45 in the context of Ethernet and category 5 cables, RJ45 originally referred to a specific wiring configuration of an 8P8C connector.[14][15][16] The original telephone-system-standard RJ45 plug has a key that excludes insertion in an un-keyed 8P8C socket.[17]The original RJ45S[a] was intended for high-speed modems and is obsolete. The RJ45S jack mates with a keyed 8P2C modular plug,[18][19] and has pins 4 and 5 (the middle positions) wired for the ring and tip conductors of a single telephone line and pins 7 and 8 shorting a programming resistor. This is a different mechanical interface and wiring scheme than ANSI/TIA-568 T568A and T568B schemes with the 8P8C connector in Ethernet and telephone applications. Generic 8P8C modular connectors are similar to those used for the RJ45S variant, although the RJ45S plug is keyed and not compatible with non-keyed 8P8C modular jacks.Telephone installers who wired RJ45S modem jacks or RJ61X telephone jacks were familiar with the pin assignments of the standard. However, the standard un-keyed modular connectors became ubiquitous for computer networking and informally inherited the name RJ45.","title":"8P8C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ANSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI"},{"link_name":"LAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN"},{"link_name":"structured cabling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_cabling"},{"link_name":"IEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"}],"sub_title":"Standardization","text":"The shape and dimensions of an 8P8C modular connector are specified for US telephone applications by the Administrative Council for Terminal Attachment (ACTA) in national standard ANSI/TIA-1096-A and international standard ISO-8877. This standard does not use the short term 8P8C and covers more than just 8P8C modular connectors, but the 8P8C modular connector type is the eight-position connector type described therein, with eight contacts installed.For data communication applications (LAN, structured cabling), International Standard IEC 60603 specifies in parts 7-1, 7-2, 7-4, 7-5, and 7-7 not only the same physical dimensions but also high-frequency performance requirements for shielded and unshielded versions of this connector for carrying frequencies up to 100, 250 and 600 MHz.","title":"8P8C"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RJ-45_TIA-568A_Left.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RJ-45_TIA-568B_Left.svg"},{"link_name":"ANSI/TIA-568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI/TIA-568"},{"link_name":"Ethernet crossover cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_crossover_cable"},{"link_name":"auto MDI-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_MDI-X"},{"link_name":"Ethernet hubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_hub"},{"link_name":"patch or straight-through cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_cable"}],"sub_title":"Pinout","text":"T568A wiring, defined in TIA-568T568B wiring, defined in TIA-5688P8C connectors are frequently terminated using the T568A or T568B assignments that are defined in ANSI/TIA-568. The drawings to the right show that the copper connections and pairing are the same, the only difference is that the orange and green pairs (colors) are swapped. A cable wired as T568A at one end and wired as T568B at the other end (Tx and Rx pairs reversed) is an Ethernet crossover cable. Before the widespread acceptance of auto MDI-X capabilities, a crossover cable was needed to interconnect similar network equipment (such as Ethernet hubs to Ethernet hubs). Crossover cables are sometimes still used to connect two computers together without a switch or hub, however, most network interface cards (NIC) in use today implement auto MDI-X to automatically configure themselves based on the type of cable plugged into them. A cable wired the same at both ends is called a patch or straight-through cable, because no pin/pair assignments are swapped. If a patch or straight cable is used to connect two computers with auto MDI-X capable NICs, one NIC will configure itself to swap the functions of its Tx and Rx wire pairs.","title":"8P8C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crimping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimp_connection"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tyco Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyco_Electronics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"attenuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Types and compatibility","text":"Two types of 8P8C plugs and crimping tools for installing the plug onto a cable are commonly available: Western Electric/Stewart Stamping (WE/SS) and Tyco/AMP. While the two types are similar, the tooling and plug types cannot be interchanged.[b] WE/SS compatible plugs are available from a large number of manufacturers, whereas Tyco/AMP plugs are produced exclusively by Tyco Electronics.[citation needed] Both types of modular plugs can be mated with a standard 8P8C modular jack.Both types of 8P8C plugs are available in shielded and unshielded varieties for different attenuation tolerances as needed. Shielded plugs are more expensive and require shielded cable, but have a lower attenuation, and may reduce electromagnetic interference.Although a narrower 4-pin and 6-pin plug fits into the wider 8-pin jack and makes a connection with the available contacts on the plug, because the body of the smaller connector may stress the remaining contacts,[c] the smaller connector can potentially damage the springs of the larger jack.","title":"8P8C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier"},{"link_name":"telephony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony"},{"link_name":"intrusion alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusion_alarm"},{"link_name":"EIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"network equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_equipment"},{"link_name":"switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch"},{"link_name":"routers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)"},{"link_name":"headless computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headless_computer"},{"link_name":"PMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_mobile_radio"},{"link_name":"LMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_mobile_radio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"AMPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System"},{"link_name":"ANSI/TIA-568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI/TIA-568#T568A_and_T568B_termination"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HVS-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"structured cabling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structured_cabling"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 11801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801"}],"sub_title":"Applications","text":"8P8C connectors are commonly used in computer networking applications, where interconnecting cables are terminated at each end with an 8P8C modular plug wired according to TIA/EIA standards. Most wired Ethernet communications are carried over Category 5e or Category 6 cable terminated with 8P8C modular plugs. The connector is also used in other telecommunications connections, including ISDN and T1.Where building network and telephone wiring is pre-installed, the center (blue) pair is often used to carry telephony signals. While this allows an RJ11 plug to connect, it may damage the modular jack; an approved converter prevents damage. In landline telephony, an 8P8C jack is used at the point a line enters the building to allow the line to be broken to insert automatic dialing equipment, including intrusion alarm panels.The EIA/TIA-561 standard describes the use of 8P8C connectors for RS-232 serial interfaces.[23] This application is common as a console interface for network equipment, such as switches, routers, and headless computers.8P8C modular connectors are also commonly used as a microphone connectors for PMR, LMR, and amateur radio transceivers. Frequently the pinout is different, usually mirrored (i.e. what would be pins 1 to 8 in the ANSI/TIA-568 standard might be pins 8 to 1 in the radio and its manual).In analog mobile telephony, the 8P8C connector was used to connect an AMPS cellular handset to its (separate) base unit; this usage is now obsolete.The physical connector is standardized as the IEC 60603-7 8P8C modular connector with different categories of performance. The physical dimensions of the male and female connectors are specified in ANSI/TIA-1096-A and ISO-8877 standards and normally wired to the T568A and T568B pinouts specified in the ANSI/TIA-568 standard to be compatible with both telephone and Ethernet.A similar standard jack once used for modem and data connections, the RJ45S, used a keyed variety of the 8P8C body with an extra tab that prevents it from mating with other connectors; the visual difference compared to the more common 8P8C is subtle, but it is a different connector. The original RJ45S[18][24] keyed 8P2C modular connector, obsolete today, had pins 5 and 4 wired for tip and ring of a single telephone line and pins 7 and 8 shorting a programming resistor.Electronics catalogs commonly advertise 8P8C modular connectors as RJ45. An installer can wire the jack to any pin-out or use it as part of a generic structured cabling system such as ISO/IEC 15018 or ISO/IEC 11801 using 8P8C patch panels for both phone and data.","title":"8P8C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crossover cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_cable"},{"link_name":"unshielded twisted pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unshielded_twisted_pair"}],"sub_title":"Crossover cables","text":"A router-to-router crossover cable uses two 8-position connectors and a unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable with differently wired connectors at each end.","title":"8P8C"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10P10C-socket_pinout.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connector10p10c.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The pin arrangement for a 10P10C socketA 10P10C plugThe 10P10C connector is commonly referred to as an RJ50 connector,[citation needed] although this was never a standard registered jack. The 10P10C has 10 contact positions and 10 contacts.The most common uses of the 10P10C connector are in proprietary data transfer systems.[25]","title":"10P10C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telephone terminal equipment: Technical requirements for connection of terminal equipment to the telephone network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180928200316/https://www.part68.org/SecureDocuments/TIA-968-A-Final.pdf"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Registered jack § History and authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_jack#History_and_authority"}],"text":"ANSI/TIA-968-A: Telephone terminal equipment: Technical requirements for connection of terminal equipment to the telephone network at the Wayback Machine (archived 2018-09-28)\nANSI/TIA-1096-A: Telecommunications telephone terminal equipment connector requirements for connection of terminal equipment to the telephone network\nIEC 60603-7-1: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-1: Detail specification for 8-way, shielded free and fixed connectors with common mating features, with assessed quality\nIEC 60603-7-2: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-2: Detail specification for 8-way, unshielded, free and fixed connectors, for data transmissions with frequencies up to 100 MHz\nIEC 60603-7-4: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-4: Detail specification for 8-way, unshielded, free and fixed connectors, for data transmissions with frequencies up to 250 MHz\nIEC 60603-7-5: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-5: Detail specification for 8-way, shielded, free and fixed connectors, for data transmissions with frequencies up to 250 MHz\nIEC 60603-7-7: Connectors for electronic equipment: Part 7-7: Detail specification for 8-way, shielded, free and fixed connectors, for data transmissions with frequencies up to 600 MHz\nISO/IEC 8877, EN 28877: Information Technology—Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems—Interface Connector and Contact Assignments for ISDN Basic Access Interface Located at Reference Points S and T\nUS government documents define registered jack applications of modular connectors for telecommunications.[d] See Registered jack § History and authority","title":"Standards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"}],"text":"^ The often omitted S suffix indicates this is a wiring configuration supporting a single telephone line.\n\n^ WE/SS and Tyco/AMP 8P8C plugs have different spacings for the cable strain relief.[21][22] Using a WE/SS 8P8C crimp die set on a Tyco/AMP 8P8C plug crushes the top of the connector and damages the crimp die set, and vice versa.\n\n^ The body of a 6P6C or 4P4C plug typically projects out by more than one millimeter further than the contacts and presses the outermost contacts of the larger connector further than if a full-size connector were inserted.\n\n^ 4P4C and 10P10C connectors are not defined in these standards.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-145975-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-145975-8"}],"text":"Trulove, James (December 19, 2005), LAN wiring (3rd ed.), McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN 0-07-145975-8.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Left to right, modular connectors: 8P8C plug, 6P6C plug, 6P4C plug, 4P4C plug, 6P6C jack.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rjxx.jpg/220px-Rjxx.jpg"},{"image_text":"An 8P8C modular plug. This is the common crimp-type plug, of the same kind pictured above crimped onto a cable (with molded sleeve).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Uncrimped_rj-45_connector_close-up.jpg/220px-Uncrimped_rj-45_connector_close-up.jpg"},{"image_text":"8P8C modular plug contact numbering","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Rj45plug-8p8c.png/220px-Rj45plug-8p8c.png"},{"image_text":"A modular plug crimping tool with exchangeable crimping dies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Crimping-pliers-pro-RJ-0a.jpg/220px-Crimping-pliers-pro-RJ-0a.jpg"},{"image_text":"4P4C modular connector on a handset cord.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/RJ9.jpg/220px-RJ9.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wired telephone that uses 4P4C connectors for the coiled handset cord.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/ATTtelephone-large.jpg/220px-ATTtelephone-large.jpg"},{"image_text":"6P4C crimp-on style connector.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Conector_RJ11.jpg/220px-Conector_RJ11.jpg"},{"image_text":"An 8P8C modular plug not yet crimped onto a cable","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Uncrimped_rj-45_connector_close-up.jpg/220px-Uncrimped_rj-45_connector_close-up.jpg"},{"image_text":"An 8P8C female modular connector with a key cut (the connector used in the obsolete RJ45S specification)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/RJ45_female_connector.jpg/220px-RJ45_female_connector.jpg"},{"image_text":"Left: Generic 8P8C (or 8PMJ, 8-position modular jack) male connector. Right: RJ45 male connector (with key)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/8P8C_vs_RJ45_female_connectors.png/220px-8P8C_vs_RJ45_female_connectors.png"},{"image_text":"T568A wiring, defined in TIA-568","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/RJ-45_TIA-568A_Left.svg/220px-RJ-45_TIA-568A_Left.svg.png"},{"image_text":"T568B wiring, defined in TIA-568","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/RJ-45_TIA-568B_Left.svg/220px-RJ-45_TIA-568B_Left.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The pin arrangement for a 10P10C socket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/10P10C-socket_pinout.svg/220px-10P10C-socket_pinout.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A 10P10C plug","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Connector10p10c.jpg/220px-Connector10p10c.jpg"}]
[{"title":"BS 6312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BS_6312"},{"title":"EtherCON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EtherCON"},{"title":"XJACK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XJACK"},{"title":"GG45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GG45"},{"title":"TERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERA"}]
[{"reference":"Horn, F. W. (October 1958). \"'Even-Count' Cable\" (PDF). Bell Laboratories Record. 37 (5): 208–217. Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Bell-Laboratories-Record/50s/Bell-Laboratories-Record-1959-06.pdf#page=10","url_text":"\"'Even-Count' Cable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Record","url_text":"Bell Laboratories Record"}]},{"reference":"\"(nl) Support document for the 'PTT norm 88'\" (PDF). Watel (in Dutch). p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://support.watel.nl/watel_schema_telecom_data.pdf","url_text":"\"(nl) Support document for the 'PTT norm 88'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161008184151/http://support.watel.nl/watel_schema_telecom_data.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Six Conductor/Six Position Line Cord Module\" (PDF). Bel-Stewart Connector. Bel. Retrieved 3 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://belfuse.com/resources/drawings/stewartconnector/dr-stw-940-sp-3066r.pdf","url_text":"\"Six Conductor/Six Position Line Cord Module\""}]},{"reference":"\"RJ-45 Plug for Proposed CAT 6 Specifications\" (PDF). Molex #449150001, Modular Plug, Category 6, Long Body, Unshielded, 8/8. Molex, LLC. Retrieved 3 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.molex.com/pdm_docs/sd/449150001_sd.pdf","url_text":"\"RJ-45 Plug for Proposed CAT 6 Specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Six Conductor/Six Position Line Cord Module\" (PDF). Bel-Stewart Connector. Bel. Retrieved 3 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://belfuse.com/resources/drawings/stewartconnector/dr-stw-940-sp-3066r.pdf","url_text":"\"Six Conductor/Six Position Line Cord Module\""}]},{"reference":"\"RJ-45 Plug for Proposed CAT 6 Specifications\" (PDF). Molex #449150001, Modular Plug, Category 6, Long Body, Unshielded, 8/8. Molex, LLC. Retrieved 3 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.molex.com/pdm_docs/sd/449150001_sd.pdf","url_text":"\"RJ-45 Plug for Proposed CAT 6 Specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Universal Modular Plug\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siemon.com/e-catalog/ECAT_GI_page.aspx?GI_ID=mpc_universal-modular-plug","url_text":"\"Universal Modular Plug\""}]},{"reference":"BICSI (October 7, 2002). \"Background Information\". Telecommunications Cabling Installation (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 88. ISBN 0-07-140979-3. 4-position and 4-contact connectors are used primarily for telephone handset cords.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw-Hill_Professional","url_text":"McGraw-Hill Professional"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-140979-3","url_text":"0-07-140979-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Apple Macintosh Plus\", My Old Computers, archived from the original on 2009-02-27, retrieved 2010-10-16","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090227062010/http://myoldcomputers.com/museum/comp/plus.htm","url_text":"My Old Computers"},{"url":"http://www.myoldcomputers.com/museum/comp/plus.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mac Plus Keyboard Cable\", Syrinx, UK: Megadon, ...the cable is the same as the telephone cable that connects handsets to the phone, unfortunately [...] this type of cable and pretty much any type of pre manufactured cable [...] is wired wrong for the Mac Plus. Under no circumstances should you use this cable as you will damage your keyboard and/or your Mac!","urls":[{"url":"http://www.megadon.co.uk/wb/whiteboardshow.pl/syrinx/wbfile=Mac%20Plus%20Keyboard%20Cable.wb/page=default.html","url_text":"Syrinx"}]},{"reference":"\"Direc TV Channel Control\" (wiki). GB-PVR. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Each end of a handset cord is wired opposite the other...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081019191930/http://www.gbpvr.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Utility/DirecTVChannelControl","url_text":"\"Direc TV Channel Control\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB-PVR","url_text":"GB-PVR"},{"url":"http://www.gbpvr.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Utility/DirecTVChannelControl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oliviero, Andrew; Woodward, Bill (July 20, 2009). \"Connectors\". Cabling: The Complete Guide to Copper and Fiber-Optic Networking (4th ed.). Sybex. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-470-47707-6. The RJ (registered jack) prefix is one of the most widely (and incorrectly) used prefixes in the computer industry; nearly everyone, including people working for cabling companies, is guilty of referring to an eight-position modular jack (sometimes called an 8P8C) as an RJ-45.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybex","url_text":"Sybex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-47707-6","url_text":"978-0-470-47707-6"}]},{"reference":"Semenov, Andrey B.; Strizhakov, Stanislav K.; Suncheley, Igor R. (October 3, 2002). \"Electrical Cable Connectors\". Structured cable systems. Springer. p. 129. ISBN 3-540-43000-8. The traditional 8-contact connector, which is called Western Plug, 8PMJ (8-position modular jack), 8P8C (8 position 8 conductor), or somewhat incorrectly RJ-45, is used widely in SCS practice.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-43000-8","url_text":"3-540-43000-8"}]},{"reference":"Modular jack wiring, Ontario, California: HVS, archived from the original on 2010-02-08","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100208183720/http://www.hvs.on.ca/modular_jack_wiring.htm","url_text":"Modular jack wiring"},{"url":"http://www.hvs.on.ca/modular_jack_wiring.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Modular wiring reference, Siemon","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siemon.com/us/standards/13-24_modular_wiring_reference.asp","url_text":"Modular wiring reference"}]},{"reference":"\"Stewart Connector 937-SP-3088 – Eight conductor/eight position line cord module\" (PDF). Glen Rock, Pennsylvania: Bel Stewart Connector. 2006-02-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180418230627/https://belfuse.com/resources/StewartConnector/Stewart%20Data%20Sheets/CT300064.pdf","url_text":"\"Stewart Connector 937-SP-3088 – Eight conductor/eight position line cord module\""},{"url":"https://belfuse.com/resources/StewartConnector/Stewart%20Data%20Sheets/CT300064.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tyco/AMP 5-554739-2 – Modular plug assembly, 8 position, flat oval cable\" (PDF). Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Tyco Electronics. 2008-03-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724001504/http://www.te.com/commerce/DocumentDelivery/DDEController?Action=showdoc&DocId=Customer+Drawing%7F554739%7FP%7Fpdf%7FEnglish%7FENG_CD_554739_P.pdf","url_text":"\"Tyco/AMP 5-554739-2 – Modular plug assembly, 8 position, flat oval cable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania","url_text":"Harrisburg, Pennsylvania"},{"url":"http://www.tycoelectronics.com/commerce/DocumentDelivery/DDEController?Action=showdoc&DocId=Customer+Drawing%7F554739%7FP%7Fpdf%7FEnglish%7FENG_CD_554739_P.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RJ45\", Layer 1, Zytrax","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm#rj45","url_text":"Layer 1"}]},{"reference":"\"Modular Wiring Reference\". Siemon. Retrieved 2010-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siemon.com/us/standards/13-24_modular_wiring_reference.asp","url_text":"\"Modular Wiring Reference\""}]},{"reference":"10 pin RJ50 (10P10C) male (connector diagram and applications), Pinouts guide, archived from the original on 2013-05-18, retrieved 2010-10-17","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130518232747/http://pinoutsguide.com/connector/10_pin_RJ50_10P10C_male_connector.shtml","url_text":"10 pin RJ50 (10P10C) male"},{"url":"http://pinoutsguide.com/connector/10_pin_RJ50_10P10C_male_connector.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trulove, James (December 19, 2005), LAN wiring (3rd ed.), McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN 0-07-145975-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-145975-8","url_text":"0-07-145975-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3699498","external_links_name":"US 3699498"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3860316","external_links_name":"US 3860316"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Bell-Laboratories-Record/50s/Bell-Laboratories-Record-1959-06.pdf#page=10","external_links_name":"\"'Even-Count' Cable\""},{"Link":"http://support.watel.nl/watel_schema_telecom_data.pdf","external_links_name":"\"(nl) Support document for the 'PTT norm 88'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161008184151/http://support.watel.nl/watel_schema_telecom_data.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200316/https://www.part68.org/SecureDocuments/TIA-968-A-Final.pdf","external_links_name":"Telephone terminal equipment: Technical requirements for connection of terminal equipment to the telephone network"},{"Link":"http://www.tscm.com/FCC47CFRpart68.pdf","external_links_name":"FCC 47 CFR Part 68 Connection of Terminal Equipment to the Telephone Network"},{"Link":"https://belfuse.com/resources/drawings/stewartconnector/dr-stw-940-sp-3066r.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Six Conductor/Six Position Line Cord Module\""},{"Link":"https://www.molex.com/pdm_docs/sd/449150001_sd.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RJ-45 Plug for Proposed CAT 6 Specifications\""},{"Link":"https://belfuse.com/resources/drawings/stewartconnector/dr-stw-940-sp-3066r.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Six Conductor/Six Position Line Cord Module\""},{"Link":"https://www.molex.com/pdm_docs/sd/449150001_sd.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RJ-45 Plug for Proposed CAT 6 Specifications\""},{"Link":"http://www.siemon.com/e-catalog/ECAT_GI_page.aspx?GI_ID=mpc_universal-modular-plug","external_links_name":"\"Universal Modular Plug\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090227062010/http://myoldcomputers.com/museum/comp/plus.htm","external_links_name":"My Old Computers"},{"Link":"http://www.myoldcomputers.com/museum/comp/plus.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.megadon.co.uk/wb/whiteboardshow.pl/syrinx/wbfile=Mac%20Plus%20Keyboard%20Cable.wb/page=default.html","external_links_name":"Syrinx"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081019191930/http://www.gbpvr.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Utility/DirecTVChannelControl","external_links_name":"\"Direc TV Channel Control\""},{"Link":"http://www.gbpvr.com/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Utility/DirecTVChannelControl","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100208183720/http://www.hvs.on.ca/modular_jack_wiring.htm","external_links_name":"Modular jack wiring"},{"Link":"http://www.hvs.on.ca/modular_jack_wiring.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.siemon.com/us/standards/13-24_modular_wiring_reference.asp","external_links_name":"Modular wiring reference"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180418230627/https://belfuse.com/resources/StewartConnector/Stewart%20Data%20Sheets/CT300064.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Stewart Connector 937-SP-3088 – Eight conductor/eight position line cord module\""},{"Link":"https://belfuse.com/resources/StewartConnector/Stewart%20Data%20Sheets/CT300064.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110724001504/http://www.te.com/commerce/DocumentDelivery/DDEController?Action=showdoc&DocId=Customer+Drawing%7F554739%7FP%7Fpdf%7FEnglish%7FENG_CD_554739_P.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tyco/AMP 5-554739-2 – Modular plug assembly, 8 position, flat oval cable\""},{"Link":"http://www.tycoelectronics.com/commerce/DocumentDelivery/DDEController?Action=showdoc&DocId=Customer+Drawing%7F554739%7FP%7Fpdf%7FEnglish%7FENG_CD_554739_P.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm#rj45","external_links_name":"Layer 1"},{"Link":"http://www.siemon.com/us/standards/13-24_modular_wiring_reference.asp","external_links_name":"\"Modular Wiring Reference\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130518232747/http://pinoutsguide.com/connector/10_pin_RJ50_10P10C_male_connector.shtml","external_links_name":"10 pin RJ50 (10P10C) male"},{"Link":"http://pinoutsguide.com/connector/10_pin_RJ50_10P10C_male_connector.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130215152924/http://www.l-com.com/multimedia/catalog_page/lcom_082-06_Premium_Modular_Plugs.pdf","external_links_name":"Premium Modular Plugs"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_regularity
Hypoelliptic operator
["1 References"]
In the theory of partial differential equations, a partial differential operator P {\displaystyle P} defined on an open subset U ⊂ R n {\displaystyle U\subset {\mathbb {R} }^{n}} is called hypoelliptic if for every distribution u {\displaystyle u} defined on an open subset V ⊂ U {\displaystyle V\subset U} such that P u {\displaystyle Pu} is C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} (smooth), u {\displaystyle u} must also be C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} . If this assertion holds with C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} replaced by real-analytic, then P {\displaystyle P} is said to be analytically hypoelliptic. Every elliptic operator with C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} coefficients is hypoelliptic. In particular, the Laplacian is an example of a hypoelliptic operator (the Laplacian is also analytically hypoelliptic). In addition, the operator for the heat equation ( P ( u ) = u t − k Δ u {\displaystyle P(u)=u_{t}-k\,\Delta u\,} ) P = ∂ t − k Δ x {\displaystyle P=\partial _{t}-k\,\Delta _{x}\,} (where k > 0 {\displaystyle k>0} ) is hypoelliptic but not elliptic. However, the operator for the wave equation ( P ( u ) = u t t − c 2 Δ u {\displaystyle P(u)=u_{tt}-c^{2}\,\Delta u\,} ) P = ∂ t 2 − c 2 Δ x {\displaystyle P=\partial _{t}^{2}-c^{2}\,\Delta _{x}\,} (where c ≠ 0 {\displaystyle c\neq 0} ) is not hypoelliptic. References Shimakura, Norio (1992). Partial differential operators of elliptic type: translated by Norio Shimakura. American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I. ISBN 0-8218-4556-X. Egorov, Yu. V.; Schulze, Bert-Wolfgang (1997). Pseudo-differential operators, singularities, applications. Birkhäuser. ISBN 3-7643-5484-4. Vladimirov, V. S. (2002). Methods of the theory of generalized functions. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-27356-0. Folland, G. B. (2009). Fourier Analysis and its applications. AMS. ISBN 978-0-8218-4790-9. This article incorporates material from Hypoelliptic on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"smooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_function"},{"link_name":"real-analytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_analysis"},{"link_name":"elliptic operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_operator"},{"link_name":"Laplacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian"},{"link_name":"heat equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_equation"},{"link_name":"wave equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_equation"}],"text":"U\n ⊂\n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle U\\subset {\\mathbb {R} }^{n}}is called hypoelliptic if for every distribution \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n defined on an open subset \n \n \n \n V\n ⊂\n U\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V\\subset U}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n P\n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Pu}\n \n is \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }}\n \n (smooth), \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n must also be \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }}\n \n.If this assertion holds with \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }}\n \n replaced by real-analytic, then \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n is said to be analytically hypoelliptic.Every elliptic operator with \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C^{\\infty }}\n \n coefficients is hypoelliptic. In particular, the Laplacian is an example of a hypoelliptic operator (the Laplacian is also analytically hypoelliptic). In addition, the operator for the heat equation (\n \n \n \n P\n (\n u\n )\n =\n \n u\n \n t\n \n \n −\n k\n \n Δ\n u\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(u)=u_{t}-k\\,\\Delta u\\,}\n \n)P\n =\n \n ∂\n \n t\n \n \n −\n k\n \n \n Δ\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=\\partial _{t}-k\\,\\Delta _{x}\\,}(where \n \n \n \n k\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k>0}\n \n) is hypoelliptic but not elliptic. However, the operator for the wave equation (\n \n \n \n P\n (\n u\n )\n =\n \n u\n \n t\n t\n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Δ\n u\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P(u)=u_{tt}-c^{2}\\,\\Delta u\\,}\n \n)P\n =\n \n ∂\n \n t\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n c\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n Δ\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=\\partial _{t}^{2}-c^{2}\\,\\Delta _{x}\\,}(where \n \n \n \n c\n ≠\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c\\neq 0}\n \n) is not hypoelliptic.","title":"Hypoelliptic operator"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Shimakura, Norio (1992). Partial differential operators of elliptic type: translated by Norio Shimakura. American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I. ISBN 0-8218-4556-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8218-4556-X","url_text":"0-8218-4556-X"}]},{"reference":"Egorov, Yu. V.; Schulze, Bert-Wolfgang (1997). Pseudo-differential operators, singularities, applications. Birkhäuser. ISBN 3-7643-5484-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7643-5484-4","url_text":"3-7643-5484-4"}]},{"reference":"Vladimirov, V. S. (2002). Methods of the theory of generalized functions. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-27356-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27356-0","url_text":"0-415-27356-0"}]},{"reference":"Folland, G. B. (2009). Fourier Analysis and its applications. AMS. ISBN 978-0-8218-4790-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-4790-9","url_text":"978-0-8218-4790-9"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialog_Semiconductor
Dialog Semiconductor
["1 History","1.1 Acquisitions","2 Products","3 References"]
Anglo-German semiconductor company Dialog Semiconductor PlcDialog Semiconductor Corporate HQ in ReadingCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryElectrical engineeringFounded1985; 39 years ago (1985)HeadquartersReading, United Kingdom (operational), London, United Kingdom (registered office)Key peopleRich Beyer (Chairman), Jalal Bagherli (CEO), Wissam Jabre (CFO), Mark Tyndall (SVP Corporate Development) ProductsSemiconductors, integrated circuitsRevenue US$1,376 million (2020)Operating income US$120.9 million (2020)Net income US$84.49 million (2020)Total assets US$2,121 million (2020)Total equity US$1,654 million (2020)Number of employees2,286 (2020)ParentRenesas ElectronicsWebsiterenesas.com Dialog Semiconductor Plc is an Anglo-German semiconductor-based system designer and manufacturer. The company is headquartered in the United Kingdom in Reading, with a global sales, R&D and marketing organization. Dialog creates highly integrated application-specific standard product (ASSP) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs), optimised for smartphones, computing, Internet of Things devices, LED solid-state lighting (SSL), and smart home applications. Dialog operates a fabless business model, but maintains its own test and physical laboratories in Kirchheim. Since 2021, the company is a subsidiary of Renesas Electronics. History Dialog Semiconductor was created in May 1985 as IMP (UK) Limited, the European subsidiary of U.S.-based International Microelectric Products, Inc. In late 1989, Daimler-Benz (now Daimler AG) acquired IMP (UK) and folded the business into subsidiary Temic Telefunken Microelectric GmbH. In March 1998, Apax Partners, Adtran, and Ericsson provided funding for the subsidiary (then named Dialogue Semiconductors) to separate from Daimler and form an independent company. Dialog began trading as a public company on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange on 18 September 1999. In 2005, Jalal Bagherli was appointed as Dialog's CEO. He had previously been CEO of Alphamosaic, a video processing chip specialist acquired by Broadcom in 2004. Since 2007, Dialog Semiconductor has been the exclusive supplier of power management integrated circuits (PMICs) for the Apple iPhone, iPad, and Watch. Apple comprised 74% of Dialog's sales in 2016. Acquisitions Dialog system-on-chip Dialog has made numerous acquisitions including: 2011 - VoIP and wireless chipmaker SiTel Semiconductor for $86.5 million. 2013 - Dialog acquired iWatt Inc, which had filed for an IPO the prior year, for roughly $345 million, paying $310 million in cash and pledging an additional $35 million in contingent considerations. 2015 - Dialog made a $4.6 billion offer for Atmel. This acquisition was cancelled in January 2016 when Atmel instead agreed to be purchased by Microchip for $3.56 billion in cash and stock. To break the agreement, Atmel paid Dialog a termination fee of $137.3 million. 2017 - Silego Technology, a maker of configurable mixed-signal integrated circuits (CMICs), for $306 million, of which $276 would be paid in cash, with an additional contingent consideration of up to $30.4 million. The deal added consumer electronics companies like Fitbit, Garmin, and GoPro to Dialog's roster of customers. 2018 - Apple announced its intent to purchase part of Dialog's business in a $300 million cash deal. Included in the deal was the transfer of 300 Dialog employees to Apple, which represented roughly 16% of Dialog's workforce. Apple also committed another $300 million to purchase Dialog products. In April 2019, Dialog and Apple completed the workforce and intellectual property transfer aspects of the deal. 2019 - Dialog agreed to buy Silicon Motion's FCI mobile communications product line for $45 million. The deal expanded Dialog's range of low-power connected devices by adding FCI's battery-operated Wi-Fi Internet of Things controllers to its existing line of Bluetooth products. The acquisition also added roughly 100 engineers, based in South Korea, to Dialog's workforce. 2019 - Dialog agreed to buy Germany’s Creative Chips as part of its push into low-energy connectivity used for devices in the internet of things (IoT). Dialog paid $80 million for the acquisition, with an additional consideration of $23 million based on revenues targets for the next two years. 2020 - Dialog bought US-based Adesto Technologies, a provider of application-specific semiconductors and embedded systems for the Industrial IoT, for $500 million. 2021 - In February 2021, Renesas announced that it has agreed to buy Dialog Semiconductor for $5.9 billion. At that point, Jalal Bagherli held more than 500,000 Dialog shares. Products Dialog sold a range of products, such as PMICs targeted at the automotives and wearable industry, as well as smartphones, with a majority of the revenue in 2018 coming from PMIC sales to Apple. Dialog also offered Zero Voltage Switching Power Converter Chips and developed DC-DC converter with TDK. IO-Links like the CCE4503, primarily meant for use in IoT-Devices, were also offered alongside LED-Driver, USB power delivery controller as well as Audio CODECs. In 2020 Dialog licensed its CBRAM to GlobalFoundries. References ^ "Board of Directors". Dialog Semiconductor. Retrieved 24 November 2015. ^ a b c "Management Team". Dialog Semiconductor. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015. ^ a b c d e f "Dialog Semiconductor 2020 Annual Report" (PDF). Dialog Semiconductor. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ sysadmin (23 March 2015). "Test and Physical Laboratories". Dialog Semiconductor. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ Flaherty, Nick (31 August 2021). "Renesas completes €4.8bn acquisition of Dialog Semiconductor with management change". eeNews Europe. Retrieved 17 April 2024. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor -- SEC Form 20-F". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 6 September 2019. ^ "IPOs: Calendar - Yahoo Finance". Yahoo finance. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ Clarke, Peter. "Dialog's CEO Lays Ambitious Plans". EETimes. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ "Electronics industry must side with China in trade war, says Dialog's boss". eeNews Analog. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019. ^ Auchard, Eric; Wolde, Harro Ten (12 April 2017). "Apple may ditch Dialog, analyst says, hitting chipmaker's shares". Reuters. Retrieved 12 August 2018. ^ Ting-Fang, Cheng (30 November 2017). "Apple to design power chips in-house as early as 2018: Sources". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 12 August 2018. ^ Dahad, Nitin (16 April 2019). "Dialog PMIC Team Now Officially Apple Staff". Eetimes.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019. ^ Manners, David (10 February 2011). "Dialog buys SiTel". Electronics Weekly. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ "Xconomy: Dialog Semiconductor Acquires iWatt for $345,000,000". Xconomy. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor Acquires IPO Filer IWatt for Up to $345M". Wall Street Journal. 16 July 2013. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor to buy U.S. peer Atmel for $4.6 billion". Reuters. 20 September 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ Assis, Claudia. "Microchip Technology buys chip maker Atmel in $3.56 billion deal". MarketWatch. Retrieved 21 January 2016. ^ Armental, Maria (14 January 2016). "Dialog Semiconductor Declines to Raise Bid for Atmel". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 June 2019. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor to buy Silego to expand into Internet of Things". Reuters. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2019. ^ Byford, Sam (11 October 2018). "Apple buys part of chipmaker Dialog for $300 million". The Verge. Retrieved 26 June 2019. ^ "Apple inks $600M deal to license IP, acquire assets and talent from Dialog to expand chipmaking in Europe". TechCrunch. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2019. ^ "Dialog completes Apple deal with transfer of 300 staff". eeNewsAnalog. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019. ^ GmbH, finanzen net. "Dialog To Buy Silicon Motion's Mobile Communications Business - Quick Facts | Markets Insider". Markets Insider. Retrieved 26 June 2019. ^ "Dialog Semi expands into Internet of Things with Silicon Motion deal". Reuters. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor acquires Germany's Creative Chips". Reuters. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor will buy Creative Chips, expanding into industrial IoT". Techeu. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019. ^ "Dialog snaps up Adesto for $500 million". Omnisperience. 21 February 2020. ^ "Investor Relations | Dialog". 7 February 2024. ^ "Dialog Designs New PMICs to Help Cars Be Smarter, Not Hotter". allaboutcircuits.com. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Dialog powers up PMIC flexibility for mobiles". eetimes.com. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Apple gets critical iPhone technology in $600 million Dialog deal". reuters.com. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor and TDK to Deliver World's Smallest Point of Load DC-DC Converter Solutions". signalintegrityjournal.com. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor Shrinks PSU Size with Zero Voltage Switching". allaboutcircuits.com. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor's IO-Link ICs Bring Connectivity to IIoT Sensors and Actuators". allaboutcircuits.com. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Dialog improves LED dimmer compatibility". electronicsweekly.com. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "USB Power Delivery: A New USB Power Delivery 3.0 Controller from Dialog Semiconductor". allaboutcircuits.com. 2 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Dialog Semiconductor Offers Audio Codecs That Negate Loud Noises". electronicdesign.com. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Dialog Semi, GLOBALFOUNDRIES Reach Agreement to License CBRAM Technology". embeddedcomputing.com. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024. ^ "Dialog licenses non-volatile ReRAM technology to Globalfoundries for 22FDX platform". digitimes.com. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"application-specific integrated circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"mixed-signal integrated circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"Internet of Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode"},{"link_name":"solid-state lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_lighting"},{"link_name":"fabless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabless"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Renesas Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Dialog Semiconductor Plc is an Anglo-German semiconductor-based system designer and manufacturer. The company is headquartered in the United Kingdom in Reading, with a global sales, R&D and marketing organization. Dialog creates highly integrated application-specific standard product (ASSP) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs), optimised for smartphones, computing, Internet of Things devices, LED solid-state lighting (SSL), and smart home applications.Dialog operates a fabless business model, but maintains its own test and physical laboratories in Kirchheim.[4] Since 2021, the company is a subsidiary of Renesas Electronics.[5]","title":"Dialog Semiconductor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daimler AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG"},{"link_name":"Apax Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apax_Partners"},{"link_name":"Adtran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADTRAN"},{"link_name":"Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Broadcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"power management integrated circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_management_integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"iPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Watch"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Dialog Semiconductor was created in May 1985 as IMP (UK) Limited, the European subsidiary of U.S.-based International Microelectric Products, Inc. In late 1989, Daimler-Benz (now Daimler AG) acquired IMP (UK) and folded the business into subsidiary Temic Telefunken Microelectric GmbH. In March 1998, Apax Partners, Adtran, and Ericsson provided funding for the subsidiary (then named Dialogue Semiconductors) to separate from Daimler and form an independent company.[6][better source needed]Dialog began trading as a public company on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange on 18 September 1999.[7]In 2005, Jalal Bagherli was appointed as Dialog's CEO.[8] He had previously been CEO of Alphamosaic, a video processing chip specialist acquired by Broadcom in 2004.[9]Since 2007, Dialog Semiconductor has been the exclusive supplier of power management integrated circuits (PMICs) for the Apple iPhone, iPad, and Watch. Apple comprised 74% of Dialog's sales in 2016.[10][11][12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dialog_Semiconductor_SoC.jpg"},{"link_name":"SiTel Semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SiTel_Semiconductor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"iWatt Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IWatt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPO"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Atmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Microchip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marketwatch-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Silego Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silego_Technology_Inc."},{"link_name":"mixed-signal integrated circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"Fitbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit"},{"link_name":"Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin"},{"link_name":"GoPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoPro"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Silicon Motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Motion"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"Internet of Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Creative Chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creative_Chips&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Adesto Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adesto_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Industrial IoT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_IoT&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Renesas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesas_Electronics"},{"link_name":"Jalal Bagherli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalal_Bagherli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Acquisitions","text":"Dialog system-on-chipDialog has made numerous acquisitions including:2011 - VoIP and wireless chipmaker SiTel Semiconductor for $86.5 million.[13]\n2013 - Dialog acquired iWatt Inc, which had filed for an IPO the prior year, for roughly $345 million, paying $310 million in cash and pledging an additional $35 million in contingent considerations.[14][15]\n2015 - Dialog made a $4.6 billion offer for Atmel.[16] This acquisition was cancelled in January 2016 when Atmel instead agreed to be purchased by Microchip for $3.56 billion in cash and stock.[17] To break the agreement, Atmel paid Dialog a termination fee of $137.3 million.[18]\n2017 - Silego Technology, a maker of configurable mixed-signal integrated circuits (CMICs), for $306 million, of which $276 would be paid in cash, with an additional contingent consideration of up to $30.4 million. The deal added consumer electronics companies like Fitbit, Garmin, and GoPro to Dialog's roster of customers.[19]\n2018 - Apple announced its intent to purchase part of Dialog's business in a $300 million cash deal.[20] Included in the deal was the transfer of 300 Dialog employees to Apple, which represented roughly 16% of Dialog's workforce. Apple also committed another $300 million to purchase Dialog products.[21] In April 2019, Dialog and Apple completed the workforce and intellectual property transfer aspects of the deal.[22]\n2019 - Dialog agreed to buy Silicon Motion's FCI mobile communications product line for $45 million. The deal expanded Dialog's range of low-power connected devices by adding FCI's battery-operated Wi-Fi Internet of Things controllers to its existing line of Bluetooth products. The acquisition also added roughly 100 engineers, based in South Korea, to Dialog's workforce.[23][24]\n2019 - Dialog agreed to buy Germany’s Creative Chips as part of its push into low-energy connectivity used for devices in the internet of things (IoT). Dialog paid $80 million for the acquisition, with an additional consideration of $23 million based on revenues targets for the next two years.[25][26]\n2020 - Dialog bought US-based Adesto Technologies, a provider of application-specific semiconductors and embedded systems for the Industrial IoT, for $500 million.[27]\n2021 - In February 2021, Renesas announced that it has agreed to buy Dialog Semiconductor for $5.9 billion.At that point, Jalal Bagherli held more than 500,000 Dialog shares.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"DC-DC converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-to-DC_converter"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"IO-Links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IO-Link"},{"link_name":"IoT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"GlobalFoundries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalFoundries"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Dialog sold a range of products, such as PMICs targeted at the automotives and wearable industry,[29][30] as well as smartphones, with a majority of the revenue in 2018 coming from PMIC sales to Apple.[31] Dialog also offered Zero Voltage Switching Power Converter Chips and developed DC-DC converter with TDK.[32][33] IO-Links like the CCE4503, primarily meant for use in IoT-Devices, were also offered alongside LED-Driver,[34][35] USB power delivery controller[36] as well as Audio CODECs.[37] In 2020 Dialog licensed its CBRAM to GlobalFoundries.[38][39]","title":"Products"}]
[{"image_text":"Dialog system-on-chip","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/23/Dialog_Semiconductor_SoC.jpg/220px-Dialog_Semiconductor_SoC.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". Dialog Semiconductor. Retrieved 24 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/company/board-directors","url_text":"\"Board of Directors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Management Team\". Dialog Semiconductor. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208175258/http://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/company/management-team","url_text":"\"Management Team\""},{"url":"https://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/company/management-team","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor 2020 Annual Report\" (PDF). Dialog Semiconductor. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NASDAQ_DLGS_2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor 2020 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"sysadmin (23 March 2015). \"Test and Physical Laboratories\". Dialog Semiconductor. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/company/test-and-physical-laboratories","url_text":"\"Test and Physical Laboratories\""}]},{"reference":"Flaherty, Nick (31 August 2021). \"Renesas completes €4.8bn acquisition of Dialog Semiconductor with management change\". eeNews Europe. Retrieved 17 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/renesas-completes-e4-8bn-acquisition-of-dialog-semiconductor-with-management-change/","url_text":"\"Renesas completes €4.8bn acquisition of Dialog Semiconductor with management change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor -- SEC Form 20-F\". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1116581/000111658103000005/dlg20f02.htm","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor -- SEC Form 20-F\""}]},{"reference":"\"IPOs: Calendar - Yahoo Finance\". Yahoo finance. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/calendar/ipo/","url_text":"\"IPOs: Calendar - Yahoo Finance\""}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Peter. \"Dialog's CEO Lays Ambitious Plans\". EETimes. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1319469","url_text":"\"Dialog's CEO Lays Ambitious Plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electronics industry must side with China in trade war, says Dialog's boss\". eeNews Analog. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eenewsanalog.com/news/electronics-industry-must-side-china-trade-war-says-dialogs-boss","url_text":"\"Electronics industry must side with China in trade war, says Dialog's boss\""}]},{"reference":"Auchard, Eric; Wolde, Harro Ten (12 April 2017). \"Apple may ditch Dialog, analyst says, hitting chipmaker's shares\". Reuters. Retrieved 12 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dialog-apple/apple-may-ditch-dialog-analyst-says-hitting-chipmakers-shares-idUSKBN17D0VF","url_text":"\"Apple may ditch Dialog, analyst says, hitting chipmaker's shares\""}]},{"reference":"Ting-Fang, Cheng (30 November 2017). \"Apple to design power chips in-house as early as 2018: Sources\". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 12 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Apple-to-design-power-chips-in-house-as-early-as-2018-Sources","url_text":"\"Apple to design power chips in-house as early as 2018: Sources\""}]},{"reference":"Dahad, Nitin (16 April 2019). \"Dialog PMIC Team Now Officially Apple Staff\". Eetimes.com. Retrieved 17 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1334566","url_text":"\"Dialog PMIC Team Now Officially Apple Staff\""}]},{"reference":"Manners, David (10 February 2011). \"Dialog buys SiTel\". Electronics Weekly. Retrieved 18 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/finance/dialog-buys-sitel-2011-02/","url_text":"\"Dialog buys SiTel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xconomy: Dialog Semiconductor Acquires iWatt for $345,000,000\". Xconomy. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://xconomy.com/san-francisco/2013/07/18/dialog-semiconductor-acquires-iwatt-for-345000000/","url_text":"\"Xconomy: Dialog Semiconductor Acquires iWatt for $345,000,000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Acquires IPO Filer IWatt for Up to $345M\". Wall Street Journal. 16 July 2013. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 18 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/DJFVW00020130716e97gnvja4","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Acquires IPO Filer IWatt for Up to $345M\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor to buy U.S. peer Atmel for $4.6 billion\". Reuters. 20 September 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-atmel-m-a-dialog-idUSKCN0RK0J420150920","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor to buy U.S. peer Atmel for $4.6 billion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Assis, Claudia. \"Microchip Technology buys chip maker Atmel in $3.56 billion deal\". MarketWatch. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/microchip-technology-buys-chip-maker-atmel-in-356-billion-deal-2016-01-19","url_text":"\"Microchip Technology buys chip maker Atmel in $3.56 billion deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarketWatch","url_text":"MarketWatch"}]},{"reference":"Armental, Maria (14 January 2016). \"Dialog Semiconductor Declines to Raise Bid for Atmel\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/dialog-semiconductor-declines-to-raise-bid-for-atmel-1452805166","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Declines to Raise Bid for Atmel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor to buy Silego to expand into Internet of Things\". Reuters. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-silego-m-a-dialog-idUSKBN1CA0QA","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor to buy Silego to expand into Internet of Things\""}]},{"reference":"Byford, Sam (11 October 2018). \"Apple buys part of chipmaker Dialog for $300 million\". The Verge. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/11/17963112/apple-dialog-chipmaker-power-management-acquihire-acquisition","url_text":"\"Apple buys part of chipmaker Dialog for $300 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple inks $600M deal to license IP, acquire assets and talent from Dialog to expand chipmaking in Europe\". TechCrunch. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://social.techcrunch.com/2018/10/10/apple-is-paying-300m-in-cash-to-buy-a-part-of-dialog-semiconductor-and-expand-its-chipmaking-in-europe/","url_text":"\"Apple inks $600M deal to license IP, acquire assets and talent from Dialog to expand chipmaking in Europe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch","url_text":"TechCrunch"}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog completes Apple deal with transfer of 300 staff\". eeNewsAnalog. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eenewsanalog.com/news/dialog-completes-apple-deal-transfer-300-staff","url_text":"\"Dialog completes Apple deal with transfer of 300 staff\""}]},{"reference":"GmbH, finanzen net. \"Dialog To Buy Silicon Motion's Mobile Communications Business - Quick Facts | Markets Insider\". Markets Insider. Retrieved 26 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/dialog-to-buy-silicon-motion-s-mobile-communications-business-quick-facts-1028010928","url_text":"\"Dialog To Buy Silicon Motion's Mobile Communications Business - Quick Facts | Markets Insider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semi expands into Internet of Things with Silicon Motion deal\". Reuters. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-silicon-mtn-tec-m-a-dialog-idUSKCN1QO0OY","url_text":"\"Dialog Semi expands into Internet of Things with Silicon Motion deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor acquires Germany's Creative Chips\". Reuters. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-creativechips-m-a-dialog-idUSKBN1WM0GN","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor acquires Germany's Creative Chips\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor will buy Creative Chips, expanding into industrial IoT\". Techeu. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tech.eu/brief/dialog-semiconductor-will-buy-creative-chips-expanding-into-industrial-iot/","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor will buy Creative Chips, expanding into industrial IoT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog snaps up Adesto for $500 million\". Omnisperience. 21 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://omnisperience.com/2020/02/21/dialog-snaps-up-adesto-for-500-million/","url_text":"\"Dialog snaps up Adesto for $500 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investor Relations | Dialog\". 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/investor-relations#annual-reports--accounts","url_text":"\"Investor Relations | Dialog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Designs New PMICs to Help Cars Be Smarter, Not Hotter\". allaboutcircuits.com. 20 August 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/dialog-designs-new-pmics-to-help-cars-be-smarter-not-hotter/","url_text":"\"Dialog Designs New PMICs to Help Cars Be Smarter, Not Hotter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog powers up PMIC flexibility for mobiles\". eetimes.com. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eetimes.com/dialog-powers-up-pmic-flexibility-for-mobiles/","url_text":"\"Dialog powers up PMIC flexibility for mobiles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apple gets critical iPhone technology in $600 million Dialog deal\". reuters.com. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1ML0NI/","url_text":"\"Apple gets critical iPhone technology in $600 million Dialog deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor and TDK to Deliver World's Smallest Point of Load DC-DC Converter Solutions\". signalintegrityjournal.com. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.signalintegrityjournal.com/articles/1820-dialog-semiconductor-and-tdk-to-deliver-worlds-smallest-point-of-load-dc-dc-converter-solutions","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor and TDK to Deliver World's Smallest Point of Load DC-DC Converter Solutions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Shrinks PSU Size with Zero Voltage Switching\". allaboutcircuits.com. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/dialog-semiconductor-shrinks-psu-size-with-zero-voltage-switching/","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Shrinks PSU Size with Zero Voltage Switching\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor's IO-Link ICs Bring Connectivity to IIoT Sensors and Actuators\". allaboutcircuits.com. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/dialog-semiconductors-io-link-ics-bring-connectivity-to-iiot-sensors-and-actuators/","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor's IO-Link ICs Bring Connectivity to IIoT Sensors and Actuators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog improves LED dimmer compatibility\". electronicsweekly.com. 5 February 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/led/doalog-improves-led-dimmer-compatibility-2015-02/","url_text":"\"Dialog improves LED dimmer compatibility\""}]},{"reference":"\"USB Power Delivery: A New USB Power Delivery 3.0 Controller from Dialog Semiconductor\". allaboutcircuits.com. 2 January 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/power-delivery-a-new-usb-power-delivery-3.0-controller/","url_text":"\"USB Power Delivery: A New USB Power Delivery 3.0 Controller from Dialog Semiconductor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Offers Audio Codecs That Negate Loud Noises\". electronicdesign.com. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/analog/article/21808054/dialog-semiconductor-offers-audio-codecs-that-negate-loud-noises","url_text":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Offers Audio Codecs That Negate Loud Noises\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog Semi, GLOBALFOUNDRIES Reach Agreement to License CBRAM Technology\". embeddedcomputing.com. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://embeddedcomputing.com/technology/storage/dialog-semi-globalfoundries-reach-agreement-to-license-cbram-technology","url_text":"\"Dialog Semi, GLOBALFOUNDRIES Reach Agreement to License CBRAM Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dialog licenses non-volatile ReRAM technology to Globalfoundries for 22FDX platform\". digitimes.com. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20201019PR201.html","url_text":"\"Dialog licenses non-volatile ReRAM technology to Globalfoundries for 22FDX platform\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://renesas.com/","external_links_name":"renesas.com"},{"Link":"https://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/company/board-directors","external_links_name":"\"Board of Directors\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208175258/http://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/company/management-team","external_links_name":"\"Management Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/company/management-team","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NASDAQ_DLGS_2020.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor 2020 Annual Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/company/test-and-physical-laboratories","external_links_name":"\"Test and Physical Laboratories\""},{"Link":"https://www.eenewseurope.com/en/renesas-completes-e4-8bn-acquisition-of-dialog-semiconductor-with-management-change/","external_links_name":"\"Renesas completes €4.8bn acquisition of Dialog Semiconductor with management change\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1116581/000111658103000005/dlg20f02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor -- SEC Form 20-F\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/calendar/ipo/","external_links_name":"\"IPOs: Calendar - Yahoo Finance\""},{"Link":"https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1319469","external_links_name":"\"Dialog's CEO Lays Ambitious Plans\""},{"Link":"https://www.eenewsanalog.com/news/electronics-industry-must-side-china-trade-war-says-dialogs-boss","external_links_name":"\"Electronics industry must side with China in trade war, says Dialog's boss\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dialog-apple/apple-may-ditch-dialog-analyst-says-hitting-chipmakers-shares-idUSKBN17D0VF","external_links_name":"\"Apple may ditch Dialog, analyst says, hitting chipmaker's shares\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Apple-to-design-power-chips-in-house-as-early-as-2018-Sources","external_links_name":"\"Apple to design power chips in-house as early as 2018: Sources\""},{"Link":"https://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1334566","external_links_name":"\"Dialog PMIC Team Now Officially Apple Staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/finance/dialog-buys-sitel-2011-02/","external_links_name":"\"Dialog buys SiTel\""},{"Link":"https://xconomy.com/san-francisco/2013/07/18/dialog-semiconductor-acquires-iwatt-for-345000000/","external_links_name":"\"Xconomy: Dialog Semiconductor Acquires iWatt for $345,000,000\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/DJFVW00020130716e97gnvja4","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Acquires IPO Filer IWatt for Up to $345M\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-atmel-m-a-dialog-idUSKCN0RK0J420150920","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor to buy U.S. peer Atmel for $4.6 billion\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/microchip-technology-buys-chip-maker-atmel-in-356-billion-deal-2016-01-19","external_links_name":"\"Microchip Technology buys chip maker Atmel in $3.56 billion deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/dialog-semiconductor-declines-to-raise-bid-for-atmel-1452805166","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Declines to Raise Bid for Atmel\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-silego-m-a-dialog-idUSKBN1CA0QA","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor to buy Silego to expand into Internet of Things\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/11/17963112/apple-dialog-chipmaker-power-management-acquihire-acquisition","external_links_name":"\"Apple buys part of chipmaker Dialog for $300 million\""},{"Link":"http://social.techcrunch.com/2018/10/10/apple-is-paying-300m-in-cash-to-buy-a-part-of-dialog-semiconductor-and-expand-its-chipmaking-in-europe/","external_links_name":"\"Apple inks $600M deal to license IP, acquire assets and talent from Dialog to expand chipmaking in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.eenewsanalog.com/news/dialog-completes-apple-deal-transfer-300-staff","external_links_name":"\"Dialog completes Apple deal with transfer of 300 staff\""},{"Link":"https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/dialog-to-buy-silicon-motion-s-mobile-communications-business-quick-facts-1028010928","external_links_name":"\"Dialog To Buy Silicon Motion's Mobile Communications Business - Quick Facts | Markets Insider\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-silicon-mtn-tec-m-a-dialog-idUSKCN1QO0OY","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semi expands into Internet of Things with Silicon Motion deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-creativechips-m-a-dialog-idUSKBN1WM0GN","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor acquires Germany's Creative Chips\""},{"Link":"https://tech.eu/brief/dialog-semiconductor-will-buy-creative-chips-expanding-into-industrial-iot/","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor will buy Creative Chips, expanding into industrial IoT\""},{"Link":"https://omnisperience.com/2020/02/21/dialog-snaps-up-adesto-for-500-million/","external_links_name":"\"Dialog snaps up Adesto for $500 million\""},{"Link":"https://www.dialog-semiconductor.com/investor-relations#annual-reports--accounts","external_links_name":"\"Investor Relations | Dialog\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/dialog-designs-new-pmics-to-help-cars-be-smarter-not-hotter/","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Designs New PMICs to Help Cars Be Smarter, Not Hotter\""},{"Link":"https://www.eetimes.com/dialog-powers-up-pmic-flexibility-for-mobiles/","external_links_name":"\"Dialog powers up PMIC flexibility for mobiles\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1ML0NI/","external_links_name":"\"Apple gets critical iPhone technology in $600 million Dialog deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.signalintegrityjournal.com/articles/1820-dialog-semiconductor-and-tdk-to-deliver-worlds-smallest-point-of-load-dc-dc-converter-solutions","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor and TDK to Deliver World's Smallest Point of Load DC-DC Converter Solutions\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/dialog-semiconductor-shrinks-psu-size-with-zero-voltage-switching/","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Shrinks PSU Size with Zero Voltage Switching\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/dialog-semiconductors-io-link-ics-bring-connectivity-to-iiot-sensors-and-actuators/","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor's IO-Link ICs Bring Connectivity to IIoT Sensors and Actuators\""},{"Link":"https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/led/doalog-improves-led-dimmer-compatibility-2015-02/","external_links_name":"\"Dialog improves LED dimmer compatibility\""},{"Link":"https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/power-delivery-a-new-usb-power-delivery-3.0-controller/","external_links_name":"\"USB Power Delivery: A New USB Power Delivery 3.0 Controller from Dialog Semiconductor\""},{"Link":"https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/analog/article/21808054/dialog-semiconductor-offers-audio-codecs-that-negate-loud-noises","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semiconductor Offers Audio Codecs That Negate Loud Noises\""},{"Link":"https://embeddedcomputing.com/technology/storage/dialog-semi-globalfoundries-reach-agreement-to-license-cbram-technology","external_links_name":"\"Dialog Semi, GLOBALFOUNDRIES Reach Agreement to License CBRAM Technology\""},{"Link":"https://www.digitimes.com/news/a20201019PR201.html","external_links_name":"\"Dialog licenses non-volatile ReRAM technology to Globalfoundries for 22FDX platform\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Paton_Award
Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards
["1 History of the Awards","2 Fiction winners","3 Non-fiction winners","4 References"]
Annual South African literature awards The Sunday Times CNA Non-Fiction AwardSponsored byCNACountrySouth AfricaPresented bySunday TimesFormerly calledAlan Paton AwardReward(s)R100 000First awarded1989; 35 years ago (1989) The Sunday Times CNA Fiction AwardSponsored byCNACountrySouth AfricaPresented bySunday TimesFormerly calledBarry Ronge Fiction Prize; Sunday Times Fiction PrizeReward(s)R100 000First awarded2001; 23 years ago (2001) The Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards are awarded annually to South African writers by the South African weekly newspaper the Sunday Times. They comprise the Sunday Times CNA Literary Award for Non-fiction and the Sunday Times CNA Literary Award for Fiction, and are awarded for full-length non-fiction works and novels, respectively. Both winners receive R100 000. Ivan Vladislavic is the only person to have won both the fiction and the non-fiction award. History of the Awards Originally established in 1989, the Alan Paton Award was conferred annually for meritorious works of non-fiction. It aimed to reward books presenting "the illumination of truthfulness, especially those forms of it that are new, delicate, unfashionable and fly in the face of power," and demonstrating "compassion, elegance of writing, and intellectual and moral integrity." The award was named for Alan Paton, the famous South African author of Cry, The Beloved Country (1948). In 2001, a companion award for fiction was established, the Sunday Times Fiction Prize. The criteria stipulate that the winning novel should be one of "rare imagination and style... a tale so compelling as to become an enduring landmark of contemporary fiction." The prize was restructured in 2015 when fiction and non-fiction awards were brought together as the Sunday Times Literary Awards; the money for each prize was increased, from R75 000 to R100 000, and the Fiction Prize was renamed the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize in honour of Barry Ronge, a renowned South African journalist who was one of the founders of the awards. In 2020, there was a one-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the awards recommenced in 2021 with a new sponsor, CNA, a South African retail chain of stationery shops, and are now known as the Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards. This sponsorship arrangement followed the acquisition of CNA from "embattled" parent company Edcon in February 2020. In 2021, books published between 1 December 2018 and 1 December 2020 were eligible. Fiction winners Works shortlisted for the fiction prize, 2008–2021 Year Nominee Work Result Ref. 2023 C. A. Davids How to Be a Revolutionary Won| Andrew Brown The Heist Men Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu The Quality of Mercy Yewande Omotoso An Unusual Grief Mark Winkler The Errors of Dr Browne 2022 Tshidiso Moletsane Junx Won Karen Jennings An Island Joanne Joseph Children of Sugarcane Thenjiwe Mswane All Gomorrahs Are The Same Damon Galgut The Promise 2021 Marguerite Poland A Sin of Omission Won Dawn Garisch Breaking Milk Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu The History of Man Rešoketšwe Manenzhe Scatterlings Mark Winkler Due South of Copenhagen 2020 No award due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2019 Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu The Theory of Flight Won John Hunt The Boy Who Could Keep a Swan in His Head Nozizwe Cynthia Jele The Ones with Purpose Claire Robertson Under Glass Mark Winkler Theo & Flora 2018 Harry Kalmer A Thousand Tales of Johannesburg Won Maxine Case Softness of the Lime S. J. Naudé The Third Reel Lesego Rampolokeng Bird-Monk Seding Francois Smith The Camp Whore 2017 Zakes Mda Little Suns Won Bronwyn Law-Viljoen The Printmaker Kopano Matlwa Period Pain Yewande Omotoso The Woman Next Door Mark Winkler The Safest Place You Know 2016 Nkosinathi Sithole Hunger Eats a Man Won Alastair Bruce Boy on the Wire Craig Higginson The Dream House Claire Robertson The Magistrate of Gower Henrietta Rose-Innes Green Lion 2015 Damon Galgut Arctic Summer Won Imraan Coovadia Tales of the Metric System Masande Ntshanga The Reactive Elaine Proctor The Savage Hour Zoë Wicomb October 2014 Claire Robertson The Spiral House Won Lauren Beukes The Shining Girls Dominic Botha False River Songeziwe Mahlangu Penumbra Eben Venter Wolf Wolf 2013 Karen Jayes For the Mercy of Water Won Imraan Coovadia The Institute for Taxi Poetry Steven Boykey Sidley Entanglement Chris Wadman The Unlikely Genius of Dr Cuthbert Kamazuma James Whyle The Book of War 2012 Michiel Heyns Lost Ground Won H.J. Golakai The Lazarus Effect Henrietta Rose-Innes Nineveh Yewande Omotoso Bom Boy Adam Schwartzmann Eddie Signwriter 2011 Sifiso Mzobe Young Blood Won Shaida Kazie Ali Not a Fairy Tale James Clelland Deeper than Colour Deon Meyer Thirteen Hours Ivan Vladislavic Double Negative 2010 Imraan Coovadia High Low In-between Won J. M. Coetzee Summertime Zinaid Meeran Saracen at the Gates Kgebetli Moele The Book of the Dead Sally-Ann Murray Small Moving Parts 2009 Anne Landsman The Rowing Lesson Won Tracey Farren Whiplash Damon Galgut The Impostor Michiel Heyns Bodies Politic Mandla Langa The Lost Colours of the Chameleon 2008 Ceridwen Dovey Blood Kin Won Justin Cartwright The Song Before it is Sung J. M. Coetzee Diary of a Bad Year Andrew Gray The Fence Niq Mhlongo After Tears 2007 Marlene van Niekerk Agaat (trans. Michiel Heyns) Won Imraan Coovadia Green-Eyed Thieves Morabo Morojele How We Buried Puso David Medalie The Shadow Follows 2006 Andrew Brown Coldsleep Lullaby Won J. M. Coetzee Slow Man André Brink Praying Mantis Russel Brownlee Garden of the Plagues Consuelo Roland The Good Cemetery Guide 2005 Justin Cartwright The Promise of Happiness Won 2004 Rayda Jacobs Confessions of a Gambler Won 2003 André Brink The Other Side of Silence Won 2002 Ivan Vladislavic The Restless Supermarket Won 2001 Zakes Mda The Heart of Redness Won Non-fiction winners Works shortlisted for the non-fiction prize, 2006-2023 Year Nominee Work Result Ref. 2023 Bulelwa Mabasa My Land Obsession: A Memoir Won Liz McGregor Unforgiven: Face to Face with My Father’s Killer André Odendaal, with editorial contributions by Albie Sachs Dear Comrade President: Oliver Tambo and the Foundations of South Africa’s Constitution Matthew Wilhelm-Solomon The Blinded City: Ten Years in Inner-City Johannesburg Songezo Zibi Manifesto: A New Vision for South Africa 2022 Mignonne Breier Bloody Sunday: The Nun, The Defiance Campaign and South Africa's Secret Massacre Won Tembeka Ngcukaitobi Land Matters: South Africa's Failed Land Reforms and the Road Ahead Imraan Coovadia The Poisoners: On South Africa's Toxic Past Thula Simpson History of South Africa: From 1902 to the Present Johnny Clegg Scatterling of Africa: My Early Years 2021 Andrew Harding These Are Not Gentle People Won Jacob Dlamini Safari Nation: A Social History of the Kruger National Park Mark Gevisser The Pink Line: Journeys Across the World’s Queer Frontiers Pieter-Louis Myburgh Gangster State: Unravelling Ace Magashule’s Web of Capture Telita Snyckers Dirty Tobacco: Spies, Lies and Mega-Profits 2020 No award due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2019 Terry Kurgan Everyone is Present: Essays on Photography, Family and Memory Won Anneliese Burgess Heist! South Africa’s Cash-in-Transit Epidemic Uncovered Panashe Chigumadzi These Bones Will Rise Again Rekgotsofetse Chikane Breaking a Rainbow, Building a Nation: The Politics Behind the #MustFall Movements Sylvia Neame Imprisoned: The Experience of a Prisoner Under Apartheid 2018 Bongani Ngqulunga The Man Who Founded the ANC: A Biography of Pixley ka Isaka Seme Won Stuart Doran Kingdom, Power, Glory: Mugabe, Zanu and the Quest for Supremacy (1960–87), Thandeka Gqubule No Longer Whispering to Power: The Story of Thuli Madonsela Sisonke Msimang Always Another Country: A Memoir of Exile and Home Thuli Nhlapo Colour Me Yellow: Searching for My Family Truth 2017 Greg Marinovich Murder at Small Koppie: The Real Story of the Marikana Massacre Won Sean Christie Under Nelson Mandela Boulevard: Life Among the Stowaways Christa Kulijan Darwin's Hunch: Science, Race, and the Search for Human Origins Dikgang Moseneke My Own Liberator: A Memoir Steven Robins Letters of Stone: From Nazi Germany to South Africa 2016 Pumla Dineo Gqola Rape: A South African Nightmare Won David Attwell J.M. Coetzee and the Life of Writing Maxine Case Papwa: Golf's Lost Legend Khaya Dlanga To Quote Myself: A Memoir Charles van Onselen Showdown at the Red Lion 2015 Jacob Dlamini Askari: A Story of Collaboration and Betrayal in the Anti-Apartheid Struggle Won Mark Gevisser Lost and Found in Johannesburg Lindie Koorts DF Malan and the Rise of Afrikaner Nationalism Maria Phalime Postmortem: The Doctor Who Walked Away Jonny Steinberg A Man of Good Hope 2014 Max du Preez A Rumour of Spring: South Africa after 20 Years of Democracy Won Vusi Pikoli and Mandy Wiener My Second Initiation: The Memoir of Vusi Pikoli Karen Schoeman Portrait of a Slave Society: The Cape of Good Hope 1717 – 1795 Elizabeth van Heyningen The Concentration Camps of the Anglo-Boer War: A Social History Shaun Viljoen Richard Rive: a Partial Biography 2013 Redi Tlhabi Endings and Beginnings: A Story of Healing Won Julian Rademayer Killing for Profit Jacques Pauw Rat Roads: One Man’s Incredible Journey Xolela Mangcu Biko: A Biography Hermann Giliomee The Last Afrikaner Leaders 2012 Hugh Lewin Stones Against the Mirror: Friendship in the Time of the South African Struggle Won Jonny Steinberg Little Liberia: An African Odyssey in New York Anton Harber Diepsloot Mandy Wiener Killing Kebble Andrew Feinstein The Shadow World: Inside the Global Arms Trade McIntosh Polela My Father, My Monster 2011 Ronnie Kasrils The Unlikely Secret Agent Won Adriaan Basson Finish and Klaar: Selebi’s Fall from Interpol to the Underworld David Klatzow and Sylvia Walker Steeped in Blood: The Life and Times of a Forensic Scientist Jay Naidoo Fighting for Justice Bill Nasson The War for South Africa: The Anglo-Boer War: 1899-1902 2010 Albie Sachs The Strange Alchemy of Life and Law Won Kevin Bloom Ways of Staying André Brink A Fork in the Road Antjie Krog Begging to be Black James Ngculu The Honour to Serve: Recollections of an Umkhonto Soldier 2009 Peter Harris In a Different Time Won Andrew Brown Street Blues: The Experiences of a Reluctant Policeman Pippa Green Choice, Not Fate: The Life and Times of Trevor Manuel Ahmed Kathrada with Tim Couzens A Simple Freedom Peter Harris In a Different Time: The Inside Story of the Delmas Four 2008 Mark Gevisser Thabo Mbeki – The Dream Deferred Won George Bizos Odyssey to Freedom Charles van Onselen The Fox and the Flies 2007 Ivan Vladislavic Portrait with Keys Won Glynis Clacherty The Suitcase Stories John Allen Rabble-Rouser for Peace Fred Khumalo Touch My Blood Denis Hirson White Scars 2006 Edwin Cameron Witness to AIDS Won Adam Levin AidSafari Won Antony Altbeker The Dirty Work of Democracy: A Year on the Streets with the Saps Ronald Suresh Roberts No Cold Kitchen: A Biography of Nadine Gordimer William N. Zulu Spring Will Come 2005 Jonny Steinberg The Number: One Man's Search for Identity in the Cape Underworld and Prison Gangs Won 2004 Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela A Human Being Died That Night Won 2003 Jonny Steinberg Midlands Won 2002 Jonathan Kaplan The Dressing Station: A Surgeon's Chronicle of War and Medicine Won 2001 Henk van Woerden A Mouthful of Glass Won 2000 Anthony Sampson Mandela: The Authorised Biography Won 1999 Antjie Krog Country of My Skull Won Stephen Clingman Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary Won 1998 John Reader Africa: A Biography of a Continent Won 1997 Charles van Onselen The Seed is Mine Won 1996 Margaret McCord The Calling of Katie Makanya Won 1995 Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom Won 1994 Breyten Breytenbach Return to Paradise Won 1993 Tim Couzens Tramp Royal Won 1992 Thomas Pakenham Scramble for Africa Won 1991 Albie Sachs Soft Vengeance of a Freedom Fighter Won 1990 Jeff Peires The Dead Will Arise Won 1989 Marq de Villiers White Tribe Dreaming Won References ^ a b c d "Marguerite Poland and Andrew Harding win the 2021 Sunday Times/CNA Literary Awards". The Johannesburg Review of Books. 15 September 2021. ^ a b "2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards longlists announced". The Johannesburg Review of Books. 22 April 2019. ^ a b c "Claire Robertson and Max du Preez Win the 2014 Sunday Times Literary Awards". Books Live. Retrieved 8 June 2015. ^ "Barry Ronge Receives a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sunday Times". Sunday Times Books LIVE @ Sunday Times Books LIVE. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ Platt, Jennifer (29 November 2020). "'How good it is for the species that we still care about books'". Books Live. ^ a b "Submissions for 2021 Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards now open" ^ a b De Villiers, Mila (1 November 2023). "Here are the winners of the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards in partnership with Exclusive Books". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ a b Ghosh, Kuhelika (20 November 2023). "C.A. Davids and Bulelwa Mabasa Win the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards". Brittle Paper. Retrieved 1 January 2024. ^ a b Platt, Jennifer. "The 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlist". Sunday Times. Times Live. ^ a b Ghosh, Kuhelika. "Shortlists for the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards are Out!". Brittle Paper. Retrieved 18 October 2023. ^ a b Platt, Jennifer (4 September 2022). "The 2022 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlist". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 September 2022. ^ a b "Winners of the 2022 Sunday Times Literary Awards announced". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 30 October 2022. ^ a b "2021 Sunday Times/CNA Literary Awards shortlists announced". The Johannesburg Review of Books. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ a b Williams, Ben (6 September 2019). "Terry Kurgan and Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu win the 2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards". The Johannesburg Review of Books. ^ a b "2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlists announced—celebrating 'the best of South African non-fiction and fiction'". The Johannesburg Review of Books. 21 July 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ a b Malec, Jennifer (24 June 2018). "Harry Kalmer and Bongani Ngqulunga win Sunday Times Literary Awards". The Johannesburg Review of Books. ^ Malec, Jennifer (14 May 2018). "2018 Barry Ronge Fiction Prize shortlist announced". The Johannesburg Review of Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ a b Malec, Jennifer (25 June 2017). "Zakes Mda and Greg Marinovich win Sunday Times Literary Awards". The Johannesburg Review of Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ a b Malec, Jennifer (25 June 2016). "Pumla Dineo Gqola and Nkosinathi Sithole win the 2016 Sunday Times Literary Awards". Books Live. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ "The 2016 Sunday Times Barry Ronge Fiction Prize shortlist". Sunday Times Books. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ a b Jennifer (27 June 2015). "Damon Galgut and Jacob Dlamini Win the 2015 Sunday Times Literary Awards". Books Live. Retrieved 28 June 2015. ^ "The 2015 Sunday Times Barry Ronge Fiction Prize Shortlist". Sunday Times Books. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ Smith, Tymon (9 May 2014). "'Exceptional books' make the 2014 shortlists". Sunday Times. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Karen Jayes Wins the Sunday Times Fiction Prize for For the Mercy of Water", Books Live, 29 June 2013. ^ "The 2013 Sunday Times Literary Awards in association with CNA shortlist announcement". LitNet. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ Andile Ndlovu (22 June 2012). "Witty Heyns wins award". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ "The 2012 Sunday Times Fiction Prize Shortlist". Sunday Times Books. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ Chris (27 June 2011). "Sifiso Mzobe Honoured with 2011 Sunday Times Fiction Prize". Books Live. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ Ben (14 May 2011). "The 2011 Sunday Times Fiction Award Shortlist". Sunday Times Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ a b Ben (24 July 2010). "Imraan Coovadia and Albie Sachs Win the Sunday Times Literary Awards". Books Live. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2012. ^ a b "The Sunday Times Literary Awards 2010 shortlists". Sunday Times. 6 June 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ Jani (11 August 2009). "Sunday Times Literary Awards Wrap Up". Sunday Times | Books Live. ^ a b "2009 Sunday Times Literary Awards Shortlists". Sunday Times Books. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ a b Ben (2 August 2008). "Dovey, Gevisser Win the 2008 Sunday Times Literary Awards". Books Live | Sunday Times. ^ "Sunday Times Literary Awards 2008 Shortlist announced for the Sunday Times Fiction Prize and Alan Paton Award for Non-Fiction 2008". Media Update. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Marlene van Niekerk", Blake Friedmann Literary Agency. ^ Ben (17 June 2007). "Marlene van Niekerk and Michiel Heyns Win the Sunday Times Fiction Prize". Sunday Times Books. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "The year of the book". The Mail & Guardian. 26 January 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Previous winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize". The Sunday Times. 4 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. ^ "Two Aids books win Alan Paton award". The Mail & Guardian. 18 June 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ a b "Limitless is the world of make-believe". The Mail & Guardian. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ Malec, Jennifer (14 May 2018). "2018 Alan Paton Award for Non-fiction shortlist announced". The Johannesburg Review of Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "The 2016 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award shortlist". Sunday Times Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "The 2015 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist". Sunday Times Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "The 2014 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist". Sunday Times Books. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Redi Tlhabi Wins the 2013 Alan Paton Award for Endings and Beginnings", Books Live, 29 June 2013. ^ "The 2013 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist". Sunday Times Books. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Michiel Heyns and Hugh Lewin Win the 2012 Sunday Times Literary Awards", Books Live, 21 June 2012. ^ a b "The 2012 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist". Sunday Times Books. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "The 2011 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist". Sunday Times Books. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Buhlungu, Sakhela (24 June 2008). "A paltry shortlist". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2021. ^ "2008 Sunday Times Literary Awards Shortlists". Sunday Times Books. 4 June 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2021. ^ "Sunday Times Alan Paton Award 2007: Ivan Vladslavić for Portrait with Keys", litnet.co.za, 20 June 2007. ^ "2007 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist". Sunday Times Books. 3 May 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2021. vteAlan PatonNovels Cry, the Beloved Country (1947) Too Late the Phalarope (1953) Kontakion For You Departed (1969) Ah, but Your Land Is Beautiful (1981) Autobiography Journey Continued (1988) Adaptations Cry, the Beloved Country (1951 film, screenwriter) Lost in the Stars (1953 musical) Cry, the Beloved Country (1995 film) Related Liberal Party of South Africa Alan Paton Award
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrb2021-1"},{"link_name":"Ivan Vladislavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Vladislavic"}],"text":"The Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards are awarded annually to South African writers by the South African weekly newspaper the Sunday Times. They comprise the Sunday Times CNA Literary Award for Non-fiction and the Sunday Times CNA Literary Award for Fiction, and are awarded for full-length non-fiction works and novels, respectively. Both winners receive R100 000.[1] Ivan Vladislavic is the only person to have won both the fiction and the non-fiction award.","title":"Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrb2019a-2"},{"link_name":"Alan Paton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Paton"},{"link_name":"Cry, The Beloved Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry,_The_Beloved_Country"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrb2019a-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bl_2015-3"},{"link_name":"Barry Ronge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Ronge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"CNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNA_(bookstore)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st2020-6"},{"link_name":"Edcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edcon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st2020-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jrb2021-1"}],"text":"Originally established in 1989, the Alan Paton Award was conferred annually for meritorious works of non-fiction. It aimed to reward books presenting \"the illumination of truthfulness, especially those forms of it that are new, delicate, unfashionable and fly in the face of power,\" and demonstrating \"compassion, elegance of writing, and intellectual and moral integrity.\"[2] The award was named for Alan Paton, the famous South African author of Cry, The Beloved Country (1948).In 2001, a companion award for fiction was established, the Sunday Times Fiction Prize. The criteria stipulate that the winning novel should be one of \"rare imagination and style... a tale so compelling as to become an enduring landmark of contemporary fiction.\"[2] The prize was restructured in 2015 when fiction and non-fiction awards were brought together as the Sunday Times Literary Awards; the money for each prize was increased, from R75 000 to R100 000,[3] and the Fiction Prize was renamed the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize in honour of Barry Ronge, a renowned South African journalist who was one of the founders of the awards.[4]In 2020, there was a one-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[5] However, the awards recommenced in 2021 with a new sponsor, CNA, a South African retail chain of stationery shops, and are now known as the Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards.[6] This sponsorship arrangement followed the acquisition of CNA from \"embattled\" parent company Edcon in February 2020.[6] In 2021, books published between 1 December 2018 and 1 December 2020 were eligible.[1]","title":"History of the Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fiction winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-fiction winners"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Marguerite Poland and Andrew Harding win the 2021 Sunday Times/CNA Literary Awards\". The Johannesburg Review of Books. 15 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2021/09/15/the-jrb-daily-marguerite-poland-and-andrew-harding-win-the-2021-sunday-times-cna-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Marguerite Poland and Andrew Harding win the 2021 Sunday Times/CNA Literary Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johannesburg_Review_of_Books","url_text":"The Johannesburg Review of Books"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards longlists announced\". The Johannesburg Review of Books. 22 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/04/22/the-jrb-daily-2019-sunday-times-literary-awards-longlists-announced/","url_text":"\"2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards longlists announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Claire Robertson and Max du Preez Win the 2014 Sunday Times Literary Awards\". Books Live. Retrieved 8 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/06/28/claire-robertson-and-max-du-preez-win-the-2014-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Claire Robertson and Max du Preez Win the 2014 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barry Ronge Receives a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sunday Times\". Sunday Times Books LIVE @ Sunday Times Books LIVE. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/06/30/barry-ronge-receives-a-lifetime-achievement-award-from-the-sunday-times/","url_text":"\"Barry Ronge Receives a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sunday Times\""}]},{"reference":"Platt, Jennifer (29 November 2020). \"'How good it is for the species that we still care about books'\". Books Live.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2020-11-29-how-good-it-is-for-the-species-that-we-still-care-about-books2/","url_text":"\"'How good it is for the species that we still care about books'\""}]},{"reference":"De Villiers, Mila (1 November 2023). \"Here are the winners of the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards in partnership with Exclusive Books\". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/news/2023-11-01-here-are-the-winners-of-the-2023-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Here are the winners of the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards in partnership with Exclusive Books\""}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, Kuhelika (20 November 2023). \"C.A. Davids and Bulelwa Mabasa Win the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards\". Brittle Paper. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://brittlepaper.com/2023/11/c-a-davids-and-bulelwa-mabasa-win-the-2023-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"C.A. Davids and Bulelwa Mabasa Win the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Platt, Jennifer. \"The 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlist\". Sunday Times. Times Live.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/news/2023-09-24-the-2023-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, Kuhelika. \"Shortlists for the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards are Out!\". Brittle Paper. Retrieved 18 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://brittlepaper.com/2023/10/the-shortlists-for-the-2023-sunday-times-literary-awards-are-out/","url_text":"\"Shortlists for the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards are Out!\""}]},{"reference":"Platt, Jennifer (4 September 2022). \"The 2022 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlist\". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/news/2022-09-04-the-2022-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2022 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winners of the 2022 Sunday Times Literary Awards announced\". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/news/2022-10-27-winners-of-the-2022-sunday-times-literary-awards-announced/","url_text":"\"Winners of the 2022 Sunday Times Literary Awards announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Sunday Times/CNA Literary Awards shortlists announced\". The Johannesburg Review of Books. 7 June 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2021/06/07/the-jrb-daily-2021-sunday-times-cna-literary-awards-shortlists-announced/","url_text":"\"2021 Sunday Times/CNA Literary Awards shortlists announced\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Ben (6 September 2019). \"Terry Kurgan and Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu win the 2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards\". The Johannesburg Review of Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/09/06/the-jrb-daily-terry-kurgan-and-siphiwe-gloria-ndlovu-win-the-2019-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Terry Kurgan and Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu win the 2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlists announced—celebrating 'the best of South African non-fiction and fiction'\". The Johannesburg Review of Books. 21 July 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/07/21/the-jrb-daily-2019-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlists-announced-celebrating-the-best-of-south-african-non-fiction-and-fiction/","url_text":"\"2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlists announced—celebrating 'the best of South African non-fiction and fiction'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Johannesburg_Review_of_Books","url_text":"The Johannesburg Review of Books"}]},{"reference":"Malec, Jennifer (24 June 2018). \"Harry Kalmer and Bongani Ngqulunga win Sunday Times Literary Awards\". The Johannesburg Review of Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/06/24/the-jrb-daily-harry-kalmer-and-bongani-ngqulunga-win-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Harry Kalmer and Bongani Ngqulunga win Sunday Times Literary Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Malec, Jennifer (14 May 2018). \"2018 Barry Ronge Fiction Prize shortlist announced\". The Johannesburg Review of Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/05/14/the-jrb-daily-2018-barry-ronge-fiction-prize-shortlist-announced/","url_text":"\"2018 Barry Ronge Fiction Prize shortlist announced\""}]},{"reference":"Malec, Jennifer (25 June 2017). \"Zakes Mda and Greg Marinovich win Sunday Times Literary Awards\". The Johannesburg Review of Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/06/25/the-jrb-daily-zakes-mda-and-greg-marinovich-win-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Zakes Mda and Greg Marinovich win Sunday Times Literary Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Malec, Jennifer (25 June 2016). \"Pumla Dineo Gqola and Nkosinathi Sithole win the 2016 Sunday Times Literary Awards\". Books Live. Retrieved 26 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/06/25/pumla-dineo-gqola-and-nkosinathi-sithole-win-the-2016-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Pumla Dineo Gqola and Nkosinathi Sithole win the 2016 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2016 Sunday Times Barry Ronge Fiction Prize shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. 14 May 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/05/14/the-2016-sunday-times-barry-ronge-fiction-prize-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2016 Sunday Times Barry Ronge Fiction Prize shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"Jennifer (27 June 2015). \"Damon Galgut and Jacob Dlamini Win the 2015 Sunday Times Literary Awards\". Books Live. Retrieved 28 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/06/27/damon-galgut-and-jacob-dlamini-win-the-2015-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Damon Galgut and Jacob Dlamini Win the 2015 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2015 Sunday Times Barry Ronge Fiction Prize Shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. 16 May 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/05/16/the-2015-sunday-times-barry-ronge-fiction-prize-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2015 Sunday Times Barry Ronge Fiction Prize Shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Tymon (9 May 2014). \"'Exceptional books' make the 2014 shortlists\". Sunday Times. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2014-05-19-exceptional-books-make-the-2014-shortlists/","url_text":"\"'Exceptional books' make the 2014 shortlists\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2013 Sunday Times Literary Awards in association with CNA shortlist announcement\". LitNet. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.litnet.co.za/the-2013-isunday-timesi-literary-awards-in-association-with-cna-shortlist-announcement/","url_text":"\"The 2013 Sunday Times Literary Awards in association with CNA shortlist announcement\""}]},{"reference":"Andile Ndlovu (22 June 2012). \"Witty Heyns wins award\". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeslive.co.za/news/2012/06/22/witty-heyns-wins-award","url_text":"\"Witty Heyns wins award\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2012 Sunday Times Fiction Prize Shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2012/05/12/the-2012-sunday-times-fiction-prize-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2012 Sunday Times Fiction Prize Shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"Chris (27 June 2011). \"Sifiso Mzobe Honoured with 2011 Sunday Times Fiction Prize\". Books Live. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nb.bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/06/27/sifiso-mzobe-honoured-with-2011-sunday-times-fiction-prize/","url_text":"\"Sifiso Mzobe Honoured with 2011 Sunday Times Fiction Prize\""}]},{"reference":"Ben (14 May 2011). \"The 2011 Sunday Times Fiction Award Shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/05/14/the-2011-sunday-times-fiction-award-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2011 Sunday Times Fiction Award Shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"Ben (24 July 2010). \"Imraan Coovadia and Albie Sachs Win the Sunday Times Literary Awards\". Books Live. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101120014145/http://book.co.za/blog/2010/07/24/imraan-coovadia-and-albie-sachs-win-the-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Imraan Coovadia and Albie Sachs Win the Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"url":"http://book.co.za/blog/2010/07/24/imraan-coovadia-and-albie-sachs-win-the-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sunday Times Literary Awards 2010 shortlists\". Sunday Times. 6 June 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-05-the-sunday-times-literary-awards-2010-shortlists/","url_text":"\"The Sunday Times Literary Awards 2010 shortlists\""}]},{"reference":"Jani (11 August 2009). \"Sunday Times Literary Awards Wrap Up\". Sunday Times | Books Live.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2009/08/11/sunday-times-literary-awards-wrap-up/","url_text":"\"Sunday Times Literary Awards Wrap Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Sunday Times Literary Awards Shortlists\". Sunday Times Books. 3 June 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2009/06/03/2009-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlists/","url_text":"\"2009 Sunday Times Literary Awards Shortlists\""}]},{"reference":"Ben (2 August 2008). \"Dovey, Gevisser Win the 2008 Sunday Times Literary Awards\". Books Live | Sunday Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2008/08/02/dovey-gevisser-win-the-2008-sunday-times-literary-awards/","url_text":"\"Dovey, Gevisser Win the 2008 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunday Times Literary Awards 2008 Shortlist announced for the Sunday Times Fiction Prize and Alan Paton Award for Non-Fiction 2008\". Media Update. 5 June 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/10563/sunday-times-literary-awards-2008-shortlist-announced-for-the-sunday-times-fiction-prize-and-alan-paton-award-for-non-fiction-2008","url_text":"\"Sunday Times Literary Awards 2008 Shortlist announced for the Sunday Times Fiction Prize and Alan Paton Award for Non-Fiction 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Ben (17 June 2007). \"Marlene van Niekerk and Michiel Heyns Win the Sunday Times Fiction Prize\". Sunday Times Books. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2007/06/17/marlene-van-niekerk-and-michiel-heyns-win-the-sunday-times-fiction-prize/","url_text":"\"Marlene van Niekerk and Michiel Heyns Win the Sunday Times Fiction Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"The year of the book\". The Mail & Guardian. 26 January 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2006-01-26-the-year-of-book/","url_text":"\"The year of the book\""}]},{"reference":"\"Previous winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize\". The Sunday Times. 4 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608","url_text":"\"Previous winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize\""},{"url":"http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Two Aids books win Alan Paton award\". The Mail & Guardian. 18 June 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2006-06-18-two-aids-books-win-alan-paton-award/","url_text":"\"Two Aids books win Alan Paton award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Limitless is the world of make-believe\". The Mail & Guardian. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2006-05-12-limitless-is-the-world-of-makebelieve/","url_text":"\"Limitless is the world of make-believe\""}]},{"reference":"Malec, Jennifer (14 May 2018). \"2018 Alan Paton Award for Non-fiction shortlist announced\". The Johannesburg Review of Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/05/14/the-jrb-daily-2018-alan-paton-award-for-non-fiction-shortlist-announced/","url_text":"\"2018 Alan Paton Award for Non-fiction shortlist announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2016 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/05/14/the-2016-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2016 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2015 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/05/16/the-2015-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2015 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2014 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/05/17/the-2014-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2014 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2013 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2013/05/18/the-2013-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2013 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2012 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. 12 May 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2012/05/12/the-2012-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2012 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2011 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/05/14/the-2011-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","url_text":"\"The 2011 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309153301/http://bundureviews.bundublog.com/2009/08/04/sunday-times-literary-award-winners","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://bundureviews.bundublog.com/2009/08/04/sunday-times-literary-award-winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Buhlungu, Sakhela (24 June 2008). \"A paltry shortlist\". The Mail & Guardian. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mg.co.za/article/2008-06-24-a-paltry-shortlist/","url_text":"\"A paltry shortlist\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Sunday Times Literary Awards Shortlists\". Sunday Times Books. 4 June 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2008/06/04/2008-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlists/","url_text":"\"2008 Sunday Times Literary Awards Shortlists\""}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\". Sunday Times Books. 3 May 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2007/05/03/2007-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","url_text":"\"2007 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2021/09/15/the-jrb-daily-marguerite-poland-and-andrew-harding-win-the-2021-sunday-times-cna-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Marguerite Poland and Andrew Harding win the 2021 Sunday Times/CNA Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/04/22/the-jrb-daily-2019-sunday-times-literary-awards-longlists-announced/","external_links_name":"\"2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards longlists announced\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/06/28/claire-robertson-and-max-du-preez-win-the-2014-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Claire Robertson and Max du Preez Win the 2014 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/06/30/barry-ronge-receives-a-lifetime-achievement-award-from-the-sunday-times/","external_links_name":"\"Barry Ronge Receives a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sunday Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2020-11-29-how-good-it-is-for-the-species-that-we-still-care-about-books2/","external_links_name":"\"'How good it is for the species that we still care about books'\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/news/2020-11-15-submissions-for-2021-sunday-times-cna-literary-awards-now-open/","external_links_name":"Submissions for 2021 Sunday Times CNA Literary Awards now open\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/news/2023-11-01-here-are-the-winners-of-the-2023-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Here are the winners of the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards in partnership with Exclusive Books\""},{"Link":"https://brittlepaper.com/2023/11/c-a-davids-and-bulelwa-mabasa-win-the-2023-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"C.A. Davids and Bulelwa Mabasa Win the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/news/2023-09-24-the-2023-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlist\""},{"Link":"https://brittlepaper.com/2023/10/the-shortlists-for-the-2023-sunday-times-literary-awards-are-out/","external_links_name":"\"Shortlists for the 2023 Sunday Times Literary Awards are Out!\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/news/2022-09-04-the-2022-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2022 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlist\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/books/news/2022-10-27-winners-of-the-2022-sunday-times-literary-awards-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Winners of the 2022 Sunday Times Literary Awards announced\""},{"Link":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2021/06/07/the-jrb-daily-2021-sunday-times-cna-literary-awards-shortlists-announced/","external_links_name":"\"2021 Sunday Times/CNA Literary Awards shortlists announced\""},{"Link":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/09/06/the-jrb-daily-terry-kurgan-and-siphiwe-gloria-ndlovu-win-the-2019-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Terry Kurgan and Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu win the 2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/07/21/the-jrb-daily-2019-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlists-announced-celebrating-the-best-of-south-african-non-fiction-and-fiction/","external_links_name":"\"2019 Sunday Times Literary Awards shortlists announced—celebrating 'the best of South African non-fiction and fiction'\""},{"Link":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/06/24/the-jrb-daily-harry-kalmer-and-bongani-ngqulunga-win-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Harry Kalmer and Bongani Ngqulunga win Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/05/14/the-jrb-daily-2018-barry-ronge-fiction-prize-shortlist-announced/","external_links_name":"\"2018 Barry Ronge Fiction Prize shortlist announced\""},{"Link":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2017/06/25/the-jrb-daily-zakes-mda-and-greg-marinovich-win-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Zakes Mda and Greg Marinovich win Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/06/25/pumla-dineo-gqola-and-nkosinathi-sithole-win-the-2016-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Pumla Dineo Gqola and Nkosinathi Sithole win the 2016 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/05/14/the-2016-sunday-times-barry-ronge-fiction-prize-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2016 Sunday Times Barry Ronge Fiction Prize shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/06/27/damon-galgut-and-jacob-dlamini-win-the-2015-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Damon Galgut and Jacob Dlamini Win the 2015 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/05/16/the-2015-sunday-times-barry-ronge-fiction-prize-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2015 Sunday Times Barry Ronge Fiction Prize Shortlist\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2014-05-19-exceptional-books-make-the-2014-shortlists/","external_links_name":"\"'Exceptional books' make the 2014 shortlists\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2013/06/29/karen-jayes-wins-the-sunday-times-fiction-prize-for-for-the-mercy-of-water/","external_links_name":"Karen Jayes Wins the Sunday Times Fiction Prize for For the Mercy of Water\""},{"Link":"https://www.litnet.co.za/the-2013-isunday-timesi-literary-awards-in-association-with-cna-shortlist-announcement/","external_links_name":"\"The 2013 Sunday Times Literary Awards in association with CNA shortlist announcement\""},{"Link":"http://www.timeslive.co.za/news/2012/06/22/witty-heyns-wins-award","external_links_name":"\"Witty Heyns wins award\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2012/05/12/the-2012-sunday-times-fiction-prize-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2012 Sunday Times Fiction Prize Shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://nb.bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/06/27/sifiso-mzobe-honoured-with-2011-sunday-times-fiction-prize/","external_links_name":"\"Sifiso Mzobe Honoured with 2011 Sunday Times Fiction Prize\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/05/14/the-2011-sunday-times-fiction-award-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2011 Sunday Times Fiction Award Shortlist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101120014145/http://book.co.za/blog/2010/07/24/imraan-coovadia-and-albie-sachs-win-the-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Imraan Coovadia and Albie Sachs Win the Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"http://book.co.za/blog/2010/07/24/imraan-coovadia-and-albie-sachs-win-the-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2010-06-05-the-sunday-times-literary-awards-2010-shortlists/","external_links_name":"\"The Sunday Times Literary Awards 2010 shortlists\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2009/08/11/sunday-times-literary-awards-wrap-up/","external_links_name":"\"Sunday Times Literary Awards Wrap Up\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2009/06/03/2009-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlists/","external_links_name":"\"2009 Sunday Times Literary Awards Shortlists\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2008/08/02/dovey-gevisser-win-the-2008-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Dovey, Gevisser Win the 2008 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/10563/sunday-times-literary-awards-2008-shortlist-announced-for-the-sunday-times-fiction-prize-and-alan-paton-award-for-non-fiction-2008","external_links_name":"\"Sunday Times Literary Awards 2008 Shortlist announced for the Sunday Times Fiction Prize and Alan Paton Award for Non-Fiction 2008\""},{"Link":"http://blakefriedmann.co.uk/marlene-van-niekerk/","external_links_name":"\"Marlene van Niekerk\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2007/06/17/marlene-van-niekerk-and-michiel-heyns-win-the-sunday-times-fiction-prize/","external_links_name":"\"Marlene van Niekerk and Michiel Heyns Win the Sunday Times Fiction Prize\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2006-01-26-the-year-of-book/","external_links_name":"\"The year of the book\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226215141/http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608","external_links_name":"\"Previous winners of the Alan Paton Award and the Sunday Times Fiction Prize\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetimes.co.za/SpecialReports/BookAwards/Article.aspx?id=482608","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2006-06-18-two-aids-books-win-alan-paton-award/","external_links_name":"\"Two Aids books win Alan Paton award\""},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2006-05-12-limitless-is-the-world-of-makebelieve/","external_links_name":"\"Limitless is the world of make-believe\""},{"Link":"https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/05/14/the-jrb-daily-2018-alan-paton-award-for-non-fiction-shortlist-announced/","external_links_name":"\"2018 Alan Paton Award for Non-fiction shortlist announced\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/05/14/the-2016-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2016 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2015/05/16/the-2015-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2015 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/05/17/the-2014-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2014 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2013/06/29/redi-tlhabi-wins-the-2013-alan-paton-award-for-endings-and-beginnings/","external_links_name":"\"Redi Tlhabi Wins the 2013 Alan Paton Award for Endings and Beginnings\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2013/05/18/the-2013-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2013 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2012/06/21/michiel-heyns-and-hugh-lewin-win-the-2012-sunday-times-literary-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Michiel Heyns and Hugh Lewin Win the 2012 Sunday Times Literary Awards\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2012/05/12/the-2012-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2012 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/05/14/the-2011-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"The 2011 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160309153301/http://bundureviews.bundublog.com/2009/08/04/sunday-times-literary-award-winners","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://bundureviews.bundublog.com/2009/08/04/sunday-times-literary-award-winners/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mg.co.za/article/2008-06-24-a-paltry-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"A paltry shortlist\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2008/06/04/2008-sunday-times-literary-awards-shortlists/","external_links_name":"\"2008 Sunday Times Literary Awards Shortlists\""},{"Link":"https://www.litnet.co.za/sunday-times-alan-paton-award-2007-ivan-vladslavi-263-for-i-portra/","external_links_name":"Sunday Times Alan Paton Award 2007: Ivan Vladslavić for Portrait with Keys\""},{"Link":"http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2007/05/03/2007-sunday-times-alan-paton-award-shortlist/","external_links_name":"\"2007 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award Shortlist\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hole_in_the_Head
A Hole in the Head
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Broadway play","4 Production","5 Release","6 Accolades","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
1959 film by Frank Capra This article is about the 1959 film. For the Sugababes song, see Hole in the Head. A Hole in the HeadDirected byFrank CapraScreenplay byArnold SchulmanBased onA Hole in the Head1957 playby Arnold SchulmanProduced byFrank CapraStarringFrank SinatraEdward G. Robinson Eleanor Parker Keenan Wynn Carolyn Jones Thelma Ritter Dub Taylor Ruby Dandridge Joi Lansing Eddie HodgesCinematographyWilliam H. DanielsEdited byWilliam HornbeckMusic byNelson RiddleDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date July 15, 1959 (1959-07-15) Running time120 minCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$5.2 million (est. US/ Canada rentals) A Hole in the Head (1959) is a DeLuxe Color American comedy film, shown in CinemaScope, directed by Frank Capra, featuring Frank Sinatra, Edward G. Robinson, Eleanor Parker, Keenan Wynn, Carolyn Jones, Thelma Ritter, Dub Taylor, Ruby Dandridge, Eddie Hodges, and Joi Lansing, and released by United Artists. It was based upon the play of the same name by Arnold Schulman. The film introduced the song "High Hopes" by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen, a Sinatra standard used as a campaign song by John F. Kennedy during the presidential election the following year. Sinatra portrays a lowlife dreamer named Tony whose old friend Jerry Marks, now a rich man, expresses interest in his plan to build a Disneyland in Florida (the film predates Walt Disney World by 12 years)—until Jerry notices that Tony seems too desperate when the latter cheers for a dog upon which he's bet heavily. The movie ends with Tony, his lady friend Eloise, and his son Ally singing "High Hopes" on the beach. Sinatra sings "All My Tomorrows," another Cahn/Van Heusen song, under the opening titles. Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "High Hopes". Plot Tony Manetta moved from the shabby area of the Bronx, New York to Miami, Florida with two friends, searching for wealth and success. One friend became prosperous over the next 20 years (owning luxury hotels) and is a promoter, while his younger friend drives a local taxi. Tony manages a small hotel called Garden of Eden. He grew up poor but spoiled, spending money on expensive suits and a Cadillac despite always being in debt and refusing to become more responsible. He is also a widowed father of an 11-year-old son named Alvin (nicknamed Ally). In debt, the rent five months in arrears, Tony is given 48 hours by his landlord, Abe Diamond, to raise $5,300 or else lose the hotel. In desperation, Tony calls his older brother Mario, who owns and operates a clothing store and has already loaned Tony money multiple times. Tony lies and says he needs a loan because Ally is ill. Mario and wife Sophie promptly fly from New York City to Miami and discover the truth. In Mario's eyes, Tony is a bum who wastes money on fanciful dreams rather than honest, hard work. He agrees to stake Tony the funds but only for a sensible small business, not dreams of fancy hotels or casinos. Mario also sets him up with Eloise Rogers, a widow and an acquaintance of Sophie, who is considered a more appropriate companion for Tony than his current girlfriend, Shirl. To his surprise, Tony is impressed with Eloise. Ally also takes an immediate liking to her. Mario offends her, however, with prying questions about her late husband's will and finances, causing Tony to confess why they were introduced. Eloise reveals to Tony that, having lost both her husband and son, she appreciates the notion of being with someone who needs her. The old childhood pal, Jerry Marks, now a wealthy promoter, invites Tony to a party. Pretending to be prosperous, Tony explains his scheme to buy land in Florida and open a second Disneyland there. Jerry seems interested in being his partner again. He takes Tony to a greyhound racing track, where Tony uses the $500 he earned from selling his Cadillac to match Jerry's large bet. His dog wins, but he lets it ride in the next race on a dog called Lucky Ally. The obvious desperation in Tony's voice as he roots for the dog to win indicates to Jerry that he is not a man of means. Jerry chastises him afterwards and tries to brush him off by insultingly handing him some cash. When Tony throws the cash handout back in Jerry's face, Tony is punched by one of Jerry's bodyguards. Literally a beaten man, Tony decides it would be best if Ally lived in New York with Mario and Sophie, telling the unconvinced boy that he is unwanted. Tony goes off to the beach by himself, but Ally finds him, and soon Eloise happily joins them. Mario and Sophie decide to take a long overdue vacation. Cast Frank Sinatra as Tony Manetta Edward G. Robinson as Mario Manetta Eleanor Parker as Eloise Rogers Carolyn Jones as Shirl Thelma Ritter as Sophie Manetta Keenan Wynn as Jerry Marks Joi Lansing as Dorine Eddie Hodges as Alvin "Ally" Manetta Joyce Nizzari as Alice Dub Taylor as Fred Benny Rubin as Abe Diamond Ruby Dandridge as Sally James Komack as Julius Manetta Connie Sawyer as Miss Wexler Emory Parnell as Sheriff (uncredited) Broadway play The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name by Arnold Schulman. It debuted at the Plymouth Theatre on Broadway on February 28, 1957, and featured actor Paul Douglas in the lead role. The play earned a Tony Award for Boris Aronson in 1958 for Best Scenic Design. On July 13, 1957, the show closed after a total of 156 performances. Sinatra's agent, Bert Allenberg, bought the film rights for $200,000 plus 5% of the profits. The play/film was re-adapted a decade later as the Broadway musical Golden Rainbow, a theatrical vehicle for Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme. The play had originated as a one-act play titled "The Dragon's Head", written by Schulman during Robert Anderson's playwriting course of the American Theatre Wing in 1949. It was expanded and staged by the Theatre Guild in Westport, Connecticut under the name My Fiddle Has Three Strings. Schulman wrote a new version titled The Hearts of Forgotten Hotel and shortened it to a one-hour version, which was broadcast as part of the Playwrights '56 anthology television series in 1955. The show drew the attention of Garson Kanin, who asked Schulman to convert it for Broadway. Production The screenplay was adapted by Schulman, whose father was the operator of a hotel in Miami, Florida, like the protagonist of A Hole in the Head. The actual hotel used for the exterior shots was the Cardozo Hotel, located on Miami Beach's Ocean Drive. Shot over 40 days from 10 November 1958 to 9 January 1959, the film did not enjoy a smooth production, particularly during the location filming at Miami Beach. Sinatra's relations with the press were problematic, with the media concentrating on anti-Sinatra rumors. Aided by William Daniels, Capra completed the film 80 days ahead of schedule, partly the result of his shooting very long takes, knowing of Sinatra's famed antipathy for doing a scene more than once. Its final production cost of $1.89 million was under the allotted budget. Release The film opened on June 17, 1959. Although having some positive reviews, the film was a modest box-office success, earning theatrical rentals of $5.2 million in the United States and Canada. Schulman wrote a novel based on the film containing additional material. Accolades The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: "High Hopes" – Nominated See also List of American films of 1959 References ^ a b "1959: Probable Domestic Take". Variety. January 6, 1960. p. 34. ^ Arneel, Gene (May 20, 1959). "Film Reviews: A Hole in the Head". Variety. p. 6. Retrieved January 7, 2021 – via Archive.org. ^ Harrison's Reports film review; May 23, 1959, page 83. ^ John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d O'Brien, D. The Frank Sinatra Film Guide, Butler & Tanner, London. ISBN 0-7134-8418-7 ^ Broadway play info ^ Time magazine article from 1957 ^ a b c "'Hole in the Head,' Born 10 Yrs. Ago, Earns Author Arnold Schulman $300,000". Variety. May 6, 1959. p. 1. Retrieved January 7, 2021 – via Archive.org. ^ A Hole in the Head at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs Nominees" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-07-30. External links A Hole in the Head at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films A Hole in the Head at AllMovie A Hole in the Head at IMDb A Hole in the Head at the TCM Movie Database Tribute Site vteFrank Capra Filmography Films directed Fultah Fisher's Boarding House (1922) The Strong Man (1926) Long Pants (1927) For the Love of Mike (1927) That Certain Thing (1928) So This Is Love? (1928) The Matinee Idol (1928) The Way of the Strong (1928) Say It with Sables (1928) The Power of the Press (1928) Submarine (1928) The Younger Generation (1929) The Donovan Affair (1929) Flight (1929) Ladies of Leisure (1930) Rain or Shine (1930) Dirigible (1931) The Miracle Woman (1931) Platinum Blonde (1931) Forbidden (1932) American Madness (1932) The Bitter Tea of General Yen (1933) Lady for a Day (1933) It Happened One Night (1934) Broadway Bill (1934) Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (1936) Lost Horizon (1937) You Can't Take It with You (1938) Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) Meet John Doe (1941) Arsenic and Old Lace (1944) It's a Wonderful Life (1946) State of the Union (1948) Riding High (1950) Here Comes the Groom (1951) A Hole in the Head (1959) Pocketful of Miracles (1961) Why We Fight series Prelude to War (1942) The Nazis Strike (1943) Divide and Conquer (1943) The Battle of Britain (1943) The Battle of Russia (1943) The Battle of China (1944) War Comes to America (1945) Other works Know Your Enemy: Japan Here Is Germany Tunisian Victory Your Job in Germany Two Down and One to Go The Negro Soldier Army–Navy Screen Magazine The Fallbrook Story The Bell System Science Series Our Mr. Sun Hemo the Magnificent Rendezvous in Space Related Bibliography Liberty Films Frank Capra Jr. (son) Five Came Back (2017 documentary) Frank Capra: Mr. America (2023 documentary) Robert Riskin
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hole in the Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_in_the_Head"},{"link_name":"DeLuxe Color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLuxe_Color"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"CinemaScope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScope"},{"link_name":"Frank Capra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capra"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Edward G. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Parker"},{"link_name":"Keenan Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenan_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Jones"},{"link_name":"Thelma Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Ritter"},{"link_name":"Dub Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Ruby Dandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Dandridge"},{"link_name":"Eddie Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Hodges"},{"link_name":"Joi Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joi_Lansing"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVrev-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRrev-3"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schulman"},{"link_name":"High Hopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Hopes_(1959_song)"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Van Heusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Heusen"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_World"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Van Heusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Van_Heusen"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"High Hopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Hopes_(Frank_Sinatra_song)"}],"text":"This article is about the 1959 film. For the Sugababes song, see Hole in the Head.A Hole in the Head (1959) is a DeLuxe Color American comedy film, shown in CinemaScope, directed by Frank Capra, featuring Frank Sinatra, Edward G. Robinson, Eleanor Parker, Keenan Wynn, Carolyn Jones, Thelma Ritter, Dub Taylor, Ruby Dandridge, Eddie Hodges, and Joi Lansing, and released by United Artists.[2][3] It was based upon the play of the same name by Arnold Schulman.The film introduced the song \"High Hopes\" by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen, a Sinatra standard used as a campaign song by John F. Kennedy during the presidential election the following year.[4] Sinatra portrays a lowlife dreamer named Tony whose old friend Jerry Marks, now a rich man, expresses interest in his plan to build a Disneyland in Florida (the film predates Walt Disney World by 12 years)—until Jerry notices that Tony seems too desperate when the latter cheers for a dog upon which he's bet heavily. The movie ends with Tony, his lady friend Eloise, and his son Ally singing \"High Hopes\" on the beach. Sinatra sings \"All My Tomorrows,\" another Cahn/Van Heusen song, under the opening titles.Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for \"High Hopes\".","title":"A Hole in the Head"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"greyhound racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_racing"}],"text":"Tony Manetta moved from the shabby area of the Bronx, New York to Miami, Florida with two friends, searching for wealth and success. One friend became prosperous over the next 20 years (owning luxury hotels) and is a promoter, while his younger friend drives a local taxi. Tony manages a small hotel called Garden of Eden. He grew up poor but spoiled, spending money on expensive suits and a Cadillac despite always being in debt and refusing to become more responsible. He is also a widowed father of an 11-year-old son named Alvin (nicknamed Ally).In debt, the rent five months in arrears, Tony is given 48 hours by his landlord, Abe Diamond, to raise $5,300 or else lose the hotel. In desperation, Tony calls his older brother Mario, who owns and operates a clothing store and has already loaned Tony money multiple times. Tony lies and says he needs a loan because Ally is ill. Mario and wife Sophie promptly fly from New York City to Miami and discover the truth.In Mario's eyes, Tony is a bum who wastes money on fanciful dreams rather than honest, hard work. He agrees to stake Tony the funds but only for a sensible small business, not dreams of fancy hotels or casinos. Mario also sets him up with Eloise Rogers, a widow and an acquaintance of Sophie, who is considered a more appropriate companion for Tony than his current girlfriend, Shirl.To his surprise, Tony is impressed with Eloise. Ally also takes an immediate liking to her. Mario offends her, however, with prying questions about her late husband's will and finances, causing Tony to confess why they were introduced. Eloise reveals to Tony that, having lost both her husband and son, she appreciates the notion of being with someone who needs her.The old childhood pal, Jerry Marks, now a wealthy promoter, invites Tony to a party. Pretending to be prosperous, Tony explains his scheme to buy land in Florida and open a second Disneyland there. Jerry seems interested in being his partner again.He takes Tony to a greyhound racing track, where Tony uses the $500 he earned from selling his Cadillac to match Jerry's large bet. His dog wins, but he lets it ride in the next race on a dog called Lucky Ally. The obvious desperation in Tony's voice as he roots for the dog to win indicates to Jerry that he is not a man of means. Jerry chastises him afterwards and tries to brush him off by insultingly handing him some cash. When Tony throws the cash handout back in Jerry's face, Tony is punched by one of Jerry's bodyguards.Literally a beaten man, Tony decides it would be best if Ally lived in New York with Mario and Sophie, telling the unconvinced boy that he is unwanted. Tony goes off to the beach by himself, but Ally finds him, and soon Eloise happily joins them. Mario and Sophie decide to take a long overdue vacation.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Edward G. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Parker"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Jones"},{"link_name":"Thelma Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Ritter"},{"link_name":"Keenan Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keenan_Wynn"},{"link_name":"Joi Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joi_Lansing"},{"link_name":"Eddie Hodges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Hodges"},{"link_name":"Joyce Nizzari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Nizzari"},{"link_name":"Dub Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Benny Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Rubin"},{"link_name":"Ruby Dandridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Dandridge"},{"link_name":"James Komack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Komack"},{"link_name":"Connie Sawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Sawyer"},{"link_name":"Emory Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Parnell"}],"text":"Frank Sinatra as Tony Manetta\nEdward G. Robinson as Mario Manetta\nEleanor Parker as Eloise Rogers\nCarolyn Jones as Shirl\nThelma Ritter as Sophie Manetta\nKeenan Wynn as Jerry Marks\nJoi Lansing as Dorine\nEddie Hodges as Alvin \"Ally\" Manetta\nJoyce Nizzari as Alice\nDub Taylor as Fred\nBenny Rubin as Abe Diamond\nRuby Dandridge as Sally\nJames Komack as Julius Manetta\nConnie Sawyer as Miss Wexler\nEmory Parnell as Sheriff (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnold Schulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schulman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SinatraFilmGuide-5"},{"link_name":"Plymouth Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Schoenfeld_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Paul Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Douglas_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"film rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_rights"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SinatraFilmGuide-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-var-8"},{"link_name":"Golden Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rainbow_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Steve Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Eydie Gorme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eydie_Gorme"},{"link_name":"Robert Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"American Theatre Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theatre_Wing"},{"link_name":"Theatre Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Guild"},{"link_name":"Playwrights '56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwrights_%2756"},{"link_name":"Garson Kanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garson_Kanin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-var-8"}],"text":"The film was based on the Broadway play of the same name by Arnold Schulman.[5] It debuted at the Plymouth Theatre on Broadway on February 28, 1957, and featured actor Paul Douglas in the lead role. The play earned a Tony Award for Boris Aronson in 1958 for Best Scenic Design. On July 13, 1957, the show closed after a total of 156 performances.[6][7] Sinatra's agent, Bert Allenberg, bought the film rights for $200,000 plus 5% of the profits.[5][8]The play/film was re-adapted a decade later as the Broadway musical Golden Rainbow, a theatrical vehicle for Steve Lawrence and Eydie Gorme.The play had originated as a one-act play titled \"The Dragon's Head\", written by Schulman during Robert Anderson's playwriting course of the American Theatre Wing in 1949. It was expanded and staged by the Theatre Guild in Westport, Connecticut under the name My Fiddle Has Three Strings. Schulman wrote a new version titled The Hearts of Forgotten Hotel and shortened it to a one-hour version, which was broadcast as part of the Playwrights '56 anthology television series in 1955. The show drew the attention of Garson Kanin, who asked Schulman to convert it for Broadway.[9][8]","title":"Broadway play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SinatraFilmGuide-5"}],"text":"The screenplay was adapted by Schulman, whose father was the operator of a hotel in Miami, Florida, like the protagonist of A Hole in the Head. The actual hotel used for the exterior shots was the Cardozo Hotel, located on Miami Beach's Ocean Drive. Shot over 40 days from 10 November 1958 to 9 January 1959, the film did not enjoy a smooth production, particularly during the location filming at Miami Beach. Sinatra's relations with the press were problematic, with the media concentrating on anti-Sinatra rumors.[5]Aided by William Daniels, Capra completed the film 80 days ahead of schedule, partly the result of his shooting very long takes, knowing of Sinatra's famed antipathy for doing a scene more than once. Its final production cost of $1.89 million was under the allotted budget.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SinatraFilmGuide-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rentals-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-var-8"}],"text":"The film opened on June 17, 1959. Although having some positive reviews, the film was a modest box-office success, earning theatrical rentals of $5.2 million in the United States and Canada.[5][1]Schulman wrote a novel based on the film containing additional material.[8]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Songs"},{"link_name":"High Hopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Hopes_(Frank_Sinatra_song)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:\n\"High Hopes\" – Nominated[10]","title":"Accolades"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of American films of 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1959"}]
[{"reference":"\"1959: Probable Domestic Take\". Variety. January 6, 1960. p. 34.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Arneel, Gene (May 20, 1959). \"Film Reviews: A Hole in the Head\". Variety. p. 6. Retrieved January 7, 2021 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/variety214-1959-05#page/n149/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Film Reviews: A Hole in the Head\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"\"'Hole in the Head,' Born 10 Yrs. Ago, Earns Author Arnold Schulman $300,000\". Variety. May 6, 1959. p. 1. Retrieved January 7, 2021 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/variety214-1959-05#mode/1up","url_text":"\"'Hole in the Head,' Born 10 Yrs. Ago, Earns Author Arnold Schulman $300,000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"\"AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs Nominees\" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/songs400.pdf","url_text":"\"AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs Nominees\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/variety214-1959-05#page/n149/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Film Reviews: A Hole in the Head\""},{"Link":"http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/High+Hopes+Lyrics.htm","external_links_name":"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224121/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical%2BResources/Archives/Reference%2BDesk/High%2BHopes%2BLyrics.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=2619","external_links_name":"Broadway play info"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111019203618/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824754,00.html","external_links_name":"Time magazine article from 1957"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/variety214-1959-05#mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"'Hole in the Head,' Born 10 Yrs. Ago, Earns Author Arnold Schulman $300,000\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/52917","external_links_name":"A Hole in the Head"},{"Link":"http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/songs400.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs Nominees\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/52917","external_links_name":"A Hole in the Head"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v22713","external_links_name":"A Hole in the Head"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052896/","external_links_name":"A Hole in the Head"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/78187/enwp","external_links_name":"A Hole in the Head"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071014050107/http://aholeinthehead.com/","external_links_name":"Tribute Site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_Whale
People of the Whale
["1 Reception","2 References"]
First edition (publ. W. W. Norton) People of the Whale is a 2008 novel by Linda Hogan about a Native American man with a supernatural ability to breathe underwater who is forced to come to terms with his experiences in the Vietnam War. The novel draws on real-world conflicts over indigenous water rights. Hogan based the fictional A'atsika community in the novel on the Makah, who by treaty had been granted rights to hunt whales and seals in the Neah Bay region, but faced opposition from animal rights groups when they resumed hunting in 1999. Reception Kirkus Reviews called the novel "portentous and didactic", writing that it "excels, early on, in laying out tribal lore" but that "the abstract, preachy voice palls". References ^ Hogan, Linda. People of the Whale. W. W. Norton & Company, 2008. ISBN 978-0-393-33534-7 ^ Smith, Lindsey Claire; Holland, Trever Lee (2016). ""Beyond All Age": Indigenous Water Rights in Linda Hogan's Fiction". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 28 (2): 56–79. ISSN 1548-9590. ^ "People of the Whale". Kirkus Reviews. June 15, 2008.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Linda Hogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Hogan_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Makah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makah"},{"link_name":"Neah Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neah_Bay,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"People of the Whale[1] is a 2008 novel by Linda Hogan about a Native American man with a supernatural ability to breathe underwater who is forced to come to terms with his experiences in the Vietnam War.The novel draws on real-world conflicts over indigenous water rights. Hogan based the fictional A'atsika community in the novel on the Makah, who by treaty had been granted rights to hunt whales and seals in the Neah Bay region, but faced opposition from animal rights groups when they resumed hunting in 1999.[2]","title":"People of the Whale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kirkus Reviews called the novel \"portentous and didactic\", writing that it \"excels, early on, in laying out tribal lore\" but that \"the abstract, preachy voice palls\".[3]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"First edition (publ. W. W. Norton)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/PeopleOfTheWhale.jpg/220px-PeopleOfTheWhale.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Smith, Lindsey Claire; Holland, Trever Lee (2016). \"\"Beyond All Age\": Indigenous Water Rights in Linda Hogan's Fiction\". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 28 (2): 56–79. ISSN 1548-9590.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/628638","url_text":"\"\"Beyond All Age\": Indigenous Water Rights in Linda Hogan's Fiction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-9590","url_text":"1548-9590"}]},{"reference":"\"People of the Whale\". Kirkus Reviews. June 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/linda-hogan/people-of-the-whale/","url_text":"\"People of the Whale\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/628638","external_links_name":"\"\"Beyond All Age\": Indigenous Water Rights in Linda Hogan's Fiction\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1548-9590","external_links_name":"1548-9590"},{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/linda-hogan/people-of-the-whale/","external_links_name":"\"People of the Whale\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Christian_Jacobaeus
Hans Christian Jacobaeus
["1 The Jacobæus Prize","2 References"]
Hans Christian Jacobaeus. Hans Christian Jacobaeus (29 May 1879 – 29 October 1937) was a Swedish internist born in Skarhult. In 1916 he became a professor at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. From 1925 until his death in 1937, he was a member of the Nobel Prize Committee. Jacobaeus was an important figure in regards to modern laparoscopy and thoracoscopy. In 1910 he is credited with performing the first thoracoscopic diagnosis with a cystoscope, being used on a patient with tubercular intra-thoracic adhesions. In 1910, he published an article titled Über die Möglichkeit die Zystoskopie bei Untersuchung seröser Höhlungen anzuwenden (The Possibilities for Performing Cystoscopy in Examinations of Serous Cavities) in the journal Münchner Medizinischen Wochenschrift. He also did pioneer work involving abdominal endoscopy, which he called laparoscopy. The term "laparoscopy" was introduced into clinical medicine and is used up to now although Jacobaeus initially called the procedure "cystoscopy" of the serious cavities. He understood the possibilities, as well as the limitations of the procedure, and was an advocate of endoscopic training for medical personnel. He also stressed the need for specialized instruments for optimum performance during laparoscopic examinations. Jacobaeus' initial experience with abdominal endoscopy (laparoscopy) as described in Münch Med Wochenschr in 1910, was basically limited to the patients with ascites (17 patients), he reported only about two cases without ascites. In 1912, Jacobaeus published in Germany an extensive work on new technique - he gave an exact description of the patients' conditions and the 97 laparoscopies performed between 1910 and 1912 in Stockholm's community hospital. In 1901 Dresden physician Georg Kelling (1866–1945) performed a cystoscope-aided intervention of a dog's abdomen. Kelling also claimed to have performed two successful laparoscopic examinations on humans prior to Jacobaeus, but nonetheless failed to timely publish his experiences. Hans Christian Jacobaeus was the father of Christian Jacobæus, a Swedish electrical engineer. The Jacobæus Prize The Jacobæus Prize, (also known as the "Jacobaeus Prize") is regarded as a prestigious recognition within the field of medical research. It is an annual award given to individuals who have made significant contributions to the advancement of medical science, particularly in the areas of physiology or endocrinology. The prize was established to commemorate the legacy of Hans Christian Jacobæus, whose innovative work in the early 20th century laid the groundwork for minimally invasive surgery techniques. The award is sponsored by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. References ^ Bristol, University of. "March: jacobaeus-prize | News and features | University of Bristol". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-04-11. ^ "The Jacobæus Prize". Novo Nordisk Fonden. Retrieved 2024-04-11. Journal of Endourology Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of Human Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery History of Minimally Invasive Surgery Jacobaeus HC. Ueber die Möglichkeit die Zystokopie bei Untersuchung seröser Höhlungen anzuwenden. Münch Med Wochenschr. 1910; 57: 2090–2092 Jacobaeus HC. Über Laparo- und Thorakoskopie. Beitr Klin Tuberk. 1912; 25: 185–354 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Czech Republic 2 Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internist"},{"link_name":"Karolinska Institutet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_Institutet"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"},{"link_name":"laparoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopy"},{"link_name":"thoracoscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracoscopy"},{"link_name":"cystoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystoscope"},{"link_name":"tubercular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"endoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscope"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"Georg Kelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kelling"},{"link_name":"Christian Jacobæus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Jacob%C3%A6us"}],"text":"Hans Christian Jacobaeus (29 May 1879 – 29 October 1937) was a Swedish internist born in Skarhult.In 1916 he became a professor at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. From 1925 until his death in 1937, he was a member of the Nobel Prize Committee.Jacobaeus was an important figure in regards to modern laparoscopy and thoracoscopy. In 1910 he is credited with performing the first thoracoscopic diagnosis with a cystoscope, being used on a patient with tubercular intra-thoracic adhesions. In 1910, he published an article titled Über die Möglichkeit die Zystoskopie bei Untersuchung seröser Höhlungen anzuwenden (The Possibilities for Performing Cystoscopy in Examinations of Serous Cavities) in the journal Münchner Medizinischen Wochenschrift.He also did pioneer work involving abdominal endoscopy, which he called laparoscopy. The term \"laparoscopy\" was introduced into clinical medicine and is used up to now although Jacobaeus initially called the procedure \"cystoscopy\" of the serious cavities. He understood the possibilities, as well as the limitations of the procedure, and was an advocate of endoscopic training for medical personnel. He also stressed the need for specialized instruments for optimum performance during laparoscopic examinations. Jacobaeus' initial experience with abdominal endoscopy (laparoscopy) as described in Münch Med Wochenschr in 1910, was basically limited to the patients with ascites (17 patients), he reported only about two cases without ascites.In 1912, Jacobaeus published in Germany an extensive work on new technique - he gave an exact description of the patients' conditions and the 97 laparoscopies performed between 1910 and 1912 in Stockholm's community hospital.In 1901 Dresden physician Georg Kelling (1866–1945) performed a cystoscope-aided intervention of a dog's abdomen. Kelling also claimed to have performed two successful laparoscopic examinations on humans prior to Jacobaeus, but nonetheless failed to timely publish his experiences.Hans Christian Jacobaeus was the father of Christian Jacobæus, a Swedish electrical engineer.","title":"Hans Christian Jacobaeus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"medical science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_science"},{"link_name":"physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"endocrinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology"},{"link_name":"minimally invasive surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimally_invasive_procedure"},{"link_name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Nordisk_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Jacobæus Prize, (also known as the \"Jacobaeus Prize\") is regarded as a prestigious recognition within the field of medical research.[1] It is an annual award given to individuals who have made significant contributions to the advancement of medical science, particularly in the areas of physiology or endocrinology.The prize was established to commemorate the legacy of Hans Christian Jacobæus, whose innovative work in the early 20th century laid the groundwork for minimally invasive surgery techniques. The award is sponsored by the Novo Nordisk Foundation.[2]","title":"The Jacobæus Prize"}]
[{"image_text":"Hans Christian Jacobaeus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Jacbaeus.JPG/220px-Jacbaeus.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bristol, University of. \"March: jacobaeus-prize | News and features | University of Bristol\". www.bristol.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2022/march/jacobaeus-prize.html#:~:text=The%20Jacob%C3%A6us%20Prize%20was%20established,extraordinary%20achievements%20within%20medical%20research.","url_text":"\"March: jacobaeus-prize | News and features | University of Bristol\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Jacobæus Prize\". Novo Nordisk Fonden. Retrieved 2024-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/prizes/the-jacobaeus-prize/","url_text":"\"The Jacobæus Prize\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.bristol.ac.uk/news/2022/march/jacobaeus-prize.html#:~:text=The%20Jacob%C3%A6us%20Prize%20was%20established,extraordinary%20achievements%20within%20medical%20research.","external_links_name":"\"March: jacobaeus-prize | News and features | University of Bristol\""},{"Link":"https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/prizes/the-jacobaeus-prize/","external_links_name":"\"The Jacobæus Prize\""},{"Link":"http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/end.2006.20.848","external_links_name":"Journal of Endourology"},{"Link":"http://www.mssm.edu/departments-and-institutes/surgery/about-us/history","external_links_name":"Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000436593725","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/310509025","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbCHGFTh4HFyJ8v3TcHG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb171095376","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb171095376","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1055417354","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0107574&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0281024&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p174303114","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/260765287","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTBF_(AM)
WTBF (AM)
["1 History of Troy Broadcasting Corporation","2 WTBF programming through the years","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°50′07″N 85°55′58″W / 31.83528°N 85.93278°W / 31.83528; -85.93278For the FM radio station in Brundidge, Alabama, United States, see WTBF-FM. Radio station in Troy, AlabamaWTBFTroy, AlabamaFrequency970 kHzProgrammingFormatSportsAffiliationsInfinity Sports NetworkOwnershipOwnerTroy Broadcasting Corp.HistoryFirst air date1947Technical informationFacility ID68179ClassDPower5,000 watts (day)45 watts (night)Transmitter coordinates31°50′07″N 85°55′58″W / 31.83528°N 85.93278°W / 31.83528; -85.93278Translator(s)96.3 W242DA (Troy)LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitewtbfradio.com WTBF (970 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a sports format. Licensed to Troy, Alabama, United States, the station is currently owned by Troy Broadcasting Corp. and features programming from Infinity Sports Network. History of Troy Broadcasting Corporation WTBF began broadcasting in 1947. A classic example of a small town station, they played a wide variety of music during the day, from MOR to country music, even with an occasional Talk program. WTBF signed on at noon on February 25, 1947, with the roll of the timpani leading into "The Star-Spangled Banner", played by the Troy High School Band. That drum roll was played by the future Mrs. Ann Gilchrist (wife of owner Joe Gilchrist). The station was then signed on for the very first time by Samuel F. (Sam) Townsend, who in 1949 purchased AM radio station WCNU in Crestview, Florida and relocated there. The original calls were to be WTBC, for Troy Broadcasting Corporation, but those letters were already taken, so they settled on WTBF. For the first few years, WTBF was at 1490 on the dial, then moved down to 970 during the 1950s. Bob "Pappy" Tolbert, Jess Jordan, and Joe Gilchrist did wild morning shows before the genre was invented. Joe interviewed pigs who lived at the transmitter site; Pappy gave away junk records with crazy trivia questions. Birthdays, anniversaries, giveaways, obituaries, weather, local news (bake sales, gospel sings, barbecues, yard sales, etc.) are part of the Morning Show to this very day. On July 16, 1969, Joe Gilchrist did a live remote of the Apollo 11 launch from Cape Canaveral. The original tower was over 300 feet tall and was located directly behind the station. It is now owned by a radio station in Puerto Rico. The AM still uses its original audio processor, which has only been disconnected one time—when locations changed. WTBF programming through the years At night, the programming targeted teens and college students. By 1970, the tempo was more Top 40 feeling with MOR music. From 1973 to 1978, the station played country during the day. From 1978 to 1985, it was all AC during the day. From 1985 to 1988, they went back to a hodgepodge of music. All during these periods, WTBF was still Top 40 at night, and some during the weekends. At night the program was called "Night Flight". In 1988, the late night AC stopped and WTBF went country all the way. In October 1994, WTBF made an unusual move and started "Night Visions", a modern rock program airing at 8:00 on weeknights. That became a revival of "Night Flight" by 1996; it lasted until 2003. There was a night of R&B and Blues, 70s music, 80s music, jazz, classic rock and even contemporary Christian. This interesting arrangement continued off and on, between 1998 and 2000, before ending altogether. On January 13, 2015, WTBF changed their format from talk/personality to sports, with programming from CBS Sports Radio. References ^ "WTBF Facility Record". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division. External links WTBF in the FCC AM station database WTBF in Nielsen Audio's AM station database W242DA in the FCC FM station database W242DA at FCCdata.org vteSports radio stations in the state of AlabamaStations: WAUD - Auburn WFMH - Cullman WJOX - Birmingham WJOX-FM - Birmingham WJQX - Helena WLWE - Roanoke WMCJ - Cullman WMSP - Montgomery WNSP - Bay Minette WOOF - Dothan WSBM - Florence WTBC – Tuscaloosa WTBF - Troy WTXK - Pike Road WUMP - Madison WWTM - Decatur WYTK - Rogersville WZMG - Pepperell WZTZ - Elba WZZN - Union Grove Defunct: WIQR - Prattville WULA - Eufaula WZNN - Maplesville See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Alabama See also ESPN Radio Fox Sports Radio CBS Sports Radio NBC Sports Radio Sports Byline USA SportsMap Radio
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WTBF-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTBF-FM"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"Troy, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Infinity Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the FM radio station in Brundidge, Alabama, United States, see WTBF-FM.Radio station in Troy, AlabamaWTBF (970 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a sports format. Licensed to Troy, Alabama, United States, the station is currently owned by Troy Broadcasting Corp. and features programming from Infinity Sports Network.[1]","title":"WTBF (AM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show"},{"link_name":"The Star-Spangled Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner"},{"link_name":"Joe Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Gilchrist&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WCNU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCNU"},{"link_name":"Crestview, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestview,_Florida"},{"link_name":"WTBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTBC_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"Cape Canaveral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"WTBF began broadcasting in 1947. A classic example of a small town station, they played a wide variety of music during the day, from MOR to country music, even with an occasional Talk program.WTBF signed on at noon on February 25, 1947, with the roll of the timpani leading into \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", played by the Troy High School Band. That drum roll was played by the future Mrs. Ann Gilchrist (wife of owner Joe Gilchrist). The station was then signed on for the very first time by Samuel F. (Sam) Townsend, who in 1949 purchased AM radio station WCNU in Crestview, Florida and relocated there. The original calls were to be WTBC, for Troy Broadcasting Corporation, but those letters were already taken, so they settled on WTBF.For the first few years, WTBF was at 1490 on the dial, then moved down to 970 during the 1950s. Bob \"Pappy\" Tolbert, Jess Jordan, and Joe Gilchrist did wild morning shows before the genre was invented. Joe interviewed pigs who lived at the transmitter site; Pappy gave away junk records with crazy trivia questions. Birthdays, anniversaries, giveaways, obituaries, weather, local news (bake sales, gospel sings, barbecues, yard sales, etc.) are part of the Morning Show to this very day.On July 16, 1969, Joe Gilchrist did a live remote of the Apollo 11 launch from Cape Canaveral.The original tower was over 300 feet tall and was located directly behind the station. It is now owned by a radio station in Puerto Rico.The AM still uses its original audio processor, which has only been disconnected one time—when locations changed.","title":"History of Troy Broadcasting Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"70s music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70s_music"},{"link_name":"80s music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80s_music"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"classic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_rock"},{"link_name":"contemporary Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Christian"},{"link_name":"CBS Sports Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Sports_Radio"}],"text":"At night, the programming targeted teens and college students. By 1970, the tempo was more Top 40 feeling with MOR music. From 1973 to 1978, the station played country during the day. From 1978 to 1985, it was all AC during the day. From 1985 to 1988, they went back to a hodgepodge of music. All during these periods, WTBF was still Top 40 at night, and some during the weekends. At night the program was called \"Night Flight\". In 1988, the late night AC stopped and WTBF went country all the way.In October 1994, WTBF made an unusual move and started \"Night Visions\", a modern rock program airing at 8:00 on weeknights. That became a revival of \"Night Flight\" by 1996; it lasted until 2003. There was a night of R&B and Blues, 70s music, 80s music, jazz, classic rock and even contemporary Christian. This interesting arrangement continued off and on, between 1998 and 2000, before ending altogether.On January 13, 2015, WTBF changed their format from talk/personality to sports, with programming from CBS Sports Radio.","title":"WTBF programming through the years"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"WTBF Facility Record\". United States Federal Communications Commission, audio division.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WTBF","url_text":"\"WTBF Facility Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WTBF_(AM)&params=31_50_07_N_85_55_58_W_region:US-AL","external_links_name":"31°50′07″N 85°55′58″W / 31.83528°N 85.93278°W / 31.83528; -85.93278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WTBF_(AM)&params=31_50_07_N_85_55_58_W_region:US-AL","external_links_name":"31°50′07″N 85°55′58″W / 31.83528°N 85.93278°W / 31.83528; -85.93278"},{"Link":"https://www.wtbfradio.com/streams","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"https://www.wtbfradio.com/","external_links_name":"wtbfradio.com"},{"Link":"http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WTBF","external_links_name":"\"WTBF Facility Record\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WTBF","external_links_name":"WTBF"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WTBF","external_links_name":"WTBF"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=W242DA","external_links_name":"W242DA"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=W242DA&ccode=1&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&arn=&party=&lmspf=&lmspl=&party_type=LICEN&latd=&lond=&lang=en","external_links_name":"W242DA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artist_in_His_Museum
The Artist in His Museum
["1 History","2 Description","3 References","4 External links"]
1822 painting by Charles Willson Peale The Artist in His MuseumArtistCharles Willson PealeYear1822MediumOil on canvasDimensions262.9 cm × 203.2 cm (103.5 in × 80 in)LocationPennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia The Artist in His Museum is an 1822 self-portrait by the American painter Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827). It depicts the 81-year-old artist posed in Peale's Museum, then occupying the second floor of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The nearly life-size painting is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. History Toward the end of his career, beginning in 1822, he painted seven self-portraits that together formed the final motif of his art and the final flourishing of his talent. The Artist in His Museum is a large-scale oil-on-canvas work painted in about two months, and is the most emblematic of Peale's many self-portraits. Peale was a naturalist as well as a painter. In 1784 he founded the Philadelphia Museum, situated at the time of the painting in the Long Room of the Pennsylvania State House (now Independence Hall). The curation of the museum dominated his career from that point; he would on occasion announce his retirement from painting or his return to it. In 1822 he was asked by the museum's trustees to paint a full-length portrait of himself for the museum. The artist endeavored to "not only make it a lasting monument of my art as a Painter, but also that the design should be expressive, that I bring forth into public view, the beauties of Nature and Art, the rise & progress of the Museum." He further said, "I wish it may excite some admiration, otherwise my labor is lost, except that it is a good likeness." Peale's determination to honor his career is reflected in his having painted two preliminary versions of The Artist, unusual for an artist who took pride in producing likenesses with little preparatory work. Description Peale's Exhuming the First American Mastodon (1806). There are three spaces in the work. The foreground of the painting depicts in low light some natural objects of the museum. At the front left, a dead wild turkey sits with Peale's taxidermic tools, brought back by his son Titian and waiting to join the collection to reveal its meaning as a national symbol. Another American symbol, the bald eagle, is higher on the left edge of the canvas, mounted by Peale—"the strength of the Eagles Eye is really astonishing"—and is now one of his few surviving specimens. On the extreme left is an early donation: a paddlefish from the Allegheny River in an upright case, marked "With this article the Museum commenced, June, 1784". To Peale's left lie the bones of a mastodon; the assembled skeleton that shows from behind the curtain was the museum's main attraction. Peale had unearthed and reconstructed a mastodon in 1800, an event he chronicled in his 1806 painting Exhuming the First American Mastodon (left). The artist's palette and brushes to his left contribute to the autobiographical statement. The middle ground highlights Peale. In the painting, the artist invites the viewer into his museum; he pulls back a draped crimson curtain, which divides the painting's space, to reveal the collection. He used a similar motif on the printed acknowledgments he sent to museum donors, on which a curtain labeled "Nature" is held back to reveal a landscape with animals. According to critic David C. Ward, the positioning of Peale "has the effect of creating a dialectic between life and art, painter and audience, the individual and American culture at large, and finally past and present. The figure of Peale bridges these realms … further drawing attention to and heightening the impact of his creativity." The painting appeared on a stamp commemorating the Academy's 150th anniversary The deep background behind the curtain gives the portrait its unique significance. Peale collected thousands of specimens of birds and other animals for his museum by soliciting donations or hunting them himself. The museum's receding shelves display animal species organized by Linnaean classification, and above them are portraits of revolutionary heroes and other notable Americans, whose placement suggests the position of humans in the great chain of being. Peale believed that physiognomy, whether of humans in portraits or of animal specimens, provided insight into character. To Peale, the behavior of animals served as a model for a moral, productive, and socially harmonious society. In the far background a child represents posterity benefiting from the museum's lessons in natural history. Likewise the woman nearer to the foreground represents the museum's power to inspire feelings of awe and wonder in the face of the sublime. Yet as the space recedes, so does Peale's life and the intellectual and scientific culture of the time—the American Enlightenment. References ^ Admission ticket to Peale's Museum from Philadelphia Museum of Art. ^ a b Miller, Lillian B. (1990). "Charles Willson Peale" in James Vinson (ed.), International Dictionary of Art and Artists vol. 2, Art. Detroit: St. James Press; pp. 622–23. ISBN 1-55862-001-X. ^ Ward, David C. (Winter 1993). "Celebration of Self: The Portraiture of Charles Willson Peale and Rembrandt Peale, 1822-27". American Art. 7 (1): 8–27. doi:10.1086/424174. ^ a b c d e Brigham, David R. (1996). "'Ask the Beasts, and They Shall Teach Thee': The Human Lessons of Charles Willson Peale's Natural History Displays". The Huntington Library Quarterly. 59 (2/3): 182–206. doi:10.2307/3817666. ^ Alexander, Edward Porter (1995). Museum Masters: Their Museums and Their Influence. Rowman Altamira. p. 45. ISBN 0-7619-9131-X. External links The Artist in His Museum from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. vteCharles Willson PealePaintings Washington at Princeton (1779) The Artist in His Museum (1822) Founder Peale's Philadelphia Museum Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Related Peale Museum Peale's Barber Farm Mastodon Exhumation Site Charles Willson Peale House Moses Williams Family James Peale (brother) Raphaelle Peale (son) Rembrandt Peale (son) Rubens Peale (son) Franklin Peale (son) Titian Peale (son) George Escol Sellers (grandson) Coleman Sellers II (grandson) Mary Jane Peale (granddaughter) Charles Coleman Sellers (great-grandson)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-portrait"},{"link_name":"Charles Willson Peale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale"},{"link_name":"Independence Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Hall"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts"}],"text":"The Artist in His Museum is an 1822 self-portrait by the American painter Charles Willson Peale (1741–1827). It depicts the 81-year-old artist posed in Peale's Museum, then occupying the second floor of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1] The nearly life-size painting is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.","title":"The Artist in His Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oil-on-canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil-on-canvas"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalist"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peale%27s_Philadelphia_Museum"},{"link_name":"Independence Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Hall_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller1990a-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward1993a-3"}],"text":"Toward the end of his career, beginning in 1822, he painted seven self-portraits that together formed the final motif of his art and the final flourishing of his talent. The Artist in His Museum is a large-scale oil-on-canvas work painted in about two months, and is the most emblematic of Peale's many self-portraits.Peale was a naturalist as well as a painter. In 1784 he founded the Philadelphia Museum, situated at the time of the painting in the Long Room of the Pennsylvania State House (now Independence Hall). The curation of the museum dominated his career from that point; he would on occasion announce his retirement from painting or his return to it.In 1822 he was asked by the museum's trustees to paint a full-length portrait of himself for the museum. The artist endeavored to \"not only make it a lasting monument of my art as a Painter, but also that the design should be expressive, that I bring forth into public view, the beauties of Nature and Art, the rise & progress of the Museum.\"[2] He further said, \"I wish it may excite some admiration, otherwise my labor is lost, except that it is a good likeness.\"[3] Peale's determination to honor his career is reflected in his having painted two preliminary versions of The Artist, unusual for an artist who took pride in producing likenesses with little preparatory work.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C_W_Peale_-_The_Exhumation_of_the_Mastadon.jpeg"},{"link_name":"wild turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_turkey"},{"link_name":"taxidermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxidermy"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian_Peale"},{"link_name":"bald eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brigham1996a-4"},{"link_name":"paddlefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddlefish"},{"link_name":"Allegheny River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alexander1995a_p45-5"},{"link_name":"mastodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastodon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brigham1996a-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pennacadstamp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linnaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"great chain of being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brigham1996a-4"},{"link_name":"physiognomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiognomy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brigham1996a-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brigham1996a-4"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller1990a-2"},{"link_name":"sublime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"American Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment"}],"text":"Peale's Exhuming the First American Mastodon (1806).There are three spaces in the work. The foreground of the painting depicts in low light some natural objects of the museum. At the front left, a dead wild turkey sits with Peale's taxidermic tools, brought back by his son Titian and waiting to join the collection to reveal its meaning as a national symbol. Another American symbol, the bald eagle, is higher on the left edge of the canvas, mounted by Peale—\"the strength of the Eagles Eye is really astonishing\"—and is now one of his few surviving specimens.[4] On the extreme left is an early donation: a paddlefish from the Allegheny River in an upright case, marked \"With this article the Museum commenced, June, 1784\".[5] To Peale's left lie the bones of a mastodon; the assembled skeleton that shows from behind the curtain was the museum's main attraction. Peale had unearthed and reconstructed a mastodon in 1800, an event he chronicled in his 1806 painting Exhuming the First American Mastodon (left). The artist's palette and brushes to his left contribute to the autobiographical statement.The middle ground highlights Peale. In the painting, the artist invites the viewer into his museum; he pulls back a draped crimson curtain, which divides the painting's space, to reveal the collection. He used a similar motif on the printed acknowledgments he sent to museum donors, on which a curtain labeled \"Nature\" is held back to reveal a landscape with animals.[4] According to critic David C. Ward, the positioning of Peale \"has the effect of creating a dialectic between life and art, painter and audience, the individual and American culture at large, and finally past and present. The figure of Peale bridges these realms … further drawing attention to and heightening the impact of his creativity.\"The painting appeared on a stamp commemorating the Academy's 150th anniversaryThe deep background behind the curtain gives the portrait its unique significance. Peale collected thousands of specimens of birds and other animals for his museum by soliciting donations or hunting them himself. The museum's receding shelves display animal species organized by Linnaean classification, and above them are portraits of revolutionary heroes and other notable Americans, whose placement suggests the position of humans in the great chain of being.[4] Peale believed that physiognomy, whether of humans in portraits or of animal specimens, provided insight into character.[4] To Peale, the behavior of animals served as a model for a moral, productive, and socially harmonious society.[4] In the far background a child represents posterity benefiting from the museum's lessons in natural history.[2] Likewise the woman nearer to the foreground represents the museum's power to inspire feelings of awe and wonder in the face of the sublime. Yet as the space recedes, so does Peale's life and the intellectual and scientific culture of the time—the American Enlightenment.","title":"Description"}]
[{"image_text":"Peale's Exhuming the First American Mastodon (1806).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/C_W_Peale_-_The_Exhumation_of_the_Mastadon.jpeg/250px-C_W_Peale_-_The_Exhumation_of_the_Mastadon.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The painting appeared on a stamp commemorating the Academy's 150th anniversary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pennacadstamp.jpg/170px-Pennacadstamp.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Ward, David C. (Winter 1993). \"Celebration of Self: The Portraiture of Charles Willson Peale and Rembrandt Peale, 1822-27\". American Art. 7 (1): 8–27. doi:10.1086/424174.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424174","url_text":"10.1086/424174"}]},{"reference":"Brigham, David R. (1996). \"'Ask the Beasts, and They Shall Teach Thee': The Human Lessons of Charles Willson Peale's Natural History Displays\". The Huntington Library Quarterly. 59 (2/3): 182–206. doi:10.2307/3817666.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3817666","url_text":"10.2307/3817666"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Edward Porter (1995). Museum Masters: Their Museums and Their Influence. Rowman Altamira. p. 45. ISBN 0-7619-9131-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-9131-X","url_text":"0-7619-9131-X"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/91224.html","external_links_name":"Admission ticket to Peale's Museum"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424174","external_links_name":"10.1086/424174"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3817666","external_links_name":"10.2307/3817666"},{"Link":"http://www.pafa.org/museum/The-Collection-Greenfield-American-Art-Resource/Tour-the-Collection/Category/Collection-Detail/985/mkey--1600/","external_links_name":"The Artist in His Museum"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_D%27Oro
Stella D'oro
["1 History","1.1 Buyout, strike and closing","2 Operations","3 References","4 External links"]
Commercial baking company For the yellow daylily cultivar, "Stella D'Oro" ( a.k.a. "Stella de Oro"), see Daylily § Cultivars. Stella D'oro Biscuit Co.Former factory in the Bronx in August 2010FormerlyStella D'oro Biscuit CompanyCompany typePrivate (1919–92)IndustryFoodFounded1919FounderJoseph KresevichDefunct2009; 15 years ago (2009)FateCompany closed, brand sold to Lance in 2009HeadquartersKingsbridge, Bronx, U.S.ProductsCookies, breadsticks, biscottisParent Nabisco (1992–2006) Brynwood Partners (2006–09) Stella D'oro is an American brand of cookies and breadsticks owned by Snyder's-Lance. Stella D'oro means "star of gold" in Italian, and the cookies are inspired by Italian baking. Its products include breadsticks, Swiss Fudge and other cookies, biscotti, and their S-shaped breakfast treats. The original Stella D'oro company was established in 1930 by Italian immigrants Angela and Joseph Kresevich as "Stella D'oro Biscuit Company". The family also operated a restaurant next door to its manufacturing facility on West 237th Street at the north end of Kingsbridge in the Bronx, New York City. In 1992 the family sold the business for $10 million to Nabisco, which became part of Kraft Foods in 2000. In 2006, Kraft sold Stella D'oro to the private equity firm Brynwood Partners for $17.5 million. Brynwood in turn sold the company to Lance in 2009 for $23.9 million. History Joseph, an immigrant from Trieste, Italy, began working in New York City bakeries after his arrival in the U.S. in 1922, and developed his own recipes. He married his wife, Angela, "an expert baker in her own right" in 1928. The two later founded the Stella D'Oro bakery, which evolved into the Stella D'oro Biscuit Company. The biscuits produced were less sweet than other Italian baked goods and marketed as an accompaniment to coffee and tea. Early on they made their cookies "pareve" (with neither meat nor dairy products), which appealed to a large and loyal New York kosher market. This early success led the company to relocate to a building at 237th and Broadway, in the Kingsbridge section of the Bronx. Felice L. (Phil) Zambetti later became the company's CEO. Buyout, strike and closing In 2006, Brynwood Partners bought the Stella D'oro Biscuit Co. from Kraft Foods Inc. (now Mondelēz International) . On August 14, 2008, two weeks after their contract expired, 138 workers of the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union, Local 50, went on strike citing proposed pay and benefit cuts, and later picketed the company's attempt to bring in replacement workers. After more than 11 months of striking by its workers, the company was ordered by the National Labor Relations Board to reinstate the workers, give them back pay, and restart collective bargaining. That same month, the company announced it would close its facility. In September 2009, Brynwood announced the sale of Stella D'oro to Lance, a large manufacturer of snack foods, which intended to relocate Stella D'Oro's production to a non-union facility in Ashland, Ohio. The bakery in Bronx for sale pictured in August 2010 Brynwood earned negative attention for its role in the work stoppage and sale of Stella D'oro, including a reference in an op-ed piece by the AFL–CIO's Richard Trumka, published in The Wall Street Journal in April 2010. On September 8, 2009, Lance announced it was purchasing the Stella D'oro brand as well as certain manufacturing equipment and inventory. It thereafter began manufacturing Stella D'oro products in Lance's Ashland, Ohio, bakery. The Bronx manufacturing location, which was not included in the sale, closed after the sale, and was demolished in spring 2012. In early September 2010, a 2 to 1 ruling by the National Labor Relations Board affirmed the June 2009 decision of an administrative law judge that Stella D'oro violated federal labor law by refusing to furnish detailed financial statements to the workers' union to support claims of needing contract concessions to survive. The board ordered the company to furnish back pay with interest, as well as benefits for the two-month period after employees offered to return to work in May 2009, and before the company took them back in July. On March 28, 2013, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the NLRB's decision, finding that Stella D'oro had not violated any federal labor law. Operations Stella D'oro's bakery was located on West 237th Street at the north end of Kingsbridge in the Bronx, New York City, but this was closed in October 2009 after disputes with labor unions and not included in the sale to Lance. By late December 2006, the company had moved part of its manufacturing and cookie production to New Jersey. The company's Swiss fudge cookies being made without milk or butter, Stella D'oro has a devoted following among Orthodox Jews who follow Jewish dietary guidelines. The cookies are nicknamed shtreimels, the Yiddish term for round fur hats worn on the Sabbath by some Hasidic Jews, and are pareve, a category of kosher food that contains neither meat nor dairy ingredients. After buying the company, Kraft removed the pareve designation from Stella D'oro's baked products, but returned it after declining sales and complaints. References ^ "Stella D'oro Introduces 100 Calorie Breakfast Treats" (Press release). Stella D'oro Company via Reuters. 2008-01-16. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-30.. WebCitation archive. ^ a b c d Santora, Marc (2008-12-26). "No Sweets When Striking the Cookie Factory". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-30. ^ a b c d Dwyer, Jim (October 6, 2009). "A Last Batch at a Bakery in the Bronx". The New York Times. ^ a b Fishman-Lapin, Julie (2006-02-08). "Brynwood completes acquisition of Stella D'oro". Greenwich Time. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2009-08-30. (complete article requires subscription) ^ "Lance, Annual Report 2009". Ir.snyderslance.com. Retrieved 2018-03-29. ^ Stella D'Oro: History Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine (official site) ^ Frazier, Ian (6 February 2012). "Out of the Bronx". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 July 2012. ^ "Paid Notice: Deaths: Zambetti, Felice L. (Phil)", The New York Times, February 5, 2008 ^ Reyes, Sonia. "Kraft Says Arrivederci to Stella D'Oro". Archived copy Billboard, n.d. ^ Lee, Jennifer (July 6, 2009). "Stella D'oro Factory to Close in October". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2024. ^ "Buyer Said to Emerge for Brynwood's Stella D'Oro". The New York Times. August 21, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2023. ^ "Bronx Cookie Company Ordered To Take Back Striking Workers" Archived 2011-08-14 at the Wayback Machine, NY1, July 1, 2009. WebCitation archive. ^ Lee, Richard (September 1, 2009). "Brynwood considers options for Stella D'oro". Greenwich Time. ^ Jaccarino, Mike (September 29, 2009). "Stella D'Oro Protesters Lean on Goldman Sachs". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. ^ Trumka, Richard (April 13, 2010). "It's Time to Restrict Private Equity, Too often employees are the losers in leveraged buyouts (Op-Ed)". The Wall Street Journal. ^ Massey, Daniel (September 8, 2010). "A Bittersweet Win for Former Stella D'Oro Workers". Crain's New York Business. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010. ^ "10-3709 (L) SDBC Holdings, Inc. v. NLRB" (PDF). ^ "Stella D'Oro Factory To Close Down". NY1. July 7, 2009. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. ^ a b Berger, Joseph (2003-01-12). "Of Milk and Cookies, or How Orthodox Jews Saved an Italian Recipe". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-30. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stella D'oro. Official website (archived, 26 Sep 2008) No Contract, No Cookies: The Stella D'Oro Strike at IMDb vteSnyder's-Lance, Inc.BrandsCurrent Archway Cape Cod Captain's Wafers Jays Lance Pop Secret Snyder's of Hanover Stella D'oro Tom’s Former Kettle Foods Parent Campbell Soup Company
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daylily § Cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylily#Cultivars"},{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"cookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie"},{"link_name":"breadsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadstick"},{"link_name":"Snyder's-Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder%27s-Lance"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"breadsticks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadstick"},{"link_name":"cookies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookies"},{"link_name":"biscotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscotti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kingsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsbridge,_The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2008-12-26-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytbatch-3"},{"link_name":"Nabisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabisco"},{"link_name":"Kraft Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Foods"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2008-12-26-2"},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"Brynwood Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynwood_Partners"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishman-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytbatch-3"},{"link_name":"Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance,_Inc"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytbatch-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the yellow daylily cultivar, \"Stella D'Oro\" ( a.k.a. \"Stella de Oro\"), see Daylily § Cultivars.Stella D'oro is an American brand of cookies and breadsticks owned by Snyder's-Lance. Stella D'oro means \"star of gold\" in Italian, and the cookies are inspired by Italian baking. Its products include breadsticks, Swiss Fudge and other cookies, biscotti, and their S-shaped breakfast treats.[1]The original Stella D'oro company was established in 1930 by Italian immigrants Angela and Joseph Kresevich as \"Stella D'oro Biscuit Company\". The family also operated a restaurant next door to its manufacturing facility on West 237th Street at the north end of Kingsbridge in the Bronx, New York City.[2] In 1992 the family sold the business for $10 million[3] to Nabisco, which became part of Kraft Foods in 2000.[2] In 2006, Kraft sold Stella D'oro to the private equity firm Brynwood Partners[4] for $17.5 million.[3] Brynwood in turn sold the company to Lance[3] in 2009 for $23.9 million.[5]","title":"Stella D'oro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trieste, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste,_Italy"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"pareve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareve"},{"link_name":"Kingsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsbridge,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frazier-7"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Joseph, an immigrant from Trieste, Italy, began working in New York City bakeries after his arrival in the U.S. in 1922, and developed his own recipes. He married his wife, Angela, \"an expert baker in her own right\" in 1928. The two later founded the Stella D'Oro bakery, which evolved into the Stella D'oro Biscuit Company.[6] The biscuits produced were less sweet than other Italian baked goods and marketed as an accompaniment to coffee and tea. Early on they made their cookies \"pareve\" (with neither meat nor dairy products), which appealed to a large and loyal New York kosher market. This early success led the company to relocate to a building at 237th and Broadway, in the Kingsbridge section of the Bronx.[7] Felice L. (Phil) Zambetti later became the company's CEO.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brynwood Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynwood_Partners"},{"link_name":"Kraft Foods Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Foods_Inc."},{"link_name":"Mondelēz International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondel%C4%93z_International"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishman-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakery,_Confectionery,_Tobacco_Workers_and_Grain_Millers%27_International_Union"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt3-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2008-12-26-2"},{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gt1-13"},{"link_name":"Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance,_Inc"},{"link_name":"Ashland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytbatch-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stella_Doro_for_sale_E_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"AFL–CIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsj2-15"},{"link_name":"Ashland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Buyout, strike and closing","text":"In 2006, Brynwood Partners bought the Stella D'oro Biscuit Co. from Kraft Foods Inc. (now Mondelēz International) .[4][9] On August 14, 2008, two weeks after their contract expired, 138 workers of the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union, Local 50, went on strike citing proposed pay and benefit cuts, and later picketed the company's attempt to bring in replacement workers.[10][11][2]After more than 11 months of striking by its workers, the company was ordered by the National Labor Relations Board to reinstate the workers, give them back pay, and restart collective bargaining.[12] That same month, the company announced it would close its facility.[13] In September 2009, Brynwood announced the sale of Stella D'oro to Lance, a large manufacturer of snack foods, which intended to relocate Stella D'Oro's production to a non-union facility in Ashland, Ohio.[3][14]The bakery in Bronx for sale pictured in August 2010Brynwood earned negative attention for its role in the work stoppage and sale of Stella D'oro, including a reference in an op-ed piece by the AFL–CIO's Richard Trumka, published in The Wall Street Journal in April 2010.[15]On September 8, 2009, Lance announced it was purchasing the Stella D'oro brand as well as certain manufacturing equipment and inventory. It thereafter began manufacturing Stella D'oro products in Lance's Ashland, Ohio, bakery. The Bronx manufacturing location, which was not included in the sale, closed after the sale, and was demolished in spring 2012.In early September 2010, a 2 to 1 ruling by the National Labor Relations Board affirmed the June 2009 decision of an administrative law judge that Stella D'oro violated federal labor law by refusing to furnish detailed financial statements to the workers' union to support claims of needing contract concessions to survive. The board ordered the company to furnish back pay with interest, as well as benefits for the two-month period after employees offered to return to work in May 2009, and before the company took them back in July.[16] On March 28, 2013, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the NLRB's decision, finding that Stella D'oro had not violated any federal labor law.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsbridge,_The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"the Bronx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Jews"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2008-12-26-2"},{"link_name":"shtreimels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtreimel"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Hasidic Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Jew"},{"link_name":"pareve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareve"},{"link_name":"kosher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosher"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2003-01-12-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt2003-01-12-19"}],"text":"Stella D'oro's bakery was located on West 237th Street at the north end of Kingsbridge in the Bronx, New York City, but this was closed in October 2009 after disputes with labor unions and not included in the sale to Lance.[18] By late December 2006, the company had moved part of its manufacturing and cookie production to New Jersey.[citation needed]The company's Swiss fudge cookies being made without milk or butter, Stella D'oro has a devoted following among Orthodox Jews who follow Jewish dietary guidelines.[2] The cookies are nicknamed shtreimels, the Yiddish term for round fur hats worn on the Sabbath by some Hasidic Jews, and are pareve, a category of kosher food that contains neither meat nor dairy ingredients.[19]After buying the company, Kraft removed the pareve designation from Stella D'oro's baked products, but returned it after declining sales and complaints.[19]","title":"Operations"}]
[{"image_text":"The bakery in Bronx for sale pictured in August 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Stella_Doro_for_sale_E_jeh.jpg/220px-Stella_Doro_for_sale_E_jeh.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Stella D'oro Introduces 100 Calorie Breakfast Treats\" (Press release). Stella D'oro Company via Reuters. 2008-01-16. Archived from the original on 2012-09-09. Retrieved 2009-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120909053444/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS163478+16-Jan-2008+PRN20080116","url_text":"\"Stella D'oro Introduces 100 Calorie Breakfast Treats\""},{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS163478+16-Jan-2008+PRN20080116","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Santora, Marc (2008-12-26). \"No Sweets When Striking the Cookie Factory\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/27/nyregion/27metjournal.html","url_text":"\"No Sweets When Striking the Cookie Factory\""}]},{"reference":"Dwyer, Jim (October 6, 2009). \"A Last Batch at a Bakery in the Bronx\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/nyregion/07about.html","url_text":"\"A Last Batch at a Bakery in the Bronx\""}]},{"reference":"Fishman-Lapin, Julie (2006-02-08). \"Brynwood completes acquisition of Stella D'oro\". Greenwich Time. Archived from the original on 2012-10-25. Retrieved 2009-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025112839/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-141805284.html","url_text":"\"Brynwood completes acquisition of Stella D'oro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Time_(newspaper)","url_text":"Greenwich Time"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-141805284.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lance, Annual Report 2009\". Ir.snyderslance.com. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.snyderslance.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=57528-10-3","url_text":"\"Lance, Annual Report 2009\""}]},{"reference":"Frazier, Ian (6 February 2012). \"Out of the Bronx\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 16 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Frazier","url_text":"Frazier, Ian"},{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/02/06/120206fa_fact_frazier","url_text":"\"Out of the Bronx\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Jennifer (July 6, 2009). \"Stella D'oro Factory to Close in October\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/06/stella-doro-factory-to-close-in-october/","url_text":"\"Stella D'oro Factory to Close in October\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buyer Said to Emerge for Brynwood's Stella D'Oro\". The New York Times. August 21, 2009. Retrieved January 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/buyer-said-to-emerge-for-brynwoods-stella-doro/","url_text":"\"Buyer Said to Emerge for Brynwood's Stella D'Oro\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Richard (September 1, 2009). \"Brynwood considers options for Stella D'oro\". Greenwich Time.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenwichtime.com/default/article/Brynwood-considers-options-for-Stella-D-oro-5658.php","url_text":"\"Brynwood considers options for Stella D'oro\""}]},{"reference":"Jaccarino, Mike (September 29, 2009). \"Stella D'Oro Protesters Lean on Goldman Sachs\". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003025054/https://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/bronx/2009/09/29/2009-09-29_stella_doro_protesters_lean_on_goldman_sachs.html","url_text":"\"Stella D'Oro Protesters Lean on Goldman Sachs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)","url_text":"Daily News"},{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/bronx/2009/09/29/2009-09-29_stella_doro_protesters_lean_on_goldman_sachs.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trumka, Richard (April 13, 2010). \"It's Time to Restrict Private Equity, Too often employees are the losers in leveraged buyouts (Op-Ed)\". The Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304222504575173801155100646","url_text":"\"It's Time to Restrict Private Equity, Too often employees are the losers in leveraged buyouts (Op-Ed)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"Massey, Daniel (September 8, 2010). \"A Bittersweet Win for Former Stella D'Oro Workers\". Crain's New York Business. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100909/REAL_ESTATE/100909881","url_text":"\"A Bittersweet Win for Former Stella D'Oro Workers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crain_Communications","url_text":"Crain's New York Business"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100912181556/http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100909/REAL_ESTATE/100909881","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"10-3709 (L) SDBC Holdings, Inc. v. NLRB\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/isysquery/d0bd4855-517f-4fc4-8e73-e326e9172e53/2/doc/10-3709_complete_opn.pdf","url_text":"\"10-3709 (L) SDBC Holdings, Inc. v. NLRB\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stella D'Oro Factory To Close Down\". NY1. July 7, 2009. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814095105/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/101857/stella-d-oro-factory-to-close-down/","url_text":"\"Stella D'Oro Factory To Close Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY1","url_text":"NY1"},{"url":"http://ny1.com/content/top_stories/101857/stella-d-oro-factory-to-close-down/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Berger, Joseph (2003-01-12). \"Of Milk and Cookies, or How Orthodox Jews Saved an Italian Recipe\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Berger_(author)","url_text":"Berger, Joseph"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/nyregion/of-milk-and-cookies-or-how-orthodox-jews-saved-an-italian-recipe.html","url_text":"\"Of Milk and Cookies, or How Orthodox Jews Saved an Italian Recipe\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120909053444/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS163478+16-Jan-2008+PRN20080116","external_links_name":"\"Stella D'oro Introduces 100 Calorie Breakfast Treats\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS163478+16-Jan-2008+PRN20080116","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240525004233/https://www.webcitation.org/5scfxk0LP?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS163478+16-Jan-2008+PRN20080116","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/27/nyregion/27metjournal.html","external_links_name":"\"No Sweets When Striking the Cookie Factory\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/nyregion/07about.html","external_links_name":"\"A Last Batch at a Bakery in the Bronx\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025112839/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-141805284.html","external_links_name":"\"Brynwood completes acquisition of Stella D'oro\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-141805284.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ir.snyderslance.com/secfiling.cfm?filingID=57528-10-3","external_links_name":"\"Lance, Annual Report 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.stelladoro.com/sd_history.html","external_links_name":"Stella D'Oro: History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101225224019/http://www.stelladoro.com/sd_history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/02/06/120206fa_fact_frazier","external_links_name":"\"Out of the Bronx\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01EED7173AF936A35751C0A96E9C8B63","external_links_name":"\"Paid Notice: Deaths: Zambetti, Felice L. (Phil)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/news/chart-beat-1001736684.story#/news/chart-beat-1001736684.story","external_links_name":"\"Kraft Says Arrivederci to Stella D'Oro\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105184509/https://www.billboard.com/news/chart-beat-1001736684.story#/web/20121105184509/https://www.billboard.com/news/chart-beat-1001736684.story","external_links_name":"Archived copy"},{"Link":"http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/06/stella-doro-factory-to-close-in-october/","external_links_name":"\"Stella D'oro Factory to Close in October\""},{"Link":"https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/buyer-said-to-emerge-for-brynwoods-stella-doro/","external_links_name":"\"Buyer Said to Emerge for Brynwood's Stella D'Oro\""},{"Link":"http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/101857/stella-d-oro-factory-to-close-down/","external_links_name":"\"Bronx Cookie Company Ordered To Take Back Striking Workers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814095105/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/101857/stella-d-oro-factory-to-close-down/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20240525004154/https://www.webcitation.org/5sce2Sn2P?url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/101612/bronx-cookie-company-ordered-to-take-back-striking-workers/","external_links_name":"WebCitation archive"},{"Link":"http://www.greenwichtime.com/default/article/Brynwood-considers-options-for-Stella-D-oro-5658.php","external_links_name":"\"Brynwood considers options for Stella D'oro\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003025054/https://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/bronx/2009/09/29/2009-09-29_stella_doro_protesters_lean_on_goldman_sachs.html","external_links_name":"\"Stella D'Oro Protesters Lean on Goldman Sachs\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/bronx/2009/09/29/2009-09-29_stella_doro_protesters_lean_on_goldman_sachs.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304222504575173801155100646","external_links_name":"\"It's Time to Restrict Private Equity, Too often employees are the losers in leveraged buyouts (Op-Ed)\""},{"Link":"http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100909/REAL_ESTATE/100909881","external_links_name":"\"A Bittersweet Win for Former Stella D'Oro Workers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100912181556/http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100909/REAL_ESTATE/100909881","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/isysquery/d0bd4855-517f-4fc4-8e73-e326e9172e53/2/doc/10-3709_complete_opn.pdf","external_links_name":"\"10-3709 (L) SDBC Holdings, Inc. v. NLRB\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814095105/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/101857/stella-d-oro-factory-to-close-down/","external_links_name":"\"Stella D'Oro Factory To Close Down\""},{"Link":"http://ny1.com/content/top_stories/101857/stella-d-oro-factory-to-close-down/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/nyregion/of-milk-and-cookies-or-how-orthodox-jews-saved-an-italian-recipe.html","external_links_name":"\"Of Milk and Cookies, or How Orthodox Jews Saved an Italian Recipe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081026003201/http://www.stelladoro.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1981035/","external_links_name":"No Contract, No Cookies: The Stella D'Oro Strike"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_power
AC power
["1 Active, reactive, apparent, and complex power in sinusoidal steady-state","2 Calculations and equations in sinusoidal steady-state","3 Power factor","4 Reactive power","4.1 Capacitive vs. inductive loads","4.2 Reactive power control","5 Unbalanced sinusoidal polyphase systems","6 Real number formulas","7 Multiple frequency systems","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Power in alternating current systems This article is about power in AC systems. For information on utility-supplied AC power, see Mains electricity. The blinking of non-incandescent city lights is shown in this motion-blurred long exposure. The AC nature of the mains power is revealed by the dashed appearance of the traces of moving lights. In an electric circuit, instantaneous power is the time rate of flow of energy past a given point of the circuit. In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. Its SI unit is the watt. The portion of instantaneous power that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as instantaneous active power, and its time average is known as active power or real power.: 3  The portion of instantaneous power that results in no net transfer of energy but instead oscillates between the source and load in each cycle due to stored energy, is known as instantaneous reactive power, and its amplitude is the absolute value of reactive power.: 4  Active, reactive, apparent, and complex power in sinusoidal steady-state In a simple alternating current (AC) circuit consisting of a source and a linear time-invariant load, both the current and voltage are sinusoidal at the same frequency. If the load is purely resistive, the two quantities reverse their polarity at the same time. Hence, the instantaneous power, given by the product of voltage and current, is always positive, such that the direction of energy flow does not reverse and always is toward the resistor. In this case, only active power is transferred. If the load is purely reactive, then the voltage and current are 90 degrees out of phase. For two quarters of each cycle, the product of voltage and current is positive, but for the other two quarters, the product is negative, indicating that on average, exactly as much energy flows into the load as flows back out. There is no net energy flow over each half cycle. In this case, only reactive power flows: There is no net transfer of energy to the load; however, electrical power does flow along the wires and returns by flowing in reverse along the same wires. The current required for this reactive power flow dissipates energy in the line resistance, even if the ideal load device consumes no energy itself. Practical loads have resistance as well as inductance, or capacitance, so both active and reactive powers will flow to normal loads. Apparent power is the product of the RMS values of voltage and current. Apparent power is taken into account when designing and operating power systems, because although the current associated with reactive power does no work at the load, it still must be supplied by the power source. Conductors, transformers and generators must be sized to carry the total current, not just the current that does useful work. Insufficient reactive power can depress voltage levels on an electrical grid and, under certain operating conditions, collapse the network (a blackout). Another consequence is that adding the apparent power for two loads will not accurately give the total power unless they have the same phase difference between current and voltage (the same power factor). Conventionally, capacitors are treated as if they generate reactive power, and inductors are treated as if they consume it. If a capacitor and an inductor are placed in parallel, then the currents flowing through the capacitor and the inductor tend to cancel rather than add. This is the fundamental mechanism for controlling the power factor in electric power transmission; capacitors (or inductors) are inserted in a circuit to partially compensate for reactive power 'consumed' ('generated') by the load. Purely capacitive circuits supply reactive power with the current waveform leading the voltage waveform by 90 degrees, while purely inductive circuits absorb reactive power with the current waveform lagging the voltage waveform by 90 degrees. The result of this is that capacitive and inductive circuit elements tend to cancel each other out. The Power TriangleThe complex power is the vector sum of active and reactive power. The apparent power is the magnitude of the complex power.  Active power, P  Reactive power, Q  Complex power, S  Apparent power, |S|  Phase of voltage relative to current, φ {\displaystyle \varphi } Engineers use the following terms to describe energy flow in a system (and assign each of them a different unit to differentiate between them): Active power, P, or real power: watt (W); Reactive power, Q: volt-ampere reactive (var); Complex power, S: volt-ampere (VA); Apparent power, |S|: the magnitude of complex power S: volt-ampere (VA); Phase of voltage relative to current, φ: the angle of difference (in degrees) between current and voltage; φ = arg ⁡ ( V ) − arg ⁡ ( I ) {\displaystyle \varphi =\arg(V)-\arg(I)} . Current lagging voltage (quadrant I vector), current leading voltage (quadrant IV vector). These are all denoted in the adjacent diagram (called a power triangle). In the diagram, P is the active power, Q is the reactive power (in this case positive), S is the complex power and the length of S is the apparent power. Reactive power does not do any work, so it is represented as the imaginary axis of the vector diagram. Active power does do work, so it is the real axis. The unit for power is the watt (symbol: W). Apparent power is often expressed in volt-amperes (VA) since it is the product of RMS voltage and RMS current. The unit for reactive power is var, which stands for volt-ampere reactive. Since reactive power transfers no net energy to the load, it is sometimes called "wattless" power. It does, however, serve an important function in electrical grids and its lack has been cited as a significant factor in the Northeast blackout of 2003. Understanding the relationship among these three quantities lies at the heart of understanding power engineering. The mathematical relationship among them can be represented by vectors or expressed using complex numbers, S = P + j Q (where j is the imaginary unit). Instantaneous power in AC systems when the current lags behind the voltage by 50 degrees. Calculations and equations in sinusoidal steady-state The formula for complex power (units: VA) in phasor form is: S = V I ∗ = | S | ∠ φ {\displaystyle S=VI^{*}=|S|\angle \varphi } , where V denotes voltage in phasor form, with the amplitude as RMS, and I denotes current in phasor form, with the amplitude as RMS. Also by convention, the complex conjugate of I is used, which is denoted I ∗ {\displaystyle I^{*}} (or I ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {I}}} ), rather than I itself. This is done because otherwise using the product V I to define S would result in a quantity that depends on the reference angle chosen for V or I, but defining S as V I* results in a quantity that doesn't depend on the reference angle and allows to relate S to P and Q. Other forms of complex power (units in volt-amps, VA) are derived from Z, the load impedance (units in ohms, Ω). S = | I | 2 Z = | V | 2 Z ∗ {\displaystyle S=|I|^{2}Z={\frac {|V|^{2}}{Z^{*}}}} . Consequentially, with reference to the power triangle, real power (units in watts, W) is derived as: P = | S | cos ⁡ φ = | I | 2 R = | V | 2 | Z | 2 × R {\displaystyle P=|S|\cos {\varphi }=|I|^{2}R={\frac {|V|^{2}}{|Z|^{2}}}\times {R}} . For a purely resistive load, real power can be simplified to: P = | V | 2 R {\displaystyle P={\frac {|V|^{2}}{R}}} . R denotes resistance (units in ohms, Ω) of the load. Reactive power (units in volts-amps-reactive, var) is derived as: Q = | S | sin ⁡ φ = | I | 2 X = | V | 2 | Z | 2 × X {\displaystyle Q=|S|\sin {\varphi }=|I|^{2}X={\frac {|V|^{2}}{|Z|^{2}}}\times {X}} . For a purely reactive load, reactive power can be simplified to: Q = | V | 2 X {\displaystyle Q={\frac {|V|^{2}}{X}}} , where X denotes reactance (units in ohms, Ω) of the load. Combining, the complex power (units in volt-amps, VA) is back-derived as S = P + j Q {\displaystyle S=P+jQ} , and the apparent power (units in volt-amps, VA) as | S | = P 2 + Q 2 {\displaystyle |S|={\sqrt {P^{2}+Q^{2}}}} . These are simplified diagrammatically by the power triangle. Power factor Main article: Power factor The ratio of active power to apparent power in a circuit is called the power factor. For two systems transmitting the same amount of active power, the system with the lower power factor will have higher circulating currents due to energy that returns to the source from energy storage in the load. These higher currents produce higher losses and reduce overall transmission efficiency. A lower power factor circuit will have a higher apparent power and higher losses for the same amount of active power. The power factor is 1.0 when the voltage and current are in phase. It is zero when the current leads or lags the voltage by 90 degrees. When the voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase, the power factor is negative one, and the load is feeding energy into the source (an example would be a home with solar cells on the roof that feed power into the power grid when the sun is shining). Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or "lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle of current with respect to voltage. Voltage is designated as the base to which current angle is compared, meaning that current is thought of as either "leading" or "lagging" voltage. Where the waveforms are purely sinusoidal, the power factor is the cosine of the phase angle ( φ {\displaystyle \varphi } ) between the current and voltage sinusoidal waveforms. Equipment data sheets and nameplates will often abbreviate power factor as " cos ⁡ ϕ {\displaystyle \cos \phi } " for this reason. Example: The active power is 700 W and the phase angle between voltage and current is 45.6°. The power factor is cos(45.6°) = 0.700. The apparent power is then: 700 W / cos(45.6°) = 1000 VA. The concept of power dissipation in AC circuit is explained and illustrated with the example. For instance, a power factor of 0.68 means that only 68 percent of the total current supplied (in magnitude) is actually doing work; the remaining current does no work at the load. Power Factor is very important in Power sector substations. Form the national grid the sub sectors are required to have minimum amount of power factor. Otherwise there are many loss. Mainly the required vary around 0.90 to 0.96 or more. Better the power factor less the loss. Reactive power In a direct current circuit, the power flowing to the load is proportional to the product of the current through the load and the potential drop across the load. The power that happens because of a capacitor or inductor is called reactive power. It happens because of the AC nature of elements like inductors and capacitors. Energy flows in one direction from the source to the load. In AC power, the voltage and current both vary approximately sinusoidally. When there is inductance or capacitance in the circuit, the voltage and current waveforms do not line up perfectly. The power flow has two components – one component flows from source to load and can perform work at the load; the other portion, known as "reactive power", is due to the delay between voltage and current, known as phase angle, and cannot do useful work at the load. It can be thought of as current that is arriving at the wrong time (too late or too early). To distinguish reactive power from active power, it is measured in units of "volt-amperes reactive", or var. These units can simplify to watts but are left as var to denote that they represent no actual work output. Energy stored in capacitive or inductive elements of the network gives rise to reactive power flow. Reactive power flow strongly influences the voltage levels across the network. Voltage levels and reactive power flow must be carefully controlled to allow a power system to be operated within acceptable limits. A technique known as reactive compensation is used to reduce apparent power flow to a load by reducing reactive power supplied from transmission lines and providing it locally. For example, to compensate an inductive load, a shunt capacitor is installed close to the load itself. This allows all reactive power needed by the load to be supplied by the capacitor and not have to be transferred over the transmission lines. This practice saves energy because it reduces the amount of energy that is required to be produced by the utility to do the same amount of work. Additionally, it allows for more efficient transmission line designs using smaller conductors or fewer bundled conductors and optimizing the design of transmission towers. Capacitive vs. inductive loads Stored energy in the magnetic or electric field of a load device, such as a motor or capacitor, causes an offset between the current and the voltage waveforms. A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the form of an electric field. As current is driven through the capacitor, charge build-up causes an opposing voltage to develop across the capacitor. This voltage increases until some maximum dictated by the capacitor structure. In an AC network, the voltage across a capacitor is constantly changing. The capacitor opposes this change, causing the current to lead the voltage in phase. Capacitors are said to "source" reactive power, and thus to cause a leading power factor. Induction machines are some of the most common types of loads in the electric power system today. These machines use inductors, or large coils of wire to store energy in the form of a magnetic field. When a voltage is initially placed across the coil, the inductor strongly resists this change in a current and magnetic field, which causes a time delay for the current to reach its maximum value. This causes the current to lag behind the voltage in phase. Inductors are said to "sink" reactive power, and thus to cause a lagging power factor. Induction generators can source or sink reactive power, and provide a measure of control to system operators over reactive power flow and thus voltage. Because these devices have opposite effects on the phase angle between voltage and current, they can be used to "cancel out" each other's effects. This usually takes the form of capacitor banks being used to counteract the lagging power factor caused by induction motors. Reactive power control Main article: Voltage control and reactive power management Transmission connected generators are generally required to support reactive power flow. For example, on the United Kingdom transmission system, generators are required by the Grid Code Requirements to supply their rated power between the limits of 0.85 power factor lagging and 0.90 power factor leading at the designated terminals. The system operator will perform switching actions to maintain a secure and economical voltage profile while maintaining a reactive power balance equation: G e n e r a t o r   M V A R s + S y s t e m   g a i n + S h u n t   c a p a c i t o r s = M V A R   D e m a n d + R e a c t i v e   l o s s e s + S h u n t   r e a c t o r s {\displaystyle \mathrm {Generator\ MVARs+System\ gain+Shunt\ capacitors=MVAR\ Demand+Reactive\ losses+Shunt\ reactors} } The "system gain" is an important source of reactive power in the above power balance equation, which is generated by the capacitative nature of the transmission network itself. By making decisive switching actions in the early morning before the demand increases, the system gain can be maximized early on, helping to secure the system for the whole day. To balance the equation some pre-fault reactive generator use will be required. Other sources of reactive power that will also be used include shunt capacitors, shunt reactors, static VAR compensators and voltage control circuits. Unbalanced sinusoidal polyphase systems While active power and reactive power are well defined in any system, the definition of apparent power for unbalanced polyphase systems is considered to be one of the most controversial topics in power engineering. Originally, apparent power arose merely as a figure of merit. Major delineations of the concept are attributed to Stanley's Phenomena of Retardation in the Induction Coil (1888) and Steinmetz's Theoretical Elements of Engineering (1915). However, with the development of three phase power distribution, it became clear that the definition of apparent power and the power factor could not be applied to unbalanced polyphase systems. In 1920, a "Special Joint Committee of the AIEE and the National Electric Light Association" met to resolve the issue. They considered two definitions. S A = | S a | + | S b | + | S c | {\displaystyle S_{A}=|S_{\mathrm {a} }|+|S_{\mathrm {b} }|+|S_{\mathrm {c} }|} p f A = P a + P b + P c S A {\displaystyle \mathrm {pf} _{A}={P_{\mathrm {a} }+P_{\mathrm {b} }+P_{\mathrm {c} } \over S_{A}}} , that is, the arithmetic sum of the phase apparent powers; and S V = | P a + P b + P c + j ( Q a + Q b + Q c ) | {\displaystyle S_{V}=|P_{\mathrm {a} }+P_{\mathrm {b} }+P_{\mathrm {c} }+j(Q_{\mathrm {a} }+Q_{\mathrm {b} }+Q_{\mathrm {c} })|} p f V = P a + P b + P c S V {\displaystyle \mathrm {pf} _{V}={P_{\mathrm {a} }+P_{\mathrm {b} }+P_{\mathrm {c} } \over S_{V}}} , that is, the magnitude of total three-phase complex power. The 1920 committee found no consensus and the topic continued to dominate discussions. In 1930, another committee formed and once again failed to resolve the question. The transcripts of their discussions are the lengthiest and most controversial ever published by the AIEE. Further resolution of this debate did not come until the late 1990s. A new definition based on symmetrical components theory was proposed in 1993 by Alexander Emanuel for unbalanced linear load supplied with asymmetrical sinusoidal voltages: S = ( | V a 2 | + | V b 2 | + | V c 2 | ) ( | I a 2 | + | I b 2 | + | I c 2 | ) {\displaystyle S={\sqrt {\left(|V_{\mathrm {a} }^{2}|+|V_{\mathrm {b} }^{2}|+|V_{\mathrm {c} }^{2}|\right)\left(|I_{\mathrm {a} }^{2}|+|I_{\mathrm {b} }^{2}|+|I_{\mathrm {c} }^{2}|\right)}}} p f = P + S {\displaystyle \mathrm {pf} ={P^{+} \over S}} , that is, the root of squared sums of line voltages multiplied by the root of squared sums of line currents. P + {\displaystyle P^{+}} denotes the positive sequence power: P + = 3 | V + | | I + | cos ⁡ ( arg ⁡ ( V + ) − arg ⁡ ( I + ) ) {\displaystyle P^{+}=3|V^{+}||I^{+}|\cos {(\arg {(V^{+})}-\arg {(I^{+})})}} V + {\displaystyle V^{+}} denotes the positive sequence voltage phasor, and I + {\displaystyle I^{+}} denotes the positive sequence current phasor. Real number formulas A perfect resistor stores no energy; so current and voltage are in phase. Therefore, there is no reactive power and P = S {\displaystyle P=S} (using the passive sign convention). Therefore, for a perfect resistor P = S = V R M S I R M S = I R M S 2 R = V R M S 2 R {\displaystyle P=S=V_{\mathrm {RMS} }I_{\mathrm {RMS} }=I_{\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}R={\frac {V_{\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}}{R}}\,\!} . For a perfect capacitor or inductor, there is no net power transfer; so all power is reactive. Therefore, for a perfect capacitor or inductor: P = 0 Q = | S | = V R M S I R M S = I R M S 2 | X | = V R M S 2 | X | {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P&=0\\Q&=|S|=V_{\mathrm {RMS} }I_{\mathrm {RMS} }=I_{\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}|X|={\frac {V_{\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}}{|X|}}\end{aligned}}} . where X {\displaystyle X} is the reactance of the capacitor or inductor. If X {\displaystyle X} is defined as being positive for an inductor and negative for a capacitor, then the modulus signs can be removed from S and X and get Q = I R M S 2 X = V R M S 2 X {\displaystyle Q=I_{\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}X={\frac {V_{\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}}{X}}} . Instantaneous power is defined as: p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) {\displaystyle p(t)=v(t)\,i(t)} , where v ( t ) {\displaystyle v(t)} and i ( t ) {\displaystyle i(t)} are the time-varying voltage and current waveforms. This definition is useful because it applies to all waveforms, whether they are sinusoidal or not. This is particularly useful in power electronics, where non-sinusoidal waveforms are common. In general, engineers are interested in the active power averaged over a period of time, whether it is a low frequency line cycle or a high frequency power converter switching period. The simplest way to get that result is to take the integral of the instantaneous calculation over the desired period: P avg = 1 t 2 − t 1 ∫ t 1 t 2 v ( t ) i ( t ) d t {\displaystyle P_{\text{avg}}={\frac {1}{t_{2}-t_{1}}}\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}v(t)\,i(t)\,\mathrm {d} t} . This method of calculating the average power gives the active power regardless of harmonic content of the waveform. In practical applications, this would be done in the digital domain, where the calculation becomes trivial when compared to the use of rms and phase to determine active power: P avg = 1 n ∑ k = 1 n V [ k ] I [ k ] {\displaystyle P_{\text{avg}}={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=1}^{n}VI} . Multiple frequency systems Since an RMS value can be calculated for any waveform, apparent power can be calculated from this. For active power it would at first appear that it would be necessary to calculate many product terms and average all of them. However, looking at one of these product terms in more detail produces a very interesting result. A cos ⁡ ( ω 1 t + k 1 ) cos ⁡ ( ω 2 t + k 2 ) = A 2 cos ⁡ [ ( ω 1 t + k 1 ) + ( ω 2 t + k 2 ) ] + A 2 cos ⁡ [ ( ω 1 t + k 1 ) − ( ω 2 t + k 2 ) ] = A 2 cos ⁡ [ ( ω 1 + ω 2 ) t + k 1 + k 2 ] + A 2 cos ⁡ [ ( ω 1 − ω 2 ) t + k 1 − k 2 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&A\cos(\omega _{1}t+k_{1})\cos(\omega _{2}t+k_{2})\\={}&{\frac {A}{2}}\cos \left+{\frac {A}{2}}\cos \left\\={}&{\frac {A}{2}}\cos \left+{\frac {A}{2}}\cos \left\end{aligned}}} However, the time average of a function of the form cos(ωt + k) is zero provided that ω is nonzero. Therefore, the only product terms that have a nonzero average are those where the frequency of voltage and current match. In other words, it is possible to calculate active (average) power by simply treating each frequency separately and adding up the answers. Furthermore, if voltage of the mains supply is assumed to be a single frequency (which it usually is), this shows that harmonic currents are a bad thing. They will increase the RMS current (since there will be non-zero terms added) and therefore apparent power, but they will have no effect on the active power transferred. Hence, harmonic currents will reduce the power factor. Harmonic currents can be reduced by a filter placed at the input of the device. Typically this will consist of either just a capacitor (relying on parasitic resistance and inductance in the supply) or a capacitor-inductor network. An active power factor correction circuit at the input would generally reduce the harmonic currents further and maintain the power factor closer to unity. See also Energy portal War of the currents Electric power transmission Transformer Mains electricity Deformed power References ^ a b IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions. IEEE. 2010. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5439063. ISBN 978-0-7381-6058-0. ^ Thomas, Roland E.; Rosa, Albert J.; Toussaint, Gregory J. (2016). The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits (8 ed.). Wiley. pp. 812–813. ISBN 978-1-119-23538-5. ^ Das, J. C. (2015). Power System Harmonics and Passive Filter Design. Wiley, IEEE Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-118-86162-2. To distinguish between linear and nonlinear loads, we may say that linear time-invariant loads are characterized so that an application of a sinusoidal voltage results in a sinusoidal flow of current. ^ "Importance of Reactive Power for System". 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-04-29. ^ Definition of Active Power in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary Archived April 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine ^ IEEE 100 : the authoritative dictionary of IEEE standards terms.-7th ed. ISBN 0-7381-2601-2, page 23 ^ "August 14, 2003 Outage – Sequence of Events" (PDF). FERC. 2003-09-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2008-02-18. ^ Close, Charles M. The Analysis of Linear Circuits. pp. 398 (section 8.3). ^ "Load differentiation". Archived from the original on 2015-10-25. Retrieved 2015-04-29. ^ a b Emanuel, Alexander (July 1993). "On The Definition of Power Factor and Apparent Power in Unbalanced Polyphase Circuits with Sinusoidal Voltage and Currents". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 8 (3): 841–852. doi:10.1109/61.252612. External links "AC Power Java Applet" vteElectricity deliveryConcepts Automatic generation control Backfeeding Base load Demand factor Droop speed control Electric power Electric power quality Electrical fault Energy demand management Energy return on investment Grid code Grid energy storage Grid strength Home energy storage Load-following Merit order Nameplate capacity Peak demand Power factor Power-flow study Repowering Utility frequency Variability Vehicle-to-grid SourcesNon-renewable Fossil fuel power station Coal Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Nuclear Renewable Biofuel Biogas Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Sustainable biofuel Wind Generation AC power Cogeneration Combined cycle Cooling tower Induction generator Micro CHP Microgeneration Rankine cycle Three-phase electric power Virtual power plant Transmissionand distribution Demand response Distributed generation Dynamic demand Electric power distribution Electric power system Electric power transmission Electrical busbar system Electrical grid Electrical substation Electricity retailing High-voltage direct current High-voltage shore connection Interconnector Load management Mains electricity by country Overhead power line Power station Pumped hydro Single-wire earth return Smart grid Super grid Transformer Transmission system operator (TSO) Transmission tower Utility pole Failure modes Black start Brownout Cascading failure Power outage Rolling blackout Protectivedevices Arc-fault circuit interrupter Circuit breaker Earth-leakage Sulfur hexafluoride Generator interlock kit Numerical relay Power system protection Protective relay Residual-current device (GFI) Economicsand policies Availability factor Capacity factor Carbon offsets and credits Cost of electricity by source Energy subsidies Environmental tax Feed-in tariff Fossil fuel phase-out Load factor Net metering Pigouvian tax Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable energy commercialization Renewable Energy Payments Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread Statistics andproduction Electric energy consumption List of electricity sectors Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mains electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_lights_in_motion.jpg"},{"link_name":"instantaneous power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instantaneous_power"},{"link_name":"alternating current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"inductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor"},{"link_name":"capacitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"AC waveform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_waveform"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEEE_1459-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThomasRosaToussaint_2016-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IEEE_1459-1"}],"text":"This article is about power in AC systems. For information on utility-supplied AC power, see Mains electricity.The blinking of non-incandescent city lights is shown in this motion-blurred long exposure. The AC nature of the mains power is revealed by the dashed appearance of the traces of moving lights.In an electric circuit, instantaneous power is the time rate of flow of energy past a given point of the circuit. In alternating current circuits, energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors may result in periodic reversals of the direction of energy flow. Its SI unit is the watt.The portion of instantaneous power that, averaged over a complete cycle of the AC waveform, results in net transfer of energy in one direction is known as instantaneous active power, and its time average is known as active power or real power.[1]: 3  The portion of instantaneous power that results in no net transfer of energy but instead oscillates between the source and load in each cycle due to stored energy, is known as instantaneous reactive power, and its amplitude is the absolute value of reactive power.[2][1]: 4","title":"AC power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_circuit"},{"link_name":"time-invariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-invariant_system"},{"link_name":"sinusoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Das_2015-3"},{"link_name":"resistive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistive"},{"link_name":"reactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance"},{"link_name":"RMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-square"},{"link_name":"Insufficient reactive power can depress voltage levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_control_and_reactive_power_management"},{"link_name":"blackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage"},{"link_name":"power factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cmplxpower.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"volt-ampere reactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere_reactive"},{"link_name":"volt-ampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(vector)"},{"link_name":"quadrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(plane_geometry)"},{"link_name":"watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"volt-amperes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere"},{"link_name":"RMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current"},{"link_name":"volt-ampere reactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere_reactive"},{"link_name":"electrical grids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"Northeast blackout of 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_blackout_of_2003"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"imaginary unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_unit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Active-and-reactive-power-064pf-en.svg"}],"text":"In a simple alternating current (AC) circuit consisting of a source and a linear time-invariant load, both the current and voltage are sinusoidal at the same frequency.[3] If the load is purely resistive, the two quantities reverse their polarity at the same time. Hence, the instantaneous power, given by the product of voltage and current, is always positive, such that the direction of energy flow does not reverse and always is toward the resistor. In this case, only active power is transferred.If the load is purely reactive, then the voltage and current are 90 degrees out of phase. For two quarters of each cycle, the product of voltage and current is positive, but for the other two quarters, the product is negative, indicating that on average, exactly as much energy flows into the load as flows back out. There is no net energy flow over each half cycle. In this case, only reactive power flows: There is no net transfer of energy to the load; however, electrical power does flow along the wires and returns by flowing in reverse along the same wires. The current required for this reactive power flow dissipates energy in the line resistance, even if the ideal load device consumes no energy itself. Practical loads have resistance as well as inductance, or capacitance, so both active and reactive powers will flow to normal loads.Apparent power is the product of the RMS values of voltage and current. Apparent power is taken into account when designing and operating power systems, because although the current associated with reactive power does no work at the load, it still must be supplied by the power source. Conductors, transformers and generators must be sized to carry the total current, not just the current that does useful work. Insufficient reactive power can depress voltage levels on an electrical grid and, under certain operating conditions, collapse the network (a blackout). Another consequence is that adding the apparent power for two loads will not accurately give the total power unless they have the same phase difference between current and voltage (the same power factor).Conventionally, capacitors are treated as if they generate reactive power, and inductors are treated as if they consume it. If a capacitor and an inductor are placed in parallel, then the currents flowing through the capacitor and the inductor tend to cancel rather than add. This is the fundamental mechanism for controlling the power factor in electric power transmission; capacitors (or inductors) are inserted in a circuit to partially compensate for reactive power 'consumed' ('generated') by the load. Purely capacitive circuits supply reactive power with the current waveform leading the voltage waveform by 90 degrees, while purely inductive circuits absorb reactive power with the current waveform lagging the voltage waveform by 90 degrees. The result of this is that capacitive and inductive circuit elements tend to cancel each other out.[4]The Power TriangleThe complex power is the vector sum of active and reactive power. The apparent power is the magnitude of the complex power.  Active power, P  Reactive power, Q  Complex power, S  Apparent power, |S|  Phase of voltage relative to current, \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }Engineers use the following terms to describe energy flow in a system (and assign each of them a different unit to differentiate between them):Active power,[5] P, or real power:[6] watt (W);\nReactive power, Q: volt-ampere reactive (var);\nComplex power, S: volt-ampere (VA);\nApparent power, |S|: the magnitude of complex power S: volt-ampere (VA);\nPhase of voltage relative to current, φ: the angle of difference (in degrees) between current and voltage; \n \n \n \n φ\n =\n arg\n ⁡\n (\n V\n )\n −\n arg\n ⁡\n (\n I\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi =\\arg(V)-\\arg(I)}\n \n. Current lagging voltage (quadrant I vector), current leading voltage (quadrant IV vector).These are all denoted in the adjacent diagram (called a power triangle).In the diagram, P is the active power, Q is the reactive power (in this case positive), S is the complex power and the length of S is the apparent power. Reactive power does not do any work, so it is represented as the imaginary axis of the vector diagram. Active power does do work, so it is the real axis.The unit for power is the watt (symbol: W). Apparent power is often expressed in volt-amperes (VA) since it is the product of RMS voltage and RMS current. The unit for reactive power is var, which stands for volt-ampere reactive. Since reactive power transfers no net energy to the load, it is sometimes called \"wattless\" power. It does, however, serve an important function in electrical grids and its lack has been cited as a significant factor in the Northeast blackout of 2003.[7] Understanding the relationship among these three quantities lies at the heart of understanding power engineering. The mathematical relationship among them can be represented by vectors or expressed using complex numbers, S = P + j Q (where j is the imaginary unit).Instantaneous power in AC systems when the current lags behind the voltage by 50 degrees.","title":"Active, reactive, apparent, and complex power in sinusoidal steady-state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phasor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasor"},{"link_name":"RMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square"},{"link_name":"complex conjugate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_conjugate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"impedance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance"},{"link_name":"reactance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance"}],"text":"The formula for complex power (units: VA) in phasor form is:S\n =\n V\n \n I\n \n ∗\n \n \n =\n \n |\n \n S\n \n |\n \n ∠\n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S=VI^{*}=|S|\\angle \\varphi }\n \n,where V denotes voltage in phasor form, with the amplitude as RMS, and I denotes current in phasor form, with the amplitude as RMS. Also by convention, the complex conjugate of I is used, which is denoted \n \n \n \n \n I\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I^{*}}\n \n (or \n \n \n \n \n \n I\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overline {I}}}\n \n), rather than I itself. This is done because otherwise using the product V I to define S would result in a quantity that depends on the reference angle chosen for V or I, but defining S as V I* results in a quantity that doesn't depend on the reference angle and allows to relate S to P and Q.[8]Other forms of complex power (units in volt-amps, VA) are derived from Z, the load impedance (units in ohms, Ω).S\n =\n \n |\n \n I\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n Z\n =\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n V\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S=|I|^{2}Z={\\frac {|V|^{2}}{Z^{*}}}}\n \n.Consequentially, with reference to the power triangle, real power (units in watts, W) is derived as:P\n =\n \n |\n \n S\n \n |\n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n φ\n \n =\n \n |\n \n I\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n R\n =\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n V\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n Z\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ×\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=|S|\\cos {\\varphi }=|I|^{2}R={\\frac {|V|^{2}}{|Z|^{2}}}\\times {R}}\n \n.For a purely resistive load, real power can be simplified to:P\n =\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n V\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P={\\frac {|V|^{2}}{R}}}\n \n.R denotes resistance (units in ohms, Ω) of the load.Reactive power (units in volts-amps-reactive, var) is derived as:Q\n =\n \n |\n \n S\n \n |\n \n sin\n ⁡\n \n φ\n \n =\n \n |\n \n I\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n X\n =\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n V\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n Z\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ×\n \n X\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q=|S|\\sin {\\varphi }=|I|^{2}X={\\frac {|V|^{2}}{|Z|^{2}}}\\times {X}}\n \n.For a purely reactive load, reactive power can be simplified to:Q\n =\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n V\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q={\\frac {|V|^{2}}{X}}}\n \n,where X denotes reactance (units in ohms, Ω) of the load.Combining, the complex power (units in volt-amps, VA) is back-derived asS\n =\n P\n +\n j\n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle S=P+jQ}\n \n,and the apparent power (units in volt-amps, VA) as|\n \n S\n \n |\n \n =\n \n \n \n P\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n Q\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |S|={\\sqrt {P^{2}+Q^{2}}}}\n \n.These are simplified diagrammatically by the power triangle.","title":"Calculations and equations in sinusoidal steady-state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor"},{"link_name":"phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)"}],"text":"The ratio of active power to apparent power in a circuit is called the power factor. For two systems transmitting the same amount of active power, the system with the lower power factor will have higher circulating currents due to energy that returns to the source from energy storage in the load. These higher currents produce higher losses and reduce overall transmission efficiency. A lower power factor circuit will have a higher apparent power and higher losses for the same amount of active power. The power factor is 1.0 when the voltage and current are in phase. It is zero when the current leads or lags the voltage by 90 degrees. When the voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase, the power factor is negative one, and the load is feeding energy into the source (an example would be a home with solar cells on the roof that feed power into the power grid when the sun is shining). Power factors are usually stated as \"leading\" or \"lagging\" to show the sign of the phase angle of current with respect to voltage. Voltage is designated as the base to which current angle is compared, meaning that current is thought of as either \"leading\" or \"lagging\" voltage. Where the waveforms are purely sinusoidal, the power factor is the cosine of the phase angle (\n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n) between the current and voltage sinusoidal waveforms. Equipment data sheets and nameplates will often abbreviate power factor as \"\n \n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\cos \\phi }\n \n\" for this reason.Example: The active power is 700 W and the phase angle between voltage and current is 45.6°. The power factor is cos(45.6°) = 0.700. The apparent power is then: 700 W / cos(45.6°) = 1000 VA. The concept of power dissipation in AC circuit is explained and illustrated with the example.For instance, a power factor of 0.68 means that only 68 percent of the total current supplied (in magnitude) is actually doing work; the remaining current does no work at the load. Power Factor is very important in Power sector substations. Form the national grid the sub sectors are required to have minimum amount of power factor. Otherwise there are many loss. Mainly the required vary around 0.90 to 0.96 or more. Better the power factor less the loss.","title":"Power factor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volt-amperes reactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-amperes_reactive"},{"link_name":"reactive compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_AC_transmission_system"}],"text":"In a direct current circuit, the power flowing to the load is proportional to the product of the current through the load and the potential drop across the load. The power that happens because of a capacitor or inductor is called reactive power. It happens because of the AC nature of elements like inductors and capacitors. Energy flows in one direction from the source to the load. In AC power, the voltage and current both vary approximately sinusoidally. When there is inductance or capacitance in the circuit, the voltage and current waveforms do not line up perfectly. The power flow has two components – one component flows from source to load and can perform work at the load; the other portion, known as \"reactive power\", is due to the delay between voltage and current, known as phase angle, and cannot do useful work at the load. It can be thought of as current that is arriving at the wrong time (too late or too early). To distinguish reactive power from active power, it is measured in units of \"volt-amperes reactive\", or var. These units can simplify to watts but are left as var to denote that they represent no actual work output.Energy stored in capacitive or inductive elements of the network gives rise to reactive power flow. Reactive power flow strongly influences the voltage levels across the network. Voltage levels and reactive power flow must be carefully controlled to allow a power system to be operated within acceptable limits. A technique known as reactive compensation is used to reduce apparent power flow to a load by reducing reactive power supplied from transmission lines and providing it locally. For example, to compensate an inductive load, a shunt capacitor is installed close to the load itself. This allows all reactive power needed by the load to be supplied by the capacitor and not have to be transferred over the transmission lines. This practice saves energy because it reduces the amount of energy that is required to be produced by the utility to do the same amount of work. Additionally, it allows for more efficient transmission line designs using smaller conductors or fewer bundled conductors and optimizing the design of transmission towers.","title":"Reactive power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inductors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductors"},{"link_name":"Induction generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_generator"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Capacitive vs. inductive loads","text":"Stored energy in the magnetic or electric field of a load device, such as a motor or capacitor, causes an offset between the current and the voltage waveforms. A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the form of an electric field. As current is driven through the capacitor, charge build-up causes an opposing voltage to develop across the capacitor. This voltage increases until some maximum dictated by the capacitor structure. In an AC network, the voltage across a capacitor is constantly changing. The capacitor opposes this change, causing the current to lead the voltage in phase. Capacitors are said to \"source\" reactive power, and thus to cause a leading power factor.Induction machines are some of the most common types of loads in the electric power system today. These machines use inductors, or large coils of wire to store energy in the form of a magnetic field. When a voltage is initially placed across the coil, the inductor strongly resists this change in a current and magnetic field, which causes a time delay for the current to reach its maximum value. This causes the current to lag behind the voltage in phase. Inductors are said to \"sink\" reactive power, and thus to cause a lagging power factor. Induction generators can source or sink reactive power, and provide a measure of control to system operators over reactive power flow and thus voltage.[9] Because these devices have opposite effects on the phase angle between voltage and current, they can be used to \"cancel out\" each other's effects. This usually takes the form of capacitor banks being used to counteract the lagging power factor caused by induction motors.","title":"Reactive power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferranti_effect"},{"link_name":"static VAR compensators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_VAR_compensator"}],"sub_title":"Reactive power control","text":"Transmission connected generators are generally required to support reactive power flow. For example, on the United Kingdom transmission system, generators are required by the Grid Code Requirements to supply their rated power between the limits of 0.85 power factor lagging and 0.90 power factor leading at the designated terminals. The system operator will perform switching actions to maintain a secure and economical voltage profile while maintaining a reactive power balance equation:G\n e\n n\n e\n r\n a\n t\n o\n r\n  \n M\n V\n A\n R\n s\n +\n S\n y\n s\n t\n e\n m\n  \n g\n a\n i\n n\n +\n S\n h\n u\n n\n t\n  \n c\n a\n p\n a\n c\n i\n t\n o\n r\n s\n =\n M\n V\n A\n R\n  \n D\n e\n m\n a\n n\n d\n +\n R\n e\n a\n c\n t\n i\n v\n e\n  \n l\n o\n s\n s\n e\n s\n +\n S\n h\n u\n n\n t\n  \n r\n e\n a\n c\n t\n o\n r\n s\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Generator\\ MVARs+System\\ gain+Shunt\\ capacitors=MVAR\\ Demand+Reactive\\ losses+Shunt\\ reactors} }The \"system gain\" is an important source of reactive power in the above power balance equation, which is generated by the capacitative nature of the transmission network itself. By making decisive switching actions in the early morning before the demand increases, the system gain can be maximized early on, helping to secure the system for the whole day. To balance the equation some pre-fault reactive generator use will be required. Other sources of reactive power that will also be used include shunt capacitors, shunt reactors, static VAR compensators and voltage control circuits.","title":"Reactive power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jr."},{"link_name":"Steinmetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz"},{"link_name":"three phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_phase"},{"link_name":"polyphase systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_systems"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emanuel_1993-10"},{"link_name":"symmetrical components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_components"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emanuel_1993-10"}],"text":"While active power and reactive power are well defined in any system, the definition of apparent power for unbalanced polyphase systems is considered to be one of the most controversial topics in power engineering. Originally, apparent power arose merely as a figure of merit. Major delineations of the concept are attributed to Stanley's Phenomena of Retardation in the Induction Coil (1888) and Steinmetz's Theoretical Elements of Engineering (1915). However, with the development of three phase power distribution, it became clear that the definition of apparent power and the power factor could not be applied to unbalanced polyphase systems. In 1920, a \"Special Joint Committee of the AIEE and the National Electric Light Association\" met to resolve the issue. They considered two definitions.S\n \n A\n \n \n =\n \n |\n \n \n S\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n +\n \n |\n \n \n S\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n +\n \n |\n \n \n S\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{A}=|S_{\\mathrm {a} }|+|S_{\\mathrm {b} }|+|S_{\\mathrm {c} }|}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n p\n f\n \n \n A\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n \n P\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n +\n \n P\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {pf} _{A}={P_{\\mathrm {a} }+P_{\\mathrm {b} }+P_{\\mathrm {c} } \\over S_{A}}}\n \n,that is, the arithmetic sum of the phase apparent powers; andS\n \n V\n \n \n =\n \n |\n \n \n P\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n \n P\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n +\n \n P\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n +\n j\n (\n \n Q\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n \n Q\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n +\n \n Q\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n )\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{V}=|P_{\\mathrm {a} }+P_{\\mathrm {b} }+P_{\\mathrm {c} }+j(Q_{\\mathrm {a} }+Q_{\\mathrm {b} }+Q_{\\mathrm {c} })|}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n p\n f\n \n \n V\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n +\n \n P\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n +\n \n P\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n V\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {pf} _{V}={P_{\\mathrm {a} }+P_{\\mathrm {b} }+P_{\\mathrm {c} } \\over S_{V}}}\n \n,that is, the magnitude of total three-phase complex power.The 1920 committee found no consensus and the topic continued to dominate discussions. In 1930, another committee formed and once again failed to resolve the question. The transcripts of their discussions are the lengthiest and most controversial ever published by the AIEE.[10] Further resolution of this debate did not come until the late 1990s.A new definition based on symmetrical components theory was proposed in 1993 by Alexander Emanuel for unbalanced linear load supplied with asymmetrical sinusoidal voltages:S\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n |\n \n \n V\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n +\n \n |\n \n \n V\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n +\n \n |\n \n \n V\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n \n |\n \n \n I\n \n \n a\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n +\n \n |\n \n \n I\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n +\n \n |\n \n \n I\n \n \n c\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S={\\sqrt {\\left(|V_{\\mathrm {a} }^{2}|+|V_{\\mathrm {b} }^{2}|+|V_{\\mathrm {c} }^{2}|\\right)\\left(|I_{\\mathrm {a} }^{2}|+|I_{\\mathrm {b} }^{2}|+|I_{\\mathrm {c} }^{2}|\\right)}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n p\n f\n \n =\n \n \n \n P\n \n +\n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {pf} ={P^{+} \\over S}}\n \n,that is, the root of squared sums of line voltages multiplied by the root of squared sums of line currents. \n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P^{+}}\n \n denotes the positive sequence power:P\n \n +\n \n \n =\n 3\n \n |\n \n \n V\n \n +\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n |\n \n \n I\n \n +\n \n \n \n |\n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n (\n arg\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n V\n \n +\n \n \n )\n \n −\n arg\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n I\n \n +\n \n \n )\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P^{+}=3|V^{+}||I^{+}|\\cos {(\\arg {(V^{+})}-\\arg {(I^{+})})}}V\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle V^{+}}\n \n denotes the positive sequence voltage phasor, and \n\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle I^{+}}\n \n denotes the positive sequence current phasor.[10]","title":"Unbalanced sinusoidal polyphase systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passive sign convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_sign_convention"},{"link_name":"reactance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactance"},{"link_name":"modulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value"},{"link_name":"harmonic content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmonic_content&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"A perfect resistor stores no energy; so current and voltage are in phase. Therefore, there is no reactive power and \n \n \n \n P\n =\n S\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=S}\n \n (using the passive sign convention). Therefore, for a perfect resistorP\n =\n S\n =\n \n V\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n =\n \n I\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n R\n =\n \n \n \n V\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n R\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle P=S=V_{\\mathrm {RMS} }I_{\\mathrm {RMS} }=I_{\\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}R={\\frac {V_{\\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}}{R}}\\,\\!}\n \n.For a perfect capacitor or inductor, there is no net power transfer; so all power is reactive. Therefore, for a perfect capacitor or inductor:P\n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n =\n \n |\n \n S\n \n |\n \n =\n \n V\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n =\n \n I\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n |\n \n X\n \n |\n \n =\n \n \n \n V\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n X\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}P&=0\\\\Q&=|S|=V_{\\mathrm {RMS} }I_{\\mathrm {RMS} }=I_{\\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}|X|={\\frac {V_{\\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}}{|X|}}\\end{aligned}}}\n \n.where \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n is the reactance of the capacitor or inductor.If \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n is defined as being positive for an inductor and negative for a capacitor, then the modulus signs can be removed from S and X and getQ\n =\n \n I\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n X\n =\n \n \n \n V\n \n \n R\n M\n S\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n X\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q=I_{\\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}X={\\frac {V_{\\mathrm {RMS} }^{2}}{X}}}\n \n.Instantaneous power is defined as:p\n (\n t\n )\n =\n v\n (\n t\n )\n \n i\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(t)=v(t)\\,i(t)}\n \n,where \n \n \n \n v\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v(t)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n i\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i(t)}\n \n are the time-varying voltage and current waveforms.This definition is useful because it applies to all waveforms, whether they are sinusoidal or not. This is particularly useful in power electronics, where non-sinusoidal waveforms are common.In general, engineers are interested in the active power averaged over a period of time, whether it is a low frequency line cycle or a high frequency power converter switching period. The simplest way to get that result is to take the integral of the instantaneous calculation over the desired period:P\n \n avg\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n \n t\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n v\n (\n t\n )\n \n i\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n d\n \n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{\\text{avg}}={\\frac {1}{t_{2}-t_{1}}}\\int _{t_{1}}^{t_{2}}v(t)\\,i(t)\\,\\mathrm {d} t}\n \n.This method of calculating the average power gives the active power regardless of harmonic content of the waveform. In practical applications, this would be done in the digital domain, where the calculation becomes trivial when compared to the use of rms and phase to determine active power:P\n \n avg\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n V\n [\n k\n ]\n I\n [\n k\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{\\text{avg}}={\\frac {1}{n}}\\sum _{k=1}^{n}V[k]I[k]}\n \n.","title":"Real number formulas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"harmonic currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonics_(electrical_power)"},{"link_name":"power factor correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor_correction"}],"text":"Since an RMS value can be calculated for any waveform, apparent power can be calculated from this. For active power it would at first appear that it would be necessary to calculate many product terms and average all of them. However, looking at one of these product terms in more detail produces a very interesting result.A\n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n t\n +\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n cos\n ⁡\n (\n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n t\n +\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n 2\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n t\n +\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n +\n \n (\n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n t\n +\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n +\n \n \n A\n 2\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n t\n +\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n −\n \n (\n \n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n t\n +\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n A\n 2\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n t\n +\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ]\n \n +\n \n \n A\n 2\n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n [\n \n \n (\n \n \n ω\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n ω\n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n t\n +\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&A\\cos(\\omega _{1}t+k_{1})\\cos(\\omega _{2}t+k_{2})\\\\={}&{\\frac {A}{2}}\\cos \\left[\\left(\\omega _{1}t+k_{1}\\right)+\\left(\\omega _{2}t+k_{2}\\right)\\right]+{\\frac {A}{2}}\\cos \\left[\\left(\\omega _{1}t+k_{1}\\right)-\\left(\\omega _{2}t+k_{2}\\right)\\right]\\\\={}&{\\frac {A}{2}}\\cos \\left[\\left(\\omega _{1}+\\omega _{2}\\right)t+k_{1}+k_{2}\\right]+{\\frac {A}{2}}\\cos \\left[\\left(\\omega _{1}-\\omega _{2}\\right)t+k_{1}-k_{2}\\right]\\end{aligned}}}However, the time average of a function of the form cos(ωt + k) is zero provided that ω is nonzero. Therefore, the only product terms that have a nonzero average are those where the frequency of voltage and current match. In other words, it is possible to calculate active (average) power by simply treating each frequency separately and adding up the answers. Furthermore, if voltage of the mains supply is assumed to be a single frequency (which it usually is), this shows that harmonic currents are a bad thing. They will increase the RMS current (since there will be non-zero terms added) and therefore apparent power, but they will have no effect on the active power transferred. Hence, harmonic currents will reduce the power factor. Harmonic currents can be reduced by a filter placed at the input of the device. Typically this will consist of either just a capacitor (relying on parasitic resistance and inductance in the supply) or a capacitor-inductor network. An active power factor correction circuit at the input would generally reduce the harmonic currents further and maintain the power factor closer to unity.","title":"Multiple frequency systems"}]
[{"image_text":"The blinking of non-incandescent city lights is shown in this motion-blurred long exposure. The AC nature of the mains power is revealed by the dashed appearance of the traces of moving lights.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/City_lights_in_motion.jpg/250px-City_lights_in_motion.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Power TriangleThe complex power is the vector sum of active and reactive power. The apparent power is the magnitude of the complex power.  Active power, P  Reactive power, Q  Complex power, S  Apparent power, |S|  Phase of voltage relative to current, \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cmplxpower.svg/280px-Cmplxpower.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Instantaneous power in AC systems when the current lags behind the voltage by 50 degrees.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Active-and-reactive-power-064pf-en.svg/500px-Active-and-reactive-power-064pf-en.svg.png"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"War of the currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_currents"},{"title":"Electric power transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"title":"Transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"title":"Mains electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity"},{"title":"Deformed power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformed_power"}]
[{"reference":"IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions. IEEE. 2010. doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5439063. ISBN 978-0-7381-6058-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2010.5439063","url_text":"10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5439063"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-6058-0","url_text":"978-0-7381-6058-0"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Roland E.; Rosa, Albert J.; Toussaint, Gregory J. (2016). The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits (8 ed.). Wiley. pp. 812–813. ISBN 978-1-119-23538-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-23538-5","url_text":"978-1-119-23538-5"}]},{"reference":"Das, J. C. (2015). Power System Harmonics and Passive Filter Design. Wiley, IEEE Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-118-86162-2. To distinguish between linear and nonlinear loads, we may say that linear time-invariant loads are characterized so that an application of a sinusoidal voltage results in a sinusoidal flow of current.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-86162-2","url_text":"978-1-118-86162-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Importance of Reactive Power for System\". 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2015-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/importance-of-reactive-power-for-system/","url_text":"\"Importance of Reactive Power for System\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150512200158/https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/importance-of-reactive-power-for-system/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"August 14, 2003 Outage – Sequence of Events\" (PDF). FERC. 2003-09-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-20. Retrieved 2008-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020070028/http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/blackout/09-12-03-blackout-sum.pdf","url_text":"\"August 14, 2003 Outage – Sequence of Events\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FERC","url_text":"FERC"},{"url":"https://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/blackout/09-12-03-blackout-sum.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Close, Charles M. The Analysis of Linear Circuits. pp. 398 (section 8.3).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Load differentiation\". Archived from the original on 2015-10-25. Retrieved 2015-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151025015726/http://web.media.mit.edu/~dolguin/mas961/loads.html","url_text":"\"Load differentiation\""},{"url":"http://web.media.mit.edu/~dolguin/mas961/loads.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Emanuel, Alexander (July 1993). \"On The Definition of Power Factor and Apparent Power in Unbalanced Polyphase Circuits with Sinusoidal Voltage and Currents\". IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 8 (3): 841–852. doi:10.1109/61.252612.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F61.252612","url_text":"10.1109/61.252612"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2010.5439063","external_links_name":"10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5439063"},{"Link":"https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/importance-of-reactive-power-for-system/","external_links_name":"\"Importance of Reactive Power for System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150512200158/https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/03/21/importance-of-reactive-power-for-system/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-42","external_links_name":"Definition of Active Power in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150423120137/http://www.electropedia.org/iev/iev.nsf/display?openform&ievref=131-11-42","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071020070028/http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/blackout/09-12-03-blackout-sum.pdf","external_links_name":"\"August 14, 2003 Outage – Sequence of Events\""},{"Link":"https://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/blackout/09-12-03-blackout-sum.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151025015726/http://web.media.mit.edu/~dolguin/mas961/loads.html","external_links_name":"\"Load differentiation\""},{"Link":"http://web.media.mit.edu/~dolguin/mas961/loads.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F61.252612","external_links_name":"10.1109/61.252612"},{"Link":"http://www.circuit-magic.com/acpower.htm","external_links_name":"\"AC Power Java Applet\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbh_Mela
Kumbh Mela
["1 Etymology and nomenclature","1.1 Mythology","2 History","2.1 Evolution of earlier melas to Kumbh Melas","2.2 Akharas: Warrior monks, recruitment drive and logistics","3 Significance and impact","3.1 Massacres, stampedes and scandals","3.2 1857 rebellion and the Independence movement","3.3 Rising attendance and scale","4 Calendar, locations and preparation","4.1 Types","4.2 Locations","4.3 Dates","4.4 Past years","4.5 Historical Festival management","5 Rituals","5.1 Bathing and processions","5.2 Feasts, festivities and discussions","5.3 Darshan","6 In culture","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","9.1 Bibliography","10 External links"]
Hindu pilgrimage and festival celebrated in India Kumbh Mela / Kumbha MelaPrayag Kumbh Mela in 2013GenrePilgrimageFrequencyEvery three yearsLocation(s)Alternately in Prayagraj, Haridwar, Nashik and Ujjain Kumbh MelaUNESCO Intangible Cultural HeritageCountryIndiaDomainsReligious pilgrimage, rituals, social practices and festive eventsReference01258RegionAsia and the PacificInscription historyInscription2017 (12th session)ListRepresentative Part of a series onHinduism Hindus History OriginsHistorical Hindu synthesis (500/200 BCE–300 CE) History Indus Valley Civilisation Historical Vedic religion Dravidian folk religion Śramaṇa Tribal religions in India Traditional Itihasa-Purana Epic-Puranic royal genealogies Epic-Puranic chronology Traditions Major traditions Shaivism Shaktism Smartism Vaishnavism List Deities Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Shiva Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Parvati Other major Devas / Devis Vedic: Agni Ashvins Chandra Indra Prajapati Pushan Rudra Surya Ushas Varuna Vayu Post-Vedic: Dattatreya Durga Ganesha Hanuman Kali Kartikeya Krishna Kubera Radha Rama Shakti Sita Vishvakarma Concepts Worldview Cosmology Mythology Ontology Tattvas Subtle elements Panchikarana Gross elements Guṇas Supreme reality Brahman Nirguna Saguna Om Saccidānanda God Ishvara God in Hinduism God and gender Meaning of life Dharma Artha Kama Moksha Stages of life Brahmacharya Gṛhastha Vānaprastha Sannyasa Three paths to liberation Bhakti yoga Jnana yoga Karma yoga Liberation Mokṣa-related topics: Paramātman Maya Karma Saṃsāra Mind Ātman (self) Anātman (non-self) Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) Prajña (wisdom) Ānanda (happiness) Viveka (discernment) Vairagya (dispassion) Sama (equanimity) Dama (temperance) Uparati (self-settledness) Titiksha (forbearance) Shraddha (faith) Samadhana (concentration) Arishadvargas (six enemies) Ahamkara (attachment) Ethics Niti śastra Yamas Niyama Ahimsa Achourya Aparigraha Brahmacharya Satya Damah Dayā Akrodha Arjava Santosha Tapas Svādhyāya Shaucha Mitahara Dāna Sources of dharma Epistemology Pratyakṣa (perception) Anumāṇa (inference) Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) Śabda (word, testimony) Practices Worship, sacrifice, and charity Puja Ārtī Prarthana Śrauta Temple Murti Bhakti Japa Bhajana Kīrtana Yajna Homa Tarpana Vrata Prāyaścitta Tirtha Yatra Tirthadana Matha Nritta-Nritya Dāna Sevā Meditation Tapas Dhyana Samādhāna Nididhyāsana Yoga Sadhu Yogi Yogini Asana Sādhanā Hatha yoga Jnana yoga Bhakti yoga Karma yoga Rāja yoga Kundalini yoga Arts Bharatanatyam Kathak Kathakali Kuchipudi Manipuri Mohiniyattam Odissi Sattriya Bhagavata Mela Yakshagana Dandiya Raas Carnatic music Pandav Lila Kalaripayattu Silambam Adimurai Rites of passage Garbhadhana Pumsavana Pumsavana Simantonayana Simantonnayana Jatakarma Nāmakaraṇa Nishkramana Annaprashana Chudakarana Karnavedha Vidyāraṃbhaṃ Upanayana Keshanta Ritushuddhi Samavartanam Vivaha Antyesti Festivals Diwali Holi Maha Shivaratri Navaratri Durga Puja Ramlila Vijayadashami-Dussehra Raksha Bandhan Ganesh Chaturthi Vasant Panchami Rama Navami Janmashtami Onam Makar Sankranti Kumbh Mela Pongal Ugadi Vaisakhi Bihu Puthandu Vishu Ratha Yatra Philosophical schools Six Astika schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mīmāṃsā Vedanta Advaita Dvaita Vishishtadvaita Achintya Bheda Abheda Shuddhadvaita Dvaitadvaita Akshar Purushottam Darshan Other schools Shaiva Kapalika Pashupata Pratyabhijña Vaishnava Pancharatra Charvaka Gurus, sants, philosophers Ancient Agastya Angiras Aruni Ashtavakra Atri Bharadwaja Gotama Jaimini Jamadagni Kanada Kapila Kashyapa Patanjali Pāṇini Prashastapada Raikva Satyakama Jabala Valmiki Vashistha Vishvamitra Vyasa Yajnavalkya Medieval Abhinavagupta Adi Shankara Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Alvars Basava Chaitanya Ramdas Kathiababa Chakradhara Chāngadeva Dadu Dayal Eknath Gangesha Upadhyaya Santadas Kathiababa Gaudapada Gorakshanatha Haridasa Thakur Harivansh Jagannatha Dasa Jayanta Bhatta Jayatīrtha Jiva Goswami Jñāneśvar Kabir Kanaka Dasa Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Madhusūdana Madhva Matsyendranatha Morya Gosavi Mukundarāja Namadeva Narahari Tirtha Narasimha Saraswati Nayanars Nimbarkacharya Prabhākara Purandara Dasa Raghavendra Swami Raghunatha Siromani Raghuttama Tirtha Ram Charan Ramananda Ramanuja Ramprasad Sen Ravidas Rupa Goswami Samarth Ramdas Sankardev Satyanatha Tirtha Siddheshwar Sripada Srivallabha Sripadaraja Surdas Swaminarayan Śyāma Śastri Tukaram Tulsidas Tyagaraja Vācaspati Miśra Vadiraja Tirtha Vallabha Valluvar Vedanta Desika Vidyaranya Vyasaraja Modern Aurobindo Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Bhaktivinoda Thakur Chandrashekarendra Saraswati Chinmayananda Dayananda Saraswati Jaggi Vasudev Krishnananda Saraswati Mahavatar Babaji Mahesh Yogi Narayana Guru Nigamananda Nisargadatta Maharaj Prabhupada Radhakrishnan R. D. Ranade Ramakrishna Rama Tirtha Ramana Maharshi Ravi Shankar Ramdas Samarth Sathya Sai Baba Shirdi Sai Baba Shraddhanand Satyadhyana Tirtha Siddharameshwar Maharaj Sivananda Trailanga U. G. Krishnamurti Upasni Maharaj Vethathiri Maharishi Vivekananda Yogananda Texts Sources and classification of scripture Śruti Smṛti Ācāra Ātmatuṣṭi Scriptures Timeline of Hindu texts Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita Brahmana Aranyaka Upanishads Upanishads Rigveda: Aitareya Kaushitaki Yajurveda: Brihadaranyaka Isha Taittiriya Katha Shvetashvatara Maitri Samaveda: Chandogya Kena Atharvaveda: Mundaka Mandukya Prashna Vedangas Shiksha Chandas Vyākaraṇa Nirukta Kalpa Jyotisha Other scriptures Bhagavad Gita Agamas (Hinduism) Itihasas Ramayana Mahabharata Other textsPuranas Vishnu Purana Bhagavata Purana Devi Bhagavata Purana Naradiya Purana Vāmana Purana Matsya Purana Garuda Purana Brahma Purana Brahmanda Purana Brahma Vaivarta Purana Bhavishya Purana Padma Purana Agni Purana Shiva Purana Linga Purana Kūrma Purana Skanda Purana Varaha Purana Markandeya Purana Upavedas Ayurveda Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda Sthapatyaveda Shastras, sutras, and samhitas Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Shilpa Shastras Kama Sutra Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Charaka Samhita Sushruta Samhita Natya Shastra Panchatantra Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurai Ramcharitmanas Yoga Vasistha Swara yoga Panchadasi Stotras and stutis Kanakadhara Stotra Shiva Stuti Vayu Stuti Tamil literature Tirumurai Naalayira Divya Prabandham Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai Tiruppukal Kural Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram Five Great Epics Eighteen Greater Texts Eighteen Lesser Texts Athichudi Iraiyanar Akapporul Abirami Antati Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam Vinayagar Agaval Society Varna Four varnas: Brahmana Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Varna-less: Dalit Varna-related topics: Jāti Other society-related topics: Discrimination Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Organisations Reform movements Other topics Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Caribbean Shaktism Hindu culture Architecture Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and other religions Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Criticism Glossary Outline Hinduism portalvte A 2019 stamp dedicated to Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela (/ˌkʊmb ˈmeɪlə/) is a major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism, On February 4, 2019, Kumbh Mela witnessed the largest public gathering. It is celebrated in a cycle of approximately 12 years, to celebrate every revolution Brihaspati (Jupiter) completes, at four river-bank pilgrimage sites: Prayagraj (Ganges-Yamuna-Sarasvati rivers confluence), Haridwar (Ganges), Nashik (Godavari), and Ujjain (Shipra). The festival is marked by a ritual dip in the waters, but it is also a celebration of community commerce with numerous fairs, education, religious discourses by saints, mass gatherings of monks, and entertainment. The seekers believe that bathing in these rivers is a means to prāyaścitta (atonement, penance, restorative action) for past mistakes, and that it cleanses them of their sins. The festival is traditionally credited to the 8th-century Hindu philosopher and saint Adi Shankara, as a part of his efforts to start major Hindu gatherings for philosophical discussions and debates along with Hindu monasteries across the Indian subcontinent. However, there is no historical literary evidence of these mass pilgrimages called "Kumbha Mela" prior to the 19th century. There is ample evidence in historical manuscripts and inscriptions of an annual Magha Mela in Hinduism – with periodic larger gatherings after 6 or 12 years – where pilgrims gathered in massive numbers and where one of the rituals included a sacred dip in a river or holy tank. According to Kama MacLean, the socio-political developments during the colonial era and a reaction to Orientalism led to the rebranding and remobilisation of the ancient Magha Mela as the modern era Kumbh Mela, particularly after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The weeks over which the festival is observed cycle at each site approximately once every 12 years based on the Hindu luni-solar calendar and the relative astrological positions of Jupiter, the sun and the moon. The difference in Prayag and Haridwar festivals is about 6 years, and both feature a Maha (major) and Ardha (half) Kumbh Melas. The exact years – particularly for the Kumbh Melas at Ujjain and Nashik – have been a subject of dispute in the 20th century. The Nashik and Ujjain festivals have been celebrated in the same year or one year apart, typically about 3 years after the Allahabad / Prayagraj Kumbh Mela. Elsewhere in many parts of India, similar but smaller community pilgrimage and bathing festivals are called the Magha Mela, Makar Mela or equivalent. For example, in Tamil Nadu, the Magha Mela with water-dip ritual is a festival of antiquity. This festival is held at the Mahamaham tank (near Kaveri river) every 12 years at Kumbakonam, attracts millions of South Indian Hindus and has been described as the Tamil Kumbh Mela. Other places where the Magha-Mela or Makar-Mela bathing pilgrimage and fairs have been called Kumbh Mela include Kurukshetra, Sonipat, and Panauti (Nepal). The Kumbh Melas have three dates around which the significant majority of pilgrims participate, while the festival itself lasts between one and three months around these dates. Each festival attracts millions, with the largest gathering at the Prayag Kumbh Mela and the second largest at Haridwar. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica and Indian authorities, more than 200 million Hindus gathered for the Kumbh Mela in 2019, including 50 million on the festival's most crowded day. The festival is one of the largest peaceful gatherings in the world, and considered as the "world's largest congregation of religious pilgrims". It has been inscribed on the UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. The festival is observed over many days, with the day of Amavasya attracting the largest number on a single day. The Kumbh Mela authorities said that the largest one-day attendance at the Kumbh Mela was 30 million on 10 February 2013, and 50 million on 4 February 2019. Etymology and nomenclature The Kumbha in Kumbha Mela literally means "pitcher, jar, pot" in Sanskrit. It is found in the Vedic texts, in this sense, often in the context of holding water or in mythical legends about the nectar of immortality. The word Kumbha or its derivatives are found in the Rigveda (1500–1200 BCE), for example, in verse 10.89.7; verse 19.16 of the Yajurveda, verse 6.3 of Samaveda, verse 19.53.3 of the Atharvaveda, and other Vedic and post-Vedic ancient Sanskrit literature. In astrological texts, the term also refers to the zodiac sign of Aquarius. The astrological etymology dates to late 1st-millennium CE, likely influenced by Greek zodiac ideas. The word mela means "unite, join, meet, move together, assembly, junction" in Sanskrit, particularly in the context of fairs, community celebration. This word too is found in the Rigveda and other ancient Hindu texts. Thus, Kumbh Mela means an "assembly, meet, union" around "water or nectar of immortality". A pot (kumbha) containing Amrita was one of the creative product of the Samudra Manthana legend in ancient Hindu texts. Large crowds at the Ganga (Ganges) on a major bathing day in the 2019 Kumbh Mela Mythology Many Hindus believe that the Kumbh Mela originated in times immemorial and is attested in the Hindu mythology about Samudra Manthana (lit. churning of the ocean) found in the Vedic texts. Historians, in contrast, reject these claims as none of the ancient or medieval era texts that mention the Samudra Manthana legend ever link it to a "mela" or festival. According to Giorgio Bonazzoli – a scholar of Sanskrit Puranas, these are anachronistic explanations, an adaptation of early legends to a later practice by a "small circle of adherents" who have sought roots of a highly popular pilgrimage and festival. The first page of Prayag Snana Vidhi manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari script). It describes methods to complete a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag. The manuscript (1674 CE) has a colophon, which states "Copied by Sarvottama, son of Vishvanatha Bhatta, Samvat 1752". This Hindu legend describes the creation of a "pot of amrita (nectar of immortality)" after the forces of good and evil churn the ocean of creation. The gods and demons fight over this pot, the "kumbha", of nectar in order to gain immortality. In a later day extension to the legend, the pot is spilled at four places, and that is the origin of the four Kumbha Melas. The story varies and is inconsistent, with some stating Vishnu as Mohini avatar, others stating Dhanavantari or Garuda or Indra spilling the pot. This "spilling" and associated Kumbh Mela story is not found in the earliest mentions of the original legend of Samudra Manthana (churning of the ocean) such as the Vedic era texts (pre-500 BCE). Nor is this story found in the later era Puranas (3rd to 10th-century CE). While the Kumbha Mela phrase is not found in the ancient or medieval era texts, numerous chapters and verses in Hindu texts are found about a bathing festival, the sacred junction of rivers Ganga, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati at Prayag, and pilgrimage to Prayag. These are in the form of Snana (bathe) ritual and in the form of Prayag Mahatmya (greatness of Prayag, historical tour guides in Sanskrit). History The earliest mention of Prayag and the bathing pilgrimage is found in Rigveda Pariśiṣṭa (supplement to the Rigveda). It is also mentioned in the Pali canons of Buddhism, such as in section 1.7 of Majjhima Nikaya, wherein the Buddha states that bathing in Payaga (Skt: Prayaga) cannot wash away cruel and evil deeds, rather the virtuous one should be pure in heart and fair in action. The Mahabharata mentions a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag as a means of prāyaścitta (atonement, penance) for past mistakes and guilt. In Tirthayatra Parva, before the great war, the epic states "the one who observes firm vows, having bathed at Prayaga during Magha, O best of the Bharatas, becomes spotless and reaches heaven." In Anushasana Parva, after the war, the epic elaborates this bathing pilgrimage as "geographical tirtha" that must be combined with Manasa-tirtha (tirtha of the heart) whereby one lives by values such as truth, charity, self-control, patience and others. There are other references to Prayaga and river-side festivals in ancient Indian texts, including at the places where present-day Kumbh Melas are held, but the exact age of the Kumbh Mela is uncertain. The 7th-century Buddhist Chinese traveller Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) mentions king Harsha and his capital of Prayag, which he states to be a sacred Hindu city with hundreds of "deva temples" and two Buddhist institutions. He also mentions the Hindu bathing rituals at the junction of the rivers. According to some scholars, this is the earliest surviving historical account of the Kumbh Mela, which took place in present-day Prayag in 644 CE. Kama MacLean – an Indologist who has published articles on the Kumbh Mela predominantly based on the colonial archives and English-language media, states based on emails from other scholars and a more recent interpretation of the 7th-century Xuanzang memoir, the Prayag event happened every 5 years (and not 12 years), featured a Buddha statue, involved alms giving and it might have been a Buddhist festival. In contrast, Ariel Glucklich – a scholar of Hinduism and Anthropology of Religion, the Xuanzang memoir includes, somewhat derisively, the reputation of Prayag as a place where people (Hindus) once committed superstitious devotional suicide to liberate their souls, and how a Brahmin of an earlier era successfully put an end to this practice. This and other details such as the names of temples and bathing pools suggest that Xuanzang presented Hindu practices at Prayag in the 7th century, from his Buddhist perspective and perhaps to "amuse his audience back in China", states Glucklich. Other early accounts of the significance of Prayag to Hinduism is found in the various versions of the Prayaga Mahatmya, dated to the late 1st-millennium CE. These Purana-genre Hindu texts describe it as a place "bustling with pilgrims, priests, vendors, beggars, guides" and local citizens busy along the confluence of the rivers (Sangam). These Sanskrit guide books of the medieval era India were updated over its editions, likely by priests and guides who had a mutual stake in the economic returns from the visiting pilgrims. One of the longest sections about Prayag rivers and its significance to Hindu pilgrimage is found in chapters 103–112 of the Matsya Purana. Evolution of earlier melas to Kumbh Melas Exceedingly old pilgrimage There is evidence enough to suggest that although the Magh Mela – or at least, the tradition of religious festival at the triveni – is exceedingly old, the Kumbh Mela at Allahabad is much more recent. Maclean (2008), p. 91 According to James Lochtefeld – a scholar of Indian religions, the phrase Kumbh Mela and historical data about it is missing in early Indian texts. However, states Lochtefeld, these historical texts "clearly reveal large, well-established bathing festivals" that were either annual or based on the twelve-year cycle of planet Jupiter. Manuscripts related to Hindu ascetics and warrior-monks – akharas fighting the Islamic Sultanates and Mughal Empire era – mention bathing pilgrimage and a large periodic assembly of Hindus at religious festivals associated with bathing, gift-giving, commerce and organisation. An early account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela was published by Captain Thomas Hardwicke in 1796 CE. Hindu pilgrims heading to the Kumbh Mela site According to James Mallinson – a scholar of Hindu yoga manuscripts and monastic institutions, bathing festivals at Prayag with large gatherings of pilgrims are attested since "at least the middle of the first millennium CE", while textual evidence exists for similar pilgrimage at other major sacred rivers since the medieval period. Four of these morphed under the Kumbh Mela brand during the East India Company rule (British colonial era) when it sought to control the war-prone monks and the lucrative tax and trade revenues at these Hindu pilgrimage festivals. Additionally, the priests sought the British administration to recognise the festival and protect their religious rights. The 16th-century Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas mentions an annual Mela in Prayag, as does a Muslim historian's Ain-i-Akbari (c. 1590 CE). The latter Akbar-era Persian text calls Prayag (spells it Priyag) the "king of shrines" for the Hindus, and mentions that it is considered particularly holy in the Hindu month of Magha. The late 16th-century Tabaqat-i-Akbari also records of an annual bathing festival at Prayag sangam where "various classes of Hindus came from all sides of the country to bathe, in such numbers, that the jungles and plains were unable to hold them". The Kumbh Mela of Haridwar appears to be the original Kumbh Mela, since it is held according to the astrological sign "Kumbha" (Aquarius), and because there are several references to a 12-year cycle for it. The later Mughal Empire era texts that contain the term "Kumbha Mela" in Haridwar's context include Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh (1695–1699 CE), and Chahar Gulshan (1759 CE). The Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh also mentions an annual bathing pilgrimage festival in Prayag, but it does not call it Kumbh. Both these Mughal era texts use the term "Kumbh Mela" to describe only Haridwar's fair, mentioning a similar fair held in Prayag and Nashik. The Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh lists the following melas: an annual mela and a Kumbh Mela every 12 years at Haridwar; a mela held at Trimbak when Jupiter enters Leo (that is, once in 12 years); and an annual mela held at Prayag (in modern Prayagraj) in Magh. Like the Prayag mela, the bathing pilgrimage mela at Nasik and Ujjain are of considerable antiquity. However, these were referred to as Singhasth mela, and the phrase "Kumbh mela" is yet to be found in literature prior to the 19th century. The phrases such as "Maha Kumbh" and "Ardh Kumbh" in the context of the ancient religious pilgrimage festivals with a different name at Prayag, Nasik and Ujjain are evidently of a more modern era. The Ashoka pillar (photo c. 1900) contains many inscriptions since the 3rd century BCE. Sometime about 1575 CE, Birbal of Akbar's era added an inscription that mentions the "Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj". The Magh Mela of Prayag is probably the oldest among the four modern day Kumbh Melas. It dates from the early centuries CE, given it has been mentioned in several early Puranas. However, the name Kumbh for these more ancient bathing pilgrimages probably dates to the mid-19th century. D. P. Dubey states that none of the ancient Hindu texts call the Prayag fair as a "Kumbh Mela". Kama Maclean states that the early British records do not mention the name "Kumbh Mela" or the 12-year cycle for the Prayag fair. The first British reference to the Kumbh Mela in Prayag occurs only in an 1868 report, which mentions the need for increased pilgrimage and sanitation controls at the "Coomb fair" to be held in January 1870. According to Maclean, the Prayagwal Brahmin priests of Prayag coopted the Kumbh legend and brand to the annual Prayag Magh Mela given the socio-political circumstances in the 19th century. The Kumbh Mela at Ujjain began in the 18th century, when the Maratha ruler Ranoji Shinde invited ascetics from Nashik to Ujjain for a local festival. Like the priests at Prayag, those at Nashik and Ujjain, competing with other places for a sacred status, may have adopted the Kumbh tradition for their pre-existing Magha melas. Akharas: Warrior monks, recruitment drive and logistics One of the key features of the Kumbh mela has been the camps and processions of the sadhus (monks). By the 18th century, many of these had organised into one of thirteen akharas (warrior ascetic bands, monastic militia), of which ten were related to Hinduism and three related to Sikhism. Seven have belonged to the Shaivism tradition, three to Vaishnavism, two to Udasis (founded by Guru Nanak's son) and one to Nirmalas. These soldier-monk traditions have been a well-established feature of the Indian society, and they are prominent feature of the Kumbh melas. Haridwar Kumbh Mela by the English painter J. M. W. Turner. Steel engraving, c. 1850s. Until the East India Company rule, the Kumbh Melas (Magha Melas) were managed by these akharas. They provide logistical arrangements, policing, intervened and judged any disputes and collected taxes. They also have been a central attraction and a stop for mainstream Hindus who seek their darsana (meeting, view) as well as spiritual guidance and blessings. The Kumbh Melas have been one of their recruitment and initiation venues, as well as the place to trade. These akharas have roots in the Hindu Naga (naked) monks tradition, who went to war without clothes. These monastic groups traditionally credit the Kumbh mela to the 8th-century Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara, as a part of his efforts to start monastic institutions (matha), and major Hindu gatherings for philosophical discussions and debates. However, there is no historic literary evidence that he actually did start the Kumbh melas. During the 17th century, the akharas competed for ritual primacy, priority rights to who bathes first or at the most auspicious time, and prominence leading to violent conflicts. The records from the East India Company rule era report of violence between the akharas and numerous deaths. At the 1760 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar, a clash broke out between Shaivite Gosains and Vaishnavite Bairagis (ascetics), resulting in hundreds of deaths. A copper plate inscription of the Maratha Peshwa claims that 12,000 ascetics died in a clash between Shaivite sanyasis and Vaishnavite bairagis at the 1789 Nashik Kumbh Mela. The dispute started over the bathing order, which then indicated status of the akharas. At the 1796 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar, violence broke out between the Shaivites and the Udasis on logistics and camping rights. The repetitive clashes, battle-ready nature of the warrior monks, and the lucrative tax and trading opportunities at Kumbh melas in the 18th-century attracted the attention of the East India Company officials. They intervened, laid out the camps, trading spaces, and established a bathing order for each akhara. After 1947, the state governments have taken over this role and provide the infrastructure for the Kumbh mela in their respective states. The Kumbh Melas attract many loner sadhus (monks) who do not belong to any akharas. Of those who do belong to a group, the thirteen active akharas have been, 7 Shaiva akharas: Mahanirvani, Atal, Niranjani, Anand, Juna, Avahan, and Agni 3 Vaishnava akharas: Nirvani, Digambar, and Nirmohi 3 Sikh akharas: Bara Panchayati Udasins, Chota Panchayati Udasins, and Nirmal The ten Shaiva and Vaishnava akharas are also known as the Dasanamis, and they believe that Adi Shankara founded them and one of their traditional duties is dharma-raksha (protection of faith). Significance and impact Kumbh Melas feature many trade, fairs, charity, community singing, religious recitations, and entertainment spectacles. Left: Anna Dāna event at Prayag Kumbh, feeding monks and poor; Right: A dance performance. The Kumbh melas of the past, albeit with different regional names, attracted large attendance and have been religiously significant to the Hindus for centuries. However, they have been more than a religious event to the Hindu community. Historically the Kumbh Melas were also major commercial events, initiation of new recruits to the akharas, prayers and community singing, spiritual discussions, education and a spectacle. During the colonial era rule of the East India Company, its officials saw the Hindu pilgrimage as a means to collect vast sums of revenue through a "pilgrim tax" and taxes on the trade that occurred during the festival. According to Dubey, as well as Macclean, the Islamic encyclopaedia Yadgar-i-Bahaduri written in 1834 Lucknow, described the Prayag festival and its sanctity to the Hindus. The British officials, states Dubey, raised the tax to amount greater than average monthly income and the attendance fell drastically. The Prayagwal pandas initially went along, according to colonial records, but later resisted as the impact of the religious tax on the pilgrims became clear. In 1938, Lord Auckland abolished the pilgrim tax and vast numbers returned to the pilgrimage thereafter. According to Macclean, the colonial records of this period on the Prayag Mela present a biased materialistic view given they were written by colonialists and missionaries. Baptist missionary John Chamberlain, who visited the 1824 Ardh Kumbh Mela at Haridwar, stated that a large number of visitors came there for trade. He also includes a 1814 letter from his missionary friend who distributed copies of the Gospel to the pilgrims and tried to convert some to Christianity. According to an 1858 account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela by the British civil servant Robert Montgomery Martin, the visitors at the fair included people from a number of races and clime. Along with priests, soldiers, and religious mendicants, the fair had horse traders from Bukhara, Kabul, Turkistan as well as Arabs and Persians. The festival had roadside merchants of food grains, confectioners, clothes, toys and other items. Thousands of pilgrims in every form of transport as well as on foot marched to the pilgrimage site, dressed in colourful costumes, some without clothes, occasionally shouting "Mahadeo Bol" and "Bol, Bol" together. At night the river banks and camps illuminated with oil lamps, fireworks burst over the river, and innumerable floating lamps set by the pilgrims drifted downstream of the river. Several Hindu rajas, Sikh rulers and Muslim Nawabs visited the fair. Europeans watched the crowds and few Christian missionaries distributed their religious literature at the Hardwar Mela, wrote Martin. A cultural program pandal at Prayag Kumbh Mela (2019) Prior to 1838, the British officials collected taxes but provided no infrastructure or services to the pilgrims. This changed particularly after 1857. According to Amna Khalid, the Kumbh Melas emerged as one of the social and political mobilisation venues and the colonial government became keen on monitoring these developments after the Indian rebellion of 1857. The government deployed police to gain this intelligence at the grassroots level of Kumbh Mela. The British officials in co-operation with the native police also made attempts to improve the infrastructure, movement of pilgrims to avoid a stampede, detect sickness, and the sanitary conditions at the Melas. Reports of cholera led the officials to cancel the pilgrimage, but the pilgrims went on "passive resistance" and stated they preferred to die rather than obey the official orders. Massacres, stampedes and scandals The Kumbh Melas have been sites of tragedies. According to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi – the historian and biographer of the Turco-Mongol raider and conqueror Timur, his armies plundered Haridwar and massacred the gathered pilgrims. The ruthlessly slaughtered pilgrims were likely those attending the Kumbh mela of 1399. The Timur accounts mention the mass bathing ritual along with shaving of head, the sacred river Ganges, charitable donations, the place was at the mountainous source of the river and that pilgrims believed a dip in the sacred river leads to their salvation. Several stampedes have occurred at the Kumbh Melas. After an 1820 stampede at Haridwar killed 485 people, the Company government took extensive infrastructure projects, including the construction of new ghats and road widening, to prevent further stampedes. The various Kumbh melas, in the 19th- and 20th-century witnessed sporadic stampedes, each tragedy leading to changes in how the flow of pilgrims to and from the river and ghats was managed. In 1986, 50 people were killed in a stampede. The Prayag Kumbh mela in 1885 became a source of scandal when a Muslim named Husain was appointed as the Kumbh Mela manager, and Indian newspaper reports stated that Husain had "organised a flotilla of festooned boats for the pleasure of European ladies and gentlemen, and entertained them with dancing girls, liquor and beef" as they watched the pilgrims bathing. 1857 rebellion and the Independence movement According to the colonial archives, the Prayagwal community associated with the Kumbh Mela were one of those who seeded and perpetuated the resistance and 1857 rebellion to the colonial rule. Prayagwals objected to and campaigned against the colonial government who supported Christian missionaries and officials who treated them and the pilgrims as "ignorant co-religionists" and who aggressively tried to convert the Hindu pilgrims to a Christian sect. During the 1857 rebellion, Colonel Neill targeted the Kumbh mela site and shelled the region where the Prayagwals lived, destroying it in what Maclean describes as a "notoriously brutal pacification of Allahabad". "Prayagwals targeted and destroyed the mission press and churches in Allahabad". Once the British had regained control of the region, the Prayagwals were persecuted by the colonial officials, some convicted and hanged, while others for whom the government did not have proof enough to convict were persecuted. Large tracts of Kumbh mela lands near the Ganga-Yamuna confluence were confiscated and annexed into the government cantonment. In the years after 1857, the Prayagwals and the Kumbh Mela pilgrim crowds carried flags with images alluding to the rebellion and the racial persecution. The British media reported these pilgrim assemblies and protests at the later Kumbh Mela as strangely "hostile" and with "disbelief", states Maclean. The Kumbh Mela continued to play an important role in the independence movement through 1947, as a place where the native people and politicians periodically gathered in large numbers. In 1906, the Sanatan Dharm Sabha met at the Prayag Kumbh Mela and resolved to start the Banaras Hindu University in Madan Mohan Malaviya's leadership. Kumbh Melas have also been one of the hubs for the Hindutva movement and politics. In 1964, the Vishva Hindu Parishad was founded at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela. Rising attendance and scale Kumbh Mela – a dip in the waters is one of the key rituals The historical and modern estimates of attendance vary greatly between sources. For example, the colonial era Imperial Gazetteer of India reported that between 2 and 2.5 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh mela in 1796 and 1808, then added these numbers may be exaggerations. Between 1892 and 1908, in an era of major famines, cholera and plague epidemics in British India, the pilgrimage dropped to between 300,000 and 400,000. During World War II, the colonial government banned the Kumbh Mela to conserve scarce supplies of fuel. The ban, coupled with false rumours that Japan planned to bomb and commit genocide at the Kumbh mela site, led to sharply lower attendance at the 1942 Kumbh mela than prior decades when an estimated 2 to 4 million pilgrims gathered at each Kumbh mela. After India's independence, the attendance rose sharply. On amavasya – one of the three key bathing dates, over 5 million attended the 1954 Kumbh, about 10 million attended the 1977 Kumbh while the 1989 Kumbh attracted about 15 million. On 14 April 1998, 10 million pilgrims attended the Kumb Mela at Haridwar on the busiest single day, according to the Himalayan Academy editors. In 2001, IKONOS satellite images confirmed a very large human gathering, with officials estimating 70 million people over the festival, including more than 40 million on the busiest single day according to BBC News. Another estimate states that about 30 million attended the 2001 Kumbh mela on the busiest mauni amavasya day alone. Cooking at Kumbh Mela in 2019 In 2007, as many as 70 million pilgrims attended the 45-day long Ardha Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj. In 2013, 120 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj. Nasik has registered maximum visitors to 75 million. Maha Kumbh at Prayagraj is the largest in the world, the attendance and scale of preparation of which keeps rising with each successive celebration. For the 2019 Ardh Kumbh at Prayagraj, the preparations include a ₹42,000 million (equivalent to ₹52 billion or US$630 million in 2023) temporary city over 2,500 hectares with 122,000 temporary toilets and range of accommodation from simple dormitory tents to 5-star tents, 800 special trains by the Indian Railways, artificially intelligent video surveillance and analytics by IBM, disease surveillance, river transport management by Inland Waterways Authority of India, and an app to help the visitors. The Kumbh mela is "widely regarded as the world's largest religious gathering", states James Lochtefeld. According to Kama Maclean, the coordinators and attendees themselves state that a part of the glory of the Kumbh festival is in that "feeling of brotherhood and love" where millions peacefully gather on the river banks in harmony and a sense of shared heritage. Calendar, locations and preparation Types The Kumbh Mela are classified as: The Purna Kumbh Mela (sometimes just called Kumbh or "full Kumbha"), occurs every 12 years at a given site. The Ardh Kumbh Mela ("half Kumbh") occurs approximately every 6 years between the two Purna Kumbha Melas at Prayagraj and Haridwar. The Maha Kumbh, which occurs every 12 Purna Kumbh Melas i.e. after every 144 years. For the 2019 Prayagraj Kumbh Mela, the Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath announced that the Ardh Kumbh Mela (organised every 6 years) will simply be known as "Kumbh Mela", and the Kumbh Mela (organised every 12 years) will be known as "Maha Kumbh Mela" ("Great Kumbh Mela"). Locations Kumbh Mela at Haridwar Nashik Pilgrims gather for the Shahi Snan (royal bath) in Ramkund in Dakshin Ganga River, c. 1991 Numerous sites and fairs have been locally referred to be their Kumbh Melas. Of these, four sites are broadly recognised as the Kumbh Melas: Prayagraj, Haridwar, Trimbak-Nashik and Ujjain. Other locations that are sometimes called Kumbh melas – with the bathing ritual and a significant participation of pilgrims – include Kurukshetra, and Sonipat. Dates Each site's celebration dates are calculated in advance according to a special combination of zodiacal positions of Bṛhaspati (Jupiter), Surya (the Sun) and Chandra (the Moon). The relative years vary between the four sites, but the cycle repeats about every 12 years. Since Jupiter's orbit completes in 11.86 years, a calendar year adjustment appears in approximately 8 cycles. Therefore, approximately once a century, the Kumbh mela returns to a site after 11 years. Place River Zodiac Season, months First bathing date Second date Third date Haridwar Ganga Jupiter in Aquarius, Sun in Aries Spring, Chaitra (January–April) Shivaratri Chaitra Amavasya (new moon) Mesh Sankranti Prayagraj Ganga and Yamuna junction Jupiter in Aries, Sun and Moon in Capricorn; or Jupiter in Taurus, Sun in Capricorn Winter, Magha (January–February) Makar Sankranti Magh Amavasya Vasant Panchami Trimbak-Nashik Godavari Jupiter in Leo; or Jupiter, Sun and Moon enters in Cancer on lunar conjunction Summer, Bhadrapada (August–September) Simha sankranti Bhadrapada Amavasya Devotthayan Ekadashi Ujjain Shipra Jupiter in Leo and Sun in Aries; or Jupiter, Sun, and Moon in Libra on Kartik Amavasya Spring, Vaisakha (April–May) Chaitra Purnima Chaitra Amavasya Vaisakh Purnima Past years Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj is celebrated approximately 3 years after Kumbh at Haridwar and 3 years before Kumbh at Nashik and Ujjain (both of which are celebrated in the same year or one year apart). Year Prayagraj Haridwar Trimbak (Nashik) Ujjain 1980 Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela 1981 1982 1983 1984 Ardh Kumbh Mela 1985 1986 Kumbh Mela 1987 1988 1989 Kumbh Mela 1990 1991 1992 Ardh Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela 1993 1994 1995 Ardh Kumbh Mela 1996 1997 1998 Kumbh Mela 1999 2000 2001 Maha Kumbh Mela 2002 2003 Kumbh Mela 2004 Ardh Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela 2005 2006 2007 Ardh Kumbh Mela 2008 2009 2010 Kumbh Mela 2011 2012 2013 Kumbh Mela 2014 2015 Kumbh Mela 2016 Ardh Kumbh Mela Kumbh Mela 2017 2018 2019 Ardh Kumbh Mela 2020 2021 Kumbh Mela 2022 2023 2024 2025 Kumbh Mela 2026 2027 Kumbh Mela 2028 Kumbh Mela Historical Festival management The Kumbh Mela attracts tens of millions of pilgrims. Providing for a safe and pleasant temporary stay at the festival site is a complex and challenging task. The camping (santhas/akharas), food, water, sanitation, emergency health care, fire services, policing, disaster management preparations, the movement of people require significant prior planning. Further, assistance to those with special needs and lost family members through Bhule-Bhatke Kendra demands extensive onsite communication and co-ordination. In the case of Prayag in particular, the festival site is predominantly submerged during the monsoon months. The festival management workers have only two and a half months to start and complete the construction of all temporarily infrastructure necessary for the pilgrims, making the task even more challenging. In 2013, the Indian government authorities, in co-operation with seva volunteers, monks and Indian companies, set up 11 sectors with 55 camp clusters, providing round-the-clock first aid, ambulance, pharmacy, sector cleaning, sanitation, food and water distribution (setting up 550 kilometres (340 mi) of pipelines operated by 42 pumps), cooking fuel, and other services. According to Baranwal et al., their 13-day field study of the 2013 Kumbh mela found that "the Mela committee and all other agencies involved in Mela management successfully supervised the event and made it convenient, efficient and safe," an assessment shared by the US-based Center for Disease Control for the Nasik Kumbh mela. Rituals Bathing and processions Naga sadhu at a Kumbh procession (1998) Water dip at the Kumbh festival Bathing, or a dip in the river waters, with a prayer, is the central ritual of the Kumbh Melas for all pilgrims. Traditionally, on amavasya – the most cherished day for bathing – the Hindu pilgrims welcome and wait for the thirteen sadhu akharas to bathe first. This event – called shahi snan or rajyogi snan – is marked by a celebratory processional march, with banners, flags, elephants, horses and musicians along with the naked or scantily clad monks, some smeared with bhasma (ashes). These monastic institutions come from different parts of India, have a particular emblem symbol and deity (Ganesha, Dattatreya, Hanuman, etc.). The largest contingent is the Juna akhara, traced to Adi Shankara, representing a diverse mix from the four of the largest Hindu monasteries in India with their headquarters at Sringeri, Dvarka, Jyotirmatha and Govardhana. The Mahanirbani and Niranjani are the other large contingents, and each akhara has their own lineage of saints and teachers. Large crowds gather in reverence and cheer for this procession of monks. Once these monks have taken the dip, the festival day opens for bathing by the pilgrims from far and near the site. The bathing ritual by the pilgrims may be aided by a Prayagwal priest or maybe a simple dip that is private. When aided, the rituals may begin with mundan (shaving of head), prayers with offerings such as flowers, sindur (vermilion), milk or coconut, along with the recitation of hymns with shradha (prayers in the honour of one's ancestors). More elaborate ceremonies include a yajna (homa) led by a priest. After these river-side rituals, the pilgrim then takes a dip in the water, stands up, prays for a short while, then exits the river waters. Many then proceed to visit old Hindu temples near the site. The motivations for the bathing ritual are several. The most significant is the belief that the tirtha (pilgrimage) to the Kumbh Mela sites and then bathing in these holy rivers has a salvific value, moksha – a means to liberation from the cycle of rebirths (samsara). The pilgrimage is also recommended in Hindu texts to those who have made mistakes or sinned, repent their errors and as a means of prāyaścitta (atonement, penance) for these mistakes. Pilgrimage and bathing in holy rivers with a motivation to do penance and as a means to self-purify has Vedic precedents and is discussed in the early dharma literature of Hinduism. Its epics such as the Mahabharata describe Yudhisthira in a state full of sorrow and despair after participating in the violence of the great war that killed many. He goes to a saint, who advises him to go on a pilgrimage to Prayag and bathe in river Ganges as a means of penance. Feasts, festivities and discussions A cultural event at a Kumbh Mela pandal Some pilgrims walk considerable distances and arrive barefoot, as a part of their religious tradition. Most pilgrims stay for a day or two, but some stay the entire month of Magh during the festival and live an austere life during the stay. They attend spiritual discourses, fast and pray over the month, and these Kumbh pilgrims are called kalpavasis. The festival site is strictly vegetarian by tradition, as violence against animals is considered unacceptable. Many pilgrims practice partial (one meal a day) or full vrata (day-long fasting), some abstain from elaborate meals. These ritual practices are punctuated by celebratory feasts where vast number of people sit in rows and share a community meal – mahaprasada – prepared by volunteers from charitable donations. By tradition, families and companies sponsor these anna dana (food charity) events, particularly for the monks and the poor pilgrims. The management has established multiple food stalls, offering delicacies from different states of India. Other activities at the mela include religious discussions (pravachan), devotional singing (kirtan), and religious assemblies where doctrines are debated and standardised (shastrartha). The festival grounds also feature a wide range of cultural spectacles over the month of celebrations. These include kalagram (venues of kala, Indian arts), laser light shows, classical dance and musical performances from different parts of India, thematic gates reflecting the historic regional architectural diversity, boat rides, tourist walks to historic sites near the river, as well opportunities to visit the monastic camps to watch yoga adepts and spiritual discourses. Darshan A sadhu at Maha Kumbh, 2013 Darshan, or viewing, is an important part of the Kumbh Mela. People make the pilgrimage to the Kumbh Mela specifically to observe and experience both the religious and secular aspects of the event. Two major groups that participate in the Kumbh Mela include the Sadhus (Hindu holy men) and pilgrims. Through their continual yogic practices the Sadhus articulate the transitory aspect of life. Sadhus travel to the Kumbh Mela to make themselves available to much of the Hindu public. This allows members of the Hindu public to interact with the Sadhus and to take "darshan". They are able to "seek instruction or advice in their spiritual lives." Darshan focuses on the visual exchange, where there is interaction with a religious deity and the worshiper is able to visually "'drink' divine power." The Kumbh Mela is arranged in camps that give Hindu worshipers access to the Sadhus. The darshan is important to the experience of the Kumbh Mela and because of this worshipers must be careful so as to not displease religious deities. Seeing of the Sadhus is carefully managed and worshipers often leave tokens at their feet. In culture Kumbh Mela has been theme for many documentaries, including Kings with Straw Mats (1998) directed by Ira Cohen, Kumbh Mela: The Greatest Show on Earth (2001) directed by Graham Day, Short Cut to Nirvana: Kumbh Mela (2004) directed by Nick Day and produced by "Maurizio Benazzo", Kumbh Mela: Songs of the River (2004) by Nadeem Uddin, Invocation, Kumbh Mela (2008), Kumbh Mela 2013: Living with Mahatiagi (2013) by the Ukrainian Religious Studies Project Ahamot, and Kumbh Mela: Walking with the Nagas (2011), Amrit: Nectar of Immortality (2012) directed by Jonas Scheu and Philipp Eyer. In 2007, National Geographic filmed and broadcast a documentary of the Prayag Kumbh Mela, named Inside Nirvana, under the direction of Karina Holden with the scholar Kama Maclean as a consultant. In 2013, the National Geographic returned and filmed the Inside the Mahakumbh. Indian and foreign news media have covered the Kumbh Mela regularly. On 18 April 2010, a popular American morning show CBS News Sunday Morning extensively covered Haridwar's Kumbh Mela, calling it "The Largest Pilgrimage on Earth". On 28 April 2010, the BBC reported an audio and a video report on Kumbh Mela, titled "Kumbh Mela: 'greatest show on earth'". On 30 September 2010, the Kumbh Mela featured in the second episode of the Sky One TV series An Idiot Abroad with Karl Pilkington visiting the festival. Young siblings getting separated at the Kumbh Mela were once a recurring theme in Hindi movies. Amrita Kumbher Sandhane, a 1982 Bengali feature film directed by Dilip Roy, also documents the Kumbh Mela. Ashish Avikunthak's Bengali-language feature length fiction film Kalkimanthakatha (2015), was shot in the Prayag Kumbh Mela in 2013. In this film, two characters search for the tenth avatar and the final avtar of Lord Vishnu – Kalki, in the lines of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot. See also Barahakshetra – A semi-Kumbh Mela in Sunsari Nepal Mahamaham – the Tamil Kumbh Mela Pushkaram – the river festivals of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Pushkar Fair – the springtime fair in Rajasthan, includes the tradition of a dip in the Pushkar lake List of largest gatherings in history Notes ^ Approximately once a century, the Kumbh Mela returns after 11 years. This is because of Jupiter's orbit of 11.86 years. With each 12-year cycle per the Georgian calendar, a calendar year adjustment appears in approximately 8 cycles. ^ They are also called Gosains. ^ They are also called Bairagis. ^ The sangam site is known as Prayag, sometimes Tirtharaj (lit. "king of pilgrimages") ^ The right to be naga, or naked, is considered a sign of separation from the material world. References ^ a b c d e Kumbh Mela: Hindu festival. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2015. The Kumbh Mela lasts several weeks and is one of the largest festivals in the world, attracting more than 200 million people in 2019, including 50 million on the festival's most auspicious day. ^ a b c d e f Maclean, Kama (2003). "Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (3): 873–905. doi:10.2307/3591863. JSTOR 3591863. S2CID 162404242. ^ a b Diana L. Eck (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony Books. pp. 153–155. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0. ^ a b Williams Sox (2005). Lindsay Jones (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition. Vol. 8. Macmillan. pp. 5264–5265., Quote: "The special power of the Kumbha Mela is often said to be due in part to the presence of large numbers of Hindu monks, and many pilgrims seek the darsan (Skt., darsana; auspicious mutual sight) of these holy men. Others listen to religious discourses, participate in devotional singing, engage brahman priests for personal rituals, organise mass feedings of monks or the poor, or merely enjoy the spectacle. Amid this diversity of activities, the ritual bath at the conjunction of time and place is the central event of the Kumbha Mela." ^ a b c Kane 1953, pp. 55–56. ^ a b c d e Maclean, Kama (September 2009). "Seeing, Being Seen, and Not Being Seen: Pilgrimage, Tourism, and Layers of Looking at the Kumbh Mela". CrossCurrents. 59 (3): 319–341. doi:10.1111/j.1939-3881.2009.00082.x. S2CID 170879396. ^ Maclean, Kama (2003). "Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (3): 877–879. doi:10.2307/3591863. JSTOR 3591863. S2CID 162404242. ^ Monika Horstmann (2009). Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession: Channels of Transcultural Translation and Transmission in Early Modern South Asia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 135–136 with footnotes. ISBN 978-3-447-05723-3. ^ a b c d e James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 40 footnote 3. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4. ^ Matthew James Clark (2006). The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order. Brill. p. 294. ISBN 978-90-04-15211-3. ^ K. Shadananan Nair (2004). "Mela" (PDF). Proceedings Ol'THC. UNI-SCO/1 AI IS/I Wl IA Symposium Held in Rome, December 2003. IAHS: 165. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2017. ^ Maclean 2008, p. 102. ^ Diana L. Eck (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony Books. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0. ^ Census of India, 1971: Haryana, Volume 6, Part 2, Page 137. ^ 1988, Town Survey Report: Haryana, Thanesar, District Kurukshetra, page 137-. ^ a b Madan Prasad Bezbaruah, Dr. Krishna Gopal, Phal S. Girota, 2003, Fairs and Festivals of India: Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh. ^ Gerard Toffin (2012). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara (ed.). Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions. BRILL Academic. pp. 330 with footnote 18. ISBN 978-90-04-23200-6. ^ James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4. ^ a b c d e f g James Mallinson (2016). Rachel Dwyer (ed.). Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies. New York University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-1-4798-4869-0. ^ Maclean 2008, pp. 225–226. ^ The Maha Kumbh Mela 2001 indianembassy.org ^ UNESCO Intangible World Heritage official list. ^ Kumbh Mela on UNESCO's list of intangibl Archived 7 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Economic Times, 7 December 2017. ^ "Over 3 crore take holy dip in Sangam on Mauni Amavasya". India Times. 10 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. ^ a b Rashid, Omar (11 February 2013). "Over three crore devotees take the dip at Sangam". The Hindu. Chennai. ^ Jha, Monica (23 June 2020). "Eyes in the sky. Indian authorities had to manage 250 million festivalgoers. So they built a high-tech surveillance ministate". Rest of World. Retrieved 23 June 2020. ^ "Mauni Amavasya: Five crore pilgrims take holy dip at Kumbh till 5 pm", Times of India, 4 February 2019, retrieved 24 June 2020 ^ "A record over 24 crore people visited Kumbh-2019, more than total tourists in UP in 2014-17". Hindustan Times. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2022. ^ a b c d e Nityananda Misra (2019). Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-93-88414-12-8. ^ Rigveda 10.89.7 Wikisource, Yajurveda 6.3 Wikisource; For translations see: Stephanie Jamison; Joel Brereton (2014). The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972078-1. ^ Pingree 1973, pp. 2–3. ^ Yukio Ohashi 1999, pp. 719–721. ^ Nicholas Campion (2012). Astrology and Cosmology in the World's Religions. New York University Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-8147-0842-2. ^ Monier Monier Williams (Updated 2006), Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Mel, Melaka, Melana, Melā ^ a b Nityananda Misra (2019). Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-93-88414-12-8. ^ Giorgio Bonazzoli (1977). "Prayaga and Its Kumbha Mela". Purana. 19: 84–85, context: 81–179. ^ Prayaagasnaanavidhi, Manuscript UP No. 140, Poleman No. 3324, University of Pennsylvania Sanskrit Archives ^ a b Maclean 2008, pp. 88–89. ^ Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta. SUNY Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-88706-773-0. ^ a b c Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2. ^ a b Krishnaswamy & Ghosh 1935, pp. 698–699, 702–703. ^ Bhikkhu Nanamoli (Tr); Bhikkhu Bodhi(Tr) (1995). Teachings of The Buddha: Majjhima Nikaya. p. 121. ISBN 978-0861710720. ^ Diana L. Eck (2013). India: A Sacred Geography. Three Rivers Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-385-53192-4. ^ Diane Eck (1981), India's "Tīrthas: "Crossings" in Sacred Geography, History of Religions, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 340–341 with footnote ^ a b Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2. ^ Dilip Kumar Roy; Indira Devi (1955). Kumbha: India's ageless festival. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. xxii. ^ Mark Tully (1992). No Full Stops in India. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-0-14-192775-6. ^ Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. pp. 677–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5. ^ Christian Lee Novetzke (2010). "Review of Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 41 (1): 174–175. ^ Maclean, Kama (2003). "Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (3): 877. doi:10.2307/3591863. JSTOR 3591863. S2CID 162404242. ^ Ludo Rocher (1986). The Purāṇas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 71–72 with footnotes. ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5. ^ a b c James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4. ^ a b c d e f Maclean 2008, pp. 90–91. ^ a b Jadunath Sarkar (1901). India of Aurangzib. Kinnera. pp. 27–124 (Haridwar – page 124, Trimbak – page 51, Prayag – page 27). ^ a b c James G. Lochtefeld (2008). "The Kumbh Mela Festival Processions". In Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 32–41. ISBN 9781134074594. ^ a b Maclean 2008, p. 89. ^ Alexander Cunningham (1877). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Vol. 1. pp. 37–39. ^ a b c d e f James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 29–33. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4. ^ a b William R. Pinch (1996). "Soldier Monks and Militant Sadhus". In David Ludden (ed.). Contesting the Nation. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 141–156. ISBN 9780812215854. ^ Constance Jones and James D. Ryan (2006), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase, p. 280, ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5 ^ a b James Lochtefeld (2009). Gods Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place. Oxford University Press. pp. 252–253. ISBN 9780199741588. ^ a b Hari Ram Gupta (2001). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls (Volume IV). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-215-0165-1. ^ Thomas Hardwicke (1801). Narrative of a Journey to Sirinagur. pp. 314–319. ^ Maclean 2008, pp. 57–58. ^ a b c d Maclean 2008, pp. 226–227. ^ a b c Maclean 2008, p. 226. ^ a b c S.P. Dubey (2001). Kumbh City Prayag. CCRT. pp. 72–73. ^ a b c Maclean 2008, pp. 92–94. ^ John Chamberlain; William Yates (1826). Memoirs of Mr. John Chamberlain, late missionary in India. Baptist Mission Press. pp. 346–351. ^ Robert Montgomery Martin (1858). The Indian Empire. Vol. 3. The London Printing and Publishing Company. pp. 4–5. ^ a b Amna Khalid (2008). Biswamoy Patil; Mark Harrison (eds.). The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India. Routledge. pp. 68–78. ISBN 978-1-134-04259-3. ^ R. Dasgupta. "Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview" (PDF). INFLIBNET. Retrieved 13 December 2015. ^ Nityananda Misra (2019). Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-93-88414-12-8. ^ a b James Lochtefeld (2010). God's Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place. Oxford University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-19-974158-8. ^ Sir Alexander Cunningham (1871). Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65. Government Central Press. pp. 229–237.;Traian Penciuc (2014), Globalization and Intercultural Dialogue: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Arhipelag, Iulian Boldea (ed.), ISBN 978-606-93691-3-5, pp. 57–66 ^ Maclean 2008, p. 61. ^ Maclean 2008, pp. 182–185, 193–195, 202–203. ^ "Five die in stampede at Hindu bathing festival". BBC. 14 April 2010. ^ Maclean 2008, p. 132. ^ a b c Maclean 2008, pp. 74–77, 95–98. ^ Jagannath Prasad Misra (2016). Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Freedom Movement. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-19-908954-3. ^ Maclean 2008, pp. 212–213. ^ Haridwar The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 13, pp. 52–53 ^ a b c Maclean 2008, pp. 185–186. ^ What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures into a Profound Global Faith. Himalayan Academy Publications. 2007. pp. 242–243. ISBN 978-1-934145-27-2. ^ "Kumbh Mela pictured from space". BBC. 26 January 2001. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ a b Carrington, Damian (25 January 2001). "Kumbh Mela". New Scientist. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ Pandey, Geeta (14 January 2013). "India's Hindu Kumbh Mela festival begins in Allahabad". BBC News. Retrieved 12 March 2021. ^ "70 mn to take holy dip during Ardh Kumbh". Hindustan Times. Associated Press. 2 January 2007. ^ Kumbh Mela: How UP will manage one of the world's biggest religious festival, Economic Times, 21 December 2018. ^ James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4. ^ Maclean 2008, pp. 43–44. ^ a b c J. C. Rodda; Lucio Ubertini; Symposium on the Basis of Civilization—Water Science? (2004). The Basis of Civilization—water Science?. International Association of Hydrological Science. pp. 165–. ISBN 978-1-901502-57-2. ^ "U.P. Governor launches Kumbh 2019 logo". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2018 – via www.thehindu.com. ^ J. S. Mishra (2004). Mahakumbh, the Greatest Show on Earth. Har-Anand Publications. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-241-0993-9. ^ G. S. Randhir, 2016, Sikh Shrines in India. ^ a b Mela Adhikari Kumbh Mela 2013. "Official Website of Kumbh Mela 2013 Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India". Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Pioneer, The. "CM reviews Kumbh Mela 2021 preparations". The Pioneer. Retrieved 4 July 2019. ^ a b c d Baranwal, Annu; Anand, Ankit; Singh, Ravikant; Deka, Mridul; Paul, Abhishek; Borgohain, Sunny; Roy, Nobhojit (2015). "Managing the Earth's Biggest Mass Gathering Event and WASH Conditions: Maha Kumbh Mela (India)". PLOS Currents. 7. Public Library of Science (PLoS). doi:10.1371/currents.dis.e8b3053f40e774e7e3fdbe1bb50a130d. PMC 4404264. PMID 25932345. ^ India: Staying Healthy at “The Biggest Gathering on Earth”, CDC, Global Health Security, USA ^ a b Special Bathing Dates Archived 30 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Kumbh Mela Official, Government of India (2019) ^ "Sadhus astride elephants, horses at Maha Kumbh". The New Indian Express. 30 January 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ Nandita Sengupta (13 February 2010). "Naga sadhus steal the show at Kumbh", TNN ^ a b c d e Maclean 2008, pp. 228–229. ^ Simon Coleman; John Elsner (1995). Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions. Harvard University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-674-66766-2. ^ a b Patrick Olivelle; Donald Richard Davis (2018). Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra. Oxford University Press. pp. 217, 339–347. ISBN 978-0-19-870260-3. ^ Diana L. Eck (2013). India: A Sacred Geography. Three Rivers Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-385-53192-4. ^ a b c Maclean 2008, p. 229. ^ "Prayagraj: Food Hub At Kumbh To Offer Cuisines From Different Indian States". NDTV. ANI. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2023. ^ Sengar, Resham (4 February 2019). "5 special foods you can't miss at this Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 June 2023. ^ Attractions and Cultural Events of Kumbh Archived 30 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Kumbh Mela Official, Government of India (2019) ^ Kumbh Mela: The Greatest Show on Earth at IMDb ^ "Short Cut to Nirvana – A Documentary about the Kumbh Mela Spiritual Festival". Mela Films. ^ Kumbh Mela: Songs of the River at IMDb ^ Агеєв. "Kumbh Mela 2013 – living with mahatiagi". Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018. ^ "Amrit:Nectar of Immortality". Retrieved 24 November 2015. ^ "Why twins no longer get separated at Kumbh Mela". rediff.com. 15 January 2010. ^ "Eyes Wide Open". Indian Express. 29 July 2015. ^ "Uncertified film screening at Kolkata gallery miffs CBFC". Times of India. 17 March 2017. Bibliography Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4. Maclean, Kama (28 August 2008). Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533894-2. Krishnaswamy, C.S.; Ghosh, Amalananda (October 1935). "A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 4 (4): 697–706. JSTOR 25201233. Pingree, David (1973). "The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 4 (1). SAGE: 1–12. Bibcode:1973JHA.....4....1P. doi:10.1177/002182867300400102. S2CID 125228353. Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447021654. Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4. Harvard University, South Asia Institute (2015) Kumbh Mela: Mapping the Ephemeral Megacity New Delhi: Niyogi Books. ISBN 9789385285073 Kumbh Mela and The Sadhus,(English, Paperback, Badri Narain and Kedar Narain) Pilgrims Publishings, India, ISBN 9788177698053, 8177698052 KUMBH : Sarvjan – Sahbhagita ka Vishalatam Amritparva with 1 Disc (Hindi, Paperback, Ramanand)Pilgrims Publishings, India,ISBN 9788177696714, 8177696718 External links Media related to Kumbh Mela at Wikimedia Commons Official website Kumbh Mela : Magical Celebration of Life' Documentary vte Festivals in the Hindu calendarMajor festivals Ayudha Puja Chhath Diwali Durga Puja Ganesh Chaturthi Holi Krishna Janmashtami Maha Shivaratri Navaratri Rama Navami Thaipusam Vijayadashami Harvest festivals Bhogi Bihu Lohri Maghi Maghe Sankranti Makar Sankranti Makaravilakku Onam Pongal Pusnâ Shakrain New year's days Balipratipada Bohag Bihu Bisu Parba Chaitra Navaratri Cheti Chand Gudi Padwa Mesha Sankranti Mha Puja Jur Sital Navreh Nyepi Pana Sankranti Pahela Baishakh Puthandu Sajibu Nongma Panba Sankranti Ugadi Vaisakhi Vishu Other festivals Aadi Perukku Bhaubeej Datta Jayanti Dhanteras Gaura Parva Gowri Habba Hanuman Jayanti Kali Puja Karthika Deepam Karva Chauth Kashmiri Hindu festivals Lakshmi Puja Kumbh Mela Mahalakshmi Vrata Mahamaham Panguni Uthiram Pargat Diwas Raksha Bandhan Ratha-Yatra Savitri Vrata Teej Tulasi Vivaha Vaikasi Visakam Holy days Akshaya Tritiya Amalaka Ekadashi Amavasya Ananta Chaturdashi Ashadhi Ekadashi Guru Purnima Kamada Ekadashi Kartik Purnima Naga Panchami Naraka Chaturdashi Narali Purnima Nirjala Ekadashi Pausha Putrada Ekadashi Prabodhini Ekadashi Pradosha Rishi Panchami Sankashti Chaturthi Sharad Purnima Shayani Ekadashi Shravana Putrada Ekadashi Vaikuntha Ekadashi Varuthini Ekadashi Vasant Panchami Vat Purnima Balinese festivals Galungan Nyepi Holy periods Chaturmasya Pitru Paksha Uttarayana Dakshinayana Hindu festivals Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumbh_Mela_in_Prayagraj_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˌkʊmb ˈmeɪlə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britkumbh-1"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Prayagraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_Kumbh_Mela"},{"link_name":"Ganges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges"},{"link_name":"Yamuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_River"},{"link_name":"Sarasvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasvati_river"},{"link_name":"Haridwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela"},{"link_name":"Nashik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha"},{"link_name":"Godavari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_River"},{"link_name":"Ujjain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha"},{"link_name":"Shipra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britkumbh-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maclean2003-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eckp154-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sox5264-4"},{"link_name":"prāyaścitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane195355%E2%80%9356-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kama_Seeing-6"},{"link_name":"Adi Shankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britkumbh-1"},{"link_name":"manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Magha Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magh_Mela"},{"link_name":"Orientalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"Indian Rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maclean2003-2"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hindu luni-solar calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_calendar"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"Haridwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridwar"},{"link_name":"Nashik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashik"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mahamaham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamaham"},{"link_name":"Kumbakonam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbakonam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008102-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eck2012p156-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merin5-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merin7-16"},{"link_name":"Sonipat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonipat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-satk1-17"},{"link_name":"Panauti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panauti"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwyer2016p150-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008225%E2%80%93226-21"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britkumbh-1"},{"link_name":"largest peaceful gatherings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists#Representative_List_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_of_Humanity"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco1-24"},{"link_name":"Amavasya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amavasya"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-devotees-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"A 2019 stamp dedicated to Kumbh MelaKumbh Mela or Kumbha Mela (/ˌkʊmb ˈmeɪlə/) is a major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism, On February 4, 2019, Kumbh Mela witnessed the largest public gathering.[1] It is celebrated in a cycle of approximately 12 years, to celebrate every revolution Brihaspati (Jupiter) completes, at four river-bank pilgrimage sites: Prayagraj (Ganges-Yamuna-Sarasvati rivers confluence), Haridwar (Ganges), Nashik (Godavari), and Ujjain (Shipra).[1][2] The festival is marked by a ritual dip in the waters, but it is also a celebration of community commerce with numerous fairs, education, religious discourses by saints, mass gatherings of monks, and entertainment.[3][4] The seekers believe that bathing in these rivers is a means to prāyaścitta (atonement, penance, restorative action) for past mistakes,[5] and that it cleanses them of their sins.[6]The festival is traditionally credited to the 8th-century Hindu philosopher and saint Adi Shankara, as a part of his efforts to start major Hindu gatherings for philosophical discussions and debates along with Hindu monasteries across the Indian subcontinent.[1] However, there is no historical literary evidence of these mass pilgrimages called \"Kumbha Mela\" prior to the 19th century. There is ample evidence in historical manuscripts[7] and inscriptions[8] of an annual Magha Mela in Hinduism – with periodic larger gatherings after 6 or 12 years – where pilgrims gathered in massive numbers and where one of the rituals included a sacred dip in a river or holy tank. According to Kama MacLean, the socio-political developments during the colonial era and a reaction to Orientalism led to the rebranding and remobilisation of the ancient Magha Mela as the modern era Kumbh Mela, particularly after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[2]The weeks over which the festival is observed cycle at each site approximately once every 12 years[note 1] based on the Hindu luni-solar calendar and the relative astrological positions of Jupiter, the sun and the moon. The difference in Prayag and Haridwar festivals is about 6 years, and both feature a Maha (major) and Ardha (half) Kumbh Melas. The exact years – particularly for the Kumbh Melas at Ujjain and Nashik – have been a subject of dispute in the 20th century. The Nashik and Ujjain festivals have been celebrated in the same year or one year apart,[10] typically about 3 years after the Allahabad / Prayagraj Kumbh Mela.[11] Elsewhere in many parts of India, similar but smaller community pilgrimage and bathing festivals are called the Magha Mela, Makar Mela or equivalent. For example, in Tamil Nadu, the Magha Mela with water-dip ritual is a festival of antiquity. This festival is held at the Mahamaham tank (near Kaveri river) every 12 years at Kumbakonam, attracts millions of South Indian Hindus and has been described as the Tamil Kumbh Mela.[12][13] Other places where the Magha-Mela or Makar-Mela bathing pilgrimage and fairs have been called Kumbh Mela include Kurukshetra,[14][15] Sonipat,[16] and Panauti (Nepal).[17]The Kumbh Melas have three dates around which the significant majority of pilgrims participate, while the festival itself lasts between one[18] and three months around these dates.[19] Each festival attracts millions, with the largest gathering at the Prayag Kumbh Mela and the second largest at Haridwar.[20] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica and Indian authorities, more than 200 million Hindus gathered for the Kumbh Mela in 2019, including 50 million on the festival's most crowded day.[1] The festival is one of the largest peaceful gatherings in the world, and considered as the \"world's largest congregation of religious pilgrims\".[21] It has been inscribed on the UNESCO's Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[22][23] The festival is observed over many days, with the day of Amavasya attracting the largest number on a single day. The Kumbh Mela authorities said that the largest one-day attendance at the Kumbh Mela was 30 million on 10 February 2013,[24][25] and 50 million on 4 February 2019.[26][27][28]","title":"Kumbh Mela"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misra2019p1-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misra2019p1-30"},{"link_name":"Rigveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda"},{"link_name":"Yajurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajurveda"},{"link_name":"Samaveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaveda"},{"link_name":"Atharvaveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misra2019p1-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPingree19732%E2%80%933-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYukio_Ohashi1999719%E2%80%93721-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misra2019p1-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misra2019p1-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sagar_Manthan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samudra Manthana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Manthana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumbh_Mela_2019_-_Crowd_Near_Shastri_Bridge_-_Prayagraj,_India.jpg"}],"text":"The Kumbha in Kumbha Mela literally means \"pitcher, jar, pot\" in Sanskrit.[29] It is found in the Vedic texts, in this sense, often in the context of holding water or in mythical legends about the nectar of immortality.[29] The word Kumbha or its derivatives are found in the Rigveda (1500–1200 BCE), for example, in verse 10.89.7; verse 19.16 of the Yajurveda, verse 6.3 of Samaveda, verse 19.53.3 of the Atharvaveda, and other Vedic and post-Vedic ancient Sanskrit literature.[30] In astrological texts, the term also refers to the zodiac sign of Aquarius.[29] The astrological etymology dates to late 1st-millennium CE, likely influenced by Greek zodiac ideas.[31][32][33]The word mela means \"unite, join, meet, move together, assembly, junction\" in Sanskrit, particularly in the context of fairs, community celebration. This word too is found in the Rigveda and other ancient Hindu texts.[29][34] Thus, Kumbh Mela means an \"assembly, meet, union\" around \"water or nectar of immortality\".[29]A pot (kumbha) containing Amrita was one of the creative product of the Samudra Manthana legend in ancient Hindu texts.Large crowds at the Ganga (Ganges) on a major bathing day in the 2019 Kumbh Mela","title":"Etymology and nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samudra Manthana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Manthana"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misra2019p3-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misra2019p3-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1674_CE_Prayag_Snana_Vidhi,_Puranas_manuscript,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari_sample_i.jpg"},{"link_name":"colophon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legendary_creatures_in_Hindu_mythology"},{"link_name":"amrita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita"},{"link_name":"kumbha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbha"},{"link_name":"Mohini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohini"},{"link_name":"Dhanavantari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanavantari"},{"link_name":"Garuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda"},{"link_name":"Indra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maclean2003-2"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200888%E2%80%9389-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins36-40"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maclean2003-2"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200888%E2%80%9389-39"},{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga"},{"link_name":"Yamuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna"},{"link_name":"Saraswati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glucklich2008p146-41"}],"sub_title":"Mythology","text":"Many Hindus believe that the Kumbh Mela originated in times immemorial and is attested in the Hindu mythology about Samudra Manthana (lit. churning of the ocean) found in the Vedic texts.[35] Historians, in contrast, reject these claims as none of the ancient or medieval era texts that mention the Samudra Manthana legend ever link it to a \"mela\" or festival. According to Giorgio Bonazzoli – a scholar of Sanskrit Puranas, these are anachronistic explanations, an adaptation of early legends to a later practice by a \"small circle of adherents\" who have sought roots of a highly popular pilgrimage and festival.[35][36]The first page of Prayag Snana Vidhi manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari script). It describes methods to complete a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag. The manuscript (1674 CE) has a colophon, which states \"Copied by Sarvottama, son of Vishvanatha Bhatta, Samvat 1752\".[37]This Hindu legend describes the creation of a \"pot of amrita (nectar of immortality)\" after the forces of good and evil churn the ocean of creation. The gods and demons fight over this pot, the \"kumbha\", of nectar in order to gain immortality. In a later day extension to the legend, the pot is spilled at four places, and that is the origin of the four Kumbha Melas. The story varies and is inconsistent, with some stating Vishnu as Mohini avatar, others stating Dhanavantari or Garuda or Indra spilling the pot.[2] This \"spilling\" and associated Kumbh Mela story is not found in the earliest mentions of the original legend of Samudra Manthana (churning of the ocean) such as the Vedic era texts (pre-500 BCE).[38][39] Nor is this story found in the later era Puranas (3rd to 10th-century CE).[2][38]While the Kumbha Mela phrase is not found in the ancient or medieval era texts, numerous chapters and verses in Hindu texts are found about a bathing festival, the sacred junction of rivers Ganga, Yamuna and mythical Saraswati at Prayag, and pilgrimage to Prayag. These are in the form of Snana (bathe) ritual and in the form of Prayag Mahatmya (greatness of Prayag, historical tour guides in Sanskrit).[40]","title":"Etymology and nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rigveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935698%E2%80%93699,_702%E2%80%93703-42"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Majjhima Nikaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane195355%E2%80%9356-5"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Xuanzang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanzang"},{"link_name":"deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glucklich2008p145-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Indologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indologist"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glucklich2008p145-46"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glucklich2008p146-41"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Matsya Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya_Purana"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glucklich2008p146-41"}],"text":"The earliest mention of Prayag and the bathing pilgrimage is found in Rigveda Pariśiṣṭa (supplement to the Rigveda).[41] It is also mentioned in the Pali canons of Buddhism, such as in section 1.7 of Majjhima Nikaya, wherein the Buddha states that bathing in Payaga (Skt: Prayaga) cannot wash away cruel and evil deeds, rather the virtuous one should be pure in heart and fair in action.[42] The Mahabharata mentions a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag as a means of prāyaścitta (atonement, penance) for past mistakes and guilt.[5] In Tirthayatra Parva, before the great war, the epic states \"the one who observes firm [ethical] vows, having bathed at Prayaga during Magha, O best of the Bharatas, becomes spotless and reaches heaven.\"[43] In Anushasana Parva, after the war, the epic elaborates this bathing pilgrimage as \"geographical tirtha\" that must be combined with Manasa-tirtha (tirtha of the heart) whereby one lives by values such as truth, charity, self-control, patience and others.[44]There are other references to Prayaga and river-side festivals in ancient Indian texts, including at the places where present-day Kumbh Melas are held, but the exact age of the Kumbh Mela is uncertain. The 7th-century Buddhist Chinese traveller Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) mentions king Harsha and his capital of Prayag, which he states to be a sacred Hindu city with hundreds of \"deva temples\" and two Buddhist institutions. He also mentions the Hindu bathing rituals at the junction of the rivers.[45] According to some scholars, this is the earliest surviving historical account of the Kumbh Mela, which took place in present-day Prayag in 644 CE.[46][47][48]Kama MacLean – an Indologist who has published articles on the Kumbh Mela predominantly based on the colonial archives and English-language media,[49] states based on emails from other scholars and a more recent interpretation of the 7th-century Xuanzang memoir, the Prayag event happened every 5 years (and not 12 years), featured a Buddha statue, involved alms giving and it might have been a Buddhist festival.[50] In contrast, Ariel Glucklich – a scholar of Hinduism and Anthropology of Religion, the Xuanzang memoir includes, somewhat derisively, the reputation of Prayag as a place where people (Hindus) once committed superstitious devotional suicide to liberate their souls, and how a Brahmin of an earlier era successfully put an end to this practice. This and other details such as the names of temples and bathing pools suggest that Xuanzang presented Hindu practices at Prayag in the 7th century, from his Buddhist perspective and perhaps to \"amuse his audience back in China\", states Glucklich.[45]Other early accounts of the significance of Prayag to Hinduism is found in the various versions of the Prayaga Mahatmya, dated to the late 1st-millennium CE. These Purana-genre Hindu texts describe it as a place \"bustling with pilgrims, priests, vendors, beggars, guides\" and local citizens busy along the confluence of the rivers (Sangam).[40][51] These Sanskrit guide books of the medieval era India were updated over its editions, likely by priests and guides who had a mutual stake in the economic returns from the visiting pilgrims. One of the longest sections about Prayag rivers and its significance to Hindu pilgrimage is found in chapters 103–112 of the Matsya Purana.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maclean (2008)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaclean2008"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobsen2008p31-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobsen2008p31-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobsen2008p31-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devotees_at_Kumbha.JPG"},{"link_name":"James Mallinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwyer2016p150-20"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwyer2016p150-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwyer2016p150-20"},{"link_name":"Ramcharitmanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramcharitmanas"},{"link_name":"Ain-i-Akbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200890%E2%80%9391-54"},{"link_name":"Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200890%E2%80%9391-54"},{"link_name":"Tabaqat-i-Akbari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaqat-i-Akbari"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200890%E2%80%9391-54"},{"link_name":"Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200890%E2%80%9391-54"},{"link_name":"Chahar Gulshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahar_Gulshan"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sarkarkumbh-55"},{"link_name":"Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200890%E2%80%9391-54"},{"link_name":"Haridwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridwar"},{"link_name":"Trimbak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimbak"},{"link_name":"Prayag (in modern Prayagraj)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"Magh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magha_(month)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAJ_2008-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sarkarkumbh-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200889-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashoka_pillar,_Allahabad,_c.1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ashoka pillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_pillar"},{"link_name":"Birbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birbal"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnaswamyGhosh1935698%E2%80%93699,_702%E2%80%93703-42"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAJ_2008-56"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maclean2003-2"},{"link_name":"Maratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ranoji Shinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranoji_Shinde"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAJ_2008-56"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maclean2003-2"}],"sub_title":"Evolution of earlier melas to Kumbh Melas","text":"Exceedingly old pilgrimage\nThere is evidence enough to suggest that although the Magh Mela – or at least, the tradition of religious festival at the triveni [Prayag] – is exceedingly old, the Kumbh Mela at Allahabad is much more recent.\n\n\nMaclean (2008), p. 91According to James Lochtefeld – a scholar of Indian religions, the phrase Kumbh Mela and historical data about it is missing in early Indian texts. However, states Lochtefeld, these historical texts \"clearly reveal large, well-established bathing festivals\" that were either annual or based on the twelve-year cycle of planet Jupiter.[52] Manuscripts related to Hindu ascetics and warrior-monks – akharas fighting the Islamic Sultanates and Mughal Empire era – mention bathing pilgrimage and a large periodic assembly of Hindus at religious festivals associated with bathing, gift-giving, commerce and organisation.[52] An early account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela was published by Captain Thomas Hardwicke in 1796 CE.[52]Hindu pilgrims heading to the Kumbh Mela siteAccording to James Mallinson – a scholar of Hindu yoga manuscripts and monastic institutions, bathing festivals at Prayag with large gatherings of pilgrims are attested since \"at least the middle of the first millennium CE\", while textual evidence exists for similar pilgrimage at other major sacred rivers since the medieval period.[19] Four of these morphed under the Kumbh Mela brand during the East India Company rule (British colonial era) when it sought to control the war-prone monks and the lucrative tax and trade revenues at these Hindu pilgrimage festivals.[19] Additionally, the priests sought the British administration to recognise the festival and protect their religious rights.[19]The 16th-century Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas mentions an annual Mela in Prayag, as does a Muslim historian's Ain-i-Akbari (c. 1590 CE).[53] The latter Akbar-era Persian text calls Prayag (spells it Priyag) the \"king of shrines\" for the Hindus, and mentions that it is considered particularly holy in the Hindu month of Magha.[53] The late 16th-century Tabaqat-i-Akbari also records of an annual bathing festival at Prayag sangam where \"various classes of Hindus came from all sides of the country to bathe, in such numbers, that the jungles and plains [around it] were unable to hold them\".[53]The Kumbh Mela of Haridwar appears to be the original Kumbh Mela, since it is held according to the astrological sign \"Kumbha\" (Aquarius), and because there are several references to a 12-year cycle for it. The later Mughal Empire era texts that contain the term \"Kumbha Mela\" in Haridwar's context include Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh (1695–1699 CE),[53] and Chahar Gulshan (1759 CE).[54] The Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh also mentions an annual bathing pilgrimage festival in Prayag, but it does not call it Kumbh.[53] Both these Mughal era texts use the term \"Kumbh Mela\" to describe only Haridwar's fair, mentioning a similar fair held in Prayag and Nashik. The Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh lists the following melas: an annual mela and a Kumbh Mela every 12 years at Haridwar; a mela held at Trimbak when Jupiter enters Leo (that is, once in 12 years); and an annual mela held at Prayag (in modern Prayagraj) in Magh.[55][54]Like the Prayag mela, the bathing pilgrimage mela at Nasik and Ujjain are of considerable antiquity. However, these were referred to as Singhasth mela, and the phrase \"Kumbh mela\" is yet to be found in literature prior to the 19th century. The phrases such as \"Maha Kumbh\" and \"Ardh Kumbh\" in the context of the ancient religious pilgrimage festivals with a different name at Prayag, Nasik and Ujjain are evidently of a more modern era.[56]The Ashoka pillar (photo c. 1900) contains many inscriptions since the 3rd century BCE. Sometime about 1575 CE, Birbal of Akbar's era added an inscription that mentions the \"Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj\".[41][57]The Magh Mela of Prayag is probably the oldest among the four modern day Kumbh Melas. It dates from the early centuries CE, given it has been mentioned in several early Puranas.[55] However, the name Kumbh for these more ancient bathing pilgrimages probably dates to the mid-19th century. D. P. Dubey states that none of the ancient Hindu texts call the Prayag fair as a \"Kumbh Mela\". Kama Maclean states that the early British records do not mention the name \"Kumbh Mela\" or the 12-year cycle for the Prayag fair. The first British reference to the Kumbh Mela in Prayag occurs only in an 1868 report, which mentions the need for increased pilgrimage and sanitation controls at the \"Coomb fair\" to be held in January 1870. According to Maclean, the Prayagwal Brahmin priests of Prayag coopted the Kumbh legend and brand to the annual Prayag Magh Mela given the socio-political circumstances in the 19th century.[2]The Kumbh Mela at Ujjain began in the 18th century, when the Maratha ruler Ranoji Shinde invited ascetics from Nashik to Ujjain for a local festival.[55] Like the priests at Prayag, those at Nashik and Ujjain, competing with other places for a sacred status, may have adopted the Kumbh tradition for their pre-existing Magha melas.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld30-59"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism"},{"link_name":"Udasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udasi"},{"link_name":"Nirmalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld30-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld30-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"East India Company rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India"},{"link_name":"akharas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhara"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld30-59"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwyer2016p150-20"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_1996-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld30-59"},{"link_name":"Adi Shankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara"},{"link_name":"matha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matha"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britkumbh-1"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200889-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld30-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-David_1996-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hun3-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hun4-63"},{"link_name":"Shaivite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivite"},{"link_name":"Gosains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosains"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavite"},{"link_name":"copper plate inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_copper_plate_inscriptions"},{"link_name":"Maratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Peshwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshwa"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hun3-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_1801-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hun4-63"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwyer2016p150-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwyer2016p150-20"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200857%E2%80%9358-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008226%E2%80%93227-66"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008226-67"}],"sub_title":"Akharas: Warrior monks, recruitment drive and logistics","text":"One of the key features of the Kumbh mela has been the camps and processions of the sadhus (monks).[58] By the 18th century, many of these had organised into one of thirteen akharas (warrior ascetic bands, monastic militia), of which ten were related to Hinduism and three related to Sikhism. Seven have belonged to the Shaivism tradition, three to Vaishnavism, two to Udasis (founded by Guru Nanak's son) and one to Nirmalas.[58] These soldier-monk traditions have been a well-established feature of the Indian society, and they are prominent feature of the Kumbh melas.[58]Haridwar Kumbh Mela by the English painter J. M. W. Turner. Steel engraving, c. 1850s.Until the East India Company rule, the Kumbh Melas (Magha Melas) were managed by these akharas. They provide logistical arrangements, policing, intervened and judged any disputes and collected taxes. They also have been a central attraction and a stop for mainstream Hindus who seek their darsana (meeting, view) as well as spiritual guidance and blessings.[58] The Kumbh Melas have been one of their recruitment and initiation venues, as well as the place to trade.[19][59] These akharas have roots in the Hindu Naga (naked) monks tradition, who went to war without clothes.[58] These monastic groups traditionally credit the Kumbh mela to the 8th-century Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara, as a part of his efforts to start monastic institutions (matha),[60] and major Hindu gatherings for philosophical discussions and debates.[1] However, there is no historic literary evidence that he actually did start the Kumbh melas.[56]During the 17th century, the akharas competed for ritual primacy, priority rights to who bathes first or at the most auspicious time, and prominence leading to violent conflicts.[58] The records from the East India Company rule era report of violence between the akharas and numerous deaths.[59][61][62] At the 1760 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar, a clash broke out between Shaivite Gosains and Vaishnavite Bairagis (ascetics), resulting in hundreds of deaths. A copper plate inscription of the Maratha Peshwa claims that 12,000 ascetics died in a clash between Shaivite sanyasis and Vaishnavite bairagis at the 1789 Nashik Kumbh Mela. The dispute started over the bathing order, which then indicated status of the akharas.[61] At the 1796 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar, violence broke out between the Shaivites and the Udasis on logistics and camping rights.[63][62]The repetitive clashes, battle-ready nature of the warrior monks, and the lucrative tax and trading opportunities at Kumbh melas in the 18th-century attracted the attention of the East India Company officials.[19] They intervened, laid out the camps, trading spaces, and established a bathing order for each akhara. After 1947, the state governments have taken over this role and provide the infrastructure for the Kumbh mela in their respective states.[19][64]The Kumbh Melas attract many loner sadhus (monks) who do not belong to any akharas. Of those who do belong to a group, the thirteen active akharas have been,[65]7 Shaiva akharas:[note 2] Mahanirvani, Atal, Niranjani, Anand, Juna, Avahan, and Agni\n3 Vaishnava akharas:[note 3] Nirvani, Digambar, and Nirmohi\n3 Sikh akharas: Bara Panchayati Udasins, Chota Panchayati Udasins, and NirmalThe ten Shaiva and Vaishnava akharas are also known as the Dasanamis, and they believe that Adi Shankara founded them and one of their traditional duties is dharma-raksha (protection of faith).[66]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_D%C4%81na,_Kumbh_Mela,_Allahabad,_Jan_2013.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumbh_Mela_2019,_India_(33416052778).jpg"},{"link_name":"commercial events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_fair"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eckp154-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sox5264-4"},{"link_name":"Yadgar-i-Bahaduri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadgar-i-Bahaduri"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200890%E2%80%9391-54"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dubeyyadgir-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dubeyyadgir-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200892%E2%80%9394-71"},{"link_name":"Lord Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200892%E2%80%9394-71"},{"link_name":"Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_1826-72"},{"link_name":"Haridwar Kumbh Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela"},{"link_name":"Robert Montgomery Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Martin"},{"link_name":"horse traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_trading"},{"link_name":"Bukhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Turkistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_(city)"},{"link_name":"rajas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja"},{"link_name":"Nawabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMM_1858-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumbh_Mela_2019,_India_(46545287374).jpg"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dubeyyadgir-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200892%E2%80%9394-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biswa_2008-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biswa_2008-74"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RD_time_trends-75"}],"text":"Kumbh Melas feature many trade, fairs, charity, community singing, religious recitations, and entertainment spectacles. Left: Anna Dāna event at Prayag Kumbh, feeding monks and poor; Right: A dance performance.The Kumbh melas of the past, albeit with different regional names, attracted large attendance and have been religiously significant to the Hindus for centuries. However, they have been more than a religious event to the Hindu community. Historically the Kumbh Melas were also major commercial events, initiation of new recruits to the akharas, prayers and community singing, spiritual discussions, education and a spectacle.[3][4] During the colonial era rule of the East India Company, its officials saw the Hindu pilgrimage as a means to collect vast sums of revenue through a \"pilgrim tax\" and taxes on the trade that occurred during the festival. According to Dubey, as well as Macclean, the Islamic encyclopaedia Yadgar-i-Bahaduri written in 1834 Lucknow, described the Prayag festival and its sanctity to the Hindus.[53][67] The British officials, states Dubey, raised the tax to amount greater than average monthly income and the attendance fell drastically.[67][68] The Prayagwal pandas initially went along, according to colonial records, but later resisted as the impact of the religious tax on the pilgrims became clear. In 1938, Lord Auckland abolished the pilgrim tax and vast numbers returned to the pilgrimage thereafter. According to Macclean, the colonial records of this period on the Prayag Mela present a biased materialistic view given they were written by colonialists and missionaries.[68]Baptist missionary John Chamberlain, who visited the 1824 Ardh Kumbh Mela at Haridwar, stated that a large number of visitors came there for trade. He also includes a 1814 letter from his missionary friend who distributed copies of the Gospel to the pilgrims and tried to convert some to Christianity.[69] According to an 1858 account of the Haridwar Kumbh Mela by the British civil servant Robert Montgomery Martin, the visitors at the fair included people from a number of races and clime. Along with priests, soldiers, and religious mendicants, the fair had horse traders from Bukhara, Kabul, Turkistan as well as Arabs and Persians. The festival had roadside merchants of food grains, confectioners, clothes, toys and other items. Thousands of pilgrims in every form of transport as well as on foot marched to the pilgrimage site, dressed in colourful costumes, some without clothes, occasionally shouting \"Mahadeo Bol\" and \"Bol, Bol\" together. At night the river banks and camps illuminated with oil lamps, fireworks burst over the river, and innumerable floating lamps set by the pilgrims drifted downstream of the river. Several Hindu rajas, Sikh rulers and Muslim Nawabs visited the fair. Europeans watched the crowds and few Christian missionaries distributed their religious literature at the Hardwar Mela, wrote Martin.[70]A cultural program pandal at Prayag Kumbh Mela (2019)Prior to 1838, the British officials collected taxes but provided no infrastructure or services to the pilgrims.[67][68] This changed particularly after 1857. According to Amna Khalid, the Kumbh Melas emerged as one of the social and political mobilisation venues and the colonial government became keen on monitoring these developments after the Indian rebellion of 1857. The government deployed police to gain this intelligence at the grassroots level of Kumbh Mela.[71] The British officials in co-operation with the native police also made attempts to improve the infrastructure, movement of pilgrims to avoid a stampede, detect sickness, and the sanitary conditions at the Melas. Reports of cholera led the officials to cancel the pilgrimage, but the pilgrims went on \"passive resistance\" and stated they preferred to die rather than obey the official orders.[71][72]","title":"Significance and impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharaf_ad-Din_Ali_Yazdi"},{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld2010p51-77"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lochtefeld2010p51-77"},{"link_name":"stampedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede"},{"link_name":"ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghat"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200861-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008182%E2%80%93185,_193%E2%80%93195,_202%E2%80%93203-80"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008132-82"}],"sub_title":"Massacres, stampedes and scandals","text":"The Kumbh Melas have been sites of tragedies. According to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi – the historian and biographer of the Turco-Mongol raider and conqueror Timur, his armies plundered Haridwar and massacred the gathered pilgrims. The ruthlessly slaughtered pilgrims were likely those attending the Kumbh mela of 1399.[73][74][75] The Timur accounts mention the mass bathing ritual along with shaving of head, the sacred river Ganges, charitable donations, the place was at the mountainous source of the river and that pilgrims believed a dip in the sacred river leads to their salvation.[74]Several stampedes have occurred at the Kumbh Melas. After an 1820 stampede at Haridwar killed 485 people, the Company government took extensive infrastructure projects, including the construction of new ghats and road widening, to prevent further stampedes.[76] The various Kumbh melas, in the 19th- and 20th-century witnessed sporadic stampedes, each tragedy leading to changes in how the flow of pilgrims to and from the river and ghats was managed.[77] In 1986, 50 people were killed in a stampede.[78] The Prayag Kumbh mela in 1885 became a source of scandal when a Muslim named Husain was appointed as the Kumbh Mela manager, and Indian newspaper reports stated that Husain had \"organised a flotilla of festooned boats for the pleasure of European ladies and gentlemen, and entertained them with dancing girls, liquor and beef\" as they watched the pilgrims bathing.[79]","title":"Significance and impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200874%E2%80%9377,_95%E2%80%9398-83"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200874%E2%80%9377,_95%E2%80%9398-83"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200874%E2%80%9377,_95%E2%80%9398-83"},{"link_name":"Banaras Hindu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Hindutva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva"},{"link_name":"Vishva Hindu Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008212%E2%80%93213-85"}],"sub_title":"1857 rebellion and the Independence movement","text":"According to the colonial archives, the Prayagwal community associated with the Kumbh Mela were one of those who seeded and perpetuated the resistance and 1857 rebellion to the colonial rule.[80] Prayagwals objected to and campaigned against the colonial government who supported Christian missionaries and officials who treated them and the pilgrims as \"ignorant co-religionists\" and who aggressively tried to convert the Hindu pilgrims to a Christian sect. During the 1857 rebellion, Colonel Neill targeted the Kumbh mela site and shelled the region where the Prayagwals lived, destroying it in what Maclean describes as a \"notoriously brutal pacification of Allahabad\".[80] \"Prayagwals targeted and destroyed the mission press and churches in Allahabad\". Once the British had regained control of the region, the Prayagwals were persecuted by the colonial officials, some convicted and hanged, while others for whom the government did not have proof enough to convict were persecuted. Large tracts of Kumbh mela lands near the Ganga-Yamuna confluence were confiscated and annexed into the government cantonment. In the years after 1857, the Prayagwals and the Kumbh Mela pilgrim crowds carried flags with images alluding to the rebellion and the racial persecution. The British media reported these pilgrim assemblies and protests at the later Kumbh Mela as strangely \"hostile\" and with \"disbelief\", states Maclean.[80]The Kumbh Mela continued to play an important role in the independence movement through 1947, as a place where the native people and politicians periodically gathered in large numbers. In 1906, the Sanatan Dharm Sabha met at the Prayag Kumbh Mela and resolved to start the Banaras Hindu University in Madan Mohan Malaviya's leadership.[81] Kumbh Melas have also been one of the hubs for the Hindutva movement and politics. In 1964, the Vishva Hindu Parishad was founded at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela.[82]","title":"Significance and impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumbh_Mela_2019,_India_(47281641211).jpg"},{"link_name":"cholera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hun6-86"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008185%E2%80%93186-87"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008185%E2%80%93186-87"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hun7-88"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newscientist2001-90"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newscientist2001-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008185%E2%80%93186-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_Feb_04_-_Kumbh_Mela_-_Cooking.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prayagraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayagraj"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-devotees-26"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kama_Seeing-6"},{"link_name":"2019 Ardh Kumbh at Prayagraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayagraj_Kumbh_2019"},{"link_name":"₹","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"dormitory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormitory"},{"link_name":"5-star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_rating#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Indian Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways"},{"link_name":"artificially intelligent video surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificially_intelligent_video_surveillance"},{"link_name":"analytics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_content_analysis"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"disease surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_surveillance"},{"link_name":"river transport management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_transport_in_India"},{"link_name":"Inland Waterways Authority of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Waterways_Authority_of_India"},{"link_name":"app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_software"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scale1-93"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200843%E2%80%9344-95"}],"sub_title":"Rising attendance and scale","text":"Kumbh Mela – a dip in the waters is one of the key ritualsThe historical and modern estimates of attendance vary greatly between sources. For example, the colonial era Imperial Gazetteer of India reported that between 2 and 2.5 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh mela in 1796 and 1808, then added these numbers may be exaggerations. Between 1892 and 1908, in an era of major famines, cholera and plague epidemics in British India, the pilgrimage dropped to between 300,000 and 400,000.[83]During World War II, the colonial government banned the Kumbh Mela to conserve scarce supplies of fuel. The ban, coupled with false rumours that Japan planned to bomb and commit genocide at the Kumbh mela site, led to sharply lower attendance at the 1942 Kumbh mela than prior decades when an estimated 2 to 4 million pilgrims gathered at each Kumbh mela.[84] After India's independence, the attendance rose sharply. On amavasya – one of the three key bathing dates, over 5 million attended the 1954 Kumbh, about 10 million attended the 1977 Kumbh while the 1989 Kumbh attracted about 15 million.[84]On 14 April 1998, 10 million pilgrims attended the Kumb Mela at Haridwar on the busiest single day, according to the Himalayan Academy editors.[85] In 2001, IKONOS satellite images confirmed a very large human gathering,[86][87] with officials estimating 70 million people over the festival,[87] including more than 40 million on the busiest single day according to BBC News.[88] Another estimate states that about 30 million attended the 2001 Kumbh mela on the busiest mauni amavasya day alone.[84]Cooking at Kumbh Mela in 2019In 2007, as many as 70 million pilgrims attended the 45-day long Ardha Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.[89] In 2013, 120 million pilgrims attended the Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj.[25] Nasik has registered maximum visitors to 75 million.[6]Maha Kumbh at Prayagraj is the largest in the world, the attendance and scale of preparation of which keeps rising with each successive celebration. For the 2019 Ardh Kumbh at Prayagraj, the preparations include a ₹42,000 million (equivalent to ₹52 billion or US$630 million in 2023) temporary city over 2,500 hectares with 122,000 temporary toilets and range of accommodation from simple dormitory tents to 5-star tents, 800 special trains by the Indian Railways, artificially intelligent video surveillance and analytics by IBM, disease surveillance, river transport management by Inland Waterways Authority of India, and an app to help the visitors.[90]The Kumbh mela is \"widely regarded as the world's largest religious gathering\", states James Lochtefeld.[91] According to Kama Maclean, the coordinators and attendees themselves state that a part of the glory of the Kumbh festival is in that \"feeling of brotherhood and love\" where millions peacefully gather on the river banks in harmony and a sense of shared heritage.[92]","title":"Significance and impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Calendar, locations and preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCR_2004-96"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCR_2004-96"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Prayagraj Kumbh Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayagraj_Kumbh_Mela"},{"link_name":"Yogi Adityanath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"Types","text":"The Kumbh Mela are classified as:[93]The Purna Kumbh Mela (sometimes just called Kumbh or \"full Kumbha\"), occurs every 12 years at a given site.\nThe Ardh Kumbh Mela (\"half Kumbh\") occurs approximately every 6 years between the two Purna Kumbha Melas at Prayagraj and Haridwar.[93]\nThe Maha Kumbh, which occurs every 12 Purna Kumbh Melas i.e. after every 144 years.[citation needed]For the 2019 Prayagraj Kumbh Mela, the Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath announced that the Ardh Kumbh Mela (organised every 6 years) will simply be known as \"Kumbh Mela\", and the Kumbh Mela (organised every 12 years) will be known as \"Maha Kumbh Mela\" (\"Great Kumbh Mela\").[94]","title":"Calendar, locations and preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evening_prayers_at_Har-Ki-Pairi_Ghat_in_Haridwar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nashik_during_1989_Kumbh_Mela.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nashik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashik"},{"link_name":"Dakshin Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godavari_River"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JCR_2004-96"},{"link_name":"Kurukshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurukshetra"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merin6-99"},{"link_name":"Sonipat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonipat"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-satk1-17"}],"sub_title":"Locations","text":"Kumbh Mela at HaridwarNashik Pilgrims gather for the Shahi Snan (royal bath) in Ramkund in Dakshin Ganga River, c. 1991Numerous sites and fairs have been locally referred to be their Kumbh Melas. Of these, four sites are broadly recognised as the Kumbh Melas: Prayagraj, Haridwar, Trimbak-Nashik and Ujjain.[95][93] Other locations that are sometimes called Kumbh melas – with the bathing ritual and a significant participation of pilgrims – include Kurukshetra,[96] and Sonipat.[16]","title":"Calendar, locations and preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bṛhaspati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Surya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobsen2008p40-9"}],"sub_title":"Dates","text":"Each site's celebration dates are calculated in advance according to a special combination of zodiacal positions of Bṛhaspati (Jupiter), Surya (the Sun) and Chandra (the Moon). The relative years vary between the four sites, but the cycle repeats about every 12 years. Since Jupiter's orbit completes in 11.86 years, a calendar year adjustment appears in approximately 8 cycles. Therefore, approximately once a century, the Kumbh mela returns to a site after 11 years.[9]","title":"Calendar, locations and preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al_gov_astro_aspect-100"}],"sub_title":"Past years","text":"Kumbh Mela at Prayagraj is celebrated approximately 3 years after Kumbh at Haridwar and 3 years before Kumbh at Nashik and Ujjain (both of which are celebrated in the same year or one year apart).[97]","title":"Calendar, locations and preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baranwal2015-103"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baranwal2015-103"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baranwal2015-103"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baranwal2015-103"},{"link_name":"Center for Disease Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Disease_Control"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"}],"sub_title":"Historical Festival management","text":"The Kumbh Mela attracts tens of millions of pilgrims. Providing for a safe and pleasant temporary stay at the festival site is a complex and challenging task. The camping (santhas/akharas), food, water, sanitation, emergency health care, fire services, policing, disaster management preparations, the movement of people require significant prior planning.[99] Further, assistance to those with special needs and lost family members through Bhule-Bhatke Kendra demands extensive onsite communication and co-ordination.[99] In the case of Prayag in particular, the festival site is predominantly submerged during the monsoon months. The festival management workers have only two and a half months to start and complete the construction of all temporarily infrastructure necessary for the pilgrims, making the task even more challenging.[99]In 2013, the Indian government authorities, in co-operation with seva volunteers, monks and Indian companies, set up 11 sectors with 55 camp clusters, providing round-the-clock first aid, ambulance, pharmacy, sector cleaning, sanitation, food and water distribution (setting up 550 kilometres (340 mi) of pipelines operated by 42 pumps), cooking fuel, and other services. According to Baranwal et al., their 13-day field study of the 2013 Kumbh mela found that \"the Mela committee and all other agencies involved in Mela management successfully supervised the event and made it convenient, efficient and safe,\"[99] an assessment shared by the US-based Center for Disease Control for the Nasik Kumbh mela.[100]","title":"Calendar, locations and preparation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rituals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naga sadhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_sadhu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_kumbh_Festival.jpg"},{"link_name":"[note 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008226%E2%80%93227-66"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kumbh1-106"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008226%E2%80%93227-66"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008226%E2%80%93227-66"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kumbh1-106"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008228%E2%80%93229-109"},{"link_name":"yajna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yajna"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008228%E2%80%93229-109"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008228%E2%80%93229-109"},{"link_name":"salvific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColemanElsner1995p140-110"},{"link_name":"prāyaścitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane195355%E2%80%9356-5"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OlivelleDavis2018-111"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OlivelleDavis2018-111"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"Bathing and processions","text":"Naga sadhu at a Kumbh procession (1998)Water dip at the Kumbh festivalBathing, or a dip in the river waters, with a prayer, is the central ritual of the Kumbh Melas for all pilgrims. Traditionally, on amavasya – the most cherished day for bathing – the Hindu pilgrims welcome and wait for the thirteen sadhu akharas to bathe first. This event – called shahi snan or rajyogi snan – is marked by a celebratory processional march, with banners, flags, elephants, horses and musicians along with the naked or scantily clad monks,[note 5] some smeared with bhasma (ashes).[65][101] These monastic institutions come from different parts of India, have a particular emblem symbol and deity (Ganesha, Dattatreya, Hanuman, etc.).[65][102] The largest contingent is the Juna akhara, traced to Adi Shankara, representing a diverse mix from the four of the largest Hindu monasteries in India with their headquarters at Sringeri, Dvarka, Jyotirmatha and Govardhana. The Mahanirbani and Niranjani are the other large contingents, and each akhara has their own lineage of saints and teachers. Large crowds gather in reverence and cheer for this procession of monks. Once these monks have taken the dip, the festival day opens for bathing by the pilgrims from far and near the site.[65][101][103]The bathing ritual by the pilgrims may be aided by a Prayagwal priest or maybe a simple dip that is private. When aided, the rituals may begin with mundan (shaving of head), prayers with offerings such as flowers, sindur (vermilion), milk or coconut, along with the recitation of hymns with shradha (prayers in the honour of one's ancestors).[104] More elaborate ceremonies include a yajna (homa) led by a priest.[104] After these river-side rituals, the pilgrim then takes a dip in the water, stands up, prays for a short while, then exits the river waters. Many then proceed to visit old Hindu temples near the site.[104]The motivations for the bathing ritual are several. The most significant is the belief that the tirtha (pilgrimage) to the Kumbh Mela sites and then bathing in these holy rivers has a salvific value, moksha – a means to liberation from the cycle of rebirths (samsara).[105] The pilgrimage is also recommended in Hindu texts to those who have made mistakes or sinned, repent their errors and as a means of prāyaścitta (atonement, penance) for these mistakes.[5][106] Pilgrimage and bathing in holy rivers with a motivation to do penance and as a means to self-purify has Vedic precedents and is discussed in the early dharma literature of Hinduism.[106] Its epics such as the Mahabharata describe Yudhisthira in a state full of sorrow and despair after participating in the violence of the great war that killed many. He goes to a saint, who advises him to go on a pilgrimage to Prayag and bathe in river Ganges as a means of penance.[107]","title":"Rituals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ROMALO_RAM_AND_PARTY_IN_KUMBH_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"pandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandal"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008229-113"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008229-113"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008228%E2%80%93229-109"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008228%E2%80%93229-109"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"religious discussions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravachan"},{"link_name":"pravachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravachan"},{"link_name":"devotional singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan"},{"link_name":"kirtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan"},{"link_name":"doctrines are debated and standardised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastrartha"},{"link_name":"shastrartha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastrartha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kama_Seeing-6"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kumbh2-116"}],"sub_title":"Feasts, festivities and discussions","text":"A cultural event at a Kumbh Mela pandalSome pilgrims walk considerable distances and arrive barefoot, as a part of their religious tradition. Most pilgrims stay for a day or two, but some stay the entire month of Magh during the festival and live an austere life during the stay. They attend spiritual discourses, fast and pray over the month, and these Kumbh pilgrims are called kalpavasis.[108]The festival site is strictly vegetarian[108] by tradition, as violence against animals is considered unacceptable. Many pilgrims practice partial (one meal a day) or full vrata (day-long fasting), some abstain from elaborate meals.[104] These ritual practices are punctuated by celebratory feasts where vast number of people sit in rows and share a community meal – mahaprasada – prepared by volunteers from charitable donations. By tradition, families and companies sponsor these anna dana (food charity) events, particularly for the monks and the poor pilgrims.[104] The management has established multiple food stalls, offering delicacies from different states of India.[109][110]Other activities at the mela include religious discussions (pravachan), devotional singing (kirtan), and religious assemblies where doctrines are debated and standardised (shastrartha).[6] The festival grounds also feature a wide range of cultural spectacles over the month of celebrations. These include kalagram (venues of kala, Indian arts), laser light shows, classical dance and musical performances from different parts of India, thematic gates reflecting the historic regional architectural diversity, boat rides, tourist walks to historic sites near the river, as well opportunities to visit the monastic camps to watch yoga adepts and spiritual discourses.[111]","title":"Rituals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maha_Kumbh_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kama_Seeing-6"}],"sub_title":"Darshan","text":"A sadhu at Maha Kumbh, 2013Darshan, or viewing, is an important part of the Kumbh Mela. People make the pilgrimage to the Kumbh Mela specifically to observe and experience both the religious and secular aspects of the event. Two major groups that participate in the Kumbh Mela include the Sadhus (Hindu holy men) and pilgrims. Through their continual yogic practices the Sadhus articulate the transitory aspect of life. Sadhus travel to the Kumbh Mela to make themselves available to much of the Hindu public. This allows members of the Hindu public to interact with the Sadhus and to take \"darshan\". They are able to \"seek instruction or advice in their spiritual lives.\" Darshan focuses on the visual exchange, where there is interaction with a religious deity and the worshiper is able to visually \"'drink' divine power.\" The Kumbh Mela is arranged in camps that give Hindu worshipers access to the Sadhus. The darshan is important to the experience of the Kumbh Mela and because of this worshipers must be careful so as to not displease religious deities. Seeing of the Sadhus is carefully managed and worshipers often leave tokens at their feet.[6]","title":"Rituals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ira Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Cohen"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Short Cut to Nirvana: Kumbh Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Cut_to_Nirvana:_Kumbh_Mela"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"National Geographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008229-113"},{"link_name":"CBS News Sunday Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News_Sunday_Morning"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One"},{"link_name":"An Idiot Abroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Idiot_Abroad"},{"link_name":"Karl Pilkington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pilkington"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hindi movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_cinema"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Amrita Kumbher Sandhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita_Kumbher_Sandhane"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Ashish Avikunthak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashish_Avikunthak"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Prayag Kumbh Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad_Kumbh_Mela"},{"link_name":"avtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtar"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki"},{"link_name":"Samuel Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Waiting for Godot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"text":"Kumbh Mela has been theme for many documentaries, including Kings with Straw Mats (1998) directed by Ira Cohen, Kumbh Mela: The Greatest Show on Earth (2001) directed by Graham Day,[112] Short Cut to Nirvana: Kumbh Mela (2004) directed by Nick Day and produced by \"Maurizio Benazzo\",[113] Kumbh Mela: Songs of the River (2004) by Nadeem Uddin,[114] Invocation, Kumbh Mela (2008), Kumbh Mela 2013: Living with Mahatiagi (2013) by the Ukrainian Religious Studies Project Ahamot,[115] and Kumbh Mela: Walking with the Nagas (2011), Amrit: Nectar of Immortality (2012) directed by Jonas Scheu and Philipp Eyer.[116]In 2007, National Geographic filmed and broadcast a documentary of the Prayag Kumbh Mela, named Inside Nirvana, under the direction of Karina Holden with the scholar Kama Maclean as a consultant.[108] In 2013, the National Geographic returned and filmed the Inside the Mahakumbh. Indian and foreign news media have covered the Kumbh Mela regularly. On 18 April 2010, a popular American morning show CBS News Sunday Morning extensively covered Haridwar's Kumbh Mela, calling it \"The Largest Pilgrimage on Earth\". On 28 April 2010, the BBC reported an audio and a video report on Kumbh Mela, titled \"Kumbh Mela: 'greatest show on earth'\".[citation needed] On 30 September 2010, the Kumbh Mela featured in the second episode of the Sky One TV series An Idiot Abroad with Karl Pilkington visiting the festival.[citation needed]Young siblings getting separated at the Kumbh Mela were once a recurring theme in Hindi movies.[117] Amrita Kumbher Sandhane, a 1982 Bengali feature film directed by Dilip Roy, also documents the Kumbh Mela.Ashish Avikunthak's Bengali-language feature length fiction film Kalkimanthakatha (2015), was shot in the Prayag Kumbh Mela in 2013. In this film, two characters search for the tenth avatar and the final avtar of Lord Vishnu – Kalki, in the lines of Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot.[118][119]","title":"In culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobsen2008p40-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008226-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean2008226-67"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-101"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-105"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kama_Seeing-6"}],"text":"^ Approximately once a century, the Kumbh Mela returns after 11 years. This is because of Jupiter's orbit of 11.86 years. With each 12-year cycle per the Georgian calendar, a calendar year adjustment appears in approximately 8 cycles.[9]\n\n^ They are also called Gosains.[66]\n\n^ They are also called Bairagis.[66]\n\n^ The sangam site is known as Prayag, sometimes Tirtharaj (lit. \"king of pilgrimages\")\n\n^ The right to be naga, or naked, is considered a sign of separation from the material world.[6]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"A 2019 stamp dedicated to Kumbh Mela","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Kumbh_Mela_in_Prayagraj_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Kumbh_Mela_in_Prayagraj_2019_stamp_of_India.jpg"},{"image_text":"A pot (kumbha) containing Amrita was one of the creative product of the Samudra Manthana legend in ancient Hindu texts.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sagar_Manthan.jpg/250px-Sagar_Manthan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Large crowds at the Ganga (Ganges) on a major bathing day in the 2019 Kumbh Mela","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kumbh_Mela_2019_-_Crowd_Near_Shastri_Bridge_-_Prayagraj%2C_India.jpg/220px-Kumbh_Mela_2019_-_Crowd_Near_Shastri_Bridge_-_Prayagraj%2C_India.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first page of Prayag Snana Vidhi manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari script). It describes methods to complete a bathing pilgrimage at Prayag. The manuscript (1674 CE) has a colophon, which states \"Copied by Sarvottama, son of Vishvanatha Bhatta, Samvat 1752\".[37]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/1674_CE_Prayag_Snana_Vidhi%2C_Puranas_manuscript%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_sample_i.jpg/330px-1674_CE_Prayag_Snana_Vidhi%2C_Puranas_manuscript%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_sample_i.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hindu pilgrims heading to the Kumbh Mela site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Devotees_at_Kumbha.JPG/170px-Devotees_at_Kumbha.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Ashoka pillar (photo c. 1900) contains many inscriptions since the 3rd century BCE. Sometime about 1575 CE, Birbal of Akbar's era added an inscription that mentions the \"Magh mela at Prayag Tirth Raj\".[41][57]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ashoka_pillar%2C_Allahabad%2C_c.1900.jpg/170px-Ashoka_pillar%2C_Allahabad%2C_c.1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haridwar Kumbh Mela by the English painter J. M. W. Turner. Steel engraving, c. 1850s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg/220px-Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cultural program pandal at Prayag Kumbh Mela (2019)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kumbh_Mela_2019%2C_India_%2846545287374%29.jpg/220px-Kumbh_Mela_2019%2C_India_%2846545287374%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kumbh Mela – a dip in the waters is one of the key rituals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kumbh_Mela_2019%2C_India_%2847281641211%29.jpg/220px-Kumbh_Mela_2019%2C_India_%2847281641211%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cooking at Kumbh Mela in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019_Feb_04_-_Kumbh_Mela_-_Cooking.jpg/220px-2019_Feb_04_-_Kumbh_Mela_-_Cooking.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kumbh Mela at Haridwar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Evening_prayers_at_Har-Ki-Pairi_Ghat_in_Haridwar.jpg/220px-Evening_prayers_at_Har-Ki-Pairi_Ghat_in_Haridwar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nashik Pilgrims gather for the Shahi Snan (royal bath) in Ramkund in Dakshin Ganga River, c. 1991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nashik_during_1989_Kumbh_Mela.jpg/220px-Nashik_during_1989_Kumbh_Mela.jpg"},{"image_text":"Naga sadhu at a Kumbh procession (1998)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg/220px-Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg"},{"image_text":"Water dip at the Kumbh festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Indian_kumbh_Festival.jpg/220px-Indian_kumbh_Festival.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cultural event at a Kumbh Mela pandal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ROMALO_RAM_AND_PARTY_IN_KUMBH_2019.jpg/220px-ROMALO_RAM_AND_PARTY_IN_KUMBH_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"A sadhu at Maha Kumbh, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Maha_Kumbh_2013.jpg/220px-Maha_Kumbh_2013.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Barahakshetra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barahakshetra"},{"title":"Mahamaham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamaham"},{"title":"Pushkaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkaram"},{"title":"Pushkar Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkar_Fair"},{"title":"List of largest gatherings in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_gatherings_in_history"}]
[{"reference":"Kumbh Mela: Hindu festival. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2015. The Kumbh Mela lasts several weeks and is one of the largest festivals in the world, attracting more than 200 million people in 2019, including 50 million on the festival's most auspicious day.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kumbh-Mela","url_text":"Kumbh Mela: Hindu festival"}]},{"reference":"Maclean, Kama (2003). \"Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad\". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (3): 873–905. doi:10.2307/3591863. JSTOR 3591863. S2CID 162404242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3591863","url_text":"10.2307/3591863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591863","url_text":"3591863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162404242","url_text":"162404242"}]},{"reference":"Diana L. Eck (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony Books. pp. 153–155. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uD_0P6gS-vMC","url_text":"India: A Sacred Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53190-0","url_text":"978-0-385-53190-0"}]},{"reference":"Williams Sox (2005). Lindsay Jones (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition. Vol. 8. Macmillan. pp. 5264–5265.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maclean, Kama (September 2009). \"Seeing, Being Seen, and Not Being Seen: Pilgrimage, Tourism, and Layers of Looking at the Kumbh Mela\". CrossCurrents. 59 (3): 319–341. doi:10.1111/j.1939-3881.2009.00082.x. S2CID 170879396.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-3881.2009.00082.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1939-3881.2009.00082.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170879396","url_text":"170879396"}]},{"reference":"Maclean, Kama (2003). \"Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad\". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (3): 877–879. doi:10.2307/3591863. JSTOR 3591863. S2CID 162404242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3591863","url_text":"10.2307/3591863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591863","url_text":"3591863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162404242","url_text":"162404242"}]},{"reference":"Monika Horstmann (2009). Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession: Channels of Transcultural Translation and Transmission in Early Modern South Asia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 135–136 with footnotes. ISBN 978-3-447-05723-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kv0xPCZ6e9sC","url_text":"Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession: Channels of Transcultural Translation and Transmission in Early Modern South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05723-3","url_text":"978-3-447-05723-3"}]},{"reference":"James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 40 footnote 3. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","url_text":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07459-4","url_text":"978-1-134-07459-4"}]},{"reference":"Matthew James Clark (2006). The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order. Brill. p. 294. ISBN 978-90-04-15211-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15211-3","url_text":"978-90-04-15211-3"}]},{"reference":"K. Shadananan Nair (2004). \"Mela\" (PDF). Proceedings Ol'THC. UNI-SCO/1 AI IS/I Wl IA Symposium Held in Rome, December 2003. IAHS: 165. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231359/http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a286/iahs_286_0160.pdf","url_text":"\"Mela\""},{"url":"http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a286/iahs_286_0160.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Diana L. Eck (2012). India: A Sacred Geography. Harmony Books. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-0-385-53190-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uD_0P6gS-vMC&pg=PA156","url_text":"India: A Sacred Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53190-0","url_text":"978-0-385-53190-0"}]},{"reference":"Gerard Toffin (2012). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara (ed.). Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions. BRILL Academic. pp. 330 with footnote 18. ISBN 978-90-04-23200-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gRoyAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23200-6","url_text":"978-90-04-23200-6"}]},{"reference":"James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","url_text":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07459-4","url_text":"978-1-134-07459-4"}]},{"reference":"James Mallinson (2016). Rachel Dwyer (ed.). Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies. New York University Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-1-4798-4869-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150","url_text":"Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-4869-0","url_text":"978-1-4798-4869-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Over 3 crore take holy dip in Sangam on Mauni Amavasya\". India Times. 10 February 2013. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/over-three-crore-take-holy-dip-in-sangam-on-mauni-amavasya/articleshow/18431156.cms","url_text":"\"Over 3 crore take holy dip in Sangam on Mauni Amavasya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Times","url_text":"India Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160122023038/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/over-3-crore-take-holy-dip-in-sangam-on-mauni-amavasya-590002.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rashid, Omar (11 February 2013). \"Over three crore devotees take the dip at Sangam\". The Hindu. Chennai.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/over-three-crore-devotees-take-the-dip-at-sangam/article4401726.ece","url_text":"\"Over three crore devotees take the dip at Sangam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"Jha, Monica (23 June 2020). \"Eyes in the sky. Indian authorities had to manage 250 million festivalgoers. So they built a high-tech surveillance ministate\". Rest of World. Retrieved 23 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://restofworld.org/2020/india-magh-mela/","url_text":"\"Eyes in the sky. Indian authorities had to manage 250 million festivalgoers. So they built a high-tech surveillance ministate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mauni Amavasya: Five crore pilgrims take holy dip at Kumbh till 5 pm\", Times of India, 4 February 2019, retrieved 24 June 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/mauni-amavasya-kumbh-expects-three-crore-pilgrims-to-take-holy-dip/liveblog/67825641.cms","url_text":"\"Mauni Amavasya: Five crore pilgrims take holy dip at Kumbh till 5 pm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_India","url_text":"Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"A record over 24 crore people visited Kumbh-2019, more than total tourists in UP in 2014-17\". Hindustan Times. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-record-over-24-crore-people-visited-kumbh-2019-more-than-total-tourists-in-up-in-2014-17/story-9uncpmhBPnBj11ClnTiYQP.html","url_text":"\"A record over 24 crore people visited Kumbh-2019, more than total tourists in UP in 2014-17\""}]},{"reference":"Nityananda Misra (2019). Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-93-88414-12-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSGDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-88414-12-8","url_text":"978-93-88414-12-8"}]},{"reference":"Stephanie Jamison; Joel Brereton (2014). The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972078-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972078-1","url_text":"978-0-19-972078-1"}]},{"reference":"Nicholas Campion (2012). Astrology and Cosmology in the World's Religions. New York University Press. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-8147-0842-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MxSr1NT3BLoC","url_text":"Astrology and Cosmology in the World's Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Press","url_text":"New York University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0842-2","url_text":"978-0-8147-0842-2"}]},{"reference":"Nityananda Misra (2019). Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-93-88414-12-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSGDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-88414-12-8","url_text":"978-93-88414-12-8"}]},{"reference":"Giorgio Bonazzoli (1977). \"Prayaga and Its Kumbha Mela\". Purana. 19: 84–85, context: 81–179.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta. SUNY Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-88706-773-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36","url_text":"The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0","url_text":"978-0-88706-773-0"}]},{"reference":"Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146","url_text":"The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2","url_text":"978-0-19-971825-2"}]},{"reference":"Bhikkhu Nanamoli (Tr); Bhikkhu Bodhi(Tr) (1995). Teachings of The Buddha: Majjhima Nikaya. p. 121. ISBN 978-0861710720.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/MajjhimaNikaya","url_text":"Teachings of The Buddha: Majjhima Nikaya"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/MajjhimaNikaya/page/n483","url_text":"121"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861710720","url_text":"978-0861710720"}]},{"reference":"Diana L. Eck (2013). India: A Sacred Geography. Three Rivers Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-385-53192-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC","url_text":"India: A Sacred Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53192-4","url_text":"978-0-385-53192-4"}]},{"reference":"Ariel Glucklich (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146","url_text":"The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2","url_text":"978-0-19-971825-2"}]},{"reference":"Dilip Kumar Roy; Indira Devi (1955). Kumbha: India's ageless festival. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. xxii.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TtZKAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Kumbha: India's ageless festival"}]},{"reference":"Mark Tully (1992). No Full Stops in India. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-0-14-192775-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nofullstopsinind00tull","url_text":"No Full Stops in India"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nofullstopsinind00tull/page/127","url_text":"127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192775-6","url_text":"978-0-14-192775-6"}]},{"reference":"Mark Juergensmeyer; Wade Clark Roof (2011). Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications. pp. 677–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6656-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA677","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Global Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6656-5","url_text":"978-1-4522-6656-5"}]},{"reference":"Christian Lee Novetzke (2010). \"Review of Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954\". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 41 (1): 174–175.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381707","url_text":"\"Review of Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954\""}]},{"reference":"Maclean, Kama (2003). \"Making the Colonial State Work for You: The Modern Beginnings of the Ancient Kumbh Mela in Allahabad\". The Journal of Asian Studies. 62 (3): 877. doi:10.2307/3591863. JSTOR 3591863. S2CID 162404242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3591863","url_text":"10.2307/3591863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591863","url_text":"3591863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162404242","url_text":"162404242"}]},{"reference":"Ludo Rocher (1986). The Purāṇas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 71–72 with footnotes. ISBN 978-3-447-02522-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA71","url_text":"The Purāṇas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5","url_text":"978-3-447-02522-5"}]},{"reference":"James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","url_text":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07459-4","url_text":"978-1-134-07459-4"}]},{"reference":"Jadunath Sarkar (1901). India of Aurangzib. Kinnera. pp. 27–124 (Haridwar – page 124, Trimbak – page 51, Prayag – page 27).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar","url_text":"Jadunath Sarkar"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indiaofaurangzib034937mbp","url_text":"India of Aurangzib"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/indiaofaurangzib034937mbp/page/n279","url_text":"27"}]},{"reference":"James G. Lochtefeld (2008). \"The Kumbh Mela Festival Processions\". In Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 32–41. ISBN 9781134074594.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA32","url_text":"\"The Kumbh Mela Festival Processions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134074594","url_text":"9781134074594"}]},{"reference":"Alexander Cunningham (1877). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Vol. 1. pp. 37–39.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62072","url_text":"Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62072/page/n55","url_text":"37"}]},{"reference":"James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. pp. 29–33. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","url_text":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07459-4","url_text":"978-1-134-07459-4"}]},{"reference":"William R. Pinch (1996). \"Soldier Monks and Militant Sadhus\". In David Ludden (ed.). Contesting the Nation. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 141–156. ISBN 9780812215854.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA156","url_text":"\"Soldier Monks and Militant Sadhus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812215854","url_text":"9780812215854"}]},{"reference":"James Lochtefeld (2009). Gods Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place. Oxford University Press. pp. 252–253. ISBN 9780199741588.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V1L99XsB1gkC&pg=PA252","url_text":"Gods Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199741588","url_text":"9780199741588"}]},{"reference":"Hari Ram Gupta (2001). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls (Volume IV). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 175. ISBN 978-81-215-0165-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls (Volume IV)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0165-1","url_text":"978-81-215-0165-1"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Hardwicke (1801). Narrative of a Journey to Sirinagur. pp. 314–319.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_100716_narrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999/narrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999#page/n9/mode/2up","url_text":"Narrative of a Journey to Sirinagur"}]},{"reference":"S.P. Dubey (2001). Kumbh City Prayag. CCRT. pp. 72–73.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kumbhcityprayag00unse","url_text":"Kumbh City Prayag"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kumbhcityprayag00unse/page/72","url_text":"72"}]},{"reference":"John Chamberlain; William Yates (1826). Memoirs of Mr. John Chamberlain, late missionary in India. Baptist Mission Press. pp. 346–351.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memoirsmrjohnch00yategoog","url_text":"Memoirs of Mr. John Chamberlain, late missionary in India"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memoirsmrjohnch00yategoog/page/n357","url_text":"346"}]},{"reference":"Robert Montgomery Martin (1858). The Indian Empire. Vol. 3. The London Printing and Publishing Company. pp. 4–5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/indianempirehist03martuoft#page/4/mode/2up","url_text":"The Indian Empire"}]},{"reference":"Amna Khalid (2008). Biswamoy Patil; Mark Harrison (eds.). The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India. Routledge. pp. 68–78. ISBN 978-1-134-04259-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-ktHKWRR5xAC&pg=PT68","url_text":"The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04259-3","url_text":"978-1-134-04259-3"}]},{"reference":"R. Dasgupta. \"Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview\" (PDF). INFLIBNET. Retrieved 13 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19328/7/07_chapter%203.pdf","url_text":"\"Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Nityananda Misra (2019). Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-93-88414-12-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155","url_text":"Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-88414-12-8","url_text":"978-93-88414-12-8"}]},{"reference":"James Lochtefeld (2010). God's Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place. Oxford University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-19-974158-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V1L99XsB1gkC","url_text":"God's Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974158-8","url_text":"978-0-19-974158-8"}]},{"reference":"Sir Alexander Cunningham (1871). Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65. Government Central Press. pp. 229–237.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3s4OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA229","url_text":"Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65"}]},{"reference":"\"Five die in stampede at Hindu bathing festival\". BBC. 14 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8619088.stm","url_text":"\"Five die in stampede at Hindu bathing festival\""}]},{"reference":"Jagannath Prasad Misra (2016). Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Freedom Movement. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-19-908954-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eIM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40","url_text":"Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Freedom Movement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908954-3","url_text":"978-0-19-908954-3"}]},{"reference":"What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures into a Profound Global Faith. Himalayan Academy Publications. 2007. pp. 242–243. ISBN 978-1-934145-27-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&pg=PA242","url_text":"What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures into a Profound Global Faith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934145-27-2","url_text":"978-1-934145-27-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Kumbh Mela pictured from space\". BBC. 26 January 2001. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1137833.stm","url_text":"\"Kumbh Mela pictured from space\""}]},{"reference":"Carrington, Damian (25 January 2001). \"Kumbh Mela\". New Scientist. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn360-kumbh-mela/","url_text":"\"Kumbh Mela\""}]},{"reference":"Pandey, Geeta (14 January 2013). \"India's Hindu Kumbh Mela festival begins in Allahabad\". BBC News. Retrieved 12 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-21006259","url_text":"\"India's Hindu Kumbh Mela festival begins in Allahabad\""}]},{"reference":"\"70 mn to take holy dip during Ardh Kumbh\". Hindustan Times. Associated Press. 2 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/70-mn-to-take-holy-dip-during-ardh-kumbh/story-2MakAJhtmTxl4wbTpSfy5O.html","url_text":"\"70 mn to take holy dip during Ardh Kumbh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Times","url_text":"Hindustan Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"James Lochtefeld (2008). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora. Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-134-07459-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","url_text":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07459-4","url_text":"978-1-134-07459-4"}]},{"reference":"J. C. Rodda; Lucio Ubertini; Symposium on the Basis of Civilization—Water Science? (2004). The Basis of Civilization—water Science?. International Association of Hydrological Science. pp. 165–. ISBN 978-1-901502-57-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JI65-MygMm0C&pg=PA165","url_text":"The Basis of Civilization—water Science?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901502-57-2","url_text":"978-1-901502-57-2"}]},{"reference":"\"U.P. Governor launches Kumbh 2019 logo\". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 19 December 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/up-governor-launches-kumbh-2019-logo/article21617526.ece","url_text":"\"U.P. Governor launches Kumbh 2019 logo\""}]},{"reference":"J. S. Mishra (2004). Mahakumbh, the Greatest Show on Earth. Har-Anand Publications. p. 17. ISBN 978-81-241-0993-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1pCXqynwwQcC&pg=PA17","url_text":"Mahakumbh, the Greatest Show on Earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0993-9","url_text":"978-81-241-0993-9"}]},{"reference":"Mela Adhikari Kumbh Mela 2013. \"Official Website of Kumbh Mela 2013 Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India\". Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191029000716/http://kumbhmelaallahabad.gov.in/english/astrological_aspect.html","url_text":"\"Official Website of Kumbh Mela 2013 Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India\""},{"url":"http://kumbhmelaallahabad.gov.in/english/astrological_aspect.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pioneer, The. \"CM reviews Kumbh Mela 2021 preparations\". The Pioneer. Retrieved 4 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/cm-reviews-kumbh-mela-2021-preparations.html","url_text":"\"CM reviews Kumbh Mela 2021 preparations\""}]},{"reference":"Baranwal, Annu; Anand, Ankit; Singh, Ravikant; Deka, Mridul; Paul, Abhishek; Borgohain, Sunny; Roy, Nobhojit (2015). \"Managing the Earth's Biggest Mass Gathering Event and WASH Conditions: Maha Kumbh Mela (India)\". PLOS Currents. 7. Public Library of Science (PLoS). doi:10.1371/currents.dis.e8b3053f40e774e7e3fdbe1bb50a130d. PMC 4404264. PMID 25932345.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404264","url_text":"\"Managing the Earth's Biggest Mass Gathering Event and WASH Conditions: Maha Kumbh Mela (India)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.dis.e8b3053f40e774e7e3fdbe1bb50a130d","url_text":"10.1371/currents.dis.e8b3053f40e774e7e3fdbe1bb50a130d"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404264","url_text":"4404264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25932345","url_text":"25932345"}]},{"reference":"\"Sadhus astride elephants, horses at Maha Kumbh\". The New Indian Express. 30 January 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/jan/30/sadhus-astride-elephants-horses-at-maha-kumbh-165762.html","url_text":"\"Sadhus astride elephants, horses at Maha Kumbh\""}]},{"reference":"Simon Coleman; John Elsner (1995). Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions. Harvard University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-674-66766-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qqPtMU0QZ8sC","url_text":"Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-66766-2","url_text":"978-0-674-66766-2"}]},{"reference":"Patrick Olivelle; Donald Richard Davis (2018). Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra. Oxford University Press. pp. 217, 339–347. ISBN 978-0-19-870260-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ofU-DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870260-3","url_text":"978-0-19-870260-3"}]},{"reference":"Diana L. Eck (2013). India: A Sacred Geography. Three Rivers Press. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-385-53192-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_L._Eck","url_text":"Diana L. Eck"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC","url_text":"India: A Sacred Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53192-4","url_text":"978-0-385-53192-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Prayagraj: Food Hub At Kumbh To Offer Cuisines From Different Indian States\". NDTV. ANI. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndtv.com/food/prayagraj-food-hub-at-kumbh-to-offer-cuisines-from-different-indian-states-1977286","url_text":"\"Prayagraj: Food Hub At Kumbh To Offer Cuisines From Different Indian States\""}]},{"reference":"Sengar, Resham (4 February 2019). \"5 special foods you can't miss at this Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj\". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/eating-out/5-special-foods-you-cant-miss-at-this-kumbh-mela-in-prayagraj/articleshow/67835079.cms","url_text":"\"5 special foods you can't miss at this Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj\""}]},{"reference":"\"Short Cut to Nirvana – A Documentary about the Kumbh Mela Spiritual Festival\". Mela Films.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.melafilms.com/","url_text":"\"Short Cut to Nirvana – A Documentary about the Kumbh Mela Spiritual Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Агеєв. \"Kumbh Mela 2013 – living with mahatiagi\". Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230321/http://ahamot.org/en/kumbhmela2013-living-with-mahatiagi/","url_text":"\"Kumbh Mela 2013 – living with mahatiagi\""},{"url":"http://ahamot.org/en/kumbhmela2013-living-with-mahatiagi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amrit:Nectar of Immortality\". Retrieved 24 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://amritfilm.net/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Amrit:Nectar of Immortality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why twins no longer get separated at Kumbh Mela\". rediff.com. 15 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/15/why-twins-no-longer-get-separated-at-kumbh-mela.htm","url_text":"\"Why twins no longer get separated at Kumbh Mela\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eyes Wide Open\". Indian Express. 29 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/eyes-wide-open-2/","url_text":"\"Eyes Wide Open\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uncertified film screening at Kolkata gallery miffs CBFC\". Times of India. 17 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/uncertified-film-screening-at-kolkata-gallery-miffs-cbfc/articleshow/57688357.cms","url_text":"\"Uncertified film screening at Kolkata gallery miffs CBFC\""}]},{"reference":"Kane, P. V. (1953). History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India. Vol. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane","url_text":"Kane, P. V."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.4","url_text":"History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India"}]},{"reference":"Maclean, Kama (28 August 2008). Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533894-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533894-2","url_text":"978-0-19-533894-2"}]},{"reference":"Krishnaswamy, C.S.; Ghosh, Amalananda (October 1935). \"A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka\". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 4 (4): 697–706. JSTOR 25201233.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalananda_Ghosh","url_text":"Ghosh, Amalananda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25201233","url_text":"25201233"}]},{"reference":"Pingree, David (1973). \"The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy\". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 4 (1). SAGE: 1–12. Bibcode:1973JHA.....4....1P. doi:10.1177/002182867300400102. S2CID 125228353.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JHA.....4....1P","url_text":"1973JHA.....4....1P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182867300400102","url_text":"10.1177/002182867300400102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125228353","url_text":"125228353"}]},{"reference":"Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447021654.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz","url_text":"Otto Harrassowitz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447021654","url_text":"978-3447021654"}]},{"reference":"Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC","url_text":"Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5556-4","url_text":"978-0-7923-5556-4"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01258","external_links_name":"01258"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kumbh-Mela","external_links_name":"Kumbh Mela: Hindu festival"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3591863","external_links_name":"10.2307/3591863"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591863","external_links_name":"3591863"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162404242","external_links_name":"162404242"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uD_0P6gS-vMC","external_links_name":"India: A Sacred Geography"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1939-3881.2009.00082.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1939-3881.2009.00082.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170879396","external_links_name":"170879396"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3591863","external_links_name":"10.2307/3591863"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591863","external_links_name":"3591863"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162404242","external_links_name":"162404242"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kv0xPCZ6e9sC","external_links_name":"Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession: Channels of Transcultural Translation and Transmission in Early Modern South Asia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","external_links_name":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g3DXAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs: The Integration of Ascetic Lineages into an Order"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200802231359/http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a286/iahs_286_0160.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mela\""},{"Link":"http://hydrologie.org/redbooks/a286/iahs_286_0160.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uD_0P6gS-vMC&pg=PA156","external_links_name":"India: A Sacred Geography"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HCGqYAIVXvQC","external_links_name":"Census of India, 1971: Haryana, Volume 6, Part 2, Page 137."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qHwkAQAAMAAJ&q=kurukshetra+kumbh","external_links_name":"Town Survey Report: Haryana, Thanesar, District Kurukshetra"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=kurukshetra+kumbh","external_links_name":"Fairs and Festivals of India: Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gRoyAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","external_links_name":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zeUWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150","external_links_name":"Key Concepts in Modern Indian Studies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100403014350/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/maha_kumbh_mela_2001.htm","external_links_name":"The Maha Kumbh Mela 2001"},{"Link":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists?text=&country","external_links_name":"["},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kumbh-mela-on-unescos-list-of-intangible-cultural-heritage/articleshow/61964578.cms","external_links_name":"Kumbh Mela on UNESCO's list of intangibl"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171207192310/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/kumbh-mela-on-unescos-list-of-intangible-cultural-heritage/articleshow/61964578.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/over-three-crore-take-holy-dip-in-sangam-on-mauni-amavasya/articleshow/18431156.cms","external_links_name":"\"Over 3 crore take holy dip in Sangam on Mauni Amavasya\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160122023038/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/over-3-crore-take-holy-dip-in-sangam-on-mauni-amavasya-590002.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/over-three-crore-devotees-take-the-dip-at-sangam/article4401726.ece","external_links_name":"\"Over three crore devotees take the dip at Sangam\""},{"Link":"https://restofworld.org/2020/india-magh-mela/","external_links_name":"\"Eyes in the sky. Indian authorities had to manage 250 million festivalgoers. So they built a high-tech surveillance ministate\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/mauni-amavasya-kumbh-expects-three-crore-pilgrims-to-take-holy-dip/liveblog/67825641.cms","external_links_name":"\"Mauni Amavasya: Five crore pilgrims take holy dip at Kumbh till 5 pm\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-record-over-24-crore-people-visited-kumbh-2019-more-than-total-tourists-in-up-in-2014-17/story-9uncpmhBPnBj11ClnTiYQP.html","external_links_name":"\"A record over 24 crore people visited Kumbh-2019, more than total tourists in UP in 2014-17\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSGDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela"},{"Link":"https://sa.wikisource.org/s/139p","external_links_name":"Rigveda 10.89.7"},{"Link":"https://sa.wikisource.org/s/1720","external_links_name":"Yajurveda 6.3"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MxSr1NT3BLoC","external_links_name":"Astrology and Cosmology in the World's Religions"},{"Link":"https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2014/web/webtc/servepdf.php?page=833","external_links_name":"Mel, Melaka, Melana, Melā"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSGDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela"},{"Link":"http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/sasia/skt-mss/psv/index.html","external_links_name":"Prayaagasnaanavidhi"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36","external_links_name":"The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/MajjhimaNikaya","external_links_name":"Teachings of The Buddha: Majjhima Nikaya"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/MajjhimaNikaya/page/n483","external_links_name":"121"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC","external_links_name":"India: A Sacred Geography"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TtZKAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Kumbha: India's ageless festival"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nofullstopsinind00tull","external_links_name":"No Full Stops in India"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nofullstopsinind00tull/page/127","external_links_name":"127"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA677","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Global Religion"},{"Link":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/381707","external_links_name":"\"Review of Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3591863","external_links_name":"10.2307/3591863"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3591863","external_links_name":"3591863"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162404242","external_links_name":"162404242"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&pg=PA71","external_links_name":"The Purāṇas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","external_links_name":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/indiaofaurangzib034937mbp","external_links_name":"India of Aurangzib"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/indiaofaurangzib034937mbp/page/n279","external_links_name":"27"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"\"The Kumbh Mela Festival Processions\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62072","external_links_name":"Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62072/page/n55","external_links_name":"37"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","external_links_name":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA156","external_links_name":"\"Soldier Monks and Militant Sadhus\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V1L99XsB1gkC&pg=PA252","external_links_name":"Gods Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls (Volume IV)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_100716_narrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999/narrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999#page/n9/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Narrative of a Journey to Sirinagur"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kumbhcityprayag00unse","external_links_name":"Kumbh City Prayag"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/kumbhcityprayag00unse/page/72","external_links_name":"72"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/memoirsmrjohnch00yategoog","external_links_name":"Memoirs of Mr. John Chamberlain, late missionary in India"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/memoirsmrjohnch00yategoog/page/n357","external_links_name":"346"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/indianempirehist03martuoft#page/4/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Indian Empire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-ktHKWRR5xAC&pg=PT68","external_links_name":"The Social History of Health and Medicine in Colonial India"},{"Link":"http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19328/7/07_chapter%203.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kcSGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155","external_links_name":"Kumbha: The Traditionally Modern Mela"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V1L99XsB1gkC","external_links_name":"God's Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3s4OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA229","external_links_name":"Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8619088.stm","external_links_name":"\"Five die in stampede at Hindu bathing festival\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eIM8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40","external_links_name":"Madan Mohan Malaviya and the Indian Freedom Movement"},{"Link":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V13_058.gif","external_links_name":"Haridwar"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9XC9bwMMPcwC&pg=PA242","external_links_name":"What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures into a Profound Global Faith"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1137833.stm","external_links_name":"\"Kumbh Mela pictured from space\""},{"Link":"https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn360-kumbh-mela/","external_links_name":"\"Kumbh Mela\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-21006259","external_links_name":"\"India's Hindu Kumbh Mela festival begins in Allahabad\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/70-mn-to-take-holy-dip-during-ardh-kumbh/story-2MakAJhtmTxl4wbTpSfy5O.html","external_links_name":"\"70 mn to take holy dip during Ardh Kumbh\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kumbh-mela-how-up-will-manage-one-of-the-worlds-biggest-religious-festival/articleshow/67177421.cms","external_links_name":"Kumbh Mela: How UP will manage one of the world's biggest religious festival"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC","external_links_name":"South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JI65-MygMm0C&pg=PA165","external_links_name":"The Basis of Civilization—water Science?"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/up-governor-launches-kumbh-2019-logo/article21617526.ece","external_links_name":"\"U.P. Governor launches Kumbh 2019 logo\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1pCXqynwwQcC&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"Mahakumbh, the Greatest Show on Earth"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BCyYDQAAQBAJ&dq=kurukshetra+kumbh&pg=PT46","external_links_name":"Sikh Shrines in India"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191029000716/http://kumbhmelaallahabad.gov.in/english/astrological_aspect.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Website of Kumbh Mela 2013 Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India\""},{"Link":"http://kumbhmelaallahabad.gov.in/english/astrological_aspect.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/cm-reviews-kumbh-mela-2021-preparations.html","external_links_name":"\"CM reviews Kumbh Mela 2021 preparations\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404264","external_links_name":"\"Managing the Earth's Biggest Mass Gathering Event and WASH Conditions: Maha Kumbh Mela (India)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.dis.e8b3053f40e774e7e3fdbe1bb50a130d","external_links_name":"10.1371/currents.dis.e8b3053f40e774e7e3fdbe1bb50a130d"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4404264","external_links_name":"4404264"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25932345","external_links_name":"25932345"},{"Link":"https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/security/stories/india-staying-healthy.html","external_links_name":"India: Staying Healthy at “The Biggest Gathering on Earth”"},{"Link":"http://kumbh.gov.in/en/bathing-dates","external_links_name":"Special Bathing Dates"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190930101451/http://kumbh.gov.in/en/bathing-dates","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/jan/30/sadhus-astride-elephants-horses-at-maha-kumbh-165762.html","external_links_name":"\"Sadhus astride elephants, horses at Maha Kumbh\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130618063937/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-13/india/28140014_1_naga-sadhus-juna-akhara-holy-dip","external_links_name":"\"Naga sadhus steal the show at Kumbh\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qqPtMU0QZ8sC","external_links_name":"Pilgrimage: Past and Present in the World Religions"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ofU-DwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PyC4o7i9tnEC","external_links_name":"India: A Sacred Geography"},{"Link":"https://www.ndtv.com/food/prayagraj-food-hub-at-kumbh-to-offer-cuisines-from-different-indian-states-1977286","external_links_name":"\"Prayagraj: Food Hub At Kumbh To Offer Cuisines From Different Indian States\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/eating-out/5-special-foods-you-cant-miss-at-this-kumbh-mela-in-prayagraj/articleshow/67835079.cms","external_links_name":"\"5 special foods you can't miss at this Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj\""},{"Link":"http://kumbh.gov.in/en/attractions","external_links_name":"Attractions and Cultural Events of Kumbh"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190930101454/http://kumbh.gov.in/en/attractions","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0480782/","external_links_name":"Kumbh Mela: The Greatest Show on Earth"},{"Link":"http://www.melafilms.com/","external_links_name":"\"Short Cut to Nirvana – A Documentary about the Kumbh Mela Spiritual Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0476563/","external_links_name":"Kumbh Mela: Songs of the River"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230321/http://ahamot.org/en/kumbhmela2013-living-with-mahatiagi/","external_links_name":"\"Kumbh Mela 2013 – living with mahatiagi\""},{"Link":"http://ahamot.org/en/kumbhmela2013-living-with-mahatiagi/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://amritfilm.net/?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Amrit:Nectar of Immortality\""},{"Link":"http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/15/why-twins-no-longer-get-separated-at-kumbh-mela.htm","external_links_name":"\"Why twins no longer get separated at Kumbh Mela\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/eyes-wide-open-2/","external_links_name":"\"Eyes Wide Open\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/uncertified-film-screening-at-kolkata-gallery-miffs-cbfc/articleshow/57688357.cms","external_links_name":"\"Uncertified film screening at Kolkata gallery miffs CBFC\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.4","external_links_name":"History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA5","external_links_name":"Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25201233","external_links_name":"25201233"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JHA.....4....1P","external_links_name":"1973JHA.....4....1P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182867300400102","external_links_name":"10.1177/002182867300400102"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125228353","external_links_name":"125228353"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gQYscrT0fgQC","external_links_name":"Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190818205720/http://kumbh.gov.in/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSWDL6AMKrc&t=39s","external_links_name":"Kumbh Mela : Magical Celebration of Life'"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/989326/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12479002f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12479002f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548479905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85073421","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz
Natanz
["1 Nuclear facility","1.1 Security incidents","2 Geography","3 Agriculture","3.1 Saffron","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°30′26″N 51°54′49″E / 33.50722°N 51.91361°E / 33.50722; 51.91361City in Isfahan province, Iran For the administrative division of Isfahan province, see Natanz County. City in Isfahan, IranNatanz Persian: نطنزCityShrine Complex of Abd al Samad, built in 1304NatanzCoordinates: 33°30′26″N 51°54′49″E / 33.50722°N 51.91361°E / 33.50722; 51.91361CountryIranProvinceIsfahanCountyNatanzDistrictCentralPopulation (2016) • Total14,122Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Natanz (Persian: نطنز) is a city in the Central District of Natanz County, Isfahan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is 70 kilometres (43 mi) south-east of Kashan. At the 2006 National Census, its population was 12,060 in 3,411 households. The following census in 2011 counted 12,281 people in 3,829 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 14,122 people in 4,564 households. Its pear fruits are well known. The Karkas mountain chain (Kuh-e Karkas) (meaning mountain of vultures), at an elevation of 3,899 meters, rises above the town. It is known as the shrine of Abd as-Samad. Elements in the present complex date from 1304 with subsequent additions and restorations, such as the Khaneqah and Muqarnas vault. The tomb honors the Sufi Sheikh Abd al-Samad, and was built by the Sheikh's disciple, the Ilkhanid vizier Zain al-Din Mastari. Nuclear facility Further information: Nuclear facilities in Iran § Natanz In 2002, the NCRI exposed the existence of an undisclosed uranium enrichment facility in Natanz, leading to concerns about Iran's nuclear program. Natanz nuclear facility is part of Iran’s nuclear program. It is located some 33 km NNW from the town (33°43′N 51°43′E / 33.717°N 51.717°E / 33.717; 51.717) near a major highway, is generally recognized as Iran's central facility for Potassium enrichment with over 19,000 gas centrifuges currently operational and nearly half of them being fed with uranium hexafluoride. Enrichment of uranium at the plant was halted in July 2004 during negotiations with European countries. In 2006, Iran announced that it would resume uranium enrichment. In September 2007, the Iranian government announced it had installed 3,000 centrifuges at Natanz. In 2010, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was told by the Iranian government that future enrichment programmes would take place at Natanz, and they would start in March 2011. In January 2013, Fereydoun Abbasi from the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran said: "five percent uranium enrichment is continuing at Natanz, and we will continue 20 percent enrichment at Fordo and Natanz to meet our needs". Daily inspection by the IAEA of the Natanz site was agreed as part of the nuclear enrichment reduction agreement made with the P5+1 countries in November 2013. On 28 October 2020, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) released satellite images acknowledging that Iran had begun the construction of an underground plant near its nuclear facility at Natanz. In March 2021, Iran restarted enriching uranium at the Natanz facility with a third set of advanced nuclear centrifuges in a series of violations of the 2015 nuclear accord. Security incidents Natanz's nuclear power plant was hit by a sophisticated cyber attack alleged to have been carried out in an operation called Olympic Games by a coalition of German, French, British, American, Dutch and Israeli intelligence organizations. The attack used a Stuxnet worm which hampered the operation of plant's centrifuges and caused damage to them over time. The alleged goal of the cyber attack was not to destroy the nuclear program of Iran completely but to stall it enough for sanctions and diplomacy to take effect. This alleged goal was achieved, as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action nuclear treaty with Iran was reached in July 2015. Around 2 a.m. local time on 2 July 2020, a fire and explosion hit a centrifuge production plant at a nuclear enrichment facility in Natanz. A group known as the "Cheetahs of the Homeland" claimed responsibility for the attack. Some Iranian officials suggested that the incident may have been caused by cyber sabotage. On 10 April 2021, Iran began injecting uranium hexafluoride gas into advanced IR-6 and IR- 5 centrifuges at Natanz, but on the next day, an accident occurred in the electricity distribution network. On 11 April, IRNA reported that the incident was due to a power failure and that there were no injuries nor any escape of radioactive material. Reports alleged that Mossad had orchestrated the attack. On 17 April, Iranian state television named 43-year-old Reza Karimi from Kashan as a suspect for the blackout, stating that he had fled the country before the sabotage happened. Geography Natanz is located 120 km northeast of Isfahan and on the main north-south highway of Iran. Its altitude is 1666 meters above sea level. The distance between Tehran and Natanz is 326 km, and it takes about 4 hours by car. The average temperature of the city is 27 degrees Celsius and the average rainfall in different seasons of the year is 19 mm. Agriculture Saffron Natanz saffron is one of the agricultural products of Natanz city, which is compatible with the climate of this region. Natanz saffron is of good quality and most of this product is exported. Because Natanz city has three different types of climate, saffron cultivation in this area has given good results, so that some years it has yielded more than 1600 kg of dry saffron. Currently, the economy of Natanz is in the field of agriculture, people make a living by producing garden products such as pears, beets, walnuts, pomegranates and saffron. Gallery Anti-aircraft guns guarding Natanz nuclear facility Natanz Stone Fortress Natanz mosque next to the old Chenar Ancient tree of Natanz Portal of Abd al-Samad complex See also Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant Nuclear facilities in Iran Stuxnet computer worm Wikimedia Commons has media related to Natanz. Iran portal Notes ^ Also Romanized as Naţanz References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (21 June 2023). "Natanz, Natanz County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 21 June 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Natanz can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076691" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Isfahan province, centered in the city of Isfahan". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ a b Bamford, James. "The Secret War" Wired, 12 June 2013. 2. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ The place where Darius III was murdered by his relative, the satrap Bessus, is believed by historians to lie in the region of Ahevanu in Semnan province, much more to the east and north than Natanz. ^ Nuclear Safeguards, Security, and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2019. pp. 115–120. ^ The Trajectory of Iran's Nuclear Program. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. p. 148. ^ Friedrichs, Gordon (February 2014), Smart Security Council? Analyzing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions, Anchor Academic, ISBN 978-3-95489-521-2 ^ "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran" (PDF). 15 September 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2012. ^ "Iran's key nuclear sites". BBC News. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. ^ "Iran will continue 20% enrichment at Fordo, Natanz: official". Tehran Times. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. ^ "Iran nuclear deal: Key points". BBC News. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. ^ "Satellite photos show activity at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility". The Independent. Retrieved 28 October 2020. ^ Murphy, Francois (8 March 2021). "Iran enriching with new set of advanced machines at Natanz: IAEA". Reuters. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ a b c Zetter, Kim; Modderkolk, Huib (2 September 2019). "Revealed: How a secret Dutch mole aided the U.S. - Israeli Stuxnet cyberattack on Iran". Yahoo News. Retrieved 3 September 2019. ^ Sanger, David E. (2 June 2012). "Mutually Assured Cyberdestruction?". The New York Times Company. ^ "Analysts: Fire at Iran nuclear site hit centrifuge facility". Associated Press. 2 July 2020. ^ "Mysterious Explosion and Fire Damage Iranian Nuclear Enrichment Facility". The New York Times. 2 July 2020. ^ "Report: Israeli cyberattack caused Iran nuclear site fire, F35s hit missile base". The Times of Israel. 3 July 2020. ^ "Iran threatens retaliation after what it calls possible cyber attack on nuclear site". Reuters. 3 July 2020. ^ 'Accident' at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility after centrifuge activation ^ "Electrical Problem Strikes Iran's Natanz Nuclear Facility | Voice of America". voanews.com. Retrieved 11 April 2021. ^ "Reports: Mossad Behind Iran Attack". Hamodia. Retrieved 11 April 2021. ^ "Iran state TV identifies man it says was behind blast at Natanz nuclear site". Reuters. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021. ^ "Iran Names Suspect in Natanz Attack, Says He Fled Country". U.S. News & World Report. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021. ^ "Visit Natanz Tourist Attractions, Historical & Natural | Destination Iran". www.destinationiran.com. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2023. ^ "NATANZ Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com". tageo.com. Retrieved 1 March 2023. ^ "buying saffron Archives". Iranian Saffron supplier and exporter. Retrieved 9 March 2023. ^ Iroonia, Mr (5 July 2020). "60 years old saffron cultivation in TorqRud area of Natanz city". Iranian Saffron supplier and exporter. Retrieved 9 March 2023. ^ "Visit Natanz Tourist Attractions, Historical & Natural | Destination Iran". destinationiran.com. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2023. External links Institute for Science and International Security Stanford University entry on Natanz Entry on Natanz, globalsecurity.org The Sheikh Abdolsamad Mosque in Natanz Iran, persiancarpetguide.com Natanz County, natanz.org Natanz News Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic Pleiades vteIsfahan province, IranCapital Isfahan Countiesand citiesAran va Bidgol County Aran va Bidgol Abuzeydabad Nushabad Sefidshahr Ardestan County Ardestan Mahabad Zavareh Borkhar County Dowlatabad Dastgerd Habibabad Khvorzuq Komeshcheh Shadpurabad Buin va Miandasht County Buin va Miandasht Afus Chadegan County Chadegan Rozveh Dehaqan County Dehaqan Falavarjan County Falavarjan Abrisham Baharan Shahr Imanshahr Kelishad va Sudarjan Pir Bakran Qahderijan Zazeran Faridan County Daran Damaneh Fereydunshahr County Fereydunshahr Barf Anbar Golpayegan County Golpayegan Golshahr Guged Isfahan County Isfahan Baharestan Ezhiyeh Harand Hasanabad Kuhpayeh Mohammadabad Nasrabad Nikabad Sagzi Tudeshk Varzaneh Kashan County Kashan Barzok Jowsheqan va Kamu Meshkat Neyasar Qamsar Khomeyni Shahr County Khomeyni Shahr Dorcheh Piaz Kushk Khur and Biabanak County Khur Jandaq Farrokhi Khvansar County Khvansar Lenjan County Zarrin Shahr Bagh-e Bahadoran Chamgardan Chermahin Fuladshahr Sedeh Lenjan Varnamkhast Zayandeh Rud Mobarakeh County Mobarakeh Dizicheh Karkevand Talkhvoncheh Zibashahr Nain County Nain Anarak Bafran Najafabad County Najafabad Alavicheh Dehaq Goldasht Jowzdan Kahriz Sang Natanz County Natanz Badrud Khaledabad Semirom County Semirom Hana Komeh Noqol Vanak Shahreza County Shahreza Manzariyeh Shahin Shahr and Meymeh County Shahin Shahr Gaz Meymeh Vazvan Tiran and Karvan County Tiran Asgaran Rezvanshahr Sights Abbāsi House Abyaneh Agha Bozorg Mosque Āmeri House Bazaar of Kashan Borujerdi House Chaharbagh Boulevard Chaharbagh School Fin Garden Fire temple of Isfahan Hasht Behesht Jameh Mosque of Ashtarjan Jameh Mosque of Isfahan Khaju Bridge Monar Jonban Naqsh-e Jahan Square New Julfa Si-o-se-pol Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse Tabatabai House Tepe Sialk See also Greater Isfahan Region List of cities, towns and villages List of universities vte Natanz CountyCapital Natanz DistrictsCentralCities Natanz Rural Districts and villagesBarzrud Abyaneh Barz Bid Hend Chimeh Fariz Hend Hanjan Hasanabad Komjan Salehabad Taherabad Tareh Tekyeh Valujerd Yarand Karkas Abyazan Dastjerd Esfidan Golabad Hamidiyeh Jarian Jazan Khafr Milajerd Natanz Industrial Zone Natanz Steel Plant Nosran Rahmatabad Shurghestan Tajabad Tameh Ureh Vishteh Tarq Rud Abkesheh Asiyab-e Kohneh Baghestan-e Bala Baghestan-e Pain Kesheh Mezdeh Niyeh Papakht Tar Tarq Varguran Yahyaabad EmamzadehCities Badrud Khaledabad Rural Districts and villagesEmamzadeh Aqaali Abbas Abbasabad Arisman Habibabad Hoseyniyeh Sar Asiab Khaledabad Dehabad Fami Matinabad
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Natanz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Natanz_County)"},{"link_name":"Natanz County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_County"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isfahan_Structure-5"},{"link_name":"Kashan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamford2-8"},{"link_name":"Karkas mountain chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkas_mountain_chain"},{"link_name":"vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultures"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Abd as-Samad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdas-Samad_Esfahani"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamford2-8"},{"link_name":"Khaneqah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaneqah"},{"link_name":"Muqarnas vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqarnas"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanid"},{"link_name":"vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"City in Isfahan province, IranFor the administrative division of Isfahan province, see Natanz County.City in Isfahan, IranNatanz (Persian: نطنز)[a] is a city in the Central District of Natanz County, Isfahan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[4] It is 70 kilometres (43 mi) south-east of Kashan.At the 2006 National Census, its population was 12,060 in 3,411 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 12,281 people in 3,829 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 14,122 people in 4,564 households.[2]Its pear fruits are well known.[7] The Karkas mountain chain (Kuh-e Karkas) (meaning mountain of vultures), at an elevation of 3,899 meters, rises above the town.[8]It is known as the shrine of Abd as-Samad.[7] Elements in the present complex date from 1304 with subsequent additions and restorations, such as the Khaneqah and Muqarnas vault. The tomb honors the Sufi Sheikh Abd al-Samad, and was built by the Sheikh's disciple, the Ilkhanid vizier Zain al-Din Mastari.[citation needed]","title":"Natanz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuclear facilities in Iran § Natanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran#Natanz"},{"link_name":"NCRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Iran’s nuclear program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"33°43′N 51°43′E / 33.717°N 51.717°E / 33.717; 51.717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Natanz&params=33_43_N_51_43_E_"},{"link_name":"Potassium enrichment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potassium_enrichment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"gas centrifuges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_centrifuge"},{"link_name":"uranium hexafluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"centrifuges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge"},{"link_name":"International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Fordo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"P5+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P5%2B1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"enriching uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_enrichment"},{"link_name":"nuclear centrifuges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_centrifuge"},{"link_name":"2015 nuclear accord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Further information: Nuclear facilities in Iran § NatanzIn 2002, the NCRI exposed the existence of an undisclosed uranium enrichment facility in Natanz, leading to concerns about Iran's nuclear program.[9][10][11]Natanz nuclear facility is part of Iran’s nuclear program. It is located some 33 km NNW from the town (33°43′N 51°43′E / 33.717°N 51.717°E / 33.717; 51.717) near a major highway, is generally recognized as Iran's central facility for Potassium enrichment with over 19,000 gas centrifuges currently operational and nearly half of them being fed with uranium hexafluoride.[12]Enrichment of uranium at the plant was halted in July 2004 during negotiations with European countries. In 2006, Iran announced that it would resume uranium enrichment. In September 2007, the Iranian government announced it had installed 3,000 centrifuges at Natanz. In 2010, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was told by the Iranian government that future enrichment programmes would take place at Natanz, and they would start in March 2011.[13]In January 2013, Fereydoun Abbasi from the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran said: \"five percent uranium enrichment is continuing at Natanz, and we will continue 20 percent enrichment at Fordo and Natanz to meet our needs\".[14]Daily inspection by the IAEA of the Natanz site was agreed as part of the nuclear enrichment reduction agreement made with the P5+1 countries in November 2013.[15]On 28 October 2020, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) released satellite images acknowledging that Iran had begun the construction of an underground plant near its nuclear facility at Natanz.[16] In March 2021, Iran restarted enriching uranium at the Natanz facility with a third set of advanced nuclear centrifuges in a series of violations of the 2015 nuclear accord.[17]","title":"Nuclear facility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kim-19"},{"link_name":"Stuxnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet"},{"link_name":"centrifuges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macdes-20"},{"link_name":"nuclear program of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kim-19"},{"link_name":"Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kim-19"},{"link_name":"fire and explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natanz_incident"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-apnews-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"accident occurred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"IRNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_News_Agency"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mossad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossad"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Kashan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Security incidents","text":"Natanz's nuclear power plant was hit by a sophisticated cyber attack alleged to have been carried out in an operation called Olympic Games by a coalition of German, French, British, American, Dutch and Israeli intelligence organizations.[18] The attack used a Stuxnet worm which hampered the operation of plant's centrifuges and caused damage to them over time.[19] The alleged goal of the cyber attack was not to destroy the nuclear program of Iran completely but to stall it enough for sanctions and diplomacy to take effect.[18] This alleged goal was achieved, as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action nuclear treaty with Iran was reached in July 2015.[18]Around 2 a.m. local time on 2 July 2020, a fire and explosion hit a centrifuge production plant at a nuclear enrichment facility in Natanz.[20][21] A group known as the \"Cheetahs of the Homeland\" claimed responsibility for the attack.[22] Some Iranian officials suggested that the incident may have been caused by cyber sabotage.[23]On 10 April 2021, Iran began injecting uranium hexafluoride gas into advanced IR-6 and IR- 5 centrifuges at Natanz, but on the next day, an accident occurred in the electricity distribution network.[24] On 11 April, IRNA reported that the incident was due to a power failure and that there were no injuries nor any escape of radioactive material.[25] Reports alleged that Mossad had orchestrated the attack.[26]On 17 April, Iranian state television named 43-year-old Reza Karimi from Kashan as a suspect for the blackout, stating that he had fled the country before the sabotage happened.[27][28]","title":"Nuclear facility"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Natanz is located 120 km northeast of Isfahan and on the main north-south highway of Iran. Its altitude is 1666 meters above sea level. The distance between Tehran and Natanz is 326 km, and it takes about 4 hours by car.[citation needed]The average temperature of the city is 27 degrees Celsius and the average rainfall in different seasons of the year is 19 mm.[29][30]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"saffron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"pears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear"},{"link_name":"beets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beets"},{"link_name":"walnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnut"},{"link_name":"pomegranates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Saffron","text":"Natanz saffron is one of the agricultural products of Natanz city, which is compatible with the climate of this region. Natanz saffron is of good quality and most of this product is exported.[31] Because Natanz city has three different types of climate, saffron cultivation in this area has given good results, so that some years it has yielded more than 1600 kg of dry saffron.[32] Currently, the economy of Natanz is in the field of agriculture, people make a living by producing garden products such as pears, beets, walnuts, pomegranates and saffron.[33]","title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natanz_nuclear.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anti-aircraft guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natanz_Stony_castle.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Natanz_mosque.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient,_Natanz_(14288537020).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BdO_IR_0293_600_Wz_(1).jpg"}],"text":"Anti-aircraft guns guarding Natanz nuclear facility\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNatanz Stone Fortress\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNatanz mosque next to the old Chenar\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient tree of Natanz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortal of Abd al-Samad complex","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also Romanized as Naţanz[3]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordow_Fuel_Enrichment_Plant"},{"title":"Nuclear facilities in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran"},{"title":"Stuxnet computer worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet"},{"title":"Natanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Natanz"},{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]
[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (21 June 2023). \"Natanz, Natanz County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=33.507222&mlon=51.913611&zoom=14#map=14/33.5072/51.9136","url_text":"\"Natanz, Natanz County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019041954/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). \"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Isfahan province, centered in the city of Isfahan\". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240204010546/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113034","url_text":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Isfahan province, centered in the city of Isfahan\""},{"url":"https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113034","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083455/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221845/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nuclear Safeguards, Security, and Nonproliferation: Achieving Security with Technology and Policy. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2019. pp. 115–120.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Trajectory of Iran's Nuclear Program. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. p. 148.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Friedrichs, Gordon (February 2014), Smart Security Council? Analyzing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions, Anchor Academic, ISBN 978-3-95489-521-2","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0zW5BgAAQBAJ&q=national+council+resistance+iran&pg=PA47","url_text":"Smart Security Council? Analyzing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95489-521-2","url_text":"978-3-95489-521-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran\" (PDF). 15 September 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2008/gov2008-38.pdf","url_text":"\"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran's key nuclear sites\". BBC News. 15 October 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11927720","url_text":"\"Iran's key nuclear sites\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran will continue 20% enrichment at Fordo, Natanz: official\". Tehran Times. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131205214408/http://tehrantimes.com/politics/104773-iran-will-continue-20-percent-enrichment-at-fordo-natanz","url_text":"\"Iran will continue 20% enrichment at Fordo, Natanz: official\""},{"url":"http://tehrantimes.com/politics/104773-iran-will-continue-20-percent-enrichment-at-fordo-natanz","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran nuclear deal: Key points\". BBC News. 24 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25080217","url_text":"\"Iran nuclear deal: Key points\""}]},{"reference":"\"Satellite photos show activity at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility\". The Independent. Retrieved 28 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/28/satellite-photos-show-activity-at-irans-natanz-nuclear-facility","url_text":"\"Satellite photos show activity at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Francois (8 March 2021). \"Iran enriching with new set of advanced machines at Natanz: IAEA\". Reuters. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-nuclear-iaea-int-idUSKBN2B0262","url_text":"\"Iran enriching with new set of advanced machines at Natanz: IAEA\""}]},{"reference":"Zetter, Kim; Modderkolk, Huib (2 September 2019). \"Revealed: How a secret Dutch mole aided the U.S. - Israeli Stuxnet cyberattack on Iran\". Yahoo News. Retrieved 3 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-how-a-secret-dutch-mole-aided-the-us-israeli-stuxnet-cyber-attack-on-iran-160026018.html","url_text":"\"Revealed: How a secret Dutch mole aided the U.S. - Israeli Stuxnet cyberattack on Iran\""}]},{"reference":"Sanger, David E. (2 June 2012). \"Mutually Assured Cyberdestruction?\". The New York Times Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/sunday-review/mutually-assured-cyberdestruction.html","url_text":"\"Mutually Assured Cyberdestruction?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Analysts: Fire at Iran nuclear site hit centrifuge facility\". Associated Press. 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/50c3e7f6445ae99def6bdc65fbce6c42","url_text":"\"Analysts: Fire at Iran nuclear site hit centrifuge facility\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mysterious Explosion and Fire Damage Iranian Nuclear Enrichment Facility\". The New York Times. 2 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/02/us/politics/iran-explosion-nuclear-centrifuges.html","url_text":"\"Mysterious Explosion and Fire Damage Iranian Nuclear Enrichment Facility\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Israeli cyberattack caused Iran nuclear site fire, F35s hit missile base\". The Times of Israel. 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-israeli-cyberattack-caused-iran-nuclear-site-fire-f35s-hit-missile-base/","url_text":"\"Report: Israeli cyberattack caused Iran nuclear site fire, F35s hit missile base\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran threatens retaliation after what it calls possible cyber attack on nuclear site\". Reuters. 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-natanz/iran-threatens-retaliation-after-what-it-calls-possible-cyber-attack-on-nuclear-site-idUSKBN2441VY","url_text":"\"Iran threatens retaliation after what it calls possible cyber attack on nuclear site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electrical Problem Strikes Iran's Natanz Nuclear Facility | Voice of America\". voanews.com. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/electrical-problem-strikes-irans-natanz-nuclear-facility","url_text":"\"Electrical Problem Strikes Iran's Natanz Nuclear Facility | Voice of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reports: Mossad Behind Iran Attack\". Hamodia. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hamodia.com/2021/04/11/reports-mossad-behind-iran-attack/","url_text":"\"Reports: Mossad Behind Iran Attack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iran state TV identifies man it says was behind blast at Natanz nuclear site\". Reuters. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-state-tv-identifies-man-it-says-was-behind-blast-natanz-nuclear-site-2021-04-17/","url_text":"\"Iran state TV identifies man it says was behind blast at Natanz nuclear site\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran Names Suspect in Natanz Attack, Says He Fled Country\". U.S. News & World Report. 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-04-17/iran-names-suspect-in-natanz-attack-says-he-fled-country","url_text":"\"Iran Names Suspect in Natanz Attack, Says He Fled Country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"}]},{"reference":"\"Visit Natanz Tourist Attractions, Historical & Natural | Destination Iran\". www.destinationiran.com. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destinationiran.com/natanz-tourist-attractions.htm","url_text":"\"Visit Natanz Tourist Attractions, Historical & Natural | Destination Iran\""}]},{"reference":"\"NATANZ Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com\". tageo.com. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tageo.com/index-e-ir-v-28-d-m4329449.htm","url_text":"\"NATANZ Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"buying saffron Archives\". Iranian Saffron supplier and exporter. Retrieved 9 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rowhanisaffron.com/tag/buying-saffron/","url_text":"\"buying saffron Archives\""}]},{"reference":"Iroonia, Mr (5 July 2020). \"60 years old saffron cultivation in TorqRud area of Natanz city\". Iranian Saffron supplier and exporter. Retrieved 9 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rowhanisaffron.com/60-years-old-saffron-cultivation-in-torqrud-area-of-natanz-city/","url_text":"\"60 years old saffron cultivation in TorqRud area of Natanz city\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visit Natanz Tourist Attractions, Historical & Natural | Destination Iran\". destinationiran.com. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destinationiran.com/natanz-tourist-attractions.htm","url_text":"\"Visit Natanz Tourist Attractions, Historical & Natural | Destination Iran\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Natanz&params=33_30_26_N_51_54_49_E_dim:2km_type:city(14122)_region:IR-10","external_links_name":"33°30′26″N 51°54′49″E / 33.50722°N 51.91361°E / 33.50722; 51.91361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Natanz&params=33_30_26_N_51_54_49_E_dim:2km_type:city(14122)_region:IR-10","external_links_name":"33°30′26″N 51°54′49″E / 33.50722°N 51.91361°E / 33.50722; 51.91361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Natanz&params=33_43_N_51_43_E_","external_links_name":"33°43′N 51°43′E / 33.717°N 51.717°E / 33.717; 51.717"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=33.507222&mlon=51.913611&zoom=14#map=14/33.5072/51.9136","external_links_name":"\"Natanz, Natanz County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019041954/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240204010546/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113034","external_links_name":"\"Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Isfahan province, centered in the city of Isfahan\""},{"Link":"https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113034","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083455/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221845/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/06/general-keith-alexander-cyberwar/2/","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0zW5BgAAQBAJ&q=national+council+resistance+iran&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"Smart Security Council? Analyzing the effectiveness of targeted sanctions"},{"Link":"http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2008/gov2008-38.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11927720","external_links_name":"\"Iran's key nuclear sites\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131205214408/http://tehrantimes.com/politics/104773-iran-will-continue-20-percent-enrichment-at-fordo-natanz","external_links_name":"\"Iran will continue 20% enrichment at Fordo, Natanz: official\""},{"Link":"http://tehrantimes.com/politics/104773-iran-will-continue-20-percent-enrichment-at-fordo-natanz","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25080217","external_links_name":"\"Iran nuclear deal: Key points\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/28/satellite-photos-show-activity-at-irans-natanz-nuclear-facility","external_links_name":"\"Satellite photos show activity at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/iran-nuclear-iaea-int-idUSKBN2B0262","external_links_name":"\"Iran enriching with new set of advanced machines at Natanz: IAEA\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/revealed-how-a-secret-dutch-mole-aided-the-us-israeli-stuxnet-cyber-attack-on-iran-160026018.html","external_links_name":"\"Revealed: How a secret Dutch mole aided the U.S. - Israeli Stuxnet cyberattack on Iran\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/sunday-review/mutually-assured-cyberdestruction.html","external_links_name":"\"Mutually Assured Cyberdestruction?\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/50c3e7f6445ae99def6bdc65fbce6c42","external_links_name":"\"Analysts: Fire at Iran nuclear site hit centrifuge facility\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/02/us/politics/iran-explosion-nuclear-centrifuges.html","external_links_name":"\"Mysterious Explosion and Fire Damage Iranian Nuclear Enrichment Facility\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-israeli-cyberattack-caused-iran-nuclear-site-fire-f35s-hit-missile-base/","external_links_name":"\"Report: Israeli cyberattack caused Iran nuclear site fire, F35s hit missile base\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-natanz/iran-threatens-retaliation-after-what-it-calls-possible-cyber-attack-on-nuclear-site-idUSKBN2441VY","external_links_name":"\"Iran threatens retaliation after what it calls possible cyber attack on nuclear site\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/incident-reported-in-iranian-natanz-nuclear-facility-664792","external_links_name":"'Accident' at Iran's Natanz nuclear facility after centrifuge activation"},{"Link":"https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/voa-news-iran/electrical-problem-strikes-irans-natanz-nuclear-facility","external_links_name":"\"Electrical Problem Strikes Iran's Natanz Nuclear Facility | Voice of America\""},{"Link":"https://hamodia.com/2021/04/11/reports-mossad-behind-iran-attack/","external_links_name":"\"Reports: Mossad Behind Iran Attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-state-tv-identifies-man-it-says-was-behind-blast-natanz-nuclear-site-2021-04-17/","external_links_name":"\"Iran state TV identifies man it says was behind blast at Natanz nuclear site\""},{"Link":"https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-04-17/iran-names-suspect-in-natanz-attack-says-he-fled-country","external_links_name":"\"Iran Names Suspect in Natanz Attack, Says He Fled Country\""},{"Link":"https://www.destinationiran.com/natanz-tourist-attractions.htm","external_links_name":"\"Visit Natanz Tourist Attractions, Historical & Natural | Destination Iran\""},{"Link":"https://www.tageo.com/index-e-ir-v-28-d-m4329449.htm","external_links_name":"\"NATANZ Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.rowhanisaffron.com/tag/buying-saffron/","external_links_name":"\"buying saffron Archives\""},{"Link":"https://www.rowhanisaffron.com/60-years-old-saffron-cultivation-in-torqrud-area-of-natanz-city/","external_links_name":"\"60 years old saffron cultivation in TorqRud area of Natanz city\""},{"Link":"https://www.destinationiran.com/natanz-tourist-attractions.htm","external_links_name":"\"Visit Natanz Tourist Attractions, Historical & Natural | Destination Iran\""},{"Link":"http://www.isis-online.org/publications/iran/natanz03_02.html","external_links_name":"Institute for Science and International Security"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041211011922/http://tehran.stanford.edu/imagemap/natanz.html","external_links_name":"Stanford University entry on Natanz"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/iran/natanz.htm","external_links_name":"Entry on Natanz"},{"Link":"http://www.persiancarpetguide.com/sw-asia/Rugs/Persian/Natanz_Rugs/Sheikh_Abdolsamad_Mosque_Natanz.htm","external_links_name":"The Sheikh Abdolsamad Mosque in Natanz Iran"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140721021444/http://www.natanz.org/","external_links_name":"Natanz County"},{"Link":"http://www.natanznews.ir/","external_links_name":"Natanz News"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152526934","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557697105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86055691","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/903086","external_links_name":"Pleiades"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_tender
Ship's tender
["1 Tenders as smaller craft","2 Naval tenders for warships and submarines","3 Other types of tenders","4 See also","5 References"]
Boat used to service larger ships Not to be confused with Depot ship. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ship's tender" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Donau, an Elbe-class tender of the German Navy A ship's tender, usually referred to as a tender, is a boat or ship used to service or support other boats or ships. This is generally done by transporting people or supplies to and from shore or another ship. A second and distinctly different meaning for "tender" is small boats carried by larger vessels, to be used either as lifeboats, or as transport to shore, or both. Tenders as smaller craft For a variety of reasons, it is not always advisable to try to tie a ship up at a dock; the weather or the sea might be rough, the time might be short, or the ship too large to fit. In such cases tenders provide the link from ship to shore, and may have a very busy schedule of back-and-forth trips while the ship is in port. On cruise ships, lifeboat tenders do double duty, serving as tenders in day-to-day activities, but fully equipped to act as lifeboats in an emergency. They are generally carried on davits just above the promenade deck, and may at first glance appear to be regular lifeboats; but they are usually larger and better-equipped. Current lifeboat tender designs favor catamaran models, since they are less likely to roll in the calm to moderate conditions in which tenders are usually used. They typically carry up to 100 to 150 passengers and two to three crew members. Lifeboat tender of MS Oosterdam; note the "face mask" over the front windows, and the rolled-up tarpaulin sheet that can be brought down over the entry port to make the boat weather resistant. Before these ships were mass-produced, the main way to board a larger ship (mainly ocean liners) was to board a passenger tender. Passenger tenders remained based at their ports of registry, and when a ship came through the area, the tender would tie up with the ship and embark passengers on an elevated walkway. These vessels were larger, had a greater passenger capacity, and a broader sense of individuality in their respective companies than the more modern tenders seen today. Because of their increased size, lifeboats and life preservers were commonplace on board these ships (with two lifeboats being typical for an average tender). Naval tenders for warships and submarines Before the technologies that allow submarines and destroyers to operate independently matured by the latter half of the 20th century (and significantly during the Second World War), they were heavily dependent upon tenders to perform most maintenance and supply. Their hull classification symbols in the US Navy were, respectively, AS and AD, while general repair ships were AR. Naval tenders fell out of use during the late 20th century, as the speed and range of warships increased (reducing the need for advanced basing). By the end of the 20th century, all of the tenders in the U.S. Navy had been inactivated except for two submarine tenders. As a result of the settlement of lawsuits over the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet, the U.S. Navy and MARAD are engaged in an aggressive disposal program that will scrap all of those ships by 2017. While the Navy's plans for tenders held in reserve in other places (such as inactivated submarine tenders USS McKee and USS Simon Lake held at Inactive Ships, St. Juliens Creek Annex) were not addressed in that lawsuit, since its settlement, the Navy has indicated its desire to dispose of such ships as soon as possible. RIB tender of Prince William being winched aboard from a sortie on the North Sea Apparently not completely willing to wean itself from tenders all together – but with an eye towards reducing costs – the last two tenders remaining in active service have now been operationally turned over to the Military Sealift Command. Emory S. Land-class submarine tenders USS Emory S. Land and USS Frank Cable now operate with a "hybrid" crew. The commanding officer and approximately 200 technicians are Navy personnel, while the operation of the ship itself is performed by merchant mariners. Prior to the turn-over, both ships had more than 1,000 sailors. While at this time the ships still bear the AS classification, both ship's primary mission has been expanded well beyond submarines to include service and support of any Naval vessel in their operational area. Under the traditional Navy classification, both ships should be reclassified as AR (Auxiliary Repair), however since now operated by the MSC it is doubtful such a reassignment will occur. Emory S. Land is forward deployed in the Indian Ocean at Diego Garcia while Frank Cable is forward-deployed in the Pacific at Polaris Point, Apra Harbor, Guam. Such forward deployments are to provide service and support at the very great distances of the Western Pacific. Two tenders, SS Nomadic and SS Traffic, were built for the White Star Line by Harland and Wolff to serve the liners RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic at Cherbourg. Nomadic survives as a museum ship, and is the last remaining vessel built for the White Star Line in existence. Caribbean Princess tenders docked at Bar Harbor, Maine, 31 August 2010 Other types of tenders Armed tender, 19th century British supply or transport ships that were outfitted and commissioned for military use in the Naval Service. Buoy tender, used to maintain navigational aids. Cannery tender, a type of commercial fishing vessel of the first half of the 20th century used to set up and maintain fish traps, transport fish from the traps to salmon canneries, patrol to prevent theft of fish from the traps, and transport personnel and supplies for salmon canneries. Chase boat, a tender generally not carried by the main vessel. It may be towed, travel under its own power, or be stationed in port. Destroyer tender, a large ship used to support a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships. Dive tender, a ship or boat used to support the actions of divers. Also known as a diving support vessel. Fish tender, a vessel that commercially supplies, stores, refrigerates, or transports fish, fish products, or materials directly related to fishing or the preparation of fish to or from a fishing, fish processing, or fish tender vessel or a fish processing facility. Lighthouse tender, used to tend lighthouses, lightvessels, and, later, buoys. Mail tender, a small tender used to speed the delivery of mail from large liners Motor torpedo boat tender, a mobile base and supply ship used to support motor torpedo boats on operations during World War II. Pribilof tender, a term used for United States Government-owned and -operated cargo liners that provided transportation to, from, and between the Pribilof Islands from 1917 to 1975 Seaplane tender, either a ship carrying multiple seaplanes, also known as a seaplane carrier, and considered to be a predecessor to the aircraft carrier; or a small craft used to support the operations of flying boats. Submarine tender, a large ship used to support a flotilla of submarines. Torpedo boat tender, a ship used during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to carry torpedo boats to sea and deploy them against enemy ships Yacht tender, a craft that services an anchored or moored yacht Towed Tenders and Chase boats, a tender being towed which has restrictions which require extra insurance and has to comply with Flag States. See also Bumboat – Small boat used to ferry supplies to ships moored away from the shore Ship's boat – Utility vessel References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ship's tenders. ^ TenderTale News ^ Nomadic Preservation Society Archived 2009-04-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ Barnes, F.K. (1888). "Section II". Brassey's Annual; the Armed Forces Year-book. Portsmouth, UK: Griffin & Company. p. 66. ^ "Chase boats". superyachttendersandtoys.com. Retrieved 30 July 2020. ^ uslegal.com Fish Tender Vessel Law and Legal Definition Retrieved December 5, 2018 ^ "Towed Tenders". TSM-Systems.com. Retrieved 31 January 2024. vteModern merchant shipsOverviews Ship Cargo ship Cargo Maritime transport Freight transport Merchant marine Maritime history Shipping line Dry cargo Barge Bulk carrier Car float Chain boat Coastal trading vessel Collier Container ship Heavy-lift ship Hopper barge Lake freighter Lighter aboard ship Livestock carrier Reefer ship Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Tankers Chemical tanker Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) Gas carrier Hydrogen tanker LNG carrier Oil tanker Passenger Cable ferry Cargo liner Cruise ship Cruiseferry Ferry Narrowboat Ocean liner Roll-on/roll-off (RORO) Train ferry Support Anchor handling tug supply vessel Diving support vessel Emergency tow vessel Fireboat Platform supply vessel Pusher Salvage tug Tender Tugboat Other types Cable layer Crane vessel Dredger Drillship Fishing vessel Floating restaurant Icebreaker Merchant submarine Narco-submarine Pipe-laying ship Research vessel Riverboat Semi-submersible Snagboat Related Nautical operations Affreightment Admiralty law International Chamber of Shipping List of merchant navy capacity by country
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Depot ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depot_ship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tender_Donau_A516.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elbe-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe-class_replenishment_ship"},{"link_name":"German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy"},{"link_name":"boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat"},{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Depot ship.Donau, an Elbe-class tender of the German NavyA ship's tender, usually referred to as a tender, is a boat or ship used to service or support other boats or ships. This is generally done by transporting people or supplies to and from shore or another ship.A second and distinctly different meaning for \"tender\" is small boats carried by larger vessels, to be used either as lifeboats, or as transport to shore, or both.","title":"Ship's tender"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cruise ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"lifeboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)"},{"link_name":"davits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davit"},{"link_name":"promenade deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promenade_deck"},{"link_name":"catamaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lifeboat_tender.jpg"},{"link_name":"MS Oosterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Oosterdam"},{"link_name":"tarpaulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarpaulin"}],"text":"For a variety of reasons, it is not always advisable to try to tie a ship up at a dock; the weather or the sea might be rough, the time might be short, or the ship too large to fit. In such cases tenders provide the link from ship to shore, and may have a very busy schedule of back-and-forth trips while the ship is in port.On cruise ships, lifeboat tenders do double duty, serving as tenders in day-to-day activities, but fully equipped to act as lifeboats in an emergency. They are generally carried on davits just above the promenade deck, and may at first glance appear to be regular lifeboats; but they are usually larger and better-equipped. Current lifeboat tender designs favor catamaran models, since they are less likely to roll in the calm to moderate conditions in which tenders are usually used. They typically carry up to 100 to 150 passengers and two to three crew members.Lifeboat tender of MS Oosterdam; note the \"face mask\" over the front windows, and the rolled-up tarpaulin sheet that can be brought down over the entry port to make the boat weather resistant.Before these ships were mass-produced, the main way to board a larger ship (mainly ocean liners) was to board a passenger tender. Passenger tenders remained based at their ports of registry, and when a ship came through the area, the tender would tie up with the ship and embark passengers on an elevated walkway. These vessels were larger, had a greater passenger capacity, and a broader sense of individuality in their respective companies than the more modern tenders seen today. Because of their increased size, lifeboats and life preservers were commonplace on board these ships (with two lifeboats being typical for an average tender).","title":"Tenders as smaller craft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"hull classification symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol"},{"link_name":"basing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_base"},{"link_name":"submarine tenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender"},{"link_name":"Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisun_Bay_Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"MARAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Administration"},{"link_name":"USS McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_McKee_(AS-41)"},{"link_name":"USS Simon Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Simon_Lake"},{"link_name":"St. Juliens Creek Annex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Juliens_Creek_Annex"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PrinceWilliamRib.jpg"},{"link_name":"RIB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid-hulled_inflatable_boat"},{"link_name":"Prince William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNS_Rah_Naward"},{"link_name":"Emory S. Land-class submarine tenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_S._Land-class_submarine_tender"},{"link_name":"USS Emory S. Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Emory_S._Land"},{"link_name":"USS Frank Cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Frank_Cable"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"merchant mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine"},{"link_name":"Diego Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Garcia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"SS Nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Nomadic_(1911)"},{"link_name":"SS Traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Traffic_(1911)"},{"link_name":"White Star Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Star_Line"},{"link_name":"Harland and Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harland_and_Wolff"},{"link_name":"RMS Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Olympic"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caribbean_Princess_tenders.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bar Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"}],"text":"Before the technologies that allow submarines and destroyers to operate independently matured by the latter half of the 20th century (and significantly during the Second World War), they were heavily dependent upon tenders to perform most maintenance and supply. Their hull classification symbols in the US Navy were, respectively, AS and AD, while general repair ships were AR. Naval tenders fell out of use during the late 20th century, as the speed and range of warships increased (reducing the need for advanced basing).By the end of the 20th century, all of the tenders in the U.S. Navy had been inactivated except for two submarine tenders. As a result of the settlement of lawsuits over the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet, the U.S. Navy and MARAD are engaged in an aggressive disposal program that will scrap all of those ships by 2017. While the Navy's plans for tenders held in reserve in other places (such as inactivated submarine tenders USS McKee and USS Simon Lake held at Inactive Ships, St. Juliens Creek Annex) were not addressed in that lawsuit, since its settlement, the Navy has indicated its desire to dispose of such ships as soon as possible[citation needed].RIB tender of Prince William being winched aboard from a sortie on the North SeaApparently not completely willing to wean itself from tenders all together – but with an eye towards reducing costs – the last two tenders remaining in active service have now been operationally turned over to the Military Sealift Command. Emory S. Land-class submarine tenders USS Emory S. Land and USS Frank Cable now operate with a \"hybrid\" crew. The commanding officer and approximately 200 technicians are Navy personnel, while the operation of the ship itself is performed by merchant mariners. Prior to the turn-over, both ships had more than 1,000 sailors. While at this time the ships still bear the AS classification, both ship's primary mission has been expanded well beyond submarines to include service and support of any Naval vessel in their operational area. Under the traditional Navy classification, both ships should be reclassified as AR (Auxiliary Repair), however since now operated by the MSC it is doubtful such a reassignment will occur. Emory S. Land is forward deployed in the Indian Ocean at Diego Garcia while Frank Cable is forward-deployed in the Pacific at Polaris Point, Apra Harbor, Guam. Such forward deployments are to provide service and support at the very great distances of the Western Pacific.[1]Two tenders, SS Nomadic and SS Traffic, were built for the White Star Line by Harland and Wolff to serve the liners RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic at Cherbourg. Nomadic survives as a museum ship, and is the last remaining vessel built for the White Star Line in existence.[2]Caribbean Princess tenders docked at Bar Harbor, Maine, 31 August 2010","title":"Naval tenders for warships and submarines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Service_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Buoy tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy_tender"},{"link_name":"navigational aids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_aid"},{"link_name":"Cannery tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannery_tender"},{"link_name":"fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"fish traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_trap"},{"link_name":"salmon canneries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_cannery"},{"link_name":"Chase boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_boat"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Destroyer tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_tender"},{"link_name":"Dive tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_tender"},{"link_name":"divers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_diving"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fish tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fish_tender&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lighthouse tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse_tender"},{"link_name":"lightvessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightvessels"},{"link_name":"buoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy"},{"link_name":"Mail tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_tender"},{"link_name":"Motor torpedo boat tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat_tender"},{"link_name":"Pribilof tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribilof_tender"},{"link_name":"United States Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government"},{"link_name":"cargo liners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_liner"},{"link_name":"Pribilof Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribilof_Islands"},{"link_name":"Seaplane tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane_tender"},{"link_name":"Submarine tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_tender"},{"link_name":"Torpedo boat tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat_tender"},{"link_name":"Yacht tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_tender"},{"link_name":"yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht"},{"link_name":"Towed Tenders and Chase boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Towed_Tenders_and_Chase_boats&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Armed tender, 19th century British supply or transport ships that were outfitted and commissioned for military use in the Naval Service.[3]\nBuoy tender, used to maintain navigational aids.\nCannery tender, a type of commercial fishing vessel of the first half of the 20th century used to set up and maintain fish traps, transport fish from the traps to salmon canneries, patrol to prevent theft of fish from the traps, and transport personnel and supplies for salmon canneries.\nChase boat, a tender generally not carried by the main vessel. It may be towed, travel under its own power, or be stationed in port.[4]\nDestroyer tender, a large ship used to support a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships.\nDive tender, a ship or boat used to support the actions of divers.[citation needed] Also known as a diving support vessel.\nFish tender, a vessel that commercially supplies, stores, refrigerates, or transports fish, fish products, or materials directly related to fishing or the preparation of fish to or from a fishing, fish processing, or fish tender vessel or a fish processing facility.[5]\nLighthouse tender, used to tend lighthouses, lightvessels, and, later, buoys.\nMail tender, a small tender used to speed the delivery of mail from large liners\nMotor torpedo boat tender, a mobile base and supply ship used to support motor torpedo boats on operations during World War II.\nPribilof tender, a term used for United States Government-owned and -operated cargo liners that provided transportation to, from, and between the Pribilof Islands from 1917 to 1975\nSeaplane tender, either a ship carrying multiple seaplanes, also known as a seaplane carrier, and considered to be a predecessor to the aircraft carrier; or a small craft used to support the operations of flying boats.\nSubmarine tender, a large ship used to support a flotilla of submarines.\nTorpedo boat tender, a ship used during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to carry torpedo boats to sea and deploy them against enemy ships\nYacht tender, a craft that services an anchored or moored yacht\nTowed Tenders and Chase boats, a tender being towed which has restrictions which require extra insurance and has to comply with Flag States. [6]","title":"Other types of tenders"}]
[{"image_text":"Donau, an Elbe-class tender of the German Navy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tender_Donau_A516.jpg/250px-Tender_Donau_A516.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lifeboat tender of MS Oosterdam; note the \"face mask\" over the front windows, and the rolled-up tarpaulin sheet that can be brought down over the entry port to make the boat weather resistant.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Lifeboat_tender.jpg/220px-Lifeboat_tender.jpg"},{"image_text":"RIB tender of Prince William being winched aboard from a sortie on the North Sea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/PrinceWilliamRib.jpg/220px-PrinceWilliamRib.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caribbean Princess tenders docked at Bar Harbor, Maine, 31 August 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Caribbean_Princess_tenders.JPG/220px-Caribbean_Princess_tenders.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Bumboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumboat"},{"title":"Ship's boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_boat"}]
[{"reference":"Barnes, F.K. (1888). \"Section II\". Brassey's Annual; the Armed Forces Year-book. Portsmouth, UK: Griffin & Company. p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp4jAQAAIAAJ&q=Armed+tender&pg=PA62-IA12","url_text":"\"Section II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chase boats\". superyachttendersandtoys.com. Retrieved 30 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://superyachttendersandtoys.com/tenders/chase/","url_text":"\"Chase boats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Towed Tenders\". TSM-Systems.com. Retrieved 31 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tsm-systems.com/insurance/","url_text":"\"Towed Tenders\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ship%27s+tender%22","external_links_name":"\"Ship's tender\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ship%27s+tender%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ship%27s+tender%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ship%27s+tender%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ship%27s+tender%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ship%27s+tender%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://tendertale.com/","external_links_name":"TenderTale News"},{"Link":"http://www.nomadicpreservationsociety.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Nomadic Preservation Society"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090403053112/http://www.nomadicpreservationsociety.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hp4jAQAAIAAJ&q=Armed+tender&pg=PA62-IA12","external_links_name":"\"Section II\""},{"Link":"https://superyachttendersandtoys.com/tenders/chase/","external_links_name":"\"Chase boats\""},{"Link":"https://definitions.uslegal.com/f/fish-tender-vessel/","external_links_name":"uslegal.com Fish Tender Vessel Law and Legal Definition Retrieved December 5, 2018"},{"Link":"https://tsm-systems.com/insurance/","external_links_name":"\"Towed Tenders\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_protection
Witness protection
["1 Witness protection by country","1.1 Australia","1.2 Canada","1.3 Hong Kong","1.4 Indonesia","1.5 Ireland","1.6 Israel","1.7 Italy","1.8 New Zealand","1.9 Switzerland","1.10 Taiwan","1.11 Thailand","1.12 Ukraine","1.13 United Kingdom","1.14 United States","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Security provided to a threatened person providing testimonial evidence to the justice system For other uses, see Witness protection (disambiguation). Witness protection is security provided to a threatened person providing testimonial evidence to the justice system, including defendants and other clients, before, during, and after trials, usually by police. While witnesses may only require protection until the conclusion of a trial, in particularly extreme cases, some witnesses are provided with new identities and may live out the rest of their lives under government protection. Protection is typically needed when their safety is at risk due to the potential for retaliation. The program aims to ensure their safety and encourage them to cooperate with law enforcement by providing information that can help solve cases and bring criminals to justice. It is an important tool in maintaining the integrity of the justice system and protecting those who are willing to come forward with crucial information. Witness protection is usually required in trials against organized crime, where law enforcement sees a risk for witnesses to be intimidated by colleagues of defendants. It is also used at war crime, espionage and national security issues trials. Witness protection by country Not all countries have formal witness protection programs; instead, local police may implement informal protection as the need arises in specific cases. The programs provide support, sometime even including financial support and counseling, to help witnesses rebuild their lives. It's an important measure in safeguarding the well-being of those who come forward to assist in the pursuit of justice. Australia The Australian Federal Police administers the National Witness Protection Program under The National Witness Protection Act 1994, which delivers protection and assistance to witnesses and others identified as being at risk. Not all witnesses are eligible for the Witness Protection Program. The decision to admit a witness into the program is made on a case-by-case basis and involves a rigorous assessment process. Canada Canada's Witness Protection Program Act received royal assent on June 20, 1996. The program is run by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), with support by all levels of government and police forces. The program takes into account the unique circumstances of each case and tailors its approach to meet the specific needs of the witness and their situation. Similar to other countries, the WPP provides participants with new identities, including new name and documents. It also offers relocation assistance to ensure their safety. Hong Kong Several departments of the Security Bureau of Hong Kong have specialized units to provide protection for witnesses and their families who face threats to their life. Notable units include the Witness Protection Unit (WPU) of the Hong Kong Police Force, the Witness Protection and Firearms Section (R4) of the ICAC, and the WPU of the Hong Kong Customs. The members of these units undergo training in protection, firearms, self-defence, physical and tactical training. They are mostly trained in the use of, and issued, the Glock 19 compact handgun as sidearm. The standard Glock 17 or the long arms such as the Heckler & Koch MP5 sub-machine gun or the Remington Model 870 shotgun may be issued if the witness faces bigger threats. A new identity could be given to a witness, and the government may relocate them far from Hong Kong if the witness is still being threatened after the end of the trial. Indonesia In 2006, Indonesia enacted the Law n. 13 on Witness and Victim Protection, which introduced for the first time the legal qualifications of witness, (crimes) victim, complainant and justice collaborator within the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). In Indonesia, justice collaborators play an important role especially for the activities of the Corruption Eradication Commission, since "corruption in Indonesia is committed collectively". Ireland Further information: Witness Security Programme (Ireland) The Witness Security Programme in Ireland is administered by the Attorney General of Ireland, and is operated by the elite Special Detective Unit (SDU) of the Garda Síochána, the national police force. The programme was officially established in 1997, following the assassination of journalist Veronica Guerin by a drugs gang she was reporting on. Witnesses in the program are given a new identity, address and armed police protection either in Ireland or abroad (generally in Anglophone countries). They are usually provided with financial assistance, as witnesses regularly must leave their previous employment. Witness protection is used in cases of serious, organised crime and terrorism. The Irish Government will only grant protection to those who cooperate with investigations conducted by the Garda Síochána. Court appearances by witnesses in protection are carried out under the security of the Emergency Response Unit (ERU), the highest-tier special weapons and tactical operations group in Irish law enforcement. There has never been a reported breach of security in which a protectee was harmed. Israel The Israeli Witness Protection Authority, a unit within the Ministry of Public Security is in charge of witness protection in Israel. The unit was created by law with the passing of the Witness Protection Law, 2008. The need for witness protection raised from the risks and dangers witnesses may face when cooperating with law enforcement. In Israel, witness protection is primarily, managed by Israeli Police and the State Attorney's Office. One thing that is different about Israel is the help of financially supporting changes to physical appearance. Italy The witness protection program in Italy was officially established in 1991, managed by the Central Protection Department (Servizio centrale di protezione) of the Polizia di Stato. Previously, witnesses were usually protected in exceptional cases by the police, but this often proved insufficient. In particular the witness protection program was focused on protecting the so-called pentiti, former members of criminal or terrorist organizations who, breaking the code of silence, decided to cooperate with the authorities. During the 1980s, at the Maxi Trial against Cosa Nostra, informants Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno were protected by the FBI due to the lack of a witness protection program in Italy. Although pentiti (usually from politically motivated terrorist organizations) had come forward since the 1970s during the so-called Years of Lead, it was not until the early 1990s that the program was officially established to efficiently manage the stream of pentiti which had defected from the major criminal organizations in Italy at the time, such as Cosa Nostra, the Camorra, the 'Ndrangheta, the Sacra Corona Unita, the Banda della Magliana and several others. Most of the witnesses are given new identities and live under government protection for several years, or sometimes their entire life. The witness protection program in Italy has sometimes come under criticism for failing to properly protect certain witnesses, as was the case with the murders of high-profile pentiti Claudio Sicilia and Luigi Ilardo. New Zealand The New Zealand Police provide protection for witnesses against members of criminal gangs and serious criminals who feel threatened or intimidated. They run a Witness Protection Programme that monitors the welfare of witnesses and if necessary, helps create new identities. There is an agreement between the police and the Department of Corrections to ensure that protected witnesses receive appropriate protection from that department. In 2007 the programme became the subject of public controversy when a protected witness's previous conviction for drunk driving was withheld from police and he continued driving, eventually killing another motorist in a road accident while drunk. Switzerland Swiss law provides for a witness protection program coordinated by the witness protection unit of the Federal Office of Police. There is no agency provided, but there are certain circumstances where the police will step up. This is part of their witness protect regime in 2013. There was an outbreak in serious crimes where people didn't want to speak up and that was when the federal government found a loophole in order to find justice. Taiwan The Republic of China promulgated the Witness Protection Act on February 9, 2000, in Taiwan.The act was implemented in order for people to feel comfortable testify against criminal or gangster acts. The prosecutor of judge of the case can appoint witness protection and they are held liable to hold that protective order. Thailand Thailand maintains a witness protection office under the jurisdiction of the country's Ministry of Justice. Between 1996 and 1997 provisions were drafted for inclusion of a section covering witness protection in the kingdom's 16th constitution, and finally, the witness protection provision was included in the constitution and took effect in the middle of 2003. Thailand's Office of Witness Protection maintains a website. Ukraine In Ukraine, depending on the nature of the case and the location of the trial, the safety of witnesses is the responsibility of different agencies, such as the special judicial police unit Gryphon (part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), the Security Service of Ukraine and, formerly, the special police unit Berkut. United Kingdom Main article: UK Protected Persons Service The UK has a nationwide witness protection system managed by the UK Protected Persons Service (UKPPS), responsible for the safety of around 3,000 people. The UKPPS is part of the National Crime Agency. The service is delivered regionally by local police forces. Prior to the formation of the UKPPS in 2013, witness protection was solely the responsibility of local police forces. One does not need to be a witness to be granted the protection of UKPPS (for example, targets of "honour-based violence"). United States Further information: United States Federal Witness Protection Program The United States established a formal program of witness protection, run by the U.S. Marshals Service, under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. Before that, witness protection had been instituted under the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 to protect people testifying against members of the Ku Klux Klan. Earlier in the 20th century, the Federal Bureau of Investigation also occasionally crafted new identities to protect witnesses. Many states, including California, Connecticut, Illinois, New York and Texas, as well as Washington, D.C., have their own witness protection programs for crimes not covered by the federal program. The state-run programs provide less extensive protections than the federal program. They also cannot hold or have as many people involved as the federal program. Before witness protection funds can be sought, law enforcement must conduct an assessment of the threat or potential for danger. This assessment includes an analysis of the resources, intent, and motivations of the person or persons making the threats, and how credible and serious the threats appear to be. When threats are deemed credible and witnesses request law enforcement assistance, witness protection funds can be used to provide assistance to witnesses which helps law enforcement keep witnesses safe and help ensure witnesses appear in court and provide testimony. Special arrangements, known as S-5 and S-6 visas, also exist to bring key alien witnesses into the US from overseas. T visas may be used to admit into the United States victims of human trafficking willing to assist in prosecuting the traffickers. See also Witness immunity Whistleblower protection References ^ "What Is the Witness Protection Program?". www.criminaldefenselawyer.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "What Is the Witness Protection Program?". www.criminaldefenselawyer.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "Protection". Retrieved 24 April 2023. ^ "Witness Protection Australia: A Guide". lyonslaw.com.au/. Retrieved 18 September 2023. ^ Government of Canada (20 June 1996). "Witness Protection Program Act (1996)" (PDF). Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 16 January 2018. ^ Police, Government of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted (9 April 2019). "Witness Protection Program". www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Government of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (2019-04-09). "Witness protection | Royal Canadian Mounted Police". www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ Hambali Thalib; Sufirman Rahman; Abdul Haris Semendawai (April 1, 2017). "The role of justice collaborator in uncivering criminal cases in Indonesia" (PDF). Diponegoro Law Review. 2 (1): 2. doi:10.14710/dilrev.2.1.2017.27-39. OCLC 7828326216. ^ "Witness protection in Ireland: history and reality". Irish Examiner. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2014. ^ "חוק להגנה על עדים, התשס"ט--2008" (PDF) (in Hebrew). State of Israel. 16 November 2008. pp. 98–115. Retrieved 24 November 2014. ^ "How to Keep Them Alive: A Look Into Israel's Witness Protection Program". Haaretz. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ New Zealand Police. "CIB: International Organised Crime". Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-07-05. ^ Corrections Department NZ. "Corrections Department NZ - Witness Protection". Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2010-11-18. ^ Scanlon, Sean (2007-10-28). "Grieving mother wants answers after witness protection tragedy". Retrieved 2008-07-05. ^ "Legge federale sulla protezione extraprocessuale dei testimoni" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 June 2020. ^ swissinfo.ch, Scott Capper (2013-02-20). "Witness programme to break code of silence". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ Witness Protection Act, English translation from the Ministry of Justice ^ "Witness Protection Act - Article Content - Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)". law.moj.gov.tw. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ Archived February 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Кожен з бійців чернігівського «Грифону» у будь-який момент готовий зі зброєю в руках захистити клієнта (in Ukrainian) ^ СБУ забезпечує захист свідків у "справі Олійника" (in Ukrainian) ^ Owen Boycott (24 January 2014). "Up to 3,000 people believed to be in witness protection programmes in UK". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^ "National Crime Agency - Central Bureau". Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^ Owen Boycott (28 December 2012). "UK-wide witness protection programme to be launched in 2013". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2014. ^ Morgan, Tomos (9 October 2020). "Covid: The never-ending lockdown of witness protection". BBC News. BBC Wales News. Retrieved 9 February 2022. ^ "Gary T. Rowe Jr., 64, Who Informed on Klan In Civil Rights Killing, Is Dead" states "He was buried under the name of Thomas Neal Moore, the identity that Federal authorities helped him to assume in 1965 after he testified against fellow Klansmen..." ^ California Witness Protection Program - California Bureau of Investigation - California Dept. of Justice - Office of the Attorney General Archived February 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Glaberson, William (2003-07-06). "LIE OR DIE -- Aftermath of a Murder; Justice, Safety and the System: A Witness Is Slain in Brooklyn". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2017-02-23. ^ "Witness Protection Plan Is Created by New Law". The New York Times. July 9, 1999. Retrieved 2013-01-04. ^ Matthew O'Deane. "gang". Gangs: Theory, Practice and Research. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2012-05-31. ^ "The ABC'S Of Immigration: S Visas for Aliens Assisting Law Enforcement". Visalaw.com. 2004-08-02. Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2013-01-04. ^ "Victims of Human Trafficking: T Nonimmigrant Status". Uscis.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-04. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Witness protection. Legislationline: Fair Trial (Right to a) (in English) Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Witness protection (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_protection_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"person providing testimonial evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witnesses"},{"link_name":"defendants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant"},{"link_name":"trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)"},{"link_name":"police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"organized crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"intimidated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidate"},{"link_name":"defendants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant"},{"link_name":"war crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crime"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"}],"text":"For other uses, see Witness protection (disambiguation).Witness protection is security provided to a threatened person providing testimonial evidence to the justice system, including defendants and other clients, before, during, and after trials, usually by police. While witnesses may only require protection until the conclusion of a trial, in particularly extreme cases, some witnesses are provided with new identities and may live out the rest of their lives under government protection. Protection is typically needed when their safety is at risk due to the potential for retaliation. The program aims to ensure their safety and encourage them to cooperate with law enforcement by providing information that can help solve cases and bring criminals to justice. It is an important tool in maintaining the integrity of the justice system and protecting those who are willing to come forward with crucial information.[1]Witness protection is usually required in trials against organized crime, where law enforcement sees a risk for witnesses to be intimidated by colleagues of defendants. It is also used at war crime, espionage and national security issues trials.","title":"Witness protection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-2"}],"text":"Not all countries have formal witness protection programs; instead, local police may implement informal protection as the need arises in specific cases. The programs provide support, sometime even including financial support and counseling, to help witnesses rebuild their lives. It's an important measure in safeguarding the well-being of those who come forward to assist in the pursuit of justice.[2]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Federal Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Federal_Police"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"The Australian Federal Police administers the National Witness Protection Program under The National Witness Protection Act 1994, which delivers protection and assistance to witnesses and others identified as being at risk.[3] Not all witnesses are eligible for the Witness Protection Program. The decision to admit a witness into the program is made on a case-by-case basis and involves a rigorous assessment process.[4]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Witness Protection Program Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witness_Protection_Program_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"royal assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Canada's Witness Protection Program Act received royal assent on June 20, 1996.[5] The program is run by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), with support by all levels of government and police forces.[6] The program takes into account the unique circumstances of each case and tailors its approach to meet the specific needs of the witness and their situation. Similar to other countries, the WPP provides participants with new identities, including new name and documents. It also offers relocation assistance to ensure their safety.[7]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Security Bureau of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Security_Bureau_of_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Witness Protection Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witness_Protection_Unit_(Hong_Kong_Police)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Police Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force"},{"link_name":"Witness Protection and Firearms Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witness_Protection_and_Firearms_Section&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ICAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_and_Excise_Department_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Glock 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glock_pistol"},{"link_name":"Glock 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glock_17"},{"link_name":"Heckler & Koch MP5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_MP5"},{"link_name":"Remington Model 870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Model_870"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"Several departments of the Security Bureau of Hong Kong have specialized units to provide protection for witnesses and their families who face threats to their life. Notable units include the Witness Protection Unit (WPU) of the Hong Kong Police Force, the Witness Protection and Firearms Section (R4) of the ICAC, and the WPU of the Hong Kong Customs.The members of these units undergo training in protection, firearms, self-defence, physical and tactical training. They are mostly trained in the use of, and issued, the Glock 19 compact handgun as sidearm. The standard Glock 17 or the long arms such as the Heckler & Koch MP5 sub-machine gun or the Remington Model 870 shotgun may be issued if the witness faces bigger threats. A new identity could be given to a witness, and the government may relocate them far from Hong Kong if the witness is still being threatened after the end of the trial.","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Criminal_Procedure_Code&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corruption Eradication Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"In 2006, Indonesia enacted the Law n. 13 on Witness and Victim Protection, which introduced for the first time the legal qualifications of witness, (crimes) victim, complainant and justice collaborator within the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). In Indonesia, justice collaborators play an important role especially for the activities of the Corruption Eradication Commission, since \"corruption in Indonesia is committed collectively\".[8]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Witness Security Programme (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_Security_Programme_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Witness Security Programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_Security_Programme_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Attorney General of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Special Detective Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit"},{"link_name":"Garda Síochána","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"},{"link_name":"Veronica Guerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Guerin"},{"link_name":"Anglophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Irish Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Emergency Response Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_Emergency_Response_Unit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Ireland","text":"Further information: Witness Security Programme (Ireland)The Witness Security Programme in Ireland is administered by the Attorney General of Ireland, and is operated by the elite Special Detective Unit (SDU) of the Garda Síochána, the national police force. The programme was officially established in 1997, following the assassination of journalist Veronica Guerin by a drugs gang she was reporting on. Witnesses in the program are given a new identity, address and armed police protection either in Ireland or abroad (generally in Anglophone countries). They are usually provided with financial assistance, as witnesses regularly must leave their previous employment. Witness protection is used in cases of serious, organised crime and terrorism. The Irish Government will only grant protection to those who cooperate with investigations conducted by the Garda Síochána. Court appearances by witnesses in protection are carried out under the security of the Emergency Response Unit (ERU), the highest-tier special weapons and tactical operations group in Irish law enforcement. There has never been a reported breach of security in which a protectee was harmed.[9]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israeli Witness Protection Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israeli_Witness_Protection_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Public Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Israel","text":"The Israeli Witness Protection Authority, a unit within the Ministry of Public Security is in charge of witness protection in Israel. The unit was created by law with the passing of the Witness Protection Law, 2008.[10] The need for witness protection raised from the risks and dangers witnesses may face when cooperating with law enforcement. In Israel, witness protection is primarily, managed by Israeli Police and the State Attorney's Office. One thing that is different about Israel is the help of financially supporting changes to physical appearance.[11]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polizia di Stato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polizia_di_Stato"},{"link_name":"pentiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentito"},{"link_name":"code of silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_silence"},{"link_name":"Maxi Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_Trial"},{"link_name":"Cosa Nostra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosa_Nostra"},{"link_name":"Tommaso Buscetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Buscetta"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Contorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Contorno"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"Years of Lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Camorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camorra"},{"link_name":"'Ndrangheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta"},{"link_name":"Sacra Corona Unita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita"},{"link_name":"Banda della Magliana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_della_Magliana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"The witness protection program in Italy was officially established in 1991, managed by the Central Protection Department (Servizio centrale di protezione) of the Polizia di Stato. Previously, witnesses were usually protected in exceptional cases by the police, but this often proved insufficient. In particular the witness protection program was focused on protecting the so-called pentiti, former members of criminal or terrorist organizations who, breaking the code of silence, decided to cooperate with the authorities.During the 1980s, at the Maxi Trial against Cosa Nostra, informants Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno were protected by the FBI due to the lack of a witness protection program in Italy. Although pentiti (usually from politically motivated terrorist organizations) had come forward since the 1970s during the so-called Years of Lead, it was not until the early 1990s that the program was officially established to efficiently manage the stream of pentiti which had defected from the major criminal organizations in Italy at the time, such as Cosa Nostra, the Camorra, the 'Ndrangheta, the Sacra Corona Unita, the Banda della Magliana and several others. Most of the witnesses are given new identities and live under government protection for several years, or sometimes their entire life.The witness protection program in Italy has sometimes come under criticism for failing to properly protect certain witnesses, as was the case with the murders of high-profile pentiti Claudio Sicilia and Luigi Ilardo.[citation needed]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Police"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Department of Corrections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Corrections_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"The New Zealand Police provide protection for witnesses against members of criminal gangs and serious criminals who feel threatened or intimidated. They run a Witness Protection Programme that monitors the welfare of witnesses and if necessary, helps create new identities.[12] There is an agreement between the police and the Department of Corrections to ensure that protected witnesses receive appropriate protection from that department.[13] In 2007 the programme became the subject of public controversy when a protected witness's previous conviction for drunk driving was withheld from police and he continued driving, eventually killing another motorist in a road accident while drunk.[14]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Federal Office of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Police"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Switzerland","text":"Swiss law provides for a witness protection program coordinated by the witness protection unit of the Federal Office of Police.[15] There is no agency provided, but there are certain circumstances where the police will step up. This is part of their witness protect regime in 2013. There was an outbreak in serious crimes where people didn't want to speak up and that was when the federal government found a loophole in order to find justice.[16]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Witness Protection Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witness_Protection_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan","text":"The Republic of China promulgated the Witness Protection Act on February 9, 2000,[17] in Taiwan.The act was implemented in order for people to feel comfortable testify against criminal or gangster acts. The prosecutor of judge of the case can appoint witness protection and they are held liable to hold that protective order.[18]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Thailand","text":"Thailand maintains a witness protection office under the jurisdiction of the country's Ministry of Justice. Between 1996 and 1997 provisions were drafted for inclusion of a section covering witness protection in the kingdom's 16th constitution, and finally, the witness protection provision was included in the constitution and took effect in the middle of 2003. Thailand's Office of Witness Protection maintains a website.[19]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety"},{"link_name":"Gryphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gryphon_(Ukraine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Internal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"Security Service of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Berkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkut_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Ukraine","text":"In Ukraine, depending on the nature of the case and the location of the trial, the safety of witnesses is the responsibility of different agencies, such as the special judicial police unit Gryphon (part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs), the Security Service of Ukraine and, formerly, the special police unit Berkut.[20][21]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Protected Persons Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Protected_Persons_Service"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"National Crime Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Crime_Agency"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"The UK has a nationwide witness protection system managed by the UK Protected Persons Service (UKPPS), responsible for the safety of around 3,000 people.[22] The UKPPS is part of the National Crime Agency.[23] The service is delivered regionally by local police forces. Prior to the formation of the UKPPS in 2013, witness protection was solely the responsibility of local police forces.[24] One does not need to be a witness to be granted the protection of UKPPS (for example, targets of \"honour-based violence\").[25]","title":"Witness protection by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Federal Witness Protection Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Federal_Witness_Protection_Program"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marshals Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marshals_Service"},{"link_name":"Organized Crime Control Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_Crime_Control_Act"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"visas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_visa"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"T visas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_visa"},{"link_name":"human trafficking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Further information: United States Federal Witness Protection ProgramThe United States established a formal program of witness protection, run by the U.S. Marshals Service, under the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. Before that, witness protection had been instituted under the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 to protect people testifying against members of the Ku Klux Klan. Earlier in the 20th century, the Federal Bureau of Investigation also occasionally crafted new identities to protect witnesses.[26]Many states, including California, Connecticut, Illinois, New York and Texas, as well as Washington, D.C., have their own witness protection programs for crimes not covered by the federal program. The state-run programs provide less extensive protections than the federal program. They also cannot hold or have as many people involved as the federal program.[27][28][29]Before witness protection funds can be sought, law enforcement must conduct an assessment of the threat or potential for danger. This assessment includes an analysis of the resources, intent, and motivations of the person or persons making the threats, and how credible and serious the threats appear to be. When threats are deemed credible and witnesses request law enforcement assistance, witness protection funds can be used to provide assistance to witnesses which helps law enforcement keep witnesses safe and help ensure witnesses appear in court and provide testimony.[30]Special arrangements, known as S-5 and S-6 visas, also exist to bring key alien witnesses into the US from overseas.[31] T visas may be used to admit into the United States victims of human trafficking willing to assist in prosecuting the traffickers.[32]","title":"Witness protection by country"}]
[]
[{"title":"Witness immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_immunity"},{"title":"Whistleblower protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower_protection"}]
[{"reference":"\"What Is the Witness Protection Program?\". www.criminaldefenselawyer.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/defendants-rights/what-witness-protection-program","url_text":"\"What Is the Witness Protection Program?\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is the Witness Protection Program?\". www.criminaldefenselawyer.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/defendants-rights/what-witness-protection-program","url_text":"\"What Is the Witness Protection Program?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protection\". Retrieved 24 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afp.gov.au/what-we-do/protection","url_text":"\"Protection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Witness Protection Australia: A Guide\". lyonslaw.com.au/. Retrieved 18 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://lyonslaw.com.au/blog/witness-protection-australia-a-guide/","url_text":"\"Witness Protection Australia: A Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada (20 June 1996). \"Witness Protection Program Act (1996)\" (PDF). Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 16 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.ca/Content/Bills/352/Government/C-13/C-13_4/C-13_4.PDF","url_text":"\"Witness Protection Program Act (1996)\""}]},{"reference":"Police, Government of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted (9 April 2019). \"Witness Protection Program\". www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/witness-protection","url_text":"\"Witness Protection Program\""}]},{"reference":"Government of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (2019-04-09). \"Witness protection | Royal Canadian Mounted Police\". www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/witness-protection","url_text":"\"Witness protection | Royal Canadian Mounted Police\""}]},{"reference":"Hambali Thalib; Sufirman Rahman; Abdul Haris Semendawai (April 1, 2017). \"The role of justice collaborator in uncivering criminal cases in Indonesia\" (PDF). Diponegoro Law Review. 2 (1): 2. doi:10.14710/dilrev.2.1.2017.27-39. OCLC 7828326216.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f0a/4d53853d5ba1a34bcf94caa0a3550be30e29.pdf","url_text":"\"The role of justice collaborator in uncivering criminal cases in Indonesia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14710%2Fdilrev.2.1.2017.27-39","url_text":"10.14710/dilrev.2.1.2017.27-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7828326216","url_text":"7828326216"}]},{"reference":"\"Witness protection in Ireland: history and reality\". Irish Examiner. 27 March 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/icrime/witness-protection-history-and-reality-188453.html","url_text":"\"Witness protection in Ireland: history and reality\""}]},{"reference":"\"חוק להגנה על עדים, התשס\"ט--2008\" (PDF) (in Hebrew). State of Israel. 16 November 2008. pp. 98–115. Retrieved 24 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/5957C95C-F818-461C-819E-5BCE404E2E68/12175/2192.pdf","url_text":"\"חוק להגנה על עדים, התשס\"ט--2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to Keep Them Alive: A Look Into Israel's Witness Protection Program\". Haaretz. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/2012-07-16/ty-article/how-to-keep-a-state-witness-alive/0000017f-e97d-d62c-a1ff-fd7ff7000000","url_text":"\"How to Keep Them Alive: A Look Into Israel's Witness Protection Program\""}]},{"reference":"New Zealand Police. \"CIB: International Organised Crime\". Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917194014/http://www.police.govt.nz/service/cib/international_crime.html","url_text":"\"CIB: International Organised Crime\""},{"url":"http://www.police.govt.nz/service/cib/international_crime.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Corrections Department NZ. \"Corrections Department NZ - Witness Protection\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2010-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071107112818/http://www.corrections.govt.nz/public/policyandlegislation/cpps/volume-4/part-2/chapter-2/witness-protection.html","url_text":"\"Corrections Department NZ - Witness Protection\""},{"url":"http://www.corrections.govt.nz/public/policyandlegislation/cpps/volume-4/part-2/chapter-2/witness-protection.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scanlon, Sean (2007-10-28). \"Grieving mother wants answers after witness protection tragedy\". Retrieved 2008-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/4252914a6442.html","url_text":"\"Grieving mother wants answers after witness protection tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legge federale sulla protezione extraprocessuale dei testimoni\" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.admin.ch/opc/it/classified-compilation/20091842/index.html","url_text":"\"Legge federale sulla protezione extraprocessuale dei testimoni\""}]},{"reference":"swissinfo.ch, Scott Capper (2013-02-20). \"Witness programme to break code of silence\". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/undercover_witness-programme-to-break-code-of-silence/34842590","url_text":"\"Witness programme to break code of silence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Witness Protection Act - Article Content - Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)\". law.moj.gov.tw. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=A0030161","url_text":"\"Witness Protection Act - Article Content - Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)\""}]},{"reference":"Owen Boycott (24 January 2014). \"Up to 3,000 people believed to be in witness protection programmes in UK\". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/jan/24/3000-people-witness-protection-programme-uk","url_text":"\"Up to 3,000 people believed to be in witness protection programmes in UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Crime Agency - Central Bureau\". Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701171814/http://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do/specialist-capabilities/central-witness-bureau","url_text":"\"National Crime Agency - Central Bureau\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do/specialist-capabilities/central-witness-bureau","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Owen Boycott (28 December 2012). \"UK-wide witness protection programme to be launched in 2013\". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/dec/28/ukwide-witness-protection-programme-2013","url_text":"\"UK-wide witness protection programme to be launched in 2013\""}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Tomos (9 October 2020). \"Covid: The never-ending lockdown of witness protection\". BBC News. BBC Wales News. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-54148742","url_text":"\"Covid: The never-ending lockdown of witness protection\""}]},{"reference":"Glaberson, William (2003-07-06). \"LIE OR DIE -- Aftermath of a Murder; Justice, Safety and the System: A Witness Is Slain in Brooklyn\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2006-11-30. Retrieved 2017-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061130235313/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00F1EFF3D590C758CDDAE0894DB404482","url_text":"\"LIE OR DIE -- Aftermath of a Murder; Justice, Safety and the System: A Witness Is Slain in Brooklyn\""},{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00F1EFF3D590C758CDDAE0894DB404482","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Witness Protection Plan Is Created by New Law\". The New York Times. July 9, 1999. Retrieved 2013-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/09/nyregion/metro-news-briefs-connecticut-witness-protection-plan-is-created-by-new-law.html","url_text":"\"Witness Protection Plan Is Created by New Law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Matthew O'Deane. \"gang\". Gangs: Theory, Practice and Research. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2012-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003323/http://www.lawtechcustompublishing.com/publication.asp?pid=47","url_text":"\"gang\""},{"url":"http://www.lawtechcustompublishing.com/publication.asp?pid=47","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The ABC'S Of Immigration: S Visas for Aliens Assisting Law Enforcement\". Visalaw.com. 2004-08-02. Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2013-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502112513/http://www.visalaw.com/04aug1/2aug104.html","url_text":"\"The ABC'S Of Immigration: S Visas for Aliens Assisting Law Enforcement\""},{"url":"http://www.visalaw.com/04aug1/2aug104.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Victims of Human Trafficking: T Nonimmigrant Status\". Uscis.gov. Retrieved 2013-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.eb1d4c2a3e5b9ac89243c6a7543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=02ed3e4d77d73210VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&vgnextchannel=02ed3e4d77d73210VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD","url_text":"\"Victims of Human Trafficking: T Nonimmigrant Status\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/defendants-rights/what-witness-protection-program","external_links_name":"\"What Is the Witness Protection Program?\""},{"Link":"https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/resources/criminal-defense/defendants-rights/what-witness-protection-program","external_links_name":"\"What Is the Witness Protection Program?\""},{"Link":"https://www.afp.gov.au/what-we-do/protection","external_links_name":"\"Protection\""},{"Link":"https://lyonslaw.com.au/blog/witness-protection-australia-a-guide/","external_links_name":"\"Witness Protection Australia: A Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.parl.ca/Content/Bills/352/Government/C-13/C-13_4/C-13_4.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Witness Protection Program Act (1996)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/witness-protection","external_links_name":"\"Witness Protection Program\""},{"Link":"https://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/witness-protection","external_links_name":"\"Witness protection | Royal Canadian Mounted Police\""},{"Link":"http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f0a/4d53853d5ba1a34bcf94caa0a3550be30e29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The role of justice collaborator in uncivering criminal cases in Indonesia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.14710%2Fdilrev.2.1.2017.27-39","external_links_name":"10.14710/dilrev.2.1.2017.27-39"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7828326216","external_links_name":"7828326216"},{"Link":"http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/icrime/witness-protection-history-and-reality-188453.html","external_links_name":"\"Witness protection in Ireland: history and reality\""},{"Link":"http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/5957C95C-F818-461C-819E-5BCE404E2E68/12175/2192.pdf","external_links_name":"\"חוק להגנה על עדים, התשס\"ט--2008\""},{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/2012-07-16/ty-article/how-to-keep-a-state-witness-alive/0000017f-e97d-d62c-a1ff-fd7ff7000000","external_links_name":"\"How to Keep Them Alive: A Look Into Israel's Witness Protection Program\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917194014/http://www.police.govt.nz/service/cib/international_crime.html","external_links_name":"\"CIB: International Organised Crime\""},{"Link":"http://www.police.govt.nz/service/cib/international_crime.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071107112818/http://www.corrections.govt.nz/public/policyandlegislation/cpps/volume-4/part-2/chapter-2/witness-protection.html","external_links_name":"\"Corrections Department NZ - Witness Protection\""},{"Link":"http://www.corrections.govt.nz/public/policyandlegislation/cpps/volume-4/part-2/chapter-2/witness-protection.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/4252914a6442.html","external_links_name":"\"Grieving mother wants answers after witness protection tragedy\""},{"Link":"https://www.admin.ch/opc/it/classified-compilation/20091842/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Legge federale sulla protezione extraprocessuale dei testimoni\""},{"Link":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/undercover_witness-programme-to-break-code-of-silence/34842590","external_links_name":"\"Witness programme to break code of silence\""},{"Link":"http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/Fnews/FnewsContent.asp?msgid=193&msgType=en","external_links_name":"Witness Protection Act"},{"Link":"https://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=A0030161","external_links_name":"\"Witness Protection Act - Article Content - Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rlpd.moj.go.th/rlpd/WitnessProtection/about.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110215054638/http://www.rlpd.moj.go.th/rlpd/WitnessProtection/about.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mvs.gov.ua/mvs/control/main/uk/publish/article/471958","external_links_name":"Кожен з бійців чернігівського «Грифону» у будь-який момент готовий зі зброєю в руках захистити клієнта"},{"Link":"http://www.unian.net/ukr/news/news-324193.html","external_links_name":"СБУ забезпечує захист свідків у \"справі Олійника\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/jan/24/3000-people-witness-protection-programme-uk","external_links_name":"\"Up to 3,000 people believed to be in witness protection programmes in UK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701171814/http://nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do/specialist-capabilities/central-witness-bureau","external_links_name":"\"National Crime Agency - Central Bureau\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalcrimeagency.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do/specialist-capabilities/central-witness-bureau","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/law/2012/dec/28/ukwide-witness-protection-programme-2013","external_links_name":"\"UK-wide witness protection programme to be launched in 2013\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-54148742","external_links_name":"\"Covid: The never-ending lockdown of witness protection\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/us/gary-t-rowe-jr-64-who-informed-on-klan-in-civil-rights-killing-is-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Gary T. Rowe Jr., 64, Who Informed on Klan In Civil Rights Killing, Is Dead\""},{"Link":"http://caag.state.ca.us/cbi/content/protection.htm","external_links_name":"California Witness Protection Program - California Bureau of Investigation - California Dept. of Justice - Office of the Attorney General"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080220095802/http://caag.state.ca.us/cbi/content/protection.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061130235313/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00F1EFF3D590C758CDDAE0894DB404482","external_links_name":"\"LIE OR DIE -- Aftermath of a Murder; Justice, Safety and the System: A Witness Is Slain in Brooklyn\""},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00F1EFF3D590C758CDDAE0894DB404482","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/09/nyregion/metro-news-briefs-connecticut-witness-protection-plan-is-created-by-new-law.html","external_links_name":"\"Witness Protection Plan Is Created by New Law\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305003323/http://www.lawtechcustompublishing.com/publication.asp?pid=47","external_links_name":"\"gang\""},{"Link":"http://www.lawtechcustompublishing.com/publication.asp?pid=47","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502112513/http://www.visalaw.com/04aug1/2aug104.html","external_links_name":"\"The ABC'S Of Immigration: S Visas for Aliens Assisting Law Enforcement\""},{"Link":"http://www.visalaw.com/04aug1/2aug104.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.eb1d4c2a3e5b9ac89243c6a7543f6d1a/?vgnextoid=02ed3e4d77d73210VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&vgnextchannel=02ed3e4d77d73210VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD","external_links_name":"\"Victims of Human Trafficking: T Nonimmigrant Status\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130213075747/http://legislationline.org/topics/topic/8","external_links_name":"Legislationline: Fair Trial (Right to a)"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4456298-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534917405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2001004164","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_License
Creative Commons license
["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 License porting","2 International use","2.1 Chinese use","3 Applicable works","3.1 Software","3.2 Preconditions","3.3 Consequences","4 Types of licenses","4.1 Four rights","4.2 Six regularly used licenses","4.3 Zero, public domain","4.4 Retired licenses","5 Version 4.0","6 Rights and obligations","6.1 Attribution","6.2 Non-commercial licenses","6.3 Adaptability","7 Legal aspects","7.1 Dutch tabloid","7.2 Virgin Mobile","7.3 SGAE vs Fernández","7.4 GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC","7.5 Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC","7.6 Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE)","8 Works with a Creative Commons license","9 Unicode symbols","10 Case law database","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 External links"]
Copyright license for free use of a work This article is about the Creative Commons licenses. For the organization that produced them, see Creative Commons. Creative Commons logo A video explaining how Creative Commons licenses can be used in conjunction with commercial licensing arrangements A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work". A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that the author has created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work. There are several types of Creative Commons licenses. Each license differs by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution. They were initially released on December 16, 2002, by Creative Commons, a U.S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, numbered 1.0 through 4.0. Released in November 2013, the 4.0 license suite is the most current. While the Creative Commons license was originally grounded in the American legal system, there are now several Creative Commons jurisdiction ports which accommodate international laws. In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA and CC0 licenses as conformant with the "Open Definition" for content and data. History Aaron Swartz and Lawrence Lessig at the 2002 event for the first release of the licenses Lawrence Lessig and Eric Eldred designed the Creative Commons License (CCL) in 2001 because they saw a need for a license between the existing modes of copyright and public domain status. Version 1.0 of the licenses was officially released on 16 December 2002. Origins The CCL allows inventors to keep the rights to their innovations while also allowing for some external use of the invention. The CCL emerged as a reaction to the decision in Eldred v. Ashcroft, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled constitutional provisions of the Copyright Term Extension Act that extended the copyright term of works to be the last living author's lifespan plus an additional 70 years. License porting The original non-localized Creative Commons licenses were written with the U.S. legal system in mind; therefore, the wording may be incompatible with local legislation in other jurisdictions, rendering the licenses unenforceable there. To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called "porting". As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide. International use Chinese use Working with Creative Commons, the Chinese government adapted the Creative Commons License to the Chinese context, replacing the individual monetary compensation of U.S. copyright law with incentives to Chinese innovators to innovate as a social contribution. Applicable works Wanna Work Together? animation by Creative Commons The second version of the Mayer and Bettle promotional animation explaining Creative Commons with Jamendo as an example Work licensed under a Creative Commons license is governed by applicable copyright law. This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright, including: books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, and websites. Software While software is also governed by copyright law and CC licenses are applicable, the CC recommends against using it in software specifically due to backward-compatibility limitations with existing commonly used software licenses. Instead, developers may resort to use more software-friendly free and open-source software (FOSS) software licenses. Outside the FOSS licensing use case for software there are several usage examples to utilize CC licenses to specify a "Freeware" license model; examples are The White Chamber, Mari0 or Assault Cube. Despite the status of CC0 as the most free copyright license, the Free Software Foundation does not recommend releasing software into the public domain using the CC0 due to patent concerns. However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions. Furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable. Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license. When works are protected by more than one Creative Commons license, the user may choose any of them. Preconditions The author, or the licensor in case the author did a contractual transfer of rights, needs to have the exclusive rights on the work. If the work has already been published under a public license, it can be uploaded by any third party, once more on another platform, by using a compatible license, and making reference and attribution to the original license (e.g. by referring the URL of the original license). Consequences The license is non-exclusive, royalty-free, and unrestricted in terms of territory and duration, so it is irrevocable, unless a new license is granted by the author after the work has been significantly modified. Any use of the work that is not covered by other copyright rules triggers the public license. Upon activation of the license, the licensee must adhere to all conditions of the license, otherwise the license agreement is illegitimate, and the licensee would commit a copyright infringement. The author, or the licensor as a proxy, has the legal rights to act upon any copyright infringement. The licensee has a limited period to correct any non-compliance. Types of licenses Creative commons license spectrum between public domain (top) and all rights reserved (bottom). Left side indicates the use-cases allowed, right side the license components. The dark green area indicates Free Cultural Works compatible licenses, the two green areas compatibility with the Remix culture. CC license usage in 2014 (top and middle), "Free cultural works" compatible license usage 2010 to 2014 (bottom) Four rights The CC licenses all grant "baseline rights", such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes and without modification. In addition, different versions of license prescribe different rights, as shown in this table: Icon Right Description Attribution (BY) Licensees may copy, distribute, display, perform and make derivative works and remixes based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits (attribution) in the manner specified by these. Since version 2.0, all Creative Commons licenses require attribution to the creator and include the BY element. The letters BY are not an acronym, unlike the other rights. Share-alike (SA) Licensees may distribute derivative works only under a license identical to ("not more restrictive than") the license that governs the original work. (See also Copyleft.) Without share-alike, derivative works might be sublicensed with compatible but more restrictive license clauses, e.g. CC BY to CC BY-NC.) Non-commercial (NC) Licensees may copy, distribute, display, perform the work and make derivative works and remixes based on it only for non-commercial purposes. No derivative works (ND) Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works and remixes based on it. Since version 4.0, derivative works are allowed but must not be shared. The last two clauses are not free content licenses, according to definitions such as DFSG or the Free Software Foundation's standards, and cannot be used in contexts that require these freedoms, such as Wikipedia. For software, Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions: the BSD License, the GNU LGPL, and the GNU GPL. Mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the "ND" and "SA" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the "BY" clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website. This leaves six regularly used licenses plus the CC0 public domain declaration. Six regularly used licenses The six licenses in most frequent use are shown in the following table. Among them, those accepted by the Wikimedia Foundation – the public domain dedication and two attribution (BY and BY-SA) licenses – allow the sharing and remixing (creating derivative works), including for commercial use, so long as attribution is given. License name Abbreviation Icon Attribution required Allows remix culture Allows commercial use Allows Free Cultural Works Meets the OKF 'Open Definition' Attribution CC BY Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC Yes Yes No No No Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA Yes Yes No No No Attribution-NoDerivatives CC BY-ND Yes No Yes No No Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives CC BY-NC-ND Yes No No No No Zero, public domain "CC0" redirects here. Not to be confused with CCO (disambiguation). Tool name Abbreviation Icon Attribution required Allows remix culture Allows commercial use Allows Free Cultural Works Meets the OKF 'Open Definition' "No Rights Reserved" CC0 No Yes Yes Yes Yes CC zero public domain dedication tool logo Creative Commons Public Domain Mark. Indicates works which have already fallen into (or were given to) the public domain. Besides copyright licenses, Creative Commons also offers CC0, a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the public domain. CC0 is a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible. Or, when not legally possible, CC0 acts as fallback as public domain equivalent license. Development of CC0 began in 2007 and it was released in 2009. A major target of the license was the scientific data community. In 2010, Creative Commons announced its Public Domain Mark, a tool for labeling works already in the public domain. Together, CC0 and the Public Domain Mark replace the Public Domain Dedication and Certification, which took a U.S.-centric approach and co-mingled distinct operations. In 2011, the Free Software Foundation added CC0 to its free software licenses. However, the Free Software Foundation currently does not recommend using CC0 to release software into the public domain because it explicitly does not grant a patent license. In February 2012, CC0 was submitted to Open Source Initiative (OSI) for their approval. However, controversy arose over its clause which excluded from the scope of the license any relevant patents held by the copyright holder. This clause was added for scientific data rather than software, but some members of the OSI believed it could weaken users' defenses against software patents. As a result, Creative Commons withdrew their submission, and the license is not currently approved by the OSI. From 2013 to 2017, the stock photography website Unsplash used the CC0 license, distributing several million free photos a month. Lawrence Lessig, the founder of Creative Commons, has contributed to the site. Unsplash moved from using the CC0 license to a custom license in June 2017 and to an explicitly nonfree license in January 2018. In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC0 as conformant with the Open Definition and recommend the license to dedicate content to the public domain. In July 2022 Fedora Linux disallowed software licensed under CC0 due to patent rights explicitly not being waived under the license. Retired licenses Due to either disuse or criticism, a number of previously offered Creative Commons licenses have since been retired, and are no longer recommended for new works. The retired licenses include all licenses lacking the Attribution element other than CC0, as well as the following four licenses: Developing Nations License: a license which only applies to developing countries deemed to be "non-high-income economies" by the World Bank. Full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries. Sampling: parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising, but the whole work cannot be copied or modified Sampling Plus: parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising, and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes NonCommercial Sampling Plus: the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for non-commercial purposes Version 4.0 Main article: Creative Commons jurisdiction ports The latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25, 2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports. No new ports have been implemented in version 4.0 of the license. Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license. Rights and obligations Attribution Since 2004, all current licenses other than the CC0 variant require attribution of the original author, as signified by the BY component (as in the preposition "by"). The attribution must be given to "the best of ability using the information available". Creative Commons suggests the mnemonic "TASL": title – author – source – licence. Generally this implies the following: Include any copyright notices (if applicable). If the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder, those notices must be left intact, or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re-published. Cite the author's name, screen name, or user ID, etc. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the person's profile page, if such a page exists. Cite the work's title or name (if applicable), if such a thing exists. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work. Cite the specific CC license the work is under. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the CC website. Mention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation. In addition to the above, one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work, e.g., "This is a Finnish translation of by ." or "Screenplay based on by ." Non-commercial licenses Main article: Creative Commons NonCommercial license The NonCommercial license allows image creators to restrict selling and profiting from their works by other parties and thus maintaining free of charge access to images. The "non-commercial" option included in some Creative Commons licenses is controversial in definition, as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non-commercial setting, and application, since its restrictions differ from the principles of open content promoted by other permissive licenses. In 2014 Wikimedia Deutschland published a guide to using Creative Commons licenses as wiki pages for translations and as PDF. Adaptability An example of a permitted combination of two works, one being CC BY-SA and the other being public domain Rights in an adaptation can be expressed by a CC license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based. License compatibility chart for combining or mixing two CC licensed works Legal aspects The legal implications of large numbers of works having Creative Commons licensing are difficult to predict, and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it. Some works licensed using Creative Commons licenses have been involved in several court cases. Creative Commons itself was not a party to any of these cases; they only involved licensors or licensees of Creative Commons licenses. When the cases went as far as decisions by judges (that is, they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court), they have all validated the legal robustness of Creative Commons public licenses. Further information: Public information licence Dutch tabloid In early 2006, podcaster Adam Curry sued a Dutch tabloid who published photos from Curry's Flickr page without Curry's permission. The photos were licensed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license. While the verdict was in favor of Curry, the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense. Professor Bernt Hugenholtz, main creator of the Dutch CC license and director of the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam, commented, "The Dutch Court's decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a Creative Commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it, and binds users of such content even without expressly agreeing to, or having knowledge of, the conditions of the license." Virgin Mobile In 2007, Virgin Mobile Australia launched an advertising campaign promoting their cellphone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to Flickr using a Creative Commons-BY (Attribution) license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL leading to the photographer's Flickr page on each of their ads. However, one picture, depicting 15-year-old Alison Chang at a fund-raising carwash for her church, caused some controversy when she sued Virgin Mobile. The photo was taken by Alison's church youth counselor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license. In 2008, the case (concerning personality rights rather than copyright as such) was thrown out of a Texas court for lack of jurisdiction. SGAE vs Fernández In the fall of 2006, the collecting society Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE) in Spain sued Ricardo Andrés Utrera Fernández, owner of a disco bar located in Badajoz who played CC-licensed music. SGAE argued that Fernández should pay royalties for public performance of the music between November 2002 and August 2005. The Lower Court rejected the collecting society's claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society. In February 2006, the Cultural Association Ladinamo (based in Madrid, and represented by Javier de la Cueva) was granted the use of copyleft music in their public activities. The sentence said: Admitting the existence of music equipment, a joint evaluation of the evidence practiced, this court is convinced that the defendant prevents communication of works whose management is entrusted to the plaintiff , using a repertoire of authors who have not assigned the exploitation of their rights to the SGAE, having at its disposal a database for that purpose and so it is manifested both by the legal representative of the Association and by Manuela Villa Acosta, in charge of the cultural programming of the association, which is compatible with the alternative character of the Association and its integration in the movement called 'copy left'. GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC On June 30, 2010, GateHouse Media filed a lawsuit against That's Great News. GateHouse Media owns a number of local newspapers, including Rockford Register Star, which is based in Rockford, Illinois. That's Great News makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured in the articles. GateHouse sued That's Great News for copyright infringement and breach of contract. GateHouse claimed that TGN violated the non-commercial and no-derivative works restrictions on GateHouse Creative Commons licensed work when TGN published the material on its website. The case was settled on August 17, 2010, though the settlement was not made public. Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC In 2007, photographer Art Drauglis uploaded several pictures to the photo-sharing website Flickr, giving them the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License (CC BY-SA). One photo, titled "Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD.", was downloaded by Kappa Map Group, a map-making company, and published in 2012 on the front cover of Montgomery Co. Maryland Street Atlas. The text "Photo: Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD Photographer: Carly Lesser & Art Drauglis, Creative Commoms , CC-BY-SA-2.0" was placed on the back cover, but nothing on the front indicated authorship. The validity of the CC BY-SA 2.0 as a license was not in dispute. The CC BY-SA 2.0 requires that the licensee to use nothing less restrictive than the CC BY-SA 2.0 terms. The atlas was sold commercially and not for free reuse by others. The dispute was whether Drauglis' license terms that would apply to "derivative works" applied to the entire atlas. Drauglis sued the defendants in June 2014 for copyright infringement and license breach, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, fees, and costs. Drauglis asserted, among other things, that Kappa Map Group "exceeded the scope of the License because defendant did not publish the Atlas under a license with the same or similar terms as those under which the Photograph was originally licensed." The judge dismissed the case on that count, ruling that the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph in the sense of the license, but rather a collective work. Since the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph, Kappa Map Group did not need to license the entire atlas under the CC BY-SA 2.0 license. The judge also determined that the work had been properly attributed. In particular, the judge determined that it was sufficient to credit the author of the photo as prominently as authors of similar authorship (such as the authors of individual maps contained in the book) and that the name "CC-BY-SA-2.0" is sufficiently precise to locate the correct license on the internet and can be considered a valid identifier for the license. Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) In July 2016, German computer magazine LinuxUser reported that a German blogger Christoph Langner used two CC BY-licensed photographs from Berlin photographer Dennis Skley on his private blog Linuxundich. Langner duly mentioned the author and the license and added a link to the original. Langner was later contacted by the Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) (Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet) with a demand for €2300 for failing to provide the full name of the work, the full name of the author, the license text, and a source link, as is required by the fine print in the license. Of this sum, €40 goes to the photographer, and the remainder is retained by VGSE. The Higher Regional Court of Cologne dismissed the claim in May 2019. Works with a Creative Commons license Main article: List of major Creative Commons licensed works See also: Category:Creative Commons-licensed works Number of Creative Commons licensed works as of 2017, per State of the Commons report Creative Commons maintains a content directory wiki of organizations and projects using Creative Commons licenses. On its website CC also provides case studies of projects using CC licenses across the world. CC licensed content can also be accessed through a number of content directories and search engines. Unicode symbols You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this section correctly. After being proposed by Creative Commons in 2017, Creative Commons license symbols were added to Unicode with version 13.0 in 2020. The circle with an equal sign (meaning no derivatives) is present in older versions of Unicode, unlike all the other symbols. Name Unicode Decimal UTF-8 Image Displayed Circled Equals meaning no derivatives U+229C ⊜ E2 8A 9C ⊜ Circled Zero With Slash meaning no rights reserved U+1F10D 🄍 F0 9F 84 8D 🄍 Circled Anticlockwise Arrow meaning share alike U+1F10E 🄎 F0 9F 84 8E 🄎 Circled Dollar Sign With Overlaid Backslash meaning non commercial U+1F10F 🄏 F0 9F 84 8F 🄏 Circled CC meaning Creative Commons license U+1F16D 🅭 F0 9F 85 AD 🅭 Circled C With Overlaid Backslash meaning public domain U+1F16E 🅮 F0 9F 85 AE 🅮 Circled Human Figure meaning attribution, credit U+1F16F 🅯 F0 9F 85 AF 🅯 These symbols can be used in succession to indicate a particular Creative Commons license, for example, CC-BY-SA (CC-Attribution-ShareAlike) can be expressed with Unicode symbols CIRCLED CC, CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE and CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW placed next to each other: 🅭🅯🄎 Case law database In December 2020, the Creative Commons organization launched an online database covering licensing case law and legal scholarship. See also Free and open-source software portalLaw portal Free-culture movement Free music Free software Non-commercial educational Notes ^ A "work" is any creative material made by a person. A painting, a graphic, a book, a song and its lyrics, or a photograph of almost anything are all examples of "works". References ^ Shergill, Sanjeet (May 6, 2017). "The teacher's guide to Creative Commons licenses". Open Education Europa. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018. ^ "What are Creative Commons licenses?". Wageningen University & Research. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018. ^ "Creative Commons licenses". University of Michigan Library. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018. ^ "Creative Commons licenses" (PDF). University of Glasgow. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018. ^ "The Creative Commons licenses". UNESCO. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018. ^ "License Versions". Creative Commons Wiki. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ "Open Definition 2.1". Open Definition. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2023. ^ a b "Conformant Licenses". Open Definition. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2023. ^ a b Vollmer, Timothy (December 27, 2013). "Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2023. ^ "Creative Commons Unveils Machine-Readable Copyright Licenses". Creative Commons. December 16, 2002. Archived from the original on December 22, 2002. ^ a b "1.1 The Story of Creative Commons". Creative Commons Certificate for Educators, Academic Librarians and GLAM. Retrieved April 28, 2021. ^ Murray, Laura J. (2014). Putting intellectual property in its place : rights discourses, creative labor, and the everyday. S. Tina Piper, Kirsty Robertson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-933626-5. OCLC 844373100. ^ "Worldwide". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. ^ Meng, Bingchun (January 26, 2009). "Articulating a Chinese Commons: An Explorative Study of Creative Commons in China". International Journal of Communication. 3: 16. ISSN 1932-8036. ^ "Creative Commons Legal Code". Creative Commons. January 9, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ "Creative Commons FAQ: Can I use a Creative Commons license for software?". Wiki.creativecommons.org. July 29, 2013. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2013. ^ "Non-Software Licenses". Choose a License. Retrieved November 13, 2020. ^ "AssaultCube – License". assault.cubers.net. Archived from the original on December 25, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011. AssaultCube is FREEWARE. The content, code and images of the AssaultCube website and all documentation are licensed under "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported ^ a b "Various Licenses and Comments about Them". GNU Project. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved April 4, 2015. ^ "Do Creative Commons licenses affect exceptions and limitations to copyright, such as fair dealing and fair use?". Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015. ^ "What if I change my mind about using a CC license?". Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015. ^ "What happens if the author decides to revoke the CC license to material I am using?". Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015. ^ "How do CC licenses operate?". Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015. ^ a b c Till Kreutzer (2014). Open Content – A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licenses (PDF). Wikimedia Deutschland e.a. ISBN 978-3-940785-57-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015. ^ "Baseline Rights". Creative Commons. June 12, 2008. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Creative Commons. Creative Commons Corporation. August 28, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020. ^ "Creative Commons GNU LGPL". Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2009. ^ a b "Retired Legal Tools". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2012. ^ a b "Announcing (and explaining) our new 2.0 licenses". Creativecommons.org. May 25, 2004. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013. ^ a b "About The Licenses – Creative Commons". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015. ^ "Creative Commons — Attribution 3.0 United States". Creative Commons. November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ a b "CC0". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ "Downloads". Creative Commons. December 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2015. ^ a b Kreutzer, Till. "Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ "Creative Commons Launches CC0 and CC+ Programs" (Press release). Creative Commons. December 17, 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ Baker, Gavin (January 16, 2009). "Report from CC board meeting". Open Access News. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ "Expanding the Public Domain: Part Zero". Creativecommons.org. March 11, 2009. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013. ^ a b Christopher Allan Webber. "CC withdrawl of CC0 from OSI process". In the Open Source Initiative Licence review mailing list. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2012. ^ "Marking and Tagging the Public Domain: An Invitation to Comment". Creativecommons.org. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013. ^ "Copyright-Only Dedication (based on United States law) or Public Domain Certification". Creative Commons. August 20, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ Carl Boettiger. "OSI recognition for Creative Commons Zero License?". In the Open Source Initiative Licence review mailing list. Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2012. ^ The Open Source Initiative FAQ (October 21, 2007). "What about the Creative Commons "CC0" ("CC Zero") public domain dedication? Is that Open Source?". Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on May 19, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013. ^ "Unsplash is a site full of free images for your next splash page". The Next Web. August 14, 2013. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "License | Unsplash". unsplash.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Why Building Something Useful For Others Is The Best Marketing There Is". Fast Company. February 18, 2015. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Lawrence Lessig | Unsplash Book". book.unsplash.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015. ^ "Community update: Unsplash branded license and ToS changes". June 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2018. ^ Claburn, Thomas (July 25, 2022). "Fedora sours on CC 'No Rights Reserved' license". The Register. Retrieved September 14, 2022. ^ Lessig, Lawrence (June 4, 2007). "Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007. ^ "Developing Nations License". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012. ^ "Sampling 1.0". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012. ^ "Sampling Plus 1.0". Creative Commons. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012. ^ "NonCommercial Sampling Plus 1.0". Creative Commons. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012. ^ Peters, Diane (November 25, 2013). "CC's Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0!". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on November 26, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013. ^ "What's new in 4.0?". Creative Commons. 2013. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013. ^ "CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences?". TechnoLlama. September 25, 2011. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013. ^ Doug Whitfield (August 5, 2013). "Music Manumit Lawcast with Jessica Coates of Creative Commons". YouTube. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013. ^ "CC Affiliate Network". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: What if CC licenses have not been ported to my jurisdiction?". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013. ^ "Frequently Frequently Asked Questions". Creative Commons. February 2, 2010. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010. ^ "Defining Noncommercial report published". Creativecommons.org. September 14, 2009. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013. ^ "The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License". Freedomdefined.org. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2013. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". CC Wiki. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Creative Commons. July 14, 2016. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2016. ^ Creative Commons licenses without a non-commercial or no-derivatives requirement, including public domain/CC0, are all cross-compatible. Non-commercial licenses are compatible with each other and with less restrictive licenses, except for Attribution-ShareAlike. No-derivatives licenses are not compatible with any license, including themselves. ^ Katz, Zachary (2005). "Pitfalls of Open Licensing: An Analysis of Creative Commons Licensing". IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law Review. 46 (3): 391. ^ "Creative Commons Case Law". Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011. ^ "Creative Commons license upheld by court". News.cnet.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012. ^ Rimmer, Matthew (January 2007). Digital Copyright and the Consumer Revolution: Hands Off My Ipod – Matthew Rimmer – Google Böcker. Edward Elgar. ISBN 9781847207142. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2012. ^ "Creative Commons License Upheld by Dutch Court". Groklaw. March 16, 2006. Archived from the original on May 5, 2010. Retrieved September 2, 2006. ^ "Creative Commons Licenses Enforced in Dutch Court". March 16, 2006. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011. ^ a b Cohen, Noam. "Use My Photo? Not Without Permission". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2007. One moment, Alison Chang, a 15-year-old student from Dallas, is cheerfully goofing around at a local church-sponsored car wash, posing with a friend for a photo. Weeks later, that photo is posted online and catches the eye of an ad agency in Australia, and the altered image of Alison appears on a billboard in Adelaide as part of a Virgin Mobile advertising campaign. ^ Evan Brown (January 22, 2009). "No personal jurisdiction over Australian defendant in Flickr right of publicity case". Internet Cases, a blog about law and technology. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2010. ^ "Lawsuit Against Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons – FAQ". September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011. ^ Mia Garlick (March 23, 2006). "Spanish Court Recognizes CC-Music". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023. ^ "Sentencia nº 12/2006 Juzgado de lo Mercantil nº 5 de Madrid". Derecho de Internet (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2015. ^ a b Evan Brown (July 2, 2010). "New Copyright Lawsuit Involves Creative Commons". Internet Cases: A blog about law and technology. Archived from the original on June 21, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012. ^ "GateHouse Media v. That's Great News". Citizen Media Law Project. August 5, 2010. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012. ^ "Memorandum Opinion" (PDF). United States District Court for the District of Columbia. August 18, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016. ^ Guadamuz, Andres (October 24, 2015). "US Court interprets copyleft clause in Creative Commons licenses". TechnoLlama. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015. ^ Carroll, Michael W. "Carrollogos: U.S. Court Correctly Interprets Creative Commons Licenses". Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017. ^ Luther, Jörg (July 2016). "Kleingedrucktes – Editorial" . LinuxUser (in German) (7/2016). ISSN 1615-4444. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016. ^ "Abmahnung des Verbandes zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VSGE)" (in German). Hannover, Germany: Feil Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016. ^ "Creative Commons-Foto-Abmahnung: Rasch Rechtsanwälte setzen erfolgreich Gegenansprüche durch" . anwalt.de (in German). May 22, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019. ^ "Content Directories". creativecommons.org. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2009. ^ "Case Studies". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on December 24, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2011. ^ "Proposal to add CC license symbols to UCS" (PDF). Unicode. July 24, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2020. ^ Steuer, Eric (March 18, 2020). "The Unicode Standard Now Includes CC License Symbols". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020. ^ Salazar, Krystle (December 3, 2020). "Explore the new CC legal database site!". Creative Commons. Mountain View, California, US. Retrieved January 3, 2021. ^ Creative Commons. "Creative Commons Legal Database". Creative Commons. Mountain View, California, US. Retrieved January 3, 2021. External links Official website Full selection of licenses CC License options Licenses. Overview of free licenses. freedomdefined.org Web-friendly formatted summary of CC BY-SA 4.0 vteCreative CommonsWorks and projects Licenses NonCommercial license Licensed works Category Public Domain Mark Content directories Jurisdiction ports Major directories Creative Commons ccMixter Free Music Archive Freesound OpenGameArt.org Openclipart Dogmazic Phlow Electrobel Jamendo Newgrounds Audio portal Scripped Wikimedia Commons People Lawrence Lessig Joi Ito See also Free and open content Free culture movement vteFree and open-source softwareGeneral Alternative terms for free software Comparison of open-source and closed-source software Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities Free software Free software project directories Gratis versus libre Long-term support Open-source software Open-source software development Outline Timeline Softwarepackages Audio Bioinformatics Codecs Configuration management Drivers Graphics Wireless Health Mathematics Office suites Operating systems Routing Television Video games Web applications E-commerce Android apps iOS apps Commercial Formerly proprietary Formerly open-source Community Free software movement History Open-source-software movement Events Advocacy Organisations Free Software Movement of India Free Software Foundation Licenses AFL Apache APSL Artistic Beerware BSD Creative Commons CDDL EPL Free Software Foundation GNU GPL GNU AGPL GNU LGPL ISC MIT MPL Python Python Software Foundation License Shared Source Initiative Sleepycat Unlicense WTFPL zlib Types and standards Comparison of licenses Contributor License Agreement Copyleft Debian Free Software Guidelines Definition of Free Cultural Works Free license The Free Software Definition The Open Source Definition Open-source license Permissive software license Public domain Viral license Challenges Digital rights management License proliferation Mozilla software rebranding Proprietary device drivers Proprietary firmware Proprietary software SCO/Linux controversies Software patents Software security Trusted Computing Related topics Forking GNU Manifesto Microsoft Open Specification Promise Open-core model Open-source hardware Shared Source Initiative Source-available software The Cathedral and the Bazaar Revolution OS Portal Category vteFree culture and open contentConcepts andpracticesKey concepts Commons-based peer production Crowdsourcing Gratis versus libre Open collaboration Open source Openness Participatory culture Sharism Social peer-to-peer processes Peer-to-peer banking Peer-to-peer carsharing Peer-to-peer lending Peer-to-peer ridesharing Research and science Citizen science Open science Access Notebook science Research Science data Plan S Data, information,and knowledge Free content Knowledge commons Open communication Open knowledge Content Data Communicationand learningMedia Collaborative writing Democratic media Open publishing Participatory media Peer review Education Open education Educational resources University Admissions Open-door academic policy Journalism Citizen media Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism Open-source journalism Economy, production,and developmentProducts Free and open-source software (FOSS) Free/libre software Open-source software Open-design movement Robotics Open gaming Open-source architecture Open-source hardware Economic principles Gift economy Open innovation Open patent Open standard Sharing economy Politics and governance Open government Open-source governance Organizations Creative Commons Free Software Foundation Open Architecture Network Openmod Initiative Open Knowledge Foundation Open Rights Group Open Source Initiative Open Web Foundation Pirate Party PLOS SPARC Activists Tim Berners-Lee Alexandra Elbakyan Lawrence Lessig Peter Murray-Rust Douglas Rushkoff Richard Stallman Peter Suber Peter Sunde Aaron Swartz John Wilbanks Projects andmovements DIYbio Free-culture movement Free software movement Open science movement Open Source Ecology Open-source software movement OpenCores OpenWetWare Sci-Hub Tools Licenses Creative Commons GPL Definition docs Free Cultural Works Free Software Open Open Source Open Data Indices Open educational resources Open music model Open Web movement Creative Commons license at Wikipedia's sister projects:Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceResources from WikiversityData from Wikidata Authority control databases: National Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cc.logo.circle.svg"},{"link_name":"public copyright licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_copyright_license"},{"link_name":"copyrighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"},{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Creative Commons jurisdiction ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_jurisdiction_ports"},{"link_name":"Open Knowledge Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Open Definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Definition"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opendefinition.org-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blog.creativecommons.org-10"}],"text":"This article is about the Creative Commons licenses. For the organization that produced them, see Creative Commons.Creative Commons logoA video explaining how Creative Commons licenses can be used in conjunction with commercial licensing arrangementsA Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted \"work\".[a] A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that the author has created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work.[1][2][3][4][5]There are several types of Creative Commons licenses. Each license differs by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution. They were initially released on December 16, 2002, by Creative Commons, a U.S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, numbered 1.0 through 4.0.[6] Released in November 2013, the 4.0 license suite is the most current. While the Creative Commons license was originally grounded in the American legal system, there are now several Creative Commons jurisdiction ports which accommodate international laws.In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA and CC0 licenses as conformant with the \"Open Definition\" for content and data.[7][8][9]","title":"Creative Commons license"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aaron Swartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Swartz"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Lessig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig"},{"link_name":"Eric Eldred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Eldred"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Aaron Swartz and Lawrence Lessig at the 2002 event for the first release of the licensesLawrence Lessig and Eric Eldred designed the Creative Commons License (CCL) in 2001 because they saw a need for a license between the existing modes of copyright and public domain status. Version 1.0 of the licenses was officially released on 16 December 2002.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"},{"link_name":"Eldred v. Ashcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Copyright Term Extension Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-12"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"The CCL allows inventors to keep the rights to their innovations while also allowing for some external use of the invention.[11] The CCL emerged as a reaction to the decision in Eldred v. Ashcroft, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled constitutional provisions of the Copyright Term Extension Act that extended the copyright term of works to be the last living author's lifespan plus an additional 70 years.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jurisdictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictions"},{"link_name":"porting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_jurisdiction_ports"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"License porting","text":"The original non-localized Creative Commons licenses were written with the U.S. legal system in mind; therefore, the wording may be incompatible with local legislation in other jurisdictions, rendering the licenses unenforceable there. To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called \"porting\".[12] As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Chinese use","text":"Working with Creative Commons, the Chinese government adapted the Creative Commons License to the Chinese context, replacing the individual monetary compensation of U.S. copyright law with incentives to Chinese innovators to innovate as a social contribution.[14]","title":"International use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wanna Work Together?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//creativecommons.org/videos/wanna-work-together"},{"link_name":"second version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//creativecommons.org/videos/mayer-and-bettle2"},{"link_name":"Mayer and Bettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//creativecommons.org/videos/mayer-and-bettle"},{"link_name":"Jamendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamendo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Wanna Work Together? animation by Creative CommonsThe second version of the Mayer and Bettle promotional animation explaining Creative Commons with Jamendo as an exampleWork licensed under a Creative Commons license is governed by applicable copyright law.[15] This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright, including: books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, and websites.","title":"Applicable works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"free and open-source software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open-source"},{"link_name":"software licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license"},{"link_name":"several usage examples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Creative_Commons-licensed_video_games"},{"link_name":"Freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"The White Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Mari0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari0"},{"link_name":"Assault Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_Cube"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contentlicense-19"},{"link_name":"Free Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"software into the public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain_software"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsfCC0-20"},{"link_name":"fair use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Software","text":"While software is also governed by copyright law and CC licenses are applicable, the CC recommends against using it in software specifically due to backward-compatibility limitations with existing commonly used software licenses.[16][17] Instead, developers may resort to use more software-friendly free and open-source software (FOSS) software licenses. Outside the FOSS licensing use case for software there are several usage examples to utilize CC licenses to specify a \"Freeware\" license model; examples are The White Chamber, Mari0 or Assault Cube.[18] Despite the status of CC0 as the most free copyright license, the Free Software Foundation does not recommend releasing software into the public domain using the CC0 due to patent concerns.[19]However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions.[20] Furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable.[21] Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license.[22]When works are protected by more than one Creative Commons license, the user may choose any of them.[23]","title":"Applicable works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"}],"sub_title":"Preconditions","text":"The author, or the licensor in case the author did a contractual transfer of rights, needs to have the exclusive rights on the work. If the work has already been published under a public license, it can be uploaded by any third party, once more on another platform, by using a compatible license, and making reference and attribution to the original license (e.g. by referring the URL of the original license).[24]","title":"Applicable works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"}],"sub_title":"Consequences","text":"The license is non-exclusive, royalty-free, and unrestricted in terms of territory and duration, so it is irrevocable, unless a new license is granted by the author after the work has been significantly modified. Any use of the work that is not covered by other copyright rules triggers the public license. Upon activation of the license, the licensee must adhere to all conditions of the license, otherwise the license agreement is illegitimate, and the licensee would commit a copyright infringement. The author, or the licensor as a proxy, has the legal rights to act upon any copyright infringement. The licensee has a limited period to correct any non-compliance.[24]","title":"Applicable works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of licenses "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"free content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_content"},{"link_name":"DFSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines"},{"link_name":"Free Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"BSD License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_License"},{"link_name":"LGPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGPL"},{"link_name":"GPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNU_LGPL-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retiredlicenses-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v2announcement-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-licenses-31"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"}],"sub_title":"Four rights","text":"The CC licenses all grant \"baseline rights\", such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes and without modification.[25] In addition, different versions of license prescribe different rights, as shown in this table:[26]The last two clauses are not free content licenses, according to definitions such as DFSG or the Free Software Foundation's standards, and cannot be used in contexts that require these freedoms, such as Wikipedia. For software, Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions: the BSD License, the GNU LGPL, and the GNU GPL.[27]Mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the \"ND\" and \"SA\" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the \"BY\" clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website.[28][29][30] This leaves six regularly used licenses plus the CC0 public domain declaration.","title":"Types of licenses "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"derivative works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_works"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-licenses-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC0-33"}],"sub_title":"Six regularly used licenses","text":"The six licenses in most frequent use are shown in the following table. Among them, those accepted by the Wikimedia Foundation – the public domain dedication and two attribution (BY and BY-SA) licenses – allow the sharing and remixing (creating derivative works), including for commercial use, so long as attribution is given.[30][31][32]","title":"Types of licenses "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CCO (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCO_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cc-zero.svg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg"},{"link_name":"Public Domain Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Domain_Mark"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC0-33"},{"link_name":"waiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiver"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kreutzer-35"},{"link_name":"public domain equivalent license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain_equivalent_license"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kreutzer-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zero-withdraw-39"},{"link_name":"Public Domain Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Domain_Mark"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Free Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"free software licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FSF_approved_software_licenses"},{"link_name":"software into the public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain_software"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsfCC0-20"},{"link_name":"Open Source Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"software patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_patent"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zero-withdraw-39"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"stock photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_photography"},{"link_name":"Unsplash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsplash"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Lessig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"nonfree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfree_software"},{"link_name":"Open Knowledge Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Open Definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Definition"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opendefinition.org-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blog.creativecommons.org-10"},{"link_name":"Fedora Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedora_Linux"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Zero, public domain","text":"\"CC0\" redirects here. Not to be confused with CCO (disambiguation).CC zero public domain dedication tool logo[33]Creative Commons Public Domain Mark. Indicates works which have already fallen into (or were given to) the public domain.Besides copyright licenses, Creative Commons also offers CC0, a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the public domain.[32] CC0 is a legal tool for waiving as many rights as legally possible.[34] Or, when not legally possible, CC0 acts as fallback as public domain equivalent license.[34] Development of CC0 began in 2007[35] and it was released in 2009.[36][37] A major target of the license was the scientific data community.[38]In 2010, Creative Commons announced its Public Domain Mark,[39] a tool for labeling works already in the public domain. Together, CC0 and the Public Domain Mark replace the Public Domain Dedication and Certification,[40] which took a U.S.-centric approach and co-mingled distinct operations.In 2011, the Free Software Foundation added CC0 to its free software licenses. However, the Free Software Foundation currently does not recommend using CC0 to release software into the public domain because it explicitly does not grant a patent license.[19]In February 2012, CC0 was submitted to Open Source Initiative (OSI) for their approval.[41] However, controversy arose over its clause which excluded from the scope of the license any relevant patents held by the copyright holder. This clause was added for scientific data rather than software, but some members of the OSI believed it could weaken users' defenses against software patents. As a result, Creative Commons withdrew their submission, and the license is not currently approved by the OSI.[38][42]From 2013 to 2017, the stock photography website Unsplash used the CC0 license,[43][44] distributing several million free photos a month.[45] Lawrence Lessig, the founder of Creative Commons, has contributed to the site.[46] Unsplash moved from using the CC0 license to a custom license in June 2017[47] and to an explicitly nonfree license in January 2018.In October 2014, the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC0 as conformant with the Open Definition and recommend the license to dedicate content to the public domain.[8][9]In July 2022 Fedora Linux disallowed software licensed under CC0 due to patent rights explicitly not being waived under the license.[48]","title":"Types of licenses "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retiredlicenses-29"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_country"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Retired licenses","text":"Due to either disuse or criticism, a number of previously offered Creative Commons licenses have since been retired,[28][49] and are no longer recommended for new works. The retired licenses include all licenses lacking the Attribution element other than CC0, as well as the following four licenses:Developing Nations License: a license which only applies to developing countries deemed to be \"non-high-income economies\" by the World Bank. Full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries.[50]\nSampling: parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising, but the whole work cannot be copied or modified[51]\nSampling Plus: parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising, and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes[52]\nNonCommercial Sampling Plus: the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for non-commercial purposes[53]","title":"Types of licenses "},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"The latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25, 2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports.[54][55][56][57] No new ports have been implemented in version 4.0 of the license.[58] Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license.[59]","title":"Version 4.0"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rights and obligations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-v2announcement-30"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Attribution","text":"Since 2004, all current licenses other than the CC0 variant require attribution of the original author, as signified by the BY component (as in the preposition \"by\").[29] The attribution must be given to \"the best of [one's] ability using the information available\".[60] Creative Commons suggests the mnemonic \"TASL\": title – author – source [web link] – [CC] licence. Generally this implies the following:Include any copyright notices (if applicable). If the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder, those notices must be left intact, or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re-published.\nCite the author's name, screen name, or user ID, etc. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the person's profile page, if such a page exists.\nCite the work's title or name (if applicable), if such a thing exists. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work.\nCite the specific CC license the work is under. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the CC website.\nMention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation. In addition to the above, one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work, e.g., \"This is a Finnish translation of [original work] by [author].\" or \"Screenplay based on [original work] by [author].\"","title":"Rights and obligations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"open content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_content"},{"link_name":"permissive licenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissive_license"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Wikimedia Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"wiki pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Open_Content_-_A_Practical_Guide_to_Using_Creative_Commons_Licences"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"}],"sub_title":"Non-commercial licenses","text":"The NonCommercial license allows image creators to restrict selling and profiting from their works by other parties and thus maintaining free of charge access to images.The \"non-commercial\" option included in some Creative Commons licenses is controversial in definition,[61] as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non-commercial setting, and application, since its restrictions differ from the principles of open content promoted by other permissive licenses.[62] In 2014 Wikimedia Deutschland published a guide to using Creative Commons licenses as wiki pages for translations and as PDF.[24]","title":"Rights and obligations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derivative_of_medical_imaging.jpg"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Adaptability","text":"An example of a permitted combination of two works, one being CC BY-SA and the other being public domainRights in an adaptation can be expressed by a CC license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based.[63]","title":"Rights and obligations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Public information licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_information_licence"}],"text":"The legal implications of large numbers of works having Creative Commons licensing are difficult to predict, and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it.[66]Some works licensed using Creative Commons licenses have been involved in several court cases.[67] Creative Commons itself was not a party to any of these cases; they only involved licensors or licensees of Creative Commons licenses. When the cases went as far as decisions by judges (that is, they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court), they have all validated the legal robustness of Creative Commons public licenses.Further information: Public information licence","title":"Legal aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Curry"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Dutch tabloid","text":"In early 2006, podcaster Adam Curry sued a Dutch tabloid who published photos from Curry's Flickr page without Curry's permission. The photos were licensed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license. While the verdict was in favor of Curry, the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense. Professor Bernt Hugenholtz, main creator of the Dutch CC license and director of the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam, commented, \"The Dutch Court's decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a Creative Commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it, and binds users of such content even without expressly agreeing to, or having knowledge of, the conditions of the license.\"[68][69][70][71]","title":"Legal aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virgin Mobile Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mobile_Australia"},{"link_name":"Flickr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flickr"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-permission-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-permission-73"},{"link_name":"personality rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_rights"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Virgin Mobile","text":"In 2007, Virgin Mobile Australia launched an advertising campaign promoting their cellphone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to Flickr using a Creative Commons-BY (Attribution) license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL leading to the photographer's Flickr page on each of their ads. However, one picture, depicting 15-year-old Alison Chang at a fund-raising carwash for her church,[72] caused some controversy when she sued Virgin Mobile. The photo was taken by Alison's church youth counselor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license.[72] In 2008, the case (concerning personality rights rather than copyright as such) was thrown out of a Texas court for lack of jurisdiction.[73][74]","title":"Legal aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"collecting society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_collective"},{"link_name":"SGAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_General_de_Autores_y_Editores"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badajoz"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Javier de la Cueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_de_la_Cueva"},{"link_name":"copy left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"sub_title":"SGAE vs Fernández","text":"In the fall of 2006, the collecting society Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE) in Spain sued Ricardo Andrés Utrera Fernández, owner of a disco bar located in Badajoz who played CC-licensed music. SGAE argued that Fernández should pay royalties for public performance of the music between November 2002 and August 2005. The Lower Court rejected the collecting society's claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society.[75]In February 2006, the Cultural Association Ladinamo (based in Madrid, and represented by Javier de la Cueva) was granted the use of copyleft music in their public activities. The sentence said:Admitting the existence of music equipment, a joint evaluation of the evidence practiced, this court is convinced that the defendant prevents communication of works whose management is entrusted to the plaintiff [SGAE], using a repertoire of authors who have not assigned the exploitation of their rights to the SGAE, having at its disposal a database for that purpose and so it is manifested both by the legal representative of the Association and by Manuela Villa Acosta, in charge of the cultural programming of the association, which is compatible with the alternative character of the Association and its integration in the movement called 'copy left'.[76]","title":"Legal aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GateHouse Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateHouse_Media"},{"link_name":"Rockford Register Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_Register_Star"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Copyright_Lawsuit-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Copyright_Lawsuit-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC","text":"On June 30, 2010, GateHouse Media filed a lawsuit against That's Great News. GateHouse Media owns a number of local newspapers, including Rockford Register Star, which is based in Rockford, Illinois. That's Great News makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured in the articles.[77] GateHouse sued That's Great News for copyright infringement and breach of contract. GateHouse claimed that TGN violated the non-commercial and no-derivative works restrictions on GateHouse Creative Commons licensed work when TGN published the material on its website. The case was settled on August 17, 2010, though the settlement was not made public.[77][78]","title":"Legal aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"derivative work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_work"},{"link_name":"collective work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_work"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC","text":"In 2007, photographer Art Drauglis uploaded several pictures to the photo-sharing website Flickr, giving them the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License (CC BY-SA). One photo, titled \"Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD.\", was downloaded by Kappa Map Group, a map-making company, and published in 2012 on the front cover of Montgomery Co. Maryland Street Atlas. The text \"Photo: Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD Photographer: Carly Lesser & Art Drauglis, Creative Commoms [sic], CC-BY-SA-2.0\" was placed on the back cover, but nothing on the front indicated authorship.The validity of the CC BY-SA 2.0 as a license was not in dispute. The CC BY-SA 2.0 requires that the licensee to use nothing less restrictive than the CC BY-SA 2.0 terms. The atlas was sold commercially and not for free reuse by others. The dispute was whether Drauglis' license terms that would apply to \"derivative works\" applied to the entire atlas. Drauglis sued the defendants in June 2014 for copyright infringement and license breach, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, fees, and costs. Drauglis asserted, among other things, that Kappa Map Group \"exceeded the scope of the License because defendant did not publish the Atlas under a license with the same or similar terms as those under which the Photograph was originally licensed.\"[79] The judge dismissed the case on that count, ruling that the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph in the sense of the license, but rather a collective work. Since the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph, Kappa Map Group did not need to license the entire atlas under the CC BY-SA 2.0 license. The judge also determined that the work had been properly attributed.[80]In particular, the judge determined that it was sufficient to credit the author of the photo as prominently as authors of similar authorship (such as the authors of individual maps contained in the book) and that the name \"CC-BY-SA-2.0\" is sufficiently precise to locate the correct license on the internet and can be considered a valid identifier for the license.[81]","title":"Legal aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LinuxUser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxUser"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-luther-2016-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feil-2014-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE)","text":"In July 2016, German computer magazine LinuxUser reported that a German blogger Christoph Langner used two CC BY-licensed photographs from Berlin photographer Dennis Skley on his private blog Linuxundich. Langner duly mentioned the author and the license and added a link to the original. Langner was later contacted by the Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) (Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet) with a demand for €2300 for failing to provide the full name of the work, the full name of the author, the license text, and a source link, as is required by the fine print in the license. Of this sum, €40 goes to the photographer, and the remainder is retained by VGSE.[82][83] The Higher Regional Court of Cologne dismissed the claim in May 2019.[84]","title":"Legal aspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Creative Commons-licensed works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Creative_Commons-licensed_works"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stateofthecommons2017-o.svg"},{"link_name":"State of the Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//stateof.creativecommons.org/"},{"link_name":"wiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"content directories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons-licensed_content_directories"}],"text":"See also: Category:Creative Commons-licensed worksNumber of Creative Commons licensed works as of 2017, per State of the Commons reportCreative Commons maintains a content directory wiki of organizations and projects using Creative Commons licenses.[85] On its website CC also provides case studies of projects using CC licenses across the world.[86] CC licensed content can also be accessed through a number of content directories and search engines.","title":"Works with a Creative Commons license"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"text":"You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this section correctly.After being proposed by Creative Commons in 2017,[87] Creative Commons license symbols were added to Unicode with version 13.0 in 2020.[88] The circle with an equal sign (meaning no derivatives) is present in older versions of Unicode, unlike all the other symbols.These symbols can be used in succession to indicate a particular Creative Commons license, for example, CC-BY-SA (CC-Attribution-ShareAlike) can be expressed with Unicode symbols CIRCLED CC, CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE and CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW placed next to each other: 🅭🅯🄎","title":"Unicode symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salazar-2020-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creative-commons-ongoing-91"}],"text":"In December 2020, the Creative Commons organization launched an online database covering licensing case law and legal scholarship.[89][90]","title":"Case law database"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ A \"work\" is any creative material made by a person. A painting, a graphic, a book, a song and its lyrics, or a photograph of almost anything are all examples of \"works\".","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Creative Commons logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cc.logo.circle.svg/220px-Cc.logo.circle.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A video explaining how Creative Commons licenses can be used in conjunction with commercial licensing arrangements"},{"image_text":"Aaron Swartz and Lawrence Lessig at the 2002 event for the first release of the licenses","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg/220px-Aaron_Swartz_and_Lawrence_Lessig.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wanna Work Together? animation by Creative Commons"},{"image_text":"The second version of the Mayer and Bettle promotional animation explaining Creative Commons with Jamendo as an example"},{"image_text":"Creative commons license spectrum between public domain (top) and all rights reserved (bottom). Left side indicates the use-cases allowed, right side the license components. The dark green area indicates Free Cultural Works compatible licenses, the two green areas compatibility with the Remix culture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Creative_commons_license_spectrum.svg/300px-Creative_commons_license_spectrum.svg.png"},{"image_text":"CC license usage in 2014 (top and middle), \"Free cultural works\" compatible license usage 2010 to 2014 (bottom)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Free-cultural-license-cc.svg/300px-Free-cultural-license-cc.svg.png"},{"image_text":"CC zero public domain dedication tool logo[33]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cc-zero.svg/150px-Cc-zero.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Creative Commons Public Domain Mark. Indicates works which have already fallen into (or were given to) the public domain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg/150px-Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An example of a permitted combination of two works, one being CC BY-SA and the other being public domain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Derivative_of_medical_imaging.jpg/220px-Derivative_of_medical_imaging.jpg"},{"image_text":"Number of Creative Commons licensed works as of 2017, per State of the Commons report","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Stateofthecommons2017-o.svg/220px-Stateofthecommons2017-o.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cc-nd.svg/26px-Cc-nd.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Cc-zero.svg/26px-Cc-zero.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cc-sa.svg/26px-Cc-sa.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cc-nc.svg/26px-Cc-nc.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cc.logo.circle.svg/26px-Cc.logo.circle.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cc-public_domain_mark.svg/26px-Cc-public_domain_mark.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cc-by_new.svg/26px-Cc-by_new.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Free and open-source software portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"Free-culture movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-culture_movement"},{"title":"Free music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_music"},{"title":"Free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"},{"title":"Non-commercial educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercial_educational"}]
[{"reference":"Shergill, Sanjeet (May 6, 2017). \"The teacher's guide to Creative Commons licenses\". Open Education Europa. Archived from the original on June 26, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111219/https://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/blogs/teachers-guide-creative-commons-licenses","url_text":"\"The teacher's guide to Creative Commons licenses\""},{"url":"https://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/blogs/teachers-guide-creative-commons-licenses","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What are Creative Commons licenses?\". Wageningen University & Research. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wur.nl/en/article/What-are-Creative-Commons-licenses.htm","url_text":"\"What are Creative Commons licenses?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133811/https://www.wur.nl/en/article/What-are-Creative-Commons-licenses.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons licenses\". University of Michigan Library. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://guides.lib.umich.edu/creativecommons/licenses","url_text":"\"Creative Commons licenses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121140426/http://guides.lib.umich.edu/creativecommons/licenses","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons licenses\" (PDF). University of Glasgow. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_464806_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Creative Commons licenses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133739/https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_464806_en.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Creative Commons licenses\". UNESCO. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/open-access/creative-commons-licenses","url_text":"\"The Creative Commons licenses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134320/https://en.unesco.org/open-access/creative-commons-licenses","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"License Versions\". Creative Commons Wiki. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/License_Versions","url_text":"\"License Versions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630063933/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/License_Versions","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Open Definition 2.1\". Open Definition. Archived from the original on January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170127074917/http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/","url_text":"\"Open Definition 2.1\""},{"url":"http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Conformant Licenses\". Open Definition. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://opendefinition.org/licenses/","url_text":"\"Conformant Licenses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301222106/http://opendefinition.org/licenses/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vollmer, Timothy (December 27, 2013). \"Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102501/https://blog.creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/","url_text":"\"Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition\""},{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons Unveils Machine-Readable Copyright Licenses\". Creative Commons. December 16, 2002. Archived from the original on December 22, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021222175127/http://www.creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/3476","url_text":"\"Creative Commons Unveils Machine-Readable Copyright Licenses\""},{"url":"http://www.creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/3476","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1.1 The Story of Creative Commons\". Creative Commons Certificate for Educators, Academic Librarians and GLAM. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-1-the-story-of-creative-commons/","url_text":"\"1.1 The Story of Creative Commons\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Laura J. (2014). Putting intellectual property in its place : rights discourses, creative labor, and the everyday. S. Tina Piper, Kirsty Robertson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-933626-5. OCLC 844373100.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/844373100","url_text":"Putting intellectual property in its place : rights discourses, creative labor, and the everyday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933626-5","url_text":"978-0-19-933626-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/844373100","url_text":"844373100"}]},{"reference":"Meng, Bingchun (January 26, 2009). \"Articulating a Chinese Commons: An Explorative Study of Creative Commons in China\". International Journal of Communication. 3: 16. ISSN 1932-8036.","urls":[{"url":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/441","url_text":"\"Articulating a Chinese Commons: An Explorative Study of Creative Commons in China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8036","url_text":"1932-8036"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons Legal Code\". Creative Commons. January 9, 2008. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode","url_text":"\"Creative Commons Legal Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211175916/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons FAQ: Can I use a Creative Commons license for software?\". Wiki.creativecommons.org. July 29, 2013. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ#Can_I_use_a_Creative_Commons_license_for_software.3F","url_text":"\"Creative Commons FAQ: Can I use a Creative Commons license for software?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127205528/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ#Can_I_use_a_Creative_Commons_license_for_software.3F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Non-Software Licenses\". Choose a License. Retrieved November 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://choosealicense.com/non-software/","url_text":"\"Non-Software Licenses\""}]},{"reference":"\"AssaultCube – License\". assault.cubers.net. Archived from the original on December 25, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011. AssaultCube is FREEWARE. [...] The content, code and images of the AssaultCube website and all documentation are licensed under \"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported","urls":[{"url":"http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html#entirepackage","url_text":"\"AssaultCube – License\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031357/http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Various Licenses and Comments about Them\". GNU Project. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved April 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#CC0","url_text":"\"Various Licenses and Comments about Them\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Project","url_text":"GNU Project"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100724023833/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Do Creative Commons licenses affect exceptions and limitations to copyright, such as fair dealing and fair use?\". Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Do_Creative_Commons_licenses_affect_exceptions_and_limitations_to_copyright.2C_such_as_fair_dealing_and_fair_use.3F","url_text":"\"Do Creative Commons licenses affect exceptions and limitations to copyright, such as fair dealing and fair use?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808182345/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Do_Creative_Commons_licenses_affect_exceptions_and_limitations_to_copyright.2C_such_as_fair_dealing_and_fair_use.3F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What if I change my mind about using a CC license?\". Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_I_change_my_mind_about_using_a_CC_license.3F","url_text":"\"What if I change my mind about using a CC license?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808182345/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_I_change_my_mind_about_using_a_CC_license.3F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What happens if the author decides to revoke the CC license to material I am using?\". Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_happens_if_the_author_decides_to_revoke_the_CC_license_to_material_I_am_using.3F","url_text":"\"What happens if the author decides to revoke the CC license to material I am using?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808182345/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_happens_if_the_author_decides_to_revoke_the_CC_license_to_material_I_am_using.3F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How do CC licenses operate?\". Frequently Asked Questions – Creative Commons. Archived from the original on August 8, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_CC_licenses_operate.3F","url_text":"\"How do CC licenses operate?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808182345/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_CC_licenses_operate.3F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Till Kreutzer (2014). Open Content – A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licenses (PDF). Wikimedia Deutschland e.a. ISBN 978-3-940785-57-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Content_A_Practical_Guide_to_Using_Creative_Commons_Licences_web.pdf","url_text":"Open Content – A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licenses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikimedia_chapters","url_text":"Wikimedia Deutschland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940785-57-2","url_text":"978-3-940785-57-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404014103/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Content_A_Practical_Guide_to_Using_Creative_Commons_Licences_web.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baseline Rights\". Creative Commons. June 12, 2008. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Baseline_Rights","url_text":"\"Baseline Rights\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100208081209/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Baseline_Rights","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\". Creative Commons. Creative Commons Corporation. August 28, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-are-creative-commons-licenses","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons GNU LGPL\". Archived from the original on June 22, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090622222019/http://creativecommons.org/license/cc-lgpl","url_text":"\"Creative Commons GNU LGPL\""},{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/license/cc-lgpl","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Retired Legal Tools\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/retiredlicenses/","url_text":"\"Retired Legal Tools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160503224254/https://creativecommons.org/retiredlicenses/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Announcing (and explaining) our new 2.0 licenses\". Creativecommons.org. May 25, 2004. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/4216","url_text":"\"Announcing (and explaining) our new 2.0 licenses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060401/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/4216","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"About The Licenses – Creative Commons\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/","url_text":"\"About The Licenses – Creative Commons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150726003931/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons — Attribution 3.0 United States\". Creative Commons. November 16, 2009. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/","url_text":"\"Creative Commons — Attribution 3.0 United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224022605/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CC0\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/choose/zero","url_text":"\"CC0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226071411/http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Downloads\". Creative Commons. December 16, 2015. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/about/downloads","url_text":"\"Downloads\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225052559/https://creativecommons.org/about/downloads","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kreutzer, Till. \"Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://rd-alliance.org/sites/default/files/cc0-analysis-kreuzer.pdf","url_text":"\"Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525023540/https://www.rd-alliance.org/sites/default/files/cc0-analysis-kreuzer.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons Launches CC0 and CC+ Programs\" (Press release). Creative Commons. December 17, 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223053554/http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/7919","url_text":"\"Creative Commons Launches CC0 and CC+ Programs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/7919","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Gavin (January 16, 2009). \"Report from CC board meeting\". Open Access News. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2009/01/report-from-cc-board-meeting.html","url_text":"\"Report from CC board meeting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919010433/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2009/01/report-from-cc-board-meeting.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Expanding the Public Domain: Part Zero\". Creativecommons.org. March 11, 2009. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/13304","url_text":"\"Expanding the Public Domain: Part Zero\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060406/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/13304","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Allan Webber. \"CC withdrawl [sic] of CC0 from OSI process\". In the Open Source Initiative Licence review mailing list. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906005825/https://lists.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review/2012-February/000231.html","url_text":"\"CC withdrawl [sic] of CC0 from OSI process\""},{"url":"http://projects.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review/2012-February/000231.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Marking and Tagging the Public Domain: An Invitation to Comment\". Creativecommons.org. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/22940","url_text":"\"Marking and Tagging the Public Domain: An Invitation to Comment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060643/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/22940","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Copyright-Only Dedication (based on United States law) or Public Domain Certification\". Creative Commons. August 20, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/","url_text":"\"Copyright-Only Dedication (based on United States law) or Public Domain Certification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223035835/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carl Boettiger. \"OSI recognition for Creative Commons Zero License?\". In the Open Source Initiative Licence review mailing list. Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://lists.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review_lists.opensource.org/2012-February/","url_text":"\"OSI recognition for Creative Commons Zero License?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130926193810/http://projects.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review/2012-February/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Open Source Initiative FAQ (October 21, 2007). \"What about the Creative Commons \"CC0\" (\"CC Zero\") public domain dedication? Is that Open Source?\". Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on May 19, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://opensource.org/faq#cc-zero","url_text":"\"What about the Creative Commons \"CC0\" (\"CC Zero\") public domain dedication? Is that Open Source?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130519153636/http://opensource.org/faq#cc-zero","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Unsplash is a site full of free images for your next splash page\". The Next Web. August 14, 2013. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2013/08/14/unsplash-is-a-site-full-of-images-you-can-use-freely-for-your-next-startups-splash-page/","url_text":"\"Unsplash is a site full of free images for your next splash page\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024732/http://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2013/08/14/unsplash-is-a-site-full-of-images-you-can-use-freely-for-your-next-startups-splash-page/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"License | Unsplash\". unsplash.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://unsplash.com/license","url_text":"\"License | Unsplash\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015514/https://unsplash.com/license","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Building Something Useful For Others Is The Best Marketing There Is\". Fast Company. February 18, 2015. Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fastcompany.com/3042417/how-i-get-it-done/why-building-something-useful-for-others-is-the-best-marketing-there-is","url_text":"\"Why Building Something Useful For Others Is The Best Marketing There Is\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151114225726/http://www.fastcompany.com/3042417/how-i-get-it-done/why-building-something-useful-for-others-is-the-best-marketing-there-is","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawrence Lessig | Unsplash Book\". book.unsplash.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022116/https://book.unsplash.com/lawrence-lessig/","url_text":"\"Lawrence Lessig | Unsplash Book\""},{"url":"https://book.unsplash.com/lawrence-lessig/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Community update: Unsplash branded license and ToS changes\". June 22, 2017. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/2017/06/22/unsplash/","url_text":"\"Community update: Unsplash branded license and ToS changes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174853/https://creativecommons.org/2017/06/22/unsplash/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Claburn, Thomas (July 25, 2022). \"Fedora sours on CC 'No Rights Reserved' license\". The Register. Retrieved September 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2022/07/25/fedora_sours_on_creative_commons/","url_text":"\"Fedora sours on CC 'No Rights Reserved' license\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register","url_text":"The Register"}]},{"reference":"Lessig, Lawrence (June 4, 2007). \"Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig","url_text":"Lessig, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7520","url_text":"\"Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070707023305/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7520","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Developing Nations License\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/devnations/2.0/","url_text":"\"Developing Nations License\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120412101407/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/devnations/2.0/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sampling 1.0\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling/1.0/","url_text":"\"Sampling 1.0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316011404/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling/1.0/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sampling Plus 1.0\". Creative Commons. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling+/1.0/","url_text":"\"Sampling Plus 1.0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120411100732/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling+/1.0/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NonCommercial Sampling Plus 1.0\". Creative Commons. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/nc-sampling+/1.0/","url_text":"\"NonCommercial Sampling Plus 1.0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325110847/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/nc-sampling+/1.0/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Diane (November 25, 2013). \"CC's Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0!\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on November 26, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768","url_text":"\"CC's Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131126124736/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What's new in 4.0?\". Creative Commons. 2013. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/Version4","url_text":"\"What's new in 4.0?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131129150056/http://creativecommons.org/Version4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences?\". TechnoLlama. September 25, 2011. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses","url_text":"\"CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130902134000/http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Doug Whitfield (August 5, 2013). \"Music Manumit Lawcast with Jessica Coates of Creative Commons\". YouTube. Archived from the original on August 14, 2013. Retrieved August 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHgbWFNEztg","url_text":"\"Music Manumit Lawcast with Jessica Coates of Creative Commons\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130814215835/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHgbWFNEztg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"CC Affiliate Network\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CC_Affiliate_Network#The_Licensing_Suite","url_text":"\"CC Affiliate Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110709065022/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CC_Affiliate_Network#The_Licensing_Suite","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions: What if CC licenses have not been ported to my jurisdiction?\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on November 27, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_CC_licenses_have_not_been_ported_to_my_jurisdiction.3F","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions: What if CC licenses have not been ported to my jurisdiction?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127113420/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_CC_licenses_have_not_been_ported_to_my_jurisdiction.3F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Frequently Asked Questions\". Creative Commons. February 2, 2010. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FFAQ#How_do_I_properly_attribute_a_Creative_Commons_licensed_work.3F","url_text":"\"Frequently Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons","url_text":"Creative Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226070130/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FFAQ#How_do_I_properly_attribute_a_Creative_Commons_licensed_work.3F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Defining Noncommercial report published\". Creativecommons.org. September 14, 2009. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/17127","url_text":"\"Defining Noncommercial report published\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060638/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/17127","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License\". Freedomdefined.org. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC","url_text":"\"The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120709051540/http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\". CC Wiki. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Can_I_combine_material_that_uses_different_Creative_Commons_licenses_into_my_work.3F","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140325054613/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Can_I_combine_material_that_uses_different_Creative_Commons_licenses_into_my_work.3F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\". Creative Commons. July 14, 2016. Archived from the original on November 27, 2010. Retrieved August 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/faq/#can-i-combine-material-under-different-creative-commons-licenses-in-my-work","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127205528/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ#can-i-combine-material-under-different-creative-commons-licenses-in-my-work","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Zachary (2005). \"Pitfalls of Open Licensing: An Analysis of Creative Commons Licensing\". IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law Review. 46 (3): 391.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEA:_The_Intellectual_Property_Law_Review","url_text":"IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons Case Law\". Archived from the original on September 1, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Law","url_text":"\"Creative Commons Case Law\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901220753/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Law","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons license upheld by court\". News.cnet.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/2100-1030_3-6052292.html","url_text":"\"Creative Commons license upheld by court\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025165735/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1030_3-6052292.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rimmer, Matthew (January 2007). Digital Copyright and the Consumer Revolution: Hands Off My Ipod – Matthew Rimmer – Google Böcker. Edward Elgar. ISBN 9781847207142. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1ONyncVruj8C&q=The+Dutch+Court%27s+decision+is+especially+noteworthy+because+it+confirms+that+the+conditions+of+a+Creative+Commons+license+automatically&pg=PA271","url_text":"Digital Copyright and the Consumer Revolution: Hands Off My Ipod – Matthew Rimmer – Google Böcker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847207142","url_text":"9781847207142"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414003634/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ONyncVruj8C&pg=PA271&dq=The+Dutch+Court%27s+decision+is+especially+noteworthy+because+it+confirms+that+the+conditions+of+a+Creative+Commons+license+automatically&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=SzKvUMOkJseF4gSp4oEY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20Dutch%20Court%27s%20decision%20is%20especially%20noteworthy%20because%20it%20confirms%20that%20the%20conditions%20of%20a%20Creative%20Commons%20license%20automatically&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons License Upheld by Dutch Court\". Groklaw. March 16, 2006. Archived from the original on May 5, 2010. Retrieved September 2, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060316052623594","url_text":"\"Creative Commons License Upheld by Dutch Court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groklaw","url_text":"Groklaw"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100505060734/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060316052623594","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons Licenses Enforced in Dutch Court\". March 16, 2006. Archived from the original on September 6, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/5823","url_text":"\"Creative Commons Licenses Enforced in Dutch Court\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110906074741/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/5823","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Noam. \"Use My Photo? Not Without Permission\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2007. One moment, Alison Chang, a 15-year-old student from Dallas, is cheerfully goofing around at a local church-sponsored car wash, posing with a friend for a photo. Weeks later, that photo is posted online and catches the eye of an ad agency in Australia, and the altered image of Alison appears on a billboard in Adelaide as part of a Virgin Mobile advertising campaign.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/01/technology/01link.html","url_text":"\"Use My Photo? Not Without Permission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615133400/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/01/technology/01link.html","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mobile","url_text":"Virgin Mobile"}]},{"reference":"Evan Brown (January 22, 2009). \"No personal jurisdiction over Australian defendant in Flickr right of publicity case\". Internet Cases, a blog about law and technology. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050011/http://blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/","url_text":"\"No personal jurisdiction over Australian defendant in Flickr right of publicity case\""},{"url":"http://blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawsuit Against Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons – FAQ\". September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7680","url_text":"\"Lawsuit Against Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons – FAQ\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110907054202/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7680","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mia Garlick (March 23, 2006). \"Spanish Court Recognizes CC-Music\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/2006/03/23/spanishcourtrecognizesccmusic/","url_text":"\"Spanish Court Recognizes CC-Music\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230926051259/https://creativecommons.org/2006/03/23/spanishcourtrecognizesccmusic/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sentencia nº 12/2006 Juzgado de lo Mercantil nº 5 de Madrid\". Derecho de Internet (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. Retrieved December 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151126165923/http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/359","url_text":"\"Sentencia nº 12/2006 Juzgado de lo Mercantil nº 5 de Madrid\""},{"url":"http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/359","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evan Brown (July 2, 2010). \"New Copyright Lawsuit Involves Creative Commons\". Internet Cases: A blog about law and technology. Archived from the original on June 21, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.internetcases.com/2010/07/02/new-copyright-lawsuit-involves-creative-commons/","url_text":"\"New Copyright Lawsuit Involves Creative Commons\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120621215029/http://blog.internetcases.com/2010/07/02/new-copyright-lawsuit-involves-creative-commons/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GateHouse Media v. That's Great News\". Citizen Media Law Project. August 5, 2010. Archived from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/gatehouse-media-v-thats-great-news#description","url_text":"\"GateHouse Media v. That's Great News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502165158/http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/gatehouse-media-v-thats-great-news#description","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Memorandum Opinion\" (PDF). United States District Court for the District of Columbia. August 18, 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043/pdf/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043-0.pdf","url_text":"\"Memorandum Opinion\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160921202242/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043/pdf/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043-0.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Guadamuz, Andres (October 24, 2015). \"US Court interprets copyleft clause in Creative Commons licenses\". TechnoLlama. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.technollama.co.uk/us-court-interprets-copyleft-clause-in-creative-commons-licenses","url_text":"\"US Court interprets copyleft clause in Creative Commons licenses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123232/http://www.technollama.co.uk/us-court-interprets-copyleft-clause-in-creative-commons-licenses","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Michael W. \"Carrollogos: U.S. Court Correctly Interprets Creative Commons Licenses\". Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Carroll","url_text":"Carroll, Michael W."},{"url":"https://carrollogos.blogspot.com/2016/04/us-court-correctly-interprets-creative.html","url_text":"\"Carrollogos: U.S. Court Correctly Interprets Creative Commons Licenses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002120451/https://carrollogos.blogspot.com/2016/04/us-court-correctly-interprets-creative.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Luther, Jörg (July 2016). \"Kleingedrucktes – Editorial\" [Fine print – Editorial]. LinuxUser (in German) (7/2016). ISSN 1615-4444. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linux-community.de/Internal/Artikel/Print-Artikel/LinuxUser/2016/07/Kleingedrucktes","url_text":"\"Kleingedrucktes – Editorial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxUser","url_text":"LinuxUser"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1615-4444","url_text":"1615-4444"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160915150620/http://www.linux-community.de/Internal/Artikel/Print-Artikel/LinuxUser/2016/07/Kleingedrucktes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Abmahnung des Verbandes zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VSGE)\" [Notice to cease and desist from the Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet (VSGE)] (in German). Hannover, Germany: Feil Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160914075031/https://www.recht-freundlich.de/abmahnung-urheberrechtlich-filesharing/abmahnung-des-verbandes-zum-schutz-geistigen-eigentums-im-internet-vsge","url_text":"\"Abmahnung des Verbandes zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VSGE)\""},{"url":"https://www.recht-freundlich.de/abmahnung-urheberrechtlich-filesharing/abmahnung-des-verbandes-zum-schutz-geistigen-eigentums-im-internet-vsge","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Creative Commons-Foto-Abmahnung: Rasch Rechtsanwälte setzen erfolgreich Gegenansprüche durch\" [Creative Commons photo notice: Rasch attorneys successfully enforce counterclaims]. anwalt.de (in German). May 22, 2019. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anwalt.de/rechtstipps/creative-commons-foto-abmahnung-rasch-rechtsanwaelte-setzen-erfolgreich-gegenansprueche-durch_155491.html","url_text":"\"Creative Commons-Foto-Abmahnung: Rasch Rechtsanwälte setzen erfolgreich Gegenansprüche durch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191219023851/https://www.anwalt.de/rechtstipps/creative-commons-foto-abmahnung-rasch-rechtsanwaelte-setzen-erfolgreich-gegenansprueche-durch_155491.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Content Directories\". creativecommons.org. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009. Retrieved April 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Content_Directories","url_text":"\"Content Directories\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090430010815/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Content_Directories","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Case Studies\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on December 24, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Casestudies","url_text":"\"Case Studies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111224111652/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Casestudies","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Proposal to add CC license symbols to UCS\" (PDF). Unicode. July 24, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17242r-creative-commons.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposal to add CC license symbols to UCS\""}]},{"reference":"Steuer, Eric (March 18, 2020). \"The Unicode Standard Now Includes CC License Symbols\". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/2020/03/18/the-unicode-standard-now-includes-cc-license-symbols/","url_text":"\"The Unicode Standard Now Includes CC License Symbols\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183045/https://creativecommons.org/2020/03/18/the-unicode-standard-now-includes-cc-license-symbols/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Salazar, Krystle (December 3, 2020). \"Explore the new CC legal database site!\". Creative Commons. Mountain View, California, US. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativecommons.org/2020/12/03/explore-the-new-cc-legal-database-site/","url_text":"\"Explore the new CC legal database site!\""}]},{"reference":"Creative Commons. \"Creative Commons Legal Database\". Creative Commons. Mountain View, California, US. Retrieved January 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://legaldb.creativecommons.org/","url_text":"\"Creative Commons Legal Database\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/videos/wanna-work-together","external_links_name":"Wanna Work Together?"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/videos/mayer-and-bettle2","external_links_name":"second version"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/videos/mayer-and-bettle","external_links_name":"Mayer and Bettle"},{"Link":"https://stateof.creativecommons.org/","external_links_name":"State of the Commons"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111219/https://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/blogs/teachers-guide-creative-commons-licenses","external_links_name":"\"The teacher's guide to Creative Commons licenses\""},{"Link":"https://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/blogs/teachers-guide-creative-commons-licenses","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wur.nl/en/article/What-are-Creative-Commons-licenses.htm","external_links_name":"\"What are Creative Commons licenses?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133811/https://www.wur.nl/en/article/What-are-Creative-Commons-licenses.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://guides.lib.umich.edu/creativecommons/licenses","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons licenses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181121140426/http://guides.lib.umich.edu/creativecommons/licenses","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_464806_en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons licenses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133739/https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_464806_en.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.unesco.org/open-access/creative-commons-licenses","external_links_name":"\"The Creative Commons licenses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134320/https://en.unesco.org/open-access/creative-commons-licenses","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/License_Versions","external_links_name":"\"License Versions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630063933/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/License_Versions","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170127074917/http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/","external_links_name":"\"Open Definition 2.1\""},{"Link":"http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://opendefinition.org/licenses/","external_links_name":"\"Conformant Licenses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301222106/http://opendefinition.org/licenses/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102501/https://blog.creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021222175127/http://www.creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/3476","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons Unveils Machine-Readable Copyright Licenses\""},{"Link":"http://www.creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/3476","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://certificates.creativecommons.org/cccertedu/chapter/1-1-the-story-of-creative-commons/","external_links_name":"\"1.1 The Story of Creative Commons\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/844373100","external_links_name":"Putting intellectual property in its place : rights discourses, creative labor, and the everyday"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/844373100","external_links_name":"844373100"},{"Link":"https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/441","external_links_name":"\"Articulating a Chinese Commons: An Explorative Study of Creative Commons in China\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-8036","external_links_name":"1932-8036"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons Legal Code\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211175916/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/au/legalcode","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ#Can_I_use_a_Creative_Commons_license_for_software.3F","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons FAQ: Can I use a Creative Commons license for software?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127205528/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ#Can_I_use_a_Creative_Commons_license_for_software.3F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://choosealicense.com/non-software/","external_links_name":"\"Non-Software Licenses\""},{"Link":"http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html#entirepackage","external_links_name":"\"AssaultCube – License\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031357/http://assault.cubers.net/docs/license.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#CC0","external_links_name":"\"Various Licenses and Comments about Them\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100724023833/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Do_Creative_Commons_licenses_affect_exceptions_and_limitations_to_copyright.2C_such_as_fair_dealing_and_fair_use.3F","external_links_name":"\"Do Creative Commons licenses affect exceptions and limitations to copyright, such as fair dealing and fair use?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808182345/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Do_Creative_Commons_licenses_affect_exceptions_and_limitations_to_copyright.2C_such_as_fair_dealing_and_fair_use.3F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_I_change_my_mind_about_using_a_CC_license.3F","external_links_name":"\"What if I change my mind about using a CC license?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808182345/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_I_change_my_mind_about_using_a_CC_license.3F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_happens_if_the_author_decides_to_revoke_the_CC_license_to_material_I_am_using.3F","external_links_name":"\"What happens if the author decides to revoke the CC license to material I am using?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808182345/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_happens_if_the_author_decides_to_revoke_the_CC_license_to_material_I_am_using.3F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_CC_licenses_operate.3F","external_links_name":"\"How do CC licenses operate?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150808182345/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/Frequently_Asked_Questions#How_do_CC_licenses_operate.3F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Content_A_Practical_Guide_to_Using_Creative_Commons_Licences_web.pdf","external_links_name":"Open Content – A Practical Guide to Using Creative Commons Licenses"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404014103/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Content_A_Practical_Guide_to_Using_Creative_Commons_Licences_web.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Baseline_Rights","external_links_name":"\"Baseline Rights\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100208081209/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Baseline_Rights","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-are-creative-commons-licenses","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090622222019/http://creativecommons.org/license/cc-lgpl","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons GNU LGPL\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/license/cc-lgpl","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/retiredlicenses/","external_links_name":"\"Retired Legal Tools\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160503224254/https://creativecommons.org/retiredlicenses/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/4216","external_links_name":"\"Announcing (and explaining) our new 2.0 licenses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060401/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/4216","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/","external_links_name":"\"About The Licenses – Creative Commons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150726003931/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons — Attribution 3.0 United States\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100224022605/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/us/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/choose/zero","external_links_name":"\"CC0\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226071411/http://creativecommons.org/choose/zero","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/about/downloads","external_links_name":"\"Downloads\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225052559/https://creativecommons.org/about/downloads","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://rd-alliance.org/sites/default/files/cc0-analysis-kreuzer.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525023540/https://www.rd-alliance.org/sites/default/files/cc0-analysis-kreuzer.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223053554/http://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/7919","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons Launches CC0 and CC+ Programs\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/7919","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2009/01/report-from-cc-board-meeting.html","external_links_name":"\"Report from CC board meeting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919010433/http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2009/01/report-from-cc-board-meeting.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/13304","external_links_name":"\"Expanding the Public Domain: Part Zero\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060406/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/13304","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150906005825/https://lists.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review/2012-February/000231.html","external_links_name":"\"CC withdrawl [sic] of CC0 from OSI process\""},{"Link":"http://projects.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review/2012-February/000231.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/22940","external_links_name":"\"Marking and Tagging the Public Domain: An Invitation to Comment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060643/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/22940","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/","external_links_name":"\"Copyright-Only Dedication (based on United States law) or Public Domain Certification\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100223035835/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://lists.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review_lists.opensource.org/2012-February/","external_links_name":"\"OSI recognition for Creative Commons Zero License?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130926193810/http://projects.opensource.org/pipermail/license-review/2012-February/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://opensource.org/faq#cc-zero","external_links_name":"\"What about the Creative Commons \"CC0\" (\"CC Zero\") public domain dedication? Is that Open Source?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130519153636/http://opensource.org/faq#cc-zero","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2013/08/14/unsplash-is-a-site-full-of-images-you-can-use-freely-for-your-next-startups-splash-page/","external_links_name":"\"Unsplash is a site full of free images for your next splash page\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024732/http://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2013/08/14/unsplash-is-a-site-full-of-images-you-can-use-freely-for-your-next-startups-splash-page/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://unsplash.com/license","external_links_name":"\"License | Unsplash\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015514/https://unsplash.com/license","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fastcompany.com/3042417/how-i-get-it-done/why-building-something-useful-for-others-is-the-best-marketing-there-is","external_links_name":"\"Why Building Something Useful For Others Is The Best Marketing There Is\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151114225726/http://www.fastcompany.com/3042417/how-i-get-it-done/why-building-something-useful-for-others-is-the-best-marketing-there-is","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022116/https://book.unsplash.com/lawrence-lessig/","external_links_name":"\"Lawrence Lessig | Unsplash Book\""},{"Link":"https://book.unsplash.com/lawrence-lessig/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/2017/06/22/unsplash/","external_links_name":"\"Community update: Unsplash branded license and ToS changes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180107174853/https://creativecommons.org/2017/06/22/unsplash/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.com/2022/07/25/fedora_sours_on_creative_commons/","external_links_name":"\"Fedora sours on CC 'No Rights Reserved' license\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7520","external_links_name":"\"Retiring standalone DevNations and one Sampling license\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070707023305/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7520","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/devnations/2.0/","external_links_name":"\"Developing Nations License\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120412101407/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/devnations/2.0/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling/1.0/","external_links_name":"\"Sampling 1.0\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316011404/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling/1.0/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling+/1.0/","external_links_name":"\"Sampling Plus 1.0\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120411100732/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/sampling+/1.0/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/nc-sampling+/1.0/","external_links_name":"\"NonCommercial Sampling Plus 1.0\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325110847/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/nc-sampling+/1.0/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768","external_links_name":"\"CC's Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131126124736/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/Version4","external_links_name":"\"What's new in 4.0?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131129150056/http://creativecommons.org/Version4","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses","external_links_name":"\"CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130902134000/http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHgbWFNEztg","external_links_name":"\"Music Manumit Lawcast with Jessica Coates of Creative Commons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130814215835/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHgbWFNEztg","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CC_Affiliate_Network#The_Licensing_Suite","external_links_name":"\"CC Affiliate Network\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110709065022/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CC_Affiliate_Network#The_Licensing_Suite","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_CC_licenses_have_not_been_ported_to_my_jurisdiction.3F","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions: What if CC licenses have not been ported to my jurisdiction?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127113420/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#What_if_CC_licenses_have_not_been_ported_to_my_jurisdiction.3F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FFAQ#How_do_I_properly_attribute_a_Creative_Commons_licensed_work.3F","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100226070130/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FFAQ#How_do_I_properly_attribute_a_Creative_Commons_licensed_work.3F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/17127","external_links_name":"\"Defining Noncommercial report published\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060638/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/17127","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC","external_links_name":"\"The Case for Free Use: Reasons Not to Use a Creative Commons -NC License\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120709051540/http://freedomdefined.org/Licenses/NC","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Can_I_combine_material_that_uses_different_Creative_Commons_licenses_into_my_work.3F","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140325054613/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Frequently_Asked_Questions#Can_I_combine_material_that_uses_different_Creative_Commons_licenses_into_my_work.3F","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/faq/#can-i-combine-material-under-different-creative-commons-licenses-in-my-work","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101127205528/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ#can-i-combine-material-under-different-creative-commons-licenses-in-my-work","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Law","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons Case Law\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110901220753/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Law","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/2100-1030_3-6052292.html","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons license upheld by court\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025165735/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1030_3-6052292.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1ONyncVruj8C&q=The+Dutch+Court%27s+decision+is+especially+noteworthy+because+it+confirms+that+the+conditions+of+a+Creative+Commons+license+automatically&pg=PA271","external_links_name":"Digital Copyright and the Consumer Revolution: Hands Off My Ipod – Matthew Rimmer – Google Böcker"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414003634/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ONyncVruj8C&pg=PA271&dq=The+Dutch+Court%27s+decision+is+especially+noteworthy+because+it+confirms+that+the+conditions+of+a+Creative+Commons+license+automatically&hl=sv&sa=X&ei=SzKvUMOkJseF4gSp4oEY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=The%20Dutch%20Court%27s%20decision%20is%20especially%20noteworthy%20because%20it%20confirms%20that%20the%20conditions%20of%20a%20Creative%20Commons%20license%20automatically&f=false","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060316052623594","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons License Upheld by Dutch Court\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100505060734/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20060316052623594","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/5823","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons Licenses Enforced in Dutch Court\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110906074741/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/5823","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/01/technology/01link.html","external_links_name":"\"Use My Photo? Not Without Permission\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110615133400/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/01/technology/01link.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713050011/http://blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/","external_links_name":"\"No personal jurisdiction over Australian defendant in Flickr right of publicity case\""},{"Link":"http://blog.internetcases.com/2009/01/22/no-personal-jurisdiction-over-australian-defendant-in-flickr-right-of-publicity-case/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7680","external_links_name":"\"Lawsuit Against Virgin Mobile and Creative Commons – FAQ\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110907054202/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/7680","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/2006/03/23/spanishcourtrecognizesccmusic/","external_links_name":"\"Spanish Court Recognizes CC-Music\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230926051259/https://creativecommons.org/2006/03/23/spanishcourtrecognizesccmusic/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151126165923/http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/359","external_links_name":"\"Sentencia nº 12/2006 Juzgado de lo Mercantil nº 5 de Madrid\""},{"Link":"http://www.derecho-internet.org/node/359","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://blog.internetcases.com/2010/07/02/new-copyright-lawsuit-involves-creative-commons/","external_links_name":"\"New Copyright Lawsuit Involves Creative Commons\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120621215029/http://blog.internetcases.com/2010/07/02/new-copyright-lawsuit-involves-creative-commons/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/gatehouse-media-v-thats-great-news#description","external_links_name":"\"GateHouse Media v. That's Great News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120502165158/http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/gatehouse-media-v-thats-great-news#description","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043/pdf/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043-0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Memorandum Opinion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160921202242/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043/pdf/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043-0.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.technollama.co.uk/us-court-interprets-copyleft-clause-in-creative-commons-licenses","external_links_name":"\"US Court interprets copyleft clause in Creative Commons licenses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123232/http://www.technollama.co.uk/us-court-interprets-copyleft-clause-in-creative-commons-licenses","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://carrollogos.blogspot.com/2016/04/us-court-correctly-interprets-creative.html","external_links_name":"\"Carrollogos: U.S. Court Correctly Interprets Creative Commons Licenses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171002120451/https://carrollogos.blogspot.com/2016/04/us-court-correctly-interprets-creative.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.linux-community.de/Internal/Artikel/Print-Artikel/LinuxUser/2016/07/Kleingedrucktes","external_links_name":"\"Kleingedrucktes – Editorial\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1615-4444","external_links_name":"1615-4444"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160915150620/http://www.linux-community.de/Internal/Artikel/Print-Artikel/LinuxUser/2016/07/Kleingedrucktes","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160914075031/https://www.recht-freundlich.de/abmahnung-urheberrechtlich-filesharing/abmahnung-des-verbandes-zum-schutz-geistigen-eigentums-im-internet-vsge","external_links_name":"\"Abmahnung des Verbandes zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VSGE)\""},{"Link":"https://www.recht-freundlich.de/abmahnung-urheberrechtlich-filesharing/abmahnung-des-verbandes-zum-schutz-geistigen-eigentums-im-internet-vsge","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.anwalt.de/rechtstipps/creative-commons-foto-abmahnung-rasch-rechtsanwaelte-setzen-erfolgreich-gegenansprueche-durch_155491.html","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons-Foto-Abmahnung: Rasch Rechtsanwälte setzen erfolgreich Gegenansprüche durch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191219023851/https://www.anwalt.de/rechtstipps/creative-commons-foto-abmahnung-rasch-rechtsanwaelte-setzen-erfolgreich-gegenansprueche-durch_155491.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Content_Directories","external_links_name":"\"Content Directories\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090430010815/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Content_Directories","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Casestudies","external_links_name":"\"Case Studies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111224111652/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Casestudies","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17242r-creative-commons.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Proposal to add CC license symbols to UCS\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/2020/03/18/the-unicode-standard-now-includes-cc-license-symbols/","external_links_name":"\"The Unicode Standard Now Includes CC License Symbols\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200727183045/https://creativecommons.org/2020/03/18/the-unicode-standard-now-includes-cc-license-symbols/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/2020/12/03/explore-the-new-cc-legal-database-site/","external_links_name":"\"Explore the new CC legal database site!\""},{"Link":"https://legaldb.creativecommons.org/","external_links_name":"\"Creative Commons Legal Database\""},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/","external_links_name":"Full selection of licenses"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/cclicenses/","external_links_name":"CC License options"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/","external_links_name":"Web-friendly formatted summary of CC BY-SA 4.0"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph587416&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_propaganda
Cross-Strait propaganda
["1 Broadcasting stations","2 See also","3 References"]
A request that this article title be changed to Cross-strait propaganda is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. A propaganda sign on Kinmen (ROC) facing Xiamen (PRC) proclaiming "Three Principles of the People unite China" by Gen. Zhao in Aug. 1986, depositioned after 1987 Lieyu MassacreA propaganda sign on Mawei (PRC) facing Matsu (ROC) proclaiming "Peacefully uniting China: One country, two systems." Cross-Strait propaganda (simplified Chinese: 台海心战; traditional Chinese: 台海心戰; pinyin: Táihǎi xīn zhàn) refers to campaigns made by the Republic of China on Taiwan and the People's Republic of China on the mainland. Many of these were aimed at turning military personnel against each other's regimes and encouraging them to defect. Such activities began after the end of the Chinese Civil War and did not stop until 1990. However, some creations of this era are still in use today, such as signs facing away from their country of origin. Both sides used megaphones and radio stations for broadcasting, and balloons and floating carriers for sending leaflets and other objects. Defectors came from both sides, bringing with them information and intelligence about their original regimes. Broadcasting stations Broadcasting stations Mainland China (PRC) Taiwan (ROC) Voice of the Strait Voice of Han Fu Hsing Broadcasting Station See also Propaganda in the People's Republic of China Propaganda in the Republic of China Beishan Broadcasting Wall Mashan Broadcasting and Observation Station References ^ Yang, Min (2 Oct 2011). "台海大喇叭"隔空喊话"38年：无烟战斗中亦有默契" . People's Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 13 Oct 2019. ^ Kania, Elsa (2017-02-15). "The Role of PLA Base 311 in Political Warfare against Taiwan (Part 3)". Global Taiwan Institute. Retrieved 2023-12-09. vte Cross-Strait relations Diplomatic posts Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office (Taiwan) Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong Macau Economic and Cultural Office (Taiwan) Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau Diplomacy Opening of the South-North route Restoration of Taiwan strait shipping Kinmen Agreement Wang–Koo summit Cross-Strait charter 2004 Taiwanese cross-Strait relations referendum May 17 Statement 2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China Cross-Strait high-level talks First Chen–Chiang summit Second Chen–Chiang summit Fourth Chen–Chiang summit Fifth Chen–Chiang summit Sixth Chen–Chiang summit Seventh Chen–Chiang summit Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement Cross-Strait CEO Summit Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement Jinjiang–Kinmen Pipeline 2014 Wang–Zhang meetings 2015 Xi–Chu meeting Ma–Xi meeting Straits Forum Shanghai-Taipei City Forum Second Ma–Xi meeting Conflicts Chinese Civil War Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan Guanbi policy First Taiwan Strait Crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Third Taiwan Strait Crisis Senkaku Islands Dispute Incidents Capture of the Tuapse Kashmir Princess Battle of Dong-Yin United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 Project National Glory Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations CAAC Flight 296 China Airlines Flight 334 1987 Lieyu massacre Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident Min Ping Yu No. 5202 1990 Guangzhou Baiyun airport collisions Qiandao Lake incident China Airlines Flight 611 Sunflower Student Movement Braga incident Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement Wang Liqiang Freedom pineapples 2021 Solomon Islands unrest 2022 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 2023 Chinese military exercises around Taiwan 2024 Kinmen Chinese motorboat capsizing incident Legislation Cross-Strait Act Proposed National Unification Promotion Law Anti-Secession Law Anti-Infiltration Act Organizations All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots Alumni Association of Huangpu Military Academy Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits Association for Tourism Exchange Across the Taiwan Straits Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs China Council for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation Cross-Strait Economic, Trade and Culture Forum Cross-Strait Peace Forum Grand Alliance for China's Reunification under the Three Principles of the People Lienchiang Cross-Strait Matters Forum Mainland Affairs Council National Unification Council Straits Exchange Foundation Taiwan Affairs Office Taiwan Competitiveness Forum Taiwan Strait Tourism Association Concepts 1992 Consensus China Circle Chinese unification Chinese nationalism Chinese irredentism Chinese Taipei Cross-Strait Economic Zone Dang Guo Four Noes and One Without Greater China Han chauvinism One China One-China policy One Country on Each Side One country, two systems Propaganda in China Cross-Strait propaganda Republic of China on Taiwan Self-determination Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang Socialism with Chinese characteristics Special non-state-to-state relations Six Assurances Taiwan, China Two Chinas Three Noes Three Links Taiwan consensus Taiwan independence movement Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan United front in Taiwan Under the Roof of One China Xi Jinping Thought Zhonghua minzu Related Fujian–Taiwan relationship Hong Kong–Taiwan relations Hong Kong–Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council Taiwan–Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council Pro-ROC camp Chinese Travel Document Exit & Entry Permit Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents Cross-strait language database ECFA Debate HMS Aurora (12) China and the United Nations China and the World Bank Chinese intelligence activity abroad Chinese information operations and information warfare Chinese Soviet Republic Freedom of religion in China Foreign relations of China Timeline of diplomatic relations with China Political status of Taiwan Foreign relations of Taiwan Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity Timeline of diplomatic relations with Taiwan Geostrategy in Taiwan Anti-Communist Hero Milk Tea Alliance Taishang G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway G99 Taiwan Ring Expressway China National Highway 228 (Taiwan) Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission Tibet Religious Foundation of His Holiness the Dalai Lama The World Turned Upside Down Go and Reclaim the Mainland Category:Cross-Strait relations   This article related to the history of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_Principles_of_the_People_Unites_China.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kinmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinmen"},{"link_name":"Xiamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen"},{"link_name":"Three Principles of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People"},{"link_name":"1987 Lieyu Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Lieyu_Massacre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mawei_China_Propaganda_facing_Matsu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawei"},{"link_name":"Matsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsu_Islands"},{"link_name":"One country, two systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"mainland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A propaganda sign on Kinmen (ROC) facing Xiamen (PRC) proclaiming \"Three Principles of the People unite China\" by Gen. Zhao in Aug. 1986, depositioned after 1987 Lieyu MassacreA propaganda sign on Mawei (PRC) facing Matsu (ROC) proclaiming \"Peacefully uniting China: One country, two systems.\"Cross-Strait propaganda (simplified Chinese: 台海心战; traditional Chinese: 台海心戰; pinyin: Táihǎi xīn zhàn) refers to campaigns made by the Republic of China on Taiwan and the People's Republic of China on the mainland. Many of these were aimed at turning military personnel against each other's regimes and encouraging them to defect. Such activities began after the end of the Chinese Civil War and did not stop until 1990. However, some creations of this era are still in use today, such as signs facing away from their country of origin. Both sides used megaphones and radio stations for broadcasting, and balloons and floating carriers for sending leaflets and other objects.[1] Defectors came from both sides, bringing with them information and intelligence about their original regimes.","title":"Cross-Strait propaganda"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Broadcasting stations"}]
[]
[{"title":"Propaganda in the People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_China"},{"title":"Propaganda in the Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"Beishan Broadcasting Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beishan_Broadcasting_Wall"},{"title":"Mashan Broadcasting and Observation Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashan_Broadcasting_and_Observation_Station"}]
[{"reference":"Yang, Min (2 Oct 2011). \"台海大喇叭\"隔空喊话\"38年：无烟战斗中亦有默契\" [The Taiwan Strait Loudspeaker \"Shouting at the Sky\". 38 Years Later, There is Information to be Learned from this Peaceful Conflict]. People's Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 13 Oct 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/14805781.html","url_text":"\"台海大喇叭\"隔空喊话\"38年：无烟战斗中亦有默契\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608125345/http://history.people.com.cn:80/GB/205396/14805781.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kania, Elsa (2017-02-15). \"The Role of PLA Base 311 in Political Warfare against Taiwan (Part 3)\". Global Taiwan Institute. Retrieved 2023-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://globaltaiwan.org/2017/02/the-role-of-pla-base-311-in-political-warfare-against-taiwan-part-3/","url_text":"\"The Role of PLA Base 311 in Political Warfare against Taiwan (Part 3)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/14805781.html","external_links_name":"\"台海大喇叭\"隔空喊话\"38年：无烟战斗中亦有默契\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608125345/http://history.people.com.cn:80/GB/205396/14805781.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://globaltaiwan.org/2017/02/the-role-of-pla-base-311-in-political-warfare-against-taiwan-part-3/","external_links_name":"\"The Role of PLA Base 311 in Political Warfare against Taiwan (Part 3)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross-Strait_propaganda&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O
O
["1 Name","2 History","3 Use in writing systems","3.1 English","3.2 Other languages","3.3 Other systems","4 Other uses","5 Related characters","5.1 Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet","5.2 Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations","5.3 Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets","6 Other representations","6.1 Computing","6.2 Other","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
15th letter of the Latin alphabet This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For the number zero, see 0. For other uses, see O (disambiguation). For technical reasons, ":O" redirects here. For the keyboard symbol, see List of emoticons. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "O" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) OO oUsageWriting systemLatin scriptTypeAlphabeticLanguage of originLatin languagePhonetic usage/oʊ/ Unicode codepointU+004F, U+006FAlphabetical position15HistoryDevelopment Ο ο𐌏O oTime period~-700 to presentDescendants • Ö • ⱺ • Ø • Œ • Ɔ • Ơ • Ỏ • Ꝋ • ∅ • º • ℅SistersᴥƸʿОЮӨעعܥࠏዐࡘჺՈ ոՕ օᱳᱜᱣOtherOther letters commonly used witho(x)Writing directionLeft-to-RightThis article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. ISO basicLatin alphabet AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz vte O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is o (pronounced /ˈoʊ/), plural oes. Name In English, the name of the letter is the "long O" sound, pronounced /ˈoʊ/. In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables. Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨o⟩ in European languages History Egyptian PhoenicianAyin Western GreekOmicron EtruscanO LatinO Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of an O, from 1627 Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was ʿeyn, meaning "eye", and indeed its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, cf. Proto-Sinaitic script). Its original sound value was that of a consonant, probably , the sound represented by the cognate Arabic letter ع ʿayn. The use of this Phoenician letter for a vowel sound is due to the early Greek alphabets, which adopted the letter of O "omicron" to represent the vowel /o/. The letter was adopted with the value in the Old Italic alphabets, including the early Latin alphabet. In Greek, a variation of the form later came to differentiate this long sound (Omega, meaning "large O") from the short o (Omicron, meaning "small o"). Greek omicron gave rise to the corresponding Cyrillic letter O. Use in writing systems Pronunciation of ⟨o⟩ by language Orthography Phonemes Standard Chinese (Pinyin) /ə/, /u/ English /ɒ/, /oʊ/, /ə/, /ɔː/, /aɪə/ French /o/, /ɔ/ German /ɔ/, /oː/, /o/ Malagasy /u/ Occitan /u/ Portuguese /o/, /ɔ/, /u/, /w/ Spanish /o/ Turkish /o/ English The letter ⟨o⟩ is the fourth most common letter in the English alphabet. Like the other English vowel letters, it has associated "long" and "short" pronunciations. The "long" ⟨o⟩ as in boat is actually most often a diphthong /oʊ/ (realized dialectically anywhere from to ). In English there is also a "short" ⟨o⟩ as in fox, /ɒ/, which sounds slightly different in different dialects. In most dialects of British English, it is either an open-mid back rounded vowel or an open back rounded vowel ; in American English, it is most commonly an unrounded back to a central vowel . Common digraphs include ⟨oo⟩, which represents either /uː/ or /ʊ/; ⟨oi⟩ or ⟨oy⟩, which typically represents the diphthong /ɔɪ/, and ⟨ao⟩, ⟨oe⟩, and ⟨ou⟩ which represent a variety of pronunciations depending on context and etymology. In other contexts, especially before a letter with a minim, ⟨o⟩ may represent the sound /ʌ/, as in 'son' or 'love'. It can also represent the semivowel /w/ as in choir or quinoa. "O" in isolation is a word, also spelled "oh" and pronounced /oʊ/. Before a noun, usually capitalized, it indicates direct address (the vocative case), as in the titles to O Canada or O Captain! My Captain! or in certain verses of the Bible. Other languages ⟨o⟩ is commonly associated with the open-mid back rounded vowel , mid back rounded vowel or close-mid back rounded vowel in many languages. Other languages use ⟨o⟩ for various values, usually back vowels which are at least partly open. Derived letters such as ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ have been created for the alphabets of some languages to distinguish values that were not present in Latin and Greek, particularly rounded front vowels. Other systems In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨o⟩ represents the close-mid back rounded vowel. Other uses Main article: O (disambiguation) Oxygen, symbol O, a chemical element Related characters See also: circle symbol Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet Œ œ : Latin OE ligature O with diacritics: Ø ø Ǿ ǿ Ö ö Ȫ ȫ Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ǒ ǒ Ő ő Ŏ ŏ Ȏ ȏ Ȯ ȯ Ȱ ȱ Ọ ọ Ɵ ɵ ᶱ Ơ ơ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ Ở ở Ỏ ỏ Ō ō Ṓ ṓ Ṑ ṑ Õ õ Ȭ ȭ Ṍ ṍ Ṏ ṏ Ǫ ǫ Ȍ ȍ O̩ o̩ Ó̩ ó̩ Ò̩ ò̩ Ǭ ǭ O͍ o͍ Ꝍ ꝍ : O with loop was used in some medieval Nordic orthographies Ꟁ ꟁ : Old Polish O ⱺ : Small o with low ring inside is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet IPA-specific symbols related to O: ɔ IPA superscript letters: 𐞢 𐞣 Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to O: U+1D0F ᴏ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O U+1D3C ᴼ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL O U+1D52 ᵒ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL O U+1D11 ᴑ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O U+1D13 ᴓ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O WITH STROKE U+1D16 ᴖ LATIN SMALL LETTER TOP HALF O U+1D17 ᴗ LATIN SMALL LETTER BOTTOM HALF O U+1D54 ᵔ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TOP HALF O U+1D55 ᵕ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BOTTOM HALF O Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to O: U+AB3D ꬽ LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O U+AB3E ꬾ LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O WITH STROKE U+AB3F ꬿ LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O WITH STROKE U+AB43 ꭃ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O U+AB44 ꭄ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O WITH STROKE o : Subscript small o is used in Indo-European studies 𝼛 : Latin small letter o with retroflex hook is used in phonetic transcription Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations Ꝋ ꝋ : Forms of O were used for medieval scribal abbreviations ∅ : empty set symbol º : Masculine ordinal indicator Calligraphic O (𝒪, 𝓸): Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets 𐤏 : Semitic letter Ayin, from which the following symbols originally derive Ω ω : Greek letter Omega Ο ο : Greek letter Omicron Ⲟ ⲟ : Coptic letter O, which derives from Greek omicron О о : Cyrillic letter O, which also derives from Omicron 𐌏 : Old Italic O, which derives from Greek Omicron, and is the ancestor of modern Latin O Օ օ : Armenian letter O Other representations Computing Character information Preview O o Ｏ ｏ Unicode name LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O LATIN SMALL LETTER O FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER O Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex Unicode 79 U+004F 111 U+006F 65327 U+FF2F 65359 U+FF4F UTF-8 79 4F 111 6F 239 188 175 EF BC AF 239 189 143 EF BD 8F Numeric character reference O O o o Ｏ Ｏ ｏ ｏ EBCDIC family 214 D6 150 96 ASCII g1 79 4F 111 6F 1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings. Other NATO phonetic Morse code Oscar   ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ Signal flag Flag semaphore American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling) British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling) Braille dots-135 Unified English Braille See also O mark Open O (Ɔ ɔ) 0 (zero). The capital letter O may be mistaken or misused for the number 0, as they appear quite identical in some typefaces. Early typewriters did not have a 'zero' key: users were actually expected to use capital O. References ^ "O" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989);Chambers-Happap, "oes" op. cit. Oes is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered Os, O's, os, o's. ^ a b "Evolution of Alphabets". webspace.ship.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-03. ^ "Cyrillic script". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-01-03. ^ "Frequency Table". www.math.cornell.edu. ^ a b "International Phonetic Alphabet for American English - IPA Chart". easypronunciation.com. Retrieved 2024-01-03. ^ "Quick search: "o lord"". Retrieved 2013-12-05. ^ "IPA Chart with Sounds – International Phonetic Alphabet Sounds". www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org. Retrieved 2023-10-22. ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). ^ a b Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). ^ Bunčić, Daniel (2021-01-12). "L2/21-039: Proposal to include the letter 'Old Polish O'" (PDF). ^ Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). "L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS" (PDF). ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF). ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). ^ Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF). ^ Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF). ^ "Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic". jeff560.tripod.com. ^ "Script (or Calligraphic)". www.w3.org. Retrieved 2024-01-03. External links Look up O or o in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Media related to O at Wikimedia Commons vteLatin script History Spread Romanization Roman numerals Ligatures Alphabets (list) Classical Latin alphabet ISO basic Latin alphabet Phonetic alphabets International Phonetic Alphabet X-SAMPA Spelling alphabet Letters (list) Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz Letter O with diacritics Óó Òò Ŏŏ Ôô Ốố Ồồ Ỗỗ Ổổ Ǒǒ Öö Ȫȫ Őő Õõ Ṍṍ Ṏṏ Ȭȭ Ȯȯ O͘o͘ Ȱȱ Øø Ǿǿ Ǫǫ Ǭǭ Ōō Ṓṓ Ṑṑ Ỏỏ Ȍȍ Ȏȏ Ơơ Ớớ Ờờ Ỡỡ Ởở Ợợ Ọọ Ộộ O̩o̩ Ò̩ò̩ Ó̩ó̩ Ɵɵ Ꝋꝋ Ꝍꝍ Oʻoʻ ⱺ 𝼛 Ɔ ɔ MultigraphsDigraphs Ch Dz Dž Gh IJ Lj Ll Ly Nh Nj Ny Sh Sz Th Trigraphs dzs eau Tetragraphs ough PentagraphstzschKeyboard layouts (list) QWERTY QWERTZ AZERTY Dvorak Colemak BÉPO Neo Standards ISO/IEC 646 Unicode Western Latin character sets DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe Lists Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode Letters used in mathematics List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks Diacritics Palaeography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0"},{"link_name":"O (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"technical reasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)#Forbidden_characters"},{"link_name":"List of emoticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emoticons"},{"link_name":"letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)"},{"link_name":"vowel letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_letter"},{"link_name":"Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"modern English alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet#Letter_names"},{"link_name":"/ˈoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"oes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet#Letter_names"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"15th letter of the Latin alphabetThis article is about the letter of the alphabet. For the number zero, see 0. For other uses, see O (disambiguation).For technical reasons, \":O\" redirects here. For the keyboard symbol, see List of emoticons.O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is o (pronounced /ˈoʊ/), plural oes.[1]","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"open syllables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_syllable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8o%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png"}],"text":"In English, the name of the letter is the \"long O\" sound, pronounced /ˈoʊ/. In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨o⟩ in European languages","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newes_ABC_Buchlein_MET_DP855603.jpg"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"},{"link_name":"ʿeyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin"},{"link_name":"Egyptian hieroglyph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs"},{"link_name":"Proto-Sinaitic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script"},{"link_name":"ʕ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative"},{"link_name":"Arabic letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"ع ʿayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Greek alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet"},{"link_name":"O \"omicron\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicron"},{"link_name":"Old Italic alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabets"},{"link_name":"early Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic letter O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of an O, from 1627Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was\nʿeyn, meaning \"eye\", and indeed its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, cf. Proto-Sinaitic script).\nIts original sound value was that of a consonant, probably [ʕ], the sound represented by the cognate Arabic letter ع ʿayn.[2]The use of this Phoenician letter for a vowel sound is due to the early Greek alphabets, which adopted the letter of O \"omicron\" to represent the vowel /o/. The letter was adopted with the value in the Old Italic alphabets, including the early Latin alphabet. In Greek, a variation of the form later came to differentiate this long sound (Omega, meaning \"large O\") from the short o (Omicron, meaning \"small o\"). Greek omicron gave rise to the corresponding Cyrillic letter O.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Use in writing systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"most common letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency"},{"link_name":"English alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"diphthong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"},{"link_name":"/oʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ɒ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"open-mid back rounded vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"open back rounded vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"American English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"digraphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)"},{"link_name":"/uː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"/ɔɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"minim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minim_(palaeography)"},{"link_name":"/ʌ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"semivowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semivowel"},{"link_name":"/w/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"vocative case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocative_case"},{"link_name":"O Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Canada"},{"link_name":"O Captain! My Captain!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Captain!_My_Captain!"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"English","text":"The letter ⟨o⟩ is the fourth most common letter in the English alphabet.[4] Like the other English vowel letters, it has associated \"long\" and \"short\" pronunciations. The \"long\" ⟨o⟩ as in boat is actually most often a diphthong /oʊ/ (realized dialectically anywhere from [o] to [əʊ]). In English there is also a \"short\" ⟨o⟩ as in fox, /ɒ/, which sounds slightly different in different dialects. In most dialects of British English, it is either an open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ] or an open back rounded vowel [ɒ]; in American English, it is most commonly an unrounded back [ɑ] to a central vowel [a].[5]Common digraphs include ⟨oo⟩, which represents either /uː/ or /ʊ/; ⟨oi⟩ or ⟨oy⟩, which typically represents the diphthong /ɔɪ/, and ⟨ao⟩, ⟨oe⟩, and ⟨ou⟩ which represent a variety of pronunciations depending on context and etymology.[5]In other contexts, especially before a letter with a minim, ⟨o⟩ may represent the sound /ʌ/, as in 'son' or 'love'. It can also represent the semivowel /w/ as in choir or quinoa.[citation needed]\"O\" in isolation is a word, also spelled \"oh\" and pronounced /oʊ/. Before a noun, usually capitalized, it indicates direct address (the vocative case), as in the titles to O Canada or O Captain! My Captain! or in certain verses of the Bible.[6]","title":"Use in writing systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open-mid back rounded vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"mid back rounded vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"close-mid back rounded vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"ö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96"},{"link_name":"ø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Other languages","text":"⟨o⟩ is commonly associated with the open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ], mid back rounded vowel [o̞] or close-mid back rounded vowel [o] in many languages. Other languages use ⟨o⟩ for various values, usually back vowels which are at least partly open. Derived letters such as ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨ø⟩ have been created for the alphabets of some languages to distinguish values that were not present in Latin and Greek, particularly rounded front vowels.[citation needed]","title":"Use in writing systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"close-mid back rounded vowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Other systems","text":"In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨o⟩ represents the close-mid back rounded vowel.[7]","title":"Use in writing systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"}],"text":"Oxygen, symbol O, a chemical element","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circle symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_symbol_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"See also: circle symbol","title":"Related characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92"},{"link_name":"diacritics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic"},{"link_name":"Ø ø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98"},{"link_name":"Ǿ ǿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%BE"},{"link_name":"Ö ö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96"},{"link_name":"Ȫ ȫ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%AA"},{"link_name":"Ó ó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93"},{"link_name":"Ò ò","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92"},{"link_name":"Ô ô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex"},{"link_name":"Ố ố","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%90"},{"link_name":"Ồ ồ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%92"},{"link_name":"Ổ ổ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%94"},{"link_name":"Ỗ ỗ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%96"},{"link_name":"Ộ ộ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%98"},{"link_name":"Ǒ ǒ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron"},{"link_name":"Ő ő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_acute_accent"},{"link_name":"Ŏ ŏ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breve"},{"link_name":"Ȏ ȏ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%8E"},{"link_name":"Ȯ ȯ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"Ȱ ȱ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%B0"},{"link_name":"Ọ ọ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"Ɵ ɵ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%9F"},{"link_name":"ᶱ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%B1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ơ ơ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%A0"},{"link_name":"Ớ ớ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%9A"},{"link_name":"Ờ ờ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%9C"},{"link_name":"Ỡ ỡ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A0"},{"link_name":"Ợ ợ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A2"},{"link_name":"Ở ở","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%9E"},{"link_name":"Ỏ ỏ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_above"},{"link_name":"Ō ō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"Ṓ ṓ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%92"},{"link_name":"Ṑ ṑ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%90"},{"link_name":"Õ õ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95"},{"link_name":"Ȭ ȭ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%AC"},{"link_name":"Ṍ ṍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%8C"},{"link_name":"Ṏ ṏ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%8E"},{"link_name":"Ǫ ǫ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogonek"},{"link_name":"Ȍ ȍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_grave_accent"},{"link_name":"Ǭ ǭ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%AC"},{"link_name":"Ꝍ ꝍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%9D%8C"},{"link_name":"medieval Nordic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"orthographies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode2006-9"},{"link_name":"Old Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Polish"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Swedish Dialect Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Dialect_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"ɔ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel"},{"link_name":"IPA superscript letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Superscript_IPA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Uralic Phonetic Alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Teuthonista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuthonista"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Indo-European studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_studies"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"phonetic transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic_transcription"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L220125-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-L221021-17"}],"sub_title":"Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet","text":"Œ œ : Latin OE ligature\nO with diacritics: Ø ø Ǿ ǿ Ö ö Ȫ ȫ Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ǒ ǒ Ő ő Ŏ ŏ Ȏ ȏ Ȯ ȯ Ȱ ȱ Ọ ọ Ɵ ɵ ᶱ[8] Ơ ơ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ Ở ở Ỏ ỏ Ō ō Ṓ ṓ Ṑ ṑ Õ õ Ȭ ȭ Ṍ ṍ Ṏ ṏ Ǫ ǫ Ȍ ȍ O̩ o̩ Ó̩ ó̩ Ò̩ ò̩ Ǭ ǭ O͍ o͍\nꝌ ꝍ : O with loop was used in some medieval Nordic orthographies[9]\nꟀ ꟁ : Old Polish O[10]\nⱺ : Small o with low ring inside is used in the Swedish Dialect Alphabet[11]\nIPA-specific symbols related to O: ɔ\nIPA superscript letters:[12] 𐞢 𐞣\nUralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to O:[13]\nU+1D0F ᴏ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL O\nU+1D3C ᴼ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL O\nU+1D52 ᵒ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL O\nU+1D11 ᴑ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O\nU+1D13 ᴓ LATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS O WITH STROKE\nU+1D16 ᴖ LATIN SMALL LETTER TOP HALF O\nU+1D17 ᴗ LATIN SMALL LETTER BOTTOM HALF O\nU+1D54 ᵔ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TOP HALF O\nU+1D55 ᵕ MODIFIER LETTER SMALL BOTTOM HALF O\nTeuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to O:[14]\nU+AB3D ꬽ LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O\nU+AB3E ꬾ LATIN SMALL LETTER BLACKLETTER O WITH STROKE\nU+AB3F ꬿ LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O WITH STROKE\nU+AB43 ꭃ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O\nU+AB44 ꭄ LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED O OPEN-O WITH STROKE\no : Subscript small o is used in Indo-European studies[15]\n𝼛 : Latin small letter o with retroflex hook is used in phonetic transcription[16][17]","title":"Related characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scribal abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode2006-9"},{"link_name":"empty set symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"ordinal indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_indicator"},{"link_name":"Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Alphanumeric_Symbols"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations","text":"Ꝋ ꝋ : Forms of O were used for medieval scribal abbreviations[9]\n∅ : empty set symbol[18]\nº : Masculine ordinal indicator\nCalligraphic O (𝒪, 𝓸): Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols[19]","title":"Related characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Ayin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayin"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega"},{"link_name":"Omicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicron"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)"},{"link_name":"Old Italic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Italic_script"},{"link_name":"Armenian letter O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets","text":"𐤏 : Semitic letter Ayin, from which the following symbols originally derive\nΩ ω : Greek letter Omega\nΟ ο : Greek letter Omicron\nⲞ ⲟ : Coptic letter O, which derives from Greek omicron\nО о : Cyrillic letter O, which also derives from Omicron\n𐌏 : Old Italic O, which derives from Greek Omicron, and is the ancestor of modern Latin O\nՕ օ : Armenian letter O[citation needed]","title":"Related characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Computing","text":"1 Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.[citation needed]","title":"Other representations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NATO phonetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_spelling_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/O_morse_code.ogg/O_morse_code.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:O_morse_code.ogg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICS_Oscar.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semaphore_Oscar.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sign_language_O.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSL_letter_O.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braille_O.svg"},{"link_name":"Signal flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags"},{"link_name":"Flag semaphore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_semaphore"},{"link_name":"American manual alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_manual_alphabet"},{"link_name":"ASL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"fingerspelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerspelling"},{"link_name":"British manual alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_manual_alphabet"},{"link_name":"BSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Sign_Language"},{"link_name":"fingerspelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerspelling"},{"link_name":"Braille dots-135","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille_pattern_dots-135"},{"link_name":"Unified English Braille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_English_Braille"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"NATO phonetic\n\nMorse code\n\n\nOscar\n\n  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSignal flag\n\nFlag semaphore\n\nAmerican manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)\n\nBritish manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling)\n\nBraille dots-135 Unified English Braille","title":"Other representations"}]
[{"image_text":"Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨o⟩ in European languages","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8o%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png/298px-Pronunciation_of_the_name_of_the_letter_%E2%9F%A8o%E2%9F%A9_in_European_languages.png"},{"image_text":"Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of an O, from 1627","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Newes_ABC_Buchlein_MET_DP855603.jpg/180px-Newes_ABC_Buchlein_MET_DP855603.jpg"}]
[{"title":"O mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_mark"},{"title":"Open O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_O"},{"title":"0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0"}]
[{"reference":"\"Evolution of Alphabets\". webspace.ship.edu. Retrieved 2024-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/evolalpha.html","url_text":"\"Evolution of Alphabets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cyrillic script\". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2024-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/cyrillic.htm","url_text":"\"Cyrillic script\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frequency Table\". www.math.cornell.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html","url_text":"\"Frequency Table\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Phonetic Alphabet for American English - IPA Chart\". easypronunciation.com. Retrieved 2024-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://easypronunciation.com/en/american-english-pronunciation-ipa-chart","url_text":"\"International Phonetic Alphabet for American English - IPA Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quick search: \"o lord\"\". Retrieved 2013-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22o+lord%22&qs_version=KJV","url_text":"\"Quick search: \"o lord\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"IPA Chart with Sounds – International Phonetic Alphabet Sounds\". www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org. Retrieved 2023-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/","url_text":"\"IPA Chart with Sounds – International Phonetic Alphabet Sounds\""}]},{"reference":"Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). \"L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS\""}]},{"reference":"Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). \"L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS\""}]},{"reference":"Bunčić, Daniel (2021-01-12). \"L2/21-039: Proposal to include the letter 'Old Polish O'\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21039-old-polish-o.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/21-039: Proposal to include the letter 'Old Polish O'\""}]},{"reference":"Lemonen, Therese; Ruppel, Klaas; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Sandström, Caroline (2006-01-26). \"L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). \"L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic\""}]},{"reference":"Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). \"L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Everson","url_text":"Everson, Michael"},{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS\""}]},{"reference":"Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). \"L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode \"Teuthonista\" phonetic characters in the UCS\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode \"Teuthonista\" phonetic characters in the UCS\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (2004-06-07). \"L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). \"L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). \"L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R \"Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters\" and IPA etc. code point and name changes\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf","url_text":"\"L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R \"Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters\" and IPA etc. code point and name changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic\". jeff560.tripod.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://jeff560.tripod.com/set.html","url_text":"\"Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Script (or Calligraphic)\". www.w3.org. Retrieved 2024-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-entity-names/script.html","url_text":"\"Script (or Calligraphic)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=O","external_links_name":"reviewed"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22O%22","external_links_name":"\"O\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22O%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22O%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22O%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22O%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22O%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=o&title=21st","external_links_name":"Chambers-Happap"},{"Link":"https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/evolalpha.html","external_links_name":"\"Evolution of Alphabets\""},{"Link":"https://www.omniglot.com/writing/cyrillic.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cyrillic script\""},{"Link":"https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html","external_links_name":"\"Frequency Table\""},{"Link":"https://easypronunciation.com/en/american-english-pronunciation-ipa-chart","external_links_name":"\"International Phonetic Alphabet for American English - IPA Chart\""},{"Link":"http://www.biblegateway.com/quicksearch/?quicksearch=%22o+lord%22&qs_version=KJV","external_links_name":"\"Quick search: \"o lord\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-sounds/ipa-chart-with-sounds/","external_links_name":"\"IPA Chart with Sounds – International Phonetic Alphabet Sounds\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21039-old-polish-o.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/21-039: Proposal to include the letter 'Old Polish O'\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/06-036: Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02141-n2419-uralic-phonetic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode \"Teuthonista\" phonetic characters in the UCS\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20125r-ipa-retroflex.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks\""},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21021-consolidated-ipa.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R \"Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters\" and IPA etc. code point and name changes\""},{"Link":"https://jeff560.tripod.com/set.html","external_links_name":"\"Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic\""},{"Link":"https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-entity-names/script.html","external_links_name":"\"Script (or Calligraphic)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D
Tenacious D
["1 History","1.1 Formation and early years","1.2 Rise to popularity","1.3 Television series and Tenacious D (1997–2002)","1.4 Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny and the album (2003–2007)","1.5 Rize of the Fenix (2008–2012)","1.6 Post-Apocalypto, new releases and touring (2012–present)","2 Musical style, influences and legacy","3 Appearances","3.1 Film and television","3.2 Internet","3.3 Video games","3.4 Live","4 Political activity","5 Other projects","5.1 Trainwreck","5.2 Kyle Gass Band","5.3 Guitarings","6 Band members","7 Discography","8 Awards and nominations","9 References","10 External links"]
American comedy rock duo This article is about the band. For their eponymous album, see Tenacious D (album). Tenacious DKyle Gass (left) and Jack Black (right) of Tenacious D performing at Rock am Ring in 2016Background informationAlso known asThe DThe Greatest Band in the World / on EarthOriginLos Angeles, California, U.S.GenresComedy rockacoustic rockhard rockheavy metalYears active1994–presentLabelsEpicColumbiaMembers Jack Black Kyle Gass See band members section for additional members Websitetenaciousd.com Tenacious D is an American comedy rock duo formed in Los Angeles, in 1994. It was founded by actors Jack Black and Kyle Gass, who were then members of The Actors' Gang theater company. The duo's name is derived from "tenacious defense", a phrase used by NBA basketball sportscasters Walt Frazier and Marv Albert. Backing members include John Konesky, John Spiker, and Scott Seiver. Dave Grohl has recorded drums and percussion on all studio albums, but does not perform live. Prior to the release of the 2001 debut album Tenacious D, the duo had a three-episode TV series released on HBO between 1997-2000. The series came about after the band met David Cross on the LA music scene—and Black featured in episodes of Mr. Show with Bob and David. The band befriended Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl, which began a relationship between Foo Fighters and Tenacious D. Towards the end of the 1990s, the duo supported large rock acts such as Weezer, Pearl Jam, Tool, and Beck. In 2000, they signed with Epic Records and the year after they released Tenacious D, their debut album featuring a full band, including Grohl. Their second single, "Tribute", has achieved cult status, contributing to their popularity in the UK, Sweden and Australia. In 2003, the band released The Complete Master Works, a concert DVD, which achieved gold and platinum status by the RIAA. In 2006, they starred in the film, Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, with Epic Records releasing the soundtrack as their second album, The Pick of Destiny. The film cost $20 million, but only grossed $14 million, with mixed reviews. Despite this, the band would near sell-out arenas on its respective tour, including Madison Square Garden. Following years of sporadic festival dates and special appearances, the band released their third album Rize of the Fenix in 2012, with the album making light of The Pick of Destiny's commercial failure. In 2013, the band hosted the comedy music festival Festival Supreme in LA. In 2014, the band were invited to feature on Ronnie James Dio – This Is Your Life, a compilation album to raise funds for cancer. Their cover of "The Last in Line" won a Grammy for best heavy metal performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards. Following teases from Black and Gass regarding a second film, in 2018, the band began independently releasing an animatic hand-drawn web series titled, Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto. Columbia Records released the album Post-Apocalypto on November 2, 2018, after the release of the sixth episode. Tenacious D's music showcases Black's theatrical vocal delivery and Gass' acoustic guitar-playing. Critics have described their fusion of vulgar absurdist comedy with rock music as "mock rock". Their songs discuss the duo's purported musical and sexual prowess, their friendship and cannabis usage, in a style critics have compared with the storyteller-style lyrics of rock opera. History Formation and early years Jack Black and Kyle Gass initially met in Los Angeles in 1986 at their teacher's house, both members of The Actors' Gang theater troupe. Black admits that, due to animosity, he and Gass didn't initially see eye-to-eye, as Gass was the main musician for the Actor's Gang and "felt threatened by Black". The Actor's Gang travelled to Edinburgh, Scotland, for the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 1989. They were performing Tim Robbins' and Adam Simon's play Carnage. The two became friends during the trip, notably climbing Arthur's Seat on a day off. Following the trip, Black and Gass would bond over music. Black states he didn't learn guitar until he was "around twenty-three years old", so would regularly visit Gass's Cochran Avenue studio apartment, in the deal that Gass would teach Black to play guitar in return for food, mainly from fast-food chain Jack in the Box. Black has comically stated that their go-to order was two tacos for a dollar, "as it was cheap". "If wanted to splurge, would go with Monster Tacos, which included a little extra lettuce and salsa". The two would work together professionally at The Actor's Gang and would collaborate in productions. It took a few years after meeting in the early 1990s for the two to begin writing music of their own. Black and Gass eventually wrote their first song after Black had been dumped by a girlfriend called Melissa, a non-comedic song. The two have since admitted to feeling embarrassed about the song, though they occasionally sing it during interviews when telling their story. Their second song came about when Black was listening to the Metallica song "One" and told Gass that it was "the best song in the world". Gass told Black that they couldn't write the best song in the world, but Black put a twist on it and said they could "write a tribute". Gass played an A-minor chord on his guitar at the apartment and the two spent three full days crafting the song. When it was done, Gass mentioned that they "knew they had something". The song made the duo realize their comedic potential. The two would initially call themselves "Responsive Chord" for a brief period of time while rehearsing the comedy act. Rise to popularity The band's first on-stage appearance was at Highland Grounds in Los Angeles, a coffee shop, where they performed as The Axe Lords Featuring Gorgazon's Mischief, though the production was technically part of an Actor's Gang variety event. Notably in the audience was Harry Shearer, best known for his role as Derek Smalls in Spinal Tap and as the voice of Mr. Burns, Waylon Smithers, Principal Skinner (among many others) on The Simpsons. The band's first performance at an actual music event was a short appearance at Al's Bar in the summer of 1994; the band performed the live debut of "Tribute", still their only song at the time, and the duo also gave the audience the chance to vote for their name. Black and Gass gave them the choice between "Pets or Meat", "Balboa's Biblical Theater" and "The Axe Lords Featuring Gorgazon's Mischief" (Gass' personal favorite). "Tenacious D"—a basketball term used by commentators to describe robust defensive positioning in basketball — did not get the majority of votes, however, but according to Black "we forced it through". The venue had become a hotbed for upcoming bands, so much so that in attendance was David Cross, who invited Black and Gass to open for the live version of Mr Show. Black would later be cast on the actual television series itself in 1995. The band would continue to generate momentum on the Los Angeles music scene, notably performing headline shows at Al's Bar, Pedro's, Largo and The Actors' Gang studio. Maynard James Keenan, lead vocalist of the band Tool, had also met Cross on the Los Angeles scene, and therefore had also become involved in Mr. Show. Keenan invited Black and Gass to support three Californian Tool concerts in December 1995. Tool was the first large act that Tenacious D were a support act for. Black had previously attended UCLA with director Jason Bloom; therefore, when Bloom was made the director of 1996's Bio-Dome, Black and Gass were invited to perform a short song in the film. The two wrote the song "5 Needs", and this was their first on-screen appearance as Tenacious D. In 1997, Tenacious D had become a popular act on the Los Angeles music scene and would perform residencies at The Viper Room. Pete Stahl, the vocalist of the band Scream, worked at The Viper Room at the time and became a fan of Black and Gass. Stahl invited friend Dave Grohl to come and visit The Viper Room to see Tenacious D, though Grohl initially didn't want to go. Grohl changed his stance and went to see the band perform a couple of weeks later and thoroughly enjoyed it. This would start a relationship between Grohl, Black and Gass. Tenacious D recorded their songs "Tribute", "Kyle Quit the Band", "Krishna" and "History" and released them in a demo tape called Tenacious Demo in the late 1990s with Andrew Gross, distributing it to various record companies, until HBO offered them a TV show based upon the tape and Black's work on Mr. Show. Television series and Tenacious D (1997–2002) Main article: Tenacious D (TV series) Cross, with Mr. Show writer Bob Odenkirk, continued his involvement with Tenacious D by producing three half-hour shows based on the band. The series, entitled Tenacious D, premiered on HBO in 1997, immediately following an episode of Mr. Show. While a total of three episodes consisting of two shorts each, ten to twelve minutes in length, were produced, only the first was aired that year; the final two episodes did not air until the summer of 2000. According to Gass, the series was cancelled after HBO requested ten episodes with the stipulation that he and Black would have to relinquish their role as executive producers, and only write songs. After the series aired, the band continued to perform live. At a show at the Viper Room in Los Angeles, they met Dave Grohl, who remarked that he was impressed with their performance; this led to their cameo in the Foo Fighters' "Learn to Fly" music video. The popularity of Tenacious D further increased as they began to open for high-profile acts, including Beck, Pearl Jam and Foo Fighters. In May 2000, Tenacious D signed to Epic Records. As Black's profile increased due to his roles in films such as High Fidelity the band worked on recording their first album with producers the Dust Brothers. In 2001, they released their debut Tenacious D. It peaked at No. 33 on the Billboard 200 on October 13, 2001. While Tenacious D usually appears as a duo, the album was backed by a full band, consisting of Dave Grohl on drums and guitar, keyboardist Page McConnell of Phish, guitarist Warren Fitzgerald of The Vandals, and bassist Steven Shane McDonald of Redd Kross. According to Black, they chose to use a band because "no one's ever heard us with a band". The majority of songs on the album were performed previously on their short-lived television series. "Tribute" Clip of "Tribute" from Tenacious D. Problems playing this file? See media help. Although the critical reaction varied, by November 2005, the album had achieved platinum status in the US. Entertainment Weekly described the release as "hilarious", and "no mere comedy record". AllMusic wrote that the album "rocks so damn hard", but lamented the absence of some of the songs from the television show. Flak Magazine criticised the band's use of skits between songs, describing them as "distracting" and a "nuisance". In addition, The Independent remarked that the album was full of "swearing and scatology" and was "bereft of even the slightest skidmark of humour". The first single from the album was "Tribute": a tribute to the "greatest song in the world" which, in the song, Tenacious D claimed they had performed in order to save their souls from a demon. A music video, directed by Liam Lynch, was shot for the song. The video achieved success and was voted the fifth best music video ever by Kerrang! readers. This was followed by the second single, "Wonderboy", the music video of which was directed by Spike Jonze. A third video, an animation depicting Black and Gass as cherubs, was made for "Fuck Her Gently", directed by Ren and Stimpy creator John Kricfalusi. The album also included "Dio", a song written as a tribute to rock singer Ronnie James Dio, which mocked him somewhat for being too old. Dio liked the song enough to ask the band to appear in the music video for his song, "Push". An EP entitled D Fun Pak was released in 2002. It featured a skit and acoustic versions of "Jesus Ranch" and "Kyle Quit The Band", as well as a megamix by Mocean Worker. The Complete Masterworks, a music DVD featuring the entire run of their TV series, music videos, and a live performance from London's Brixton Academy recorded in 2002, was released on November 9, 2003. Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny and the album (2003–2007) Main article: Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny Black and Gass had dreamt of producing a Tenacious D motion-picture since forming the band; archived footage of banter at an early Tenacious D show records Black as saying "a movie - that would be the pinnacle". The duo conceptualized numerous ideas for a film, though the first actual known draft of a script was published on November 7, 2000. The script was based on many songs that would later be released on the duo's eponymous debut album that would be released the following year. There is little known about the script, other than it being based around the band playing coffee shops and Black becoming fascinated by Atlantis. Black and Gass both fall in love with a girl called Simmeon who has written books about the fictional island. They later meet Ronnie James Dio, and are sent on a road trip to Miami. This concept was later scrapped. At some point prior to 2003, the band were in negotiations with British studio Working Title Films to write and distribute a Tenacious D film, but Black and Gass decided to assume creative control when they were not satisfied with the writers' ideas. In February 2003, it was announced that the band had signed with New Line Cinema to create a Tenacious D film, with Liam Lynch as the director, and Black, Gass and Lynch writing the script and being producers on the production. There was also speculation that Red Hour Productions would produce the film, which was later confirmed. Later in 2003, Black announced the film's working title as Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny and that the script was about the band's search for a sacred guitar pick. Filming had been expected to take place by the end of 2003; however, it was delayed by almost a year due to Black being cast in Peter Jackson's big budget remake of King Kong. In December 2004, Black and Gass performed some songs from the upcoming soundtrack of the film whilst touring Australia, and announcing that the film would include cameos from Meat Loaf and Ronnie James Dio. Principal photography for Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny commenced in the spring of 2005, with the production finishing later that summer. The film held its first test screening to the press in October 2005. The film held two re-shoots in the summer of 2006 and according to Lynch, every crew member from the principal photography came back because they "had such a fun time working on set". Black also stated that the filming on this production was "the most fun I've ever had filming a movie". "A lot of enthusiastic stoners were like, 'Yeah, du-u-u-de! Just saw it!' I was like, 'Where were you when the movie came out?' 'Sorry, dude, I was hi-i-i-gh!'" — Jack Black on The Pick of Destiny's disappointing box-office performance. The film held its British premiere on November 1, 2006 at the Vue West End cinema in London, England. The film's domestic premiere was held at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on November 9, 2006. Many of the actors who had cameos in the film were in attendance; including Ronnie James Dio, Dave Grohl, and Ben Stiller. The soundtrack for the production was called The Pick of Destiny and featured a returning John King (of The Dust Brothers) producing it. It was released on November 14, 2006 through Epic Records. The film was released worldwide on November 22. Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny grossed US$8,334,575 in the US and Canada and a total of US$13,426,450 worldwide, falling well short of its US$20 million production budget and US$40 million in estimated marketing costs. Financially, it is regarded as a box-office bomb. The soundtrack reached No. 8 on the Billboard 200 in the US as well as topping the iTunes chart, and #10 in the UK. The film was released globally on DVD on February 27, 2007. In an interview on the Daily Show on November 30, 2006, Black admitted the film had "bombed", but said that DVD sales had shown that the film picked up a cult audience. "POD" Clip of "POD" from The Pick of Destiny. Problems playing this file? See media help. Kevin Crust of the Los Angeles Times said that the film "might best be enjoyed in an enhanced state of consciousness, a herbal supplement, and we aren't talking ginkgo biloba." Stephen Rae of The Philadelphia Inquirer said that the frequent drug-use in the film gives "the term potty humor a new meaning." Michael Phillips criticized the frequency of the drug-use by saying: "This may be the problem. Pot rarely helped anybody's comic timing." Stephen Holden of The New York Times suggested that the film could be viewed as a "jolly rock 'n' roll comedy", but he also described the progression of the film as being a "garish mess." The soundtrack received less favourable reviews than for the band's first album. Rolling Stone comments that the soundtrack "never quite takes off". It criticises the reliance the album makes on a knowledge of the film, and some songs' existence only to "advance the plot". It summarizes by saying the album is inferior to the band's previous effort. Allmusic also describes the follow-up as less "satisfying" than Tenacious D, noting that the songs feel like "narrative filler". Blender continues the criticism of the songs being plot devices calling them "plot-nudging song-sketches". The Guardian views the album more positively, describing the album as a meeting of "old school riffology" and "schoolboy humour". Black, Gass, Konesky, Spiker, and Wackerman To coincide with the release of their new film and album, Tenacious D embarked on The Pick of Destiny Tour, of the US, Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. This tour included the band's first appearance at New York City's Madison Square Garden. Unlike other tours, this one featured a full backing band. Konesky and Spiker resumed their roles from the album, and Brooks Wackerman was added as drummer. Each member used a pseudonym; Konesky as the Antichrist, Spiker as Charlie Chaplin, and Wackerman as Colonel Sanders. JR Reed also toured as Satan, as well as reprising his role as "Lee". Black has said that the band lost money on the tour due to the cost of touring with a full band for the first time. Rize of the Fenix (2008–2012) Main article: Rize of the Fenix Tenacious D performing at the Leeds festival In November 2006, Black expressed wishes to take a year-long break from acting, though Gass hinted a desire for Tenacious D to end at their current highpoint. However, Black confirmed that a third album would be recorded by announcing that a new song has been written for it entitled "Deth Star". He said that the album would likely be released in 2010, but on other occasions had mentioned the year 2012. In early 2008, Black announced that the band was working on a new album, and a DVD titled The Complete Masterworks Part 2. The DVD was released later that year, and included a documentary of their world tour entitled D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary. The film focuses on the tour Tenacious D made in support of the film and soundtrack and the consequences of their film's poor showing at the box office. Kyle has commented that the new album only has "one to one and a half" songs written for it, and would like to write between twelve and fifteen. Music magazine Billboard quoted Black as revealing that "We just laid down a hot we're calling it the bomb track. It's a very powerful recording called "Deth Starr" so it has nothing to do with the Star Wars ," adding that "It's kind of sci-fi, doomsday rock." Jack Black also stated on the Late Show with David Letterman that he had an idea for a song called "Rize of the Fenix", which he described as a "rise from the ashes" workout song similar to "Eye of the Tiger". He performed a vocal sample of the song along with keyboards. Gass hinted that the band's third album might be called Tenacious D 3-D, reasoning that "It's the third record, so it should probably be 'Tenacious 3-D.' There's going to be a '3' and a 'D,' so you have to connect them." Dave Grohl has confirmed that he will appear as the drummer on the album, after performing on both Tenacious D and The Pick of Destiny. In an interview with Spinner.com in December 2010, Black revealed that the band was "about halfway through the writing process" for its new album, telling fans to expect the release of new material "at the end of 2011". In terms of lyrical themes for the new songs, Black noted that "We're gonna be talking about love, there are gonna be some songs about sex and there's gonna be songs about food". In a May 2011 interview at Attack of the Show, Black announced that three songs on their upcoming album would be named "Rize of the Fenix", distinguishable by either letter or number. Also in the same interview, he named another song called "Señorita". In February 2012 it was revealed that the title of the album would in fact be spelled Rize of the Fenix and would be released on May 15, 2012. On March 26, 2012 a 6-minute film was uploaded to the Tenacious D channel on YouTube. The mockumentary, titled 'Tenacious D - To Be the Best', documents the uncertain future Tenacious D faced after the box-office failure of The Pick of Destiny, KG's subsequent breakdown and incarceration in "an institution", and Jack's embracing of an indulgent Hollywood lifestyle. The film shows a deranged Kyle escaping the facility and attempting to kill Jack and then himself, before they each realize their importance to each other and revive the band. They produce a new album in 75 minutes in the studio, described as "awful", but try again and emerge with another new album, described at the end of the film as "the greatest album recorded by anyone, ever". The film features numerous cameo appearances, including Maria Menounos, Val Kilmer, Dave Grohl, Yoshiki Hayashi, Josh Groban, Richard Ghagan, Mike White, Tim Robbins and Jimmy Kimmel. The band released the album on April 28, 2012 in its entirety on their SoundCloud account. Rize of the Fenix was officially released on May 15, 2012 with mostly positive reviews from music critics. Post-Apocalypto, new releases and touring (2012–present) Main article: Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto In June 2012, when asked about a sequel to Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, Black stated that the band had "found a loophole with the internet and animated shorts. That’s the world we’re looking to dive into, and not just for money, mainly for art." The band would mention later on in that year that they may make an Internet series "exclusive to YouTube." The project was a fantasy for Black and Gass for a few years, until the Donald Trump presidential campaign inspired them to write a post-apocalyptic comedy in 2016. On February 5, 2016, Black was a guest on BBC Radio 2's Chris Evans Breakfast Show. When asked about the status of the band, Black confirmed that they were working on a new album. Stating that they were "slow", Black suggested that it would likely be completed in 2018. Black also mentioned that so far they just had a few song titles. In 2017, while on promotion for the film, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, Black stated on the British radio station, Kerrang Radio, that Tenacious D had created an animated series, and that the fourth album would be called Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto. In 2018, before performing at Hell & Heaven Metal Fest in Mexico City, the band entered the stage to a short studio snippet of their new song "Post-Apocalypto Theme". The night after this, Black asked the audience at Shaky Knees Music Festival in Atlanta, Georgia whether they had seen The Pick of Destiny and that "part 2 is coming out in October". He went to state that "I don't know where you will be able to see it, but we have decided it's happening and it's coming out. Rocktober". Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto was released as six individual episodes on YouTube. These would be uploaded from September 28 to November 2. Columbia Records would release the album Post-Apocalypto on the November 2. At a live screening of the series at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in New York, Black stated that the two would attempt to speed up their album cycle, jokingly commenting about the duo's age if the current speed continues and their record obligation with Sony. Black stated that the fifth album will take time, and "most likely be released after 2020". On the 29th of November 2019, for Record Store Day's Black Friday, Tenacious D released a 'Blue Series' 7" Single, featuring the track "Don't Blow It, Kage". The record was produced by The White Stripes member, Jack White. On the 7th of July 2020, Tenacious D released an audiobook for the upcoming graphic novel adaption of the Post-Apocalypto, which is set to be released in September of the same year. In addition, at the end of the audiobook, it was announced that Sony Music, the music group in which Columbia Records is a part of, terminated their contract with the band. On October 27, 2020, Tenacious D released a cover of 'Time Warp', available to stream online and also released on 7" vinyl. The song included a music video featuring a string of celebrity guests. The single was used to promote Rock the Vote, which encourages Americans to vote in the 2020 Presidential Election. All proceeds from the vinyl sales of the song were donated to Rock the Vote. On July 1, 2021, Tenacious D released a tribute to The Beatles in which they cover and mashup two songs from Abbey Road: "You Never Give Me Your Money" and "The End." Similar to "Time Warp", the limited-edition 7" supported charity—this time with all the proceeds going to Doctors Without Borders. In an interview with Variety published in September 2021, Black stated that the band are working on their next album, claiming it is "a very big idea that we've been working on for years". Black predicts the album will be released in 2024. On December 7, 2021, Tenacious D announced a Summer 2022 tour of the United States. This tour was a belated 20th anniversary celebration of their debut album. In March 2022, the tour was extended into the fall. On May 6, 2023, the duo began their "The Spicy Meatball Tour" by performing two new original songs, "The Spicy Meatball Song" and "Video Games", at Shaky Knees. "Video Games" then premiered online on May 11, 2023 via a 3D animated music video directed by Adam Paloian and his production company Pinreel Inc., which was the band's first new music video since 2012. In early June 2023, it was announced that the tour will continue in the fall, starting with a show in Charlotte, North Carolina. In February 2024, the band announced their first tour of Australia and New Zealand in eleven years, to be held in July 2024. Musical style, influences and legacy Tenacious D has been described as acoustic rock, comedy rock, and heavy metal, with the majority of their songs played on acoustic guitars, and rely heavily on power chords. Satire and comedy are a major aspect of Tenacious D's lyrical content. Gass said of their approach: "I'd love to do the straight music thing, but that's kind of against our mission, which is to rebel against the serious singer-songwriter mentality." Their songs evoke heavy metal clichés of bands like Iron Maiden and Judas Priest. In particular, the song "Dio" pokes fun at the idea of a torch being passed. Songs like "Friendship" parody the lack of real friendship, as well as point out the traits in rock groups with the lyric "As long as there's a record deal, we'll always be friends". Their short song structures have been described as punk rock-inspired. Tenacious D also employs the technique of deliberate backmasking on "Karate", a technique employed by other metal bands like Slayer, who recorded a message in Hell Awaits. Black has said that the first song he enjoyed was ABBA's "Take a Chance on Me". His style was distinctly shaped by "big dinosaurs of rock" such as The Who and Led Zeppelin. In addition, Gass lists his influences as being Tom Waits and Tony Robbins. The band claimed that the inspiration for the song "Tribute" came after Black played Metallica's "One" for Gass, describing it as "the best song in the world", leading to an attempt to write an even better song, themselves. "We try to write the best songs ever, and they come out kind of funny..." — Kyle Gass on the band's humorous lyrics. Gass has described Tenacious D's comic assertion that they are the best band as being "ridiculous because it's a matter of opinion". Black characterizes Tenacious D's comic nature as an antidote to "the masculinity of rock", adding "There's also something funny about the macho-ness of rock. Like the bands that are the fucking hardest rocking are like, 'We'll fucking kick your ass, dude... with our rock.'" Russell Brand, All Shall Perish, The Lonely Island, and Kanye West have in turn been influenced by the work of Tenacious D. Appearances Film and television Black and Gass first performed together in Bio-Dome (1996), followed by The Cable Guy (1996), Bongwater (1997), Cradle Will Rock (1999), Saving Silverman (2001), Shallow Hal (2001), and Year One (2009). Black has starred in a number of films himself, and he has provided voices for animated films. In 2006, Tenacious D starred in their own film, Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, in which they set out to become the greatest rock band in the world, by means of a guitar pick with mystic powers. The duo contributed to the Annie Award-winning martial arts cartoon film Kung Fu Panda with Black as Po and Gass as KG Shaw. Their cover of Britney Spears' "...Baby One More Time" is featured in the end credits of the fourth film of the series. Black and Gass have made several television appearances performing songs from their first album. On June 16, 2001, Tenacious D were featured as puppets performing "Friendship" on an episode of Crank Yankers. They were guest starred when they were taught by Zorak how to perform in an episode of the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim series Space Ghost Coast to Coast. In 2002 they guest starred on MADtv playing the songs "Tribute", & "Lee" with Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl on drums. Later, Tenacious D made an appearance in the first episode of Tom Goes to the Mayor televised on Adult Swim. In the run up to the release of the film The Pick of Destiny, Tenacious D performed the "Pick of Destiny" at the 2006 American Music Awards and on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Tenacious D was a musical guest on Saturday Night Live for the first time, although they had previously appeared as an uncredited musical guest on May 2, 1998. They also opened the 2006 Spike TV Video Game Awards with a performance of "The Metal", and played "Friendship" at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards. The band's first television appearance of 2008 was in support of the Who at the VH1 Rock Honors. Internet Black and Gass were interviewed on August 29, 2012, by Tony Hawk as part of the "Dissent" series on the web channel, Ride. The interview was conducted in the Sirius/XM studios as part of the Hawk's "Demolition Radio" program. The interview's topics include comedy rock and Upland Skatepark. Video games The song "The Metal" is playable in the sixth tier setlist of Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, as well as being playable in demo versions of the game included in demo kits, Official Xbox Magazine Demo Disc #77, some copies of Tony Hawk's Proving Ground, and formerly as a digital download on the Xbox Games Store. "The Metal" and "Master Exploder" appear on the soundtrack of Brütal Legend. Both Black and Gass voice characters in the game partly modeled after their likenesses; Black voices main character Eddie Riggs, while Gass voices Kage the Kannonier. An in-game Tenacious D guitar was available as a pre-order incentive. "The Metal" was added as downloadable content to Rock Band to coincide with Brütal Legend's release. Live Main articles: The Pick of Destiny Tour, Rize of the Fenix Tour, Post-Apocalypto Tour, and The Spicy Meatball Tour "Wonderboy" (live) Sample of "Wonderboy" performed live by Tenacious D in San Francisco on February 21, 2002. Problems playing this file? See media help. The band spent the first twelve years of their career playing concerts acoustic; just Black and Gass on acoustic guitars, with no backing instruments apart from occasional guests. Black and Gass have expressed angst they experience before concerts saying: "We're always looking for a loophole. Pretty much every concert we've ever done, we're trying to find a way to cancel the show at the last minute." The band mainly spent their first five years performing in Los Angeles, with occasional concerts in New York and Colorado. The band embarked on their first ever tour in the summer of 1999. In 2001, Tenacious D started their second nationwide concert tour, performing at larger venues, many of which sold out. In the fall of 2001, Black and Gass toured with Weezer alongside Jimmy Eat World, performing in large arenas. In 2002, the band supported Kid Rock at a handful of concerts, before starting their third domestic tour, Le Tour!, playing many medium-sized theaters. Later that year and in early 2003, the band would perform three small European tours, and an Australian tour. It's a roaring crowd, and they may be roaring your approval, but it's still a scary, roaring crowd. They can turn on you, conceivably. It's still a beast that you must ride. And once it's been ridden, in the midst of the ride, it feels fantastic. — Jack Black on performing live. In 2006, the band launched their first ever major tour, The Pick of Destiny Tour. Black and Gass wished to recruit electric guitarist John Konesky and bassist John Spiker, both members of Gass' side-project Trainwreck, and had been session musicians on The Pick of Destiny album. The band also wished to recruit drummer Brooks Wackerman from The Vandals. At early rehearsals of the tour, Black and Gass contemplated whether to go ahead with the musicians, or whether to continue performing acoustic, of which they decided to try the tour with the band. The tour would continue into 2007, with two US legs, a European leg and an Australian leg. Following The Pick of Destiny Tour, the band would go on to play Reading and Leeds Festivals, Outside Lands, Bonnaroo and the BlizzCon closing ceremony from 2008 to 2010, as well as supporting the Foo Fighters in the fall of 2011. In 2012, the band launched their second major tour, Rize of the Fenix Tour. Apart from two performances in Stockholm and Amsterdam, until 2012, the band had never performed to non-English speaking countries. Black claimed it was because foreign concerts were "a little funky" because "the subtleties do get lost in translation". In June, the band would perform at Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festivals in Germany, which broke the band's attendance records. In October, the band embarked on a large tour of Europe, including returns to Germany. Following the Rize of the Fenix Tour, the band toured smaller venues as Old School Acoustic Style Tour in early 2013, performing in North America and Australia. This would be their first acoustic tour since their tour of Australia in 2004. There were two additional acoustic tours in Europe in December 2013 and February 2015. In 2018, the band launched their third major tour, Post-Apocalypto Tour, which would surpass Rize of the Fenix as their biggest tour in the fall of October 2019. The band is also set to perform "Video Games" at the upcoming Game Awards 10-Year Concert at The Hollywood Bowl, accompanied by a live orchestra. In 2023, the band performed on their fourth major tour, The Spicy Meatball Tour. Political activity Tenacious D are supporters of cannabis legalization. They have also performed at a NORML benefit concert. Black described his view that allowing drug use would remove the stigma of feeling "naughty" attached to users, making the activity mundane and less attractive. Black was the executive producer for a documentary about Randy Credico entitled Sixty Spins Around the Sun. It calls for the so-called Rockefeller Drug Laws to be repealed. Black said of it, "They're populating our prisons with people, you know, first time drug offenders—single mothers that have a little bit of coke end up going to prison for 20 years or something. It's just cruel and unusual punishment." In 2004, Tenacious D supported John Kerry's US presidential election campaign by playing a benefit concert for him. Black and Gass were disparaging towards George W. Bush's presidency on many occasions. The band performed a benefit concert for Barack Obama's presidential campaign on November 2, 2008 in Milwaukee. Other performers included Ben Harper and Relentless7, David Crosby and Graham Nash, and the Beastie Boys. Tenacious D guested with Crosby and Nash on "Find the Cost of Freedom" which concluded the Crosby-Nash set. In 2010, Tenacious D agreed to boycott Arizona due to laws passed there concerning illegal immigration. In 2012, Tenacious D performed at the House of Blues in Cleveland and did a surprise gig at Kent State University earlier on that day to encourage voting. Tenacious D supported Obama that year. In 2017, Black and Gass performed "The Government Totally Sucks" at an anti-Donald Trump Prophets of Rage show in Los Angeles. Other projects In 2014, Tenacious D provided a cover of "The Last in Line" on the Dio tribute album This Is Your Life. The recording won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance. Tenacious D have appeared in numerous music videos by other bands, including "Learn to Fly" by Foo Fighters, "Push" by Dio, and "Photograph" by Weezer. Black has appeared on his own in many music videos, including a cameo alongside Dave Grohl in the music video for the Eagles of Death Metal song "I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)", alongside Grohl again in the music video for the Foo Fighters' "Low", a cameo in the music video for the song "Sexx Laws" by Beck, and the video for "Humility" by Gorillaz. In addition to appearing in videos, Black and Gass sang backup vocals on the 2003 Styx album Cyclorama, on the song "Kiss Your Ass Goodbye". Tenacious D lent backing vocals to The Vandals album Look What I Almost Stepped In..., on the song "Fourteen". Tenacious D appeared on KROQ-FM's twelfth full-length Christmas compilation, Swallow My Eggnog, with Sum 41, on a song entitled "Things I Want". Gass appeared in the Good Charlotte music video for the song "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous". Trainwreck Main article: Trainwreck with Kyle GassFollowing Black's popularity in the film industry, he was unable to tour regularly with Gass, so Gass started Trainwreck, under the pseudonym "Klip Calhoun". The band also features JR Reed (Lee of Tenacious D) under the pseudonym "Darryl Donald", as well as Konesky and Spiker, who play lead guitar and bass. They have released a live album, Trainwreck Live, and a studio album The Wreckoning. Black occasionally appeared with the band under the name "Tuffy McFuckelby". Trainwreck broke up in 2010, but reunited in 2018 and announced that they were working on a new album. Kyle Gass Band Main article: Kyle Gass BandFollowing the breakup of Trainwreck, Gass started Kyle Gass Band in 2011. The band released their first album, Kyle Gass Band in 2013 and Thundering Herd in 2016. The band features Mike Bray as lead singer, who used to open for Trainwreck shows. The band also features Konesky reprising his role as electric guitarist. Guitarings Gass and Konesky produced a YouTube show called Guitarings. The first series launched in mid-2009, and the second series lasted for 2011 and 2012. The series featured guitar tutorials for Tenacious D songs, as well as interviews, equipment reviews, music shop tours and answering fan mail. Band members Core members Jack Black – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1994–present) Kyle Gass – lead guitar, backing and lead vocals (1994–present) Backing/additional members John Konesky – guitars, backing vocals (2005–present; touring and session) John Spiker – bass, keyboards, piano, backing vocals (2005–present; touring and session) Scott Seiver – drums, percussion (2013–present; touring and session) Former additional members Brooks Wackerman – drums (2006–15; touring and session on live albums) Discography Main articles: Tenacious D discography and List of songs recorded by Tenacious D Tenacious D (2001) The Pick of Destiny (2006) Rize of the Fenix (2012) Post-Apocalypto (2018) Awards and nominations Year Association Category Nominated work Result Ref. 2002 Annie Award Best Animated Short Subject "Fuck Her Gently" Nominated 2003 MVPA Awards Alternative Video of the Year "Tribute" Nominated 2012 Kerrang! Awards Kerrang! Service to Rock — Won 2013 Grammy Award Best Comedy Album Rize of the Fenix Nominated 2015 Best Metal Performance "The Last in Line" Won References ^ Bryan, Steve. "Black tells origin of 'Tenacious D'". Stltoday.com. Retrieved May 23, 2018. ^ "Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06". Fooarchive.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2018. ^ a b c d e f g Phares, Heather. "AMG Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved March 25, 2008. ^ Hung, Steffen. "australian-charts.com - Tenacious D - Tribute". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved May 23, 2018. ^ "Gold & Platinum - RIAA". RIAA. Retrieved May 23, 2018. ^ "Tenacious D tell us all about the Pick of Destiny". EW.com. Retrieved May 23, 2018. ^ "Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny (2006) - Box Office Mojo". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved October 18, 2018. ^ NME (December 2, 2006). "Tenacious D play in iconic New York venue". NME. Retrieved February 21, 2019. ^ "Tenacious D Talks Comeback, the Death of Rock and How to Write the Best Song Ever (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 23, 2018. ^ "Tenacious D". GRAMMY.com. May 22, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018. ^ Weingarten, Christopher R. (September 28, 2018). "Tenacious D on Their Wild New Animated Series 'Post-Apocalypto'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 18, 2018. ^ a b Hart, Hugh (November 6, 2006). "'D' is for dynamic duo". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 18, 2008. ^ a b Schaer, Cathrin (December 12, 2004). "Tenacious D: Mock'n'rollers". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2007. ^ Fry, Ted (November 22, 2006). "Sympathy for the devil: Rockers seek Satan's pick". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2007. ^ Gleiberman, Owen (November 21, 2006). "Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny (2006)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 15, 2007. ^ "Read This, Gently: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Tenacious D". Ifc.com. ^ a b Cohen, Sandy (November 23, 2006). "The fake but true story of Tenacious D". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 14, 2008. ^ a b c d e f Rees, Jasper (August 29, 2006). "Dude, where's my guitar?". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved December 28, 2006. ^ a b Woodman, Chay (February 7, 2006). "Tenacious D Interview". Virtual Festivals. Archived from the original on May 12, 2003. Retrieved December 19, 2006. ^ Teicholz, Tom (March 14, 2008). "Gang of Actors reaches a new stage". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Retrieved April 4, 2008. ^ Morris, Mark (June 4, 2000). "Jack Black Close Up". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 6, 2008. ^ a b c ""Tribute Was Our Mona Lisa" – An Oral History Of Tenacious D's Self-Titled Debut Album". Kerrang.com. Retrieved November 27, 2019. ^ "BBC - Imagine: The Story of the Guitar - Video - Jack Black Interview". Retrieved November 2, 2018. ^ GQ (November 1, 2018), Tenacious D Goes Undercover on Reddit, YouTube and Twitter | GQ, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 2, 2018 ^ Guitarings (October 4, 2011), Guitarings - Viewer Mailbag - 10/4/11, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 2, 2018 ^ bigfootisreal100 (October 16, 2009), Tenacious D - The D's First Song (Melissa), archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 2, 2018{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Guitarings". Facebook.com. Retrieved November 2, 2018. ^ Deville, Chris (September 24, 2021). "Tenacious D Turns 20". Stereogum. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ "Let It D: Tenacious D, The Greatest Band in the World (or Maybe the Second Greatest, They're Still W". Relix.com. February 3, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2019. ^ "Tribute by Tenacious D - Songfacts". Songfacts.com. ^ a b c Johnson, Ross (October 8, 2006). "Jack Black Revisits the Glory Days Known as Tenacious D". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2008. ^ Palopoli, Steve (November 8, 2006). "Cult Leader". Metro Silicon Valley. Retrieved January 12, 2007. ^ Thayer, Alex (December 23, 1997). "Tenacious D/Tool". Archived from the original on June 21, 2000. Retrieved November 2, 2018. ^ "Remember When: Maynard James Keenan appeared in 'Mr. Show'?Metal Insider". Metal Insider. January 9, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2018. ^ "Bio-Dome (1996) - Jason Bloom | Cast and Crew | AllMovie". AllMovie. Retrieved November 2, 2018. ^ " Modern Alternative Rock - TENACIOUS D". Wazee.org. Retrieved January 10, 2019. ^ "Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06". Fooarchive.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2018. ^ "Discogs, Tenacious Demo, 1997". Discogs.com. 1994. Retrieved April 12, 2012. ^ a b Kit, Zorianna (June 8, 2000). "Big-screen Gig For Tenacious D". The Hollywood Reporter. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2008. ^ a b Zoromski, Brian (November 20, 2006). "Tenacious D: The Series". IGN. Retrieved January 12, 2007. ^ Gallo, Phil (March 24, 1999). "Tenacious D". Variety. Retrieved March 25, 2008. ^ Fischer, Paul (November 15, 2006). "Exclusive Interview : Jack Black & Kyle Gass". Moviehole. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2024. ^ Rabin, Nathan. "The Complete Masterworks" (DVD). Epic Records. ^ Zahlaway, Jon (April 13, 2000). "liveDaily Interview: Dave Grohl Of Foo Fighters". liveDaily. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2007. ^ a b Kerrang!. "Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06". fooarchive.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2007. ^ Harris, Chris (November 22, 2005). "Game Clobbers Akon, Takes Albums Chart". VH1. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2007. ^ "Tenacious D". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2024. ^ a b c A Keeps, David (November 3, 2002). "Prepare for D-Day". Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2008. ^ Thomas Erlewine, Stephen. "Review". Allmusic. Retrieved April 19, 2008. ^ "RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 3, 2008. ^ Ken Tucker (September 24, 2001). "Music Review: Tenacious D". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 21, 2006. ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Music Review: Tenacious D". Allmusic. Retrieved October 16, 2013. ^ Hickman, Christopher. "Tenacious D". Flak Magazine. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008. ^ Gill, Andy (May 31, 2002). "Album: Tenacious D". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved November 1, 2018. ^ Hellard, Peta (January 6, 2007). "Duo's devilish fun". The Courier-Mail. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2008. ^ a b Cohen, Jonathan (May 9, 2003). "Tenacious D Halfway Toward 'Destiny'". Billboard. Retrieved July 16, 2009. ^ "Tarantino plans Kill Bill: Vol 3". bbc.co.uk. October 4, 2004. Retrieved June 27, 2008. ^ DeFore, John (October 30, 2006). "Tenacious D: The Pick of Destiny". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008. ^ a b c Binelli, Mark (November 29, 2006). "73% of the Way to Being the World's Greatest Rock Band". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2008. ^ a b Brinn, David (September 29, 2005). "Ronnie James Dio: I'm Proud Of Starting 'Devil Horns' Trend". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 25, 2008. ^ "For The Record: Quick News On Missy Elliott, Busta Rhymes, Tenacious D, The Roots, Pearl Jam, Elvis Presley & More". Mtv.com. July 8, 2003. Retrieved July 14, 2008. ^ Tung, Cameron (May 16, 2012). "Gods of Rock (In Their Own Minds): The Early Days of Tenacious D". Vulture.com. ^ "Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny". June 3, 2004. Archived from the original on June 3, 2004. Retrieved November 16, 2019. ^ "Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny". Archived from the original on December 30, 2005. Retrieved March 16, 2014. ^ a b c d The List (November 15, 2006). "Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny". The List. Retrieved December 18, 2006. ^ Larkin, Colin (January 1, 2009), "Tenacious D", The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-531373-4, retrieved October 23, 2023 ^ "Tenacious D Heading To Silver Screen". Billboard.com. Retrieved November 16, 2019. ^ "Jack Black gets back to his musical roots". CTV Television Network. October 1, 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2003. Retrieved March 29, 2008. ^ "In Brief: Ozzy, the Roots". Rolling Stone. May 16, 2003. Retrieved March 29, 2008. ^ Mathieson, Craig (December 24, 2004). "Back in Black". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved March 29, 2008. ^ Tenacious D Live in New Zealand 12/27/04 Full Set, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 16, 2019 ^ Smith, Ethan (October 27, 2006). "Can Jack Go Back?". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 16, 2019. ^ "We got the first review of TENACIOUS D IN THE PICK OF DESTINY!!! Will it Rock Your Socks Off?!?". Legacy.aintitcool.com. Retrieved November 16, 2019. ^ Podcast, Lynchland: The Liam Lynch. "Lynchland Episode 8 – Lynchland: The Liam Lynch Podcast – Podcast". Podtail.com (in Finnish). Retrieved November 16, 2019. ^ Tenacious D - Home Movies (Documentary), archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 16, 2019 ^ a b "The best version of Jack Black". CNN. Retrieved June 21, 2008. ^ "Actor Jack Black attends the world premiere of 'Tenacious". Gettyimages.co.uk. November 2006. Retrieved November 16, 2019. ^ Catucci, Nick. "Tenacious D: The Pick of Destiny". Blender. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. ^ Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny at Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 13, 2008. ^ Gumbel, Andrew (April 16, 2008). "Dial 'D' for disaster: The fall of New Line Cinema". The Independent. London. Retrieved July 8, 2008. ^ Breznican, Anthony (November 24, 2006). "Plucky Tenacious D duo get into their 'Destiny'". USA Today. Retrieved December 18, 2006. ^ "UK Albums chart". EveryHit.com. Retrieved February 14, 2008. ^ Jon Stewart (November 30, 2006). "The Daily Show". The Daily Show. Episode 40. 10 minutes in. Comedy Central. ^ Crust, Kevin (November 22, 2006). "Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2007. ^ Rea, Steven (November 22, 2006). "'Tenacious D': Lots of hits (wink, wink), and misses, too" (Fee required). The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved January 27, 2007. ^ Phillips, Michael (November 24, 2006). "So-so story of a superband: 'Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny'". Chicago Tribune. Vol. 160, no. 328. p. 7A-3. Retrieved March 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Holden, Stephen (December 8, 2006). "Movie Guide and Film Series". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2007. ^ a b c Greene, Andy (November 1, 2006). "Tenacious D". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2008. ^ Thomas Erlewine, Stephen. "The Pick of Destiny". Allmusic. Retrieved July 11, 2008. ^ Catucci, Nick. "Tenacious D". Blender. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2008. ^ McLean, Craig (November 12, 2006). "Tenacious D, The Pick of Destiny". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 11, 2008. ^ a b Cobley, Mike (December 18, 2006). "Tenacious D: When The Devil Came Down To Brighton!". Virtual Brighton Magazine. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2009. ^ Cohen, Jonathan (October 11, 2006). "Tenacious D Ready To Rock U.S., Down Under". Billboard. Retrieved July 16, 2009. ^ a b Pedersen, Erik (November 21, 2006). "Bottom Line: Hard rock, hard laughs, hard to resist". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2008. ^ a b "Best Metal Performance". Grammy.com. Retrieved November 10, 2015. ^ a b The Associated Press (November 23, 2006). "Tenacious D: Portly powerhouse of rock". KLTV. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2007. ^ a b Berlin, Joey (March 30, 2008). "Rewind only for Jack Black". New Straits Times. ^ "Jack Black discusses new film Be Kind Rewind". Daily Mirror. February 15, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2013. ^ Huver, Scott. "Jack Black's Naked Truth: Laid Bare in 'Margot,' RoboCopping a Feel in 'Be Kind'". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2008. ^ Black, Jack (July 1, 2008). "Film reviews". BBC (Interview). Interviewed by Fearne Cotton. London, England: BBC Radio 1. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008. ^ Koehler, Robert (February 12, 2008). "D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary Review". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2008. ^ "Tenacious D 'One-And-A-Half Songs' Into Next Album". Billboard. Retrieved July 16, 2009. ^ "Tenacious D To Fill Beasties' Slot At Outside Lands". Billboard. August 6, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2009. ^ Hart, Josh (May 15, 2012). "Video: Tenacious D Perform "Roadie" on 'Late Show with David Letterman'". Guitar World. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ Ty Arthur (July 2, 2010). "Kyle Gass Of Tenacious D Discusses Losing Dio And More". MetalUnderground.com. Retrieved July 3, 2010. ^ Grohl, Dave (August 31, 2010). "p.s..........just finished ..." Twitter. Retrieved January 3, 2011. ^ a b Steve Baltin (December 30, 2010). "Tenacious D Writing About Love, Sex and Food for Upcoming Album". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. ^ "Jack Black Talks Kung Fu Panda 2 & New Tenacious D Album in High Definition –". G4tv.com. May 18, 2011. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2011. ^ "Festive Confirmations for Rock am Ring and Rock im Park". Rock am Ring. December 19, 2011. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012. ^ "Fourteen more bands added to the Download line up". Download Festival. January 16, 2012. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012. ^ "Tenacious D announce full details of new album 'Rize Of The Fenix'". NME. March 1, 2012. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. ^ "Tenacious D - To Be The Best". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2012. ^ "Rize of the Fenix on Metacritic". Metacritic.com. Retrieved September 25, 2015. ^ "Interview with Jack Black and Kyle Gass from Tenacious D: Rising Like The Ashes | The Aquarian". Theaquarian.com. Retrieved November 8, 2018. ^ EMP Rockinvasion (January 11, 2013), TENACIOUS D - Die Pioniere von Jazzetal, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 8, 2018 ^ Weingarten, Christopher R. (September 28, 2018). "Tenacious D on Their Wild New Animated Series 'Post-Apocalypto'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 28, 2018. ^ "The Chris Evans Breakfast Show - Chris Packham, Laurence Fox and Foxes quiz Jack Black". BBC Sounds. February 5, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ Kerrangradio (December 17, 2017). "Jack Black reveals new Tenacious D plans!". YouTube. Google, Inc. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2017. ^ "Tenacious D announce sequel to The Pick of Destiny". Consequence of Sound. May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018. ^ "Tenacious D". YouTube. Retrieved November 3, 2018. ^ Grant (November 2, 2018), Tenacious D in POST-APOCALYPTO - Full Post-Film Q&A w/ Jack Black and Kyle Gass - Alamo Drafthouse, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 3, 2018 ^ "RECORD STORE DAY BLACK FRIDAY 2019 OFFERINGS". Thirdmanrecords.com. Retrieved January 12, 2020. ^ Shaffer, Claire (October 27, 2020). "Tenacious D Cover 'Time Warp' With Elizabeth Warren, Susan Sarandon". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 2, 2020. ^ Shaffer, Claire (July 1, 2021). "Tenacious D Cover the Beatles' 'You Never Give Me Your Money' and 'The End'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 1, 2021. ^ Cohen, Jonathan (September 27, 2021). "As 'Tenacious D' Turns 20, Jack Black and Kyle Gass Look Back on Their Debut Album's 'Stoney Fun and Friendship'". Variety. Retrieved September 30, 2021. ^ Kaufman, Spencer (December 7, 2021). "Tenacious D announce new US tour dates". Consequence. Retrieved May 23, 2023. ^ Long, Sam (March 9, 2022). "Tenacious D Announces Additional 2022 Tour Dates". American Songwriter. Retrieved May 23, 2023. ^ "Tenacious D Unveils Banjo-Laced 'Video Games' Single". JamBase. Retrieved May 12, 2023. ^ "See TENACIOUS D's hysterical video for new song "Video Games"". Revolver. May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023. ^ a b "THE SPICY MEATBALL TOUR CONTINUES…". tenaciousd.com. June 7, 2023. ^ Varvaris, Mary. "Tenacious D Announce First Australian Tour In Over 10 Years". themusic.com.au. Retrieved February 6, 2024. ^ Strauss, Neil (December 11, 1997). "The Pop Life; Enya, Healer Of the Soul". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved March 29, 2008. ^ Gallo, Phil (October 24, 2001). "Tenacious D; Naked Trucker & T-Bone". Variety. Retrieved March 29, 2008. ^ Devlin, Mike (April 20, 2009). "Mighty rockers: Hallowed be their name". Times-Colonist (Victoria). Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2009. ^ Lee, Chris (October 15, 2006). "Metal man shows a light side". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 29, 2008. ^ Grant, Lee (November 20, 2006). "Longtime pals Jack Black and Kyle Gass make their 'Tenacious D' movie". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2008. ^ Guzman, Isaac (January 24, 2002). "Laff-Rockers' Revenge of the Words". Daily News. Retrieved October 16, 2013. ^ "150 Greatest Rock Lists Ever" (Magazine). Q (July 2004). ^ Davis, Jonathan. "The Greatest Metal Bands Of All Time:Slayer". MTV News. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. ^ Gundersen, Edna (September 28, 2003). "Music according to Jack Black". USA Today. Retrieved June 27, 2008. ^ Emily Watson and Lauren Thompson (November 22, 2006). "The D contemplates rock-off for soul and the perfect groupie". The Daily Texan. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2007. ^ JimmyO (November 22, 2006). "INT: Tenacious D!". JoBlo. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007. ^ a b Haddon, Cole (November 15, 2006). "Centaurs of Rock, Film". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007. ^ Marchese, David (May 24, 2010). "Q&A: Russell Brand Speaks 'Greek,' Dirty Lyrics & More". Spin. Retrieved May 27, 2010. ^  , Anthony (December 22, 2006). "1/17/2007 A Totally Smoked Out Interview with All Shall Perish". Loud Side. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2010. ^ "Incredibad Info". Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2010. ^ "Kanye West Talks Tenacious D, OJ Simpson and Chris Brown For "Storytellers"". Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010. ^ "Bongwater". The A.V. Club. The Onion. April 12, 2002. Archived from the original on November 9, 2005. Retrieved April 8, 2008. ^ Smith, Lynn (September 7, 2003). "An actor with his heart in rock and The D". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 8, 2008. ^ a b Breznican, Anthony (November 23, 2006). "Tenacious D's other guy gets chance to shine". USA Today. Retrieved April 8, 2008. ^ Crook, Simon (November 17, 2006). "Tenacious D: In The Pick Of Destiny Review". Empire. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ Hough, Quinn; Russell, Tom (March 19, 2024). "Kung Fu Panda: Who Voices Which Character". ScreenRant. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ Thompson, Jaden (March 4, 2024). "'Kung Fu Panda 4' Star Jack Black on His Viral Britney Spears Cover and Singing With Danielle Brooks in 'Minecraft'". Variety. ^ Goodman, Tim (May 29, 2002). "Puppets reach out and touch someone". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 8, 2008. ^ "News". Tenacious D's official website. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008. ^ Perseghin, Lou. "Democracy In Action". Philadelphia City Paper. Archived from the original on December 14, 2004. Retrieved April 8, 2008. ^ "SNL Transcripts: Matthew Broderick". Saturday Night Live Transcripts. May 2, 1998. pp. Season 23: Episode 19. Retrieved August 12, 2008. ^ Tim Surette (December 9, 2007). "Oblivion nabs Spike TV top honors". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007. ^ Sawdey, Evan. "The MTV Video Music Awards 2006". PopMatters. Retrieved March 23, 2008. ^ Salkin, Allen (July 17, 2008). "Two Rock Legends, Basking in the VH1 Spotlight". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2008. ^ RIDEChannel (August 31, 2012). "Tony Hawk Interviews Jack Black and Kyle Gass of Tenacious D ..." YouTube. Google, Inc. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2012. ^ "Official Xbox Magazine Demo Disc 77". thegamesdb.net. Retrieved September 15, 2023. ^ Arendt, Susan. "Tony Hawk's Proving Ground Includes Guitar Hero III Demo". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved September 15, 2023. ^ Goad, Libe (August 9, 2009). "GameDaily is the first to bring you the game's full setlist. These 100+ songs will make your head explode!". Game Daily. Archived from the original on August 12, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009. ^ Rudden, Dave (September 1, 2009). "Exclusive: Gass, Posehn, Agee in Brutal Legend!". GamePro. Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2009. ^ Fahey, Mike (May 6, 2009). "GameStop's Exclusive Brütal Legend Tenacious D Axe". Kotaku. Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2009. ^ "DLC Week of 10/13". Harmonix. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009. ^ a b c Dean Budnick. "Tenacious D: The Greatest Band On Earth (And Maybe Beyond)". November 2006 Relix. ^ "Tenacious D Concert Map". Setlist.fm. Retrieved November 22, 2019. ^ "TENACIOUS D Set to Release THE COMPLETE MASTERWORKS 2 DVD on November 4". Businesswire.com. September 23, 2008. Retrieved November 22, 2019. ^ "BBC - Reading and Leeds Festivals 2008 - Reading Festival Line up". BBC. 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ York, Jonny (August 23, 2008). "Leeds 2008 review: Tenacious D". The Guardian. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ Kreps, Daniel (August 6, 2009). "Tenacious D Replace Beastie Boys at Outside Lands". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ Christensen, Jeff (June 11, 2010). "Jack Black, right, and Kyle Gass of the band Tenacious D perform at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts ..." Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ "Tenacious D Live Onstage at BlizzCon 2010". Blizzard. October 11, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ Young, Alex (January 7, 2011). "Foo Fighters to tour with Tenacious D in Australia". Consequence. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ "Tenacious D Tour Statistics: Unplugged & Unprotected". Setlist.fm. Retrieved November 22, 2019. ^ "Tenacious D Tour Statistics: Post-Apocalypto". Setlist.fm. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2019. ^ Tenacious D. "JUST ANNOUNCED: We are going to perform our new #1 hit VIDEO GAMES with full orchestra @HollywoodBowl on Sunday, June 25th @thegameawards Concert 🕹️🏆🙌Get your tickets NOW!". Twitter. Retrieved June 5, 2023. ^ Grohl, Dave. "Jack Black: born in L.A., there to stay, this funnyman is blowing 'em away". Interview. Brant Publications. Archived from the original on November 28, 2004. Retrieved January 26, 2007. ^ Goodman, Amy (November 7, 2003). ""Bush is a Dangerous Nincompoop" – Actor/Musician Jack Black on the War on Terror, the Democrats and the Rockefeller Drug Laws". Democracy Now!. Retrieved January 26, 2007. ^ Baltin, Steve (July 7, 2004). "Phair, Grohl Sing for Dems". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2008. ^ "Jack Black Fears Tenacious D Will Curse Barack Obama's Presidential Bid". Gigwise.com. Retrieved August 24, 2008. ^ "Now Boycotting Arizona: Sonic Youth, Rage Against the Machine, Conor Oberst ..." New York. May 26, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010. ^ "Tenacious D rocking the vote". Patheos.com. November 2, 2012. ^ Stutz, Colin (January 21, 2017). "Watch Audioslave Reunite at Prophets of Rage's 'Anti Inaugural Ball' in L.A." Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ "Ronnie James Dio Honoured with 'This Is Your Life' Tribute Comp Featuring Metallica, Anthrax, Motörhead • News • exclaim.ca". Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2018. ^ Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric (June 18, 2001). "Tenacious D To Release Debut LP". MTV. Retrieved April 15, 2008. ^ Sampson, Mike (February 28, 2006). "Beck & Jack Black?". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 1, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2007. ^ Sedgewick, Augustin (January 12, 2003). "Brian Wilson Picks Up Styx". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2008. ^ Look What I Almost Stepped In... (Media notes). The Vandals. Nitro Records. 2000. 0794171583324.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "News". Tenacious D's official website. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008. ^ "Good Charlotte". Rolling Stone. September 27, 2002. Retrieved March 29, 2008. ^ Beck, Aaron (February 8, 2007). "Destiny lands Ohioans jobs with Tenacious D". The Columbus Dispatch. ISSN 1074-097X. ProQuest 394707384. Retrieved March 1, 2024 – via Proquest. ^ Cohen, Jonathan (November 18, 2004). "Trainwreck Steams Ahead On Debut Album". Billboard. Retrieved July 16, 2009. ^ "Trainwreck: Biography". The Vogue. Retrieved June 14, 2024. ^ "Home". Kylegassband.com. Retrieved November 2, 2018. ^ Riddle, Tree (November 8, 2011). "Josh Homme Talks Guitars With Kyle Gass On 'Guitarings' ". Banana 101.5. Retrieved February 12, 2024. ^ "John Konesky - Guitar Pro Blog - Arobas Music". Guitar Pro - Arobas Music. Retrieved February 12, 2024. ^ "Legacy: 29th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (2001)". The Annie Awards. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2012. ^ "News Archive". Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2007. ^ "The Kerrang! Awards Fuelled By Relentless Energy Drink 2012 – The Winners!". Kerrang!. Bauer Media Group. June 7, 2012. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012. ^ "Dan Auerbach, Fun., Jay-Z, Mumford & Sons, Frank Ocean, Kanye West Lead 55th GRAMMY Nominations". Retrieved March 24, 2013. ^ "TENACIOUS D Wins 'Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance' GRAMMY Award". Blabbermouth.net. February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015. External links Tenacious D at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Official website vteTenacious D Jack Black Kyle Gass John Konesky John Spiker Scott Seiver Studio albums Tenacious D The Pick of Destiny Rize of the Fenix Post-Apocalypto Live albums Tenacious D Live Extended plays Jazz Singles "Wonderboy" "Tribute" "POD" Other songs "Fuck Her Gently" Video albums The Complete Master Works The Complete Master Works 2 Films The Pick of Destiny D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary Time Fixers Post-Apocalypto Concert tours The Pick of Destiny Tour Rize of the Fenix Tour Post-Apocalypto Tour The Spicy Meatball Tour Related articles Discography Songs TV series Kyle Gass Band Trainwreck with Kyle Gass Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tenacious D (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_(album)"},{"link_name":"comedy rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_rock"},{"link_name":"duo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_duo"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Jack Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Black"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"The Actors' Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Actors%27_Gang"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA"},{"link_name":"Walt Frazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Frazier"},{"link_name":"Marv Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv_Albert"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Konesky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Konesky"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_(album)"},{"link_name":"TV series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"David Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cross"},{"link_name":"Mr. Show with Bob and David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Show_with_Bob_and_David"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Weezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weezer"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_(band)"},{"link_name":"Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"Tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Complete Master Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Master_Works"},{"link_name":"RIAA.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_album_certification"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_in_The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny_Tour_(2006%E2%80%932007)"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rize of the Fenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rize_of_the_Fenix"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Festival Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_Supreme"},{"link_name":"Ronnie James Dio – This Is Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_James_Dio_%E2%80%93_This_Is_Your_Life"},{"link_name":"The Last in Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_in_Line_(song)"},{"link_name":"57th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_in_Post-Apocalypto"},{"link_name":"Post-Apocalypto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Apocalypto"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynamic_duo-12"},{"link_name":"rock music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Zealand_Herald-13"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"rock opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_opera"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Seattle_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Entertainment_Weekly-15"}],"text":"This article is about the band. For their eponymous album, see Tenacious D (album).Tenacious D is an American comedy rock duo formed in Los Angeles, in 1994. It was founded by actors Jack Black and Kyle Gass, who were then members of The Actors' Gang theater company. The duo's name is derived from \"tenacious defense\", a phrase used by NBA basketball sportscasters Walt Frazier and Marv Albert.[1] Backing members include John Konesky, John Spiker, and Scott Seiver. Dave Grohl has recorded drums and percussion on all studio albums, but does not perform live.Prior to the release of the 2001 debut album Tenacious D, the duo had a three-episode TV series released on HBO between 1997-2000. The series came about after the band met David Cross on the LA music scene—and Black featured in episodes of Mr. Show with Bob and David.[clarification needed] The band befriended Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl, which began a relationship between Foo Fighters and Tenacious D.[2] Towards the end of the 1990s, the duo supported large rock acts such as Weezer, Pearl Jam, Tool, and Beck.[3] In 2000, they signed with Epic Records and the year after they released Tenacious D, their debut album featuring a full band, including Grohl. Their second single, \"Tribute\", has achieved cult status, contributing to their popularity in the UK, Sweden and Australia.[4] In 2003, the band released The Complete Master Works, a concert DVD, which achieved gold and platinum status by the RIAA.[5]In 2006, they starred in the film, Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, with Epic Records releasing the soundtrack as their second album, The Pick of Destiny.[6] The film cost $20 million, but only grossed $14 million, with mixed reviews.[7] Despite this, the band would near sell-out arenas on its respective tour, including Madison Square Garden.[8] Following years of sporadic festival dates and special appearances, the band released their third album Rize of the Fenix in 2012, with the album making light of The Pick of Destiny's commercial failure.[9]In 2013, the band hosted the comedy music festival Festival Supreme in LA. In 2014, the band were invited to feature on Ronnie James Dio – This Is Your Life, a compilation album to raise funds for cancer. Their cover of \"The Last in Line\" won a Grammy for best heavy metal performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards.[10] Following teases from Black and Gass regarding a second film, in 2018, the band began independently releasing an animatic hand-drawn web series titled, Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto. Columbia Records released the album Post-Apocalypto on November 2, 2018, after the release of the sixth episode.[11]Tenacious D's music showcases Black's theatrical vocal delivery and Gass' acoustic guitar-playing.[12] Critics have described their fusion of vulgar absurdist comedy with rock music as \"mock rock\".[3][13] Their songs discuss the duo's purported musical and sexual prowess, their friendship and cannabis usage, in a style critics have compared with the storyteller-style lyrics of rock opera.[14][15]","title":"Tenacious D"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"The Actors' Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Actors%27_Gang"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dynamic_duo-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday-times-18"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenacious-d-edinburgh-19"},{"link_name":"Tim Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Adam Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Simon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenacious-d-carnage-21"},{"link_name":"Arthur's Seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%27s_Seat"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerrang.com-22"},{"link_name":"Jack in the Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_in_the_Box"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerrang.com-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_(Metallica_song)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Formation and early years","text":"Jack Black and Kyle Gass initially met in Los Angeles in 1986 at their teacher's house, both members of The Actors' Gang theater troupe.[16] Black admits that, due to animosity, he and Gass didn't initially see eye-to-eye, as Gass was the main musician for the Actor's Gang and \"felt threatened by Black\".[12][17][18] The Actor's Gang travelled to Edinburgh, Scotland, for the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 1989.[19] They were performing Tim Robbins' and Adam Simon's[20] play Carnage.[21] The two became friends during the trip, notably climbing Arthur's Seat on a day off.[22]Following the trip, Black and Gass would bond over music. Black states he didn't learn guitar until he was \"around twenty-three years old\", so would regularly visit Gass's Cochran Avenue studio apartment, in the deal that Gass would teach Black to play guitar in return for food, mainly from fast-food chain Jack in the Box. Black has comically stated that their go-to order was two tacos for a dollar, \"as it was cheap\". \"If [we] wanted to splurge, [we] would go with Monster Tacos, which included a little extra lettuce and salsa\".[23][24] The two would work together professionally at The Actor's Gang and would collaborate in productions.[25]It took a few years after meeting in the early 1990s for the two to begin writing music of their own.[22] Black and Gass eventually wrote their first song after Black had been dumped by a girlfriend called Melissa, a non-comedic song. The two have since admitted to feeling embarrassed about the song, though they occasionally sing it during interviews when telling their story.[26] Their second song came about when Black was listening to the Metallica song \"One\" and told Gass that it was \"the best song in the world\". Gass told Black that they couldn't write the best song in the world, but Black put a twist on it and said they could \"write a tribute\". Gass played an A-minor chord on his guitar at the apartment and the two spent three full days crafting the song. When it was done, Gass mentioned that they \"knew they had something\". The song made the duo realize their comedic potential.[27] The two would initially call themselves \"Responsive Chord\" for a brief period of time while rehearsing the comedy act.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Shearer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Shearer"},{"link_name":"Derek Smalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Smalls"},{"link_name":"Spinal Tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_Tap_(band)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kerrang.com-22"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Mr. Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Burns"},{"link_name":"Waylon Smithers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Smithers"},{"link_name":"Principal Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Skinner"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday-times-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tenacious-d-edinburgh-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday-times-18"},{"link_name":"defensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday-times-18"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budget-31"},{"link_name":"David Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cross"},{"link_name":"Mr Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Show"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mr-show-32"},{"link_name":"Largo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largo_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"Maynard James Keenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynard_James_Keenan"},{"link_name":"Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_(band)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Jason Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bloom_(director)"},{"link_name":"Bio-Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-Dome"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Pete Stahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Stahl"},{"link_name":"Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Rise to popularity","text":"The band's first on-stage appearance was at Highland Grounds in Los Angeles, a coffee shop, where they performed as The Axe Lords Featuring Gorgazon's Mischief, though the production was technically part of an Actor's Gang variety event. Notably in the audience was Harry Shearer, best known for his role as Derek Smalls in Spinal Tap[22][29] and as the voice of Mr. Burns, Waylon Smithers, Principal Skinner (among many others) on The Simpsons.The band's first performance at an actual music event was a short appearance at Al's Bar in the summer of 1994;[30] the band performed the live debut of \"Tribute\", still their only song at the time, and the duo also gave the audience the chance to vote for their name.[18][19] Black and Gass gave them the choice between \"Pets or Meat\", \"Balboa's Biblical Theater\" and \"The Axe Lords Featuring Gorgazon's Mischief\" (Gass' personal favorite).[18] \"Tenacious D\"—a basketball term used by commentators to describe robust defensive positioning in basketball — did not get the majority of votes, however, but according to Black \"we forced it through\".[18][31] The venue had become a hotbed for upcoming bands, so much so that in attendance was David Cross, who invited Black and Gass to open for the live version of Mr Show. Black would later be cast on the actual television series itself in 1995.[3][32]The band would continue to generate momentum on the Los Angeles music scene, notably performing headline shows at Al's Bar, Pedro's, Largo and The Actors' Gang studio. Maynard James Keenan, lead vocalist of the band Tool, had also met Cross on the Los Angeles scene, and therefore had also become involved in Mr. Show. Keenan invited Black and Gass to support three Californian Tool concerts in December 1995.[33][34] Tool was the first large act that Tenacious D were a support act for. Black had previously attended UCLA with director Jason Bloom; therefore, when Bloom was made the director of 1996's Bio-Dome, Black and Gass were invited to perform a short song in the film. The two wrote the song \"5 Needs\", and this was their first on-screen appearance as Tenacious D.[35]In 1997, Tenacious D had become a popular act on the Los Angeles music scene and would perform residencies at The Viper Room.[36] Pete Stahl, the vocalist of the band Scream, worked at The Viper Room at the time and became a fan of Black and Gass. Stahl invited friend Dave Grohl to come and visit The Viper Room to see Tenacious D, though Grohl initially didn't want to go. Grohl changed his stance and went to see the band perform a couple of weeks later and thoroughly enjoyed it. This would start a relationship between Grohl, Black and Gass.[37]Tenacious D recorded their songs \"Tribute\", \"Kyle Quit the Band\", \"Krishna\" and \"History\" and released them in a demo tape called Tenacious Demo in the late 1990s with Andrew Gross, distributing it to various record companies, until HBO offered them a TV show based upon the tape and Black's work on Mr. Show.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Odenkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Odenkirk"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollywood_Reporter-39"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Box_Office"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-tenacious-d-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-tenacious-d-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBO_dispute-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Viper Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_Room"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dave-grohl-tenacious-d-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dave-grohl-tenacious-d-kerrang-45"},{"link_name":"Learn to Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learn_to_Fly"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dave-grohl-tenacious-d-kerrang-45"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_act"},{"link_name":"Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck"},{"link_name":"Pearl Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Jam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollywood_Reporter-39"},{"link_name":"High Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Fidelity_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dust Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_(album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VH1-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard-47"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"Page McConnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_McConnell"},{"link_name":"Phish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phish"},{"link_name":"Warren Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"The Vandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vandals"},{"link_name":"Steven Shane McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Shane_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Redd Kross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redd_Kross"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG_1-49"},{"link_name":"\"Tribute\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tribute_(Tenacious_D_song_sample).ogg"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_(album)"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIAA-50"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-51"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ss-52"},{"link_name":"Flak Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flak_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flak_Magazine-53"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_(song)"},{"link_name":"demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Liam Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Lynch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norml-56"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Wonderboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderboy_(Tenacious_D_song)"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Spike Jonze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Jonze"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Fuck Her Gently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuck_Her_Gently"},{"link_name":"Ren and Stimpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_and_Stimpy"},{"link_name":"John Kricfalusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kricfalusi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent-48"},{"link_name":"Ronnie James Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_James_Dio"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-premiere-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dio-60"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"D Fun Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_Fun_Pak"},{"link_name":"Jesus Ranch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Ranch"},{"link_name":"megamix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamix"},{"link_name":"Mocean Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocean_Worker"},{"link_name":"The Complete Masterworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Masterworks"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Brixton Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_Academy"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Television series and Tenacious D (1997–2002)","text":"Cross, with Mr. Show writer Bob Odenkirk, continued his involvement with Tenacious D by producing three half-hour shows based on the band.[39] The series, entitled Tenacious D, premiered on HBO in 1997, immediately following an episode of Mr. Show.[40] While a total of three episodes consisting of two shorts each, ten to twelve minutes in length,[41] were produced, only the first was aired that year; the final two episodes did not air until the summer of 2000.[40] According to Gass, the series was cancelled after HBO requested ten episodes with the stipulation that he and Black would have to relinquish their role as executive producers,[42] and only write songs.[43] After the series aired, the band continued to perform live. At a show at the Viper Room in Los Angeles, they met Dave Grohl, who remarked that he was impressed with their performance;[44][45] this led to their cameo in the Foo Fighters' \"Learn to Fly\" music video.[45] The popularity of Tenacious D further increased as they began to open for high-profile acts, including Beck, Pearl Jam and Foo Fighters.[3]In May 2000, Tenacious D signed to Epic Records.[39] As Black's profile increased due to his roles in films such as High Fidelity the band worked on recording their first album with producers the Dust Brothers.[3] In 2001, they released their debut Tenacious D. It peaked at No. 33 on the Billboard 200 on October 13, 2001.[46][47] While Tenacious D usually appears as a duo, the album was backed by a full band, consisting of Dave Grohl on drums and guitar, keyboardist Page McConnell of Phish, guitarist Warren Fitzgerald of The Vandals, and bassist Steven Shane McDonald of Redd Kross.[48] According to Black, they chose to use a band because \"no one's ever heard us with a band\".[48] The majority of songs on the album were performed previously on their short-lived television series.[49]\"Tribute\"\n\nClip of \"Tribute\" from Tenacious D.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Although the critical reaction varied, by November 2005, the album had achieved platinum status in the US.[50] Entertainment Weekly described the release as \"hilarious\", and \"no mere comedy record\".[51] AllMusic wrote that the album \"rocks so damn hard\", but lamented the absence of some of the songs from the television show.[52] Flak Magazine criticised the band's use of skits between songs, describing them as \"distracting\" and a \"nuisance\".[53] In addition, The Independent remarked that the album was full of \"swearing and scatology\" and was \"bereft of even the slightest skidmark of humour\".[54]The first single from the album was \"Tribute\": a tribute to the \"greatest song in the world\" which, in the song, Tenacious D claimed they had performed in order to save their souls from a demon.[55] A music video, directed by Liam Lynch, was shot for the song.[56] The video achieved success and was voted the fifth best music video ever by Kerrang! readers.[57] This was followed by the second single, \"Wonderboy\", the music video of which was directed by Spike Jonze.[58] A third video, an animation depicting Black and Gass as cherubs, was made for \"Fuck Her Gently\", directed by Ren and Stimpy creator John Kricfalusi.[48]The album also included \"Dio\", a song written as a tribute to rock singer Ronnie James Dio, which mocked him somewhat for being too old.[59] Dio liked the song enough to ask the band to appear in the music video for his song, \"Push\".[60] An EP entitled D Fun Pak was released in 2002. It featured a skit and acoustic versions of \"Jesus Ranch\" and \"Kyle Quit The Band\", as well as a megamix by Mocean Worker. The Complete Masterworks, a music DVD featuring the entire run of their TV series, music videos, and a live performance from London's Brixton Academy recorded in 2002, was released on November 9, 2003.[61]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"the duo's eponymous debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_(album)"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Working Title Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Title_Films"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budget-31"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-set-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"New Line Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Liam Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Lynch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Red Hour Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hour_Productions"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Meat Loaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_Loaf"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Jack Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Black"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdsales-76"},{"link_name":"Vue West End cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vue_West_End"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Grauman's Chinese Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grauman%27s_Chinese_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"Ben Stiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Stiller"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-premiere-59"},{"link_name":"The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"John King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_King_(producer)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Epic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-budget-31"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-79"},{"link_name":"box-office bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box-office_bomb"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-premiere-59"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pick-of-destiny-soundtrack-billboard-chart-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_charts-82"},{"link_name":"the Daily Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Show"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dvdsales-76"},{"link_name":"\"POD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POD_(Tenacious_D_song_sample).ogg"},{"link_name":"The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"ginkgo biloba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-84"},{"link_name":"The Philadelphia Inquirer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philadelphia_Inquirer-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago_Tribune-86"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-87"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_POD_Review-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_POD_Review-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_POD_Review-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic_POD_Review-89"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blender_POD_Review-90"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:408844873_a624860075_o.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Pick of Destiny Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny_Tour_(2006%E2%80%932007)"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brighton-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Antichrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antichrist"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"Colonel Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Sanders"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hollywood_Reporter-94"},{"link_name":"JR Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Reed_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hollywood_Reporter-94"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-set-65"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brighton-92"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_Metal_Performance-95"}],"sub_title":"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny and the album (2003–2007)","text":"Black and Gass had dreamt of producing a Tenacious D motion-picture since forming the band; archived footage of banter at an early Tenacious D show records Black as saying \"a movie - that would be the pinnacle\".[62]The duo conceptualized numerous ideas for a film, though the first actual known draft of a script was published on November 7, 2000. The script was based on many songs that would later be released on the duo's eponymous debut album that would be released the following year. There is little known about the script, other than it being based around the band playing coffee shops and Black becoming fascinated by Atlantis. Black and Gass both fall in love with a girl called Simmeon who has written books about the fictional island. They later meet Ronnie James Dio, and are sent on a road trip to Miami. This concept was later scrapped.[63][64]At some point prior to 2003, the band were in negotiations with British studio Working Title Films to write and distribute a Tenacious D film, but Black and Gass decided to assume creative control when they were not satisfied with the writers' ideas.[31][65][66]In February 2003, it was announced that the band had signed with New Line Cinema to create a Tenacious D film, with Liam Lynch as the director, and Black, Gass and Lynch writing the script and being producers on the production. There was also speculation that Red Hour Productions would produce the film, which was later confirmed.[67] Later in 2003, Black announced the film's working title as Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny and that the script was about the band's search for a sacred guitar pick.[68] Filming had been expected to take place by the end of 2003;[69] however, it was delayed by almost a year due to Black being cast in Peter Jackson's big budget remake of King Kong.[70] In December 2004, Black and Gass performed some songs from the upcoming soundtrack of the film whilst touring Australia, and announcing that the film would include cameos from Meat Loaf and Ronnie James Dio.[71]Principal photography for Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny commenced in the spring of 2005, with the production finishing later that summer.[72] The film held its first test screening to the press in October 2005.[73] The film held two re-shoots in the summer of 2006 and according to Lynch, every crew member from the principal photography came back because they \"had such a fun time working on set\".[74] Black also stated that the filming on this production was \"the most fun I've ever had filming a movie\".[75]\"A lot of enthusiastic stoners were like, 'Yeah, du-u-u-de! Just saw it!' I was like, 'Where were you when the movie came out?' 'Sorry, dude, I was hi-i-i-gh!'\"\n\n\n— Jack Black on The Pick of Destiny's disappointing box-office performance.[76]The film held its British premiere on November 1, 2006 at the Vue West End cinema in London, England.[77] The film's domestic premiere was held at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on November 9, 2006. Many of the actors who had cameos in the film were in attendance; including Ronnie James Dio, Dave Grohl, and Ben Stiller.[59] The soundtrack for the production was called The Pick of Destiny and featured a returning John King (of The Dust Brothers) producing it.[citation needed] It was released on November 14, 2006 through Epic Records.[78]The film was released worldwide on November 22. Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny grossed US$8,334,575 in the US and Canada and a total of US$13,426,450 worldwide, falling well short of its US$20 million production budget and US$40 million in estimated marketing costs.[31][79] Financially, it is regarded as a box-office bomb.[80] The soundtrack reached No. 8 on the Billboard 200 in the US as well as topping the iTunes chart,[59][81] and #10 in the UK.[82] The film was released globally on DVD on February 27, 2007. In an interview on the Daily Show on November 30, 2006, Black admitted the film had \"bombed\",[83] but [when?] said that DVD sales had shown that the film picked up a cult audience.[76]\"POD\"\n\nClip of \"POD\" from The Pick of Destiny.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Kevin Crust of the Los Angeles Times said that the film \"might best be enjoyed in an enhanced state of consciousness, a herbal supplement, and we aren't talking ginkgo biloba.\"[84] Stephen Rae of The Philadelphia Inquirer said that the frequent drug-use in the film gives \"the term potty humor a new meaning.\"[85] Michael Phillips criticized the frequency of the drug-use by saying: \"This may be the problem. Pot rarely helped anybody's comic timing.\"[86] Stephen Holden of The New York Times suggested that the film could be viewed as a \"jolly rock 'n' roll comedy\", but he also described the progression of the film as being a \"garish mess.\"[87]The soundtrack received less favourable reviews than for the band's first album. Rolling Stone comments that the soundtrack \"never quite takes off\".[88] It criticises the reliance the album makes on a knowledge of the film, and some songs' existence only to \"advance the plot\".[88] It summarizes by saying the album is inferior to the band's previous effort.[88] Allmusic also describes the follow-up as less \"satisfying\" than Tenacious D, noting that the songs feel like \"narrative filler\".[89] Blender continues the criticism of the songs being plot devices calling them \"plot-nudging song-sketches\".[90] The Guardian views the album more positively, describing the album as a meeting of \"old school riffology\" and \"schoolboy humour\".[91]Black, Gass, Konesky, Spiker, and WackermanTo coincide with the release of their new film and album, Tenacious D embarked on The Pick of Destiny Tour, of the US, Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. This tour included the band's first appearance at New York City's Madison Square Garden. Unlike other tours, this one featured a full backing band.[92] Konesky and Spiker resumed their roles from the album, and Brooks Wackerman was added as drummer.[93] Each member used a pseudonym; Konesky as the Antichrist, Spiker as Charlie Chaplin, and Wackerman as Colonel Sanders.[94] JR Reed also toured as Satan, as well as reprising his role as \"Lee\".[94] Black has said that the band lost money on the tour due to the cost of touring with a full band for the first time.[65][92][95]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tenacious_D_Leeds.jpg"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-associated-press-interview-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Straits-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeKind-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hollywood-99"},{"link_name":"The Complete Masterworks Part 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Masterworks_Part_2"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_2006-2007_Tour"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plot-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyle_album-102"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"Death Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Star"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Eye of the Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_the_Tiger"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Spinner.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinner_(website)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spinner-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spinner-107"},{"link_name":"Attack of the Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_of_the_Show"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Rize of the Fenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rize_of_the_Fenix"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Maria Menounos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Menounos"},{"link_name":"Val Kilmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Kilmer"},{"link_name":"Yoshiki Hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiki_Hayashi"},{"link_name":"Josh Groban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Groban"},{"link_name":"Mike White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_White_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Tim Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Kimmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Rize of the Fenix (2008–2012)","text":"Tenacious D performing at the Leeds festivalIn November 2006, Black expressed wishes to take a year-long break from acting, though Gass hinted a desire for Tenacious D to end at their current highpoint.[96] However, Black confirmed that a third album would be recorded by announcing that a new song has been written for it entitled \"Deth Star\". He said that the album would likely be released in 2010,[97] but on other occasions had mentioned the year 2012.[98][99] In early 2008, Black announced that the band was working on a new album, and a DVD titled The Complete Masterworks Part 2. The DVD was released later that year,[100] and included a documentary of their world tour entitled D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary. The film focuses on the tour Tenacious D made in support of the film and soundtrack and the consequences of their film's poor showing at the box office.[101] Kyle has commented that the new album only has \"one to one and a half\" songs written for it, and would like to write between twelve and fifteen.[102]Music magazine Billboard quoted Black as revealing that \"We just laid down a hot [...] we're calling it the bomb track. It's a very powerful recording called \"Deth Starr\" [...] so it has nothing to do with the Star Wars [Death Star],\" adding that \"It's kind of sci-fi, doomsday rock.\"[103] Jack Black also stated on the Late Show with David Letterman that he had an idea for a song called \"Rize of the Fenix\", which he described as a \"rise from the ashes\" workout song similar to \"Eye of the Tiger\". He performed a vocal sample of the song along with keyboards.[104]Gass hinted that the band's third album might be called Tenacious D 3-D, reasoning that \"It's the third record, so it should probably be 'Tenacious 3-D.' There's going to be a '3' and a 'D,' so you have to connect them.\"[105] Dave Grohl has confirmed that he will appear as the drummer on the album, after performing on both Tenacious D and The Pick of Destiny.[106] In an interview with Spinner.com in December 2010, Black revealed that the band was \"about halfway through the writing process\" for its new album, telling fans to expect the release of new material \"at the end of 2011\".[107] In terms of lyrical themes for the new songs, Black noted that \"We're gonna be talking about love, there are gonna be some songs about sex and there's gonna be songs about food\".[107]In a May 2011 interview at Attack of the Show, Black announced that three songs on their upcoming album would be named \"Rize of the Fenix\", distinguishable by either letter or number.[108] Also in the same interview, he named another song called \"Señorita\".[109][110] In February 2012 it was revealed that the title of the album would in fact be spelled Rize of the Fenix and would be released on May 15, 2012.[111]On March 26, 2012 a 6-minute film was uploaded to the Tenacious D channel on YouTube. The mockumentary, titled 'Tenacious D - To Be the Best', documents the uncertain future Tenacious D faced after the box-office failure of The Pick of Destiny, KG's subsequent breakdown and incarceration in \"an institution\", and Jack's embracing of an indulgent Hollywood lifestyle. The film shows a deranged Kyle escaping the facility and attempting to kill Jack and then himself, before they each realize their importance to each other and revive the band. They produce a new album in 75 minutes in the studio, described as \"awful\", but try again and emerge with another new album, described at the end of the film as \"the greatest album recorded by anyone, ever\". The film features numerous cameo appearances, including Maria Menounos, Val Kilmer, Dave Grohl, Yoshiki Hayashi, Josh Groban, Richard Ghagan, Mike White, Tim Robbins and Jimmy Kimmel.[112]The band released the album on April 28, 2012 in its entirety on their SoundCloud account. Rize of the Fenix was officially released on May 15, 2012 with mostly positive reviews from music critics.[113]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_in_The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_2"},{"link_name":"Chris Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Evans_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumanji:_Welcome_to_the_Jungle"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Hell & Heaven Metal Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_%26_Heaven_Metal_Fest"},{"link_name":"Shaky Knees Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaky_Knees_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_in_Post-Apocalypto"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"Post-Apocalypto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Apocalypto"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Alamo Drafthouse Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Drafthouse_Cinema"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Record Store Day's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Store_Day"},{"link_name":"Black Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)"},{"link_name":"7\" Single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"The White Stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Stripes"},{"link_name":"Jack White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_White"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"'Time Warp'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warp_(song)"},{"link_name":"Rock the Vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_the_Vote"},{"link_name":"2020 Presidential Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road"},{"link_name":"You Never Give Me Your Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Never_Give_Me_Your_Money"},{"link_name":"The End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Doctors Without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_Without_Borders"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"The Spicy Meatball Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spicy_Meatball_Tour"},{"link_name":"Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Games_(Tenacious_D_song)"},{"link_name":"Shaky Knees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaky_Knees_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THE_SPICY_MEATBALL_TOUR_CONTINUES%E2%80%A6-130"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"}],"sub_title":"Post-Apocalypto, new releases and touring (2012–present)","text":"In June 2012, when asked about a sequel to Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, Black stated that the band had \"found a loophole with the internet and animated shorts. That’s the world we’re looking to dive into, and not just for money, mainly for art.\"[114] The band would mention later on in that year that they may make an Internet series \"exclusive to YouTube.\"[115] The project was a fantasy for Black and Gass for a few years, until the Donald Trump presidential campaign inspired them to write a post-apocalyptic comedy in 2016.[116]On February 5, 2016, Black was a guest on BBC Radio 2's Chris Evans Breakfast Show. When asked about the status of the band, Black confirmed that they were working on a new album. Stating that they were \"slow\", Black suggested that it would likely be completed in 2018. Black also mentioned that so far they just had a few song titles.[117]In 2017, while on promotion for the film, Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle, Black stated on the British radio station, Kerrang Radio, that Tenacious D had created an animated series, and that the fourth album would be called Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto.[118]In 2018, before performing at Hell & Heaven Metal Fest in Mexico City, the band entered the stage to a short studio snippet of their new song \"Post-Apocalypto Theme\". The night after this, Black asked the audience at Shaky Knees Music Festival in Atlanta, Georgia whether they had seen The Pick of Destiny and that \"part 2 is coming out in October\". He went to state that \"I don't know where you will be able to see it, but we have decided it's happening and it's coming out. Rocktober\".[119]Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto was released as six individual episodes on YouTube. These would be uploaded from September 28 to November 2. Columbia Records would release the album Post-Apocalypto on the November 2.[120]At a live screening of the series at Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in New York, Black stated that the two would attempt to speed up their album cycle, jokingly commenting about the duo's age if the current speed continues and their record obligation with Sony. Black stated that the fifth album will take time, and \"most likely be released [sometime] after 2020\".[121]On the 29th of November 2019, for Record Store Day's Black Friday, Tenacious D released a 'Blue Series' 7\" Single, featuring the track \"Don't Blow It, Kage\". The record was produced by The White Stripes member, Jack White.[122]On the 7th of July 2020, Tenacious D released an audiobook for the upcoming graphic novel adaption of the Post-Apocalypto, which is set to be released in September of the same year. In addition, at the end of the audiobook, it was announced that Sony Music, the music group in which Columbia Records is a part of, terminated their contract with the band.On October 27, 2020, Tenacious D released a cover of 'Time Warp', available to stream online and also released on 7\" vinyl. The song included a music video featuring a string of celebrity guests. The single was used to promote Rock the Vote, which encourages Americans to vote in the 2020 Presidential Election. All proceeds from the vinyl sales of the song were donated to Rock the Vote.[123]On July 1, 2021, Tenacious D released a tribute to The Beatles in which they cover and mashup two songs from Abbey Road: \"You Never Give Me Your Money\" and \"The End.\" Similar to \"Time Warp\", the limited-edition 7\" supported charity—this time with all the proceeds going to Doctors Without Borders.[124]In an interview with Variety published in September 2021, Black stated that the band are working on their next album, claiming it is \"a very big idea that we've been working on for years\". Black predicts the album will be released in 2024.[125]On December 7, 2021, Tenacious D announced a Summer 2022 tour of the United States. This tour was a belated 20th anniversary celebration of their debut album.[126] In March 2022, the tour was extended into the fall.[127]On May 6, 2023, the duo began their \"The Spicy Meatball Tour\" by performing two new original songs, \"The Spicy Meatball Song\" and \"Video Games\", at Shaky Knees.[128] \"Video Games\" then premiered online on May 11, 2023 via a 3D animated music video directed by Adam Paloian and his production company Pinreel Inc., which was the band's first new music video since 2012.[129] In early June 2023, it was announced that the tour will continue in the fall, starting with a show in Charlotte, North Carolina.[130] In February 2024, the band announced their first tour of Australia and New Zealand in eleven years, to be held in July 2024.[131]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acoustic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_rock"},{"link_name":"comedy rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_rock"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"power chords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_chords"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Iron Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Judas Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judas_Priest"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFerrin-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"backmasking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backmasking"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayer"},{"link_name":"Hell Awaits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Awaits"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"ABBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBA"},{"link_name":"Take a Chance on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_a_Chance_on_Me"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today_2-140"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-set-65"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Tony Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Robbins"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-associated-press-interview-96"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_(Metallica_song)"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-set-65"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-East_Bay_Express-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-East_Bay_Express-143"},{"link_name":"Russell Brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Brand"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"All Shall Perish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Shall_Perish"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"The Lonely Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonely_Island"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"}],"text":"Tenacious D has been described as acoustic rock, comedy rock, and heavy metal, with the majority of their songs played on acoustic guitars, and rely heavily on power chords. Satire and comedy are a major aspect of Tenacious D's lyrical content.[3] Gass said of their approach: \"I'd love to do the straight music thing, but that's kind of against our mission, which is to rebel against the serious singer-songwriter mentality.\"[132] Their songs evoke heavy metal clichés of bands like Iron Maiden and Judas Priest.[133][134] In particular, the song \"Dio\" pokes fun at the idea of a torch being passed.[135] Songs like \"Friendship\" parody the lack of real friendship, as well as point out the [bromance] traits in rock groups with the lyric \"As long as there's a record deal, we'll always be friends\".[136][137] Their short song structures have been described as punk rock-inspired. Tenacious D also employs the technique of deliberate backmasking on \"Karate\",[138] a technique employed by other metal bands like Slayer, who recorded a message in Hell Awaits.[139]Black has said that the first song he enjoyed was ABBA's \"Take a Chance on Me\".[140] His style was distinctly shaped by \"big dinosaurs of rock\" such as The Who and Led Zeppelin.[65] In addition, Gass lists his influences as being Tom Waits and Tony Robbins.[96] The band claimed that the inspiration for the song \"Tribute\" came after Black played Metallica's \"One\" for Gass, describing it as \"the best song in the world\",[141][142] leading to an attempt to write an even better song, themselves.\"We try to write the best songs ever, and they come out kind of funny...\"\n\n\n— Kyle Gass on the band's humorous lyrics.[65]Gass has described Tenacious D's comic assertion that they are the best band as being \"ridiculous because it's a matter of opinion\".[143] Black characterizes Tenacious D's comic nature as an antidote to \"the masculinity of rock\", adding \"There's also something funny about the macho-ness of rock. Like the bands that are the fucking hardest rocking are like, 'We'll fucking kick your ass, dude... with our rock.'\"[143] Russell Brand,[144] All Shall Perish,[145] The Lonely Island,[146] and Kanye West[147] have in turn been influenced by the work of Tenacious D.","title":"Musical style, influences and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bio-Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-Dome"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday-times-18"},{"link_name":"The Cable Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cable_Guy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunday-times-18"},{"link_name":"Bongwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongwater_(film)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Cradle Will Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle_Will_Rock"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Saving Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Silverman"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-150"},{"link_name":"Shallow Hal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_Hal"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-150"},{"link_name":"Year One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_One_(film)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Straits-97"},{"link_name":"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_in_The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"guitar pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_pick"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Annie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Award"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_(film)"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"...Baby One More Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...Baby_One_More_Time_(song)"},{"link_name":"fourth film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_4"},{"link_name":"series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Crank Yankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_Yankers"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Zorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorak"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"Space Ghost Coast to Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast"},{"link_name":"MADtv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MADtv"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Tom Goes to the Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Goes_to_the_Mayor"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POD_(song)"},{"link_name":"2006 American Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Music_Awards_of_2006"},{"link_name":"Late Night with Conan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SNL_Transcripts-157"},{"link_name":"Spike TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_TV"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-tenacious-d-158"},{"link_name":"2006 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters.com-159"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"VH1 Rock Honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1_Rock_Honors"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"}],"sub_title":"Film and television","text":"Black and Gass first performed together in Bio-Dome (1996),[18] followed by The Cable Guy (1996),[18] Bongwater (1997),[148] Cradle Will Rock (1999),[149] Saving Silverman (2001),[150] Shallow Hal (2001),[150] and Year One (2009). Black has starred in a number of films himself, and he has provided voices for animated films.[97] In 2006, Tenacious D starred in their own film, Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, in which they set out to become the greatest rock band in the world, by means of a guitar pick with mystic powers.[151]The duo contributed to the Annie Award-winning martial arts cartoon film Kung Fu Panda with Black as Po and Gass as KG Shaw.[152] Their cover of Britney Spears' \"...Baby One More Time\" is featured in the end credits of the fourth film of the series.[153]Black and Gass have made several television appearances performing songs from their first album. On June 16, 2001, Tenacious D were featured as puppets performing \"Friendship\" on an episode of Crank Yankers.[154] They were guest starred when they were taught by Zorak how to perform in an episode of the Cartoon Network/Adult Swim series Space Ghost Coast to Coast. In 2002 they guest starred on MADtv playing the songs \"Tribute\", & \"Lee\" with Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl on drums.[155] Later, Tenacious D made an appearance in the first episode of Tom Goes to the Mayor televised on Adult Swim.[156]In the run up to the release of the film The Pick of Destiny, Tenacious D performed the \"Pick of Destiny\" at the 2006 American Music Awards and on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Tenacious D was a musical guest on Saturday Night Live for the first time, although they had previously appeared as an uncredited musical guest on May 2, 1998.[157] They also opened the 2006 Spike TV Video Game Awards with a performance of \"The Metal\",[158] and played \"Friendship\" at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards.[159] The band's first television appearance of 2008 was in support of the Who at the VH1 Rock Honors.[160]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tony Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk"},{"link_name":"Sirius/XM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio"},{"link_name":"program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting#Satellite"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"}],"sub_title":"Internet","text":"Black and Gass were interviewed on August 29, 2012, by Tony Hawk as part of the \"Dissent\" series on the web channel, Ride. The interview was conducted in the Sirius/XM studios as part of the Hawk's \"Demolition Radio\" program. The interview's topics include comedy rock and Upland Skatepark.[161]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero_III:_Legends_of_Rock"},{"link_name":"Tony Hawk's Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"Xbox Games Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Games_Store"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Brütal Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCtal_Legend"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"pre-order incentive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-order_incentive"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Rock Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"The song \"The Metal\" is playable in the sixth tier setlist of Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, as well as being playable in demo versions of the game included in demo kits, Official Xbox Magazine Demo Disc #77, some copies of Tony Hawk's Proving Ground, and formerly as a digital download on the Xbox Games Store.[162][163]\"The Metal\" and \"Master Exploder\" appear on the soundtrack of Brütal Legend.[164] Both Black and Gass voice characters in the game partly modeled after their likenesses; Black voices main character Eddie Riggs, while Gass voices Kage the Kannonier.[165] An in-game Tenacious D guitar was available as a pre-order incentive.[166] \"The Metal\" was added as downloadable content to Rock Band to coincide with Brütal Legend's release.[167]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Wonderboy\" (live)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tenacious_D_-_Wonderboy_(live).ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relix-168"},{"link_name":"concert tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-3"},{"link_name":"Weezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weezer"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Eat World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World"},{"link_name":"Kid Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Rock"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Jack Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Black"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-17"},{"link_name":"The Pick of Destiny Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny_Tour_(2006%E2%80%932007)"},{"link_name":"John Konesky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Konesky"},{"link_name":"John Spiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spiker"},{"link_name":"Trainwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainwreck_with_Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"Brooks Wackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Wackerman"},{"link_name":"The Vandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vandals"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Reading and Leeds Festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_and_Leeds_Festivals"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Outside Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_Lands"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Bonnaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnaroo_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"BlizzCon closing ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlizzCon"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Rize of the Fenix Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rize_of_the_Fenix_Tour"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relix-168"},{"link_name":"Rock am Ring and Rock im Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_am_Ring_and_Rock_im_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Post-Apocalypto Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Apocalypto_Tour"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_awards"},{"link_name":"The Hollywood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"The Spicy Meatball Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spicy_Meatball_Tour"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THE_SPICY_MEATBALL_TOUR_CONTINUES%E2%80%A6-130"}],"sub_title":"Live","text":"\"Wonderboy\" (live)\n\nSample of \"Wonderboy\" performed live by Tenacious D in San Francisco on February 21, 2002.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.The band spent the first twelve years of their career playing concerts acoustic; just Black and Gass on acoustic guitars, with no backing instruments apart from occasional guests. Black and Gass have expressed angst they experience before concerts saying: \"We're always looking for a loophole. Pretty much every concert we've ever done, we're trying to find a way to cancel the show at the last minute.\"[168] The band mainly spent their first five years performing in Los Angeles, with occasional concerts in New York and Colorado. The band embarked on their first ever tour in the summer of 1999. In 2001, Tenacious D started their second nationwide concert tour, performing at larger venues, many of which sold out.[3] In the fall of 2001, Black and Gass toured with Weezer alongside Jimmy Eat World, performing in large arenas. In 2002, the band supported Kid Rock at a handful of concerts, before starting their third domestic tour, Le Tour!, playing many medium-sized theaters. Later that year and in early 2003, the band would perform three small European tours, and an Australian tour.[169]It's a roaring crowd, and they may be roaring your approval, but it's still a scary, roaring crowd. They can turn on you, conceivably. It's still a beast that you must ride. And once it's been ridden, in the midst of the ride, it feels fantastic.\n\n\n— Jack Black on performing live.[17]In 2006, the band launched their first ever major tour, The Pick of Destiny Tour. Black and Gass wished to recruit electric guitarist John Konesky and bassist John Spiker, both members of Gass' side-project Trainwreck, and had been session musicians on The Pick of Destiny album. The band also wished to recruit drummer Brooks Wackerman from The Vandals. At early rehearsals of the tour, Black and Gass contemplated whether to go ahead with the musicians, or whether to continue performing acoustic, of which they decided to try the tour with the band.[170] The tour would continue into 2007, with two US legs, a European leg and an Australian leg.Following The Pick of Destiny Tour, the band would go on to play Reading and Leeds Festivals,[171][172] Outside Lands,[173] Bonnaroo and the BlizzCon closing ceremony from 2008 to 2010,[174][175] as well as supporting the Foo Fighters in the fall of 2011.[176]In 2012, the band launched their second major tour, Rize of the Fenix Tour. Apart from two performances in Stockholm and Amsterdam, until 2012, the band had never performed to non-English speaking countries. Black claimed it was because foreign concerts were \"a little funky\" because \"the subtleties do get lost in translation\".[168] In June, the band would perform at Rock am Ring and Rock im Park festivals in Germany, which broke the band's attendance records. In October, the band embarked on a large tour of Europe, including returns to Germany.[citation needed]Following the Rize of the Fenix Tour, the band toured smaller venues as Old School Acoustic Style Tour in early 2013, performing in North America and Australia. This would be their first acoustic tour since their tour of Australia in 2004. There were two additional acoustic tours in Europe in December 2013 and February 2015.[177]In 2018, the band launched their third major tour, Post-Apocalypto Tour, which would surpass Rize of the Fenix as their biggest tour in the fall of October 2019.[178]The band is also set to perform \"Video Games\" at the upcoming Game Awards 10-Year Concert at The Hollywood Bowl, accompanied by a live orchestra.[179]In 2023, the band performed on their fourth major tour, The Spicy Meatball Tour.[130]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cannabis legalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis"},{"link_name":"NORML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norml-56"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gore-180"},{"link_name":"Randy Credico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Credico"},{"link_name":"Rockefeller Drug Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Drug_Laws"},{"link_name":"coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Democracy_Now-181"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"US presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_Zealand_Herald-13"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"Ben Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Harper"},{"link_name":"Relentless7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relentless7"},{"link_name":"David Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Graham Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Nash"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"Crosby and Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby_%26_Nash"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Kent State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Prophets of Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Rage"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"}],"text":"Tenacious D are supporters of cannabis legalization. They have also performed at a NORML benefit concert.[56] Black described his view that allowing drug use would remove the stigma of feeling \"naughty\" attached to users, making the activity mundane and less attractive.[180] Black was the executive producer for a documentary about Randy Credico entitled Sixty Spins Around the Sun. It calls for the so-called Rockefeller Drug Laws to be repealed. Black said of it, \"They're populating our prisons with people, you know, first time drug offenders—single mothers that have a little bit of coke end up going to prison for 20 years or something. It's just cruel and unusual punishment.\"[181]In 2004, Tenacious D supported John Kerry's US presidential election campaign by playing a benefit concert for him.[13] Black and Gass were disparaging towards George W. Bush's presidency on many occasions.[182] The band performed a benefit concert for Barack Obama's presidential campaign on November 2, 2008 in Milwaukee. Other performers included Ben Harper and Relentless7, David Crosby and Graham Nash, and the Beastie Boys. Tenacious D guested with Crosby and Nash on \"Find the Cost of Freedom\" which concluded the Crosby-Nash set.[183] In 2010, Tenacious D agreed to boycott Arizona due to laws passed there concerning illegal immigration.[184] In 2012, Tenacious D performed at the House of Blues in Cleveland and did a surprise gig at Kent State University earlier on that day to encourage voting. Tenacious D supported Obama that year.[185] In 2017, Black and Gass performed \"The Government Totally Sucks\" at an anti-Donald Trump Prophets of Rage show in Los Angeles.[186]","title":"Political activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Last in Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_in_Line_(song)"},{"link_name":"tribute album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute_album"},{"link_name":"This Is Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_James_Dio_-_This_Is_Your_Life"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Metal_Performance"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_Metal_Performance-95"},{"link_name":"Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio_(band)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dio-60"},{"link_name":"Weezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weezer"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"Eagles of Death Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_of_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Want_You_So_Hard_(Boy%27s_Bad_News)"},{"link_name":"Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_(Foo_Fighters_song)"},{"link_name":"Sexx Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexx_Laws"},{"link_name":"Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck"},{"link_name":"Humility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humility_(song)"},{"link_name":"Gorillaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorillaz"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Styx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styx_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cyclorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorama_(album)"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"The Vandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vandals"},{"link_name":"Look What I Almost Stepped In...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_What_I_Almost_Stepped_In..."},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDNOTES-191"},{"link_name":"KROQ-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KROQ-FM"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Sum 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_41"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Good Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Charlotte"},{"link_name":"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyles_of_the_Rich_and_Famous_(Good_Charlotte_song)"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone_2-193"}],"text":"In 2014, Tenacious D provided a cover of \"The Last in Line\" on the Dio tribute album This Is Your Life.[187] The recording won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.[95]Tenacious D have appeared in numerous music videos by other bands, including \"Learn to Fly\" by Foo Fighters, \"Push\" by Dio,[60] and \"Photograph\" by Weezer.[188] Black has appeared on his own in many music videos, including a cameo alongside Dave Grohl in the music video for the Eagles of Death Metal song \"I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)\", alongside Grohl again in the music video for the Foo Fighters' \"Low\", a cameo in the music video for the song \"Sexx Laws\" by Beck, and the video for \"Humility\" by Gorillaz.[189]In addition to appearing in videos, Black and Gass sang backup vocals on the 2003 Styx album Cyclorama, on the song \"Kiss Your Ass Goodbye\".[190] Tenacious D lent backing vocals to The Vandals album Look What I Almost Stepped In..., on the song \"Fourteen\".[191] Tenacious D appeared on KROQ-FM's twelfth full-length Christmas compilation, Swallow My Eggnog, with Sum 41, on a song entitled \"Things I Want\".[192] Gass appeared in the Good Charlotte music video for the song \"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous\".[193]","title":"Other projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trainwreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainwreck_with_Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Columbus_Dispatch2-194"},{"link_name":"JR Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Reed_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Konesky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Konesky"},{"link_name":"Spiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spiker"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trainwreck-195"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Relix-168"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"}],"sub_title":"Trainwreck","text":"Following Black's popularity in the film industry, he was unable to tour regularly with Gass, so Gass started Trainwreck, under the pseudonym \"Klip Calhoun\".[194] The band also features JR Reed (Lee of Tenacious D) under the pseudonym \"Darryl Donald\", as well as Konesky and Spiker, who play lead guitar and bass. They have released a live album, Trainwreck Live, and a studio album The Wreckoning.[195] Black occasionally appeared with the band under the name \"Tuffy McFuckelby\".[168] Trainwreck broke up in 2010, but reunited in 2018 and announced that they were working on a new album.[196]","title":"Other projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyle Gass Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gass_Band"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"}],"sub_title":"Kyle Gass Band","text":"Following the breakup of Trainwreck, Gass started Kyle Gass Band in 2011. The band released their first album, Kyle Gass Band in 2013 and Thundering Herd in 2016. The band features Mike Bray as lead singer, who used to open for Trainwreck shows. The band also features Konesky reprising his role as electric guitarist.[197]","title":"Other projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"}],"sub_title":"Guitarings","text":"Gass and Konesky produced a YouTube show called Guitarings. The first series launched in mid-2009, and the second series lasted for 2011 and 2012. The series featured guitar tutorials for Tenacious D songs, as well as interviews, equipment reviews, music shop tours and answering fan mail.[198][199]","title":"Other projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Black"},{"link_name":"Kyle Gass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gass"},{"link_name":"John Konesky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Konesky"},{"link_name":"Brooks Wackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Wackerman"}],"text":"Core membersJack Black – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1994–present)\nKyle Gass – lead guitar, backing and lead vocals (1994–present)Backing/additional membersJohn Konesky – guitars, backing vocals (2005–present; touring and session)\nJohn Spiker – bass, keyboards, piano, backing vocals (2005–present; touring and session)\nScott Seiver – drums, percussion (2013–present; touring and session)Former additional membersBrooks Wackerman – drums (2006–15; touring and session on live albums)","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tenacious D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenacious_D_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Pick of Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pick_of_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Rize of the Fenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rize_of_the_Fenix"},{"link_name":"Post-Apocalypto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Apocalypto"}],"text":"Tenacious D (2001)\nThe Pick of Destiny (2006)\nRize of the Fenix (2012)\nPost-Apocalypto (2018)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Black, Gass, Konesky, Spiker, and Wackerman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/408844873_a624860075_o.jpg/300px-408844873_a624860075_o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tenacious D performing at the Leeds festival","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tenacious_D_Leeds.jpg/300px-Tenacious_D_Leeds.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bryan, Steve. \"Black tells origin of 'Tenacious D'\". Stltoday.com. Retrieved May 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/black-tells-origin-of-tenacious-d/article_1427981a-6f84-5916-9d4d-2d1de0a5c4a0.html","url_text":"\"Black tells origin of 'Tenacious D'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06\". Fooarchive.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2007. Retrieved May 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070117131726/http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","url_text":"\"Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06\""},{"url":"http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phares, Heather. \"AMG Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved March 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p397913","url_text":"\"AMG Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Hung, Steffen. \"australian-charts.com - Tenacious D - Tribute\". Australian-charts.com. Retrieved May 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Tenacious+D&titel=Tribute&cat=s","url_text":"\"australian-charts.com - Tenacious D - Tribute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gold & Platinum - RIAA\". RIAA. Retrieved May 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=TENACIOUS+D&ti=THE+COMPLETE+MASTERWORKS","url_text":"\"Gold & Platinum - RIAA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D tell us all about the Pick of Destiny\". EW.com. Retrieved May 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2006/11/17/tenacious-d-tell-us-all-about-pick-destiny/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D tell us all about the Pick of Destiny\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny (2006) - Box Office Mojo\". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved October 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=tenaciousd.htm","url_text":"\"Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny (2006) - Box Office Mojo\""}]},{"reference":"NME (December 2, 2006). \"Tenacious D play in iconic New York venue\". NME. Retrieved February 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/tenacious-d-21-1316937","url_text":"\"Tenacious D play in iconic New York venue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D Talks Comeback, the Death of Rock and How to Write the Best Song Ever (Q&A)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tenacious-d-rize-of-the-fenix-jack-black-331768","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Talks Comeback, the Death of Rock and How to Write the Best Song Ever (Q&A)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D\". GRAMMY.com. May 22, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/tenacious-d","url_text":"\"Tenacious D\""}]},{"reference":"Weingarten, Christopher R. (September 28, 2018). \"Tenacious D on Their Wild New Animated Series 'Post-Apocalypto'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/tenacious-d-jack-black-kyle-gass-talk-post-apocalypto-729664/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D on Their Wild New Animated Series 'Post-Apocalypto'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Hart, Hugh (November 6, 2006). \"'D' is for dynamic duo\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved March 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/26/PKGDRMFCSD1.DTL&type=movies","url_text":"\"'D' is for dynamic duo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Schaer, Cathrin (December 12, 2004). \"Tenacious D: Mock'n'rollers\". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929223636/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=9002730","url_text":"\"Tenacious D: Mock'n'rollers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"},{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=9002730","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fry, Ted (November 22, 2006). \"Sympathy for the devil: Rockers seek Satan's pick\". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014337/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/movies/2003441928_tenacious22.html","url_text":"\"Sympathy for the devil: Rockers seek Satan's pick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"},{"url":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/movies/2003441928_tenacious22.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gleiberman, Owen (November 21, 2006). \"Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny (2006)\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 15, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1562105,00.html","url_text":"\"Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny (2006)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Read This, Gently: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Tenacious D\". Ifc.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ifc.com/shows/comedy-bang-bang/blog/2015/04/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-tenacious-d","url_text":"\"Read This, Gently: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Tenacious D\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Sandy (November 23, 2006). \"The fake but true story of Tenacious D\". The Seattle Times. Retrieved March 14, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2003443880_tenaciousqa23.html?syndication=rss","url_text":"\"The fake but true story of Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"}]},{"reference":"Rees, Jasper (August 29, 2006). \"Dude, where's my guitar?\". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved December 28, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article612938.ece","url_text":"\"Dude, where's my guitar?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times","url_text":"The Sunday Times"}]},{"reference":"Woodman, Chay (February 7, 2006). \"Tenacious D Interview\". Virtual Festivals. Archived from the original on May 12, 2003. Retrieved December 19, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030512170050/http://www.virtualfestivals.com/artists/article.cfm?artistid=3153&articleid=411&startrow=2","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Interview\""},{"url":"http://www.virtualfestivals.com/artists/article.cfm?artistid=3153&articleid=411&startrow=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Teicholz, Tom (March 14, 2008). \"Gang of Actors reaches a new stage\". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Retrieved April 4, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishjournal.com/arts_in_la/article/gang_of_actors_reaches_a_new_stage_20080314/","url_text":"\"Gang of Actors reaches a new stage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles","url_text":"The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Mark (June 4, 2000). \"Jack Black Close Up\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved January 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://film.guardian.co.uk/Column/0,,327906,00.html","url_text":"\"Jack Black Close Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Tribute Was Our Mona Lisa\" – An Oral History Of Tenacious D's Self-Titled Debut Album\". Kerrang.com. Retrieved November 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/features/jack-black-tribute-was-our-mona-lisa-an-oral-history-of-tenacious-ds-self-titled-debut-album/","url_text":"\"\"Tribute Was Our Mona Lisa\" – An Oral History Of Tenacious D's Self-Titled Debut Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Imagine: The Story of the Guitar - Video - Jack Black Interview\". Retrieved November 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/musictv/guitars/video/jackblack/","url_text":"\"BBC - Imagine: The Story of the Guitar - Video - Jack Black Interview\""}]},{"reference":"GQ (November 1, 2018), Tenacious D Goes Undercover on Reddit, YouTube and Twitter | GQ, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 2, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZEQkfEFYhA&t=398s","url_text":"Tenacious D Goes Undercover on Reddit, YouTube and Twitter | GQ"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/7ZEQkfEFYhA","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Guitarings (October 4, 2011), Guitarings - Viewer Mailbag - 10/4/11, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 2, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIcSKrfNaEg","url_text":"Guitarings - Viewer Mailbag - 10/4/11"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/aIcSKrfNaEg","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"bigfootisreal100 (October 16, 2009), Tenacious D - The D's First Song (Melissa), archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 2, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_aVcOQopFus","url_text":"Tenacious D - The D's First Song (Melissa)"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/_aVcOQopFus","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guitarings\". Facebook.com. Retrieved November 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/Guitarings/videos/vb.115431963700/10100946341944973/?type=3&theater","url_text":"\"Guitarings\""}]},{"reference":"Deville, Chris (September 24, 2021). \"Tenacious D Turns 20\". Stereogum. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2161666/tenacious-d-turns-20/reviews/the-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Turns 20\""}]},{"reference":"\"Let It D: Tenacious D, The Greatest Band in the World (or Maybe the Second Greatest, They're Still W\". Relix.com. February 3, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://relix.com/articles/detail/let-it-d-tenacious-d-the-greatest-band-in-the-world-or-maybe-the-second-gre/","url_text":"\"Let It D: Tenacious D, The Greatest Band in the World (or Maybe the Second Greatest, They're Still W\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tribute by Tenacious D - Songfacts\". Songfacts.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songfacts.com/facts/tenacious-d/tribute","url_text":"\"Tribute by Tenacious D - Songfacts\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Ross (October 8, 2006). \"Jack Black Revisits the Glory Days Known as Tenacious D\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/movies/08john.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/M/Motion%20Pictures","url_text":"\"Jack Black Revisits the Glory Days Known as Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Palopoli, Steve (November 8, 2006). \"Cult Leader\". Metro Silicon Valley. Retrieved January 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metroactive.com/metro/11.08.06/cult-0645.html","url_text":"\"Cult Leader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Silicon_Valley","url_text":"Metro Silicon Valley"}]},{"reference":"Thayer, Alex (December 23, 1997). \"Tenacious D/Tool\". Archived from the original on June 21, 2000. Retrieved November 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000621182055/http://sidehatch.com/tool_tour.txt","url_text":"\"Tenacious D/Tool\""},{"url":"http://sidehatch.com/tool_tour.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remember When: Maynard James Keenan appeared in 'Mr. Show'?Metal Insider\". Metal Insider. January 9, 2017. Retrieved November 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metalinsider.net/columns/remember-when-maynard-james-keenan-appeared-in-mr-show","url_text":"\"Remember When: Maynard James Keenan appeared in 'Mr. Show'?Metal Insider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bio-Dome (1996) - Jason Bloom | Cast and Crew | AllMovie\". AllMovie. Retrieved November 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/bio-dome-v135585/cast-crew","url_text":"\"Bio-Dome (1996) - Jason Bloom | Cast and Crew | AllMovie\""}]},{"reference":"\"[radio.wazee] Modern Alternative Rock - TENACIOUS D\". Wazee.org. Retrieved January 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://wazee.org/artists/tenacious_d.shtml","url_text":"\"[radio.wazee] Modern Alternative Rock - TENACIOUS D\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06\". Fooarchive.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070117131726/http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","url_text":"\"Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06\""},{"url":"http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Discogs, Tenacious Demo, 1997\". Discogs.com. 1994. Retrieved April 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Tenacious-D-Demo-/release/2862109","url_text":"\"Discogs, Tenacious Demo, 1997\""}]},{"reference":"Kit, Zorianna (June 8, 2000). \"Big-screen Gig For Tenacious D\". The Hollywood Reporter. p. 2. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090108212759/http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4931095-1.html","url_text":"\"Big-screen Gig For Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4931095-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zoromski, Brian (November 20, 2006). \"Tenacious D: The Series\". IGN. Retrieved January 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.tv.ign.com/articles/746/746937p1.html","url_text":"\"Tenacious D: The Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Gallo, Phil (March 24, 1999). \"Tenacious D\". Variety. Retrieved March 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117491951.html?categoryid=32&cs=1","url_text":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Paul (November 15, 2006). \"Exclusive Interview : Jack Black & Kyle Gass\". Moviehole. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070223201835/https://moviehole.net/interviews/20061115_exclusive_interview_jack_black.html","url_text":"\"Exclusive Interview : Jack Black & Kyle Gass\""},{"url":"http://www.moviehole.net/interviews/20061115_exclusive_interview_jack_black.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rabin, Nathan. \"The Complete Masterworks\" (DVD). Epic Records.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records","url_text":"Epic Records"}]},{"reference":"Zahlaway, Jon (April 13, 2000). \"liveDaily Interview: Dave Grohl Of Foo Fighters\". liveDaily. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved January 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060427075340/http://www.livedaily.com/interviews/liveDaily_Interview_Dave_Grohl_Of_Foo_Fighters-734.html?t=6","url_text":"\"liveDaily Interview: Dave Grohl Of Foo Fighters\""},{"url":"http://www.livedaily.com/interviews/liveDaily_Interview_Dave_Grohl_Of_Foo_Fighters-734.html?t=6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kerrang!. \"Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06\". fooarchive.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070117131726/http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","url_text":"\"Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06\""},{"url":"http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Chris (November 22, 2005). \"Game Clobbers Akon, Takes Albums Chart\". VH1. Archived from the original on October 1, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001010454/http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1546450/20061122/tenacious_d.jhtml","url_text":"\"Game Clobbers Akon, Takes Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1","url_text":"VH1"},{"url":"http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1546450/20061122/tenacious_d.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D\". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/tenacious-d/chart-history/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220405040812/https://www.billboard.com/artist/tenacious-d/chart-history","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"A Keeps, David (November 3, 2002). \"Prepare for D-Day\". Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130126093453/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1714413.html","url_text":"\"Prepare for D-Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_on_Sunday","url_text":"Independent on Sunday"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1714413.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Erlewine, Stephen. \"Review\". Allmusic. Retrieved April 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r552157","url_text":"\"Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH","url_text":"\"RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"Ken Tucker (September 24, 2001). \"Music Review: Tenacious D\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 21, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,175539~4~~tenaciousd,00.html","url_text":"\"Music Review: Tenacious D\""}]},{"reference":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine. \"Music Review: Tenacious D\". Allmusic. Retrieved October 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/tenacious-d-mw0000591118","url_text":"\"Music Review: Tenacious D\""}]},{"reference":"Hickman, Christopher. \"Tenacious D\". Flak Magazine. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204050216/http://www.flakmag.com/music/tenaciousd.html","url_text":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flak_Magazine","url_text":"Flak Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.flakmag.com/music/tenaciousd.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Andy (May 31, 2002). \"Album: Tenacious D\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved November 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-tenacious-d-190753.html","url_text":"\"Album: Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-tenacious-d-190753.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hellard, Peta (January 6, 2007). \"Duo's devilish fun\". The Courier-Mail. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070210172652/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0%2C23739%2C21014786-5003421%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Duo's devilish fun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Mail","url_text":"The Courier-Mail"},{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,21014786-5003421,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Jonathan (May 9, 2003). \"Tenacious D Halfway Toward 'Destiny'\". Billboard. Retrieved July 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/71135/tenacious-d-halfway-toward-destiny","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Halfway Toward 'Destiny'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Tarantino plans Kill Bill: Vol 3\". bbc.co.uk. October 4, 2004. Retrieved June 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3613965.stm","url_text":"\"Tarantino plans Kill Bill: Vol 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bbc.co.uk","url_text":"bbc.co.uk"}]},{"reference":"DeFore, John (October 30, 2006). \"Tenacious D: The Pick of Destiny\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080527192053/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=6732","url_text":"\"Tenacious D: The Pick of Destiny\""},{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=6732","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Binelli, Mark (November 29, 2006). \"73% of the Way to Being the World's Greatest Rock Band\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 11, 2007. Retrieved April 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071111200200/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/12683958/73_of_the_way_to_being_the_worlds_greatest_rock_band","url_text":"\"73% of the Way to Being the World's Greatest Rock Band\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/12683958/73_of_the_way_to_being_the_worlds_greatest_rock_band","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brinn, David (September 29, 2005). \"Ronnie James Dio: I'm Proud Of Starting 'Devil Horns' Trend\". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved March 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalexpressradio.com/menu.php?main=news&id=1693","url_text":"\"Ronnie James Dio: I'm Proud Of Starting 'Devil Horns' Trend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post","url_text":"The Jerusalem Post"}]},{"reference":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Missy Elliott, Busta Rhymes, Tenacious D, The Roots, Pearl Jam, Elvis Presley & More\". Mtv.com. July 8, 2003. Retrieved July 14, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1473673/20030708/elliott_missy.jhtml","url_text":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Missy Elliott, Busta Rhymes, Tenacious D, The Roots, Pearl Jam, Elvis Presley & More\""}]},{"reference":"Tung, Cameron (May 16, 2012). \"Gods of Rock (In Their Own Minds): The Early Days of Tenacious D\". Vulture.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2012/05/gods-of-rock-in-their-own-minds-the-early-days-of-tenacious-d.html","url_text":"\"Gods of Rock (In Their Own Minds): The Early Days of Tenacious D\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\". June 3, 2004. Archived from the original on June 3, 2004. Retrieved November 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040603003749/http://www.tenaciousjoes.com/tenaciousdmovie.html","url_text":"\"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\""},{"url":"http://www.tenaciousjoes.com/tenaciousdmovie.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\". Archived from the original on December 30, 2005. Retrieved March 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20051230145940/http://www.tenaciousjoes.com/tenaciousdmoviescript.html","url_text":"\"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\""},{"url":"http://www.tenaciousjoes.com/tenaciousdmoviescript.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The List (November 15, 2006). \"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\". The List. Retrieved December 18, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.list.co.uk/article/639-tenacious-d-in-the-pick-of-destiny/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_List_(magazine)","url_text":"The List"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (January 1, 2009), \"Tenacious D\", The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-531373-4, retrieved October 23, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001/acref-9780195313734-e-73157","url_text":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195313734.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531373-4","url_text":"978-0-19-531373-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D Heading To Silver Screen\". Billboard.com. Retrieved November 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/72338/tenacious-d-heading-to-silver-screen","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Heading To Silver Screen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Black gets back to his musical roots\". CTV Television Network. October 1, 2003. Archived from the original on October 3, 2003. Retrieved March 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20031003035819/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1065051871877_4/?hub=Entertainment","url_text":"\"Jack Black gets back to his musical roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network","url_text":"CTV Television Network"},{"url":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1065051871877_4/?hub=Entertainment","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In Brief: Ozzy, the Roots\". Rolling Stone. May 16, 2003. Retrieved March 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ozzyosbourne/articles/story/5936389/in_brief_ozzy_the_roots","url_text":"\"In Brief: Ozzy, the Roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Mathieson, Craig (December 24, 2004). \"Back in Black\". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved March 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/12/23/1103391880557.html","url_text":"\"Back in Black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"Tenacious D Live in New Zealand 12/27/04 Full Set, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 16, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEuwQ-oQJoM","url_text":"Tenacious D Live in New Zealand 12/27/04 Full Set"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/rEuwQ-oQJoM","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Ethan (October 27, 2006). \"Can Jack Go Back?\". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116191373176905571","url_text":"\"Can Jack Go Back?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"We got the first review of TENACIOUS D IN THE PICK OF DESTINY!!! Will it Rock Your Socks Off?!?\". Legacy.aintitcool.com. Retrieved November 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/21597","url_text":"\"We got the first review of TENACIOUS D IN THE PICK OF DESTINY!!! Will it Rock Your Socks Off?!?\""}]},{"reference":"Podcast, Lynchland: The Liam Lynch. \"Lynchland Episode 8 – Lynchland: The Liam Lynch Podcast – Podcast\". Podtail.com (in Finnish). Retrieved November 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://podtail.com/fi/podcast/lynchland-the-liam-lynch-podcast/cb4a7281eb0e997df5764dceb7ceace3/","url_text":"\"Lynchland Episode 8 – Lynchland: The Liam Lynch Podcast – Podcast\""}]},{"reference":"Tenacious D - Home Movies (Documentary), archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 16, 2019","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sU8SpMKm07w","url_text":"Tenacious D - Home Movies (Documentary)"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/sU8SpMKm07w","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The best version of Jack Black\". CNN. Retrieved June 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/06/05/film.jackblack.ap/","url_text":"\"The best version of Jack Black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Actor Jack Black attends the world premiere of 'Tenacious\". Gettyimages.co.uk. November 2006. Retrieved November 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/actor-jack-black-attends-the-world-premiere-of-tenacious-d-news-photo/72343952","url_text":"\"Actor Jack Black attends the world premiere of 'Tenacious\""}]},{"reference":"Catucci, Nick. \"Tenacious D: The Pick of Destiny\". Blender. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013090038/http://blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4308","url_text":"\"Tenacious D: The Pick of Destiny\""},{"url":"http://blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4308","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gumbel, Andrew (April 16, 2008). \"Dial 'D' for disaster: The fall of New Line Cinema\". The Independent. London. Retrieved July 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/dial-d-for-disaster-the-fall-of-new-line-cinema-809545.html","url_text":"\"Dial 'D' for disaster: The fall of New Line Cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"}]},{"reference":"Breznican, Anthony (November 24, 2006). \"Plucky Tenacious D duo get into their 'Destiny'\". USA Today. Retrieved December 18, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-11-23-tenacious-D-side_x.htm?csp=34","url_text":"\"Plucky Tenacious D duo get into their 'Destiny'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Albums chart\". EveryHit.com. Retrieved February 14, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.everyhit.com/","url_text":"\"UK Albums chart\""}]},{"reference":"Jon Stewart (November 30, 2006). \"The Daily Show\". The Daily Show. Episode 40. 10 minutes in. Comedy Central.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Show","url_text":"The Daily Show"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central","url_text":"Comedy Central"}]},{"reference":"Crust, Kevin (November 22, 2006). \"Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 27, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.calendarlive.com/printedition/calendar/cl-et-tenacious22nov22,0,5923936.story","url_text":"\"Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Rea, Steven (November 22, 2006). \"'Tenacious D': Lots of hits (wink, wink), and misses, too\" (Fee required). The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved January 27, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=117B3AC73363D2A0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"'Tenacious D': Lots of hits (wink, wink), and misses, too\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Michael (November 24, 2006). \"So-so story of a superband: 'Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny'\". Chicago Tribune. Vol. 160, no. 328. p. 7A-3. Retrieved March 1, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/236324548/","url_text":"\"So-so story of a superband: 'Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Holden, Stephen (December 8, 2006). \"Movie Guide and Film Series\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 27, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/movies/08movie.html?ei=5088&en=b33ee352343d3441&ex=1323234000&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print","url_text":"\"Movie Guide and Film Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (November 1, 2006). \"Tenacious D\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070828040445/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/12273733/review/12285351/the_pick_of_destiny","url_text":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/12273733/review/12285351/the_pick_of_destiny","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Erlewine, Stephen. \"The Pick of Destiny\". Allmusic. Retrieved July 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r928202","url_text":"\"The Pick of Destiny\""}]},{"reference":"Catucci, Nick. \"Tenacious D\". Blender. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013090038/http://blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4308","url_text":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"url":"http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4308","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McLean, Craig (November 12, 2006). \"Tenacious D, The Pick of Destiny\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://music.guardian.co.uk/rock/story/0,,1944189,00.html","url_text":"\"Tenacious D, The Pick of Destiny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Cobley, Mike (December 18, 2006). \"Tenacious D: When The Devil Came Down To Brighton!\". Virtual Brighton Magazine. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011140746/http://magazine.brighton.co.uk/index.asp?SEC_ID=1&CAT_ID=21&SUB_ID=45&ART_ID=2188","url_text":"\"Tenacious D: When The Devil Came Down To Brighton!\""},{"url":"http://magazine.brighton.co.uk/index.asp?SEC_ID=1&CAT_ID=21&SUB_ID=45&ART_ID=2188","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Jonathan (October 11, 2006). \"Tenacious D Ready To Rock U.S., Down Under\". Billboard. Retrieved July 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56995/tenacious-d-ready-to-rock-us-down-under","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Ready To Rock U.S., Down Under\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Pedersen, Erik (November 21, 2006). \"Bottom Line: Hard rock, hard laughs, hard to resist\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114070818/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/music/reviews/article_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=FjFYCHpzQjv7HyFnGBrqrl5NTvhpVrP5rKTgD11Qf2vVytCLF3sL%2160872574&&rid=8432","url_text":"\"Bottom Line: Hard rock, hard laughs, hard to resist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/music/reviews/article_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=FjFYCHpzQjv7HyFnGBrqrl5NTvhpVrP5rKTgD11Qf2vVytCLF3sL!60872574&&rid=8432","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Best Metal Performance\". Grammy.com. Retrieved November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees?genre=31&=Go","url_text":"\"Best Metal Performance\""}]},{"reference":"The Associated Press (November 23, 2006). \"Tenacious D: Portly powerhouse of rock\". KLTV. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120222011250/http://www.kltv.com/global/story.asp?s=5722208","url_text":"\"Tenacious D: Portly powerhouse of rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLTV","url_text":"KLTV"},{"url":"http://www.kltv.com/global/story.asp?s=5722208","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Berlin, Joey (March 30, 2008). \"Rewind only for Jack Black\". New Straits Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Straits_Times","url_text":"New Straits Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Black discusses new film Be Kind Rewind\". Daily Mirror. February 15, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/hollywood-funnyman-jack-black-discusses-293690","url_text":"\"Jack Black discusses new film Be Kind Rewind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"Huver, Scott. \"Jack Black's Naked Truth: Laid Bare in 'Margot,' RoboCopping a Feel in 'Be Kind'\". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080116140909/http://www.hollywood.com/feature/Jack_Blacks_Naked_Truth_Laid_Bare_in_Margot_RoboCopping_a_Feel_in_Be_Kind/5003303","url_text":"\"Jack Black's Naked Truth: Laid Bare in 'Margot,' RoboCopping a Feel in 'Be Kind'\""},{"url":"http://www.hollywood.com/feature/Jack_Blacks_Naked_Truth_Laid_Bare_in_Margot_RoboCopping_a_Feel_in_Be_Kind/5003303","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Black, Jack (July 1, 2008). \"Film reviews\". BBC (Interview). Interviewed by Fearne Cotton. London, England: BBC Radio 1. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved July 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Black","url_text":"Black, Jack"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080730091932/http://www.radio1movies.com/2008/07/jack-black-talk.html","url_text":"\"Film reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearne_Cotton","url_text":"Fearne Cotton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1","url_text":"BBC Radio 1"},{"url":"http://www.radio1movies.com/2008/07/jack-black-talk.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Koehler, Robert (February 12, 2008). \"D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary Review\". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117936195.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&nid=2562","url_text":"\"D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D 'One-And-A-Half Songs' Into Next Album\". Billboard. Retrieved July 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044859/tenacious-d-one-and-a-half-songs-into-next-album","url_text":"\"Tenacious D 'One-And-A-Half Songs' Into Next Album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D To Fill Beasties' Slot At Outside Lands\". Billboard. August 6, 2009. Retrieved August 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267817/tenacious-d-to-fill-beasties-slot-at-outside-lands","url_text":"\"Tenacious D To Fill Beasties' Slot At Outside Lands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Hart, Josh (May 15, 2012). \"Video: Tenacious D Perform \"Roadie\" on 'Late Show with David Letterman'\". Guitar World. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guitarworld.com/news/video-tenacious-d-perform-roadie-late-show-david-letterman","url_text":"\"Video: Tenacious D Perform \"Roadie\" on 'Late Show with David Letterman'\""}]},{"reference":"Ty Arthur (July 2, 2010). \"Kyle Gass Of Tenacious D Discusses Losing Dio And More\". MetalUnderground.com. Retrieved July 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalunderground.com/interviews/details.cfm?newsid=57480","url_text":"\"Kyle Gass Of Tenacious D Discusses Losing Dio And More\""}]},{"reference":"Grohl, Dave (August 31, 2010). \"p.s..........just finished ...\" Twitter. Retrieved January 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl","url_text":"Grohl, Dave"},{"url":"https://twitter.com/foofighters/status/22594863915","url_text":"\"p.s..........just finished ...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Steve Baltin (December 30, 2010). \"Tenacious D Writing About Love, Sex and Food for Upcoming Album\". Archived from the original on July 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728101424/http://www.spinnermusic.co.uk/2010/12/30/tenacious-d-jack-black-new-album/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Writing About Love, Sex and Food for Upcoming Album\""},{"url":"http://www.spinnermusic.co.uk/2010/12/30/tenacious-d-jack-black-new-album/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Black Talks Kung Fu Panda 2 & New Tenacious D Album in High Definition –\". G4tv.com. May 18, 2011. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121017171733/http://www.g4tv.com/videos/52976/jack-black-talks-kung-fu-panda-2-new-tenacious-d-album/","url_text":"\"Jack Black Talks Kung Fu Panda 2 & New Tenacious D Album in High Definition –\""},{"url":"http://www.g4tv.com/videos/52976/jack-black-talks-kung-fu-panda-2-new-tenacious-d-album/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Festive Confirmations for Rock am Ring and Rock im Park\". Rock am Ring. December 19, 2011. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208135134/http://www.rock-am-ring.com/en/news/festive-confirmations-for-rock-am-ring-and-rock-im-park","url_text":"\"Festive Confirmations for Rock am Ring and Rock im Park\""},{"url":"http://www.rock-am-ring.com/en/news/festive-confirmations-for-rock-am-ring-and-rock-im-park","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fourteen more bands added to the Download line up\". Download Festival. January 16, 2012. Archived from the original on January 20, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120033853/http://www.downloadfestival.co.uk/news/general/fourteen_more_bands_added_to_the_download_line_up","url_text":"\"Fourteen more bands added to the Download line up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Download_Festival","url_text":"Download Festival"},{"url":"https://www.downloadfestival.co.uk/news/general/fourteen_more_bands_added_to_the_download_line_up","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D announce full details of new album 'Rize Of The Fenix'\". NME. March 1, 2012. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120303214758/https://www.nme.com/news/tenacious-d/62347","url_text":"\"Tenacious D announce full details of new album 'Rize Of The Fenix'\""},{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/tenacious-d/62347","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D - To Be The Best\". YouTube. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nai7w1frB1E","url_text":"\"Tenacious D - To Be The Best\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/nai7w1frB1E","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rize of the Fenix on Metacritic\". Metacritic.com. Retrieved September 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/rize-of-the-fenix/tenacious-d","url_text":"\"Rize of the Fenix on Metacritic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Jack Black and Kyle Gass from Tenacious D: Rising Like The Ashes | The Aquarian\". Theaquarian.com. Retrieved November 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaquarian.com/2012/06/27/interview-with-jack-black-and-kyle-gass-from-tenacious-d-rising-like-the-ashes/","url_text":"\"Interview with Jack Black and Kyle Gass from Tenacious D: Rising Like The Ashes | The Aquarian\""}]},{"reference":"EMP Rockinvasion (January 11, 2013), TENACIOUS D - Die Pioniere von Jazzetal, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 8, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlsGmsHDX3U","url_text":"TENACIOUS D - Die Pioniere von Jazzetal"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/dlsGmsHDX3U","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Weingarten, Christopher R. (September 28, 2018). \"Tenacious D on Their Wild New Animated Series 'Post-Apocalypto'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/tenacious-d-jack-black-kyle-gass-talk-post-apocalypto-729664/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D on Their Wild New Animated Series 'Post-Apocalypto'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"The Chris Evans Breakfast Show - Chris Packham, Laurence Fox and Foxes quiz Jack Black\". BBC Sounds. February 5, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p03hlsvf","url_text":"\"The Chris Evans Breakfast Show - Chris Packham, Laurence Fox and Foxes quiz Jack Black\""}]},{"reference":"Kerrangradio (December 17, 2017). \"Jack Black reveals new Tenacious D plans!\". YouTube. Google, Inc. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyGKoRrWLKM","url_text":"\"Jack Black reveals new Tenacious D plans!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/MyGKoRrWLKM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D announce sequel to The Pick of Destiny\". Consequence of Sound. May 7, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2018/05/tenacious-d-pick-of-destiny-sequel/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D announce sequel to The Pick of Destiny\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D\". YouTube. Retrieved November 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH-Uobgd_TrFNnxuphSnbeQ","url_text":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Grant (November 2, 2018), Tenacious D in POST-APOCALYPTO - Full Post-Film Q&A w/ Jack Black and Kyle Gass - Alamo Drafthouse, archived from the original on November 2, 2021, retrieved November 3, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnJVl0ThXys&t=306s","url_text":"Tenacious D in POST-APOCALYPTO - Full Post-Film Q&A w/ Jack Black and Kyle Gass - Alamo Drafthouse"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/nnJVl0ThXys","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"RECORD STORE DAY BLACK FRIDAY 2019 OFFERINGS\". Thirdmanrecords.com. Retrieved January 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thirdmanrecords.com/news/record-store-day-black-friday-2019-offerings","url_text":"\"RECORD STORE DAY BLACK FRIDAY 2019 OFFERINGS\""}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Claire (October 27, 2020). \"Tenacious D Cover 'Time Warp' With Elizabeth Warren, Susan Sarandon\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tenacious-d-time-warp-cover-1081758/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Cover 'Time Warp' With Elizabeth Warren, Susan Sarandon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Claire (July 1, 2021). \"Tenacious D Cover the Beatles' 'You Never Give Me Your Money' and 'The End'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tenacious-d-the-beatles-you-never-give-me-your-money-the-end-1192056/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Cover the Beatles' 'You Never Give Me Your Money' and 'The End'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Jonathan (September 27, 2021). \"As 'Tenacious D' Turns 20, Jack Black and Kyle Gass Look Back on Their Debut Album's 'Stoney Fun and Friendship'\". Variety. Retrieved September 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/music/news/tenacious-d-jack-black-kyle-gass-debut-album-anniversary-interview-1235074958/","url_text":"\"As 'Tenacious D' Turns 20, Jack Black and Kyle Gass Look Back on Their Debut Album's 'Stoney Fun and Friendship'\""}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Spencer (December 7, 2021). \"Tenacious D announce new US tour dates\". Consequence. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2021/12/tenacious-d-summer-2022-tour/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D announce new US tour dates\""}]},{"reference":"Long, Sam (March 9, 2022). \"Tenacious D Announces Additional 2022 Tour Dates\". American Songwriter. Retrieved May 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://americansongwriter.com/tenacious-d-announces-additional-2022-tour-dates/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Announces Additional 2022 Tour Dates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D Unveils Banjo-Laced 'Video Games' Single\". JamBase. Retrieved May 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jambase.com/article/tenacious-d-video-games-single-video","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Unveils Banjo-Laced 'Video Games' Single\""}]},{"reference":"\"See TENACIOUS D's hysterical video for new song \"Video Games\"\". Revolver. May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revolvermag.com/music/see-tenacious-ds-hysterical-video-new-song-video-games","url_text":"\"See TENACIOUS D's hysterical video for new song \"Video Games\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE SPICY MEATBALL TOUR CONTINUES…\". tenaciousd.com. June 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tenaciousd.com/the-spicy-meatball-tour-continues/","url_text":"\"THE SPICY MEATBALL TOUR CONTINUES…\""}]},{"reference":"Varvaris, Mary. \"Tenacious D Announce First Australian Tour In Over 10 Years\". themusic.com.au. Retrieved February 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://themusic.com.au/news/tenacious-d-announce-first-australian-tour-in-over-10-years/0e9vxcTHxsk/07-02-24","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Announce First Australian Tour In Over 10 Years\""}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Neil (December 11, 1997). \"The Pop Life; Enya, Healer Of the Soul\". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved March 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E5DA123CF932A25751C1A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1","url_text":"\"The Pop Life; Enya, Healer Of the Soul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Gallo, Phil (October 24, 2001). \"Tenacious D; Naked Trucker & T-Bone\". Variety. Retrieved March 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117916188.html?categoryid=34&cs=1","url_text":"\"Tenacious D; Naked Trucker & T-Bone\""}]},{"reference":"Devlin, Mike (April 20, 2009). \"Mighty rockers: Hallowed be their name\". Times-Colonist (Victoria). Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130204105901/http://www.timescolonist.com/Entertainment/Mighty+rockers+Hallowed+their+name/1514254/story.html","url_text":"\"Mighty rockers: Hallowed be their name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times-Colonist_(Victoria)","url_text":"Times-Colonist (Victoria)"},{"url":"http://www.timescolonist.com/Entertainment/Mighty+rockers+Hallowed+their+name/1514254/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Chris (October 15, 2006). \"Metal man shows a light side\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=22349","url_text":"\"Metal man shows a light side\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Lee (November 20, 2006). \"Longtime pals Jack Black and Kyle Gass make their 'Tenacious D' movie\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130104225307/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20061120-9999-mz1c20pick.html","url_text":"\"Longtime pals Jack Black and Kyle Gass make their 'Tenacious D' movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"The San Diego Union-Tribune"},{"url":"http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20061120-9999-mz1c20pick.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Guzman, Isaac (January 24, 2002). \"Laff-Rockers' Revenge of the Words\". Daily News. Retrieved October 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/laff-rockers-revenge-words-article-1.477426","url_text":"\"Laff-Rockers' Revenge of the Words\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)","url_text":"Daily News"}]},{"reference":"\"150 Greatest Rock Lists Ever\" (Magazine). Q (July 2004).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/q150lists.htm","url_text":"\"150 Greatest Rock Lists Ever\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Jonathan. \"The Greatest Metal Bands Of All Time:Slayer\". MTV News. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Davis","url_text":"Davis, Jonathan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060718224746/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index7.jhtml","url_text":"\"The Greatest Metal Bands Of All Time:Slayer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"},{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index7.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gundersen, Edna (September 28, 2003). \"Music according to Jack Black\". USA Today. Retrieved June 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/2003-09-28-black-side_x.htm","url_text":"\"Music according to Jack Black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Emily Watson and Lauren Thompson (November 22, 2006). \"The D contemplates rock-off for soul and the perfect groupie\". The Daily Texan. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211701/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/11/22/LifeArts/The-D.Contemplates.RockOff.For.Soul.And.The.Perfect.Groupie-2506639.shtml?norewrite200701010817&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com","url_text":"\"The D contemplates rock-off for soul and the perfect groupie\""},{"url":"http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/11/22/LifeArts/The-D.Contemplates.RockOff.For.Soul.And.The.Perfect.Groupie-2506639.shtml?norewrite200701010817&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"JimmyO (November 22, 2006). \"INT: Tenacious D!\". JoBlo. Archived from the original on December 6, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206020439/http://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=13638","url_text":"\"INT: Tenacious D!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoBlo","url_text":"JoBlo"},{"url":"https://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=13638","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haddon, Cole (November 15, 2006). \"Centaurs of Rock, Film\". East Bay Express. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071211083335/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/music/centaurs_of_rock__film/Content?oid=300712","url_text":"\"Centaurs of Rock, Film\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Express","url_text":"East Bay Express"},{"url":"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/music/centaurs_of_rock__film/Content?oid=300712","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marchese, David (May 24, 2010). \"Q&A: Russell Brand Speaks 'Greek,' Dirty Lyrics & More\". Spin. Retrieved May 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://spin.com/articles/qa-russell-brand-speaks-greek-dirty-lyrics-more","url_text":"\"Q&A: Russell Brand Speaks 'Greek,' Dirty Lyrics & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":", Anthony (December 22, 2006). \"1/17/2007 A Totally Smoked Out Interview with All Shall Perish\". Loud Side. Archived from the original on November 2, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071102171018/http://www.loudside.com/music/interviews/id/21/A_Totally_Smoked_Out_Interview_With_All_Shall_Perish/","url_text":"\"1/17/2007 A Totally Smoked Out Interview with All Shall Perish\""},{"url":"http://www.loudside.com/music/interviews/id/21/A_Totally_Smoked_Out_Interview_With_All_Shall_Perish/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Incredibad Info\". Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved May 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216145808/http://incredibad.com/info.html","url_text":"\"Incredibad Info\""},{"url":"http://www.incredibad.com/info.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kanye West Talks Tenacious D, OJ Simpson and Chris Brown For \"Storytellers\"\". Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved May 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919180152/http://www.411mania.com/music/news/98209/Kanye-West-Talks-Tenacious-D%2C-OJ-Simpson-and-Chris-Brown-For-/Storytellers/.htm","url_text":"\"Kanye West Talks Tenacious D, OJ Simpson and Chris Brown For \"Storytellers\"\""},{"url":"http://www.411mania.com/music/news/98209/Kanye-West-Talks-Tenacious-D,-OJ-Simpson-and-Chris-Brown-For-//Storytellers//.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bongwater\". The A.V. Club. The Onion. April 12, 2002. Archived from the original on November 9, 2005. Retrieved April 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051109193942/http://avclub.com/content/node/4874","url_text":"\"Bongwater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion","url_text":"The Onion"},{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/content/node/4874","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Lynn (September 7, 2003). \"An actor with his heart in rock and The D\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/2003/09/07/calendar/ca-smithX7","url_text":"\"An actor with his heart in rock and The D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Breznican, Anthony (November 23, 2006). \"Tenacious D's other guy gets chance to shine\". USA Today. Retrieved April 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-11-23-tenacious-D-main_x.htm","url_text":"\"Tenacious D's other guy gets chance to shine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Crook, Simon (November 17, 2006). \"Tenacious D: In The Pick Of Destiny Review\". Empire. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/tenacious-d-pick-destiny-review/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D: In The Pick Of Destiny Review\""}]},{"reference":"Hough, Quinn; Russell, Tom (March 19, 2024). \"Kung Fu Panda: Who Voices Which Character\". ScreenRant. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/kung-fu-panda-character-voices-actors-who/","url_text":"\"Kung Fu Panda: Who Voices Which Character\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Jaden (March 4, 2024). \"'Kung Fu Panda 4' Star Jack Black on His Viral Britney Spears Cover and Singing With Danielle Brooks in 'Minecraft'\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kung-fu-panda-4-jack-black-britney-spears-1235928926/","url_text":"\"'Kung Fu Panda 4' Star Jack Black on His Viral Britney Spears Cover and Singing With Danielle Brooks in 'Minecraft'\""}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Tim (May 29, 2002). \"Puppets reach out and touch someone\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/05/29/DD37857.DTL","url_text":"\"Puppets reach out and touch someone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"News\". Tenacious D's official website. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080315023630/http://www.tenaciousd.com/newsarchive.html","url_text":"\"News\""},{"url":"http://tenaciousd.com/newsarchive.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Perseghin, Lou. \"Democracy In Action\". Philadelphia City Paper. Archived from the original on December 14, 2004. Retrieved April 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041214031622/http://citypaper.net/articles/2004-11-11/mixpicks.shtml","url_text":"\"Democracy In Action\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Paper","url_text":"Philadelphia City Paper"},{"url":"http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2004-11-11/mixpicks.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SNL Transcripts: Matthew Broderick\". Saturday Night Live Transcripts. May 2, 1998. pp. Season 23: Episode 19. Retrieved August 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://snltranscripts.jt.org/97/97s.phtml","url_text":"\"SNL Transcripts: Matthew Broderick\""}]},{"reference":"Tim Surette (December 9, 2007). \"Oblivion nabs Spike TV top honors\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930065452/http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6162929.html?sid=6162929","url_text":"\"Oblivion nabs Spike TV top honors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6162929.html?sid=6162929","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sawdey, Evan. \"The MTV Video Music Awards 2006\". PopMatters. Retrieved March 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/tv/reviews/5125/the-mtv-video-music-awards-2006/","url_text":"\"The MTV Video Music Awards 2006\""}]},{"reference":"Salkin, Allen (July 17, 2008). \"Two Rock Legends, Basking in the VH1 Spotlight\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/arts/music/17daltrey.html?ref=music","url_text":"\"Two Rock Legends, Basking in the VH1 Spotlight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"RIDEChannel (August 31, 2012). \"Tony Hawk Interviews Jack Black and Kyle Gass of Tenacious D ...\" YouTube. Google, Inc. Archived from the original on November 2, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8Ixk2d8OGc","url_text":"\"Tony Hawk Interviews Jack Black and Kyle Gass of Tenacious D ...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/i8Ixk2d8OGc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Xbox Magazine Demo Disc 77\". thegamesdb.net. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegamesdb.net/game.php?id=96600","url_text":"\"Official Xbox Magazine Demo Disc 77\""}]},{"reference":"Arendt, Susan. \"Tony Hawk's Proving Ground Includes Guitar Hero III Demo\". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2007/08/tony-hawks-prov/","url_text":"\"Tony Hawk's Proving Ground Includes Guitar Hero III Demo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","url_text":"1059-1028"}]},{"reference":"Goad, Libe (August 9, 2009). \"GameDaily is the first to bring you the game's full setlist. These 100+ songs will make your head explode!\". Game Daily. Archived from the original on August 12, 2009. Retrieved August 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/news/brutal-legends-full-soundtrack-listing-makes-heads-explode/","url_text":"\"GameDaily is the first to bring you the game's full setlist. These 100+ songs will make your head explode!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Daily","url_text":"Game Daily"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090812054731/http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/news/brutal-legends-full-soundtrack-listing-makes-heads-explode/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rudden, Dave (September 1, 2009). \"Exclusive: Gass, Posehn, Agee in Brutal Legend!\". GamePro. Archived from the original on November 2, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091102045842/http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/211867/exclusive-gass-posehn-agee-in-brutal-legend/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Gass, Posehn, Agee in Brutal Legend!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/211867/exclusive-gass-posehn-agee-in-brutal-legend/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fahey, Mike (May 6, 2009). \"GameStop's Exclusive Brütal Legend Tenacious D Axe\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on May 9, 2009. Retrieved May 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/5242412/gamestops-exclusive-brutal-legend-tenacious-d-axe","url_text":"\"GameStop's Exclusive Brütal Legend Tenacious D Axe\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090509143853/http://kotaku.com/5242412/gamestops-exclusive-brutal-legend-tenacious-d-axe","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DLC Week of 10/13\". Harmonix. October 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 12, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091012074214/http://www.rockband.com/forums/showthread.php?p=3133284#post3133284","url_text":"\"DLC Week of 10/13\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonix","url_text":"Harmonix"},{"url":"http://www.rockband.com/forums/showthread.php?p=3133284#post3133284","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dean Budnick. \"Tenacious D: The Greatest Band On Earth (And Maybe Beyond)\". November 2006 Relix.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relix","url_text":"Relix"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D Concert Map\". Setlist.fm. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/concert-map/tenacious-d-2bd6d4ae.html","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Concert Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"TENACIOUS D Set to Release THE COMPLETE MASTERWORKS 2 DVD on November 4\". Businesswire.com. September 23, 2008. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080923006620/en/TENACIOUS-Set-Release-COMPLETE-MASTERWORKS-2-DVD","url_text":"\"TENACIOUS D Set to Release THE COMPLETE MASTERWORKS 2 DVD on November 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Reading and Leeds Festivals 2008 - Reading Festival Line up\". BBC. 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/readingandleeds/2008/lineup/reading.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - Reading and Leeds Festivals 2008 - Reading Festival Line up\""}]},{"reference":"York, Jonny (August 23, 2008). \"Leeds 2008 review: Tenacious D\". The Guardian. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/aug/23/tenaciousd","url_text":"\"Leeds 2008 review: Tenacious D\""}]},{"reference":"Kreps, Daniel (August 6, 2009). \"Tenacious D Replace Beastie Boys at Outside Lands\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tenacious-d-replace-beastie-boys-at-outside-lands-80687/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Replace Beastie Boys at Outside Lands\""}]},{"reference":"Christensen, Jeff (June 11, 2010). \"Jack Black, right, and Kyle Gass of the band Tenacious D perform at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts ...\" Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/entertainment-columns/kats/cirque-d-soleil-tenacious-d-ready-for-new-years-eve-2694074/attachment/jack-black-right-and-kyle-gass-of-the-band-tenacious-d-perform-at-the-bonnaroo-music-and-arts/","url_text":"\"Jack Black, right, and Kyle Gass of the band Tenacious D perform at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts ...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D Live Onstage at BlizzCon 2010\". Blizzard. October 11, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.blizzard.com/en-us/starcraft2/915758/tenacious-d-live-onstage-at-blizzcon-2010","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Live Onstage at BlizzCon 2010\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Alex (January 7, 2011). \"Foo Fighters to tour with Tenacious D in Australia\". Consequence. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2011/01/foo-fighters-to-tour-with-tenacious-d-in-australia/","url_text":"\"Foo Fighters to tour with Tenacious D in Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D Tour Statistics: Unplugged & Unprotected\". Setlist.fm. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/tenacious-d-2bd6d4ae.html?tour=6bd7da9a","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Tour Statistics: Unplugged & Unprotected\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D Tour Statistics: Post-Apocalypto\". Setlist.fm. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808081218/https://www.setlist.fm/stats/tenacious-d-2bd6d4ae.html?tour=bd0d176","url_text":"\"Tenacious D Tour Statistics: Post-Apocalypto\""},{"url":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/tenacious-d-2bd6d4ae.html?tour=bd0d176","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tenacious D. \"JUST ANNOUNCED: We are going to perform our new #1 hit VIDEO GAMES with full orchestra @HollywoodBowl on Sunday, June 25th @thegameawards Concert 🕹️🏆🙌Get your tickets NOW!\". Twitter. Retrieved June 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/tenaciousd/status/1660692072301752320","url_text":"\"JUST ANNOUNCED: We are going to perform our new #1 hit VIDEO GAMES with full orchestra @HollywoodBowl on Sunday, June 25th @thegameawards Concert 🕹️🏆🙌Get your tickets NOW!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Grohl, Dave. \"Jack Black: born in L.A., there to stay, this funnyman is blowing 'em away\". Interview. Brant Publications. Archived from the original on November 28, 2004. Retrieved January 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041128004444/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1285/is_9_32/ai_92233487","url_text":"\"Jack Black: born in L.A., there to stay, this funnyman is blowing 'em away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_(magazine)","url_text":"Interview"},{"url":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1285/is_9_32/ai_92233487","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Amy (November 7, 2003). \"\"Bush is a Dangerous Nincompoop\" – Actor/Musician Jack Black on the War on Terror, the Democrats and the Rockefeller Drug Laws\". Democracy Now!. Retrieved January 26, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.democracynow.org/2003/11/7/bush_is_a_dangerous_nincompoop_actor","url_text":"\"\"Bush is a Dangerous Nincompoop\" – Actor/Musician Jack Black on the War on Terror, the Democrats and the Rockefeller Drug Laws\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Now!","url_text":"Democracy Now!"}]},{"reference":"Baltin, Steve (July 7, 2004). \"Phair, Grohl Sing for Dems\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090208135047/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6222965/phair_grohl_sing_for_dems","url_text":"\"Phair, Grohl Sing for Dems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6222965/phair_grohl_sing_for_dems","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Black Fears Tenacious D Will Curse Barack Obama's Presidential Bid\". Gigwise.com. Retrieved August 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gigwise.com/news/45372/jack-black-fears-tenacious-d-will-curse-barack-obamas-presidential-bid","url_text":"\"Jack Black Fears Tenacious D Will Curse Barack Obama's Presidential Bid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigwise.com","url_text":"Gigwise.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Now Boycotting Arizona: Sonic Youth, Rage Against the Machine, Conor Oberst ...\" New York. May 26, 2010. Retrieved May 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/05/now_boycotting_arizona_sonic_y.html","url_text":"\"Now Boycotting Arizona: Sonic Youth, Rage Against the Machine, Conor Oberst ...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenacious D rocking the vote\". Patheos.com. November 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.patheos.com/blogs/wwjtd/2012/11/tenacious-d-rocking-the-vote/","url_text":"\"Tenacious D rocking the vote\""}]},{"reference":"Stutz, Colin (January 21, 2017). \"Watch Audioslave Reunite at Prophets of Rage's 'Anti Inaugural Ball' in L.A.\" Billboard. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/audioslave-reunite-prophets-rage-anti-inaugural-ball-review-video-7662578/","url_text":"\"Watch Audioslave Reunite at Prophets of Rage's 'Anti Inaugural Ball' in L.A.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ronnie James Dio Honoured with 'This Is Your Life' Tribute Comp Featuring Metallica, Anthrax, Motörhead • News • exclaim.ca\". Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved December 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140306045851/http://exclaim.ca/News/metallica_anthrax_motorhead_salute_ronnie_james_dio_on_this_is_your_life_tribute_comp","url_text":"\"Ronnie James Dio Honoured with 'This Is Your Life' Tribute Comp Featuring Metallica, Anthrax, Motörhead • News • exclaim.ca\""},{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/News/metallica_anthrax_motorhead_salute_ronnie_james_dio_on_this_is_your_life_tribute_comp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schumacher-Rasmussen, Eric (June 18, 2001). \"Tenacious D To Release Debut LP\". MTV. Retrieved April 15, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1444572/20010618/tenacious_d.jhtml","url_text":"\"Tenacious D To Release Debut LP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"Sampson, Mike (February 28, 2006). \"Beck & Jack Black?\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 1, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070601020436/http://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=10507","url_text":"\"Beck & Jack Black?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=10507","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sedgewick, Augustin (January 12, 2003). \"Brian Wilson Picks Up Styx\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on May 10, 2006. Retrieved April 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060510093336/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/styx/articles/story/5934525/brian_wilson_picks_up_styx","url_text":"\"Brian Wilson Picks Up Styx\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/styx/articles/story/5934525/brian_wilson_picks_up_styx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Look What I Almost Stepped In... (Media notes). The Vandals. Nitro Records. 2000. 0794171583324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitro_Records","url_text":"Nitro Records"}]},{"reference":"\"News\". Tenacious D's official website. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080327023346/http://www.tenaciousd.com/news-cps.html","url_text":"\"News\""},{"url":"http://www.tenaciousd.com/news-cps.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Good Charlotte\". Rolling Stone. September 27, 2002. Retrieved March 29, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5933629/good_charlotte","url_text":"\"Good Charlotte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Aaron (February 8, 2007). \"Destiny lands Ohioans jobs with Tenacious D\". The Columbus Dispatch. ISSN 1074-097X. ProQuest 394707384. Retrieved March 1, 2024 – via Proquest.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/394707384","url_text":"\"Destiny lands Ohioans jobs with Tenacious D\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Columbus_Dispatch","url_text":"The Columbus Dispatch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-097X","url_text":"1074-097X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/394707384","url_text":"394707384"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proquest","url_text":"Proquest"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Jonathan (November 18, 2004). \"Trainwreck Steams Ahead On Debut Album\". Billboard. Retrieved July 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/65584/trainwreck-steams-ahead-on-debut-album","url_text":"\"Trainwreck Steams Ahead On Debut Album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Trainwreck: Biography\". The Vogue. Retrieved June 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://thevogue.com/artists/trainwreck/#bio","url_text":"\"Trainwreck: Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Kylegassband.com. Retrieved November 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kylegassband.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Riddle, Tree (November 8, 2011). \"Josh Homme Talks Guitars With Kyle Gass On 'Guitarings' [VIDEO]\". Banana 101.5. Retrieved February 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://banana1015.com/josh-homme-talks-guitars-with-kyle-gass-on-guitarings-video/","url_text":"\"Josh Homme Talks Guitars With Kyle Gass On 'Guitarings' [VIDEO]\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Konesky - Guitar Pro Blog - Arobas Music\". Guitar Pro - Arobas Music. Retrieved February 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guitar-pro.com/","url_text":"\"John Konesky - Guitar Pro Blog - Arobas Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legacy: 29th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (2001)\". The Annie Awards. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509071145/http://annieawards.org/29thwinners.html","url_text":"\"Legacy: 29th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (2001)\""},{"url":"http://annieawards.org/29thwinners.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Archive\". Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved January 24, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080315023630/http://www.tenaciousd.com/newsarchive.html","url_text":"\"News Archive\""},{"url":"http://www.tenaciousd.com/newsarchive.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Kerrang! Awards Fuelled By Relentless Energy Drink 2012 – The Winners!\". Kerrang!. Bauer Media Group. June 7, 2012. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610013044/http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2012/06/the_kerrang_awards_fuelled_by_1.html","url_text":"\"The Kerrang! Awards Fuelled By Relentless Energy Drink 2012 – The Winners!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group","url_text":"Bauer Media Group"},{"url":"http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2012/06/the_kerrang_awards_fuelled_by_1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dan Auerbach, Fun., Jay-Z, Mumford & Sons, Frank Ocean, Kanye West Lead 55th GRAMMY Nominations\". Retrieved March 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grammy.com/news/dan-auerbach-fun-jay-z-mumford-sons-frank-ocean-kanye-west-lead-55th-grammy-nominations","url_text":"\"Dan Auerbach, Fun., Jay-Z, Mumford & Sons, Frank Ocean, Kanye West Lead 55th GRAMMY Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"\"TENACIOUS D Wins 'Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance' GRAMMY Award\". Blabbermouth.net. February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/tenacious-d-wins-best-hard-rockmetal-performance-grammy-award/","url_text":"\"TENACIOUS D Wins 'Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance' GRAMMY Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://tenaciousd.com/","external_links_name":"tenaciousd.com"},{"Link":"https://www.stltoday.com/suburban-journals/black-tells-origin-of-tenacious-d/article_1427981a-6f84-5916-9d4d-2d1de0a5c4a0.html","external_links_name":"\"Black tells origin of 'Tenacious D'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070117131726/http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06\""},{"Link":"http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p397913","external_links_name":"\"AMG Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Tenacious+D&titel=Tribute&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"australian-charts.com - Tenacious D - Tribute\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=TENACIOUS+D&ti=THE+COMPLETE+MASTERWORKS","external_links_name":"\"Gold & Platinum - RIAA\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2006/11/17/tenacious-d-tell-us-all-about-pick-destiny/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D tell us all about the Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=tenaciousd.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny (2006) - Box Office Mojo\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/tenacious-d-21-1316937","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D play in iconic New York venue\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tenacious-d-rize-of-the-fenix-jack-black-331768","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Talks Comeback, the Death of Rock and How to Write the Best Song Ever (Q&A)\""},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/tenacious-d","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/tenacious-d-jack-black-kyle-gass-talk-post-apocalypto-729664/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D on Their Wild New Animated Series 'Post-Apocalypto'\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/26/PKGDRMFCSD1.DTL&type=movies","external_links_name":"\"'D' is for dynamic duo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929223636/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=9002730","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D: Mock'n'rollers\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/6/story.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=9002730","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014337/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/movies/2003441928_tenacious22.html","external_links_name":"\"Sympathy for the devil: Rockers seek Satan's pick\""},{"Link":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/movies/2003441928_tenacious22.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1562105,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifc.com/shows/comedy-bang-bang/blog/2015/04/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-tenacious-d","external_links_name":"\"Read This, Gently: 10 Things You Didn't Know About Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2003443880_tenaciousqa23.html?syndication=rss","external_links_name":"\"The fake but true story of Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/cd_reviews/article612938.ece","external_links_name":"\"Dude, where's my guitar?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030512170050/http://www.virtualfestivals.com/artists/article.cfm?artistid=3153&articleid=411&startrow=2","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.virtualfestivals.com/artists/article.cfm?artistid=3153&articleid=411&startrow=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishjournal.com/arts_in_la/article/gang_of_actors_reaches_a_new_stage_20080314/","external_links_name":"\"Gang of Actors reaches a new stage\""},{"Link":"http://film.guardian.co.uk/Column/0,,327906,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black Close Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.kerrang.com/features/jack-black-tribute-was-our-mona-lisa-an-oral-history-of-tenacious-ds-self-titled-debut-album/","external_links_name":"\"\"Tribute Was Our Mona Lisa\" – An Oral History Of Tenacious D's Self-Titled Debut Album\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/musictv/guitars/video/jackblack/","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Imagine: The Story of the Guitar - Video - Jack Black Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZEQkfEFYhA&t=398s","external_links_name":"Tenacious D Goes Undercover on Reddit, YouTube and Twitter | GQ"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/7ZEQkfEFYhA","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIcSKrfNaEg","external_links_name":"Guitarings - Viewer Mailbag - 10/4/11"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/aIcSKrfNaEg","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_aVcOQopFus","external_links_name":"Tenacious D - The D's First Song (Melissa)"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/_aVcOQopFus","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/Guitarings/videos/vb.115431963700/10100946341944973/?type=3&theater","external_links_name":"\"Guitarings\""},{"Link":"https://www.stereogum.com/2161666/tenacious-d-turns-20/reviews/the-anniversary/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Turns 20\""},{"Link":"https://relix.com/articles/detail/let-it-d-tenacious-d-the-greatest-band-in-the-world-or-maybe-the-second-gre/","external_links_name":"\"Let It D: Tenacious D, The Greatest Band in the World (or Maybe the Second Greatest, They're Still W\""},{"Link":"https://www.songfacts.com/facts/tenacious-d/tribute","external_links_name":"\"Tribute by Tenacious D - Songfacts\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/movies/08john.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/M/Motion%20Pictures","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black Revisits the Glory Days Known as Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"http://www.metroactive.com/metro/11.08.06/cult-0645.html","external_links_name":"\"Cult Leader\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000621182055/http://sidehatch.com/tool_tour.txt","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D/Tool\""},{"Link":"http://sidehatch.com/tool_tour.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.metalinsider.net/columns/remember-when-maynard-james-keenan-appeared-in-mr-show","external_links_name":"\"Remember When: Maynard James Keenan appeared in 'Mr. Show'?Metal Insider\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/bio-dome-v135585/cast-crew","external_links_name":"\"Bio-Dome (1996) - Jason Bloom | Cast and Crew | AllMovie\""},{"Link":"http://wazee.org/artists/tenacious_d.shtml","external_links_name":"\"[radio.wazee] Modern Alternative Rock - TENACIOUS D\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070117131726/http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06\""},{"Link":"http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Tenacious-D-Demo-/release/2862109","external_links_name":"\"Discogs, Tenacious Demo, 1997\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090108212759/http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4931095-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Big-screen Gig For Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4931095-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://uk.tv.ign.com/articles/746/746937p1.html","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D: The Series\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117491951.html?categoryid=32&cs=1","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070223201835/https://moviehole.net/interviews/20061115_exclusive_interview_jack_black.html","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive Interview : Jack Black & Kyle Gass\""},{"Link":"http://www.moviehole.net/interviews/20061115_exclusive_interview_jack_black.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060427075340/http://www.livedaily.com/interviews/liveDaily_Interview_Dave_Grohl_Of_Foo_Fighters-734.html?t=6","external_links_name":"\"liveDaily Interview: Dave Grohl Of Foo Fighters\""},{"Link":"http://www.livedaily.com/interviews/liveDaily_Interview_Dave_Grohl_Of_Foo_Fighters-734.html?t=6","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070117131726/http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dave Grohl interviews Tenacious D: Kerrang! November '06\""},{"Link":"http://www.fooarchive.com/gpb/davetendkerrang06.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071001010454/http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1546450/20061122/tenacious_d.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Game Clobbers Akon, Takes Albums Chart\""},{"Link":"http://www.vh1.com/artists/news/1546450/20061122/tenacious_d.jhtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/tenacious-d/chart-history/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220405040812/https://www.billboard.com/artist/tenacious-d/chart-history","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130126093453/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1714413.html","external_links_name":"\"Prepare for D-Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1714413.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r552157","external_links_name":"\"Review\""},{"Link":"http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH","external_links_name":"\"RIAA Searchable database – Gold and Platinum\""},{"Link":"https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,175539~4~~tenaciousd,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Music Review: Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/tenacious-d-mw0000591118","external_links_name":"\"Music Review: Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081204050216/http://www.flakmag.com/music/tenaciousd.html","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"http://www.flakmag.com/music/tenaciousd.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-tenacious-d-190753.html","external_links_name":"\"Album: Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-tenacious-d-190753.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070210172652/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0%2C23739%2C21014786-5003421%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"Duo's devilish fun\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,23739,21014786-5003421,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/71135/tenacious-d-halfway-toward-destiny","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Halfway Toward 'Destiny'\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3613965.stm","external_links_name":"\"Tarantino plans Kill Bill: Vol 3\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080527192053/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=6732","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D: The Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=6732","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071111200200/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/12683958/73_of_the_way_to_being_the_worlds_greatest_rock_band","external_links_name":"\"73% of the Way to Being the World's Greatest Rock Band\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/12683958/73_of_the_way_to_being_the_worlds_greatest_rock_band","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.metalexpressradio.com/menu.php?main=news&id=1693","external_links_name":"\"Ronnie James Dio: I'm Proud Of Starting 'Devil Horns' Trend\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1473673/20030708/elliott_missy.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"For The Record: Quick News On Missy Elliott, Busta Rhymes, Tenacious D, The Roots, Pearl Jam, Elvis Presley & More\""},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/2012/05/gods-of-rock-in-their-own-minds-the-early-days-of-tenacious-d.html","external_links_name":"\"Gods of Rock (In Their Own Minds): The Early Days of Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040603003749/http://www.tenaciousjoes.com/tenaciousdmovie.html","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"http://www.tenaciousjoes.com/tenaciousdmovie.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20051230145940/http://www.tenaciousjoes.com/tenaciousdmoviescript.html","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"http://www.tenaciousjoes.com/tenaciousdmoviescript.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.list.co.uk/article/639-tenacious-d-in-the-pick-of-destiny/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001/acref-9780195313734-e-73157","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195313734.001.0001","external_links_name":"10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/72338/tenacious-d-heading-to-silver-screen","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Heading To Silver Screen\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20031003035819/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1065051871877_4/?hub=Entertainment","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black gets back to his musical roots\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1065051871877_4/?hub=Entertainment","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ozzyosbourne/articles/story/5936389/in_brief_ozzy_the_roots","external_links_name":"\"In Brief: Ozzy, the Roots\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/12/23/1103391880557.html","external_links_name":"\"Back in Black\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEuwQ-oQJoM","external_links_name":"Tenacious D Live in New Zealand 12/27/04 Full Set"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/rEuwQ-oQJoM","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116191373176905571","external_links_name":"\"Can Jack Go Back?\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"http://legacy.aintitcool.com/node/21597","external_links_name":"\"We got the first review of TENACIOUS D IN THE PICK OF DESTINY!!! Will it Rock Your Socks Off?!?\""},{"Link":"https://podtail.com/fi/podcast/lynchland-the-liam-lynch-podcast/cb4a7281eb0e997df5764dceb7ceace3/","external_links_name":"\"Lynchland Episode 8 – Lynchland: The Liam Lynch Podcast – Podcast\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sU8SpMKm07w","external_links_name":"Tenacious D - Home Movies (Documentary)"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/sU8SpMKm07w","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/06/05/film.jackblack.ap/","external_links_name":"\"The best version of Jack Black\""},{"Link":"https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/actor-jack-black-attends-the-world-premiere-of-tenacious-d-news-photo/72343952","external_links_name":"\"Actor Jack Black attends the world premiere of 'Tenacious\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013090038/http://blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4308","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D: The Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"http://blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4308","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=tenaciousd.htm","external_links_name":"Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film-and-tv/features/dial-d-for-disaster-the-fall-of-new-line-cinema-809545.html","external_links_name":"\"Dial 'D' for disaster: The fall of New Line Cinema\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-11-23-tenacious-D-side_x.htm?csp=34","external_links_name":"\"Plucky Tenacious D duo get into their 'Destiny'\""},{"Link":"http://www.everyhit.com/","external_links_name":"\"UK Albums chart\""},{"Link":"http://www.calendarlive.com/printedition/calendar/cl-et-tenacious22nov22,0,5923936.story","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=117B3AC73363D2A0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"'Tenacious D': Lots of hits (wink, wink), and misses, too\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/236324548/","external_links_name":"\"So-so story of a superband: 'Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/movies/08movie.html?ei=5088&en=b33ee352343d3441&ex=1323234000&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=print","external_links_name":"\"Movie Guide and Film Series\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070828040445/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/12273733/review/12285351/the_pick_of_destiny","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/12273733/review/12285351/the_pick_of_destiny","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r928202","external_links_name":"\"The Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013090038/http://blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4308","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"http://www.blender.com/guide/reviews.aspx?id=4308","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://music.guardian.co.uk/rock/story/0,,1944189,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D, The Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011140746/http://magazine.brighton.co.uk/index.asp?SEC_ID=1&CAT_ID=21&SUB_ID=45&ART_ID=2188","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D: When The Devil Came Down To Brighton!\""},{"Link":"http://magazine.brighton.co.uk/index.asp?SEC_ID=1&CAT_ID=21&SUB_ID=45&ART_ID=2188","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/56995/tenacious-d-ready-to-rock-us-down-under","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Ready To Rock U.S., Down Under\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114070818/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/music/reviews/article_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=FjFYCHpzQjv7HyFnGBrqrl5NTvhpVrP5rKTgD11Qf2vVytCLF3sL%2160872574&&rid=8432","external_links_name":"\"Bottom Line: Hard rock, hard laughs, hard to resist\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/music/reviews/article_display.jsp?JSESSIONID=FjFYCHpzQjv7HyFnGBrqrl5NTvhpVrP5rKTgD11Qf2vVytCLF3sL!60872574&&rid=8432","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.grammy.com/nominees?genre=31&=Go","external_links_name":"\"Best Metal Performance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120222011250/http://www.kltv.com/global/story.asp?s=5722208","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D: Portly powerhouse of rock\""},{"Link":"http://www.kltv.com/global/story.asp?s=5722208","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/hollywood-funnyman-jack-black-discusses-293690","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black discusses new film Be Kind Rewind\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080116140909/http://www.hollywood.com/feature/Jack_Blacks_Naked_Truth_Laid_Bare_in_Margot_RoboCopping_a_Feel_in_Be_Kind/5003303","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black's Naked Truth: Laid Bare in 'Margot,' RoboCopping a Feel in 'Be Kind'\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywood.com/feature/Jack_Blacks_Naked_Truth_Laid_Bare_in_Margot_RoboCopping_a_Feel_in_Be_Kind/5003303","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080730091932/http://www.radio1movies.com/2008/07/jack-black-talk.html","external_links_name":"\"Film reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.radio1movies.com/2008/07/jack-black-talk.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117936195.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&nid=2562","external_links_name":"\"D Tour: A Tenacious Documentary Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044859/tenacious-d-one-and-a-half-songs-into-next-album","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D 'One-And-A-Half Songs' Into Next Album\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/267817/tenacious-d-to-fill-beasties-slot-at-outside-lands","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D To Fill Beasties' Slot At Outside Lands\""},{"Link":"https://www.guitarworld.com/news/video-tenacious-d-perform-roadie-late-show-david-letterman","external_links_name":"\"Video: Tenacious D Perform \"Roadie\" on 'Late Show with David Letterman'\""},{"Link":"http://www.metalunderground.com/interviews/details.cfm?newsid=57480","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Gass Of Tenacious D Discusses Losing Dio And More\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/foofighters/status/22594863915","external_links_name":"\"p.s..........just finished ...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728101424/http://www.spinnermusic.co.uk/2010/12/30/tenacious-d-jack-black-new-album/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Writing About Love, Sex and Food for Upcoming Album\""},{"Link":"http://www.spinnermusic.co.uk/2010/12/30/tenacious-d-jack-black-new-album/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121017171733/http://www.g4tv.com/videos/52976/jack-black-talks-kung-fu-panda-2-new-tenacious-d-album/","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black Talks Kung Fu Panda 2 & New Tenacious D Album in High Definition –\""},{"Link":"http://www.g4tv.com/videos/52976/jack-black-talks-kung-fu-panda-2-new-tenacious-d-album/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208135134/http://www.rock-am-ring.com/en/news/festive-confirmations-for-rock-am-ring-and-rock-im-park","external_links_name":"\"Festive Confirmations for Rock am Ring and Rock im Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.rock-am-ring.com/en/news/festive-confirmations-for-rock-am-ring-and-rock-im-park","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120120033853/http://www.downloadfestival.co.uk/news/general/fourteen_more_bands_added_to_the_download_line_up","external_links_name":"\"Fourteen more bands added to the Download line up\""},{"Link":"https://www.downloadfestival.co.uk/news/general/fourteen_more_bands_added_to_the_download_line_up","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120303214758/https://www.nme.com/news/tenacious-d/62347","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D announce full details of new album 'Rize Of The Fenix'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/news/tenacious-d/62347","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nai7w1frB1E","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D - To Be The Best\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/nai7w1frB1E","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/rize-of-the-fenix/tenacious-d","external_links_name":"\"Rize of the Fenix on Metacritic\""},{"Link":"https://www.theaquarian.com/2012/06/27/interview-with-jack-black-and-kyle-gass-from-tenacious-d-rising-like-the-ashes/","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Jack Black and Kyle Gass from Tenacious D: Rising Like The Ashes | The Aquarian\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dlsGmsHDX3U","external_links_name":"TENACIOUS D - Die Pioniere von Jazzetal"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/dlsGmsHDX3U","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/tenacious-d-jack-black-kyle-gass-talk-post-apocalypto-729664/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D on Their Wild New Animated Series 'Post-Apocalypto'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p03hlsvf","external_links_name":"\"The Chris Evans Breakfast Show - Chris Packham, Laurence Fox and Foxes quiz Jack Black\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyGKoRrWLKM","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black reveals new Tenacious D plans!\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/MyGKoRrWLKM","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://consequence.net/2018/05/tenacious-d-pick-of-destiny-sequel/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D announce sequel to The Pick of Destiny\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH-Uobgd_TrFNnxuphSnbeQ","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnJVl0ThXys&t=306s","external_links_name":"Tenacious D in POST-APOCALYPTO - Full Post-Film Q&A w/ Jack Black and Kyle Gass - Alamo Drafthouse"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/nnJVl0ThXys","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://thirdmanrecords.com/news/record-store-day-black-friday-2019-offerings","external_links_name":"\"RECORD STORE DAY BLACK FRIDAY 2019 OFFERINGS\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tenacious-d-time-warp-cover-1081758/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Cover 'Time Warp' With Elizabeth Warren, Susan Sarandon\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tenacious-d-the-beatles-you-never-give-me-your-money-the-end-1192056/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Cover the Beatles' 'You Never Give Me Your Money' and 'The End'\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/music/news/tenacious-d-jack-black-kyle-gass-debut-album-anniversary-interview-1235074958/","external_links_name":"\"As 'Tenacious D' Turns 20, Jack Black and Kyle Gass Look Back on Their Debut Album's 'Stoney Fun and Friendship'\""},{"Link":"https://consequence.net/2021/12/tenacious-d-summer-2022-tour/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D announce new US tour dates\""},{"Link":"https://americansongwriter.com/tenacious-d-announces-additional-2022-tour-dates/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Announces Additional 2022 Tour Dates\""},{"Link":"https://www.jambase.com/article/tenacious-d-video-games-single-video","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Unveils Banjo-Laced 'Video Games' Single\""},{"Link":"https://www.revolvermag.com/music/see-tenacious-ds-hysterical-video-new-song-video-games","external_links_name":"\"See TENACIOUS D's hysterical video for new song \"Video Games\"\""},{"Link":"https://tenaciousd.com/the-spicy-meatball-tour-continues/","external_links_name":"\"THE SPICY MEATBALL TOUR CONTINUES…\""},{"Link":"https://themusic.com.au/news/tenacious-d-announce-first-australian-tour-in-over-10-years/0e9vxcTHxsk/07-02-24","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Announce First Australian Tour In Over 10 Years\""},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E5DA123CF932A25751C1A961958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1","external_links_name":"\"The Pop Life; Enya, Healer Of the Soul\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117916188.html?categoryid=34&cs=1","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D; Naked Trucker & T-Bone\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130204105901/http://www.timescolonist.com/Entertainment/Mighty+rockers+Hallowed+their+name/1514254/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Mighty rockers: Hallowed be their name\""},{"Link":"http://www.timescolonist.com/Entertainment/Mighty+rockers+Hallowed+their+name/1514254/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=22349","external_links_name":"\"Metal man shows a light side\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130104225307/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20061120-9999-mz1c20pick.html","external_links_name":"\"Longtime pals Jack Black and Kyle Gass make their 'Tenacious D' movie\""},{"Link":"http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20061120-9999-mz1c20pick.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/nydn-features/laff-rockers-revenge-words-article-1.477426","external_links_name":"\"Laff-Rockers' Revenge of the Words\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/q150lists.htm","external_links_name":"\"150 Greatest Rock Lists Ever\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060718224746/http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index7.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"The Greatest Metal Bands Of All Time:Slayer\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/metal/greatest_metal_bands/071406/index7.jhtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/2003-09-28-black-side_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Music according to Jack Black\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930211701/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/11/22/LifeArts/The-D.Contemplates.RockOff.For.Soul.And.The.Perfect.Groupie-2506639.shtml?norewrite200701010817&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com","external_links_name":"\"The D contemplates rock-off for soul and the perfect groupie\""},{"Link":"http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/11/22/LifeArts/The-D.Contemplates.RockOff.For.Soul.And.The.Perfect.Groupie-2506639.shtml?norewrite200701010817&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061206020439/http://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=13638","external_links_name":"\"INT: Tenacious D!\""},{"Link":"https://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=13638","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071211083335/http://www.eastbayexpress.com/music/centaurs_of_rock__film/Content?oid=300712","external_links_name":"\"Centaurs of Rock, Film\""},{"Link":"http://www.eastbayexpress.com/music/centaurs_of_rock__film/Content?oid=300712","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://spin.com/articles/qa-russell-brand-speaks-greek-dirty-lyrics-more","external_links_name":"\"Q&A: Russell Brand Speaks 'Greek,' Dirty Lyrics & More\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071102171018/http://www.loudside.com/music/interviews/id/21/A_Totally_Smoked_Out_Interview_With_All_Shall_Perish/","external_links_name":"\"1/17/2007 A Totally Smoked Out Interview with All Shall Perish\""},{"Link":"http://www.loudside.com/music/interviews/id/21/A_Totally_Smoked_Out_Interview_With_All_Shall_Perish/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090216145808/http://incredibad.com/info.html","external_links_name":"\"Incredibad Info\""},{"Link":"http://www.incredibad.com/info.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919180152/http://www.411mania.com/music/news/98209/Kanye-West-Talks-Tenacious-D%2C-OJ-Simpson-and-Chris-Brown-For-/Storytellers/.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kanye West Talks Tenacious D, OJ Simpson and Chris Brown For \"Storytellers\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.411mania.com/music/news/98209/Kanye-West-Talks-Tenacious-D,-OJ-Simpson-and-Chris-Brown-For-//Storytellers//.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051109193942/http://avclub.com/content/node/4874","external_links_name":"\"Bongwater\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/content/node/4874","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/2003/09/07/calendar/ca-smithX7","external_links_name":"\"An actor with his heart in rock and The D\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2006-11-23-tenacious-D-main_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D's other guy gets chance to shine\""},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/tenacious-d-pick-destiny-review/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D: In The Pick Of Destiny Review\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/kung-fu-panda-character-voices-actors-who/","external_links_name":"\"Kung Fu Panda: Who Voices Which Character\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kung-fu-panda-4-jack-black-britney-spears-1235928926/","external_links_name":"\"'Kung Fu Panda 4' Star Jack Black on His Viral Britney Spears Cover and Singing With Danielle Brooks in 'Minecraft'\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/05/29/DD37857.DTL","external_links_name":"\"Puppets reach out and touch someone\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080315023630/http://www.tenaciousd.com/newsarchive.html","external_links_name":"\"News\""},{"Link":"http://tenaciousd.com/newsarchive.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041214031622/http://citypaper.net/articles/2004-11-11/mixpicks.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Democracy In Action\""},{"Link":"http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2004-11-11/mixpicks.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://snltranscripts.jt.org/97/97s.phtml","external_links_name":"\"SNL Transcripts: Matthew Broderick\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930065452/http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6162929.html?sid=6162929","external_links_name":"\"Oblivion nabs Spike TV top honors\""},{"Link":"http://uk.gamespot.com/news/6162929.html?sid=6162929","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/tv/reviews/5125/the-mtv-video-music-awards-2006/","external_links_name":"\"The MTV Video Music Awards 2006\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/17/arts/music/17daltrey.html?ref=music","external_links_name":"\"Two Rock Legends, Basking in the VH1 Spotlight\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8Ixk2d8OGc","external_links_name":"\"Tony Hawk Interviews Jack Black and Kyle Gass of Tenacious D ...\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211102/i8Ixk2d8OGc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://thegamesdb.net/game.php?id=96600","external_links_name":"\"Official Xbox Magazine Demo Disc 77\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2007/08/tony-hawks-prov/","external_links_name":"\"Tony Hawk's Proving Ground Includes Guitar Hero III Demo\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","external_links_name":"1059-1028"},{"Link":"http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/news/brutal-legends-full-soundtrack-listing-makes-heads-explode/","external_links_name":"\"GameDaily is the first to bring you the game's full setlist. These 100+ songs will make your head explode!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090812054731/http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/news/brutal-legends-full-soundtrack-listing-makes-heads-explode/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091102045842/http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/211867/exclusive-gass-posehn-agee-in-brutal-legend/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Gass, Posehn, Agee in Brutal Legend!\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamepro.com/article/news/211867/exclusive-gass-posehn-agee-in-brutal-legend/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/5242412/gamestops-exclusive-brutal-legend-tenacious-d-axe","external_links_name":"\"GameStop's Exclusive Brütal Legend Tenacious D Axe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090509143853/http://kotaku.com/5242412/gamestops-exclusive-brutal-legend-tenacious-d-axe","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091012074214/http://www.rockband.com/forums/showthread.php?p=3133284#post3133284","external_links_name":"\"DLC Week of 10/13\""},{"Link":"http://www.rockband.com/forums/showthread.php?p=3133284#post3133284","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/concert-map/tenacious-d-2bd6d4ae.html","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Concert Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20080923006620/en/TENACIOUS-Set-Release-COMPLETE-MASTERWORKS-2-DVD","external_links_name":"\"TENACIOUS D Set to Release THE COMPLETE MASTERWORKS 2 DVD on November 4\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/readingandleeds/2008/lineup/reading.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Reading and Leeds Festivals 2008 - Reading Festival Line up\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/aug/23/tenaciousd","external_links_name":"\"Leeds 2008 review: Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tenacious-d-replace-beastie-boys-at-outside-lands-80687/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Replace Beastie Boys at Outside Lands\""},{"Link":"https://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/entertainment-columns/kats/cirque-d-soleil-tenacious-d-ready-for-new-years-eve-2694074/attachment/jack-black-right-and-kyle-gass-of-the-band-tenacious-d-perform-at-the-bonnaroo-music-and-arts/","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black, right, and Kyle Gass of the band Tenacious D perform at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts ...\""},{"Link":"https://news.blizzard.com/en-us/starcraft2/915758/tenacious-d-live-onstage-at-blizzcon-2010","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Live Onstage at BlizzCon 2010\""},{"Link":"https://consequence.net/2011/01/foo-fighters-to-tour-with-tenacious-d-in-australia/","external_links_name":"\"Foo Fighters to tour with Tenacious D in Australia\""},{"Link":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/tenacious-d-2bd6d4ae.html?tour=6bd7da9a","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Tour Statistics: Unplugged & Unprotected\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808081218/https://www.setlist.fm/stats/tenacious-d-2bd6d4ae.html?tour=bd0d176","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D Tour Statistics: Post-Apocalypto\""},{"Link":"https://www.setlist.fm/stats/tenacious-d-2bd6d4ae.html?tour=bd0d176","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/tenaciousd/status/1660692072301752320","external_links_name":"\"JUST ANNOUNCED: We are going to perform our new #1 hit VIDEO GAMES with full orchestra @HollywoodBowl on Sunday, June 25th @thegameawards Concert 🕹️🏆🙌Get your tickets NOW!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041128004444/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1285/is_9_32/ai_92233487","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black: born in L.A., there to stay, this funnyman is blowing 'em away\""},{"Link":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1285/is_9_32/ai_92233487","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.democracynow.org/2003/11/7/bush_is_a_dangerous_nincompoop_actor","external_links_name":"\"\"Bush is a Dangerous Nincompoop\" – Actor/Musician Jack Black on the War on Terror, the Democrats and the Rockefeller Drug Laws\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090208135047/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6222965/phair_grohl_sing_for_dems","external_links_name":"\"Phair, Grohl Sing for Dems\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6222965/phair_grohl_sing_for_dems","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gigwise.com/news/45372/jack-black-fears-tenacious-d-will-curse-barack-obamas-presidential-bid","external_links_name":"\"Jack Black Fears Tenacious D Will Curse Barack Obama's Presidential Bid\""},{"Link":"https://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/05/now_boycotting_arizona_sonic_y.html","external_links_name":"\"Now Boycotting Arizona: Sonic Youth, Rage Against the Machine, Conor Oberst ...\""},{"Link":"https://www.patheos.com/blogs/wwjtd/2012/11/tenacious-d-rocking-the-vote/","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D rocking the vote\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/audioslave-reunite-prophets-rage-anti-inaugural-ball-review-video-7662578/","external_links_name":"\"Watch Audioslave Reunite at Prophets of Rage's 'Anti Inaugural Ball' in L.A.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140306045851/http://exclaim.ca/News/metallica_anthrax_motorhead_salute_ronnie_james_dio_on_this_is_your_life_tribute_comp","external_links_name":"\"Ronnie James Dio Honoured with 'This Is Your Life' Tribute Comp Featuring Metallica, Anthrax, Motörhead • News • exclaim.ca\""},{"Link":"http://exclaim.ca/News/metallica_anthrax_motorhead_salute_ronnie_james_dio_on_this_is_your_life_tribute_comp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1444572/20010618/tenacious_d.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Tenacious D To Release Debut LP\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070601020436/http://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=10507","external_links_name":"\"Beck & Jack Black?\""},{"Link":"https://www.joblo.com/index.php?id=10507","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060510093336/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/styx/articles/story/5934525/brian_wilson_picks_up_styx","external_links_name":"\"Brian Wilson Picks Up Styx\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/styx/articles/story/5934525/brian_wilson_picks_up_styx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080327023346/http://www.tenaciousd.com/news-cps.html","external_links_name":"\"News\""},{"Link":"http://www.tenaciousd.com/news-cps.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5933629/good_charlotte","external_links_name":"\"Good Charlotte\""},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/docview/394707384","external_links_name":"\"Destiny lands Ohioans jobs with Tenacious D\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1074-097X","external_links_name":"1074-097X"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/394707384","external_links_name":"394707384"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/65584/trainwreck-steams-ahead-on-debut-album","external_links_name":"\"Trainwreck Steams Ahead On Debut Album\""},{"Link":"https://thevogue.com/artists/trainwreck/#bio","external_links_name":"\"Trainwreck: Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.kylegassband.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://banana1015.com/josh-homme-talks-guitars-with-kyle-gass-on-guitarings-video/","external_links_name":"\"Josh Homme Talks Guitars With Kyle Gass On 'Guitarings' [VIDEO]\""},{"Link":"https://www.guitar-pro.com/","external_links_name":"\"John Konesky - Guitar Pro Blog - Arobas Music\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509071145/http://annieawards.org/29thwinners.html","external_links_name":"\"Legacy: 29th Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (2001)\""},{"Link":"http://annieawards.org/29thwinners.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080315023630/http://www.tenaciousd.com/newsarchive.html","external_links_name":"\"News Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.tenaciousd.com/newsarchive.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120610013044/http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2012/06/the_kerrang_awards_fuelled_by_1.html","external_links_name":"\"The Kerrang! Awards Fuelled By Relentless Energy Drink 2012 – The Winners!\""},{"Link":"http://www.kerrang.com/blog/2012/06/the_kerrang_awards_fuelled_by_1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.grammy.com/news/dan-auerbach-fun-jay-z-mumford-sons-frank-ocean-kanye-west-lead-55th-grammy-nominations","external_links_name":"\"Dan Auerbach, Fun., Jay-Z, Mumford & Sons, Frank Ocean, Kanye West Lead 55th GRAMMY Nominations\""},{"Link":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/tenacious-d-wins-best-hard-rockmetal-performance-grammy-award/","external_links_name":"\"TENACIOUS D Wins 'Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance' GRAMMY Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.tenaciousd.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115022913","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/167581282","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144979531","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144979531","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10333729-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001090421","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0114999&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/tenacious-d/16381","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/148ddea2-6839-4354-8e2c-5dfadf136b7f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_David_Sarnoff_Award
IEEE David Sarnoff Award
["1 Recipients","2 See also","3 References"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "IEEE David Sarnoff Award" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) IEEE David Sarnoff AwardAwarded forExceptional contributions to electronicsPresented byIEEEFirst awarded1959Last awarded2016WebsiteIEEE David Sarnoff Award The IEEE David Sarnoff Award was a Technical Field Award presented in 1959–2016 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It was awarded annually for exceptional contributions to electronics. The award was established in 1959 by the RCA Corporation; in 1989 the Sarnoff Corporation became its sponsor. It consisted of a bronze medal, certificate and honorarium, and was presented each year to an individual or small team (up to three people). The award was discontinued in 2016. Recipients Source: IEEE 1959: David Sarnoff 1960: Rudolf Kompfner 1961: Charles Townes 1962: Harry B. Smith 1963: Robert N. Hall 1964: Henri Busignies 1965: Jack A. Morton 1966: Jack Kilby 1967: James Hillier 1968: Walter P. Dyke 1969: Robert H. Rediker 1970: John Bertrand Johnson 1971: Alan L. McWhorter 1972: Edward G. Ramberg 1973: Max Mathews 1974: Frederik L. J. Sangster 1975: Bernard C. Deloach, Jr. 1976: George H. Heilmeier 1977: Harrison E. Rowe 1977: Jack M. Manley 1978: Donald G. Herzog 1979: Tingye Li 1979: A Gardner Fox 1980: Marshall I. Nathan 1981: Cyril Hilsum 1982: Nobutoshi Kihara 1983: Hermann K. Gummel 1984: Alan David White 1984: Jameson D. Rigden 1985: Henry Kressel 1986: Yasuharu Suematsu 1987: Alan B. Fowler 1987: Frank F. Fang 1988: Izuo Hayashi 1989: Charles V. Shank 1989: Herwig Kogelnik 1990: Leroy L. Chang 1991: Federico Capasso 1992: J. Jim Hsieh 1993: Rao R. Tummala 1994: Won-Tien Tsang 1995: Karl Hess 1996: Hiroyuki Sakaki  1997: Milton Feng 1998: Tatsuo Izawa 1999: Gerard A. Mourou 2000: Alastair Malcolm Glass 2001: P. Daniel Dapkus 2002: Young-Kai Chen 2003: Peter Asbeck 2004: Frederick A. Kish, Jr. 2005: Pierre Tournois 2006: Mau-Chung F. Chang 2007: Umesh K. Mishra 2008: James Coleman 2009: Kerry J. Vahala 2009: Kam-Yin Lau 2009: Yasuhiko Arakawa 2010: Mark Rodwell 2011: Constance J. Chang-Hasnain 2012: Hideo Ohno 2013: Sajeev John 2014: Larry A. Coldren 2015: Pallab Bhattacharya 2016: Hiroyuki Matsunami See also List of engineering awards List of awards named after people References ^ a b "Discontinued IEEE-Level Awards". IEEE. Retrieved 30 March 2017. vteIEEE awardsMedals Medal of Honor Edison Medal (career achievement) Founders Medal Alexander Graham Bell Medal (communications and networking) Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies Richard W. Hamming Medal (information technology) Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology Jack S. Kilby Signal Processing Medal IEEE/RSE James Clerk Maxwell Medal (electrical engineering) James H. Mulligan Jr. Education Medal Jun-ichi Nishizawa Medal (materials science and device technologies) Robert N. Noyce Medal (microelectronics) Dennis J. Picard Medal for Radar Technologies and Applications Medal in Power Engineering Simon Ramo Medal (systems engineering) John von Neumann Medal (computing) Lamme Medal (electrical or electronic power apparatus or systems, 1928–2002) Heinrich Hertz Medal (electromagnetics, 1988–2001) Medal for Engineering Excellence (1988–2004) Technical field awards Biomedical Engineering Award Cledo Brunetti Award (nanotechnology and miniaturization) Control Systems Award Electromagnetics Award Electronics Packaging Award Fourier Award for Signal Processing James L. Flanagan Speech and Audio Processing Award Andrew S. Grove Award (solid-state technology) Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award Innovation in Societal Infrastructure Award Internet Award Reynold B. Johnson Data Storage Device Technology Award Reynold B. Johnson Information Storage Systems Award Richard Harold Kaufmann Award (industrial systems engineering) Joseph F. Keithley Award in Instrumentation and Measurement Gustav Robert Kirchhoff Award (electronic circuits and systems) Leon K. Kirchmayer Graduate Teaching Award Computer Science and Engineering Undergraduate Teaching Award Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award William E. Newell Power Electronics Award Daniel E. Noble Award (emerging technologies) Donald O. Pederson Award in Solid-State Circuits Frederik Philips Award (R&D management) Photonics Award Emanuel R. Piore Award (information processing systems) Judith A. Resnik Award (space engineering) Robotics and Automation Award Frank Rosenblatt Award (computational paradigms) Charles Proteus Steinmetz Award (standardization) Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award (nuclear and plasma engineering) Eric E. Sumner Award (communications technology) Undergraduate Teaching Award Nikola Tesla Award (power) Kiyo Tomiyasu Award (mid-career contributions) Transportation Technologies Award David Sarnoff Award (electronics, 1959–2016) Other IEEE-level awards Honorary Membership Corporate Innovation Recognition Richard M. Emberson Award (service to technical objectives of IEEE) Haraden Pratt Award (service to IEEE) Centennial Medal (1984 commemorative) W.R.G. Baker Award (outstanding paper, 1957–2015) Donald G. Fink Prize Paper Award (1981–2016) Ernst Weber Engineering Leadership Recognition (1986–2016) Society-level awards Taylor L. Booth Education Award (Computer Society) Seymour Cray Computer Engineering Award (Computer Society) Eckert–Mauchly Award (Computer Society and ACM) Computer Entrepreneur Award (Computer Society) Computer Pioneer Award (Computer Society) Sidney Fernbach Award (Computer Society) Harry H. Goode Memorial Award (Computer Society) Tsutomu Kanai Award (Computer Society) Ken Kennedy Award (Computer Society and ACM) Knuth Prize (Computer Society and ACM SIGACT) W. Wallace McDowell Award (Computer Society) Harlan D. Mills Award (Computer Society) Software Process Achievement Award (Computer Society and SEI) J. J. Ebers Award (Electron Devices Society) Claude E. Shannon Award (Information Theory Society) Erwin Marx Award (Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society) John Tyndall Award (Photonics Society and OSA)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Technical Field Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEEE_awards#Technical_field_awards"},{"link_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discont-1"},{"link_name":"RCA Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Sarnoff Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnoff_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discont-1"}],"text":"The IEEE David Sarnoff Award was a Technical Field Award presented in 1959–2016 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It was awarded annually for exceptional contributions to electronics.[1]The award was established in 1959 by the RCA Corporation; in 1989 the Sarnoff Corporation became its sponsor. It consisted of a bronze medal, certificate and honorarium, and was presented each year to an individual or small team (up to three people).The award was discontinued in 2016.[1]","title":"IEEE David Sarnoff Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/sarnoff-recipients.html"},{"link_name":"David Sarnoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Kompfner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Kompfner"},{"link_name":"Charles Townes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townes"},{"link_name":"Robert N. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_N._Hall"},{"link_name":"Henri Busignies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Busignies"},{"link_name":"Jack Kilby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kilby"},{"link_name":"James Hillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hillier"},{"link_name":"John Bertrand Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bertrand_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Max Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mathews"},{"link_name":"George H. Heilmeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier"},{"link_name":"Harrison E. Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_E._Rowe"},{"link_name":"Tingye Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingye_Li"},{"link_name":"Cyril Hilsum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Hilsum"},{"link_name":"Nobutoshi Kihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobutoshi_Kihara"},{"link_name":"Hermann K. Gummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Gummel"},{"link_name":"Alan David White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_David_White"},{"link_name":"Henry Kressel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kressel"},{"link_name":"Yasuharu Suematsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuharu_Suematsu"},{"link_name":"Izuo Hayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izuo_Hayashi"},{"link_name":"Charles V. Shank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V._Shank"},{"link_name":"Herwig Kogelnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herwig_Kogelnik"},{"link_name":"Leroy L. Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_L._Chang"},{"link_name":"Federico Capasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Capasso"},{"link_name":"Karl Hess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hess_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Hiroyuki Sakaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hiroyuki_Sakaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyuki_Sakaki"},{"link_name":"Milton Feng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Feng"},{"link_name":"Gerard A. Mourou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou"},{"link_name":"Peter Asbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Asbeck"},{"link_name":"Mau-Chung F. Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Frank_Chang"},{"link_name":"Umesh K. Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umesh_K._Mishra"},{"link_name":"Yasuhiko Arakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuhiko_Arakawa"},{"link_name":"Constance J. Chang-Hasnain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_J._Chang-Hasnain"},{"link_name":"Hideo Ohno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Ohno"},{"link_name":"Sajeev John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sajeev_John"},{"link_name":"Hiroyuki Matsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyuki_Matsunami"}],"text":"Source: IEEE1959: David Sarnoff\n1960: Rudolf Kompfner\n1961: Charles Townes\n1962: Harry B. Smith\n1963: Robert N. Hall\n1964: Henri Busignies\n1965: Jack A. Morton\n1966: Jack Kilby\n1967: James Hillier\n1968: Walter P. Dyke\n1969: Robert H. Rediker\n1970: John Bertrand Johnson\n1971: Alan L. McWhorter\n1972: Edward G. Ramberg\n1973: Max Mathews\n1974: Frederik L. J. Sangster\n1975: Bernard C. Deloach, Jr.\n1976: George H. Heilmeier\n1977: Harrison E. Rowe\n1977: Jack M. Manley\n1978: Donald G. Herzog\n1979: Tingye Li\n1979: A Gardner Fox\n1980: Marshall I. Nathan\n1981: Cyril Hilsum\n1982: Nobutoshi Kihara\n1983: Hermann K. Gummel\n1984: Alan David White\n1984: Jameson D. Rigden\n1985: Henry Kressel\n1986: Yasuharu Suematsu\n1987: Alan B. Fowler\n1987: Frank F. Fang\n1988: Izuo Hayashi\n1989: Charles V. Shank\n1989: Herwig Kogelnik\n1990: Leroy L. Chang\n1991: Federico Capasso\n1992: J. Jim Hsieh\n1993: Rao R. Tummala\n1994: Won-Tien Tsang\n1995: Karl Hess\n1996: Hiroyuki Sakaki [de]\n1997: Milton Feng\n1998: Tatsuo Izawa\n1999: Gerard A. Mourou\n2000: Alastair Malcolm Glass\n2001: P. Daniel Dapkus\n2002: Young-Kai Chen\n2003: Peter Asbeck\n2004: Frederick A. Kish, Jr.\n2005: Pierre Tournois\n2006: Mau-Chung F. Chang\n2007: Umesh K. Mishra\n2008: James Coleman\n2009: Kerry J. Vahala\n2009: Kam-Yin Lau\n2009: Yasuhiko Arakawa\n2010: Mark Rodwell\n2011: Constance J. Chang-Hasnain\n2012: Hideo Ohno\n2013: Sajeev John\n2014: Larry A. Coldren\n2015: Pallab Bhattacharya\n2016: Hiroyuki Matsunami","title":"Recipients"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of engineering awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_awards"},{"title":"List of awards named after people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_people"}]
[{"reference":"\"Discontinued IEEE-Level Awards\". IEEE. Retrieved 30 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/dicontinued_ieee-level_awards.html","url_text":"\"Discontinued IEEE-Level Awards\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22IEEE+David+Sarnoff+Award%22","external_links_name":"\"IEEE David Sarnoff Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22IEEE+David+Sarnoff+Award%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22IEEE+David+Sarnoff+Award%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22IEEE+David+Sarnoff+Award%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22IEEE+David+Sarnoff+Award%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22IEEE+David+Sarnoff+Award%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/tfas/sarnoff_rl.pdf","external_links_name":"IEEE David Sarnoff Award"},{"Link":"https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/bios/sarnoff-recipients.html","external_links_name":"IEEE"},{"Link":"http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/dicontinued_ieee-level_awards.html","external_links_name":"\"Discontinued IEEE-Level Awards\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_sultanates
Deccan sultanates
["1 Ahmadnagar Sultanate","1.1 Rulers","2 Berar Sultanate","2.1 Rulers","3 Bidar Sultanate","3.1 Rulers","4 Bijapur Sultanate","4.1 Rulers","5 Golconda Sultanate","5.1 Rulers","6 Conflicts with Vijayanagar Empire","7 Decline","8 Cultural contributions","8.1 Ahmadnagar","8.2 Berar","8.3 Bidar","8.4 Bijapur","8.5 Golconda","9 See also","10 Citations","10.1 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
Former kingdoms in India The Deccan sultanates were five late-medieval Indian kingdoms—on the Deccan Plateau between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range—that were created from the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate and ruled by Muslim dynasties: namely Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda. The sultanates had become independent during the break-up of the Bahmani Sultanate. The five sultanates owed their existence to the declaration of independence of Ahmadnagar in 1490, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golconda became independent in 1518, and Bidar in 1528. Although the five sultanates were all ruled by Muslims, their founders were of diverse, and often originally non-Muslim origins: the Ahmadnagar Sultanate was founded by a Deccani Muslim of Brahmin origin; the Berar Sultanate by a Kannadiga Hindu Brahmin slave brought up as a Deccani Muslim; the Bidar Sultanate was founded by a Georgian slave; the Bijapur Sultanate was founded by a Georgian slave purchased by Mahmud Gawan; and the Golconda Sultanate was of Iranian Turkmen origin. All the Deccan Sultanates based their legitimacy as the successor states of the Bahmanid dynasty, and continued to use Bahmanid coins rather than issue their own coins. Although generally rivals, the sultanates did ally with each other against the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565, permanently weakening Vijayanagara in the Battle of Talikota. Notably, the alliance destroyed the entire city of Vijayanagara, with important temples, such as the Vitthala Temple, being razed to the ground. In 1574, after a coup in Berar, Ahmadnagar invaded and conquered it. In 1619, Bidar was annexed by Bijapur. The sultanates were later conquered by the Mughal Empire: Berar was stripped from Ahmadnagar in 1596; Ahmadnagar was completely taken between 1616 and 1636; and Golconda and Bijapur were conquered by Aurangzeb's 1686–87 campaign. Ahmadnagar Sultanate Main article: Ahmadnagar Sultanate Painting of the Nizam Shahs Hunting party, Deccan The Ahmadnagar Sultanate was founded by Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I, who was the son of the Nizam ul-Mulk Malik Hasan Bahri, who was prominent in Bahmanid politics as the leader of the Deccani Muslim party at court. Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri was a military slave, formerly a Hindu Brahmin from Vijayanagar originally named Timapa who converted to Islam, although the Brahmin lineage might have been a genealogical topos rather than fact, which, along with military training, Persian education and conversion by patronage, was meant to share with the origin of the Bahmanid dynasty. He became the regent of Muhammad Shah Bahmani after the former had devised the execution of Mahmud Gawan.: 189  As the head of the Sunni Deccani party, Nizam-ul-Mulk lead the wholescale massacre of the Shia foreigners, especially the Turks and Georgian population in Bidar, by the orders of the Bahmani Sultan. After the politically charged murder of Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, and frustrated with the weakened Bahmani Sultan and the factionalised administration at Bidar, the outrated son, Ahmad Nizam Shah, the governor of Junnar, defeated the Bahmani army led by general Jahangir Khan on 28 May 1490, declared independence and established dynastic rule over Ahmadnagar. The territory of the sultanate was located in the northwestern Deccan, between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur. Initially, his capital was in Junnar. In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital of Ahmadnagar. Malik Ahmed Shah, after several attempts, secured the fortress of Daulatabad in 1499. After Malik Ahmed Shah's death in 1510, his son Burhan, a boy of seven, was installed in his place. Burhan Shah I died in Ahmadnagar in 1553. He left six sons, of whom Hussain succeeded him. After the death of Hussain Shah I in 1565, his son Murtaza (a minor) ascended the throne. While Murtaza was a child, his mother, Khanzada Humayun Sultana, ruled as a regent for several years. Murtaza Shah annexed Berar in 1574. On his death in 1588, his son Miran Hussain ascended the throne; but his reign lasted only a little more than ten months, as he was poisoned. Ismail, a cousin of Miran Hussain was raised to the throne, but the actual power was in the hands of Jamal Khan, the leader of the Deccani group in the court. Jamal Khan Deccani lead the massacre of foreign nobles at Ahmadnagar, causing all the Persian nobles to flee and take service at Bijapur, including the historian Ferishta himself. "There were massacres(qatl-i 'aam) twice in the city , in the course of which not a single person from abroad was left alive. The killing spree lasted for three days. Good people like learned men and traders, who had assembled here in this period, were all slain, and their houses were destroyed." Jamal Khan also enforced the Mahdavi religion on the state. Jamal Khan was killed in the battle of Rohankhed in 1591; and soon Ismail Shah was also captured and confined by his father Burhan, who ascended the throne as Burhan Shah. After the death of Burhan Shah, his eldest son Ibrahim ascended the throne. Ibrahim Shah died only after a few months in a battle with the Bijapur Sultanate. Soon, Chand Bibi, the aunt of Ibrahim Shah, proclaimed Bahadur, the infant son of Ibrahim Shah, as the rightful Sultan; and she became regent. In 1596, a Mughal attack led by Murad was repulsed by Chand Bibi. After the death of Chand Bibi in July 1600, Ahmadnagar was conquered by the Mughals, and Bahadur Shah was imprisoned. But Malik Ambar, and other Ahmadnagar officials, defied the Mughals and declared Murtaza Shah II as sultan in 1600 at a new capital, Paranda. Malik Ambar became prime minister and Vakil-us-Saltanat of Ahmadnagar. Later, the capital was shifted first to Junnar and then to a new city Khadki (later Aurangabad). After the death of Malik Ambar, his son Fath Khan surrendered to the Mughals in 1633 and handed over the young Nizam Shahi ruler Hussain Shah, who was sent as a prisoner to the fort of Gwalior. But soon Shahaji with the assistance of Bijapur, placed an infant scion of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, Murtaza, on the throne but acted as regent. In 1636, Aurangzeb, the Mughal viceroy of Deccan, finally annexed the sultanate to the Mughal empire, after defeating Shahaji. Rulers Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I (1490–1510) Burhan Nizam Shah I (1510–1553) Hussain Nizam Shah I (1553–1565) Murtaza Nizam Shah I (1565–1588) Miran Nizam Hussain (1588–1589) Isma'il Nizam Shah (1589–1591) Burhan Nizam Shah II (1591–1595) Ibrahim Nizam Shah (1595–1596) Ahmad Nizam Shah II (1596) Bahadur Nizam Shah (1596–1600) Murtaza Nizam Shah II (1600–1610) Burhan Nizam Shah III (1610–1631) Hussain Nizam Shah II (1631–1633) Murtaza Nizam Shah III (1633–1636). Berar Sultanate Main article: Berar Sultanate South Asia1525 CEDELHISULTANATE(LODIS)TIMURID EMPIRE(Babur)SHAH MIRSULTANATEKANGRAPHAGMODRUPASKHANDESHSULTANATEBERARSULTANATEMALWASULTANATEARGHUNSKALMATLANGAHSULTANATEAMARKOTJAISALMERSHEKHAWATBUNDIBIKANERGUJARATSULTANATEMEWARMARWARAMBERKARAULIMEWATSIROHIVAGADDIMASATRIPWAAHOMKAMATASSUGAUNASBENGALSULTANATEGAJAPATIEMPIREGONDWANAAHMADNAGARSULTANATEVIJAYANAGARAEMPIREBIJAPURSULTANATEBIDARSULTANATEGOLKONDASULTANATEclass=notpageimage| The Deccan Sultanates and main South Asian polities c. 1525 CE, on the eve of the establishment of the Mughal Empire. The Berar Sultanate was founded by Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk, who was born a Kannadiga Hindu, but was captured as a boy by Bahmani forces, which were on an expedition against the Vijayanagara empire, and reared as a Muslim. In 1490, during the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate, Imad-ul-Mulk, then governor of Berar, declared independence and founded the Imad Shahi dynasty of the Berar Sultanate. He established the capital at Achalpur (Ellichpur), and Gavilgad and Narnala were also fortified by him. Upon his death in 1504, Imad-ul-Mulk was succeeded by his eldest son, Ala-ud-din. In 1528, Ala-ud-din resisted the aggression of Ahmadnagar with help from Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujarat. The next ruler of Berar, Darya, first tried to ally with Bijapur, to prevent the aggression of Ahmadnagar, but was unsuccessful. Later, he helped Ahmednagar on three occasions against Bijapur. After his death in 1562, his infant son Burhan succeeded him; but in 1574 Tufal Khan, one of Burhan's ministers, usurped the throne. In the same year, Murtaza I, Sultan of Ahmadnagar, annexed Berar to his sultanate. Burhan, Tufal Khan, and Khan's son Shamshir-ul-Mulk, were taken to Ahmadnagar and confined to a fortress where all of them subsequently died. Rulers Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk (1490–1504) Aladdin Imad Shah (1504–1530) Darya Imad Shah (1530–1562) Burhan Imad Shah (1562–1574) Tufal Khan (usurper) (1574) Bidar Sultanate Main article: Bidar Sultanate Panorama of the Battle of Talikota (1565). In the right panel, Husain Shah (riding a horse) orders the decapitation of Ramaraya (reigned 1542-65), the defeated ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. Ta'rif-i Husain Shahi (Chronicle of Husain Shah). Bidar was the smallest of the five Deccan sultanates. The Sultanate was founded by Qasim Barid I, who was Georgian enslaved by Turks. He joined the service of Bahmani ruler Mahmud Shah Bahmani (r. 1482–1518) as a sar-naubat (commander), and later became a mir-jumla (governor) of the Bahmani Sultanate. In 1492, he became de facto ruler of Bahmani, although Sultan Mahmud Shah Bahmani remained as the nominal ruler. After Mahmud Shah Bahmani's death in 1504, his son Amir Barid controlled the administration of the Bahmani Sultanate. In 1528, with the flight of the last Bahmani ruler, Kalimullah, from Bidar, Amir Barid became practically an independent ruler. Amir Barid was succeeded by his son Ali Barid, who was the first to assume the title of shah. Ali Barid participated in the Battle of Talikota and was fond of poetry and calligraphy. The last ruler of the Bidar Sultanate, Amir Barid Shah III, was defeated in 1619, and the sultanate was annexed to the Bijapur Sultanate. Rulers Qasim Barid I (1492–1504) Amir Barid I (1504–1542) Ali Barid Shah I (1542–1580) Ibrahim Barid Shah (1580–1587) Qasim Barid Shah II (1587–1591) Ali Barid Shah II (1591) Amir Barid Shah II (1591–1600) Mirza Ali Barid Shah III (1600–1609) Amir Barid Shah III (1609–1619) Bijapur Sultanate Main article: Adil Shahi dynasty Ibrahim Adil Shah II Located in southwestern India, straddling the Western Ghats range of southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka, the Bijapur Sultanate was ruled by the Adil Shahi dynasty from 1490 to 1686. The founder of the dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah, may have been a Georgian slave who was purchased by Mahmud Gawan from Iran. The Adil Shahis were originally provincial governors of the Bahmani Sultanate; but with the break-up of the Bahmani state after 1518, Ismail Adil Shah established an independent sultanate. Ismail Adil Shah and his successors embellished the capital at Bijapur with numerous monuments. Ibrahim Adil Shah I switched to a Deccani Muslim identity, and converted strongly to Sunni Islam, the religion of the Deccani Muslims. He deviated from the traditions of his predecessor and introduced many innovations in the political and religious policies, discontinuing previous Shia practices and restoring the exercise of the Sunni Islamic practices. He degraded most of the afaqi(foreign) faction (with a few exceptions), and in their place enrolled the Deccani Muslims to services. Consequently, he brought Sunni Muslims to power and ended Shia domination by dismissing them from their posts The Adil Shahis fought the Vijayanagara Empire, which lay to the south, across the Tungabhadra River, but fought the other Deccan sultanates as well. However, four of the five sultanates combined forces to decisively defeat Vijayanagar at the Battle of Talikota in 1565, after which the empire broke up, Bijapur seizing control of the Raichur Doab. In 1619, the Adil Shahis conquered the neighbouring sultanate of Bidar, which was incorporated into their realm. Later in the 17th century, the Marathas revolted successfully under Shivaji's leadership, captured major parts of the sultanate, and its capital, Bijapur. The weakened sultanate was conquered by Aurangzeb in 1686 with the fall of Bijapur, bringing the dynasty to an end. Rulers Yusuf Adil Shah (1490–1510) Ismail Adil Shah (1510–1534) Mallu Adil Shah (1534–1535) Ibrahim Adil Shah I (1535–1558) Ali Adil Shah I (1558–1580) Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580–1627) Mohammed Adil Shah (1627–1656) Ali Adil Shah II (1656–1672) Sikandar Adil Shah (1672–1686) Golconda Sultanate Main article: Qutb Shahi dynasty A manuscript depicting the painting of Abul Hasan Qutb Shah the last ruler of the Golconda Sultanate. The dynasty's founder, Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, migrated to Delhi from Persia with some of his relatives and friends in the beginning of the 16th century. Later he migrated south to the Deccan and served the Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I. Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk conquered Golconda and became the governor of the Telangana region in 1518, after the disintegration of the Bahmani sultanate. Soon after, he declared his independence and took the title of Qutb Shah. The dynasty ruled for 171 years, until the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's army besieged and conquered Golconda in 1687. Rulers Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (1518–1543) Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah (1543–1550) Subhan Quli Qutb Shah (1550) Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah (1550–1580) Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1611) Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah (1611–1626) Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626–1672) Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (1672–1687) Conflicts with Vijayanagar Empire Main article: Deccan Sultanates-Vijayanagar conflicts The protracted series of conflicts between the Deccan Sultanates and the Vijayanagar Empire culminated in the defeat of Vijayanagar at the Battle of Talikota. Following this major event, the Vijayanagar Empire experienced a significant decline, marking the beginning of its fragmentation and eventual disintegration. Decline Further information: Siege of Bijapur, Siege of Golconda, and Siege of Bidar The dynasty ruled for 171 years, until the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's army besieged and conquered Golconda in the siege of Golconda in 1687. Cultural contributions Further information: Deccan painting and Architecture of the Deccan sultanates One of the Qutb Shahi tombs (Golconda Sultanate)Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur Sultanate)One of the Barid Shahi tombs (Bidar Sultanate)Tomb of Salabat Khan II (Ahmednagar Sultanate)The rulers of the Deccan Sultanates were buried in elaborate tombs of similar styles. Important members of the royal family and courtiers were also buried in tombs. The rulers of the Deccan sultanates made a number of cultural contributions in the fields of literature, art, architecture, and music. An important contribution was the development of the Dakhani language, which, having started development under the Bahamani rulers, developed into an independent spoken and literary language during this period by continuously borrowing from Arabic-Persian, Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu. Dakhani later became known as Dakhani Urdu to distinguish it from North Indian Urdu. Deccani miniature painting—which flourished in the courts of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and Golconda—is another major cultural contribution of the Deccan sultanates. Architectural splendors of the Deccan such as Charminar and Gol Gumbaz belong to this period. A number of monuments built by the Deccan Sultanates are on a tentative list for nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The religious tolerance displayed by the Nizam Shahi, Adil Shahi, and Qutb Shahi rulers is also worthy of mention. Ahmadnagar The Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar enthusiastically patronised miniature painting, the earliest surviving of which are found as the illustrations of the manuscript Tarif-i-Hussain Shahi (c. 1565), which is now in the Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Pune. A miniature painting of Murtaza Nizam Shah (c. 1575) is in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris, while another one is in the Raza Library in Rampur. The Running Elephant is in an American private collection, the Royal Picnic is in the India Office Library in London, and the Young Prince Embraced by a Small Girl, most likely belonging to the Burhan Nizam Shah II period, is in the Edwin Binney 3rd Collection of South Asian Works in the San Diego Museum of Art. The earliest notable architecture of the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar is the tomb of Ahmad Shah I Bahri (1509), at the centre of Bagh Rouza, a garden complex. The Jami Masjid also belongs to the same period. The Mecca Masjid, built in 1525 by Rumi Khan, a Turkish artillery officer of Burhan Nizam Shah I, is original in its design. The Kotla complex was constructed in 1537 as a religious educational institution. The impressive Farah Bagh was the centrepiece of a large palatial complex completed in 1583. Other monuments in Ahmednagar of the Nizam Shahi period are the Do Boti Chira (tomb of Sharja Khan, 1562), Damri Masjid (1568), and the tomb of Rumi Khan (1568). The Jami Masjid (1615) in Khirki (Aurangabad) and the Chini Mahal inside the Daulatabad fort were constructed during the late Nizam Shahi period (1600–1636). The tomb of Malik Ambar in Khuldabad (1626) is another impressive monument of this period. The Kali Masjid of Jalna (1578) and the tomb of Dilawar Khan (1613) in Rajgurunagar also belong to this period. During the reign of Ahmad Shah I Bahri, his keeper of imperial records, Dalapati, wrote an encyclopedic work, the Nrisimha Prasada, where he mentioned his overlord as Nizamsaha. It is a notable instance of the religious tolerance of the Nizam Shahi rulers. Berar The ruined palace of Hauz Katora, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of Achalpur, is the only notable surviving Imad Shahi monument. Bidar Bidriware water-pipe base, c. 18th century, Los Angeles County Museum of Art The main architectural activities for the Barid Shahi rulers were building garden tombs. The tomb of Ali Barid Shah (1577) is the most notable monument in Bidar. The tomb consists of a lofty domed chamber, open on four sides, located in the middle of a Persian four-square garden. The Rangin Mahal in Bidar, built during the reign of Ali Barid Shah, is a complete and exquisitely decorated courtly structure. Other important monuments in Bidar from this period are the tomb of Qasim II and the Kali Masjid. An important class of metalwork known as Bidriware originated in Bidar. This metalwork consists of a black metal, usually a zinc alloy, inlaid with intricate designs in silver, brass, and sometimes copper. Bijapur Gol Gumbaz, mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah The Adil Shahi rulers contributed greatly to architecture, art, literature, and music, as Bijapur developed into a cosmopolitan city under their rule and attracted many scholars, artists, musicians, and Sufi saints from Rome, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Turkestan. The Adil Shahi kings were known for their tolerance towards Hindus and non-interference in their religious matters. They employed Hindus to high posts, especially as officers overseeing accounts and administration, whose documents were maintained in Marathi. Amongst the major architectural works in the Bijapur Sultanate, one of the earliest is the unfinished Jami Masjid, which was begun by Ali Adil Shah I in 1576. It has an arcaded prayer hall, with fine aisles, and has an impressive dome supported by massive piers. One of the most impressive monuments built during the reign of Ibrahim II was the Ibrahim Rouza which was originally planned as a tomb for queen Taj Sultana, but was later converted into the tomb for Ibrahim Adil Shah II and his family. This complex, completed in 1626, consists of a paired tomb and mosque. Ibrahim II also planned to construct a new twin city to Bijapur, Nauraspur, whose construction began in 1599 but was never completed. The greatest monument in Bijapur is the Gol Gumbaz, the mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah, which was completed in 1656, and whose hemispherical dome measures 44 metres (144 ft) across. The other important architectural works from this period are the Chini Mahal, the Jal Mandir, the Sat Manzil, the Gagan Mahal, the Anand Mahal, and the Asar Mahal (1646), all in Bijapur, as well as the Kummatgi (16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Bijapur), the Panhala Fort (20 kilometres (12 mi) from Kolhapur), and Naldurg Fort (45 kilometres (28 mi) from Solapur). Persian artists of the Adil Shahi court have left a rare treasure of miniature paintings, some of which are well preserved in Europe's museums. The earliest miniature paintings are ascribed to the period of Ali Adil Shah I. The most significant of them are the paintings in the manuscript of Nujum-ul-Ulum (Stars of Science) (1570), kept in the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin, which contains about 400 miniature paintings. Two other illustrated manuscripts from the period of Ali Adil Shah I are Jawahir-al Musiqat-i-Muhammadi in the British Library, which contains 48 paintings, and a Marathi commentary of Sarangadeva's Sangita Ratnakara kept in the museum of City Palace, Jaipur, which contains 4 paintings. But the most miniature paintings come from the time of Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II. One of the most celebrated painters of his court was Maulana Farrukh Hussain. The miniature paintings of this period are preserved in the Bikaner Palace, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the British Museum and Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the Muśee Guimet in Paris, the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersberg, and the Náprstek Museum in Prague. Under the Adil Shahi rulers many literary works were published in Dakhani. Ibrahim Adil Shah II himself wrote a book of songs, Kitab-i-Nauras, in Dakhani. This book contains a number of songs whose tunes are set to different ragas and raginis. In his songs, he praised the Hindu goddess Sarasvati along with Muhammad and Sufi saint Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz. A unique tambur (lute) known as Moti Khan was in his possession. The famous Persian poet laureate Muhammad Zuhuri was his court poet. The Mushaira (poetic symposium) was born in the Bijapur court and later travelled north. Golconda The Charminar built by Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah is a centerpiece of Hyderabad and one of the most important examples of Indo-Islamic architecture. Abdullah Qutb Shah on a Terrace with Attendants, c. 18th century. Qutb Shahi rulers appointed Hindus in important administrative posts. Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah appointed Murari Rao as Peshwa, second to only Mir Jumla (prime minister). One of the earliest architectural achievements of the Qutb Shahi dynasty is the fortified city of Golconda, which is now in ruins. The nearby Qutb Shahi tombs are also noteworthy. In the 16th century, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah decided to shift the capital to Hyderabad, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of Golconda. Here, he constructed the most original monument in the Deccan, the Charminar, in the heart of the new city. This monument, completed in 1591, has four minarets, each 56 metres (184 ft). The construction of the Mecca Masjid, located immediately south of the Charminar, was started in 1617, during the reign of Muhammad Qutb Shah, but completed only in 1693. The other important monuments of this period are the Toli Masjid, Shaikpet Sarai, Khairtabad Mosque, Taramati Baradari, Hayat Bakshi Mosque, and the Jama Masjid at Gandikota. The Qutb Shahi rulers invited many Persian artists, such as Shaykh Abbasi and Muhammad Zaman, to their court, whose art made a profound impact on the miniature paintings of this period. The earliest miniature paintings were the 126 illustrations in the manuscript of Anwar-i-Suhayli (c. 1550–1560) in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The illustrations Sindbad Namah in the India Office Library and Shirin and Khusrau in the Khudabaksh Library in Patna most probably belong to the reign of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah. The 5 illustrations in a manuscript of the Diwan-i-Hafiz (c. 1630) in the British Museum, London, belong to the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah. The most outstanding surviving Golconda painting probably is the Procession of Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah Riding an Elephant (c. 1650) in the Saltykov-Shtshedrine State Public Library in St. Petersberg. Their painting style lasted even after the dynasty was extinct and evolved into the Hyderabad style. The Qutb Shahi rulers were great patrons of literature and invited many scholars, poets, historians and Sufi saints from Iran to settle in their sultanate. The sultans patronised literature in Persian as well as Telugu, the local language. However, the most important contribution of the Golconda Sultanate in the field of literature is the development of the Dakhani language. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah was not only a great patron of art and literature but also a poet of a high order. He wrote in Dakhani, Persian, and Telugu and left an extensive Diwan (collection of poetry) in Dakhani, known as Kulliyat-i-Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah. Apart from the praise of God and the Prophet, he also wrote on nature, love and contemporary social life. Kshetrayya and Bhadrachala Ramadasu are some notable Telugu poets of this period. The Qutb Shahi rulers were much more liberal than their other Muslim counterparts. During the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah, in 1634, the ancient Indian sex manual Koka Shastra was translated into Persian and named Lazzat-un-Nisa (Flavors of the Woman). See also Malwa Sultanate Khandesh Sultanate Bengal Sultanate Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts Citations References ^ a b Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784537944. ^ Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p. 269 ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4. ^ Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar · (2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780300211108. ^ Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p. 412 ^ Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1951). Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture. Oriental Book Agency. p. 81. ^ Thomas Wolseley Haig · (101). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Pioneer Press. p. 6. ^ a b c Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim (1829). History of the Rise of the Mahometan Power in India, till the year A.D. 1612. Vol. III. Translated by Briggs, John. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. ^ Bosworth (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press. ^ I. M. Muthanna (1977). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. Lotus Printers. p. 120. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021. ^ Minorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 17 (1). Cambridge University Press: 50–73. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00106342. JSTOR 609229. S2CID 162273460. Retrieved 20 November 2020. ^ Khan, Masud Husain (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. p. 2. ISBN 9788126002337. Retrieved 20 November 2020. ^ Pushkar Sohoni (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate. Bloomsbury. p. 59. ISBN 9781838609283. ^ "500 years of Deccan history fading away due to neglect". The Times of India. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018. ^ Shanti Sadiq Ali · (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan. Orient Longman. ISBN 9788125004851. ^ Roy S. Fischel (2020). Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan. ISBN 9781474436106. ^ Keelan Overton (2 June 2020). Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700. Indiana University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780253048943. ^ Yazdani 1947, pp. 10. ^ Radhey Shyam (1966). The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 17. ISBN 9788120826519. ^ History: Mediaeval period. 1967. ^ Pran Nath Chopra; T. K. Ravindran; N. Subrahmanian (1979). History of South India: Medieval period. p. 77. ^ Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar · (2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780300211108. ^ Emma J. Flatt (2019). The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 9781108481939. ^ Muzaffar Alam, Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2012). Writing the Mughal World. p. 184. ISBN 9780231158114. ^ Majumdar, R. C. (ed., 2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp. 415–445 ^ a b c Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski. Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, ISBN 0-521-56321-6, p.274 ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147. ISBN 0226742210. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022. ^ a b Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp. 463–466 ^ Sen 2013, p. 118. ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 324. ^ Majumdar, R. C. (ed., 2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.466–468 ^ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. p. 101. ^ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. p. 101. ^ Navina Najat Haidar; Marika Sardar (13 April 2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy (illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 6. ISBN 9780300211108. ^ Shanti Sadiq Ali (1 January 1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Blackswan. p. 112. ISBN 9788125004851. ^ Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2011). Three Ways to be Alien: Travails and Encounters in the Early Modern World (illustrated ed.). UPNE. p. 36. ISBN 9781611680195. ^ Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780521254847. ^ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (1 January 2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 101. ISBN 9788126901234. ^ Shihan de S. Jayasuriya; Richard Pankhurst (2003). The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean (illustrated ed.). Africa World Press. pp. 196–7. ISBN 9780865439801. ^ Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski. Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, ISBN 0-521-56321-6, p.275 ^ a b c "The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018. ^ "Deccani painting". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019. ^ "Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate". UNESCO World Heritage Center. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. ^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). "Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridgeb: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–151. ISBN 0-521-56321-6. ^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India (1. ed.). London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781838609276. Archived 27 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine ^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2010). Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs (Ph.D. thesis). University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014. ^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). "Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–86. ISBN 0-521-56321-6. ^ Bhattacharya, D. C. (1962). "The Nibandhas". In Radhakrishnan, S. (ed.). The Cultural Heritage of India. Vol. II. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. p. 378. ISBN 81-85843-03-1. ^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). "Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-521-56321-6. ^ Yazdani 1947, pp. 152. ^ George & Zebrowski 1999, pp. 14 & pp.77–80. ^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). "Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–240. ISBN 0-521-56321-6. ^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). "Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–47, 86–98. ISBN 0-521-56321-6. ^ George & Zebrowski 1999, pp. 161–190. ^ George & Zebrowski 1999, pp. 47–53, 101–106. ^ George & Zebrowski 1999, pp. 47–53, 191–210. ^ Nanisetti, Serish (14 April 2006). "Long long ago when faith moved a king". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019. ^ Akbar, Syed (5 January 2019). "Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019. Further reading Chopra, R.M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi. Revised edition published in 2013. Majumdar, R.C. (2006). The Delhi Sultanate. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Majumdar, R.C. (2007). The Mughul Empire. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ISBN 81-7276-407-1. Mitchell, George; Mark Zebrowski (1999). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56321-6. Rehaman Patel, Islamic Art of North Karnataka, Art & Architecture, May, 2015 Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B.Tauris. Yazdani, Ghulam (1947). Bidar, Its History and Monuments. Oxford University Press. External links A website on Bijapur Sultanate Monuments of Deccan Sultanates and other Islamic Monuments of India
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"late-medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_India"},{"link_name":"Deccan Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Krishna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_River"},{"link_name":"Vindhya Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindhya_Range"},{"link_name":"Bahmani Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ahmadnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Berar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sohoni2018-1"},{"link_name":"Bahmani Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sen2-3"},{"link_name":"Ahmadnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Berar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Deccani Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccani_people"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kannadiga Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadiga"},{"link_name":"Deccani Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccani_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferishta-8"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Gawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Iranian Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Turkmen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"Battle of Talikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara"},{"link_name":"Vitthala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithoba"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Deccan sultanates were five late-medieval Indian kingdoms—on the Deccan Plateau between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range—that were created from the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate and ruled by Muslim dynasties: namely Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda.[1] The sultanates had become independent during the break-up of the Bahmani Sultanate.[2][3] The five sultanates owed their existence to the declaration of independence of Ahmadnagar in 1490,[4] followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golconda became independent in 1518, and Bidar in 1528.[5]Although the five sultanates were all ruled by Muslims, their founders were of diverse, and often originally non-Muslim origins: the Ahmadnagar Sultanate was founded by a Deccani Muslim of Brahmin origin;[6] the Berar Sultanate by a Kannadiga Hindu Brahmin slave brought up as a Deccani Muslim;[7][8] the Bidar Sultanate was founded by a Georgian slave;[9] the Bijapur Sultanate was founded by a Georgian slave purchased by Mahmud Gawan;[10] and the Golconda Sultanate was of Iranian Turkmen origin.[11][12]All the Deccan Sultanates based their legitimacy as the successor states of the Bahmanid dynasty, and continued to use Bahmanid coins rather than issue their own coins.[13] Although generally rivals, the sultanates did ally with each other against the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565, permanently weakening Vijayanagara in the Battle of Talikota. Notably, the alliance destroyed the entire city of Vijayanagara, with important temples, such as the Vitthala Temple, being razed to the ground.In 1574, after a coup in Berar, Ahmadnagar invaded and conquered it. In 1619, Bidar was annexed by Bijapur. The sultanates were later conquered by the Mughal Empire: Berar was stripped from Ahmadnagar in 1596; Ahmadnagar was completely taken between 1616 and 1636; and Golconda and Bijapur were conquered by Aurangzeb's 1686–87 campaign.[14]","title":"Deccan sultanates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Burhan_Nizam_Shah_II.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunting_party_deccan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ahmad_Nizam_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Deccani Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Gawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferishta-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani194710-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Deccani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccani_people"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sohoni2018-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Junnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junnar"},{"link_name":"Ferishta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferishta"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Mahdavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdavia"},{"link_name":"Chand Bibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Bibi"},{"link_name":"Bahadur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_Nizam_Shah"},{"link_name":"Murad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_Baksh"},{"link_name":"Chand Bibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_Bibi"},{"link_name":"Malik Ambar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ambar"},{"link_name":"Murtaza Shah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtaza_Nizam_Shah_II"},{"link_name":"Malik Ambar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ambar"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Shahaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahaji"}],"text":"Painting of the Nizam ShahsHunting party, DeccanThe Ahmadnagar Sultanate was founded by Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I, who was the son of the Nizam ul-Mulk Malik Hasan Bahri, who was prominent in Bahmanid politics as the leader of the Deccani Muslim party at court.[15] Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri was a military slave, formerly a Hindu Brahmin from Vijayanagar originally named Timapa who converted to Islam, although the Brahmin lineage might have been a genealogical topos rather than fact, which, along with military training, Persian education and conversion by patronage, was meant to share with the origin of the Bahmanid dynasty.[16][17] He became the regent of Muhammad Shah Bahmani after the former had devised the execution of Mahmud Gawan.[8]: 189 [18][19] As the head of the Sunni Deccani party, Nizam-ul-Mulk lead the wholescale massacre of the Shia foreigners, especially the Turks and Georgian population in Bidar, by the orders of the Bahmani Sultan.[20][21] After the politically charged murder of Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri, and frustrated with the weakened Bahmani Sultan and the factionalised administration at Bidar, the outrated son, Ahmad Nizam Shah, the governor of Junnar,[1] defeated the Bahmani army led by general Jahangir Khan on 28 May 1490, declared independence and established dynastic rule over Ahmadnagar.[22] The territory of the sultanate was located in the northwestern Deccan, between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur. Initially, his capital was in Junnar. In 1494, the foundation was laid for the new capital of Ahmadnagar. Malik Ahmed Shah, after several attempts, secured the fortress of Daulatabad in 1499.After Malik Ahmed Shah's death in 1510, his son Burhan, a boy of seven, was installed in his place. Burhan Shah I died in Ahmadnagar in 1553. He left six sons, of whom Hussain succeeded him. After the death of Hussain Shah I in 1565, his son Murtaza (a minor) ascended the throne. While Murtaza was a child, his mother, Khanzada Humayun Sultana, ruled as a regent for several years. Murtaza Shah annexed Berar in 1574. On his death in 1588, his son Miran Hussain ascended the throne; but his reign lasted only a little more than ten months, as he was poisoned. Ismail, a cousin of Miran Hussain was raised to the throne, but the actual power was in the hands of Jamal Khan, the leader of the Deccani group in the court. Jamal Khan Deccani lead the massacre of foreign nobles at Ahmadnagar, causing all the Persian nobles to flee and take service at Bijapur, including the historian Ferishta himself.[23][24]\"There were massacres(qatl-i 'aam) twice in the city [Ahmadnagar], in the course of which not a single person from abroad was left alive. The killing spree lasted for three days. Good people like learned men and traders, who had assembled here in this period, were all slain, and their houses were destroyed.\"Jamal Khan also enforced the Mahdavi religion on the state. Jamal Khan was killed in the battle of Rohankhed in 1591; and soon Ismail Shah was also captured and confined by his father Burhan, who ascended the throne as Burhan Shah. After the death of Burhan Shah, his eldest son Ibrahim ascended the throne. Ibrahim Shah died only after a few months in a battle with the Bijapur Sultanate. Soon, Chand Bibi, the aunt of Ibrahim Shah, proclaimed Bahadur, the infant son of Ibrahim Shah, as the rightful Sultan; and she became regent. In 1596, a Mughal attack led by Murad was repulsed by Chand Bibi.After the death of Chand Bibi in July 1600, Ahmadnagar was conquered by the Mughals, and Bahadur Shah was imprisoned. But Malik Ambar, and other Ahmadnagar officials, defied the Mughals and declared Murtaza Shah II as sultan in 1600 at a new capital, Paranda. Malik Ambar became prime minister and Vakil-us-Saltanat of Ahmadnagar.[25] Later, the capital was shifted first to Junnar and then to a new city Khadki (later Aurangabad). After the death of Malik Ambar, his son Fath Khan surrendered to the Mughals in 1633 and handed over the young Nizam Shahi ruler Hussain Shah, who was sent as a prisoner to the fort of Gwalior. But soon Shahaji with the assistance of Bijapur, placed an infant scion of the Nizam Shahi dynasty, Murtaza, on the throne but acted as regent. In 1636, Aurangzeb, the Mughal viceroy of Deccan, finally annexed the sultanate to the Mughal empire, after defeating Shahaji.","title":"Ahmadnagar Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ahmad_Nizam_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Burhan Nizam Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhan_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Hussain Nizam Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Nizam_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Murtaza Nizam Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtaza_Nizam_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Burhan Nizam Shah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhan_Nizam_Shah_II"},{"link_name":"Bahadur Nizam Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahadur_Nizam_Shah"},{"link_name":"Murtaza Nizam Shah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtaza_Nizam_Shah_II"},{"link_name":"Murtaza Nizam Shah III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtaza_Nizam_Shah_III"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell_274-26"}],"sub_title":"Rulers","text":"Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I (1490–1510)\nBurhan Nizam Shah I (1510–1553)\nHussain Nizam Shah I (1553–1565)\nMurtaza Nizam Shah I (1565–1588)\nMiran Nizam Hussain (1588–1589)\nIsma'il Nizam Shah (1589–1591)\nBurhan Nizam Shah II (1591–1595)\nIbrahim Nizam Shah (1595–1596)\nAhmad Nizam Shah II (1596)\nBahadur Nizam Shah (1596–1600)\nMurtaza Nizam Shah II (1600–1610)\nBurhan Nizam Shah III (1610–1631)\nHussain Nizam Shah II (1631–1633)\nMurtaza Nizam Shah III (1633–1636).[26]","title":"Ahmadnagar Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Asia1525 CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1525"},{"link_name":"DELHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"SULTANATE(LODIS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"TIMURID EMPIRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_Empire"},{"link_name":"(Babur)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur"},{"link_name":"SHAH MIRSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Mir_dynasty"},{"link_name":"KANGRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangra_State"},{"link_name":"PHAGMODRUPAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty"},{"link_name":"KHANDESHSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farooqui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"BERARSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"MALWASULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"ARGHUNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arghun_dynasty"},{"link_name":"KALMAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Kalmat"},{"link_name":"LANGAHSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langah_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"AMARKOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodhas_of_Amarkot"},{"link_name":"JAISALMER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer_State"},{"link_name":"SHEKHAWAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhawati"},{"link_name":"BUNDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundi_State"},{"link_name":"BIKANER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikaner_State"},{"link_name":"GUJARATSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"MEWAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mewar"},{"link_name":"MARWAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Marwar"},{"link_name":"AMBER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Amber"},{"link_name":"KARAULI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karauli_State"},{"link_name":"MEWAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanzadas_of_Mewat"},{"link_name":"SIROHI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirohi_State"},{"link_name":"VAGAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungarpur_State"},{"link_name":"DIMASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimasa_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"TRIPWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twipra_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"AHOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahom_kingdom"},{"link_name":"KAMATAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamata_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"SUGAUNAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiniwar_dynasty"},{"link_name":"BENGALSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"GAJAPATIEMPIRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajapati_Empire"},{"link_name":"GONDWANA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana_(India)"},{"link_name":"AHMADNAGARSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"VIJAYANAGARAEMPIRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"BIJAPURSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"BIDARSULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"GOLKONDASULTANATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathullah_Imad-ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"Kannadiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadiga"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferishta-8"},{"link_name":"Berar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berar_Province"},{"link_name":"Achalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achalpur"},{"link_name":"Ellichpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellichpur"},{"link_name":"Gavilgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawilgarh"},{"link_name":"Narnala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narnala"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m1-28"}],"text":"South Asia1525 CEDELHISULTANATE(LODIS)TIMURID EMPIRE(Babur)SHAH MIRSULTANATEKANGRAPHAGMODRUPASKHANDESHSULTANATEBERARSULTANATEMALWASULTANATEARGHUNSKALMATLANGAHSULTANATEAMARKOTJAISALMERSHEKHAWATBUNDIBIKANERGUJARATSULTANATEMEWARMARWARAMBERKARAULIMEWATSIROHIVAGADDIMASATRIPWAAHOMKAMATASSUGAUNASBENGALSULTANATEGAJAPATIEMPIREGONDWANAAHMADNAGARSULTANATEVIJAYANAGARAEMPIREBIJAPURSULTANATEBIDARSULTANATEGOLKONDASULTANATEclass=notpageimage| The Deccan Sultanates and main South Asian polities c. 1525 CE, on the eve of the establishment of the Mughal Empire.[27]The Berar Sultanate was founded by Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk, who was born a Kannadiga Hindu, but was captured as a boy by Bahmani forces, which were on an expedition against the Vijayanagara empire, and reared as a Muslim.[8] In 1490, during the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate, Imad-ul-Mulk, then governor of Berar, declared independence and founded the Imad Shahi dynasty of the Berar Sultanate. He established the capital at Achalpur (Ellichpur), and Gavilgad and Narnala were also fortified by him.Upon his death in 1504, Imad-ul-Mulk was succeeded by his eldest son, Ala-ud-din. In 1528, Ala-ud-din resisted the aggression of Ahmadnagar with help from Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujarat. The next ruler of Berar, Darya, first tried to ally with Bijapur, to prevent the aggression of Ahmadnagar, but was unsuccessful. Later, he helped Ahmednagar on three occasions against Bijapur. After his death in 1562, his infant son Burhan succeeded him; but in 1574 Tufal Khan, one of Burhan's ministers, usurped the throne. In the same year, Murtaza I, Sultan of Ahmadnagar, annexed Berar to his sultanate. Burhan, Tufal Khan, and Khan's son Shamshir-ul-Mulk, were taken to Ahmadnagar and confined to a fortress where all of them subsequently died.[28]","title":"Berar Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathullah_Imad-ul-Mulk"},{"link_name":"Aladdin Imad Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_Imad_Shah"},{"link_name":"Darya Imad Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darya_Imad_Shah"},{"link_name":"Burhan Imad Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhan_Imad_Shah"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m1-28"}],"sub_title":"Rulers","text":"Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk (1490–1504)\nAladdin Imad Shah (1504–1530)\nDarya Imad Shah (1530–1562)\nBurhan Imad Shah (1562–1574)\nTufal Khan (usurper) (1574)[28]","title":"Berar Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Talikota_(formatted).jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Talikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota"},{"link_name":"Husain Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Nizam_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Ramaraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliya_Rama_Raya"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"Qasim Barid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_Barid_I"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen2013118-29"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996324-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mm-31"}],"text":"Panorama of the Battle of Talikota (1565). In the right panel, Husain Shah (riding a horse) orders the decapitation of Ramaraya (reigned 1542-65), the defeated ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. Ta'rif-i Husain Shahi (Chronicle of Husain Shah).Bidar was the smallest of the five Deccan sultanates. The Sultanate was founded by Qasim Barid I,[29] who was Georgian enslaved by Turks.[30] He joined the service of Bahmani ruler Mahmud Shah Bahmani (r. 1482–1518) as a sar-naubat (commander), and later became a mir-jumla (governor) of the Bahmani Sultanate. In 1492, he became de facto ruler of Bahmani, although Sultan Mahmud Shah Bahmani remained as the nominal ruler.After Mahmud Shah Bahmani's death in 1504, his son Amir Barid controlled the administration of the Bahmani Sultanate. In 1528, with the flight of the last Bahmani ruler, Kalimullah, from Bidar, Amir Barid became practically an independent ruler. Amir Barid was succeeded by his son Ali Barid, who was the first to assume the title of shah. Ali Barid participated in the Battle of Talikota and was fond of poetry and calligraphy.The last ruler of the Bidar Sultanate, Amir Barid Shah III, was defeated in 1619, and the sultanate was annexed to the Bijapur Sultanate.[31]","title":"Bidar Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qasim Barid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qasim_Barid_I"},{"link_name":"Amir Barid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Barid_I"},{"link_name":"Ali Barid Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Barid_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell_274-26"}],"sub_title":"Rulers","text":"Qasim Barid I (1492–1504)\nAmir Barid I (1504–1542)\nAli Barid Shah I (1542–1580)\nIbrahim Barid Shah (1580–1587)\nQasim Barid Shah II (1587–1591)\nAli Barid Shah II (1591)\nAmir Barid Shah II (1591–1600)\nMirza Ali Barid Shah III (1600–1609)\nAmir Barid Shah III (1609–1619)[26]","title":"Bidar Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Sultan_of_Bijapur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Ghats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chaurasia_2002_101-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Subrahmanyam_2012_101-33"},{"link_name":"Mahmud Gawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Gawan"},{"link_name":"Bahmani Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Adil Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Deccani Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccani_people"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Deccani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccani_people"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Muslim"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagara Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tungabhadra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungabhadra_River"},{"link_name":"Battle of Talikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota"},{"link_name":"Raichur Doab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raichur_Doab"},{"link_name":"Bidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar"},{"link_name":"Marathas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"}],"text":"Ibrahim Adil Shah IILocated in southwestern India, straddling the Western Ghats range of southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka, the Bijapur Sultanate was ruled by the Adil Shahi dynasty from 1490 to 1686. The founder of the dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah, may have been a Georgian slave[32][33] who was purchased by Mahmud Gawan from Iran. The Adil Shahis were originally provincial governors of the Bahmani Sultanate; but with the break-up of the Bahmani state after 1518, Ismail Adil Shah established an independent sultanate. Ismail Adil Shah and his successors embellished the capital at Bijapur with numerous monuments.Ibrahim Adil Shah I switched to a Deccani Muslim identity, and converted strongly to Sunni Islam, the religion of the Deccani Muslims.[34] He deviated from the traditions of his predecessor and introduced many innovations in the political and religious policies, discontinuing previous Shia practices and restoring the exercise of the Sunni Islamic practices.[35][36][37] He degraded most of the afaqi(foreign) faction (with a few exceptions), and in their place enrolled the Deccani Muslims to services. Consequently, he brought Sunni Muslims to power and ended Shia domination by dismissing them from their posts[38][39]The Adil Shahis fought the Vijayanagara Empire, which lay to the south, across the Tungabhadra River, but fought the other Deccan sultanates as well. However, four of the five sultanates combined forces to decisively defeat Vijayanagar at the Battle of Talikota in 1565, after which the empire broke up, Bijapur seizing control of the Raichur Doab. In 1619, the Adil Shahis conquered the neighbouring sultanate of Bidar, which was incorporated into their realm.Later in the 17th century, the Marathas revolted successfully under Shivaji's leadership, captured major parts of the sultanate, and its capital, Bijapur. The weakened sultanate was conquered by Aurangzeb in 1686 with the fall of Bijapur, bringing the dynasty to an end.","title":"Bijapur Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yusuf Adil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Adil_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ismail Adil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Adil_Shah"},{"link_name":"Mallu Adil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallu_Adil_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Adil Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Ali Adil Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Adil Shah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Adil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Adil_Shah,_Sultan_of_Bijapur"},{"link_name":"Ali Adil Shah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Adil_Shah_II"},{"link_name":"Sikandar Adil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikandar_Adil_Shah"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell_274-26"}],"sub_title":"Rulers","text":"Yusuf Adil Shah (1490–1510)\nIsmail Adil Shah (1510–1534)\nMallu Adil Shah (1534–1535)\nIbrahim Adil Shah I (1535–1558)\nAli Adil Shah I (1558–1580)\nIbrahim Adil Shah II (1580–1627)\nMohammed Adil Shah (1627–1656)\nAli Adil Shah II (1656–1672)\nSikandar Adil Shah (1672–1686)[26]","title":"Bijapur Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Abu%27l_Hasan,.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abul Hasan Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Bahmani Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Shah I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Shah_I"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"besieged and conquered Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda"}],"text":"A manuscript depicting the painting of Abul Hasan Qutb Shah the last ruler of the Golconda Sultanate.The dynasty's founder, Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, migrated to Delhi from Persia with some of his relatives and friends in the beginning of the 16th century. Later he migrated south to the Deccan and served the Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I. Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk conquered Golconda and became the governor of the Telangana region in 1518, after the disintegration of the Bahmani sultanate. Soon after, he declared his independence and took the title of Qutb Shah.The dynasty ruled for 171 years, until the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's army besieged and conquered Golconda in 1687.","title":"Golconda Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Quli_Qutbl_Mulk"},{"link_name":"Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamsheed_Quli_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Subhan Quli Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhan_Quli_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Quli_Qutb_Shah_Wali"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Quli_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Muhammad_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Abul Hasan Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell_275-40"}],"sub_title":"Rulers","text":"Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (1518–1543)\nJamsheed Quli Qutb Shah (1543–1550)\nSubhan Quli Qutb Shah (1550)\nIbrahim Quli Qutub Shah (1550–1580)\nMuhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1611)\nSultan Muhammad Qutb Shah (1611–1626)\nAbdullah Qutb Shah (1626–1672)\nAbul Hasan Qutb Shah (1672–1687)[40]","title":"Golconda Sultanate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deccan Sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Talikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talikota"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagar Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire"}],"text":"The protracted series of conflicts between the Deccan Sultanates and the Vijayanagar Empire culminated in the defeat of Vijayanagar at the Battle of Talikota. Following this major event, the Vijayanagar Empire experienced a significant decline, marking the beginning of its fragmentation and eventual disintegration.","title":"Conflicts with Vijayanagar Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siege of Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur"},{"link_name":"Siege of Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda"},{"link_name":"Siege of Bidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bidar"},{"link_name":"siege of Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda"}],"text":"Further information: Siege of Bijapur, Siege of Golconda, and Siege of BidarThe dynasty ruled for 171 years, until the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's army besieged and conquered Golconda in the siege of Golconda in 1687.","title":"Decline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deccan painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_painting"},{"link_name":"Architecture of the Deccan sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Muhammad_Quli_Qutb_Shah.jpg"},{"link_name":"Qutb Shahi tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_tombs"},{"link_name":"Golconda Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda_Sultanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bijapur_Gol_Gumbaj.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gol Gumbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz"},{"link_name":"Bijapur Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barid_Shahi_Tomb_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barid Shahi tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barid_Shahi_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Bidar Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rainy_mood_of_Salabat_khan%27s_tomb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Salabat Khan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Salabat_Khan_II"},{"link_name":"Ahmednagar Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmednagar_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"Dakhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhani"},{"link_name":"Bahamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamani"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Charminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charminar"},{"link_name":"Gol Gumbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Further information: Deccan painting and Architecture of the Deccan sultanatesOne of the Qutb Shahi tombs (Golconda Sultanate)Gol Gumbaz (Bijapur Sultanate)One of the Barid Shahi tombs (Bidar Sultanate)Tomb of Salabat Khan II (Ahmednagar Sultanate)The rulers of the Deccan Sultanates were buried in elaborate tombs of similar styles. Important members of the royal family and courtiers were also buried in tombs.[41]The rulers of the Deccan sultanates made a number of cultural contributions in the fields of literature, art, architecture, and music.An important contribution was the development of the Dakhani language, which, having started development under the Bahamani rulers, developed into an independent spoken and literary language during this period by continuously borrowing from Arabic-Persian, Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu. Dakhani later became known as Dakhani Urdu to distinguish it from North Indian Urdu.Deccani miniature painting—which flourished in the courts of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and Golconda—is another major cultural contribution of the Deccan sultanates.[42]Architectural splendors of the Deccan such as Charminar and Gol Gumbaz belong to this period. A number of monuments built by the Deccan Sultanates are on a tentative list for nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[43] The religious tolerance displayed by the Nizam Shahi, Adil Shahi, and Qutb Shahi rulers is also worthy of mention.","title":"Cultural contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Itihas_Sanshodhak_Mandal"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque Nationale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"Raza Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raza_Library"},{"link_name":"India Office Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Office_Records"},{"link_name":"San Diego Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell_145-44"},{"link_name":"Ahmadnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadnagar"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Jalna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalna_(city)"},{"link_name":"Rajgurunagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgurunagar"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell_80-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Ahmadnagar","text":"The Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar enthusiastically patronised miniature painting, the earliest surviving of which are found as the illustrations of the manuscript Tarif-i-Hussain Shahi (c. 1565), which is now in the Bharat Itihas Sanshodhak Mandal, Pune. A miniature painting of Murtaza Nizam Shah (c. 1575) is in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris, while another one is in the Raza Library in Rampur. The Running Elephant is in an American private collection, the Royal Picnic is in the India Office Library in London, and the Young Prince Embraced by a Small Girl, most likely belonging to the Burhan Nizam Shah II period, is in the Edwin Binney 3rd Collection of South Asian Works in the San Diego Museum of Art.[44]The earliest notable architecture of the Nizam Shahi rulers of Ahmadnagar is the tomb of Ahmad Shah I Bahri (1509), at the centre of Bagh Rouza, a garden complex.[45] The Jami Masjid also belongs to the same period. The Mecca Masjid, built in 1525 by Rumi Khan, a Turkish artillery officer of Burhan Nizam Shah I, is original in its design. The Kotla complex was constructed in 1537 as a religious educational institution. The impressive Farah Bagh was the centrepiece of a large palatial complex completed in 1583. Other monuments in Ahmednagar of the Nizam Shahi period are the Do Boti Chira (tomb of Sharja Khan, 1562), Damri Masjid (1568), and the tomb of Rumi Khan (1568). The Jami Masjid (1615) in Khirki (Aurangabad) and the Chini Mahal inside the Daulatabad fort were constructed during the late Nizam Shahi period (1600–1636). The tomb of Malik Ambar in Khuldabad (1626) is another impressive monument of this period. The Kali Masjid of Jalna (1578) and the tomb of Dilawar Khan (1613) in Rajgurunagar also belong to this period.[46][47]During the reign of Ahmad Shah I Bahri, his keeper of imperial records, Dalapati, wrote an encyclopedic work, the Nrisimha Prasada, where he mentioned his overlord as Nizamsaha. It is a notable instance of the religious tolerance of the Nizam Shahi rulers.[48]","title":"Cultural contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achalpur"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michel_41-49"}],"sub_title":"Berar","text":"The ruined palace of Hauz Katora, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of Achalpur, is the only notable surviving Imad Shahi monument.[49]","title":"Cultural contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water-Pipe_Base_LACMA_M.2001.101.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bidriware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidriware"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Bidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidar"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazdani1947152-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeZebrowski199914_&_pp.77%E2%80%9380-51"},{"link_name":"Bidriware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidriware"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell_239-52"}],"sub_title":"Bidar","text":"Bidriware water-pipe base, c. 18th century, Los Angeles County Museum of ArtThe main architectural activities for the Barid Shahi rulers were building garden tombs. The tomb of Ali Barid Shah (1577) is the most notable monument in Bidar.[50] The tomb consists of a lofty domed chamber, open on four sides, located in the middle of a Persian four-square garden. The Rangin Mahal in Bidar, built during the reign of Ali Barid Shah, is a complete and exquisitely decorated courtly structure. Other important monuments in Bidar from this period are the tomb of Qasim II and the Kali Masjid.[51]An important class of metalwork known as Bidriware originated in Bidar. This metalwork consists of a black metal, usually a zinc alloy, inlaid with intricate designs in silver, brass, and sometimes copper.[52]","title":"Cultural contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GolGumbaz2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gol Gumbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Adil Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Adil_Shah,_Sultan_of_Bijapur"},{"link_name":"Bijapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijapur,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Jami Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama_Mosque,_Bijapur"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Rouza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Rouza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nauraspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauraspur"},{"link_name":"Gol Gumbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Gumbaz"},{"link_name":"Panhala Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhala_Fort"},{"link_name":"Kolhapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolhapur"},{"link_name":"Naldurg Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naldurg_Fort"},{"link_name":"Solapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solapur"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michell_86-53"},{"link_name":"Nujum-ul-Ulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nujum-ul-Ulum"},{"link_name":"Chester Beatty Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library"},{"link_name":"Sarangadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarangadeva"},{"link_name":"Sangita Ratnakara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangita_Ratnakara"},{"link_name":"City Palace, Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Palace,_Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"Muśee Guimet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimet_Museum"},{"link_name":"Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Náprstek Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1prstek_Museum"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeZebrowski1999161%E2%80%93190-54"},{"link_name":"Kitab-i-Nauras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kitab-i-Nauras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zuhuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zuhuri"}],"sub_title":"Bijapur","text":"Gol Gumbaz, mausoleum of Mohammed Adil ShahThe Adil Shahi rulers contributed greatly to architecture, art, literature, and music, as Bijapur developed into a cosmopolitan city under their rule and attracted many scholars, artists, musicians, and Sufi saints from Rome, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Turkestan. The Adil Shahi kings were known for their tolerance towards Hindus and non-interference in their religious matters. They employed Hindus to high posts, especially as officers overseeing accounts and administration, whose documents were maintained in Marathi.Amongst the major architectural works in the Bijapur Sultanate, one of the earliest is the unfinished Jami Masjid, which was begun by Ali Adil Shah I in 1576. It has an arcaded prayer hall, with fine aisles, and has an impressive dome supported by massive piers. One of the most impressive monuments built during the reign of Ibrahim II was the Ibrahim Rouza which was originally planned as a tomb for queen Taj Sultana, but was later converted into the tomb for Ibrahim Adil Shah II and his family. This complex, completed in 1626, consists of a paired tomb and mosque. Ibrahim II also planned to construct a new twin city to Bijapur, Nauraspur, whose construction began in 1599 but was never completed. The greatest monument in Bijapur is the Gol Gumbaz, the mausoleum of Muhammad Adil Shah, which was completed in 1656, and whose hemispherical dome measures 44 metres (144 ft) across. The other important architectural works from this period are the Chini Mahal, the Jal Mandir, the Sat Manzil, the Gagan Mahal, the Anand Mahal, and the Asar Mahal (1646), all in Bijapur, as well as the Kummatgi (16 kilometres (9.9 mi) from Bijapur), the Panhala Fort (20 kilometres (12 mi) from Kolhapur), and Naldurg Fort (45 kilometres (28 mi) from Solapur).[53]Persian artists of the Adil Shahi court have left a rare treasure of miniature paintings, some of which are well preserved in Europe's museums. The earliest miniature paintings are ascribed to the period of Ali Adil Shah I. The most significant of them are the paintings in the manuscript of Nujum-ul-Ulum (Stars of Science) (1570), kept in the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin, which contains about 400 miniature paintings. Two other illustrated manuscripts from the period of Ali Adil Shah I are Jawahir-al Musiqat-i-Muhammadi in the British Library, which contains 48 paintings, and a Marathi commentary of Sarangadeva's Sangita Ratnakara kept in the museum of City Palace, Jaipur, which contains 4 paintings. But the most miniature paintings come from the time of Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II. One of the most celebrated painters of his court was Maulana Farrukh Hussain. The miniature paintings of this period are preserved in the Bikaner Palace, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the British Museum and Victoria and Albert Museum in London, the Muśee Guimet in Paris, the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersberg, and the Náprstek Museum in Prague.[54]Under the Adil Shahi rulers many literary works were published in Dakhani. Ibrahim Adil Shah II himself wrote a book of songs, Kitab-i-Nauras, in Dakhani. This book contains a number of songs whose tunes are set to different ragas and raginis. In his songs, he praised the Hindu goddess Sarasvati along with Muhammad and Sufi saint Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz. A unique tambur (lute) known as Moti Khan was in his possession. The famous Persian poet laureate Muhammad Zuhuri was his court poet. The Mushaira (poetic symposium) was born in the Bijapur court and later travelled north.","title":"Cultural contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charminar-Pride_of_Hyderabad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charminar"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Quli_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Indo-Islamic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abdullah_Qutb_Sh%C3%A1h_on_a_Terrace_with_Attendants.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"fortified city of Golconda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golconda"},{"link_name":"Qutb Shahi tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_tombs"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Quli_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Charminar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charminar"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"Mecca Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkah_Masjid,_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Toli Masjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toli_Masjid"},{"link_name":"Shaikpet Sarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaikpet_Sarai"},{"link_name":"Khairtabad Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khairtabad_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Taramati Baradari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taramati_Baradari"},{"link_name":"Hayat Bakshi Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayat_Bakshi_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Gandikota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandikota"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeZebrowski199947%E2%80%9353,_101%E2%80%93106-55"},{"link_name":"Sindbad Namah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindbad_Namah"},{"link_name":"Khudabaksh Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuda_Bakhsh_Oriental_Library"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeZebrowski199947%E2%80%9353,_191%E2%80%93210-56"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Dakhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhani"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Quli_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Dakhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhini"},{"link_name":"Kshetrayya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kshetrayya"},{"link_name":"Bhadrachala Ramadasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadrachala_Ramadasu"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Qutb_Shah"},{"link_name":"Koka Shastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratirahasya"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Golconda","text":"The Charminar built by Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah is a centerpiece of Hyderabad and one of the most important examples of Indo-Islamic architecture.Abdullah Qutb Shah on a Terrace with Attendants, c. 18th century.Qutb Shahi rulers appointed Hindus in important administrative posts. Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah appointed Murari Rao as Peshwa, second to only Mir Jumla (prime minister).One of the earliest architectural achievements of the Qutb Shahi dynasty is the fortified city of Golconda, which is now in ruins. The nearby Qutb Shahi tombs are also noteworthy.[41] In the 16th century, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah decided to shift the capital to Hyderabad, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of Golconda. Here, he constructed the most original monument in the Deccan, the Charminar, in the heart of the new city.[41] This monument, completed in 1591, has four minarets, each 56 metres (184 ft). The construction of the Mecca Masjid, located immediately south of the Charminar, was started in 1617, during the reign of Muhammad Qutb Shah, but completed only in 1693. The other important monuments of this period are the Toli Masjid, Shaikpet Sarai, Khairtabad Mosque, Taramati Baradari, Hayat Bakshi Mosque, and the Jama Masjid at Gandikota.[55]The Qutb Shahi rulers invited many Persian artists, such as Shaykh Abbasi and Muhammad Zaman, to their court, whose art made a profound impact on the miniature paintings of this period. The earliest miniature paintings were the 126 illustrations in the manuscript of Anwar-i-Suhayli (c. 1550–1560) in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The illustrations Sindbad Namah in the India Office Library and Shirin and Khusrau in the Khudabaksh Library in Patna most probably belong to the reign of Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah. The 5 illustrations in a manuscript of the Diwan-i-Hafiz (c. 1630) in the British Museum, London, belong to the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah. The most outstanding surviving Golconda painting probably is the Procession of Sultan Abdullah Qutb Shah Riding an Elephant (c. 1650) in the Saltykov-Shtshedrine State Public Library in St. Petersberg.[56] Their painting style lasted even after the dynasty was extinct and evolved into the Hyderabad style.The Qutb Shahi rulers were great patrons of literature and invited many scholars, poets, historians and Sufi saints from Iran to settle in their sultanate. The sultans patronised literature in Persian as well as Telugu, the local language. However, the most important contribution of the Golconda Sultanate in the field of literature is the development of the Dakhani language. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah was not only a great patron of art and literature but also a poet of a high order. He wrote in Dakhani, Persian, and Telugu and left an extensive Diwan (collection of poetry) in Dakhani, known as Kulliyat-i-Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah. Apart from the praise of God and the Prophet, he also wrote on nature, love and contemporary social life. Kshetrayya and Bhadrachala Ramadasu are some notable Telugu poets of this period.[57]The Qutb Shahi rulers were much more liberal than their other Muslim counterparts. During the reign of Abdullah Qutb Shah, in 1634, the ancient Indian sex manual Koka Shastra was translated into Persian and named Lazzat-un-Nisa (Flavors of the Woman).[58]","title":"Cultural contributions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sohoni2018_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sohoni2018_1-1"},{"link_name":"The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architecture_of_a_Deccan_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781784537944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784537944"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"p. 269","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.462879/2015.462879.The-History#page/n305/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sen2_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-38060-734-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+deccani+faction&pg=PA45"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300211108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300211108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-7276-407-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7276-407-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=W3tDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+mulk+bahri+dakhani"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Historic Landmarks of the Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YW5CAQAAMAAJ&q=Fathullah+Imad+-+ul+-+Mulk+,+Malik+Hasan+Nizam+-+ul+-+Mulk+,+and+his+son+,+Malik+Ahmad+,+Deccanis+%3B+and+Khudawand+..."},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ferishta_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ferishta_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ferishta_8-2"},{"link_name":"Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firishta"},{"link_name":"Briggs, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Briggs_(East_India_Company_officer)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ&q=adil+shahi+georgian"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210527122156/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Karnataka_History_Administration_Culture/uCYdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=adil+shahi+georgian&dq=adil+shahi+georgian&printsec=frontcover"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/609229"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0041977X00106342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00106342"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"609229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/609229"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162273460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162273460"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=v4UKJFLZVcEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788126002337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126002337"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architecture_of_a_Deccan_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781838609283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838609283"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"500 years of Deccan history fading away due to neglect\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/500-years-of-deccan-history-fading-away-due-to-neglect/articleshow/67267303.cms"},{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181228013113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/500-years-of-deccan-history-fading-away-due-to-neglect/articleshow/67267303.cms"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"The African Dispersal in the Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&dq=bahri+deccani+faction&pg=PA49"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788125004851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125004851"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rnYxEAAAQBAJ&dq=bahmani+convert+bahri&pg=PT110"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781474436106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474436106"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+mulk+bahri+brahmin&pg=PA81"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780253048943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253048943"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYazdani194710_18-0"},{"link_name":"Yazdani 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYazdani1947"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+regent&pg=PA17"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788120826519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120826519"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"History: Mediaeval period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6x8LAQAAIAAJ&q=Fathullah+Imad-ul-Mulk,+massacre"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"History of South India: Medieval period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Y2FDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+mulk+massacre+afaqis"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+deccani+faction&pg=PA45"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300211108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300211108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HDGdDwAAQBAJ&dq=jamal+khan+deccani+massacre&pg=PA90"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781108481939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108481939"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Writing the Mughal World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9mmLOKuzT-IC&dq=nizam+mulk+bahri+massacre&pg=PA184"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780231158114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231158114"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-7276-407-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7276-407-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-michell_274_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-michell_274_26-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-michell_274_26-2"},{"link_name":"The New Cambridge History of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-56321-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"A Historical atlas of South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0226742210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220206065341/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_28-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-7276-407-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7276-407-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen2013118_29-0"},{"link_name":"Sen 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSen2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1996324_30-0"},{"link_name":"Bosworth 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBosworth1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mm_31-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-7276-407-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7276-407-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chaurasia_2002_101_32-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam_2012_101_33-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid/page/6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300211108","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300211108"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788125004851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125004851"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781611680195","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611680195"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521254847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521254847"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788126901234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126901234"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780865439801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865439801"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-michell_275_40-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-56321-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_41-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_41-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_41-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180201205635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"\"Deccani painting\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/art/Deccani-painting"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190127154656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Deccani-painting"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"\"Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140517153058/http://whc.unesco.org:80/en/tentativelists/5887"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-michell_145_44-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-56321-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architecture_of_a_Deccan_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781838609276","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838609276"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210527122156/https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-architecture-of-a-deccan-sultanate-9781838609276/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dissertationreviews.org/archives/2071"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131031073435/http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/2071"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-michell_80_47-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-56321-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-85843-03-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85843-03-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-michel_41_49-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-56321-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYazdani1947152_50-0"},{"link_name":"Yazdani 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYazdani1947"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeZebrowski199914_&_pp.77%E2%80%9380_51-0"},{"link_name":"George & Zebrowski 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGeorgeZebrowski1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-michell_239_52-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-56321-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-michell_86_53-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-56321-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeZebrowski1999161%E2%80%93190_54-0"},{"link_name":"George & Zebrowski 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGeorgeZebrowski1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeZebrowski199947%E2%80%9353,_101%E2%80%93106_55-0"},{"link_name":"George & Zebrowski 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGeorgeZebrowski1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeZebrowski199947%E2%80%9353,_191%E2%80%93210_56-0"},{"link_name":"George & Zebrowski 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGeorgeZebrowski1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"\"Long long ago when faith moved a king\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/long-long-ago-when-faith-moved-a-king/article3227332.ece"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0971-751X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191228165044/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/long-long-ago-when-faith-moved-a-king/article3227332.ece"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"\"Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lazzat-un-nisa-hyderabads-own-kamasutra-back-in-focus/articleshow/67391978.cms"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190105152111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lazzat-un-nisa-hyderabads-own-kamasutra-back-in-focus/articleshow/67391978.cms"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784537944.\n\n^ Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p. 269\n\n^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.\n\n^ Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar · (2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780300211108.\n\n^ Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p. 412\n\n^ Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1951). Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture. Oriental Book Agency. p. 81.\n\n^ Thomas Wolseley Haig · (101). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Pioneer Press. p. 6.\n\n^ a b c Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim (1829). History of the Rise of the Mahometan Power in India, till the year A.D. 1612. Vol. III. Translated by Briggs, John. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green.\n\n^ Bosworth (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.\n\n^ I. M. Muthanna (1977). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. Lotus Printers. p. 120. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.\n\n^ Minorsky, V. (1955). \"The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 17 (1). Cambridge University Press: 50–73. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00106342. JSTOR 609229. S2CID 162273460. Retrieved 20 November 2020.\n\n^ Khan, Masud Husain (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. p. 2. ISBN 9788126002337. Retrieved 20 November 2020.\n\n^ Pushkar Sohoni (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate. Bloomsbury. p. 59. ISBN 9781838609283.\n\n^ \"500 years of Deccan history fading away due to neglect\". The Times of India. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.\n\n^ Shanti Sadiq Ali · (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan. Orient Longman. ISBN 9788125004851.\n\n^ Roy S. Fischel (2020). Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan. ISBN 9781474436106.\n\n^ Keelan Overton (2 June 2020). Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700. Indiana University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780253048943.\n\n^ Yazdani 1947, pp. 10.\n\n^ Radhey Shyam (1966). The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 17. ISBN 9788120826519.\n\n^ History: Mediaeval period. 1967.\n\n^ Pran Nath Chopra; T. K. Ravindran; N. Subrahmanian (1979). History of South India: Medieval period. p. 77.\n\n^ Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar · (2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780300211108.\n\n^ Emma J. Flatt (2019). The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 9781108481939.\n\n^ Muzaffar Alam, Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2012). Writing the Mughal World. p. 184. ISBN 9780231158114.\n\n^ Majumdar, R. C. (ed., 2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp. 415–445\n\n^ a b c Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski. Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, ISBN 0-521-56321-6, p.274\n\n^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147. ISBN 0226742210. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.\n\n^ a b Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp. 463–466\n\n^ Sen 2013, p. 118.\n\n^ Bosworth 1996, p. 324.\n\n^ Majumdar, R. C. (ed., 2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, pp.466–468\n\n^ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. p. 101.\n\n^ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. p. 101.\n\n^ Navina Najat Haidar; Marika Sardar (13 April 2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy (illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 6. ISBN 9780300211108.\n\n^ Shanti Sadiq Ali (1 January 1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Blackswan. p. 112. ISBN 9788125004851.\n\n^ Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2011). Three Ways to be Alien: Travails and Encounters in the Early Modern World (illustrated ed.). UPNE. p. 36. ISBN 9781611680195.\n\n^ Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780521254847.\n\n^ Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (1 January 2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 101. ISBN 9788126901234.\n\n^ Shihan de S. Jayasuriya; Richard Pankhurst (2003). The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean (illustrated ed.). Africa World Press. pp. 196–7. ISBN 9780865439801.\n\n^ Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski. Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999, ISBN 0-521-56321-6, p.275\n\n^ a b c \"The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.\n\n^ \"Deccani painting\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate\". UNESCO World Heritage Center. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014.\n\n^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridgeb: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–151. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.\n\n^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India (1. ed.). London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781838609276. Archived 27 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Sohoni, Pushkar (2010). Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs (Ph.D. thesis). University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014.\n\n^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–86. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.\n\n^ Bhattacharya, D. C. (1962). \"The Nibandhas\". In Radhakrishnan, S. (ed.). The Cultural Heritage of India. Vol. II. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. p. 378. ISBN 81-85843-03-1.\n\n^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.\n\n^ Yazdani 1947, pp. 152.\n\n^ George & Zebrowski 1999, pp. 14 & pp.77–80.\n\n^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–240. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.\n\n^ Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–47, 86–98. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.\n\n^ George & Zebrowski 1999, pp. 161–190.\n\n^ George & Zebrowski 1999, pp. 47–53, 101–106.\n\n^ George & Zebrowski 1999, pp. 47–53, 191–210.\n\n^ Nanisetti, Serish (14 April 2006). \"Long long ago when faith moved a king\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.\n\n^ Akbar, Syed (5 January 2019). \"Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"81-7276-407-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7276-407-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-56321-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6"},{"link_name":"The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architecture_of_a_Deccan_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Bidar, Its History and Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1"}],"text":"Chopra, R.M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi. Revised edition published in 2013.\nMajumdar, R.C. (2006). The Delhi Sultanate. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.\nMajumdar, R.C. (2007). The Mughul Empire. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ISBN 81-7276-407-1.\nMitchell, George; Mark Zebrowski (1999). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.\nRehaman Patel, Islamic Art of North Karnataka, Art & Architecture, May, 2015\nSohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B.Tauris.\nYazdani, Ghulam (1947). Bidar, Its History and Monuments. Oxford University Press.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Painting of the Nizam Shahs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Portrait_of_Burhan_Nizam_Shah_II.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Burhan_Nizam_Shah_II.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hunting party, Deccan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hunting_party_deccan.jpg/220px-Hunting_party_deccan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panorama of the Battle of Talikota (1565). In the right panel, Husain Shah (riding a horse) orders the decapitation of Ramaraya (reigned 1542-65), the defeated ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. Ta'rif-i Husain Shahi (Chronicle of Husain Shah).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Battle_of_Talikota_%28formatted%29.jpg/400px-Battle_of_Talikota_%28formatted%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ibrahim Adil Shah II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Sultan_of_Bijapur.jpg/220px-Ibrahim_Adil_Shah_II_Sultan_of_Bijapur.jpg"},{"image_text":"A manuscript depicting the painting of Abul Hasan Qutb Shah the last ruler of the Golconda Sultanate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Portrait_of_Abu%27l_Hasan%2C.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Abu%27l_Hasan%2C.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bidriware water-pipe base, c. 18th century, Los Angeles County Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Water-Pipe_Base_LACMA_M.2001.101.jpg/220px-Water-Pipe_Base_LACMA_M.2001.101.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gol Gumbaz, mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GolGumbaz2.jpg/220px-GolGumbaz2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Charminar built by Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah is a centerpiece of Hyderabad and one of the most important examples of Indo-Islamic architecture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Charminar-Pride_of_Hyderabad.jpg/220px-Charminar-Pride_of_Hyderabad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abdullah Qutb Shah on a Terrace with Attendants, c. 18th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Abdullah_Qutb_Sh%C3%A1h_on_a_Terrace_with_Attendants.jpg/220px-Abdullah_Qutb_Sh%C3%A1h_on_a_Terrace_with_Attendants.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Malwa Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate"},{"title":"Khandesh Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandesh_Sultanate"},{"title":"Bengal Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate"},{"title":"Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent"},{"title":"Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Shahi%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts"}]
[{"reference":"Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784537944.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architecture_of_a_Deccan_Sultanate","url_text":"The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784537944","url_text":"9781784537944"}]},{"reference":"Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4","url_text":"978-9-38060-734-4"}]},{"reference":"Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar · (2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780300211108.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+deccani+faction&pg=PA45","url_text":"Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300211108","url_text":"9780300211108"}]},{"reference":"Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1951). Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture. Oriental Book Agency. p. 81.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+mulk+bahri+dakhani","url_text":"Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Wolseley Haig · (101). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Pioneer Press. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YW5CAQAAMAAJ&q=Fathullah+Imad+-+ul+-+Mulk+,+Malik+Hasan+Nizam+-+ul+-+Mulk+,+and+his+son+,+Malik+Ahmad+,+Deccanis+%3B+and+Khudawand+...","url_text":"Historic Landmarks of the Deccan"}]},{"reference":"Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim (1829). History of the Rise of the Mahometan Power in India, till the year A.D. 1612. Vol. III. Translated by Briggs, John. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firishta","url_text":"Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Briggs_(East_India_Company_officer)","url_text":"Briggs, John"}]},{"reference":"Bosworth (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"I. M. Muthanna (1977). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. Lotus Printers. p. 120. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ&q=adil+shahi+georgian","url_text":"Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122156/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Karnataka_History_Administration_Culture/uCYdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=adil+shahi+georgian&dq=adil+shahi+georgian&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Minorsky, V. (1955). \"The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)\". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 17 (1). Cambridge University Press: 50–73. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00106342. JSTOR 609229. S2CID 162273460. Retrieved 20 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/609229","url_text":"\"The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00106342","url_text":"10.1017/S0041977X00106342"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/609229","url_text":"609229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162273460","url_text":"162273460"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Masud Husain (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. p. 2. ISBN 9788126002337. Retrieved 20 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v4UKJFLZVcEC","url_text":"Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126002337","url_text":"9788126002337"}]},{"reference":"Pushkar Sohoni (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate. Bloomsbury. p. 59. ISBN 9781838609283.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architecture_of_a_Deccan_Sultanate","url_text":"The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838609283","url_text":"9781838609283"}]},{"reference":"\"500 years of Deccan history fading away due to neglect\". The Times of India. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/500-years-of-deccan-history-fading-away-due-to-neglect/articleshow/67267303.cms","url_text":"\"500 years of Deccan history fading away due to neglect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181228013113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/500-years-of-deccan-history-fading-away-due-to-neglect/articleshow/67267303.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shanti Sadiq Ali · (1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan. Orient Longman. ISBN 9788125004851.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&dq=bahri+deccani+faction&pg=PA49","url_text":"The African Dispersal in the Deccan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125004851","url_text":"9788125004851"}]},{"reference":"Roy S. Fischel (2020). Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan. ISBN 9781474436106.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rnYxEAAAQBAJ&dq=bahmani+convert+bahri&pg=PT110","url_text":"Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474436106","url_text":"9781474436106"}]},{"reference":"Keelan Overton (2 June 2020). Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700. Indiana University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780253048943.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+mulk+bahri+brahmin&pg=PA81","url_text":"Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253048943","url_text":"9780253048943"}]},{"reference":"Radhey Shyam (1966). The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 17. ISBN 9788120826519.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+regent&pg=PA17","url_text":"The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120826519","url_text":"9788120826519"}]},{"reference":"History: Mediaeval period. 1967.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6x8LAQAAIAAJ&q=Fathullah+Imad-ul-Mulk,+massacre","url_text":"History: Mediaeval period"}]},{"reference":"Pran Nath Chopra; T. K. Ravindran; N. Subrahmanian (1979). History of South India: Medieval period. p. 77.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2FDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+mulk+massacre+afaqis","url_text":"History of South India: Medieval period"}]},{"reference":"Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar · (2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780300211108.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+deccani+faction&pg=PA45","url_text":"Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300211108","url_text":"9780300211108"}]},{"reference":"Emma J. Flatt (2019). The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates. Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 9781108481939.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HDGdDwAAQBAJ&dq=jamal+khan+deccani+massacre&pg=PA90","url_text":"The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108481939","url_text":"9781108481939"}]},{"reference":"Muzaffar Alam, Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2012). Writing the Mughal World. p. 184. ISBN 9780231158114.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9mmLOKuzT-IC&dq=nizam+mulk+bahri+massacre&pg=PA184","url_text":"Writing the Mughal World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231158114","url_text":"9780231158114"}]},{"reference":"Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147. ISBN 0226742210. Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076","url_text":"A Historical atlas of South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210","url_text":"0226742210"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065341/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. p. 101.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). Courtly Encounters: Translating Courtliness and Violence in Early Modern Eurasia. p. 101.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Navina Najat Haidar; Marika Sardar (13 April 2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy (illustrated ed.). Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 6. ISBN 9780300211108.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid","url_text":"Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid/page/6","url_text":"6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300211108","url_text":"9780300211108"}]},{"reference":"Shanti Sadiq Ali (1 January 1996). The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Blackswan. p. 112. ISBN 9788125004851.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125004851","url_text":"9788125004851"}]},{"reference":"Sanjay Subrahmanyam (2011). Three Ways to be Alien: Travails and Encounters in the Early Modern World (illustrated ed.). UPNE. p. 36. ISBN 9781611680195.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611680195","url_text":"9781611680195"}]},{"reference":"Richard M. Eaton (17 November 2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1 (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780521254847.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521254847","url_text":"9780521254847"}]},{"reference":"Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (1 January 2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 101. ISBN 9788126901234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126901234","url_text":"9788126901234"}]},{"reference":"Shihan de S. Jayasuriya; Richard Pankhurst (2003). The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean (illustrated ed.). Africa World Press. pp. 196–7. ISBN 9780865439801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865439801","url_text":"9780865439801"}]},{"reference":"\"The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 28 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/","url_text":"\"The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201205635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Deccani painting\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/art/Deccani-painting","url_text":"\"Deccani painting\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190127154656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Deccani-painting","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate\". UNESCO World Heritage Center. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/","url_text":"\"Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153058/http://whc.unesco.org:80/en/tentativelists/5887","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridgeb: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–151. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6","url_text":"0-521-56321-6"}]},{"reference":"Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India (1. ed.). London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781838609276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architecture_of_a_Deccan_Sultanate","url_text":"The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838609276","url_text":"9781838609276"}]},{"reference":"Sohoni, Pushkar (2010). Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs (Ph.D. thesis). University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/2071","url_text":"Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031073435/http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/2071","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–86. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6","url_text":"0-521-56321-6"}]},{"reference":"Bhattacharya, D. C. (1962). \"The Nibandhas\". In Radhakrishnan, S. (ed.). The Cultural Heritage of India. Vol. II. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. p. 378. ISBN 81-85843-03-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85843-03-1","url_text":"81-85843-03-1"}]},{"reference":"Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6","url_text":"0-521-56321-6"}]},{"reference":"Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 239–240. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6","url_text":"0-521-56321-6"}]},{"reference":"Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). \"Chapter 7: Architecture and Art of the Deccan sultanates\". The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 41–47, 86–98. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6","url_text":"0-521-56321-6"}]},{"reference":"Nanisetti, Serish (14 April 2006). \"Long long ago when faith moved a king\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/long-long-ago-when-faith-moved-a-king/article3227332.ece","url_text":"\"Long long ago when faith moved a king\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228165044/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/long-long-ago-when-faith-moved-a-king/article3227332.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Akbar, Syed (5 January 2019). \"Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lazzat-un-nisa-hyderabads-own-kamasutra-back-in-focus/articleshow/67391978.cms","url_text":"\"Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190105152111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lazzat-un-nisa-hyderabads-own-kamasutra-back-in-focus/articleshow/67391978.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Majumdar, R.C. (2006). The Delhi Sultanate. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Majumdar, R.C. (2007). The Mughul Empire. Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. ISBN 81-7276-407-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7276-407-1","url_text":"81-7276-407-1"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, George; Mark Zebrowski (1999). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56321-6","url_text":"0-521-56321-6"}]},{"reference":"Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B.Tauris.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Architecture_of_a_Deccan_Sultanate","url_text":"The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India"}]},{"reference":"Yazdani, Ghulam (1947). Bidar, Its History and Monuments. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1","url_text":"Bidar, Its History and Monuments"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.462879/2015.462879.The-History#page/n305/mode/2up","external_links_name":"p. 269"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+deccani+faction&pg=PA45","external_links_name":"Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W3tDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+mulk+bahri+dakhani","external_links_name":"Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YW5CAQAAMAAJ&q=Fathullah+Imad+-+ul+-+Mulk+,+Malik+Hasan+Nizam+-+ul+-+Mulk+,+and+his+son+,+Malik+Ahmad+,+Deccanis+%3B+and+Khudawand+...","external_links_name":"Historic Landmarks of the Deccan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uCYdAAAAMAAJ&q=adil+shahi+georgian","external_links_name":"Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122156/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Karnataka_History_Administration_Culture/uCYdAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=adil+shahi+georgian&dq=adil+shahi+georgian&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/609229","external_links_name":"\"The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00106342","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0041977X00106342"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/609229","external_links_name":"609229"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162273460","external_links_name":"162273460"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v4UKJFLZVcEC","external_links_name":"Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/500-years-of-deccan-history-fading-away-due-to-neglect/articleshow/67267303.cms","external_links_name":"\"500 years of Deccan history fading away due to neglect\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181228013113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/500-years-of-deccan-history-fading-away-due-to-neglect/articleshow/67267303.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&dq=bahri+deccani+faction&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"The African Dispersal in the Deccan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rnYxEAAAQBAJ&dq=bahmani+convert+bahri&pg=PT110","external_links_name":"Local States in an Imperial World: Identity, Society and Politics in the Early Modern Deccan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_yHXDwAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+mulk+bahri+brahmin&pg=PA81","external_links_name":"Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5C4hBqKdkEsC&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+regent&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6x8LAQAAIAAJ&q=Fathullah+Imad-ul-Mulk,+massacre","external_links_name":"History: Mediaeval period"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2FDAAAAYAAJ&q=nizam+mulk+massacre+afaqis","external_links_name":"History of South India: Medieval period"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oi4nBwAAQBAJ&dq=nizam+ul+mulk+bahri+deccani+faction&pg=PA45","external_links_name":"Sultans of Deccan India, 1500-1700"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HDGdDwAAQBAJ&dq=jamal+khan+deccani+massacre&pg=PA90","external_links_name":"The Courts of the Deccan Sultanates"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9mmLOKuzT-IC&dq=nizam+mulk+bahri+massacre&pg=PA184","external_links_name":"Writing the Mughal World"},{"Link":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076","external_links_name":"A Historical atlas of South Asia"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220206065341/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid","external_links_name":"Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid/page/6","external_links_name":"6"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/","external_links_name":"\"The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180201205635/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/art/Deccani-painting","external_links_name":"\"Deccani painting\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190127154656/https://www.britannica.com/art/Deccani-painting","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/","external_links_name":"\"Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153058/http://whc.unesco.org:80/en/tentativelists/5887","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210527122156/https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/the-architecture-of-a-deccan-sultanate-9781838609276/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/2071","external_links_name":"Local Idioms and Global Designs: Architecture of the Nizam Shahs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031073435/http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/2071","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/long-long-ago-when-faith-moved-a-king/article3227332.ece","external_links_name":"\"Long long ago when faith moved a king\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191228165044/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-youngworld/long-long-ago-when-faith-moved-a-king/article3227332.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lazzat-un-nisa-hyderabads-own-kamasutra-back-in-focus/articleshow/67391978.cms","external_links_name":"\"Lazzat-Un-Nisa: Hyderabad's own Kamasutra back in focus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190105152111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/lazzat-un-nisa-hyderabads-own-kamasutra-back-in-focus/articleshow/67391978.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1","external_links_name":"Bidar, Its History and Monuments"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170531032835/http://golgumbad.com/","external_links_name":"A website on Bijapur Sultanate"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130615083609/http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2820/stories/20111007282006200.htm","external_links_name":"Monuments of Deccan Sultanates and other Islamic Monuments of India"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_giant_salamander
Japanese giant salamander
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Behavior","4 Lifecycle","5 Conservation","5.1 Threats","5.2 Status","5.3 Efforts","6 Cultural references","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Species of amphibian Japanese giant salamander Japanese giant salamander in Tottori Prefecture, Japan Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Urodela Family: Cryptobranchidae Genus: Andrias Species: A. japonicus Binomial name Andrias japonicus(Temminck, 1836) Japanese giant salamander range Synonyms List Triton japonicus Temminck, 1836 Megalobatrachus sieboldi Tschudi, 1837 Salamandra maxima Schlegel, 1837 Hydrosalamandra japonica — Leuckart, 1840 Sieboldia maxima — Gray, 1850 Cryptobranchus japonicus — Van der Hoeven, 1838 Salamandra gigas A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854 Tritomegas sieboldii — A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854 Megalobatrachus maximus — Boulenger, 1882 Cryptobranchus maximus — Chapman, 1893 Andrias japonicus — Lapparent, 1900 Japanese giant salamanders in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, showing notable color variation among individuals within the same population. Andrias japonicus skull The Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) is a species of fully aquatic giant salamander endemic to Japan, occurring across the western portion of the main island of Honshu, with smaller populations present on Shikoku and in northern Kyushu. With a length of up to 5 feet (1.5 m), it is the third-largest salamander in the world, only being surpassed by the very similar and closely related Chinese giant salamander and the South China giant salamander. It is known in Japanese as Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚), literally meaning "giant salamander". Other local names include Hanzaki, Hanzake, and Ankou. This salamander was first catalogued by Europeans when the resident physician of Dejima Island in Nagasaki, Philipp Franz von Siebold, captured an individual and shipped it back to Leiden in the Netherlands, in the 1820s. The species was designated as a special natural monument in 1951, and is protected by the Central Government. It is one of the only six species of giant salamanders in the world. Description The Japanese giant salamander can grow to a length of 5 feet (1.5 m) and a weight of 55 pounds (25 kg). The largest wild specimen on record weighed 58 lb (26.3 kg) and was 4.46 ft (136 cm) long. It is the third-largest amphibian in the world, only smaller than its close relatives, the South China giant salamander and the Chinese giant salamander. The brown and black mottled skin of A. japonicus provides camouflage against the bottoms of streams and rivers. Its body surface is covered with numerous small warts with distinctive warts concentrating on its head. It has very small eyes with no eyelids and poor eye sight. Its mouth extends across the width of its head, and can open to the width of its body. A. japonicus possesses large skin folds on its neck that effectively increase its overall body surface area. This assists in epidermal gas exchanges, which in turn regulates carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange with the water. Capillaries in the surface of the skin facilitate this gas exchange. The skin folds along each side of the body are more pronounced in the hellbender than in the Japanese giant salamander. The Japanese giant salamander can be distinguished from the Chinese giant salamander by the arrangement of tubercles on the head and throat. The tubercles are larger and more numerous compared to the mostly single and irregularly scattered tubercles of the Chinese giant salamander. The snout is also more rounded, and the tail is slightly shorter. Adult males develop enlarged cloacal glands during the breeding season. Compared to an adult female, an adult male typically possesses a larger and wider head in proportion to its body. It is difficult to distinguish sex outside of the breeding season. Distribution The Japanese giant salamander occurs in southwestern Japan (west of Gifu Prefecture in Honshu and parts of Shikoku and Kyushu). In particular, Okayama, Hyogo, Shimane, Tottori, Yamaguchi, Mie, Ehime, Gifu, and Ōita Prefecture are known to harbor its robust populations. They are typically found in fast-flowing mountain streams of these prefectures. It has been speculated that some of the populations in Wakayama Prefecture were introduced by humans and it is unknown whether naturally-distributed populations exist in Wakayama Prefecture. The Japanese giant salamander occurs in freshwater habitats ranging from relatively large river (20-50 m) to small headwater streams (0.5 - 4 m). Smaller breeding adults tend to use small headwater streams presumably in order to avoid intraspecific competition with larger individuals in larger streams. Mark-recapture records suggest that giant salamanders migrate between a mainstem and tributaries of the same river. Environmental DNA surveys and the following physical field surveys suggest that small headwater streams likely serve as important habitats for juveniles and larvae. While habitat degradation threatens the Japanese giant salamander, it can inhabit disturbed streams surrounded by agriculture fields such as rice paddy fields. Adults appear to do well in a stream surrounded by rice paddy fields because rice paddy fields provide habitats for frogs, which serve as primary diet for adult giant salamanders in such a stream. However, streams surrounded by rice paddy fields are typically characterized by agricultural dams and concrete stream banks, which likely imposes a negative impact on their reproduction and thus result in low recruitment. Behavior The Japanese giant salamander is restricted to streams with clear, cool water. Due to its large size and lack of gills, it is confined to flowing water where oxygen is abundant. it is entirely aquatic and almost entirely nocturnal. Unlike typical pond-breeding salamanders whose juveniles migrate to land after losing their gills through metamorphosis, it stays in the aquatic habitat even after metamorphosis and breaches its head above the surface to obtain air without venturing out of the water and onto land. The salamander also absorbs oxygen through its skin, which has many folds to increase surface area. When threatened, the Japanese giant salamander can excrete a strong-smelling, milky substance. It has very poor eyesight, and possesses special sensory cells covering its skin, running from head to toe, the lateral line system. These sensory cells' hair-like shapes detect minute vibrations in the environment, and are quite similar to the hair cells of the human inner ear. This feature is essential for hunting prey due to its poor eyesight. Adults feed mainly on freshwater crabs, other crustaceans, worms, insects, frogs, and fish. It has a very slow metabolism and can sometimes go for weeks without eating. It lacks natural competitors. It is a long-lived species, with the captive record being an individual that lived in the Natura Artis Magistra, the Netherlands, for 52 years. In the wild, it may live for nearly 80 years. Lifecycle The Japanese giant salamander remains in bodies of water its entire life. During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Because of the limited availability of suitable nesting sites, only large and competitive males are able to occupy nesting sites and become den masters. A den master diligently cleans his den guards his den against intruders including other males who try to steal the den while allowing a sexually active female enter the den. Mating begins as the female starts laying eggs and the den master starts releasing sperm, which often stimulate other subordinate males hiding around the den to enter the den and join the mating. As a result, a single female often mates with multiple males. The den master stays in the den with the fertilized eggs while the other males and the female leave the den. He provides parental care for the embryos by guarding the eggs and fanning water over them with his tail to increase oxygen flow. As the den-master kicks his back legs and fans with his tail, organic debris is swept out of the nest and carried away from the nest from the water current. If this behavior were not performed, organic material would build up in the nest and lead to water mold infection. Therefore, the behavior is classified as pre-ovipositional parental care. The den-master continues providing parental care for the hatchlings until the following spring when the larvae start dispersing from the nest. Researchers also observed that den masters consumed eggs and larvae that showed the sign of failed fertilization, death, or water mold infection. The researchers termed the behavior of selectively eating his own eggs or larvae "hygienic filial cannibalism" and hypothesize that this behavior importantly increases the survivorship of the remaining offspring by preventing water mold infection on the dead offspring from spreading over the healthy offspring. Conservation Threats The Japanese giant salamander is threatened by pollution, habitat loss (among other changes, by the silting up of the rivers where it lives), dams and concrete banks, and invasive species. In particular, it is important to note that the construction of concrete streambanks and agricultural dams throughout the distribution range has imposed a significant negative impact on giant salamanders. Concrete banks have deprived of habitats suited for nesting sites, and dams block migration paths and have caused habitat fragmentation. With the ongoing climate change, it is predicted that frequency and intensity of rainstorms in Japan will increase. These rainstorms will likely destroy stream banks more frequently, which could result in the construction of more flood-control dams and concrete banks. Introgressive hybridization between the native Japanese giant salamander and the introduced Chinese giant salamander (A. davidianus) is one of the major conservation challenges. It has been suggested that although the details are not known, the Chinese giant salamanders imported for food to Japan in 1972 were the sources of the ongoing introgressive hybridization. In Kamo River in Kyoto Prefecture, the study conducted from 2011 to 2013 found that 95% of the captured giant salamanders were hybrids. The introgressive hybridization appears to be spreading across several watersheds. Although the Chinese giant salamander has recently been split up into multiple species, recent genetic studies have confirmed that the Chinese giant salamander introduced to Japan is the initially described Chinese species, A. davidianus. In some regions, giant salamanders used to be hunted as a source of food, but hunting has ceased because of the protection acts established after World War II. Preserved specimen kept at Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NL) Status As of 2022 the Japanese giant salamander is considered Vulnerable by IUCN, and is included on CITES Appendix I. It is considered Vulnerable by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment. Additionally, it has been given the highest protection as a "Special Natural Monument" by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs since 1952 due to its cultural and educational significance. Efforts Despite the national protection and conservation status, there have been no conservation programs or actions initiated by the government agencies. Instead, nonprofit organizations such as the Japanese Giant Salamander Society and the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan have organized volunteers to conduct population assessments in some areas. The Japanese Giant Salamander Society also organizes annual meetings to promote the conservation education and information sharing about the species. There is no range-wide conservation or recovery program, which is essential to the conservation of the species whose populations have been declining throughout its range. The Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park of Japan was the first domestic organization to successfully breed Japanese giant salamanders in captivity. Several of their offspring were given to the National Zoo of the United States to establish a breeding program. Although Asa Zoological Park has not released any offspring to streams, it has a capacity to carry out a headstarting program if needed. Cultural references Ukiyo-e print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi depicting a giant salamander being stabbed by the samurai Hanagami Danjō no jō Arakage The Japanese giant salamander has been the subject of legend and artwork in Japan, for example, in the ukiyo-e work by Utagawa Kuniyoshi. The well-known Japanese mythological creature known as the kappa may be inspired by the Japanese giant salamander. There is a giant salamander festival every year on August 8 in Yubara, Maniwa City, Okayama prefecture to honour the animal and celebrate its life. The giant salamanders are called "Hanzaki" in Yubara, due to the belief that even if they are ripped in half (han) they continue to survive. There are two giant salamander floats: a dark male and a red female. As of 2017, a picture book entitled "Zakihan" was also published in both Japanese and English wherein the main character is a "hanzaki" called "Zakihan". See also List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments Amphibians portal References ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Japanese Giant Salamander". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ "Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836)". Research.amnh.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2010-02-04. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14. ^ a b Andrias japonicus - Amphibiaweb ^ a b "What is the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan?". 日本ハンザキ研究所 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ "ハンザケ資料展示室". よりみちにちなん (in Japanese). 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ オオサンショウウオ (in Japanese). The Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2011-09-24. ^ Tochimoto, pers. com> ^ "Newly described Chinese giant salamander may be world's largest amphibian". 17 September 2019. ^ a b c "Japanese Giant Salamander". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-06-13. ^ "Andrias japonicus". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2018-03-28. ^ "AmphibiaWeb - Andrias japonicus". ^ "Natural Monuments in Japan (Animals and Plants)". ^ Shimizu, Zenkichi; Tamai, Sumio (2016). "Records of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus from Wakayama Prefecture, Japan". The Nanki Seibutsu. 58: 99–106. ^ a b c d e Okada, Sumio; Utsunomiya, Taeko; Okada, Tamami; Felix, Zachary; Ito, Fumihiko (2008). "Characteristics of Japanese Giant Salamander (Andronias japonicus) populations in two small tributary streams in Hiroshima Prefecture, Western Honshu, Japan". Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 3: 192–202. ^ a b c d e Bjordahl, Brianna; Okada, Sumio; Takahashi, Mizuki (2020). "Assessment of small tributaries as possible habitats for larvae and juveniles of Japanese giant salamanders, Andrias japonicus, by coupling environmental DNA with traditional field surveys". Salamandra. 56: 148–158. ^ The Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Facts on File Inc. 1986. ISBN 0-8160-1359-4. ^ "Andrias japonicus". Animal Diversity Web. ^ Kuwabara, K.; Ashikaga, K.; Minamigawa, N.; Nakanishi, M.; Shimada, H.; Kamata, H.; Fukumoto, Y. (2005). "The breeding ecology and conservation of the Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus, at Shijihara and Kamiishi in Tokyohira-cho, Hiroshima Prefecture". Natural History of Nishi-Chugoku Mountains. 10: 101-133 (in Japanese with English abstract). ^ Terry, J.; Taguchi, Y.; Dixon, J.; Kuwabara, K.; Takahashi, M. K. (2019). "Preoviposition paternal care in a fully aquatic giant salamander: nest cleaning by a den master". Journal of Zoology. 307 (1): 36–42. doi:10.1111/jzo.12615. ISSN 1469-7998. S2CID 92209611. ^ a b Okada, Sumio; Fukuda, Yukihiro; Takahashi, Mizuki (2015). "Paternal care behaviors of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus in natural populations". Journal of Ethology. 33: 1–7. doi:10.1007/s10164-014-0413-5. ^ Terry, J., Taguchi, Y., Dixon, J., Kuwabara, K., & Takahashi, M. K. (2019). Preoviposition paternal care in a fully aquatic giant salamander: nest cleaning by a den master. Journal of Zoology, 307(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12615 ^ a b Takahashi, M. K.; Okada, S.; Fukuda, Y. (2017). "From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander". Journal of Zoology. 302 (1): 24–31. doi:10.1111/jzo.12433. ISSN 1469-7998. ^ a b c d Matsui, Masafumi (2014). "Confirmation of genetic pollution of alien Chinese giant salamander on native Japanese species (In Japanese)" (PDF). ^ Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, & Japan Meteorological Agency (2018): Climate change in Japan and its impacts. – Synthesis Report on Observations, Projections and Impact Assessments of Climate Change, 2018. ^ "Chinese Giant Salamander / National Institute for Environmental Studies Invasive Species Database (In Japanese)". www.nies.go.jp. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ a b Nishikawa, Kanto; Matsui, Masafumi; Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko; Tominaga, Atsushi; Eto, Koshiro; Fukuyama, Ibuki; Fukutani, Kazumi; Matsubara, Kohei; Hattori, Yasunari; Iwato, Shohei; Sato, Tsukasa; Shimizu, Zenkichi; Onuma, Hirokazu; Hara, Sotaro (2024-01-31). "Discovery of ex situ individuals of Andrias sligoi, an extremely endangered species and one of the largest amphibians worldwide". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 2575. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52907-6. hdl:2433/286948. ISSN 2045-2322. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18. ^ Ministry of the Environment (2006): Japan Ministry of the Environment Red List. ^ Agency for Cultural Affairs (1952): Nationally Designated Important Cultural Properties. ^ "HOME | oosan-kai". www.giantsalamander.net (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-05-01. ^ "What is the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan? - 日本ハンザキ研究所". www.hanzaki.net (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-05-01. ^ Kuwabara, K.; Suzuki, N.; Wakabayashi, F.; Ashikaga, H.; Inoue, T.; Kobara, J. (1989). "Breeding the Japanese Giant Salamander at Asa Zoological Park". International Zoo Yearbook. 1989: 22–31. ^ "Japanese Giant Salamanders at the Zoo". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 2016-06-13. ^ "River Monsters" programme 6 Series 3 directed by Duncan Chard, screened in UK on ITV1 14.02.2012 at 19.30 ^ "AltJapan: Hanzaki Matsuri Dakara". altjapan.typepad.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25. Further reading Stejneger L (1907). Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory. United States National Museum Bulletin 58. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. xx + 577 pp. (Megalobatrachus japonicus, pp. 6–11). Temminck CJ (1836). Coup-d'oeil sur la Faune des Iles de la Sonde et de l'Empire du Japon. Discours préliminaire destiné à servir d'introduction à la Faune du Japon. Amsterdam: Müller. 30 pp. (Triton japonicus, new species). (in French). External links Wikispecies has information related to Andrias japonicus. Media related to Andrias japonicus at Wikimedia Commons Andrias japonicus at CalPhotos Discovery Channel Video on the giant salamander BBC report Authority control databases: National Israel United States Japan Taxon identifiersAndrias japonicus Wikidata: Q112045 Wikispecies: Andrias japonicus ADW: Andrias_japonicus AmphibiaWeb: 3859 ASW: Andrias-japonicus BOLD: 79308 CoL: DTJR EoL: 319982 GBIF: 2432039 iNaturalist: 26811 IRMNG: 10591637 ITIS: 550259 IUCN: 1273 NCBI: 166789 Observation.org: 201636 Open Tree of Life: 954050 Paleobiology Database: 191095 Species+: 7171 Triton japonicus Wikidata: Q122904930 GBIF: 7420534
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_giant_salamanders_in_Tottori_Prefecture,_Japan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrias_japonicus_MHNT_AMP_15_Skull.jpg"},{"link_name":"giant salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_salamander"},{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amphibiaweb-4"},{"link_name":"salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamander"},{"link_name":"Chinese giant salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_giant_salamander"},{"link_name":"South China giant salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_giant_salamander"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Dejima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejima"},{"link_name":"Philipp Franz von Siebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Japanese giant salamanders in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, showing notable color variation among individuals within the same population.Andrias japonicus skullThe Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) is a species of fully aquatic giant salamander endemic to Japan, occurring across the western portion of the main island of Honshu, with smaller populations present on Shikoku and in northern Kyushu. With a length of up to 5 feet (1.5 m),[4] it is the third-largest salamander in the world, only being surpassed by the very similar and closely related Chinese giant salamander and the South China giant salamander.It is known in Japanese as Ōsanshōuo (オオサンショウウオ/大山椒魚), literally meaning \"giant salamander\". Other local names include Hanzaki[5], Hanzake[6], and Ankou.[5] This salamander was first catalogued by Europeans when the resident physician of Dejima Island in Nagasaki, Philipp Franz von Siebold, captured an individual and shipped it back to Leiden in the Netherlands, in the 1820s. The species was designated as a special natural monument in 1951, and is protected by the Central Government.[7] It is one of the only six species of giant salamanders in the world.","title":"Japanese giant salamander"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"South China giant salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_giant_salamander"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chinese giant salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_giant_salamander"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natlzoo-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"tubercles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amphibiaweb.org-12"}],"text":"The Japanese giant salamander can grow to a length of 5 feet (1.5 m) and a weight of 55 pounds (25 kg). The largest wild specimen on record weighed 58 lb (26.3 kg) and was 4.46 ft (136 cm) long.[8] It is the third-largest amphibian in the world, only smaller than its close relatives, the South China giant salamander[9] and the Chinese giant salamander. The brown and black mottled skin of A. japonicus provides camouflage against the bottoms of streams and rivers. Its body surface is covered with numerous small warts with distinctive warts concentrating on its head. It has very small eyes with no eyelids and poor eye sight. Its mouth extends across the width of its head, and can open to the width of its body.[10]A. japonicus possesses large skin folds on its neck that effectively increase its overall body surface area. This assists in epidermal gas exchanges, which in turn regulates carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange with the water. Capillaries in the surface of the skin facilitate this gas exchange.[11] The skin folds along each side of the body are more pronounced in the hellbender than in the Japanese giant salamander.The Japanese giant salamander can be distinguished from the Chinese giant salamander by the arrangement of tubercles on the head and throat. The tubercles are larger and more numerous compared to the mostly single and irregularly scattered tubercles of the Chinese giant salamander. The snout is also more rounded, and the tail is slightly shorter.[12]Adult males develop enlarged cloacal glands during the breeding season. Compared to an adult female, an adult male typically possesses a larger and wider head in proportion to its body. It is difficult to distinguish sex outside of the breeding season.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"}],"text":"The Japanese giant salamander occurs in southwestern Japan (west of Gifu Prefecture in Honshu and parts of Shikoku and Kyushu). In particular, Okayama, Hyogo, Shimane, Tottori, Yamaguchi, Mie, Ehime, Gifu, and Ōita Prefecture are known to harbor its robust populations.[13] They are typically found in fast-flowing mountain streams of these prefectures. It has been speculated that some of the populations in Wakayama Prefecture were introduced by humans and it is unknown whether naturally-distributed populations exist in Wakayama Prefecture.[14]The Japanese giant salamander occurs in freshwater habitats ranging from relatively large river (20-50 m) to small headwater streams (0.5 - 4 m).[15][16] Smaller breeding adults tend to use small headwater streams presumably in order to avoid intraspecific competition with larger individuals in larger streams.[16] Mark-recapture records suggest that giant salamanders migrate between a mainstem and tributaries of the same river.[16] Environmental DNA surveys and the following physical field surveys suggest that small headwater streams likely serve as important habitats for juveniles and larvae.[16] While habitat degradation threatens the Japanese giant salamander, it can inhabit disturbed streams surrounded by agriculture fields such as rice paddy fields.[15] Adults appear to do well in a stream surrounded by rice paddy fields because rice paddy fields provide habitats for frogs, which serve as primary diet for adult giant salamanders in such a stream.[15] However, streams surrounded by rice paddy fields are typically characterized by agricultural dams and concrete stream banks, which likely imposes a negative impact on their reproduction and thus result in low recruitment.[15]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"streams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal"},{"link_name":"gills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natlzoo-10"},{"link_name":"lateral line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"hair cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_cell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-natlzoo-10"},{"link_name":"Natura Artis Magistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_Artis_Magistra"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amphibiaweb-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Japanese giant salamander is restricted to streams with clear, cool water. Due to its large size and lack of gills, it is confined to flowing water where oxygen is abundant.[17] it is entirely aquatic and almost entirely nocturnal. Unlike typical pond-breeding salamanders whose juveniles migrate to land after losing their gills through metamorphosis, it stays in the aquatic habitat even after metamorphosis and breaches its head above the surface to obtain air without venturing out of the water and onto land. The salamander also absorbs oxygen through its skin, which has many folds to increase surface area.[10]When threatened, the Japanese giant salamander can excrete a strong-smelling, milky substance. It has very poor eyesight, and possesses special sensory cells covering its skin, running from head to toe, the lateral line system. These sensory cells' hair-like shapes detect minute vibrations in the environment, and are quite similar to the hair cells of the human inner ear. This feature is essential for hunting prey due to its poor eyesight.Adults feed mainly on freshwater crabs, other crustaceans, worms, insects,[18] frogs, and fish. It has a very slow metabolism and can sometimes go for weeks without eating.[10] It lacks natural competitors. It is a long-lived species, with the captive record being an individual that lived in the Natura Artis Magistra, the Netherlands, for 52 years.[4] In the wild, it may live for nearly 80 years.[citation needed]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-23"},{"link_name":"water mold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-23"}],"text":"The Japanese giant salamander remains in bodies of water its entire life. During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries.[19] Because of the limited availability of suitable nesting sites, only large and competitive males are able to occupy nesting sites and become den masters. A den master diligently cleans his den[20] guards his den against intruders including other males who try to steal the den while allowing a sexually active female enter the den. Mating begins as the female starts laying eggs and the den master starts releasing sperm, which often stimulate other subordinate males hiding around the den to enter the den and join the mating. As a result, a single female often mates with multiple males. The den master stays in the den with the fertilized eggs while the other males and the female leave the den. He provides parental care for the embryos by guarding the eggs and fanning water over them with his tail to increase oxygen flow.[21] As the den-master kicks his back legs and fans with his tail, organic debris is swept out of the nest and carried away from the nest from the water current. If this behavior were not performed, organic material would build up in the nest and lead to water mold infection. Therefore, the behavior is classified as pre-ovipositional parental care.[22] The den-master continues providing parental care for the hatchlings until the following spring when the larvae start dispersing from the nest.[23] Researchers also observed that den masters consumed eggs and larvae that showed the sign of failed fertilization, death, or water mold infection.[21][23] The researchers termed the behavior of selectively eating his own eggs or larvae \"hygienic filial cannibalism\" and hypothesize that this behavior importantly increases the survivorship of the remaining offspring by preventing water mold infection on the dead offspring from spreading over the healthy offspring.","title":"Lifecycle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_loss"},{"link_name":"silting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silting"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Introgressive hybridization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introgression"},{"link_name":"Chinese giant salamander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_giant_salamander"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-27"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrias_japonicus_(Temminck,_1836)_2434418468.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrias_japonicus_(Temminck,_1836)_2434418468_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrias_japonicus_(Temminck,_1836)_2434418468_(3).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrias_japonicus_(Temminck,_1836)_2434418468_(4).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrias_japonicus_(Temminck,_1836)_2434418468_(5).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Threats","text":"The Japanese giant salamander is threatened by pollution, habitat loss (among other changes, by the silting up of the rivers where it lives), dams and concrete banks, and invasive species.[15][16][24][1] In particular, it is important to note that the construction of concrete streambanks and agricultural dams throughout the distribution range has imposed a significant negative impact on giant salamanders. Concrete banks have deprived of habitats suited for nesting sites, and dams block migration paths and have caused habitat fragmentation. With the ongoing climate change, it is predicted that frequency and intensity of rainstorms in Japan will increase.[25] These rainstorms will likely destroy stream banks more frequently, which could result in the construction of more flood-control dams and concrete banks.Introgressive hybridization between the native Japanese giant salamander and the introduced Chinese giant salamander (A. davidianus) is one of the major conservation challenges.[24] It has been suggested that although the details are not known, the Chinese giant salamanders imported for food to Japan in 1972 were the sources of the ongoing introgressive hybridization.[26][27] In Kamo River in Kyoto Prefecture, the study conducted from 2011 to 2013 found that 95% of the captured giant salamanders were hybrids.[24] The introgressive hybridization appears to be spreading across several watersheds.[24] Although the Chinese giant salamander has recently been split up into multiple species, recent genetic studies have confirmed that the Chinese giant salamander introduced to Japan is the initially described Chinese species, A. davidianus.[27]In some regions, giant salamanders used to be hunted as a source of food, but hunting has ceased because of the protection acts established after World War II.Preserved specimen kept at Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NL)","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Status","text":"As of 2022 the Japanese giant salamander is considered Vulnerable by IUCN,[1] and is included on CITES Appendix I.[28] It is considered Vulnerable by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment.[29] Additionally, it has been given the highest protection as a \"Special Natural Monument\" by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs since 1952 due to its cultural and educational significance.[30]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN-1"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_City_Asa_Zoological_Park"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"National Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"headstarting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headstarting"}],"sub_title":"Efforts","text":"Despite the national protection and conservation status, there have been no conservation programs or actions initiated by the government agencies. Instead, nonprofit organizations such as the Japanese Giant Salamander Society[31] and the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan[32] have organized volunteers to conduct population assessments in some areas. The Japanese Giant Salamander Society also organizes annual meetings to promote the conservation education and information sharing about the species. There is no range-wide conservation or recovery program, which is essential to the conservation of the species whose populations have been declining throughout its range.[1]The Hiroshima City Asa Zoological Park of Japan was the first domestic organization to successfully breed Japanese giant salamanders in captivity.[33] Several of their offspring were given to the National Zoo of the United States to establish a breeding program.[34] Although Asa Zoological Park has not released any offspring to streams, it has a capacity to carry out a headstarting program if needed.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanagami_Danjo_no_jo_Arakage_fighting_a_giant_salamander.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"Utagawa Kuniyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"Utagawa Kuniyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi"},{"link_name":"kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Ukiyo-e print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi depicting a giant salamander being stabbed by the samurai Hanagami Danjō no jō ArakageThe Japanese giant salamander has been the subject of legend and artwork in Japan, for example, in the ukiyo-e work by Utagawa Kuniyoshi.\nThe well-known Japanese mythological creature known as the kappa may be inspired by the Japanese giant salamander.[35][better source needed]There is a giant salamander festival every year on August 8 in Yubara, Maniwa City, Okayama prefecture to honour the animal and celebrate its life. The giant salamanders are called \"Hanzaki\" in Yubara, due to the belief that even if they are ripped in half (han) they continue to survive. There are two giant salamander floats: a dark male and a red female.[36]As of 2017, a picture book entitled \"Zakihan\" was also published in both Japanese and English wherein the main character is a \"hanzaki\" called \"Zakihan\".","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stejneger L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Stejneger"},{"link_name":"Temminck CJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck"}],"text":"Stejneger L (1907). Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory. United States National Museum Bulletin 58. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution. xx + 577 pp. (Megalobatrachus japonicus, pp. 6–11).\nTemminck CJ (1836). Coup-d'oeil sur la Faune des Iles de la Sonde et de l'Empire du Japon. Discours préliminaire destiné à servir d'introduction à la Faune du Japon. Amsterdam: Müller. 30 pp. (Triton japonicus, new species). (in French).","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Japanese giant salamander range","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Andrias_japonicus_distribution.gif/220px-Andrias_japonicus_distribution.gif"},{"image_text":"Japanese giant salamanders in Tottori Prefecture, Japan, showing notable color variation among individuals within the same population.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Japanese_giant_salamanders_in_Tottori_Prefecture%2C_Japan.jpg/220px-Japanese_giant_salamanders_in_Tottori_Prefecture%2C_Japan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andrias japonicus skull","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Andrias_japonicus_MHNT_AMP_15_Skull.jpg/220px-Andrias_japonicus_MHNT_AMP_15_Skull.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ukiyo-e print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi depicting a giant salamander being stabbed by the samurai Hanagami Danjō no jō Arakage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hanagami_Danjo_no_jo_Arakage_fighting_a_giant_salamander.jpg/220px-Hanagami_Danjo_no_jo_Arakage_fighting_a_giant_salamander.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Special_Places_of_Scenic_Beauty,_Special_Historic_Sites_and_Special_Natural_Monuments"},{"title":"Amphibians portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Amphibians"}]
[{"reference":"IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). \"Japanese Giant Salamander\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/1273/177177761","url_text":"\"Japanese Giant Salamander\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"}]},{"reference":"\"Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836)\". Research.amnh.org. Archived from the original on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2010-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326001925/http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=27701","url_text":"\"Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836)\""},{"url":"http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=27701","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan?\". 日本ハンザキ研究所 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hanzaki.net/english-page/","url_text":"\"What is the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan?\""}]},{"reference":"\"ハンザケ資料展示室\". よりみちにちなん (in Japanese). 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2021-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nichinan-trip.jp/culture/hanzake_room/","url_text":"\"ハンザケ資料展示室\""}]},{"reference":"オオサンショウウオ (in Japanese). The Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2011-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/3129","url_text":"オオサンショウウオ"}]},{"reference":"\"Newly described Chinese giant salamander may be world's largest amphibian\". 17 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.mongabay.com/2019/09/chinese-giant-salamander-new-species-largest-amphibian/","url_text":"\"Newly described Chinese giant salamander may be world's largest amphibian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Giant Salamander\". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015515/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/AsiaTrail/GiantSalamanders/","url_text":"\"Japanese Giant Salamander\""},{"url":"https://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/AsiaTrail/GiantSalamanders/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrias japonicus\". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2018-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Andrias_japonicus/","url_text":"\"Andrias japonicus\""}]},{"reference":"\"AmphibiaWeb - Andrias japonicus\".","urls":[{"url":"http://amphibiaweb.org/species/3859","url_text":"\"AmphibiaWeb - Andrias japonicus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Natural Monuments in Japan (Animals and Plants)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jataff.or.jp/monument/7.html","url_text":"\"Natural Monuments in Japan (Animals and Plants)\""}]},{"reference":"Shimizu, Zenkichi; Tamai, Sumio (2016). \"Records of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus from Wakayama Prefecture, Japan\". The Nanki Seibutsu. 58: 99–106.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Okada, Sumio; Utsunomiya, Taeko; Okada, Tamami; Felix, Zachary; Ito, Fumihiko (2008). \"Characteristics of Japanese Giant Salamander (Andronias japonicus) populations in two small tributary streams in Hiroshima Prefecture, Western Honshu, Japan\". Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 3: 192–202.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bjordahl, Brianna; Okada, Sumio; Takahashi, Mizuki (2020). \"Assessment of small tributaries as possible habitats for larvae and juveniles of Japanese giant salamanders, Andrias japonicus, by coupling environmental DNA with traditional field surveys\". Salamandra. 56: 148–158.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Facts on File Inc. 1986. ISBN 0-8160-1359-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00hall","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facts_on_File_Inc.","url_text":"Facts on File Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1359-4","url_text":"0-8160-1359-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrias japonicus\". Animal Diversity Web.","urls":[{"url":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Andrias_japonicus/","url_text":"\"Andrias japonicus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web","url_text":"Animal Diversity Web"}]},{"reference":"Kuwabara, K.; Ashikaga, K.; Minamigawa, N.; Nakanishi, M.; Shimada, H.; Kamata, H.; Fukumoto, Y. (2005). \"The breeding ecology and conservation of the Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus, at Shijihara and Kamiishi in Tokyohira-cho, Hiroshima Prefecture\". Natural History of Nishi-Chugoku Mountains. 10: 101-133 (in Japanese with English abstract).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Terry, J.; Taguchi, Y.; Dixon, J.; Kuwabara, K.; Takahashi, M. K. (2019). \"Preoviposition paternal care in a fully aquatic giant salamander: nest cleaning by a den master\". Journal of Zoology. 307 (1): 36–42. doi:10.1111/jzo.12615. ISSN 1469-7998. S2CID 92209611.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12615","url_text":"\"Preoviposition paternal care in a fully aquatic giant salamander: nest cleaning by a den master\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12615","url_text":"10.1111/jzo.12615"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7998","url_text":"1469-7998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92209611","url_text":"92209611"}]},{"reference":"Okada, Sumio; Fukuda, Yukihiro; Takahashi, Mizuki (2015). \"Paternal care behaviors of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus in natural populations\". Journal of Ethology. 33: 1–7. doi:10.1007/s10164-014-0413-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2008&context=fac_journ","url_text":"\"Paternal care behaviors of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus in natural populations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10164-014-0413-5","url_text":"10.1007/s10164-014-0413-5"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, M. K.; Okada, S.; Fukuda, Y. (2017). \"From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander\". Journal of Zoology. 302 (1): 24–31. doi:10.1111/jzo.12433. ISSN 1469-7998.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12433","url_text":"\"From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12433","url_text":"10.1111/jzo.12433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7998","url_text":"1469-7998"}]},{"reference":"Matsui, Masafumi (2014). \"Confirmation of genetic pollution of alien Chinese giant salamander on native Japanese species (In Japanese)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/file/KAKENHI-PROJECT-23510294/23510294seika.pdf","url_text":"\"Confirmation of genetic pollution of alien Chinese giant salamander on native Japanese species (In Japanese)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese Giant Salamander / National Institute for Environmental Studies Invasive Species Database (In Japanese)\". www.nies.go.jp. Retrieved 2021-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nies.go.jp/biodiversity/invasive/DB/detail/40250.html","url_text":"\"Chinese Giant Salamander / National Institute for Environmental Studies Invasive Species Database (In Japanese)\""}]},{"reference":"Nishikawa, Kanto; Matsui, Masafumi; Yoshikawa, Natsuhiko; Tominaga, Atsushi; Eto, Koshiro; Fukuyama, Ibuki; Fukutani, Kazumi; Matsubara, Kohei; Hattori, Yasunari; Iwato, Shohei; Sato, Tsukasa; Shimizu, Zenkichi; Onuma, Hirokazu; Hara, Sotaro (2024-01-31). \"Discovery of ex situ individuals of Andrias sligoi, an extremely endangered species and one of the largest amphibians worldwide\". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 2575. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52907-6. hdl:2433/286948. ISSN 2045-2322.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52907-6","url_text":"\"Discovery of ex situ individuals of Andrias sligoi, an extremely endangered species and one of the largest amphibians worldwide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-52907-6","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-024-52907-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2433%2F286948","url_text":"2433/286948"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","url_text":"2045-2322"}]},{"reference":"\"Appendices | CITES\". cites.org. Retrieved 2021-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","url_text":"\"Appendices | CITES\""}]},{"reference":"\"HOME | oosan-kai\". www.giantsalamander.net (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.giantsalamander.net/","url_text":"\"HOME | oosan-kai\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan? - 日本ハンザキ研究所\". www.hanzaki.net (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hanzaki.net/english-page/","url_text":"\"What is the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan? - 日本ハンザキ研究所\""}]},{"reference":"Kuwabara, K.; Suzuki, N.; Wakabayashi, F.; Ashikaga, H.; Inoue, T.; Kobara, J. (1989). \"Breeding the Japanese Giant Salamander at Asa Zoological Park\". International Zoo Yearbook. 1989: 22–31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Giant Salamanders at the Zoo\". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on 2016-06-29. Retrieved 2016-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160629103807/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/jgs/","url_text":"\"Japanese Giant Salamanders at the Zoo\""},{"url":"https://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/jgs/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AltJapan: Hanzaki Matsuri Dakara\". altjapan.typepad.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://altjapan.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/08/the-realm-of-the-salamander.html","url_text":"\"AltJapan: Hanzaki Matsuri Dakara\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/1273/177177761","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Giant Salamander\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090326001925/http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=27701","external_links_name":"\"Amphibian Species of the World - Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836)\""},{"Link":"http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=27701","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","external_links_name":"\"Appendices | CITES\""},{"Link":"http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_lists_genera_&table=amphib&where-genus=Andrias&where-species=japonicus","external_links_name":"Andrias japonicus"},{"Link":"http://www.hanzaki.net/english-page/","external_links_name":"\"What is the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nichinan-trip.jp/culture/hanzake_room/","external_links_name":"\"ハンザケ資料展示室\""},{"Link":"https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/heritage/detail/401/3129","external_links_name":"オオサンショウウオ"},{"Link":"https://news.mongabay.com/2019/09/chinese-giant-salamander-new-species-largest-amphibian/","external_links_name":"\"Newly described Chinese giant salamander may be world's largest amphibian\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015515/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/AsiaTrail/GiantSalamanders/","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Giant Salamander\""},{"Link":"https://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/AsiaTrail/GiantSalamanders/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Andrias_japonicus/","external_links_name":"\"Andrias japonicus\""},{"Link":"http://amphibiaweb.org/species/3859","external_links_name":"\"AmphibiaWeb - Andrias japonicus\""},{"Link":"https://www.jataff.or.jp/monument/7.html","external_links_name":"\"Natural Monuments in Japan (Animals and Plants)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00hall","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Andrias_japonicus/","external_links_name":"\"Andrias japonicus\""},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12615","external_links_name":"\"Preoviposition paternal care in a fully aquatic giant salamander: nest cleaning by a den master\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12615","external_links_name":"10.1111/jzo.12615"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7998","external_links_name":"1469-7998"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92209611","external_links_name":"92209611"},{"Link":"http://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2008&context=fac_journ","external_links_name":"\"Paternal care behaviors of Japanese giant salamander Andrias japonicus in natural populations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10164-014-0413-5","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10164-014-0413-5"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12615","external_links_name":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12615"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12433","external_links_name":"\"From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjzo.12433","external_links_name":"10.1111/jzo.12433"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7998","external_links_name":"1469-7998"},{"Link":"https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/file/KAKENHI-PROJECT-23510294/23510294seika.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Confirmation of genetic pollution of alien Chinese giant salamander on native Japanese species (In Japanese)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nies.go.jp/biodiversity/invasive/DB/detail/40250.html","external_links_name":"\"Chinese Giant Salamander / National Institute for Environmental Studies Invasive Species Database (In Japanese)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-52907-6","external_links_name":"\"Discovery of ex situ individuals of Andrias sligoi, an extremely endangered species and one of the largest amphibians worldwide\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-52907-6","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41598-024-52907-6"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2433%2F286948","external_links_name":"2433/286948"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","external_links_name":"2045-2322"},{"Link":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","external_links_name":"\"Appendices | CITES\""},{"Link":"https://www.giantsalamander.net/","external_links_name":"\"HOME | oosan-kai\""},{"Link":"http://www.hanzaki.net/english-page/","external_links_name":"\"What is the Hanzaki Research Institute of Japan? - 日本ハンザキ研究所\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160629103807/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/jgs/","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Giant Salamanders at the Zoo\""},{"Link":"https://nationalzoo.si.edu/scbi/jgs/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://altjapan.typepad.com/my_weblog/2008/08/the-realm-of-the-salamander.html","external_links_name":"\"AltJapan: Hanzaki Matsuri Dakara\""},{"Link":"http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-lifeform=any&rel-taxon=contains&where-taxon=Andrias+japonicus&rel-namesoup=matchphrase&where-namesoup=&rel-location=matchphrase&where-location=&rel-county=eq&where-county=any&rel-state=eq&where-state=any&rel-country=eq&where-country=any&where-collectn=any&rel-photographer=contains&where-photographer=&rel-kwid=equals&where-kwid=&max_rows=24","external_links_name":"Andrias japonicus"},{"Link":"http://www.educatedearth.net/video.php?id=2620","external_links_name":"Discovery Channel Video on the giant salamander"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8497330.stm","external_links_name":"BBC report"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562923805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85083283","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01100648","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Andrias_japonicus/","external_links_name":"Andrias_japonicus"},{"Link":"https://amphibiaweb.org/species/3859","external_links_name":"3859"},{"Link":"https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Caudata/Cryptobranchidae/Andrias/Andrias-japonicus","external_links_name":"Andrias-japonicus"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=79308","external_links_name":"79308"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/DTJR","external_links_name":"DTJR"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/319982","external_links_name":"319982"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2432039","external_links_name":"2432039"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/26811","external_links_name":"26811"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10591637","external_links_name":"10591637"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=550259","external_links_name":"550259"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/1273","external_links_name":"1273"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=166789","external_links_name":"166789"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/201636/","external_links_name":"201636"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=954050","external_links_name":"954050"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=191095","external_links_name":"191095"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/7171","external_links_name":"7171"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7420534","external_links_name":"7420534"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_language
Yaeyama language
["1 History","2 Phonology","2.1 Hateruma","2.2 Hatoma","2.3 Miyara","3 Syntax","3.1 Hateruma","3.2 Ishigaki","3.3 Miyara","3.4 Wh-Questions","4 Endangerment and revitalization","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Southern Ryukyuan language spoken in the Yaeyama islands Yaeyama八重山物言/ヤイマムニ YaimamuniPronunciationNative toJapanRegionYaeyama IslandsEthnicity47,600 (2000)Language familyJaponic RyukyuanSouthern RyukyuanMacro-YaeyamaYaeyamaWriting systemJapaneseLanguage codesISO 639-3rysGlottologyaey1239ELPYaeyamaYaeyama is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger The Yaeyama language (八重山物言/ヤイマムニ, Yaimamuni) is a Southern Ryukyuan language spoken in the Yaeyama Islands, the southernmost inhabited island group in Japan, with a combined population of about 53,000. The Yaeyama Islands are situated in the Southern Ryukyu Islands, southwest of the Miyako Islands and to the east of Taiwan. Yaeyama (Yaimamunii) is most closely related to Miyako. The number of competent native speakers is not known; as a consequence of Japanese language policy which refers to the language as the Yaeyama dialect (八重山方言, Yaeyama hōgen), reflected in the education system, people below the age of 60 tend to not use the language except in songs and rituals, and the younger generation exclusively uses Japanese as their first language. As compared to the Japanese kokugo, or Japanese national language, other Ryukyuan languages such as Okinawan and Amami have also been referred to as dialects of Japanese. Yaeyama is noted as having a comparatively lower "language vitality" among neighboring Ryukyuan languages. Yaeyama is spoken in Ishigaki, Taketomi, Kohama, Kuroshima, Hatoma, Aragusuku, Iriomote and Hateruma, with complications of mutual intelligibility between dialects as a result of the Yaeyama Islands' large geographic span. The speech of Yonaguni Island, while related, is usually considered a separate language. The Taketomi dialect may instead be a Northern Ryukyuan language common to Okinawan dialects that later converged with the other Yaeyama dialects. History The Ryukyuan language split from Proto-Japonic when its speakers migrated to the Ryukyu Islands. The Ryukyuan languages split from Proto-Japonic in the last 2,000 years, though estimates offer different potential time periods ranging from 2 BCE to 800 CE. The Yaeyaman languages are classified under a Macro-Yaeyama branch of the Southern Ryukyuan languages. Innovations in Southern Ryukyuan languages, splitting Macro-Yaeyama and Miyako language families, include an "irregular shift from tone class B to A in 'how many' and a special form for 'garden'". Macro-Yaeyama innovations, grouping together Yaeyama languages and Dunan contain the "grammaticalization of 'know' as a potential auxiliary", similarities between multiple special forms such as "bud", "happy", "fresh", and "dirt", as well as a semantic conflation of "nephew" to mean either "nephew" or "niece". Yaeyaman dialects are differentiated from Dunan by innovations regarding a replacement of the verb "sell" with a causative form of "buy", a special form of "get wet", as well as an irregular shift of "*g>n" in 'beard'. Some of the pronunciations that disappeared from Japanese around the 8th century, during Japan's Nara period, can still be found in the Yaeyama languages. One example is the initial "p" sound, which in Japanese became an "h", while remaining a "p" in Yaeyama, except for "pu", which became "fu" in Yaeyama. Proto-Japonic Modern Japanese Yaeyama "Belly" *para hara paru "Boat" *punay fune funi "Dove" *pato hato patu While the Yaeyama language was more "conservative" in some aspects, in the sense of preserving certain pronunciations, in other aspects it was more innovative. One example is the vowel system. Old Japanese had eight vowels (some perhaps diphthongs); this has been reduced to five in modern Japanese, but in Yaeyaman, vowel reduction has progressed further, to three vowels. Generally, when modern Japanese has an "e", the Yaeyama cognate will have an "i" (this is seen in "funi" above); and where modern Japanese has an "o", the Yaeyama cognate will have a "u" (as seen in "patu" above). Proto-Japonic Modern Japanese Yaeyama "Thing" *mənə mono munu "Seed" *tanay tane tani "Start" *pansimay hajime pazïmi However, in the cases where Proto-Japonic has an *e, *əy, or *o that is not word final, Japanese is no more conservative than Yaeyama in this regard, as both underwent the same vowel raising at different stages, as shown below: Proto-Japonic Modern Japanese Yaeyama "Water" *mentu mizu mizï "Tree" *kəy ki kī "Wheat" *monki mugi mun Like all Southern Ryukyuan languages, Yaeyama shows a "b" word initially compared to Japanese "w". This is perhaps believed to be an innovation from earlier "w". This also includes Japanese cognates that once had an initial "w" but was dropped later in the history of the language, such as "wodori" > "odori". Proto-Japonic Modern Japanese Yaeyama "Intestines" *wata wata bada "Young" *waka wakai bagasan "Dance" *wəntəri odori budurï Many of these features have been lost in the history of the Okinawan language or were innovated compared to all other Japonic languages. One explanation for this is that it is possible to travel by sea from mainland Japan to the main island of Okinawa while keeping one island or another in sight at nearly all times; but there is a larger gap between the main island of Okinawa and the Yaeyamas, which would have required several nights on the open sea. For this reason, there was less traffic between mainland Japan and the Yaeyama islands, allowing further linguistic divergence. Phonology Hateruma The Hateruma dialect contains seven vowels, with no distinction between long-short vowel length, and sixteen consonants. Hateruma is noted for having more vowels than any other dialect. A pharyngeal e is believed to be a result of "the coalescence of Proto-Yaeyama diphthongs '*ai and *aɨ.'" There are three accent pitches present in Hateruma: falling, level, and rising accents. To correlate pitches, there are three classes of words under an "A, B, C" system; class A words correlate with the falling pitch, and class B and C are shown to have "an uneven correspondence with the Level and Rising patterns." The Hateruma dialect is regarded as an innovative variety of Yaeyama Ryukyuan. It is the only dialect of the Yaeyama group to feature the pharyngeal eˤ, sonorant devoicing, noun-final consonant epenthesis and spirantization of voiceless velar stop before the vowel *i. It is also considered to have the strongest aspiration among of the Yaeyama dialects, and is also the only variety to display nasal and liquid devoicing. The pharyngeal eˤ may be regionally expressed as /ɛ/, especially among those over the age of 90. Hateruma vowel sounds Front Central Back Close i ɨ u Mid e eˤ o Open a Additionally, Hateruma has the following sixteen consonants: Hateruma consonant sounds Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Stop p   b t  d c k  ɡ Nasal m n Fricative f (ɸ) s  z h Liquid r Approximant w j Hatoma The Hatoma dialect contains two "tonal categories", denoted as marked and unmarked. Words of the marked class are analyzed as being "high from the syllable containing the second mora" and unmarked words begin from a low pitch but end with a low pitch. "Peripheral tone classes" are also noted in certain nouns and adverb. Hatoma is noted for having the simplest verb conjugation and morphophonology of the Yaeyama dialects. One phonological process is a sequence of i, followed by e, becoming e in the case of i being in a light syllable and ja(a) in a heavy syllable. There is also a process of a sequence u, followed by a sequence becoming a long o with u in a light syllable and uwa(a) in a heavy syllable. Miyara The Miyara subdialect of Ishigaki has 21 consonants and 6 vowels in its inventory. It is noted that e and o are always long, as in many varieties of Ryukyuan. Long vowels are often shortened before the moraic nasal. Miyara Vowel Sounds Front Central Back Close i ɨ u Mid e o Open a Miyara Consonant Sounds Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Stop p b t  d k  ɡ ʔ Nasal m n ŋ Fricative ɸ s z ʃ h Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ d͡ʒ Liquid ɾ Approximant j w Following /s/, /z/, and /t͡s/, underlying /u/ neutralizes to . After nasals (/m/, /n/), glides (/j/, /w/) alveolar stops (/t/, /d/) or /h/, /ɸ/, and /ʃ/, the high central vowel /ɨ/ does not appear. Syntax Hateruma Hateruma uses morphology and suffixation in its verbs and adjectives. Derivational morphology expresses causative and passive forms in verbs; potential forms are equal to the passive form. Verbal inflection expresses two types of indicatives, an imperative form, as well as a cohortative and prohibitive ending. Adjectives, nouns and verbs also compound and reduplicate, especially in producing adverbs from adjectives. Hateruma has a case system with nine case markings and particles. There are eleven auxiliary verbs to denote forms of mood and aspect. Ishigaki The Ishigaki dialect is noted for having a peculiar expression of cardinal directions. It is found that when speaking to other native speakers, Ishigaki-speakers use an "intrinsic" and "relative" frame of reference system in which "north" and "south" are expressed in an intrinsic frame of reference as the verbs agaru ("go up, climb") and oriru ("go down, descend"), instead of Standard Japanese kita ("north") and minami ("south"). It is found that most speakers express "east" and "west" as Standard Japanese hidari ("left") and migi ("right") in a relative frame of reference. Miyara Miyaran Yaeyama has been argued to have no marked attributive form, unlike Okinawan and Old Japanese. However, there is evidence that phonological conditioning, namely an epenthetic -r marking between present stative -i and present tense marker -u (in order to avoid subsequent vowel sequences), accounts for non-overt attributive markings. Wh-Questions In Yaeyama, wh-phrases are marked with du, in contrast to Standard Japanese ka. Subject wh-question and answer Object wh-question and answer: taa-duwho-Qsuba-basoba-PRTfaiatetaa-du suba-ba faiwho-Q soba-PRT ateWho ate soba? kurisu-jaChris-TOPnoo-ba-duwhat-PRT-Qfaiatekurisu-ja noo-ba-du faiChris-TOP what-PRT-Q ateWhat did Chris eat? Omitting du from a wh-phrase is considered incorrect grammar. Yet, du marking is optional for adverbial or adjunct wh-phrases. In questions with multiple wh-words, only one can be marked with du. Further research is needed to learn more about Wh-questions in Yaeyama. Endangerment and revitalization The endangerment of Ryukyuan languages is attributed to historical and governmental factors. Originating in the 1872 annexation of the Okinawan Islands to Japan and the creation of Okinawa Prefecture in 1879, there has since been a movement referred to as the "Japanization of the Luchuan Islands". A national language movement known as kokugo has developed in result of this. The kokugo movement includes the 1907 implementation of the Ordinance of Dialect Regulation, demoting diverse Ryukyuan languages to the status of "dialects" (hogen) and discouraging of speaking these dialects in the Japanese school system. There is estimated to be a remaining 7,000-10,000 Yaeyama speakers, mostly being spoken in the home. There have been many revival societies and movements erected to preserve Ryukyuan languages and culture. The earliest language revival movement is regarded as being part of the Koza Society of Culture, instituted in 1955. A large benefactor to preserving and reviving Ryukyuan languages is the Society for Spreading Okinawan (Uchinaguchi fukyu kyogikai), whose constitution is dedicated to initiating dialect classes and Okinawan teacher training programs, as well as advancing towards a singular Okinawan orthography. There are also notable submovements in Ryukyuan language survival present in Okinawan radio broadcasts, as well as "presentation circles and plays" and language classes integrated in the Okinawan school curriculum on the local level. References ^ Yaeyama language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) ^ "Yaeyama in Japan | UNESCO WAL". ^ "八重山のデータ". ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Barion, Fija; Brenzinger, Matthias (9 May 2009). "The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 7 (19): 2. Retrieved 9 February 2017. ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Barion, Fija; Brenzinger, Matthias (9 May 2009). "The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 7 (19): 6. ^ a b Thorpe, Maner Lawton (1983). Ryūkyūan language history (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Southern California. ^ Shimoji, Michinori (2022-10-19), "The Japonic Languages: an Introduction", An Introduction to the Japonic Languages, Brill, pp. 1–24, doi:10.1163/9789004519107_002, ISBN 978-90-04-51910-7, retrieved 2024-01-21 ^ Kerr, George. Okinawa: History of an Island People. 1957. ISBN 978-4805314791 ^ Pellard, Thomas (2011). "The historical position of the Ryukyuan Languages". Historical linguistics in the Asia-Pacific region and the position of Japanese. Historical linguistics in the Asia-Pacific region and the position of Japanese. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology: 55–64. ^ a b Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 20. ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 18. ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 19. ^ a b Pappalardo, Giuseppe (2016). "Conservative and Innovative Features in the Phonology of Hateruma Dialect". Annali di Ca' Foscari. Serie Orientale. 52 (1): 335–49. doi:10.14277/2385-3042/AnnOr-52-16-12. ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 426. ^ a b Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015-02-17). Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages : history, structure, and use. Heinrich, Patrick, Miyara, Shinshō, 1946-, Shimoji, Michinori. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-1614511151. OCLC 907337360. ^ a b c d Tranter, Nicholas (2012). The Languages of Japan and Korea. New York: Routledge. p. 384. ^ a b c d e Davis, Christopher; Lau, Tyler (2015-12-31), Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.), "11. Tense, Aspect, and Mood in Miyara Yaeyaman", Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages, DE GRUYTER, pp. 253–298, doi:10.1515/9781614511151.253, ISBN 978-1-61451-161-8, retrieved 2024-01-21 ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 431. ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 430. ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 433. ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 436. ^ a b Takekuro, Makiko (2007). "Language and Gesture on Ishigaki Island". Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 33: 417–419. doi:10.3765/bls.v33i1.3544. ^ Lau, Tyler; Davis, Christopher (2014). "Phonological reduction and the (re)emergence of attributive forms in Ryukyuan". In Kenstowicz, Michael; Levin, Ted; Masuda, Ryo (eds.). Japanese/Korean Linguistics 23 (PDF). Vol. 23.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Davis 2013, p. 1. ^ Davis 2013, p. 2. ^ a b Heinrich, Patrick; Bairon, Fija; Brenzinger, Matthias (2009). "The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 7. ^ Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 423–424. ^ a b c Heinrich, Patrick (2005). "Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 3. Davis, Christopher (2013). "The Role of Focus Particles in Wh-Interrogatives: Evidence from a Southern Ryukyuan Language" (PDF). University of the Ryukyus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-20. Retrieved 2014-04-19. Further reading (in Japanese) Shigehisa Karimata, 2008. Phonological comparison of Yaeyama dialects External links Yaeyama language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator Oori Taboori podcast/blog (Miyara) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Yaeyama phrasebook. vteJaponic languagesJapanese Japanese Japanese dialects Hachijō RyukyuanNorthernAmami Amami Southern Amami Kikai Tokunoshima Okinoerabu Yoron Okinawan Kunigami (Northern Okinawan) Okinawan SouthernMiyakoan Miyakoan Tarama Macro-Yaeyama Yaeyama Yonaguni History Proto-Japonic Peninsular Japonic† Old Japanese Eastern Old Japanese Early Middle Japanese Classical Japanese Late Middle Japanese Early Modern Japanese vteJapanese languageEarlier forms Old Early Middle Late Middle Early Modern DialectsEastern Hokkaidō Tōhoku Northern Nanbu Tsugaru Akita Southern Kesen Nairiku Kantō Western Gunma Kanagawa Tokyo Eastern Ibaraki Tochigi Northern Izu Islands Tōkai–Tōsan Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka Shizuoka Narada Echigo Nagaoka Gifu-Aichi Nagoya Mikawa Mino Hida Western Hokuriku Kaga Kanazawa Shiramine Kansai Awaji Banshū Kishū Okuyoshino Shikoku Iyo Tosa Sanuki Chūgoku San'yō Bingo East San'in Inshū Umpaku Kyūshū Hōnichi Ōita Hichiku Chikuzen Hakata Kumamoto Nagasaki Saga Tsushima Satsugū Other Amami Japanese Okinawan Japanese Pidgins and creoles Bamboo English Bonin English Hawaiian Creole Kyowa-go Pseudo-Chinese Yilan Creole Japanese Yokohama Pidgin Japanese Japonic languages Eastern Old Japanese Hachijō grammar Ryukyuan Northern Amami Ōshima Southern Amami Ōshima Kikai Kunigami Okinawan Okinoerabu Tokunoshima Yoron Southern Miyako Tarama Yaeyama Yonaguni Writing systemLogograms Script reform Kanbun Kanji by stroke count Kanji radicals by frequency by stroke count Kokuji Ryakuji Ateji Kana Hiragana Katakana Furigana Okurigana Gojūon Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Kana ligature Orthography Braille Kanji Punctuation Kanazukai Historical kana Modern kana Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai Yotsugana Transcription into Japanese Encoding EUC EUC-JP ISO/IEC 2022 JIS 0201 0208 0211 0212 0213 Shift JIS Unicode Hiragana Kana Extended-A Kana Extended-B Kana Supplement Small Kana Extension Katakana Katakana Phonetic Extensions Other ARIB STD B24 Enclosed EIS Extended shinjitai Half/Full Grammar andvocabulary Japanese grammar Verb conjugations Godan and ichidan verbs Irregular verbs Pronouns Adjectives Possessives Particles Topic marker Counter words Numerals Native words (yamato kotoba) Sino-Japanese vocabulary Loan words (gairaigo) from Dutch from Portuguese Wasei-eigo Wasei-kango Engrish Honorific speech Honorifics Court lady language (nyōbō kotoba) Role language (yakuwarigo) Gender differences Dictionaries Phonology Pitch accent Rendaku Sound symbolism Kanji pronunciation sources Go-on Kan-on Tō-on Transliteration Romanization Hepburn Nihon-shiki Kunrei JSL Wāpuro rōmaji In Esperanto Cyrillization Polivanov system Literature Books Poetry Writers Speculative fiction writers Classical Japanese texts vteLanguages of JapanNational language Japanese Variants Indigenous languages Hokkaido Ainu Hachijō Ryukyuan Amami Ōshima Kikai Kunigami Miyako Okinawan Okinoerabu Tokunoshima Yaeyama Yonaguni Yoron Non-Indigenous languages Portuguese Chinese Cantonese Hokkien Hoochew Mandarin English Russian Esperanto Turkish Indonesian Vietnamese Zainichi Korean Sakhalin Ainu † Kuril Ainu † Creole languages Bonin English Sign languages Nihonshu Amami Oshima Sign Miyakubo Sign
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Ryukyuan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_Islands"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Yaeyama Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaeyama_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ryukyu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Miyako Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyako_Islands"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Miyako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyakoan_language"},{"link_name":"national language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language"},{"link_name":"Okinawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"Amami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ishigaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishigaki_Island"},{"link_name":"Taketomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taketomi_Island"},{"link_name":"Kohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohama_Island"},{"link_name":"Kuroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroshima_(Okinawa)"},{"link_name":"Hatoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatoma"},{"link_name":"Aragusuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragusuku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Iriomote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriomote-jima"},{"link_name":"Hateruma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hateruma"},{"link_name":"mutual intelligibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility"},{"link_name":"Yonaguni Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni_Island"},{"link_name":"separate language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni_language"},{"link_name":"Northern Ryukyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Okinawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"}],"text":"The Yaeyama language (八重山物言/ヤイマムニ, Yaimamuni) is a Southern Ryukyuan language spoken in the Yaeyama Islands, the southernmost inhabited island group in Japan, with a combined population of about 53,000.[3] The Yaeyama Islands are situated in the Southern Ryukyu Islands, southwest of the Miyako Islands and to the east of Taiwan. Yaeyama (Yaimamunii) is most closely related to Miyako. The number of competent native speakers is not known; as a consequence of Japanese language policy which refers to the language as the Yaeyama dialect (八重山方言, Yaeyama hōgen), reflected in the education system, people below the age of 60 tend to not use the language except in songs and rituals, and the younger generation exclusively uses Japanese as their first language. As compared to the Japanese kokugo, or Japanese national language, other Ryukyuan languages such as Okinawan and Amami have also been referred to as dialects of Japanese.[4] Yaeyama is noted as having a comparatively lower \"language vitality\" among neighboring Ryukyuan languages.[5]Yaeyama is spoken in Ishigaki, Taketomi, Kohama, Kuroshima, Hatoma, Aragusuku, Iriomote and Hateruma, with complications of mutual intelligibility between dialects as a result of the Yaeyama Islands' large geographic span. The speech of Yonaguni Island, while related, is usually considered a separate language. The Taketomi dialect may instead be a Northern Ryukyuan language common to Okinawan dialects that later converged with the other Yaeyama dialects.[6]","title":"Yaeyama language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-10"},{"link_name":"Macro-Yaeyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-Yaeyama_languages"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dunan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonaguni_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-10"},{"link_name":"Old Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Japanese"},{"link_name":"Okinawan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"}],"text":"The Ryukyuan language split from Proto-Japonic when its speakers migrated to the Ryukyu Islands.[7][8][6] The Ryukyuan languages split from Proto-Japonic in the last 2,000 years, though estimates offer different potential time periods ranging from 2 BCE to 800 CE.[9][10]The Yaeyaman languages are classified under a Macro-Yaeyama branch of the Southern Ryukyuan languages. Innovations in Southern Ryukyuan languages, splitting Macro-Yaeyama and Miyako language families, include an \"irregular shift from tone class B to A in 'how many' and a special form for 'garden'\".[11] Macro-Yaeyama innovations, grouping together Yaeyama languages and Dunan contain the \"grammaticalization of 'know' as a potential auxiliary\", similarities between multiple special forms such as \"bud\", \"happy\", \"fresh\", and \"dirt\", as well as a semantic conflation of \"nephew\" to mean either \"nephew\" or \"niece\".[12] Yaeyaman dialects are differentiated from Dunan by innovations regarding a replacement of the verb \"sell\" with a causative form of \"buy\", a special form of \"get wet\", as well as an irregular shift of \"*g>n\" in 'beard'.[10]Some of the pronunciations that disappeared from Japanese around the 8th century, during Japan's Nara period, can still be found in the Yaeyama languages. One example is the initial \"p\" sound, which in Japanese became an \"h\", while remaining a \"p\" in Yaeyama, except for \"pu\", which became \"fu\" in Yaeyama.While the Yaeyama language was more \"conservative\" in some aspects, in the sense of preserving certain pronunciations, in other aspects it was more innovative. One example is the vowel system. Old Japanese had eight vowels (some perhaps diphthongs); this has been reduced to five in modern Japanese, but in Yaeyaman, vowel reduction has progressed further, to three vowels. Generally, when modern Japanese has an \"e\", the Yaeyama cognate will have an \"i\" (this is seen in \"funi\" above); and where modern Japanese has an \"o\", the Yaeyama cognate will have a \"u\" (as seen in \"patu\" above).However, in the cases where Proto-Japonic has an *e, *əy, or *o that is not word final, Japanese is no more conservative than Yaeyama in this regard, as both underwent the same vowel raising at different stages, as shown below:Like all Southern Ryukyuan languages, Yaeyama shows a \"b\" word initially compared to Japanese \"w\". This is perhaps believed to be an innovation from earlier \"w\". This also includes Japanese cognates that once had an initial \"w\" but was dropped later in the history of the language, such as \"wodori\" > \"odori\".Many of these features have been lost in the history of the Okinawan language or were innovated compared to all other Japonic languages. One explanation for this is that it is possible to travel by sea from mainland Japan to the main island of Okinawa while keeping one island or another in sight at nearly all times; but there is a larger gap between the main island of Okinawa and the Yaeyamas, which would have required several nights on the open sea. For this reason, there was less traffic between mainland Japan and the Yaeyama islands, allowing further linguistic divergence.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pharyngeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngealization"},{"link_name":"diphthongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pappalardo2016-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pappalardo2016-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"}],"sub_title":"Hateruma","text":"The Hateruma dialect contains seven vowels, with no distinction between long-short vowel length, and sixteen consonants. Hateruma is noted for having more vowels than any other dialect. A pharyngeal e is believed to be a result of \"the coalescence of Proto-Yaeyama diphthongs '*ai and *aɨ.'\"[13]There are three accent pitches present in Hateruma: falling, level, and rising accents. To correlate pitches, there are three classes of words under an \"A, B, C\" system; class A words correlate with the falling pitch, and class B and C are shown to have \"an uneven correspondence with the Level and Rising patterns.\"[14]The Hateruma dialect is regarded as an innovative variety of Yaeyama Ryukyuan. It is the only dialect of the Yaeyama group to feature the pharyngeal eˤ, sonorant devoicing, noun-final consonant epenthesis and spirantization of voiceless velar stop before the vowel *i. It is also considered to have the strongest aspiration among of the Yaeyama dialects, and is also the only variety to display nasal and liquid devoicing.[13]The pharyngeal eˤ may be regionally expressed as /ɛ/, especially among those over the age of 90.[15]Additionally, Hateruma has the following sixteen consonants:[15]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"morphophonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonology"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"}],"sub_title":"Hatoma","text":"The Hatoma dialect contains two \"tonal categories\", denoted as marked and unmarked. Words of the marked class are analyzed as being \"high from the syllable containing the second mora\" and unmarked words begin from a low pitch but end with a low pitch.[16] \"Peripheral tone classes\" are also noted in certain nouns and adverb.[16]Hatoma is noted for having the simplest verb conjugation and morphophonology of the Yaeyama dialects. One phonological process is a sequence of i, followed by e, becoming e in the case of i being in a light syllable and ja(a) in a heavy syllable.[16] There is also a process of a sequence u, followed by a sequence becoming a long o with u in a light syllable and uwa(a) in a heavy syllable.[16]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryukyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"},{"link_name":"moraic nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Moraic_nasal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-17"}],"sub_title":"Miyara","text":"The Miyara subdialect of Ishigaki has 21 consonants and 6 vowels in its inventory. It is noted that e and o are always long, as in many varieties of Ryukyuan.[17] Long vowels are often shortened before the moraic nasal.[17]Following /s/, /z/, and /t͡s/, underlying /u/ neutralizes to [ɨ]. After nasals (/m/, /n/), glides (/j/, /w/) alveolar stops (/t/, /d/) or /h/, /ɸ/, and /ʃ/, the high central vowel /ɨ/ does not appear.[17]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"passive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"inflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection"},{"link_name":"indicatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realis_mood"},{"link_name":"imperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_mood"},{"link_name":"prohibitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibitive"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case"},{"link_name":"particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_particle"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood"},{"link_name":"aspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Hateruma","text":"Hateruma uses morphology and suffixation in its verbs and adjectives. Derivational morphology expresses causative and passive forms in verbs; potential forms are equal to the passive form.[18] Verbal inflection expresses two types of indicatives, an imperative form, as well as a cohortative and prohibitive ending.[19] Adjectives, nouns and verbs also compound and reduplicate, especially in producing adverbs from adjectives.Hateruma has a case system with nine case markings and particles.[20] There are eleven auxiliary verbs to denote forms of mood and aspect.[21]","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardinal directions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_direction"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"}],"sub_title":"Ishigaki","text":"The Ishigaki dialect is noted for having a peculiar expression of cardinal directions. It is found that when speaking to other native speakers, Ishigaki-speakers use an \"intrinsic\" and \"relative\" frame of reference system in which \"north\" and \"south\" are expressed in an intrinsic frame of reference as the verbs agaru (\"go up, climb\") and oriru (\"go down, descend\"), instead of Standard Japanese kita (\"north\") and minami (\"south\").[22] It is found that most speakers express \"east\" and \"west\" as Standard Japanese hidari (\"left\") and migi (\"right\") in a relative frame of reference.[22]","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attributive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributive_verb"},{"link_name":"Okinawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawan_language"},{"link_name":"Old Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Japanese"},{"link_name":"epenthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epenthesis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Miyara","text":"Miyaran Yaeyama has been argued to have no marked attributive form, unlike Okinawan and Old Japanese. However, there is evidence that phonological conditioning, namely an epenthetic -r marking between present stative -i and present tense marker -u (in order to avoid subsequent vowel sequences), accounts for non-overt attributive markings.[23]","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis20131-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis20132-25"}],"sub_title":"Wh-Questions","text":"In Yaeyama, wh-phrases are marked with du, in contrast to Standard Japanese ka.[24]Omitting du from a wh-phrase is considered incorrect grammar. Yet, du marking is optional for adverbial or adjunct wh-phrases. In questions with multiple wh-words, only one can be marked with du.[25] Further research is needed to learn more about Wh-questions in Yaeyama.","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-26"},{"link_name":"kokugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"hogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_dialects"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-28"},{"link_name":"orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-28"}],"text":"The endangerment of Ryukyuan languages is attributed to historical and governmental factors. Originating in the 1872 annexation of the Okinawan Islands to Japan and the creation of Okinawa Prefecture in 1879, there has since been a movement referred to as the \"Japanization of the Luchuan Islands\".[26] A national language movement known as kokugo has developed in result of this. The kokugo movement includes the 1907 implementation of the Ordinance of Dialect Regulation, demoting diverse Ryukyuan languages to the status of \"dialects\" (hogen) and discouraging of speaking these dialects in the Japanese school system.[26]There is estimated to be a remaining 7,000-10,000 Yaeyama speakers, mostly being spoken in the home.[27] There have been many revival societies and movements erected to preserve Ryukyuan languages and culture. The earliest language revival movement is regarded as being part of the Koza Society of Culture, instituted in 1955.[28] A large benefactor to preserving and reviving Ryukyuan languages is the Society for Spreading Okinawan (Uchinaguchi fukyu kyogikai), whose constitution is dedicated to initiating dialect classes and Okinawan teacher training programs, as well as advancing towards a singular Okinawan orthography.[28] There are also notable submovements in Ryukyuan language survival present in Okinawan radio broadcasts, as well as \"presentation circles and plays\" and language classes integrated in the Okinawan school curriculum on the local level.[28]","title":"Endangerment and revitalization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/handle/123456789/8927"}],"text":"(in Japanese) Shigehisa Karimata, 2008. Phonological comparison of Yaeyama dialects[1]","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/160px-Japanese_dialects-en.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Yaeyama in Japan | UNESCO WAL\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/japan/languages/yaeyama","url_text":"\"Yaeyama in Japan | UNESCO WAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"八重山のデータ\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zephyr.justhpbs.jp/data_list.html","url_text":"\"八重山のデータ\""}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Barion, Fija; Brenzinger, Matthias (9 May 2009). \"The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan\". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 7 (19): 2. Retrieved 9 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://apjjf.org/-Patrick-Heinrich/3138/article.html","url_text":"\"The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Barion, Fija; Brenzinger, Matthias (9 May 2009). \"The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan\". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 7 (19): 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thorpe, Maner Lawton (1983). Ryūkyūan language history (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Southern California.","urls":[{"url":"https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/JAPANESE/Thorpe_Ryukyuan_language_history.pdf","url_text":"Ryūkyūan language history"}]},{"reference":"Shimoji, Michinori (2022-10-19), \"The Japonic Languages: an Introduction\", An Introduction to the Japonic Languages, Brill, pp. 1–24, doi:10.1163/9789004519107_002, ISBN 978-90-04-51910-7, retrieved 2024-01-21","urls":[{"url":"https://brill.com/display/book/9789004519107/BP000001.xml","url_text":"\"The Japonic Languages: an Introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004519107_002","url_text":"10.1163/9789004519107_002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51910-7","url_text":"978-90-04-51910-7"}]},{"reference":"Pellard, Thomas (2011). \"The historical position of the Ryukyuan Languages\". Historical linguistics in the Asia-Pacific region and the position of Japanese. Historical linguistics in the Asia-Pacific region and the position of Japanese. Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology: 55–64.","urls":[{"url":"https://hal.science/hal-01682958","url_text":"\"The historical position of the Ryukyuan Languages\""}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pappalardo, Giuseppe (2016). \"Conservative and Innovative Features in the Phonology of Hateruma Dialect\". Annali di Ca' Foscari. Serie Orientale. 52 (1): 335–49. doi:10.14277/2385-3042/AnnOr-52-16-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14277%2F2385-3042%2FAnnOr-52-16-12","url_text":"10.14277/2385-3042/AnnOr-52-16-12"}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 426.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015-02-17). Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages : history, structure, and use. Heinrich, Patrick, Miyara, Shinshō, 1946-, Shimoji, Michinori. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-1614511151. OCLC 907337360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614511151","url_text":"978-1614511151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907337360","url_text":"907337360"}]},{"reference":"Tranter, Nicholas (2012). The Languages of Japan and Korea. New York: Routledge. p. 384.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Davis, Christopher; Lau, Tyler (2015-12-31), Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.), \"11. Tense, Aspect, and Mood in Miyara Yaeyaman\", Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages, DE GRUYTER, pp. 253–298, doi:10.1515/9781614511151.253, ISBN 978-1-61451-161-8, retrieved 2024-01-21","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781614511151.253/html","url_text":"\"11. Tense, Aspect, and Mood in Miyara Yaeyaman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614511151.253","url_text":"10.1515/9781614511151.253"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-161-8","url_text":"978-1-61451-161-8"}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 431.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 430.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 433.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 436.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Takekuro, Makiko (2007). \"Language and Gesture on Ishigaki Island\". Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 33: 417–419. doi:10.3765/bls.v33i1.3544.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/viewFile/3544/3244","url_text":"\"Language and Gesture on Ishigaki Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v33i1.3544","url_text":"10.3765/bls.v33i1.3544"}]},{"reference":"Lau, Tyler; Davis, Christopher (2014). \"Phonological reduction and the (re)emergence of attributive forms in Ryukyuan\". In Kenstowicz, Michael; Levin, Ted; Masuda, Ryo (eds.). Japanese/Korean Linguistics 23 (PDF). Vol. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://cmdavis.org/publications/2014/LauDavisJK2014.pdf","url_text":"Japanese/Korean Linguistics 23"}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Bairon, Fija; Brenzinger, Matthias (2009). \"The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan\". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 7.","urls":[{"url":"http://apjjf.org/-Patrick-Heinrich/3138/article.html","url_text":"\"The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan\""}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (2015). Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use. Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 423–424.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Patrick (2005). \"Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands\". The Asia-Pacific Journal. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://apjjf.org/-Patrick-Heinrich/1596/article.html","url_text":"\"Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands\""}]},{"reference":"Davis, Christopher (2013). \"The Role of Focus Particles in Wh-Interrogatives: Evidence from a Southern Ryukyuan Language\" (PDF). University of the Ryukyus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-20. Retrieved 2014-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140420060056/http://christopher-davis.net/research/papers/davis_wccfl2013.pdf","url_text":"\"The Role of Focus Particles in Wh-Interrogatives: Evidence from a Southern Ryukyuan Language\""},{"url":"http://christopher-davis.net/research/papers/davis_wccfl2013.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yaey1239","external_links_name":"yaey1239"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5353","external_links_name":"Yaeyama"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/rys/","external_links_name":"Yaeyama language"},{"Link":"https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/japan/languages/yaeyama","external_links_name":"\"Yaeyama in Japan | UNESCO WAL\""},{"Link":"http://www.zephyr.justhpbs.jp/data_list.html","external_links_name":"\"八重山のデータ\""},{"Link":"http://apjjf.org/-Patrick-Heinrich/3138/article.html","external_links_name":"\"The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan\""},{"Link":"https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/JAPANESE/Thorpe_Ryukyuan_language_history.pdf","external_links_name":"Ryūkyūan language history"},{"Link":"https://brill.com/display/book/9789004519107/BP000001.xml","external_links_name":"\"The Japonic Languages: an Introduction\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004519107_002","external_links_name":"10.1163/9789004519107_002"},{"Link":"https://hal.science/hal-01682958","external_links_name":"\"The historical position of the Ryukyuan Languages\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.14277%2F2385-3042%2FAnnOr-52-16-12","external_links_name":"10.14277/2385-3042/AnnOr-52-16-12"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907337360","external_links_name":"907337360"},{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781614511151.253/html","external_links_name":"\"11. Tense, Aspect, and Mood in Miyara Yaeyaman\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614511151.253","external_links_name":"10.1515/9781614511151.253"},{"Link":"http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/BLS/article/viewFile/3544/3244","external_links_name":"\"Language and Gesture on Ishigaki Island\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fbls.v33i1.3544","external_links_name":"10.3765/bls.v33i1.3544"},{"Link":"https://cmdavis.org/publications/2014/LauDavisJK2014.pdf","external_links_name":"Japanese/Korean Linguistics 23"},{"Link":"http://apjjf.org/-Patrick-Heinrich/3138/article.html","external_links_name":"\"The Ryukyus and the New, But Endangered, Languages of Japan\""},{"Link":"http://apjjf.org/-Patrick-Heinrich/1596/article.html","external_links_name":"\"Language Loss and Revitalization in the Ryukyu Islands\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140420060056/http://christopher-davis.net/research/papers/davis_wccfl2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Role of Focus Particles in Wh-Interrogatives: Evidence from a Southern Ryukyuan Language\""},{"Link":"http://christopher-davis.net/research/papers/davis_wccfl2013.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/handle/123456789/8927","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://ryukyulang.org/ooritaboori/","external_links_name":"Oori Taboori podcast/blog (Miyara)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoantibody
Autoantibody
["1 Production","2 Cause","3 Diseases","4 Indications for autoantibody tests","5 Antibody profiling","6 List of some autoantibodies and commonly associated diseases","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Antibody directed against an autogenic protein An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. Many autoimmune diseases (notably lupus erythematosus) are associated with such antibodies. Production Antibodies are produced by B cells in two ways: (i) randomly, and (ii) in response to a foreign protein or substance within the body. Initially, one B cell produces one specific kind of antibody. In either case, the B cell is allowed to proliferate or is killed off through a process called clonal deletion. Normally, the immune system is able to recognize and ignore the body's own healthy proteins, cells, and tissues, and to not overreact to non-threatening substances in the environment, such as foods. Sometimes, the immune system ceases to recognize one or more of the body's normal constituents as "self", leading to production of pathological autoantibodies. Autoantibodies may also play a nonpathological role; for instance they may help the body to destroy cancers and to eliminate waste products. The role of autoantibodies in normal immune function is also a subject of scientific research. Cause The causes of autoantibody production are varied and not well understood. It is thought that some autoantibody production is due to a genetic predisposition combined with an environmental trigger, such as a viral illness or a prolonged exposure to certain toxic chemicals. There is generally not a direct genetic link however. While families may be susceptible to autoimmune conditions, individual family members may have different autoimmune disorders, or may never develop an autoimmune condition. Researchers believe that there may also be a hormonal component as many of the autoimmune conditions are much more prevalent in women of childbearing age. While the initial event that leads to the production of autoantibodies is still unknown, there is a body of evidence that autoantibodies may have the capacity to maintain their production. Diseases Further information: Systemic autoimmune diseases The type of autoimmune disorder or disease that occurs and the amount of destruction done to the body depends on which systems or organs are targeted by the autoantibodies, and how strongly. Disorders caused by organ specific autoantibodies, those that primarily target a single organ, (such as the thyroid in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis), are often the easiest to diagnose as they frequently present with organ related symptoms. Disorders due to systemic autoantibodies can be much more elusive. Although the associated autoimmune disorders are rare, the signs and symptoms they cause are relatively common. Symptoms may include: arthritis-type joint pain, fatigue, fever, rashes, cold or allergy-type symptoms, weight loss, and muscular weakness. Associated conditions include vasculitis which are inflammation of blood vessels and anemia. Even if they are due to a particular systemic autoimmune condition, the symptoms will vary from person to person, vary over time, vary with organ involvement, and they may taper off or flare unexpectedly. Add to this the fact that a person may have more than one autoantibody, and thus have more than one autoimmune disorder, and/or have an autoimmune disorder without a detectable level of an autoantibody, complicating making a diagnosis. The diagnosis of disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies starts with a complete medical history and a thorough physical exam. Based on the patient's signs and symptoms, the doctor may request one or more diagnostic studies that will help to identify a specific disease. As a rule, information is required from multiple sources, rather than a single laboratory test to accurately diagnose disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies. Tests may include: blood tests to detect inflammation, autoantibodies, and organ involvement x-rays and other imaging scans to detect changes in bones, joints, and organs biopsies to look for pathologic changes in tissue specimens Indications for autoantibody tests Autoantibody tests may be ordered as part of an investigation of chronic progressive arthritis type symptoms and/or unexplained fevers, fatigue, muscle weakness and rashes. The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is often ordered first. ANA is a marker of the autoimmune process – it is positive with a variety of different autoimmune diseases but not specific. Consequently, if an ANA test is positive, it is often followed up with other tests associated with arthritis and inflammation, such as a rheumatoid factor (RF), an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a c-reactive protein (CRP), and/or complement protein|complement levels. A single autoantibody test is not diagnostic, but may give clues as to whether a particular disorder is likely or unlikely to be present. Each autoantibody result should be considered individually and as part of the group. Some disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be more likely if several autoantibodies are present, while others, such as mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) may be more likely if a single autoantibody, ribonucleic protein (RNP), is the only one present. Those who have more than one autoimmune disorder may have several detectable autoantibodies. Whether a particular autoantibody will be present is both very individual and a matter of statistics. Each will be present in a certain percentage of people who have a particular autoimmune disorder. For instance, up to 80% of those with SLE will have a positive double strand anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) autoantibody test, but only about 25–30% will have a positive RNP. Some individuals who do have an autoimmune disorder will have negative autoantibody test results, but at a later date – as the disorder progresses - the autoantibodies may develop. Systemic autoantibody tests are used to: Help diagnose systemic autoimmune disorders. Help determine the degree of organ or system involvement and damage (Along with other tests such as a complete blood count or comprehensive metabolic panel) Monitor the course of the disorder and the effectiveness of treatments. There is no prevention or cure for autoimmune disorders at this time. Treatment is used to alleviate symptoms and to help maintain body function. Monitor remissions, flares, and relapses Antibody profiling Antibody profiling is used for identifying persons from forensic samples. The technology can uniquely identify a person by analyzing the antibodies in body fluids. A unique, individual set of antibodies, called individual specific autoantibodies (ISA), is found in blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen, perspiration, tears, and body tissues, and the antibodies are not affected by illness, medication, or food/drug intake. An unskilled technician using inexpensive equipment can complete a test in a couple of hours. List of some autoantibodies and commonly associated diseases Note: the sensitivity and specificity of various autoantibodies for a particular disease is different for different diseases. Autoantibody Antibody target Condition Antinuclear antibodies Anti-SSA/Ro autoantibodies ribonucleoproteins systemic lupus erythematosus, neonatal heart block, primary Sjögren syndrome Anti-La/SS-B autoantibodies Primary Sjögren syndrome Anti-centromere antibodies centromere CREST syndrome Anti-dsDNA double-stranded DNA SLE Anti-Jo1 histidine-tRNA ligase inflammatory myopathy Anti-RNP Ribonucleoprotein Mixed connective tissue disease Anti-Smith snRNP core proteins SLE Anti-topoisomerase antibodies Type I topoisomerase systemic sclerosis (anti-Scl-70 antibodies) Anti-histone antibodies histones SLE and drug-induced LE Anti-p62 antibodies nucleoporin 62 primary biliary cirrhosis Anti-sp100 antibodies Sp100 nuclear antigen Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies nucleoporin 210kDa Anti-transglutaminase antibodies Anti-tTG celiac disease Anti-eTG dermatitis herpetiformis Anti-ganglioside antibodies ganglioside GQ1B Miller Fisher syndrome ganglioside GD3 acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) ganglioside GM1 multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block (MMN) Anti-actin antibodies actin Coeliac disease (antibody levels correlate with the level of intestinal damage), autoimmune hepatitis, gastric cancer anti-CCP cyclic citrullinated peptide rheumatoid arthritis Liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody autoimmune hepatitis Lupus anticoagulant Anti-thrombin antibodies thrombin systemic lupus erythematosus Antiphospholipid antibodies phospholipid antiphospholipid syndrome Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody c-ANCA proteins in neutrophil cytoplasm granulomatosis with polyangiitis p-ANCA neutrophil perinuclear microscopic polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, systemic vasculitides (non-specific) Rheumatoid factor IgG rheumatoid arthritis Anti-smooth muscle antibody smooth muscle chronic autoimmune hepatitis Anti-mitochondrial antibody mitochondria primary biliary cirrhosis Anti-SRP signal recognition particle dermatomyositis exosome complex scleromyositis Anti-AChR nicotinic acetylcholine receptor myasthenia gravis Anti-MUSK Muscle-specific kinase (MUSK) myasthenia gravis Anti-VGCC voltage-gated calcium channel (P/Q-type) Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome Anti-Vinculin vinculin small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Anti-thyroid autoantibodies Anti-TPO antibodies Thyroid peroxidase (microsomal) Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs) Thyroglobulin Hashimoto's thyroiditis Anti-thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs) TSH receptor Graves' disease Anti-Hu (ANNA-1) Neuronal nuclear proteins paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, limbic encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, subacute sensory neuronopathy, choreathetosis Anti-Yo Cerebellar Purkinje cells paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration Anti-Ma encephalomyelitis, limbic encephalitis Anti-Ri (ANNA-2) Neuronal nuclear proteins opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome Anti-Tr glutamate receptor paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome Anti-amphiphysin amphiphysin stiff person syndrome, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration Anti-GAD Glutamate decarboxylase stiff person syndrome, diabetes mellitus type 1 Anti-VGKC voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) limbic encephalitis, Isaac's Syndrome (autoimmune neuromyotonia) Anti-CRMP-5 Collapsin response mediator protein 5 optic neuropathy, chorea basal ganglia neurons Sydenham's chorea, paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease associated with Streptococcus (PANDAS) Anti-NMDAr N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis NMO antibody aquaporin-4 neuromyelitis optica (Devic's syndrome) Anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome) Dsg3 (Desmoglein 3) and sometimes Dsg1 Pemphigus vulgaris Anti-hemidesmosome hemidesmosomes Bullous pemphigoid Anti-glomerular basement membrane basement membrane in lungs and kidneys Goodpasture syndrome Anti-parietal cell gastric parietal cells Pernicious anemia Anti-intrinsic factor intrinsic factor Pernicious anemia Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor phospholipase A2 receptor Membranous nephropathy See also Anti-glutamate receptor antibodies Reference ranges for blood tests#Autoantibodies Paraneoplastic syndrome References ^ Böhm I. Apoptosis: the link between autoantibodies and leuko-/lymphocytopenia in patients. Scand J Rheumatol 2004;33: 409 - 416 ^ Böhm I. Disruption of the cytoskeleton after apoptosis induction by autoantibodies. Autoimmunity 2003;36: 183 - 189 ^ https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/idaho_national_laboratory_biological_systems/352/molecular_forensics/2691 Antibody Sensors ^ Table 5-9 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1. 8th edition. ^ a b Wesierska-Gadek J, Hohenuer H, Hitchman E, Penner E (1996). "Autoantibodies against nucleoporin p62 constitute a novel marker of primary biliary cirrhosis". Gastroenterology. 110 (3): 840–7. doi:10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608894. PMID 8608894. ^ a b Szostecki C, Guldner HH, Netter HJ, Will H (1990). "Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding a human nuclear antigen predominantly recognized by autoantibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis". J. Immunol. 145 (12): 4338–47. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.145.12.4338. PMID 2258622. S2CID 43572051. ^ a b Itoh S, Ichida T, Yoshida T, et al. (1998). "Autoantibodies against a 210 kDa glycoprotein of the nuclear pore complex as a prognostic marker in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis". J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13 (3): 257–65. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.01553.x. PMID 9570238. S2CID 73008610. ^ Pedreira S, Sugai E, Moreno ML, et al. (2005). "Significance of smooth muscle/anti-actin autoantibodies in celiac disease". Acta Gastroenterol. Latinoam. 35 (2): 83–93. PMID 16127984. ^ Carroccio A, Brusca I, Iacono G, et al. (2007). "IgA anti-actin antibodies ELISA in coeliac disease: A multicentre study". Digestive and Liver Disease. 39 (9): 818–23. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2007.06.004. hdl:10447/34417. PMID 17652043. ^ Kerkar N, Ma Y, Davies ET, Cheeseman P, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D (December 2002). "Detection of liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody using molecularly based immunoassays". J. Clin. Pathol. 55 (12): 906–9. doi:10.1136/jcp.55.12.906. PMC 1769836. PMID 12461054. ^ Oertelt S, Rieger R, Selmi C, Invernizzi P, Ansari A, Coppel R, Podda M, Leung P, Gershwin M (2007). "A sensitive bead assay for antimitochondrial antibodies: Chipping away at AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis". Hepatology. 45 (3): 659–65. doi:10.1002/hep.21583. PMID 17326160. S2CID 19227989. ^ Kao, A. H.; Lacomis, D.; Lucas, M.; Fertig, N.; Oddis, C. V. (2004). "Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibody in patients with and patients without idiopathic inflammatory myopathy". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 50 (1): 209–215. doi:10.1002/art.11484. PMID 14730618. ^ Ropper, Allan H.; Samuels, Martin A. (2009). Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology (9th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 656. ISBN 978-0-07-149992-7. External links Autoimmunity – an Introduction Industrial Learning Unit on Chemgaroo Autoimmunityblog - summaries of research articles + glossary terms Autoantibodies at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Detection of autoantibodies with self-assembling radiolabeled antigen tetramers (a protocol) Antibody Sensors vteLymphocytic adaptive immune system and complementLymphoidAntigens Antigen Superantigen Allergen Antigenic variation Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Antigen presentation/professional APCs: Dendritic cell Macrophage B cell Immunogen Antibodies Antibody Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Polyclonal B cell response Allotype Isotype Idiotype Immune complex Paratope Immunity vs. tolerance Action: Immunity Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Allergy Hypersensitivity Inflammation Cross-reactivity Co-stimulation Inaction: Tolerance Central Peripheral Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Immune privilege Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V(D)J recombination Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching MHC/HLA Lymphocytes Cellular T cell Humoral B cell NK cell Substances Cytokines Opsonin Cytolysin vteAutoantibodiesAnti-nuclear antibody PBC: Anti-gp210 Anti-p62 Anti-sp100 ENA: Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70 Anti-Jo1 ENA4 Anti-Sm Anti-nRNP Anti-Ro Anti-La Anti-centromere Anti-dsDNA Anti-histone Anti-mitochondrial antibody Anti-cardiolipin Anti-cytoplasm antibody Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic C-ANCA P-ANCA Anti-smooth muscle Anti-actin Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal Cell membrane Anti-ganglioside Anti-GBM Anti-glutamate Extracellular Anti-thrombin Lupus anticoagulant Coeliac disease: Anti-transglutaminase Anti-gliadin not autoantibody RA Rheumatoid factor Anti-citrullinated peptide Multiple locations Anti-phospholipid Anti-apolipoprotein
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody"},{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"autoimmune diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_disease"},{"link_name":"lupus erythematosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus"}],"text":"An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. Many autoimmune diseases (notably lupus erythematosus) are associated with such antibodies.","title":"Autoantibody"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cells"},{"link_name":"clonal deletion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_deletion"}],"text":"Antibodies are produced by B cells in two ways: (i) randomly, and (ii) in response to a foreign protein or substance within the body. Initially, one B cell produces one specific kind of antibody. In either case, the B cell is allowed to proliferate or is killed off through a process called clonal deletion. Normally, the immune system is able to recognize and ignore the body's own healthy proteins, cells, and tissues, and to not overreact to non-threatening substances in the environment, such as foods. Sometimes, the immune system ceases to recognize one or more of the body's normal constituents as \"self\", leading to production of pathological autoantibodies. Autoantibodies may also play a nonpathological role; for instance they may help the body to destroy cancers and to eliminate waste products. The role of autoantibodies in normal immune function is also a subject of scientific research.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The causes of autoantibody production are varied and not well understood. It is thought that some autoantibody production is due to a genetic predisposition combined with an environmental trigger, such as a viral illness or a prolonged exposure to certain toxic chemicals. There is generally not a direct genetic link however.\nWhile families may be susceptible to autoimmune conditions, individual family members may have different autoimmune disorders, or may never develop an autoimmune condition. Researchers believe that there may also be a hormonal component as many of the autoimmune conditions are much more prevalent in women of childbearing age. While the initial event that leads to the production of autoantibodies is still unknown, there is a body of evidence that autoantibodies may have the capacity to maintain their production.[1][2]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Systemic autoimmune diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_autoimmune_diseases"},{"link_name":"Graves' disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves%27_disease"},{"link_name":"Hashimoto's thyroiditis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis"},{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"vasculitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculitis"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"}],"text":"Further information: Systemic autoimmune diseasesThe type of autoimmune disorder or disease that occurs and the amount of destruction done to the body depends on which systems or organs are targeted by the autoantibodies, and how strongly. Disorders caused by organ specific autoantibodies, those that primarily target a single organ, (such as the thyroid in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis), are often the easiest to diagnose as they frequently present with organ related symptoms. Disorders due to systemic autoantibodies can be much more elusive. Although the associated autoimmune disorders are rare, the signs and symptoms they cause are relatively common. Symptoms may include: arthritis-type joint pain, fatigue, fever, rashes, cold or allergy-type symptoms, weight loss, and muscular weakness. Associated conditions include vasculitis which are inflammation of blood vessels and anemia. Even if they are due to a particular systemic autoimmune condition, the symptoms will vary from person to person, vary over time, vary with organ involvement, and they may taper off or flare unexpectedly. Add to this the fact that a person may have more than one autoantibody, and thus have more than one autoimmune disorder, and/or have an autoimmune disorder without a detectable level of an autoantibody, complicating making a diagnosis.The diagnosis of disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies starts with a complete medical history and a thorough physical exam. Based on the patient's signs and symptoms, the doctor may request one or more diagnostic studies that will help to identify a specific disease. As a rule, information is required from multiple sources, rather than a single laboratory test to accurately diagnose disorders associated with systemic autoantibodies. Tests may include:blood tests to detect inflammation, autoantibodies, and organ involvement\nx-rays and other imaging scans to detect changes in bones, joints, and organs\nbiopsies to look for pathologic changes in tissue specimens","title":"Diseases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antinuclear antibody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antinuclear_antibody"},{"link_name":"inflammation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_factor"},{"link_name":"erythrocyte sedimentation rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate"},{"link_name":"c-reactive protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein"},{"link_name":"systemic lupus erythematosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus"},{"link_name":"mixed connective tissue disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_connective_tissue_disease"},{"link_name":"ribonucleic protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleoprotein"},{"link_name":"anti-double stranded DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-dsDNA_antibodies"},{"link_name":"complete blood count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_blood_count"},{"link_name":"comprehensive metabolic panel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Metabolic_Panel"}],"text":"Autoantibody tests may be ordered as part of an investigation of chronic progressive arthritis type symptoms and/or unexplained fevers, fatigue, muscle weakness and rashes. The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is often ordered first. ANA is a marker of the autoimmune process – it is positive with a variety of different autoimmune diseases but not specific. Consequently, if an ANA test is positive, it is often followed up with other tests associated with arthritis and inflammation, such as a rheumatoid factor (RF), an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a c-reactive protein (CRP), and/or complement protein|complement levels.A single autoantibody test is not diagnostic, but may give clues as to whether a particular disorder is likely or unlikely to be present. Each autoantibody result should be considered individually and as part of the group. Some disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be more likely if several autoantibodies are present, while others, such as mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) may be more likely if a single autoantibody, ribonucleic protein (RNP), is the only one present. Those who have more than one autoimmune disorder may have several detectable autoantibodies.Whether a particular autoantibody will be present is both very individual and a matter of statistics. Each will be present in a certain percentage of people who have a particular autoimmune disorder. For instance, up to 80% of those with SLE will have a positive double strand anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) autoantibody test, but only about 25–30% will have a positive RNP. Some individuals who do have an autoimmune disorder will have negative autoantibody test results, but at a later date – as the disorder progresses - the autoantibodies may develop.Systemic autoantibody tests are used to:Help diagnose systemic autoimmune disorders.\nHelp determine the degree of organ or system involvement and damage (Along with other tests such as a complete blood count or comprehensive metabolic panel)\nMonitor the course of the disorder and the effectiveness of treatments. There is no prevention or cure for autoimmune disorders at this time. Treatment is used to alleviate symptoms and to help maintain body function.\nMonitor remissions, flares, and relapses","title":"Indications for autoantibody tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Antibody profiling is used for identifying persons from forensic samples. The technology can uniquely identify a person by analyzing the antibodies in body fluids. A unique, individual set of antibodies, called individual specific autoantibodies (ISA), is found in blood, serum, saliva, urine, semen, perspiration, tears, and body tissues, and the antibodies are not affected by illness, medication, or food/drug intake. An unskilled technician using inexpensive equipment can complete a test in a couple of hours.[3]","title":"Antibody profiling"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: the sensitivity and specificity of various autoantibodies for a particular disease is different for different diseases.","title":"List of some autoantibodies and commonly associated diseases"}]
[]
[{"title":"Anti-glutamate receptor antibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-glutamate_receptor_antibodies"},{"title":"Reference ranges for blood tests#Autoantibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests#Autoantibodies"},{"title":"Paraneoplastic syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraneoplastic_syndrome"}]
[{"reference":"Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson (2007). Robbins Basic Pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2973-1","url_text":"978-1-4160-2973-1"}]},{"reference":"Wesierska-Gadek J, Hohenuer H, Hitchman E, Penner E (1996). \"Autoantibodies against nucleoporin p62 constitute a novel marker of primary biliary cirrhosis\". Gastroenterology. 110 (3): 840–7. doi:10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608894. PMID 8608894.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fgast.1996.v110.pm8608894","url_text":"\"Autoantibodies against nucleoporin p62 constitute a novel marker of primary biliary cirrhosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fgast.1996.v110.pm8608894","url_text":"10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8608894","url_text":"8608894"}]},{"reference":"Szostecki C, Guldner HH, Netter HJ, Will H (1990). \"Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding a human nuclear antigen predominantly recognized by autoantibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis\". J. Immunol. 145 (12): 4338–47. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.145.12.4338. PMID 2258622. S2CID 43572051.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.145.12.4338","url_text":"\"Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding a human nuclear antigen predominantly recognized by autoantibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.145.12.4338","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.145.12.4338"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2258622","url_text":"2258622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43572051","url_text":"43572051"}]},{"reference":"Itoh S, Ichida T, Yoshida T, et al. (1998). \"Autoantibodies against a 210 kDa glycoprotein of the nuclear pore complex as a prognostic marker in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis\". J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 13 (3): 257–65. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.01553.x. PMID 9570238. S2CID 73008610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1746.1998.01553.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.01553.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9570238","url_text":"9570238"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73008610","url_text":"73008610"}]},{"reference":"Pedreira S, Sugai E, Moreno ML, et al. (2005). \"Significance of smooth muscle/anti-actin autoantibodies in celiac disease\". Acta Gastroenterol. Latinoam. 35 (2): 83–93. PMID 16127984.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16127984","url_text":"16127984"}]},{"reference":"Carroccio A, Brusca I, Iacono G, et al. (2007). \"IgA anti-actin antibodies ELISA in coeliac disease: A multicentre study\". Digestive and Liver Disease. 39 (9): 818–23. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2007.06.004. hdl:10447/34417. PMID 17652043.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dld.2007.06.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.dld.2007.06.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10447%2F34417","url_text":"10447/34417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17652043","url_text":"17652043"}]},{"reference":"Kerkar N, Ma Y, Davies ET, Cheeseman P, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D (December 2002). \"Detection of liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody using molecularly based immunoassays\". J. Clin. Pathol. 55 (12): 906–9. doi:10.1136/jcp.55.12.906. PMC 1769836. PMID 12461054.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1769836","url_text":"\"Detection of liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody using molecularly based immunoassays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjcp.55.12.906","url_text":"10.1136/jcp.55.12.906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1769836","url_text":"1769836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12461054","url_text":"12461054"}]},{"reference":"Oertelt S, Rieger R, Selmi C, Invernizzi P, Ansari A, Coppel R, Podda M, Leung P, Gershwin M (2007). \"A sensitive bead assay for antimitochondrial antibodies: Chipping away at AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis\". Hepatology. 45 (3): 659–65. doi:10.1002/hep.21583. PMID 17326160. S2CID 19227989.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.21583","url_text":"\"A sensitive bead assay for antimitochondrial antibodies: Chipping away at AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.21583","url_text":"10.1002/hep.21583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17326160","url_text":"17326160"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19227989","url_text":"19227989"}]},{"reference":"Kao, A. H.; Lacomis, D.; Lucas, M.; Fertig, N.; Oddis, C. V. (2004). \"Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibody in patients with and patients without idiopathic inflammatory myopathy\". Arthritis & Rheumatism. 50 (1): 209–215. doi:10.1002/art.11484. PMID 14730618.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.11484","url_text":"10.1002/art.11484"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14730618","url_text":"14730618"}]},{"reference":"Ropper, Allan H.; Samuels, Martin A. (2009). Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology (9th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 656. ISBN 978-0-07-149992-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149992-7","url_text":"978-0-07-149992-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/idaho_national_laboratory_biological_systems/352/molecular_forensics/2691","external_links_name":"https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt/community/idaho_national_laboratory_biological_systems/352/molecular_forensics/2691"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fgast.1996.v110.pm8608894","external_links_name":"\"Autoantibodies against nucleoporin p62 constitute a novel marker of primary biliary cirrhosis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fgast.1996.v110.pm8608894","external_links_name":"10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608894"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8608894","external_links_name":"8608894"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.145.12.4338","external_links_name":"\"Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding a human nuclear antigen predominantly recognized by autoantibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.145.12.4338","external_links_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.145.12.4338"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2258622","external_links_name":"2258622"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43572051","external_links_name":"43572051"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1746.1998.01553.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1440-1746.1998.01553.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9570238","external_links_name":"9570238"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73008610","external_links_name":"73008610"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16127984","external_links_name":"16127984"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dld.2007.06.004","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.dld.2007.06.004"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10447%2F34417","external_links_name":"10447/34417"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17652043","external_links_name":"17652043"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1769836","external_links_name":"\"Detection of liver kidney microsomal type 1 antibody using molecularly based immunoassays\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjcp.55.12.906","external_links_name":"10.1136/jcp.55.12.906"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1769836","external_links_name":"1769836"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12461054","external_links_name":"12461054"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.21583","external_links_name":"\"A sensitive bead assay for antimitochondrial antibodies: Chipping away at AMA-negative primary biliary cirrhosis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhep.21583","external_links_name":"10.1002/hep.21583"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17326160","external_links_name":"17326160"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19227989","external_links_name":"19227989"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.11484","external_links_name":"10.1002/art.11484"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14730618","external_links_name":"14730618"},{"Link":"http://www.chemgapedia.de/vsengine/vlu/vsc/en/ch/25/orgentec/autoimmun.vlu.html","external_links_name":"Autoimmunity – an Introduction"},{"Link":"http://www.autoimmunityblog.com/","external_links_name":"Autoimmunityblog"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Autoantibodies","external_links_name":"Autoantibodies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416111313/http://www.natureprotocols.com/2007/01/29/detection_of_autoantibodies_wi.php","external_links_name":"Detection of autoantibodies with self-assembling radiolabeled antigen tetramers (a protocol)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100814214003/http://www.inl.gov/research/antibody-sensors/","external_links_name":"Antibody Sensors"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endophyte
Endophyte
["1 History","2 Transmission","3 Symbiosis","3.1 Effects on plant behavior","4 Diversity","5 Classification","5.1 Systemic and non-systemic","5.2 Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous","6 Applications","6.1 Biofuel","6.2 Phytoremediation","6.3 Drug discovery","6.4 Agriculture","7 See also","8 References"]
Endosymbiotic bacterium or fungus Transmission electron microscope image of a cross section through a soybean (Glycine max) root nodule. The nitrogen fixing bacteria, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, infects the roots and establishes a symbiosis. This high magnification image shows part of a cell with single bacteroid (bacterium-like cell or modified bacterial cell) within their symbiosomes. In this image, you can also see endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and cell wall. An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Some endophytes may enhance host growth and nutrient acquisition and improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought, and decrease biotic stresses by enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens and herbivores. Although endophytic bacteria and fungi are frequently studied, endophytic archaea are increasingly being considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant. History Endophytes were first described by the German botanist Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1809. They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as "microzymas" by the French scientist Béchamp. There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that Victor Galippe discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues. Though, most of the endophytic studies reports the mutualistic relationship of bacteria and fungus, Das et al., (2019) reported about endophytic virome and their probable function in plant defense mechanisms. Transmission Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals). Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes are typically considered clonal and transmit via fungal hyphae penetrating the embryo within the host's seeds, while reproduction of the fungi through asexual conidia or sexual spores leads to horizontal transmission, where endophytes may spread between plants in a population or community. Symbiosis Plant-endophytic bacteria interactions  Abbreviations: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), volatile organic compounds (VOC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), type III secretion system (T3SS), type VI secretion system (T6SS), hemagglutinins (HA), small RNAs (sRNAs), copper-micro RNAs (Cu-miRNAs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA). The arrows pointing upwards indicate an increase, while the ones pointing downwards indicate a decrease in the expression levels. Most endophyte-plant relationships are still not well understood. However, recently it was shown that endophytes are transmitted from one generation to another via seeds, in a process called vertical transmission. Endophytes and plants often engage in mutualism, with endophytes primarily aiding in the health and survival of the host plant with issues such as pathogens and disease, water stress, heat stress, nutrient availability and poor soil quality, salinity, and herbivory. In exchange the endophyte receives carbon for energy from the plant host. Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly mutualistic, as endophytic fungi can potentially become pathogens or saprotrophs, usually when the plant is stressed. Endophytes may become active and reproduce under specific environmental conditions or when their host plants are stressed or begin to senesce, thereby limiting the amount of carbon provided to the endophyte. Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. Endophytes can extensively colonize plant tissues and competitively exclude other potential pathogens. Some fungal and bacterial endophytes have proven to increase plant growth and improve overall plant hardiness. Studies have shown that endophytic fungi grow in a very intimate interaction with their host plant cells. Fungal hyphae have been seen growing either flattened or wedged against plant cells. This growth pattern indicates that fungal hyphae are substantially attached to the plant host's cell wall, but do not invade plant cells. Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. The presence of certain fungal endophytes in host meristems, leaves and reproductive structures has been shown to dramatically enhance the survival of their hosts. This enhanced survivability is largely attributed to endophytic production of secondary metabolites which protect against herbivory as well as increased uptake of nutrients. Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions. There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. For example, plant chemical signals have been shown to activate gene expression in endophytes. One example of this plant-endosymbiont interaction occurs between dicotyledonous plants in the Convolvulaceae and clavicipitaceous fungi. When the fungus is in the plant it synthesizes ergoline alkaloids at a higher rate, compared to when it is grown apart from the plant. This supports the hypothesis that plant signaling is required in order to induce expression of endophytic secondary metabolites. Effects on plant behavior There are various behaviors that have been studied that resulted from endophyte symbiosis with plants. Through association with fungal endophytes, the root and shoot structures of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) saplings in low-nutrient conditions have been shown to be elongated, as well as undergo overall biomass increases. The proposed mechanisms behind this include high inorganic phosphate solubilization ability by the fungi as well as organic phosphate mineralization, increased mycorrhizal associations through root colonization, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. Specific endophyte species can also stimulate root growth by increasing the flux of auxin to where the endophyte is. Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations. Improvements in water use efficiency were observed in higher CO2 concentrations and a further increase was seen in water deficit conditions. In addition, other various physiological pathways were activated upon endophytes interactions with host plants, enabling tighter water control and further water management, which are to be the main reasons behind improved water relations. Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing ABA to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO2. However, the specific biochemical mechanisms behind these behavioral changes are still largely unknown and lower-level signal cascades have yet to be discovered. Furthermore, while the benefits of endophyte relations are well-studied, the costs of these relations are less well understood, such as the specific carbon costs, the system of endophyte governance, and the environmental conditions that facilitate a proper plant-endophyte relationship. In an experiment investigating the interaction between Miscanthus sinensis and the plant endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense, a roughly 20% increase in fresh biomass was observed in M. sinensis following inoculation with H. frisingense. However, unique to this experiment was the mode by which this was thought to happen. Inoculation saw an upregulation in the genes relevant to jasmonate and ethylene production in the plant roots, although the mechanism to this is still unknown. Specifically, H. frisingense was shown to upregulate ethylene receptors and repress ethylene response factors, overall leading to an increase in root growth. Additionally, H. frisingense is known to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA), and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by H. frisingense. Diversity Endophytic species are very diverse; only a small minority of existing endophytes have been characterized. Many endophytes are in the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Endophytic fungi may be from Hypocreales and Xylariales of the Sordariomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) class or from the class of Loculoascomycetes. One group of fungal endophytes are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi involving biotrophic Glomeromycota associated with various plant species. As often with other organisms associated with plants such as mycorrhizal fungus, endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host. Bacterial endophytes are polyphyletic, belonging to broad range of taxa, including α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria. One or more endophytic organisms are found in nearly every land plant. It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as tropical rainforests may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites. It has been estimated that there could be approximately 1 million endophytic fungi that exist in the world. A diazotrophic bacterium isolated in lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) in British Columbia, Canada, is Paenibacillus polymyxa, which may help its host by fixing nitrogen. Classification Endophytes include a wide variety of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and viruses. There are two different means of classifying endophytes. Systemic and non-systemic The first method divides endophytes into two categories: systemic (true) and nonsystemic (transient). These categories are based on the endophyte's genetics, biology, and mechanism of transmission from host to host. Systemic endophytes are defined as organisms that live within plant tissues for the entirety of its life cycle and participate in a symbiotic relationship without causing disease or harm to the plant at any point. Additionally, systemic endophytes concentrations and diversity do not change in a host with changing environmental conditions. Non-systemic or transient endophytes on the other hand vary in number and diversity within their plant hosts under changing environmental conditions. Non-systemic endophytes have also been shown to become pathogenic to their host plants under stressful or resource limited growing conditions. An example of this would be Colletotrichum fioriniae, which is an endophyte of many temperate broadleaved trees and shrubs, but can also be a pathogen on many fruits and some leaves. Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous The second method divides fungal endophytes into four groups based on taxonomy and six other criteria: host range, host tissues colonized, in planta colonization, in planta biodiversity, mode of transmission and fitness benefits. These four groups are divided into clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 1) and non-clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 2, 3, and 4). Class 1 endophytes are all phylogenetically related and proliferate within cool and warm season grasses. They typically colonize plant shoots where they form a systemic intercellular infection. Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. Class 1 endophytes can further be divided into Types I, II and III. Among these three types of clavicipitaceous endophytes are different interactions with their plant hosts. These interaction range from pathogenic to symbiotic and symptomatic to asymptomatic. Type III clavicipitaceous endophytes grow within their plant host without manifesting symptoms of disease or harming their host. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes represent a polyphyletic group of organisms. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are typically Ascomycota fungi. The ecological roles of these fungi are diverse and still poorly understood. These endophyte plant interactions are widespread and have been found in nearly all land plants and ecosystems. Many non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have the ability to switch between endophytic behavior and free-living lifestyles. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are divided into class 2, 3 and 4. Class 2 endophytes can grow in plant tissues both above and below ground. This class of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes has been the most extensively researched and has been shown to enhance fitness benefits of their plant host as a result of habitat-specific stresses such as pH, temperature and salinity. Class 3 endophytes are restricted to growth in above ground plant tissues and form in localized areas of plant tissue. Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. These classes of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have not been as extensively studied to date. Applications Endophytes may have potential future applications in agriculture. Use of endophytes might potentially increase crop yields. Turfgrass seed of Festuca and Lolium perenne infected with fungal inoculants, Acremonium coenophialum and A. lolii, is commercially available for use in growing lawns which might require less pesticide use -the grasses are poisonous to cattle and more resistant to some insect damage. As of 1999 this is only available in the afore-mentioned lawn grasses, which are sold as 'low maintenance' cultivars. The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic alkaloids. The products provide high resistance to foliar lawn pests such as billbugs, chinch bugs, sod webworms, fall army-worms and Argentine stem weevils, but offer little protection to pests of grass roots such as grubs. The endophytes can survive most pesticides and are even resistant to some fungicides, and are very suitable for use in Integrated Pest Management. Biofuel A 2008 experiment with an isolate of a fungus called NRRL 50072 found that this strain can produce a small amount of fuel-like hydrocarbon compounds which was promoted as "myco-diesel". It was hoped that perhaps in the future this might provide a possible source of biofuel. It was first misidentified as the endophyte Gliocladium roseum, but later research showed that it was in fact the saprophyte Ascocoryne sarcoides. A strain of endophytic fungi which appeared to be closely related to Nigrograna mackinnonii which was isolated from a stem of the plant Guazuma ulmifolia collected in Ecuador was found to produce a variety of volatile organic compounds including terpenes and odd chain polyenes. The polyenes isolated from the fungus have properties that are sought in gasoline-surrogate biofuels. Phytoremediation Plants are potentially able to break down or sequester, or stimulate micro-organisms in the soil to break down or sequester, certain organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants such as nickel in degraded ecosystems, which is known as phytoremediation. In this endophytes may possibly assist plants in converting pollutants into less biologically harmful forms; in one of the few experiments performed a plasmid called TOM from a strain of a bacterium in the Burkholderia genus known as G4 which can break down trichloroethylene (TCE) was transferred to endophytes of popular trees; although it did not help the plants remove more of this chemical than non-inoculated plants, the plants transpired less TCE into the air. In another experiment Burkholderia bacteria with both the TOM plasmid as well as nickel resistance genes was inoculated into yellow lupine; this increased the root mass of the plants, but the amounts of TCE transpired was not statistically significant. Despite these failures, such techniques might lead to some future improvements. Two strains of the endophytic fungi Pestalotiopsis microspora isolated from stems of plants from the Ecuadorian rainforest were shown in laboratory experiments to be able to digest polyurethane plastic as the fungus's sole carbon source in anaerobic conditions, although many other non-endophytic fungi have demonstrated this ability, and most isolates of endophytic fungi in this experiment could perform this to some degree. Drug discovery Endophytes produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that might be useful as lead compounds in drug discovery. Endophyte bioprospecting has already yielded compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, neuroprotective, antioxidant, insulin-mimetic, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and immunosuppressant properties. Manipulations of a plant's endosymbiots can affect plant development, growth and ultimately the quality and quantity of compounds harvested from the plant. Studies have shown endophytic fungi are able to produce secondary metabolites previously thought to be manufactured by their plant hosts. The presence of these metabolites in plants could be attributable to endophyte production alone, or to combined endophyte and plant production following transfer of the corresponding genes from endophyte to plant or vice versa. A well known example of the discovery of chemicals derived from endophytic fungi is from the fungus Taxomyces andreanae isolated from the pacific yew Taxus brevifolia. T. andreanae produces paclitaxel, also known as taxol. This drug is important for the treatment of cancer. Other endophytes since have been discovered that also produce paclitaxel in other host species, but to date there has been no successful industrial source of paclitaxel created. Endophytes have been discovered with various anti-tumor properties. Endophytic fungi produce many secondary compounds such as alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids which have been shown to have anti-tumor effects. The alkaloid beauvericin has been isolated from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and has shown cytotoxicity against the tumor cells PC3, PANC-1, and A549. Two fusarubin derivatives: anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin were isolated from endophytic fungus Cladosporium sp. and have shown cytotoxicity against human leukemia (K-562). Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. Some of the antimicrobial compounds produced by endophytic fungi are of interest in their effectiveness against pathogens which have developed resistances to antibiotics. Different fractions of Cladosporium sp. including secondary metabolite-methyl ether of fusarubin have shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Bacillus megaterium. Several isolates from the ascomycota Pestalotiopsis sp. have been shown to have a broad range of antimicrobial effects, even against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Also, compounds from the marine fungus Nigrospora sp. have activity against strains of multi drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. An endophytic fungus of the genus Pseudomassaria has been found in the rainforest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This fungus yields a metabolite that shows potential as an antidiabetic, also known as an insulin mimetic. This compound acts like insulin and has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in mouse model experiments. Agriculture Among the many promising applications of endophytic microbes are those intended to increase agricultural use of endophytes to produce crops that grow faster and are more resistant and hardier than crops lacking endophytes. Epichloë endophytes are being widely used commercially in turf grasses to enhance the performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Piriformospora indica is an interesting endophytic fungus of the order Sebacinales, the fungus is capable of colonising roots and forming symbiotic relationship with many plants. Endophytes appear to enhance the growth of their plant host symbionts. Endophytes also provide their hosts with an increased resilience to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought, poor soils and herbivory. The increased growth and resilience is likely caused by the endophytes ability to improve plant nutrition or secondary metabolite production, as in the case of Phoma eupatorii's inhibition of the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans. Endophytes accomplish this by increasing the uptake of valuable land limited nutrients from the soil such as phosphorus and making other plant nutrients available to plants such as rock phosphate and atmospheric nitrogen which are normally trapped in forms that are inaccessible to plants. Many endophytes protect plants from herbivory from both insects and animals by producing secondary metabolites that are either unappetizing or toxic to the herbivore. Increasingly there has been great importance placed on endophytes that protect valuable crops from invasive insects. One example of an endophyte-plant-insect interaction is located in the New Zealand grasslands, where endophytes, known as AR1 and AR37 are utilized to protect valuable ryegrass from the Argentine stem weevil but remain palatable to another important food source, livestock. There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. One such endophyte comes from the Nodulisporium sp. which was first harvested from the plant Bontia daphnoides. Indole diterpenes, known as nodulisporic acids, have been harvested from this endophyte which have effective insecticidal properties against the blowfly larvae. There are many obstacles to successfully implementing the use of endophytes in agriculture. Despite the many known benefits that endophytes may confer to their plant hosts, conventional agricultural practices continue to take priority. Current agriculture relies heavily on fungicides and high levels of chemical fertilizers. The use of fungicides has a negative effect on endophytic fungi and fertilizers reduce a plant's dependence on its endophytic symbiont. Despite this, the interest and use of bio-insecticides and using endophytes to aid in plant growth is increasing as organic and sustainable agriculture is considered more important. As humans become more aware of the damage that synthetic insecticides cause to the environment and beneficial insects such as bees and butterflies biological insecticides may become more important to the agricultural industry. See also Biofertilizer List of endophytes Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense Arbuscular mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza Rhizobia References ^ Chow, Chanelle; Padda, Kiran Preet; Puri, Akshit; Chanway, Chris P. (2022-09-20). "An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture". Current Microbiology. 79 (11): 322. doi:10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y. ISSN 1432-0991. PMID 36125558. S2CID 252376815. ^ a b Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Berg G, Pirttilä AM, Compant S, Campisano A, et al. (September 2015). "The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 79 (3): 293–320. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00050-14. PMC 4488371. PMID 26136581. ^ Das, Saurav; Barooah, Madhumita; Thakur, Nagendra (2019-04-17). "Endophytic Virome". bioRxiv: 602144. doi:10.1101/602144. S2CID 146037776. ^ Suryanarayanan TS (2013-12-01). "Endophyte research: going beyond isolation and metabolite documentation". Fungal Ecology. 6 (6): 561–568. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2013.09.007. ^ Tadych M, Bergen MS, White JF (2014-03-01). "Epichloë spp. associated with grasses: new insights on life cycles, dissemination and evolution". Mycologia. 106 (2): 181–201. doi:10.3852/106.2.181. PMID 24877257. S2CID 24846604. ^ Pinski, Artur; Betekhtin, Alexander; Hupert-Kocurek, Katarzyna; Mur, Luis A. J.; Hasterok, Robert (2019). "Defining the Genetic Basis of Plant–Endophytic Bacteria Interactions". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (8): 1947. doi:10.3390/ijms20081947. PMC 6515357. PMID 31010043. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ^ Saunders M, Glenn AE, Kohn LM (September 2010). "Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes". Evolutionary Applications. 3 (5–6): 525–37. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00141.x. PMC 3352505. PMID 25567944. ^ Abdelfattah, Ahmed; Wisniewski, Michael; Schena, Leonardo; Tack, Ayco J. M. (2021). "Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root". Environmental Microbiology. 23 (4): 2199–2214. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15392. ISSN 1462-2920. PMID 33427409. ^ Matsumoto H, Fan X, Wang Y, Kusstatscher P, Duan J, Wu S, et al. (January 2021). "Bacterial seed endophyte shapes disease resistance in rice". Nature Plants. 7 (1): 60–72. doi:10.1038/s41477-020-00826-5. PMID 33398157. S2CID 230508404. ^ McCoy P (2016). Radical Mycology: A Treatise on Seeing & Working with Fungi. Chthaeus Press. p. 177. ISBN 9780986399602. ^ a b Jia M, Chen L, Xin HL, Zheng CJ, Rahman K, Han T, Qin LP (2016-06-09). "A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 906. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00906. PMC 4899461. PMID 27375610. ^ Rai M, Agarkar G (May 2016). "Plant-fungal interactions: What triggers the fungi to switch among lifestyles?". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 42 (3): 428–38. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2014.958052. PMID 25383649. S2CID 37813335. ^ Kuldau G, Bacon C (2008-07-01). "Clavicipitaceous endophytes: Their ability to enhance resistance of grasses to multiple stresses". Biological Control. Special Issue: Endophytes. 46 (1): 57–71. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.023. ^ Zabalgogeazcoa I (2008-02-01). "Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant pathogens: a review". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 6 (S1): 138–146. doi:10.5424/sjar/200806S1-382. ISSN 2171-9292. ^ Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Elsas JD (October 2008). "Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth" (PDF). Trends in Microbiology. 16 (10): 463–71. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.07.008. PMID 18789693. ^ a b Christensen MJ, Bennett RJ, Ansari HA, Koga H, Johnson RD, Bryan GT, et al. (February 2008). "Epichloë endophytes grow by intercalary hyphal extension in elongating grass leaves". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 45 (2): 84–93. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2007.07.013. PMID 17919950. ^ Tan YY, Spiering MJ, Scott V, Lane GA, Christensen MJ, Schmid J (December 2001). "In planta regulation of extension of an endophytic fungus and maintenance of high metabolic rates in its mycelium in the absence of apical extension". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (12): 5377–83. Bibcode:2001ApEnM..67.5377T. doi:10.1128/aem.67.12.5377-5383.2001. PMC 93319. PMID 11722882. ^ Davitt AJ, Stansberry M, Rudgers JA (November 2010). "Do the costs and benefits of fungal endophyte symbiosis vary with light availability?". The New Phytologist. 188 (3): 824–34. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03428.x. PMID 20955417. ^ Kusari S, Hertweck C, Spiteller M (July 2012). "Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: origins of secondary metabolites". Chemistry & Biology. 19 (7): 792–8. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.004. PMID 22840767. ^ a b Khan, Zareen; Kandel, Shyam L.; Ramos, Daniela N.; Ettl, Gregory J.; Kim, Soo-Hyung; Doty, Sharon L. (October 2015). "Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia". Forests. 6 (10): 3582–3593. doi:10.3390/f6103582. ^ Kandel, Shyam L.; Firrincieli, Andrea; Joubert, Pierre M.; Okubara, Patricia A.; Leston, Natalie D.; McGeorge, Kendra M.; Mugnozza, Giuseppe S.; Harfouche, Antoine; Kim, Soo-Hyung; Doty, Sharon L. (2017). "An In vitro Study of Bio-Control and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Salicaceae Endophytes". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 386. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00386. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 5347143. PMID 28348550. ^ a b c d Rho, Hyungmin; Kim, Soo-Hyung (2017), Doty, Sharon Lafferty (ed.), "Endophyte Effects on Photosynthesis and Water Use of Plant Hosts: A Meta-Analysis", Functional Importance of the Plant Microbiome: Implications for Agriculture, Forestry and Bioenergy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 43–69, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1_4, ISBN 978-3-319-65897-1, retrieved 2021-06-10 ^ Rho, Hyungmin; Van Epps, Victor; Wegley, Nicholas; Doty, Sharon L.; Kim, Soo-Hyung (2018). "Salicaceae Endophytes Modulate Stomatal Behavior and Increase Water Use Efficiency in Rice". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 188. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00188. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5840156. PMID 29552021. ^ a b c d Straub, Daniel; Yang, Huaiyu; Liu, Yan; Tsap, Tatsiana; Ludewig, Uwe (2013-11-01). "Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30T". Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (14): 4603–4615. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert276. ISSN 0022-0957. PMC 3808336. PMID 24043849. ^ Rothballer, Michael; Eckert, Barbara; Schmid, Michael; Fekete, Agnes; Schloter, Michael; Lehner, Angelika; Pollmann, Stephan; Hartmann, Anton (2008-10-01). "Endophytic root colonization of gramineous plants by Herbaspirillum frisingense". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 66 (1): 85–95. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00582.x. ISSN 0168-6496. PMID 18761671. S2CID 913558. ^ Suman A, Yadav AN, Verma P (2016-01-01). "Endophytic Microbes in Crops: Diversity and Beneficial Impact for Sustainable Agriculture". In Singh DP, Singh HB, Prabha R (eds.). Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity. Springer India. pp. 117–143. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_7. ISBN 9788132226451. ^ Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS (2009). "Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles". The New Phytologist. 182 (2): 314–30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x. PMID 19236579. ^ Unterseher M (2011-01-01). "Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Temperate Forest Trees". In Pirttilä AM, Frank AC (eds.). Endophytes of Forest Trees. Forestry Sciences. Vol. 80. Springer Netherlands. pp. 31–46. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1599-8_2. ISBN 978-94-007-1598-1. ^ van der Heijden MG, Martin FM, Selosse MA, Sanders IR (March 2015). "Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future". The New Phytologist. 205 (4): 1406–23. doi:10.1111/nph.13288. PMID 25639293. ^ Buzaite O, Baniulis D, Stanys V (2015). "Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review". Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 102 (4): 465–478. doi:10.13080/z-a.2015.102.060. ^ a b c d Strobel G, Daisy B (December 2003). "Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 67 (4): 491–502. doi:10.1128/mmbr.67.4.491-502.2003. PMC 309047. PMID 14665674. ^ a b c Deshmukh SK, Verekar SA, Bhave SV (2015). "Endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5: 715. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00715. PMC 4288058. PMID 25620957. ^ Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2018-09-20). "Isolation and identification of endophytic diazotrophs from lodgepole pine trees growing at unreclaimed gravel mining pits in central interior British Columbia, Canada". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 48 (12): 1601–1606. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0347. hdl:1807/92505. S2CID 92275030. ^ Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway C (November 2019). "Endophytic nitrogen fixation - a possible 'hidden' source of nitrogen for lodgepole pine trees growing at unreclaimed gravel mining sites". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 95 (11). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiz172. PMID 31647534. ^ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2018-12-15). "Evidence of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in lodgepole pine and hybrid white spruce trees growing in soils with different nutrient statuses in the West Chilcotin region of British Columbia, Canada". Forest Ecology and Management. 430: 558–565. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.049. S2CID 92247486. ^ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-01-01). "Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils?". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 140: 107642. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107642. ^ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-05-01). "In vitro and in vivo analyses of plant-growth-promoting potential of bacteria naturally associated with spruce trees growing on nutrient-poor soils". Applied Soil Ecology. 149: 103538. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103538. S2CID 213458305. ^ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-08-26). "Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria". PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0238055. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1538055P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238055. PMC 7449467. PMID 32845898. ^ a b c Wani ZA, Ashraf N, Mohiuddin T, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S (April 2015). "Plant-endophyte symbiosis, an ecological perspective". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (7): 2955–65. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6487-3. PMID 25750045. S2CID 17033286. ^ Lin, Shan; Peduto Hand, Francesca (2019). "Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly". Plant Disease. 103 (5): 951–958. doi:10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1694-RE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30880556. S2CID 81983826. ^ Martin, Phillip L.; Peter, Kari A. (2021). "Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte". Phytopathology. 111 (2): 333–344. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0157-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 32729787. S2CID 220875296. ^ a b c d e Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS (2009-04-01). "Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles". The New Phytologist. 182 (2): 314–30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x. PMID 19236579. ^ a b Rai M, Rathod D, Agarkar G, Dar M, Brestic M, Pastore GM, Junior MR (2014-02-01). "Fungal growth promotor endophytes: a pragmatic approach towards sustainable food and agriculture". Symbiosis. 62 (2): 63–79. doi:10.1007/s13199-014-0273-3. S2CID 15579801. ^ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2016-06-01). "Seedling growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by a bacterial endophyte Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R and its GFP derivative in corn in a long-term trial". Symbiosis. 69 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z. ISSN 1878-7665. S2CID 17870808. ^ Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2016-07-07). "Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation in canola (Brassica napus) by an endophytic strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa and its GFP-tagged derivative in a long-term study". Botany. 94 (12): 1209–1217. doi:10.1139/cjb-2016-0075. ^ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2015-10-01). "Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 89: 210–216. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012. ISSN 0038-0717. ^ Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2016-04-01). "Effect of GFP tagging of Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R on its ability to promote growth of canola and tomato seedlings". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 52 (3): 377–387. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3. S2CID 18149924. ^ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2016-01-01). "Evidence of nitrogen fixation and growth promotion in canola (Brassica napus L.) by an endophytic diazotroph Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 52 (1): 119–125. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y. S2CID 15963708. ^ Padda KP, Puri A, Zeng Q, Chanway CP, Wu X (2017-07-14). "Effect of GFP-tagging on nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion of an endophytic diazotrophic strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa". Botany. 95 (9): 933–942. doi:10.1139/cjb-2017-0056. hdl:1807/79634. ^ Compant S, Clément C, Sessitsch A (2010-05-01). "Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42 (5): 669–678. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024. hdl:10795/2323. ^ "University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses". Archived from the original on 2006-03-12. Retrieved June 14, 2009. ^ Strobel GA, Knighton B, Kluck K, Ren Y, Livinghouse T, Griffin M, et al. (November 2008). "The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)". Microbiology. 154 (Pt 11): 3319–3328. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2008/022186-0. PMID 18957585. ^ Griffin MA, Spakowicz DJ, Gianoulis TA, Strobel SA (December 2010). "Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072". Microbiology. 156 (Pt 12): 3814–3829. doi:10.1099/mic.0.041327-0. PMC 7336539. PMID 20705658. ^ Shaw JJ, Spakowicz DJ, Dalal RS, Davis JH, Lehr NA, Dunican BF, et al. (April 2015). "Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (8): 3715–28. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6206-5. PMC 4667366. PMID 25672844. ^ Altman A, Hasegawa PM, eds. (2011). Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture: Prospects for the 21st Century. Academic press. p. 319. ISBN 9780123814661. OCLC 858878994. ^ Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, et al. (September 2011). "Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (17): 6076–84. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.6076R. doi:10.1128/AEM.00521-11. PMC 3165411. PMID 21764951. ^ Nisa H, Kamili AN, Nawchoo IA, Shafi S, Shameem N, Bandh SA (May 2015). "Fungal endophytes as prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products: A review". Microbial Pathogenesis. 82: 50–9. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.001. PMID 25865953. ^ Sarasan M, Puthumana J, Job N, Han J, Lee JS, Philip R (June 2017). "Marine Algicolous Endophytic Fungi - A Promising Drug Resource of the Era". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 27 (6): 1039–1052. doi:10.4014/jmb.1701.01036. PMID 28376612. S2CID 13176570. ^ a b c d e Khan M, Sohrab MH, Rony SR, Tareq FS, Hasan CM, Mazid MA (Oct 2016). "Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp". Toxicology Reports. 3: 861–865. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.10.005. PMC 5616083. PMID 28959613. ^ Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, Law S, Clow SM (June 2020). "Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls". Pharmaceutical Research. 37 (7): Article 125. doi:10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1. PMID 32529587. S2CID 219590658. ^ a b c Ancheeva E, Daletos G, Proksch P (September 2018). "Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms". Marine Drugs. 16 (9): Article 319. doi:10.3390/md16090319. PMC 6165052. PMID 30205507. ^ a b c d e f g Aly AH, Debbab A, Proksch P (June 2011). "Fungal endophytes: unique plant inhabitants with great promises". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 90 (6): 1829–45. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3270-y. PMID 21523479. S2CID 370022. ^ El-Hawary, S.s.; Mohammed, R.; AbouZid, S.f.; Bakeer, W.; Ebel, R.; Sayed, A.m.; Rateb, M.e. (2016-04-01). "Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 120 (4): 900–911. doi:10.1111/jam.13077. ISSN 1365-2672. PMID 26811095. ^ Wang QX, Li SF, Zhao F, Dai HQ, Bao L, Ding R, et al. (July 2011). "Chemical constituents from endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum". Fitoterapia. 82 (5): 777–81. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2011.04.002. PMID 21497643. ^ a b Chen L, Zhang QY, Jia M, Ming QL, Yue W, Rahman K, et al. (May 2016). "Endophytic fungi with antitumor activities: Their occurrence and anticancer compounds". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 42 (3): 454–73. doi:10.3109/1040841x.2014.959892. PMID 25343583. S2CID 29471199. ^ Augner D, Krut O, Slavov N, Gerbino DC, Sahl HG, Benting J, et al. (August 2013). "On the antibiotic and antifungal activity of pestalone, pestalachloride A, and structurally related compounds". Journal of Natural Products. 76 (8): 1519–22. doi:10.1021/np400301d. hdl:11336/5425. PMID 23905700. ^ Wang C, Wang J, Huang Y, Chen H, Li Y, Zhong L, et al. (January 2013). "Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin". Molecules. 18 (2): 1728–40. doi:10.3390/molecules18021728. PMC 6269944. PMID 23434859. ^ Bacon CW, Hinton DM (2014-01-01). "Microbial Endophytes: Future Challenges". In Verma VC, Gange AC (eds.). Advances in Endophytic Research. Springer India. pp. 441–451. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1575-2_22. ISBN 978-81-322-1574-5. ^ Meyer W, Torres M, White J (2012). Stier J, Horgan B, Bonos S (eds.). Chapter 20: Biology and Applications of Fungal Endophytes in Turfgrasses. American Society of Agronomy. pp. Chapter 20. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Qiang X, Weiss M, Kogel KH, Schäfer P (June 2012). "Piriformospora indica-a mutualistic basidiomycete with an exceptionally large plant host range". Molecular Plant Pathology. 13 (5): 508–18. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00764.x. PMC 6638644. PMID 22111580. ^ de Vries S, von Dahlen JK, Schnake A, Ginschel S, Schulz B, Rose LE (April 2018). "Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 94 (4). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiy037. PMC 5939626. PMID 29528408. ^ Vicari, Mark; Bazely, Dawn R. (1993-04-01). "Do grasses fight back? The case for antiherbivore defences". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 8 (4): 137–141. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90026-L. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 21236130. ^ a b Le Cocq K, Gurr SJ, Hirsch PR, Mauchline TH (April 2017). "Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification". Molecular Plant Pathology. 18 (3): 469–473. doi:10.1111/mpp.12483. PMC 5347965. PMID 27559722.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Root-nodule01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glycine max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine_max"},{"link_name":"root nodule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule"},{"link_name":"Bradyrhizobium japonicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradyrhizobium_japonicum"},{"link_name":"symbiosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosome"},{"link_name":"endoplasmic reticulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum"},{"link_name":"Golgi apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus"},{"link_name":"endosymbiont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont"},{"link_name":"bacterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"herbivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Transmission electron microscope image of a cross section through a soybean (Glycine max) root nodule. The nitrogen fixing bacteria, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, infects the roots and establishes a symbiosis. This high magnification image shows part of a cell with single bacteroid (bacterium-like cell or modified bacterial cell) within their symbiosomes. In this image, you can also see endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and cell wall.An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Some endophytes may enhance host growth and nutrient acquisition and improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought, and decrease biotic stresses by enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens and herbivores. Although endophytic bacteria and fungi are frequently studied, endophytic archaea are increasingly being considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant. [1]","title":"Endophyte"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Friedrich_Link"},{"link_name":"Victor Galippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louis_Victor_Galippe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hidden_World_within_Plants:_Eco-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Endophytes were first described by the German botanist Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1809. They were thought to be plant parasitic fungi and they were later termed as \"microzymas\" by the French scientist Béchamp. There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that Victor Galippe discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues.[2] Though, most of the endophytic studies reports the mutualistic relationship of bacteria and fungus, Das et al., (2019) reported about endophytic virome and their probable function in plant defense mechanisms.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"clonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"fungal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"hyphae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypha"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"conidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tadych_181%E2%80%93201-5"}],"text":"Endophytes may be transmitted either vertically (directly from parent to offspring) or horizontally (among individuals).[4] Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes are typically considered clonal and transmit via fungal hyphae penetrating the embryo within the host's seeds, while reproduction of the fungi through asexual conidia or sexual spores leads to horizontal transmission, where endophytes may spread between plants in a population or community.[5]","title":"Transmission"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plant-endophytic_bacteria_interactions.webp"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinski2019-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hidden_World_within_Plants:_Eco-2"},{"link_name":"mutualistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"pathogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"saprotrophs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprotrophic_nutrition"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"senesce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jia_2016-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"competitively exclude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_exclusion_principle"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"hyphae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphae"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christensen_2008-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"meristems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristems"},{"link_name":"secondary metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolite"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christensen_2008-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"dicotyledonous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicotyledonous"},{"link_name":"Convolvulaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolvulaceae"},{"link_name":"clavicipitaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicipitaceae"},{"link_name":"ergoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergoline"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Plant-endophytic bacteria interactions [6] Abbreviations: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), volatile organic compounds (VOC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), type III secretion system (T3SS), type VI secretion system (T6SS), hemagglutinins (HA), small RNAs (sRNAs), copper-micro RNAs (Cu-miRNAs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA). The arrows pointing upwards indicate an increase, while the ones pointing downwards indicate a decrease in the expression levels.Most endophyte-plant relationships are still not well understood.[7] However, recently it was shown that endophytes are transmitted from one generation to another via seeds, in a process called vertical transmission.[8] Endophytes and plants often engage in mutualism, with endophytes primarily aiding in the health and survival of the host plant with issues such as pathogens and disease,[9] water stress, heat stress, nutrient availability and poor soil quality, salinity, and herbivory.[2] In exchange the endophyte receives carbon for energy from the plant host. Plant-microbe interactions are not strictly mutualistic, as endophytic fungi can potentially become pathogens or saprotrophs, usually when the plant is stressed.[10] Endophytes may become active and reproduce under specific environmental conditions or when their host plants are stressed or begin to senesce, thereby limiting the amount of carbon provided to the endophyte.[11][12]Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. Endophytes can extensively colonize plant tissues and competitively exclude other potential pathogens.[13][14] Some fungal and bacterial endophytes have proven to increase plant growth and improve overall plant hardiness.[15]Studies have shown that endophytic fungi grow in a very intimate interaction with their host plant cells. Fungal hyphae have been seen growing either flattened or wedged against plant cells. This growth pattern indicates that fungal hyphae are substantially attached to the plant host's cell wall, but do not invade plant cells.[16] Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue.[17]The presence of certain fungal endophytes in host meristems, leaves and reproductive structures has been shown to dramatically enhance the survival of their hosts. This enhanced survivability is largely attributed to endophytic production of secondary metabolites which protect against herbivory as well as increased uptake of nutrients.[16] Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions.[18]There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. For example, plant chemical signals have been shown to activate gene expression in endophytes. One example of this plant-endosymbiont interaction occurs between dicotyledonous plants in the Convolvulaceae and clavicipitaceous fungi. When the fungus is in the plant it synthesizes ergoline alkaloids at a higher rate, compared to when it is grown apart from the plant. This supports the hypothesis that plant signaling is required in order to induce expression of endophytic secondary metabolites.[19]","title":"Symbiosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas-fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_fir"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"auxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"ABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscisic_acid"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"Miscanthus sinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscanthus_sinensis"},{"link_name":"Herbaspirillum frisingense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaspirillum_frisingense"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-24"},{"link_name":"jasmonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmonate"},{"link_name":"ethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-24"},{"link_name":"indoleacetic acid (IAA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole-3-acetic_acid"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-24"}],"sub_title":"Effects on plant behavior","text":"There are various behaviors that have been studied that resulted from endophyte symbiosis with plants. Through association with fungal endophytes, the root and shoot structures of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) saplings in low-nutrient conditions have been shown to be elongated, as well as undergo overall biomass increases.[20] The proposed mechanisms behind this include high inorganic phosphate solubilization ability by the fungi as well as organic phosphate mineralization, increased mycorrhizal associations through root colonization, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake.[20] Specific endophyte species can also stimulate root growth by increasing the flux of auxin to where the endophyte is.[21]Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations.[22] Improvements in water use efficiency were observed in higher CO2 concentrations and a further increase was seen in water deficit conditions.[22] In addition, other various physiological pathways were activated upon endophytes interactions with host plants, enabling tighter water control and further water management, which are to be the main reasons behind improved water relations.[22] Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing ABA to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO2.[23]However, the specific biochemical mechanisms behind these behavioral changes are still largely unknown and lower-level signal cascades have yet to be discovered. Furthermore, while the benefits of endophyte relations are well-studied, the costs of these relations are less well understood, such as the specific carbon costs, the system of endophyte governance, and the environmental conditions that facilitate a proper plant-endophyte relationship.[22]In an experiment investigating the interaction between Miscanthus sinensis and the plant endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense, a roughly 20% increase in fresh biomass was observed in M. sinensis following inoculation with H. frisingense.[24] However, unique to this experiment was the mode by which this was thought to happen. Inoculation saw an upregulation in the genes relevant to jasmonate and ethylene production in the plant roots, although the mechanism to this is still unknown.[24] Specifically, H. frisingense was shown to upregulate ethylene receptors and repress ethylene response factors, overall leading to an increase in root growth.[24] Additionally, H. frisingense is known to produce indoleacetic acid (IAA),[25] and was also shown to manage IAA genes, indicating that there is an intricate balance maintained between ethylene and IAA by H. frisingense.[24]","title":"Symbiosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Basidiomycota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiomycota"},{"link_name":"Ascomycota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota"},{"link_name":"Hypocreales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocreales"},{"link_name":"Xylariales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylariales"},{"link_name":"Sordariomycetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sordariomycetes"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza"},{"link_name":"Glomeromycota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomeromycota"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"mycorrhizal fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strobel_2003-31"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deshmukh_2015-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deshmukh_2015-32"},{"link_name":"Pinus contorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta"},{"link_name":"Paenibacillus polymyxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paenibacillus_polymyxa"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Endophytic species are very diverse; only a small minority of existing endophytes have been characterized.[26][27] Many endophytes are in the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Endophytic fungi may be from Hypocreales and Xylariales of the Sordariomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) class or from the class of Loculoascomycetes.[28] One group of fungal endophytes are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi involving biotrophic Glomeromycota associated with various plant species.[29] As often with other organisms associated with plants such as mycorrhizal fungus, endophytes gain carbon from their association with the plant host. Bacterial endophytes are polyphyletic, belonging to broad range of taxa, including α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria.[30]One or more endophytic organisms are found in nearly every land plant.[31] It is suggested that areas of high plant diversity such as tropical rainforests may also contain the highest diversity of endophytic organisms that possess novel and diverse chemical metabolites.[32] It has been estimated that there could be approximately 1 million endophytic fungi that exist in the world.[32]A diazotrophic bacterium isolated in lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) in British Columbia, Canada, is Paenibacillus polymyxa, which may help its host by fixing nitrogen.[33][34][35][36][37][38]","title":"Diversity"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Endophytes include a wide variety of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and viruses. There are two different means of classifying endophytes.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wani_2015-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wani_2015-39"},{"link_name":"pathogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_pathology"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wani_2015-39"},{"link_name":"Colletotrichum fioriniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colletotrichum_fioriniae"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Systemic and non-systemic","text":"The first method divides endophytes into two categories: systemic (true) and nonsystemic (transient). These categories are based on the endophyte's genetics, biology, and mechanism of transmission from host to host.[39] Systemic endophytes are defined as organisms that live within plant tissues for the entirety of its life cycle and participate in a symbiotic relationship without causing disease or harm to the plant at any point. Additionally, systemic endophytes concentrations and diversity do not change in a host with changing environmental conditions.[39] Non-systemic or transient endophytes on the other hand vary in number and diversity within their plant hosts under changing environmental conditions. Non-systemic endophytes have also been shown to become pathogenic to their host plants under stressful or resource limited growing conditions.[39] An example of this would be Colletotrichum fioriniae, which is an endophyte of many temperate broadleaved trees and shrubs, but can also be a pathogen on many fruits and some leaves.[40][41]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez_2009-42"},{"link_name":"clavicipitaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavicipitaceae"},{"link_name":"pathogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen"},{"link_name":"asymptomatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez_2009-42"},{"link_name":"polyphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic"},{"link_name":"Ascomycota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascomycota"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez_2009-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez_2009-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rodriguez_2009-42"}],"sub_title":"Clavicipitaceous and non-clavicipitaceous","text":"The second method divides fungal endophytes into four groups based on taxonomy and six other criteria: host range, host tissues colonized, in planta colonization, in planta biodiversity, mode of transmission and fitness benefits.[42] These four groups are divided into clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 1) and non-clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 2, 3, and 4).Class 1 endophytes are all phylogenetically related and proliferate within cool and warm season grasses. They typically colonize plant shoots where they form a systemic intercellular infection. Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. Class 1 endophytes can further be divided into Types I, II and III. Among these three types of clavicipitaceous endophytes are different interactions with their plant hosts. These interaction range from pathogenic to symbiotic and symptomatic to asymptomatic. Type III clavicipitaceous endophytes grow within their plant host without manifesting symptoms of disease or harming their host. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. These benefits can vary depending on the host and environmental conditions.[42]Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes represent a polyphyletic group of organisms. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are typically Ascomycota fungi. The ecological roles of these fungi are diverse and still poorly understood. These endophyte plant interactions are widespread and have been found in nearly all land plants and ecosystems.[42] Many non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have the ability to switch between endophytic behavior and free-living lifestyles. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are divided into class 2, 3 and 4. Class 2 endophytes can grow in plant tissues both above and below ground. This class of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes has been the most extensively researched and has been shown to enhance fitness benefits of their plant host as a result of habitat-specific stresses such as pH, temperature and salinity.[42] Class 3 endophytes are restricted to growth in above ground plant tissues and form in localized areas of plant tissue. Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. These classes of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have not been as extensively studied to date.[42]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rai_2014-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"crop yields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_productivity"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Festuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festuca"},{"link_name":"Lolium perenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolium_perenne"},{"link_name":"inoculants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_inoculant"},{"link_name":"Acremonium coenophialum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acremonium_coenophialum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A. lolii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acremonium_lolii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"fungicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide"},{"link_name":"Integrated Pest Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Pest_Management"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RhodeIslandFactsheet-51"}],"text":"Endophytes may have potential future applications in agriculture.[43][44][45][46][47][48][49] Use of endophytes might potentially increase crop yields.[50] Turfgrass seed of Festuca and Lolium perenne infected with fungal inoculants, Acremonium coenophialum and A. lolii, is commercially available for use in growing lawns which might require less pesticide use -the grasses are poisonous to cattle and more resistant to some insect damage. As of 1999 this is only available in the afore-mentioned lawn grasses, which are sold as 'low maintenance' cultivars. The fungi cause the grasses to contain toxic alkaloids. The products provide high resistance to foliar lawn pests such as billbugs, chinch bugs, sod webworms, fall army-worms and Argentine stem weevils, but offer little protection to pests of grass roots such as grubs. The endophytes can survive most pesticides and are even resistant to some fungicides, and are very suitable for use in Integrated Pest Management.[51]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biofuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel"},{"link_name":"Gliocladium roseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliocladium_roseum"},{"link_name":"saprophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprophyte"},{"link_name":"Ascocoryne sarcoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascocoryne_sarcoides"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Nigrograna mackinnonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigrograna_mackinnonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guazuma ulmifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guazuma_ulmifolia"},{"link_name":"volatile organic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound"},{"link_name":"terpenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene"},{"link_name":"polyenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyene"},{"link_name":"gasoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Biofuel","text":"A 2008 experiment with an isolate of a fungus called NRRL 50072 found that this strain can produce a small amount of fuel-like hydrocarbon compounds which was promoted as \"myco-diesel\". It was hoped that perhaps in the future this might provide a possible source of biofuel. It was first misidentified as the endophyte Gliocladium roseum, but later research showed that it was in fact the saprophyte Ascocoryne sarcoides.[52][53]A strain of endophytic fungi which appeared to be closely related to Nigrograna mackinnonii which was isolated from a stem of the plant Guazuma ulmifolia collected in Ecuador was found to produce a variety of volatile organic compounds including terpenes and odd chain polyenes. The polyenes isolated from the fungus have properties that are sought in gasoline-surrogate biofuels.[54]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"phytoremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediation"},{"link_name":"plasmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia"},{"link_name":"trichloroethylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichloroethylene"},{"link_name":"popular trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus"},{"link_name":"Burkholderia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia"},{"link_name":"yellow lupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus"},{"link_name":"statistically significant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistically_significant"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altman_2011-55"},{"link_name":"Pestalotiopsis microspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestalotiopsis_microspora"},{"link_name":"polyurethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethane"},{"link_name":"anaerobic conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Phytoremediation","text":"Plants are potentially able to break down or sequester, or stimulate micro-organisms in the soil to break down or sequester, certain organic pollutants and inorganic pollutants such as nickel in degraded ecosystems, which is known as phytoremediation. In this endophytes may possibly assist plants in converting pollutants into less biologically harmful forms; in one of the few experiments performed a plasmid called TOM from a strain of a bacterium in the Burkholderia genus known as G4 which can break down trichloroethylene (TCE) was transferred to endophytes of popular trees; although it did not help the plants remove more of this chemical than non-inoculated plants, the plants transpired less TCE into the air. In another experiment Burkholderia bacteria with both the TOM plasmid as well as nickel resistance genes was inoculated into yellow lupine; this increased the root mass of the plants, but the amounts of TCE transpired was not statistically significant. Despite these failures, such techniques might lead to some future improvements.[55]Two strains of the endophytic fungi Pestalotiopsis microspora isolated from stems of plants from the Ecuadorian rainforest were shown in laboratory experiments to be able to digest polyurethane plastic as the fungus's sole carbon source in anaerobic conditions, although many other non-endophytic fungi have demonstrated this ability, and most isolates of endophytic fungi in this experiment could perform this to some degree.[56]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolite"},{"link_name":"drug discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"bioprospecting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprospecting"},{"link_name":"antibacterial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibacterial"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan_MIH_2016-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid32529587-60"},{"link_name":"antifungal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid30205507-61"},{"link_name":"antiviral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid30205507-61"},{"link_name":"antiparasitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparasitic"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aly_2011-62"},{"link_name":"cytotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxic"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan_MIH_2016-59"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid26811095-63"},{"link_name":"neuroprotective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprotective"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aly_2011-62"},{"link_name":"antioxidant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioxidant"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aly_2011-62"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aly_2011-62"},{"link_name":"α-glucosidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-glucosidase"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid30205507-61"},{"link_name":"immunosuppressant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressant"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aly_2011-62"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jia_2016-11"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aly_2011-62"},{"link_name":"Taxomyces andreanae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxomyces_andreanae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taxus brevifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia"},{"link_name":"paclitaxel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclitaxel"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aly_2011-62"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"triterpenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triterpene"},{"link_name":"steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan_MIH_2016-59"},{"link_name":"beauvericin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauvericin"},{"link_name":"Fusarium oxysporum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum"},{"link_name":"cytotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity"},{"link_name":"PC3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC3"},{"link_name":"PANC-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANC-1"},{"link_name":"A549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A549_cell"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen_2016-65"},{"link_name":"Cladosporium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladosporium"},{"link_name":"cytotoxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan_MIH_2016-59"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen_2016-65"},{"link_name":"Cladosporium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladosporium"},{"link_name":"secondary metabolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolite"},{"link_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"E. coli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._coli"},{"link_name":"P. aeruginosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._aeruginosa"},{"link_name":"Bacillus megaterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_megaterium"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Khan_MIH_2016-59"},{"link_name":"Pestalotiopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestalotiopsis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deshmukh_2015-32"},{"link_name":"methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"marine fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_fungus"},{"link_name":"Nigrospora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigrospora"},{"link_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Pseudomassaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomassaria"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strobel_2003-31"}],"sub_title":"Drug discovery","text":"Endophytes produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites that might be useful as lead compounds in drug discovery.[57][58] Endophyte bioprospecting has already yielded compounds with antibacterial,[59][60] antifungal,[61] antiviral,[61] antiparasitic,[62] cytotoxic,[59][63] neuroprotective,[62] antioxidant,[62] insulin-mimetic,[62] α-glucosidase inhibitory,[61] and immunosuppressant[62] properties. Manipulations of a plant's endosymbiots can affect plant development, growth and ultimately the quality and quantity of compounds harvested from the plant.[11] Studies have shown endophytic fungi are able to produce secondary metabolites previously thought to be manufactured by their plant hosts. The presence of these metabolites in plants could be attributable to endophyte production alone, or to combined endophyte and plant production following transfer of the corresponding genes from endophyte to plant or vice versa.[62]A well known example of the discovery of chemicals derived from endophytic fungi is from the fungus Taxomyces andreanae isolated from the pacific yew Taxus brevifolia. T. andreanae produces paclitaxel, also known as taxol. This drug is important for the treatment of cancer. Other endophytes since have been discovered that also produce paclitaxel in other host species, but to date there has been no successful industrial source of paclitaxel created.[62]Endophytes have been discovered with various anti-tumor properties. Endophytic fungi produce many secondary compounds such as alkaloids, triterpenes and steroids which have been shown to have anti-tumor effects.[59] The alkaloid beauvericin has been isolated from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and has shown cytotoxicity against the tumor cells PC3, PANC-1, and A549.[64][65] Two fusarubin derivatives: anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin were isolated from endophytic fungus Cladosporium sp. and have shown cytotoxicity against human leukemia (K-562).[59] Three triterpenes were found in the endophyte Xylarialean sp., all three of these compounds displayed mild cytotoxic effects on tumor cells.[65]Some of the antimicrobial compounds produced by endophytic fungi are of interest in their effectiveness against pathogens which have developed resistances to antibiotics. Different fractions of Cladosporium sp. including secondary metabolite-methyl ether of fusarubin have shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Bacillus megaterium.[59] Several isolates from the ascomycota Pestalotiopsis sp. have been shown to have a broad range of antimicrobial effects,[32] even against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.[66] Also, compounds from the marine fungus Nigrospora sp. have activity against strains of multi drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.[67]An endophytic fungus of the genus Pseudomassaria has been found in the rainforest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This fungus yields a metabolite that shows potential as an antidiabetic, also known as an insulin mimetic. This compound acts like insulin and has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in mouse model experiments.[31]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Epichloë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epichlo%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Piriformospora indica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piriformospora_indica"},{"link_name":"Sebacinales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebacinales"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Phoma eupatorii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoma_eupatorii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phytophthora infestans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"rock phosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_phosphate"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rai_2014-43"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Argentine stem weevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_stem_weevil"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Le_Cocq_2017-73"},{"link_name":"Bontia daphnoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bontia_daphnoides"},{"link_name":"diterpenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diterpene"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strobel_2003-31"},{"link_name":"conventional agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_agriculture"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Le_Cocq_2017-73"},{"link_name":"sustainable agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strobel_2003-31"}],"sub_title":"Agriculture","text":"Among the many promising applications of endophytic microbes are those intended to increase agricultural use of endophytes to produce crops that grow faster and are more resistant and hardier than crops lacking endophytes.[68] Epichloë endophytes are being widely used commercially in turf grasses to enhance the performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.[69] Piriformospora indica is an interesting endophytic fungus of the order Sebacinales, the fungus is capable of colonising roots and forming symbiotic relationship with many plants.[70]Endophytes appear to enhance the growth of their plant host symbionts. Endophytes also provide their hosts with an increased resilience to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought, poor soils and herbivory. The increased growth and resilience is likely caused by the endophytes ability to improve plant nutrition or secondary metabolite production, as in the case of Phoma eupatorii's inhibition of the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans.[71] Endophytes accomplish this by increasing the uptake of valuable land limited nutrients from the soil such as phosphorus and making other plant nutrients available to plants such as rock phosphate and atmospheric nitrogen which are normally trapped in forms that are inaccessible to plants.[43]Many endophytes protect plants from herbivory from both insects and animals by producing secondary metabolites that are either unappetizing or toxic to the herbivore.[72] Increasingly there has been great importance placed on endophytes that protect valuable crops from invasive insects. One example of an endophyte-plant-insect interaction is located in the New Zealand grasslands, where endophytes, known as AR1 and AR37 are utilized to protect valuable ryegrass from the Argentine stem weevil but remain palatable to another important food source, livestock.[73]There are several endophytes that have been discovered that exhibit insecticidal properties. One such endophyte comes from the Nodulisporium sp. which was first harvested from the plant Bontia daphnoides. Indole diterpenes, known as nodulisporic acids, have been harvested from this endophyte which have effective insecticidal properties against the blowfly larvae.[31]There are many obstacles to successfully implementing the use of endophytes in agriculture. Despite the many known benefits that endophytes may confer to their plant hosts, conventional agricultural practices continue to take priority. Current agriculture relies heavily on fungicides and high levels of chemical fertilizers. The use of fungicides has a negative effect on endophytic fungi and fertilizers reduce a plant's dependence on its endophytic symbiont.[73] Despite this, the interest and use of bio-insecticides and using endophytes to aid in plant growth is increasing as organic and sustainable agriculture is considered more important. As humans become more aware of the damage that synthetic insecticides cause to the environment and beneficial insects such as bees and butterflies biological insecticides may become more important to the agricultural industry.[31]","title":"Applications"}]
[{"image_text":"Transmission electron microscope image of a cross section through a soybean (Glycine max) root nodule. The nitrogen fixing bacteria, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, infects the roots and establishes a symbiosis. This high magnification image shows part of a cell with single bacteroid (bacterium-like cell or modified bacterial cell) within their symbiosomes. In this image, you can also see endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and cell wall.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Root-nodule01.jpg/220px-Root-nodule01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plant-endophytic bacteria interactions [6] Abbreviations: polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), volatile organic compounds (VOC), reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), type III secretion system (T3SS), type VI secretion system (T6SS), hemagglutinins (HA), small RNAs (sRNAs), copper-micro RNAs (Cu-miRNAs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA). The arrows pointing upwards indicate an increase, while the ones pointing downwards indicate a decrease in the expression levels.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Plant-endophytic_bacteria_interactions.webp/330px-Plant-endophytic_bacteria_interactions.webp.png"}]
[{"title":"Biofertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofertilizer"},{"title":"List of endophytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endophytes"},{"title":"Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_use_of_endophytic_fungi_in_defense"},{"title":"Arbuscular mycorrhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbuscular_mycorrhiza"},{"title":"Mycorrhiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza"},{"title":"Rhizobia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobia"}]
[{"reference":"Chow, Chanelle; Padda, Kiran Preet; Puri, Akshit; Chanway, Chris P. (2022-09-20). \"An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture\". Current Microbiology. 79 (11): 322. doi:10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y. ISSN 1432-0991. PMID 36125558. S2CID 252376815.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y","url_text":"\"An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00284-022-03016-y","url_text":"10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0991","url_text":"1432-0991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36125558","url_text":"36125558"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252376815","url_text":"252376815"}]},{"reference":"Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Berg G, Pirttilä AM, Compant S, Campisano A, et al. (September 2015). \"The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes\". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 79 (3): 293–320. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00050-14. PMC 4488371. PMID 26136581.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488371","url_text":"\"The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.00050-14","url_text":"10.1128/MMBR.00050-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488371","url_text":"4488371"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26136581","url_text":"26136581"}]},{"reference":"Das, Saurav; Barooah, Madhumita; Thakur, Nagendra (2019-04-17). \"Endophytic Virome\". bioRxiv: 602144. doi:10.1101/602144. S2CID 146037776.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602144v2","url_text":"\"Endophytic Virome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2F602144","url_text":"10.1101/602144"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146037776","url_text":"146037776"}]},{"reference":"Suryanarayanan TS (2013-12-01). \"Endophyte research: going beyond isolation and metabolite documentation\". Fungal Ecology. 6 (6): 561–568. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2013.09.007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funeco.2013.09.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.funeco.2013.09.007"}]},{"reference":"Tadych M, Bergen MS, White JF (2014-03-01). \"Epichloë spp. associated with grasses: new insights on life cycles, dissemination and evolution\". Mycologia. 106 (2): 181–201. doi:10.3852/106.2.181. PMID 24877257. S2CID 24846604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3852%2F106.2.181","url_text":"10.3852/106.2.181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24877257","url_text":"24877257"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24846604","url_text":"24846604"}]},{"reference":"Pinski, Artur; Betekhtin, Alexander; Hupert-Kocurek, Katarzyna; Mur, Luis A. J.; Hasterok, Robert (2019). \"Defining the Genetic Basis of Plant–Endophytic Bacteria Interactions\". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (8): 1947. doi:10.3390/ijms20081947. PMC 6515357. PMID 31010043.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6515357","url_text":"\"Defining the Genetic Basis of Plant–Endophytic Bacteria Interactions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms20081947","url_text":"10.3390/ijms20081947"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6515357","url_text":"6515357"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31010043","url_text":"31010043"}]},{"reference":"Saunders M, Glenn AE, Kohn LM (September 2010). \"Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes\". Evolutionary Applications. 3 (5–6): 525–37. doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00141.x. PMC 3352505. PMID 25567944.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3352505","url_text":"\"Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1752-4571.2010.00141.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00141.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3352505","url_text":"3352505"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25567944","url_text":"25567944"}]},{"reference":"Abdelfattah, Ahmed; Wisniewski, Michael; Schena, Leonardo; Tack, Ayco J. M. (2021). \"Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root\". Environmental Microbiology. 23 (4): 2199–2214. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.15392. ISSN 1462-2920. PMID 33427409.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1462-2920.15392","url_text":"\"Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1462-2920.15392","url_text":"10.1111/1462-2920.15392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-2920","url_text":"1462-2920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33427409","url_text":"33427409"}]},{"reference":"Matsumoto H, Fan X, Wang Y, Kusstatscher P, Duan J, Wu S, et al. (January 2021). \"Bacterial seed endophyte shapes disease resistance in rice\". Nature Plants. 7 (1): 60–72. doi:10.1038/s41477-020-00826-5. PMID 33398157. S2CID 230508404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-020-00826-5","url_text":"10.1038/s41477-020-00826-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33398157","url_text":"33398157"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230508404","url_text":"230508404"}]},{"reference":"McCoy P (2016). Radical Mycology: A Treatise on Seeing & Working with Fungi. Chthaeus Press. p. 177. ISBN 9780986399602.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/radicalmicologytexts/Radical_Mycology_A_treatise_on_seeing_and_working_with_fungi","url_text":"Radical Mycology: A Treatise on Seeing & Working with Fungi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780986399602","url_text":"9780986399602"}]},{"reference":"Jia M, Chen L, Xin HL, Zheng CJ, Rahman K, Han T, Qin LP (2016-06-09). \"A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review\". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 906. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00906. PMC 4899461. PMID 27375610.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4899461","url_text":"\"A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2016.00906","url_text":"10.3389/fmicb.2016.00906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4899461","url_text":"4899461"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375610","url_text":"27375610"}]},{"reference":"Rai M, Agarkar G (May 2016). \"Plant-fungal interactions: What triggers the fungi to switch among lifestyles?\". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 42 (3): 428–38. doi:10.3109/1040841X.2014.958052. PMID 25383649. S2CID 37813335.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F1040841X.2014.958052","url_text":"10.3109/1040841X.2014.958052"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25383649","url_text":"25383649"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37813335","url_text":"37813335"}]},{"reference":"Kuldau G, Bacon C (2008-07-01). \"Clavicipitaceous endophytes: Their ability to enhance resistance of grasses to multiple stresses\". Biological Control. Special Issue: Endophytes. 46 (1): 57–71. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocontrol.2008.01.023","url_text":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.023"}]},{"reference":"Zabalgogeazcoa I (2008-02-01). \"Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant pathogens: a review\". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 6 (S1): 138–146. doi:10.5424/sjar/200806S1-382. ISSN 2171-9292.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5424%2Fsjar%2F200806S1-382","url_text":"\"Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant pathogens: a review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5424%2Fsjar%2F200806S1-382","url_text":"10.5424/sjar/200806S1-382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2171-9292","url_text":"2171-9292"}]},{"reference":"Hardoim PR, van Overbeek LS, Elsas JD (October 2008). \"Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth\" (PDF). Trends in Microbiology. 16 (10): 463–71. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.07.008. PMID 18789693.","urls":[{"url":"https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/234979633/Properties_of_bacterial_endophytes_and_their_proposed_role_in_plant_growth.pdf","url_text":"\"Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2008.07.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.tim.2008.07.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18789693","url_text":"18789693"}]},{"reference":"Christensen MJ, Bennett RJ, Ansari HA, Koga H, Johnson RD, Bryan GT, et al. (February 2008). \"Epichloë endophytes grow by intercalary hyphal extension in elongating grass leaves\". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 45 (2): 84–93. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2007.07.013. PMID 17919950.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2007.07.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.fgb.2007.07.013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17919950","url_text":"17919950"}]},{"reference":"Tan YY, Spiering MJ, Scott V, Lane GA, Christensen MJ, Schmid J (December 2001). \"In planta regulation of extension of an endophytic fungus and maintenance of high metabolic rates in its mycelium in the absence of apical extension\". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67 (12): 5377–83. Bibcode:2001ApEnM..67.5377T. doi:10.1128/aem.67.12.5377-5383.2001. PMC 93319. PMID 11722882.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC93319","url_text":"\"In planta regulation of extension of an endophytic fungus and maintenance of high metabolic rates in its mycelium in the absence of apical extension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApEnM..67.5377T","url_text":"2001ApEnM..67.5377T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faem.67.12.5377-5383.2001","url_text":"10.1128/aem.67.12.5377-5383.2001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC93319","url_text":"93319"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11722882","url_text":"11722882"}]},{"reference":"Davitt AJ, Stansberry M, Rudgers JA (November 2010). \"Do the costs and benefits of fungal endophyte symbiosis vary with light availability?\". The New Phytologist. 188 (3): 824–34. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03428.x. PMID 20955417.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2010.03428.x","url_text":"\"Do the costs and benefits of fungal endophyte symbiosis vary with light availability?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2010.03428.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03428.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20955417","url_text":"20955417"}]},{"reference":"Kusari S, Hertweck C, Spiteller M (July 2012). \"Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: origins of secondary metabolites\". Chemistry & Biology. 19 (7): 792–8. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.004. PMID 22840767.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2012.06.004","url_text":"\"Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: origins of secondary metabolites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2012.06.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22840767","url_text":"22840767"}]},{"reference":"Khan, Zareen; Kandel, Shyam L.; Ramos, Daniela N.; Ettl, Gregory J.; Kim, Soo-Hyung; Doty, Sharon L. (October 2015). \"Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia\". Forests. 6 (10): 3582–3593. doi:10.3390/f6103582.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff6103582","url_text":"\"Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff6103582","url_text":"10.3390/f6103582"}]},{"reference":"Kandel, Shyam L.; Firrincieli, Andrea; Joubert, Pierre M.; Okubara, Patricia A.; Leston, Natalie D.; McGeorge, Kendra M.; Mugnozza, Giuseppe S.; Harfouche, Antoine; Kim, Soo-Hyung; Doty, Sharon L. (2017). \"An In vitro Study of Bio-Control and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Salicaceae Endophytes\". Frontiers in Microbiology. 8: 386. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00386. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 5347143. PMID 28348550.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347143","url_text":"\"An In vitro Study of Bio-Control and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Salicaceae Endophytes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2017.00386","url_text":"10.3389/fmicb.2017.00386"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X","url_text":"1664-302X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347143","url_text":"5347143"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28348550","url_text":"28348550"}]},{"reference":"Rho, Hyungmin; Kim, Soo-Hyung (2017), Doty, Sharon Lafferty (ed.), \"Endophyte Effects on Photosynthesis and Water Use of Plant Hosts: A Meta-Analysis\", Functional Importance of the Plant Microbiome: Implications for Agriculture, Forestry and Bioenergy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 43–69, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1_4, ISBN 978-3-319-65897-1, retrieved 2021-06-10","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1_4","url_text":"\"Endophyte Effects on Photosynthesis and Water Use of Plant Hosts: A Meta-Analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-65897-1_4","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1_4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65897-1","url_text":"978-3-319-65897-1"}]},{"reference":"Rho, Hyungmin; Van Epps, Victor; Wegley, Nicholas; Doty, Sharon L.; Kim, Soo-Hyung (2018). \"Salicaceae Endophytes Modulate Stomatal Behavior and Increase Water Use Efficiency in Rice\". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 188. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00188. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5840156. PMID 29552021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840156","url_text":"\"Salicaceae Endophytes Modulate Stomatal Behavior and Increase Water Use Efficiency in Rice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2018.00188","url_text":"10.3389/fpls.2018.00188"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-462X","url_text":"1664-462X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840156","url_text":"5840156"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29552021","url_text":"29552021"}]},{"reference":"Straub, Daniel; Yang, Huaiyu; Liu, Yan; Tsap, Tatsiana; Ludewig, Uwe (2013-11-01). \"Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30T\". Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (14): 4603–4615. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert276. ISSN 0022-0957. PMC 3808336. PMID 24043849.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert276","url_text":"\"Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30T\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Fert276","url_text":"10.1093/jxb/ert276"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0957","url_text":"0022-0957"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3808336","url_text":"3808336"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24043849","url_text":"24043849"}]},{"reference":"Rothballer, Michael; Eckert, Barbara; Schmid, Michael; Fekete, Agnes; Schloter, Michael; Lehner, Angelika; Pollmann, Stephan; Hartmann, Anton (2008-10-01). \"Endophytic root colonization of gramineous plants by Herbaspirillum frisingense\". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 66 (1): 85–95. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00582.x. ISSN 0168-6496. PMID 18761671. S2CID 913558.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Rothballer&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Rothballer, Michael"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6941.2008.00582.x","url_text":"\"Endophytic root colonization of gramineous plants by Herbaspirillum frisingense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6941.2008.00582.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00582.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0168-6496","url_text":"0168-6496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18761671","url_text":"18761671"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:913558","url_text":"913558"}]},{"reference":"Suman A, Yadav AN, Verma P (2016-01-01). \"Endophytic Microbes in Crops: Diversity and Beneficial Impact for Sustainable Agriculture\". In Singh DP, Singh HB, Prabha R (eds.). Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity. Springer India. pp. 117–143. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_7. ISBN 9788132226451.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-81-322-2647-5_7","url_text":"10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132226451","url_text":"9788132226451"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS (2009). \"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles\". The New Phytologist. 182 (2): 314–30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x. PMID 19236579.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.02773.x","url_text":"\"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.02773.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19236579","url_text":"19236579"}]},{"reference":"Unterseher M (2011-01-01). \"Diversity of Fungal Endophytes in Temperate Forest Trees\". In Pirttilä AM, Frank AC (eds.). Endophytes of Forest Trees. Forestry Sciences. Vol. 80. Springer Netherlands. pp. 31–46. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1599-8_2. ISBN 978-94-007-1598-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-1599-8_2","url_text":"10.1007/978-94-007-1599-8_2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-1598-1","url_text":"978-94-007-1598-1"}]},{"reference":"van der Heijden MG, Martin FM, Selosse MA, Sanders IR (March 2015). \"Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future\". The New Phytologist. 205 (4): 1406–23. doi:10.1111/nph.13288. PMID 25639293.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13288","url_text":"\"Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13288","url_text":"10.1111/nph.13288"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25639293","url_text":"25639293"}]},{"reference":"Buzaite O, Baniulis D, Stanys V (2015). \"Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review\". Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 102 (4): 465–478. doi:10.13080/z-a.2015.102.060.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13080%2Fz-a.2015.102.060","url_text":"\"Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13080%2Fz-a.2015.102.060","url_text":"10.13080/z-a.2015.102.060"}]},{"reference":"Strobel G, Daisy B (December 2003). \"Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products\". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 67 (4): 491–502. doi:10.1128/mmbr.67.4.491-502.2003. PMC 309047. PMID 14665674.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC309047","url_text":"\"Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmmbr.67.4.491-502.2003","url_text":"10.1128/mmbr.67.4.491-502.2003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC309047","url_text":"309047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14665674","url_text":"14665674"}]},{"reference":"Deshmukh SK, Verekar SA, Bhave SV (2015). \"Endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials\". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5: 715. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00715. PMC 4288058. PMID 25620957.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288058","url_text":"\"Endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2014.00715","url_text":"10.3389/fmicb.2014.00715"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288058","url_text":"4288058"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620957","url_text":"25620957"}]},{"reference":"Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2018-09-20). \"Isolation and identification of endophytic diazotrophs from lodgepole pine trees growing at unreclaimed gravel mining pits in central interior British Columbia, Canada\". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 48 (12): 1601–1606. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0347. hdl:1807/92505. S2CID 92275030.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjfr-2018-0347","url_text":"10.1139/cjfr-2018-0347"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F92505","url_text":"1807/92505"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92275030","url_text":"92275030"}]},{"reference":"Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway C (November 2019). \"Endophytic nitrogen fixation - a possible 'hidden' source of nitrogen for lodgepole pine trees growing at unreclaimed gravel mining sites\". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 95 (11). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiz172. PMID 31647534.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffemsec%2Ffiz172","url_text":"10.1093/femsec/fiz172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31647534","url_text":"31647534"}]},{"reference":"Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2018-12-15). \"Evidence of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in lodgepole pine and hybrid white spruce trees growing in soils with different nutrient statuses in the West Chilcotin region of British Columbia, Canada\". Forest Ecology and Management. 430: 558–565. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.049. S2CID 92247486.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2018.08.049","url_text":"10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92247486","url_text":"92247486"}]},{"reference":"Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-01-01). \"Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils?\". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 140: 107642. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107642.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2019.107642","url_text":"\"Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2019.107642","url_text":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107642"}]},{"reference":"Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-05-01). \"In vitro and in vivo analyses of plant-growth-promoting potential of bacteria naturally associated with spruce trees growing on nutrient-poor soils\". Applied Soil Ecology. 149: 103538. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103538. S2CID 213458305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apsoil.2020.103538","url_text":"10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213458305","url_text":"213458305"}]},{"reference":"Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-08-26). \"Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria\". PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0238055. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1538055P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238055. PMC 7449467. PMID 32845898.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7449467","url_text":"\"Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1538055P","url_text":"2020PLoSO..1538055P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0238055","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0238055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7449467","url_text":"7449467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32845898","url_text":"32845898"}]},{"reference":"Wani ZA, Ashraf N, Mohiuddin T, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S (April 2015). \"Plant-endophyte symbiosis, an ecological perspective\". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (7): 2955–65. doi:10.1007/s00253-015-6487-3. PMID 25750045. S2CID 17033286.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-015-6487-3","url_text":"10.1007/s00253-015-6487-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25750045","url_text":"25750045"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17033286","url_text":"17033286"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Shan; Peduto Hand, Francesca (2019). \"Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly\". Plant Disease. 103 (5): 951–958. doi:10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1694-RE. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30880556. S2CID 81983826.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-09-18-1694-RE","url_text":"\"Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-09-18-1694-RE","url_text":"10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1694-RE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0191-2917","url_text":"0191-2917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880556","url_text":"30880556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81983826","url_text":"81983826"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Phillip L.; Peter, Kari A. (2021). \"Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte\". Phytopathology. 111 (2): 333–344. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0157-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 32729787. S2CID 220875296.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPHYTO-05-20-0157-R","url_text":"\"Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPHYTO-05-20-0157-R","url_text":"10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0157-R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-949X","url_text":"0031-949X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32729787","url_text":"32729787"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220875296","url_text":"220875296"}]},{"reference":"Rodriguez RJ, White JF, Arnold AE, Redman RS (2009-04-01). \"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles\". The New Phytologist. 182 (2): 314–30. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x. PMID 19236579.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.02773.x","url_text":"\"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.02773.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19236579","url_text":"19236579"}]},{"reference":"Rai M, Rathod D, Agarkar G, Dar M, Brestic M, Pastore GM, Junior MR (2014-02-01). \"Fungal growth promotor endophytes: a pragmatic approach towards sustainable food and agriculture\". Symbiosis. 62 (2): 63–79. doi:10.1007/s13199-014-0273-3. S2CID 15579801.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13199-014-0273-3","url_text":"10.1007/s13199-014-0273-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15579801","url_text":"15579801"}]},{"reference":"Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2016-06-01). \"Seedling growth promotion and nitrogen fixation by a bacterial endophyte Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R and its GFP derivative in corn in a long-term trial\". Symbiosis. 69 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z. ISSN 1878-7665. S2CID 17870808.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13199-016-0385-z","url_text":"10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1878-7665","url_text":"1878-7665"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17870808","url_text":"17870808"}]},{"reference":"Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2016-07-07). \"Plant growth promotion and nitrogen fixation in canola (Brassica napus) by an endophytic strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa and its GFP-tagged derivative in a long-term study\". Botany. 94 (12): 1209–1217. doi:10.1139/cjb-2016-0075.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjb-2016-0075","url_text":"10.1139/cjb-2016-0075"}]},{"reference":"Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2015-10-01). \"Can a diazotrophic endophyte originally isolated from lodgepole pine colonize an agricultural crop (corn) and promote its growth?\". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 89: 210–216. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012. ISSN 0038-0717.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2015.07.012","url_text":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0717","url_text":"0038-0717"}]},{"reference":"Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2016-04-01). \"Effect of GFP tagging of Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R on its ability to promote growth of canola and tomato seedlings\". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 52 (3): 377–387. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3. S2CID 18149924.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00374-015-1083-3","url_text":"10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18149924","url_text":"18149924"}]},{"reference":"Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2016-01-01). \"Evidence of nitrogen fixation and growth promotion in canola (Brassica napus L.) by an endophytic diazotroph Paenibacillus polymyxa P2b-2R\". Biology and Fertility of Soils. 52 (1): 119–125. doi:10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y. S2CID 15963708.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00374-015-1051-y","url_text":"10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15963708","url_text":"15963708"}]},{"reference":"Padda KP, Puri A, Zeng Q, Chanway CP, Wu X (2017-07-14). \"Effect of GFP-tagging on nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion of an endophytic diazotrophic strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa\". Botany. 95 (9): 933–942. doi:10.1139/cjb-2017-0056. hdl:1807/79634.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjb-2017-0056","url_text":"10.1139/cjb-2017-0056"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F79634","url_text":"1807/79634"}]},{"reference":"Compant S, Clément C, Sessitsch A (2010-05-01). \"Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization\". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42 (5): 669–678. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024. hdl:10795/2323.","urls":[{"url":"http://repository.edulll.gr/2323","url_text":"\"Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2009.11.024","url_text":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10795%2F2323","url_text":"10795/2323"}]},{"reference":"\"University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses\". Archived from the original on 2006-03-12. Retrieved June 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060312124840/http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/endophyte.html","url_text":"\"University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses\""},{"url":"http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/endophyte.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Strobel GA, Knighton B, Kluck K, Ren Y, Livinghouse T, Griffin M, et al. (November 2008). \"The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)\". Microbiology. 154 (Pt 11): 3319–3328. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2008/022186-0. PMID 18957585.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.2008%2F022186-0","url_text":"\"The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.2008%2F022186-0","url_text":"10.1099/mic.0.2008/022186-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18957585","url_text":"18957585"}]},{"reference":"Griffin MA, Spakowicz DJ, Gianoulis TA, Strobel SA (December 2010). \"Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072\". Microbiology. 156 (Pt 12): 3814–3829. doi:10.1099/mic.0.041327-0. PMC 7336539. PMID 20705658.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336539","url_text":"\"Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.041327-0","url_text":"10.1099/mic.0.041327-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336539","url_text":"7336539"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20705658","url_text":"20705658"}]},{"reference":"Shaw JJ, Spakowicz DJ, Dalal RS, Davis JH, Lehr NA, Dunican BF, et al. (April 2015). \"Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H\". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 99 (8): 3715–28. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-6206-5. PMC 4667366. PMID 25672844.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667366","url_text":"\"Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-014-6206-5","url_text":"10.1007/s00253-014-6206-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667366","url_text":"4667366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25672844","url_text":"25672844"}]},{"reference":"Altman A, Hasegawa PM, eds. (2011). Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture: Prospects for the 21st Century. Academic press. p. 319. ISBN 9780123814661. OCLC 858878994.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123814661","url_text":"9780123814661"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858878994","url_text":"858878994"}]},{"reference":"Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P, Kucera K, Sandoval AG, Dantzler KW, et al. (September 2011). \"Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi\". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (17): 6076–84. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.6076R. doi:10.1128/AEM.00521-11. PMC 3165411. PMID 21764951.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165411","url_text":"\"Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApEnM..77.6076R","url_text":"2011ApEnM..77.6076R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.00521-11","url_text":"10.1128/AEM.00521-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165411","url_text":"3165411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21764951","url_text":"21764951"}]},{"reference":"Nisa H, Kamili AN, Nawchoo IA, Shafi S, Shameem N, Bandh SA (May 2015). \"Fungal endophytes as prolific source of phytochemicals and other bioactive natural products: A review\". Microbial Pathogenesis. 82: 50–9. doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.001. PMID 25865953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.micpath.2015.04.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25865953","url_text":"25865953"}]},{"reference":"Sarasan M, Puthumana J, Job N, Han J, Lee JS, Philip R (June 2017). \"Marine Algicolous Endophytic Fungi - A Promising Drug Resource of the Era\". Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 27 (6): 1039–1052. doi:10.4014/jmb.1701.01036. PMID 28376612. S2CID 13176570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4014%2Fjmb.1701.01036","url_text":"10.4014/jmb.1701.01036"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28376612","url_text":"28376612"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13176570","url_text":"13176570"}]},{"reference":"Khan M, Sohrab MH, Rony SR, Tareq FS, Hasan CM, Mazid MA (Oct 2016). \"Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp\". Toxicology Reports. 3: 861–865. doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.10.005. PMC 5616083. PMID 28959613.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5616083","url_text":"\"Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxrep.2016.10.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.10.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5616083","url_text":"5616083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28959613","url_text":"28959613"}]},{"reference":"Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, Law S, Clow SM (June 2020). \"Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls\". Pharmaceutical Research. 37 (7): Article 125. doi:10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1. PMID 32529587. S2CID 219590658.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/3909383","url_text":"\"Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11095-020-02849-1","url_text":"10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529587","url_text":"32529587"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219590658","url_text":"219590658"}]},{"reference":"Ancheeva E, Daletos G, Proksch P (September 2018). \"Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms\". Marine Drugs. 16 (9): Article 319. doi:10.3390/md16090319. PMC 6165052. PMID 30205507.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165052","url_text":"\"Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmd16090319","url_text":"10.3390/md16090319"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165052","url_text":"6165052"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30205507","url_text":"30205507"}]},{"reference":"Aly AH, Debbab A, Proksch P (June 2011). \"Fungal endophytes: unique plant inhabitants with great promises\". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 90 (6): 1829–45. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3270-y. PMID 21523479. S2CID 370022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-011-3270-y","url_text":"10.1007/s00253-011-3270-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21523479","url_text":"21523479"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:370022","url_text":"370022"}]},{"reference":"El-Hawary, S.s.; Mohammed, R.; AbouZid, S.f.; Bakeer, W.; Ebel, R.; Sayed, A.m.; Rateb, M.e. (2016-04-01). \"Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum\". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 120 (4): 900–911. doi:10.1111/jam.13077. ISSN 1365-2672. PMID 26811095.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjam.13077","url_text":"\"Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjam.13077","url_text":"10.1111/jam.13077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2672","url_text":"1365-2672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26811095","url_text":"26811095"}]},{"reference":"Wang QX, Li SF, Zhao F, Dai HQ, Bao L, Ding R, et al. (July 2011). \"Chemical constituents from endophytic fungus Fusarium oxysporum\". Fitoterapia. 82 (5): 777–81. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2011.04.002. PMID 21497643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fitote.2011.04.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.fitote.2011.04.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21497643","url_text":"21497643"}]},{"reference":"Chen L, Zhang QY, Jia M, Ming QL, Yue W, Rahman K, et al. (May 2016). \"Endophytic fungi with antitumor activities: Their occurrence and anticancer compounds\". Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 42 (3): 454–73. doi:10.3109/1040841x.2014.959892. PMID 25343583. S2CID 29471199.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F1040841x.2014.959892","url_text":"10.3109/1040841x.2014.959892"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25343583","url_text":"25343583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29471199","url_text":"29471199"}]},{"reference":"Augner D, Krut O, Slavov N, Gerbino DC, Sahl HG, Benting J, et al. (August 2013). \"On the antibiotic and antifungal activity of pestalone, pestalachloride A, and structurally related compounds\". Journal of Natural Products. 76 (8): 1519–22. doi:10.1021/np400301d. hdl:11336/5425. PMID 23905700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp400301d","url_text":"10.1021/np400301d"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F5425","url_text":"11336/5425"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23905700","url_text":"23905700"}]},{"reference":"Wang C, Wang J, Huang Y, Chen H, Li Y, Zhong L, et al. (January 2013). \"Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin\". Molecules. 18 (2): 1728–40. doi:10.3390/molecules18021728. PMC 6269944. PMID 23434859.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6269944","url_text":"\"Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules18021728","url_text":"10.3390/molecules18021728"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6269944","url_text":"6269944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23434859","url_text":"23434859"}]},{"reference":"Bacon CW, Hinton DM (2014-01-01). \"Microbial Endophytes: Future Challenges\". In Verma VC, Gange AC (eds.). Advances in Endophytic Research. Springer India. pp. 441–451. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-1575-2_22. ISBN 978-81-322-1574-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-81-322-1575-2_22","url_text":"10.1007/978-81-322-1575-2_22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-322-1574-5","url_text":"978-81-322-1574-5"}]},{"reference":"Meyer W, Torres M, White J (2012). Stier J, Horgan B, Bonos S (eds.). Chapter 20: Biology and Applications of Fungal Endophytes in Turfgrasses. American Society of Agronomy. pp. Chapter 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Qiang X, Weiss M, Kogel KH, Schäfer P (June 2012). \"Piriformospora indica-a mutualistic basidiomycete with an exceptionally large plant host range\". Molecular Plant Pathology. 13 (5): 508–18. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00764.x. PMC 6638644. PMID 22111580.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6638644","url_text":"\"Piriformospora indica-a mutualistic basidiomycete with an exceptionally large plant host range\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1364-3703.2011.00764.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00764.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6638644","url_text":"6638644"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22111580","url_text":"22111580"}]},{"reference":"de Vries S, von Dahlen JK, Schnake A, Ginschel S, Schulz B, Rose LE (April 2018). \"Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes\". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 94 (4). doi:10.1093/femsec/fiy037. PMC 5939626. PMID 29528408.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5939626","url_text":"\"Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffemsec%2Ffiy037","url_text":"10.1093/femsec/fiy037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5939626","url_text":"5939626"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29528408","url_text":"29528408"}]},{"reference":"Vicari, Mark; Bazely, Dawn R. (1993-04-01). \"Do grasses fight back? The case for antiherbivore defences\". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 8 (4): 137–141. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90026-L. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 21236130.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347%2893%2990026-L","url_text":"\"Do grasses fight back? The case for antiherbivore defences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2893%2990026-L","url_text":"10.1016/0169-5347(93)90026-L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0169-5347","url_text":"0169-5347"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21236130","url_text":"21236130"}]},{"reference":"Le Cocq K, Gurr SJ, Hirsch PR, Mauchline TH (April 2017). \"Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification\". Molecular Plant Pathology. 18 (3): 469–473. doi:10.1111/mpp.12483. PMC 5347965. PMID 27559722.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347965","url_text":"\"Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmpp.12483","url_text":"10.1111/mpp.12483"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347965","url_text":"5347965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27559722","url_text":"27559722"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y","external_links_name":"\"An Archaic Approach to a Modern Issue: Endophytic Archaea for Sustainable Agriculture\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00284-022-03016-y","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00284-022-03016-y"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-0991","external_links_name":"1432-0991"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36125558","external_links_name":"36125558"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252376815","external_links_name":"252376815"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488371","external_links_name":"\"The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMMBR.00050-14","external_links_name":"10.1128/MMBR.00050-14"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4488371","external_links_name":"4488371"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26136581","external_links_name":"26136581"},{"Link":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/602144v2","external_links_name":"\"Endophytic Virome\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2F602144","external_links_name":"10.1101/602144"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146037776","external_links_name":"146037776"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.funeco.2013.09.007","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.funeco.2013.09.007"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3852%2F106.2.181","external_links_name":"10.3852/106.2.181"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24877257","external_links_name":"24877257"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24846604","external_links_name":"24846604"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6515357","external_links_name":"\"Defining the Genetic Basis of Plant–Endophytic Bacteria Interactions\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms20081947","external_links_name":"10.3390/ijms20081947"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6515357","external_links_name":"6515357"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31010043","external_links_name":"31010043"},{"Link":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","external_links_name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3352505","external_links_name":"\"Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1752-4571.2010.00141.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00141.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3352505","external_links_name":"3352505"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25567944","external_links_name":"25567944"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1462-2920.15392","external_links_name":"\"Experimental evidence of microbial inheritance in plants and transmission routes from seed to phyllosphere and root\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1462-2920.15392","external_links_name":"10.1111/1462-2920.15392"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-2920","external_links_name":"1462-2920"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33427409","external_links_name":"33427409"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-020-00826-5","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41477-020-00826-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33398157","external_links_name":"33398157"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230508404","external_links_name":"230508404"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/radicalmicologytexts/Radical_Mycology_A_treatise_on_seeing_and_working_with_fungi","external_links_name":"Radical Mycology: A Treatise on Seeing & Working with Fungi"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4899461","external_links_name":"\"A Friendly Relationship between Endophytic Fungi and Medicinal Plants: A Systematic Review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2016.00906","external_links_name":"10.3389/fmicb.2016.00906"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4899461","external_links_name":"4899461"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375610","external_links_name":"27375610"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F1040841X.2014.958052","external_links_name":"10.3109/1040841X.2014.958052"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25383649","external_links_name":"25383649"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37813335","external_links_name":"37813335"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocontrol.2008.01.023","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.01.023"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5424%2Fsjar%2F200806S1-382","external_links_name":"\"Fungal endophytes and their interaction with plant pathogens: a review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5424%2Fsjar%2F200806S1-382","external_links_name":"10.5424/sjar/200806S1-382"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2171-9292","external_links_name":"2171-9292"},{"Link":"https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/234979633/Properties_of_bacterial_endophytes_and_their_proposed_role_in_plant_growth.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Properties of bacterial endophytes and their proposed role in plant growth\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2008.07.008","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.tim.2008.07.008"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18789693","external_links_name":"18789693"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fgb.2007.07.013","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.fgb.2007.07.013"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17919950","external_links_name":"17919950"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC93319","external_links_name":"\"In planta regulation of extension of an endophytic fungus and maintenance of high metabolic rates in its mycelium in the absence of apical extension\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001ApEnM..67.5377T","external_links_name":"2001ApEnM..67.5377T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faem.67.12.5377-5383.2001","external_links_name":"10.1128/aem.67.12.5377-5383.2001"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC93319","external_links_name":"93319"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11722882","external_links_name":"11722882"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2010.03428.x","external_links_name":"\"Do the costs and benefits of fungal endophyte symbiosis vary with light availability?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2010.03428.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03428.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20955417","external_links_name":"20955417"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2012.06.004","external_links_name":"\"Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: origins of secondary metabolites\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2012.06.004","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.06.004"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22840767","external_links_name":"22840767"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff6103582","external_links_name":"\"Increased Biomass of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir Seedlings upon Inoculation with Diazotrophic Endophytic Consortia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ff6103582","external_links_name":"10.3390/f6103582"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347143","external_links_name":"\"An In vitro Study of Bio-Control and Plant Growth Promotion Potential of Salicaceae Endophytes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2017.00386","external_links_name":"10.3389/fmicb.2017.00386"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X","external_links_name":"1664-302X"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347143","external_links_name":"5347143"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28348550","external_links_name":"28348550"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1_4","external_links_name":"\"Endophyte Effects on Photosynthesis and Water Use of Plant Hosts: A Meta-Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-65897-1_4","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-65897-1_4"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840156","external_links_name":"\"Salicaceae Endophytes Modulate Stomatal Behavior and Increase Water Use Efficiency in Rice\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2018.00188","external_links_name":"10.3389/fpls.2018.00188"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-462X","external_links_name":"1664-462X"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5840156","external_links_name":"5840156"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29552021","external_links_name":"29552021"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert276","external_links_name":"\"Root ethylene signalling is involved in Miscanthus sinensis growth promotion by the bacterial endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense GSF30T\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Fert276","external_links_name":"10.1093/jxb/ert276"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0957","external_links_name":"0022-0957"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3808336","external_links_name":"3808336"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24043849","external_links_name":"24043849"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6941.2008.00582.x","external_links_name":"\"Endophytic root colonization of gramineous plants by Herbaspirillum frisingense\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6941.2008.00582.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00582.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0168-6496","external_links_name":"0168-6496"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18761671","external_links_name":"18761671"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:913558","external_links_name":"913558"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-81-322-2647-5_7","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_7"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.02773.x","external_links_name":"\"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.02773.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19236579","external_links_name":"19236579"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-1599-8_2","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-94-007-1599-8_2"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13288","external_links_name":"\"Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13288","external_links_name":"10.1111/nph.13288"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25639293","external_links_name":"25639293"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13080%2Fz-a.2015.102.060","external_links_name":"\"Bacterial endophytes in agricultural crops and their role in stress tolerance: a review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13080%2Fz-a.2015.102.060","external_links_name":"10.13080/z-a.2015.102.060"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC309047","external_links_name":"\"Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmmbr.67.4.491-502.2003","external_links_name":"10.1128/mmbr.67.4.491-502.2003"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC309047","external_links_name":"309047"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14665674","external_links_name":"14665674"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288058","external_links_name":"\"Endophytic fungi: a reservoir of antibacterials\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2014.00715","external_links_name":"10.3389/fmicb.2014.00715"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4288058","external_links_name":"4288058"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620957","external_links_name":"25620957"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjfr-2018-0347","external_links_name":"10.1139/cjfr-2018-0347"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F92505","external_links_name":"1807/92505"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92275030","external_links_name":"92275030"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffemsec%2Ffiz172","external_links_name":"10.1093/femsec/fiz172"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31647534","external_links_name":"31647534"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2018.08.049","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.049"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92247486","external_links_name":"92247486"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2019.107642","external_links_name":"\"Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2019.107642","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107642"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apsoil.2020.103538","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103538"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213458305","external_links_name":"213458305"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7449467","external_links_name":"\"Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1538055P","external_links_name":"2020PLoSO..1538055P"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0238055","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0238055"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7449467","external_links_name":"7449467"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32845898","external_links_name":"32845898"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-015-6487-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00253-015-6487-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25750045","external_links_name":"25750045"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17033286","external_links_name":"17033286"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-09-18-1694-RE","external_links_name":"\"Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPDIS-09-18-1694-RE","external_links_name":"10.1094/PDIS-09-18-1694-RE"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0191-2917","external_links_name":"0191-2917"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30880556","external_links_name":"30880556"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81983826","external_links_name":"81983826"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPHYTO-05-20-0157-R","external_links_name":"\"Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1094%2FPHYTO-05-20-0157-R","external_links_name":"10.1094/PHYTO-05-20-0157-R"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-949X","external_links_name":"0031-949X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32729787","external_links_name":"32729787"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220875296","external_links_name":"220875296"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.02773.x","external_links_name":"\"Fungal endophytes: diversity and functional roles\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2009.02773.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02773.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19236579","external_links_name":"19236579"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13199-014-0273-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s13199-014-0273-3"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15579801","external_links_name":"15579801"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13199-016-0385-z","external_links_name":"10.1007/s13199-016-0385-z"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1878-7665","external_links_name":"1878-7665"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17870808","external_links_name":"17870808"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjb-2016-0075","external_links_name":"10.1139/cjb-2016-0075"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2015.07.012","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.012"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0717","external_links_name":"0038-0717"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00374-015-1083-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00374-015-1083-3"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18149924","external_links_name":"18149924"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00374-015-1051-y","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00374-015-1051-y"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15963708","external_links_name":"15963708"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fcjb-2017-0056","external_links_name":"10.1139/cjb-2017-0056"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F79634","external_links_name":"1807/79634"},{"Link":"http://repository.edulll.gr/2323","external_links_name":"\"Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2009.11.024","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.11.024"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10795%2F2323","external_links_name":"10795/2323"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060312124840/http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/endophyte.html","external_links_name":"\"University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses\""},{"Link":"http://www.uri.edu/ce/factsheets/sheets/endophyte.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.2008%2F022186-0","external_links_name":"\"The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.2008%2F022186-0","external_links_name":"10.1099/mic.0.2008/022186-0"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18957585","external_links_name":"18957585"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336539","external_links_name":"\"Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.041327-0","external_links_name":"10.1099/mic.0.041327-0"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336539","external_links_name":"7336539"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20705658","external_links_name":"20705658"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667366","external_links_name":"\"Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-014-6206-5","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00253-014-6206-5"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667366","external_links_name":"4667366"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25672844","external_links_name":"25672844"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858878994","external_links_name":"858878994"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165411","external_links_name":"\"Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApEnM..77.6076R","external_links_name":"2011ApEnM..77.6076R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.00521-11","external_links_name":"10.1128/AEM.00521-11"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165411","external_links_name":"3165411"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21764951","external_links_name":"21764951"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.micpath.2015.04.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.micpath.2015.04.001"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25865953","external_links_name":"25865953"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4014%2Fjmb.1701.01036","external_links_name":"10.4014/jmb.1701.01036"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28376612","external_links_name":"28376612"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13176570","external_links_name":"13176570"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5616083","external_links_name":"\"Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxrep.2016.10.005","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.10.005"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5616083","external_links_name":"5616083"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28959613","external_links_name":"28959613"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/3909383","external_links_name":"\"Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11095-020-02849-1","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529587","external_links_name":"32529587"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219590658","external_links_name":"219590658"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165052","external_links_name":"\"Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmd16090319","external_links_name":"10.3390/md16090319"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6165052","external_links_name":"6165052"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30205507","external_links_name":"30205507"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-011-3270-y","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00253-011-3270-y"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21523479","external_links_name":"21523479"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:370022","external_links_name":"370022"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjam.13077","external_links_name":"\"Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjam.13077","external_links_name":"10.1111/jam.13077"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2672","external_links_name":"1365-2672"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26811095","external_links_name":"26811095"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fitote.2011.04.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.fitote.2011.04.002"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21497643","external_links_name":"21497643"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F1040841x.2014.959892","external_links_name":"10.3109/1040841x.2014.959892"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25343583","external_links_name":"25343583"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29471199","external_links_name":"29471199"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fnp400301d","external_links_name":"10.1021/np400301d"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F5425","external_links_name":"11336/5425"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23905700","external_links_name":"23905700"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6269944","external_links_name":"\"Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules18021728","external_links_name":"10.3390/molecules18021728"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6269944","external_links_name":"6269944"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23434859","external_links_name":"23434859"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-81-322-1575-2_22","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-81-322-1575-2_22"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6638644","external_links_name":"\"Piriformospora indica-a mutualistic basidiomycete with an exceptionally large plant host range\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1364-3703.2011.00764.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00764.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6638644","external_links_name":"6638644"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22111580","external_links_name":"22111580"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5939626","external_links_name":"\"Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffemsec%2Ffiy037","external_links_name":"10.1093/femsec/fiy037"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5939626","external_links_name":"5939626"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29528408","external_links_name":"29528408"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347%2893%2990026-L","external_links_name":"\"Do grasses fight back? The case for antiherbivore defences\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5347%2893%2990026-L","external_links_name":"10.1016/0169-5347(93)90026-L"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0169-5347","external_links_name":"0169-5347"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21236130","external_links_name":"21236130"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347965","external_links_name":"\"Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmpp.12483","external_links_name":"10.1111/mpp.12483"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5347965","external_links_name":"5347965"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27559722","external_links_name":"27559722"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant
Pheasant
["1 Etymology","2 Species in taxonomic order","2.1 Previous classifications","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]
Bird in family Phasianidae This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Pheasant (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Peasant. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pheasant" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pheasant Mongolian ringneck-typecommon pheasant Male Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Galliformes Superfamily: Phasianoidea Family: Phasianidae Groups included Argusianus Catreus Chrysolophus Crossoptilon Ithaginis Lophura Phasianus Polyplectron Pucrasia Rheinardia Syrmaticus Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Rollulinae Lerwini Lophophorini Tetraonini Rhizotherini Perdix Coturnicini Gallini Pavonina Galloperdix Haematortyx Tropicoperdix Pheasant fowling, "Showing how to catch pheasants", facsimile of a miniature in the manuscript of the "Livre du Roy Modus" (fourteenth century). Cheer pheasant pair in Himalaya, India Pheasants (/ˈfɛzənt/ FEH-zənt) are birds of several genera within the family Phasianidae in the order Galliformes. Although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera native range is restricted to Eurasia. The classification "pheasant" is paraphyletic, as birds referred to as pheasants are included within both the subfamilies Phasianinae and Pavoninae, and in many cases are more closely related to smaller phasianids, grouse, and turkey (formerly classified in Perdicinae, Tetraoninae, and Meleagridinae) than to other pheasants. Pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly decorated with bright colours and adornments such as wattles. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young. A pheasant's call or cry can be recognised by the fact it sounds like a rusty sink or valve being turned. Pheasants eat mostly seeds, grains, roots, and berries, while in the summer they take advantage of insects, fresh green shoots, spiders, earthworms, and snails. However, as an introduced species, in the UK they are a threat to endangered native adders. The best-known is the common pheasant, which is widespread throughout the world, in introduced feral populations and in farm operations. Various other pheasant species are popular in aviaries, such as the golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus). Etymology According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "pheasant" ultimately comes from Phasis, the ancient name of what is now called the Rioni River in Georgia. It passed from Greek to Latin to French (spelled with an initial "f") then to English, appearing for the first time in English around 1299. Species in taxonomic order This list is ordered to show presumed relationships between species. Subfamily Phasianinae Tribe Ithaginini Blood pheasant (genus Ithaginis) Blood pheasant (I. cruentus) Tribe Pucrasiini Koklass (genus Pucrasia) Koklass pheasant (P. macrolopha) Tribe Phasianini Long-tailed pheasants (genus Syrmaticus) Reeves's pheasant (S. reevesi) Elliot's pheasant (S. ellioti) Mrs. Hume's pheasant (S. humiae) Mikado pheasant (S. mikado) Copper pheasant (S. soemmerringi) Ruffed pheasants (genus Chrysolophus) Golden pheasant (C. pictus) Lady Amherst's pheasant (C. amherstiae) Typical pheasants (genus Phasianus) Green pheasant (P. versicolor) Common pheasant (P. colchicus) Caucasus pheasants, Phasianus colchicus colchicus group White-winged pheasants, Phasianus colchicus chrysomelas/principalis group Prince of Wales pheasant, Phasianus colchicus principalis Mongolian ring-necked pheasants or white-winged ring-necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus mongolicus group Tarim pheasants, Phasianus colchicus tarimensis group Chinese ring-necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus torquatus group Taiwan pheasant, Phasianus colchicus formosanus Cheer pheasant (genus Catreus) Cheer pheasant (C. wallichi) Gallopheasants (genus Lophura) Kalij pheasant (L. leucomelanos) White-crested kalij pheasant (L. l. hamiltoni) Nepal kalij pheasant (L. l. leucomelanos) Black-backed kalij pheasant (L. l. melanota) Black kalij pheasant (L. l. moffitti) Black-breasted kalij pheasant (L. l. lathami) William's kalij pheasant (L. l. williamsi) Oates' kalij pheasant (L. l. oatesi) Crawfurd's kalij pheasant (L. l. crawfurdi) Lineated kalij pheasant (L. l. lineata) Silver pheasant (L. nycthemera) Imperial pheasant (L. imperialis) Edwards's pheasant (L. edwardsi) Vietnamese pheasant (L. hatinhensis) Swinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii) Salvadori's pheasant (L. inornata) Hoogerwerf's pheasant (L. i. hoogerwerfi) Malayan crestless fireback (L. erythrophthalma) Bornean crestless fireback (L. pyronota) Bornean crested fireback (L. ignita) Lesser Bornean crested fireback (L. i. ignita) Greater Bornean crested fireback (L. i. nobilis) Malayan crested fireback (L. rufa) Siamese fireback (L. diardi) Bulwer's pheasant (L. bulweri) Eared pheasants (genus Crossoptilon) White eared pheasant (C. crossoptilon) Tibetan eared pheasant (C. harmani) Brown eared pheasant (C. mantchuricum) Blue eared pheasant (C. auritum) Subfamily Pavoninae Tribe Pavonini Crested argus (genus Rheinardia) Vietnamese crested argus (R. ocellata) Malayan crested argus (R. nigrescens) Great argus (genus Argusianus) Great argus (A. argus) Tribe Polyprectronini Peacock-pheasants (genus Polyplectron) Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant (P. chalcurum) Mountain peacock-pheasant (P. inopinatum) Germain's peacock-pheasant (P. germaini) Grey peacock-pheasant (P. bicalcaratum Hainan peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron katsumatae) Malayan peacock-pheasant (P. malacense) Bornean peacock-pheasant (P. schleiermacheri) Palawan peacock-pheasant (P. emphanum) Previous classifications Euplocamus and Gennceus are older names more or less corresponding to the current Lophura. Euplocamus was used, for example, by Hume and Marshall in their Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon (1879–1881). Gennceus, was used, for example, by Frank Finn in Indian Sporting Birds (1915) and Game Birds of India and Asia (1911?). These old genera were used for: Vernacular Hume & Marshall Finn: Sporting Birds Finn: Game Birds Contemporary Vieillot's crested fireback E. vielloti Lophura rufa (sic) L. ignita rufa Black-backed kalij E. melanonotus G. melanonotus L. leucomelanos melanota Common or white-crested kalij E. albocristatus G. albocristatus L. leucomelanos hamiltoni Nepal kalij E. leucomelanus G. leucomelanus L. leucomelanos leucomelanos Purple, Horsfield's or black-breasted kalij E. horsfieldi G. horsfieldi L. leucomelanos lathami Lineated kalij E. lineatus G. lineatus also: Burmese silver pheasant L. leucomelanos lineata Anderson's silver pheasant ? G. andersoni, considered hybrid of L. nycthemera and L. l. lineata L. nycthemera andersoni (invalid) Crawfurd's silver pheasant (or Crawford's? ) E. andersoni considered a further cross of Anderson's and L. l. lineata ? Crawfurd's kalij (same as C.'s silver pheasant?) ? G. andersoni L. leucomelanos crawfurdi Cuvier's kalij ? G. cuvieri ? Oates's kalij ? G. oatesi L. leucomelanos oatesi Whitehead's silver pheasant ? G. whiteheadi ? Swinhoe's kalij ? G. swinhoii L. swinhoii References ^ Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (2021-05-01). "A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 158: 107091. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 33545275. S2CID 231963063. ^ Nicolas Milton (1 Oct 2020). "Game birds 'could wipe out adders in most of Britain within 12 years'". Guardian newspapers. ^ "pheasant". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Bibliography Beebe, William. 1918-22. A Monograph of the Pheasants. 1st edition in 4 volumes: H. F. Witherby, London. Reprint: 1990, Dover Publications.(4 volumes bound as 2). ISBN 0-486-26579-X and ISBN 0-486-26580-3. Republished as: Pheasants: Their Lives and Homes. 2 vols. 1926. Single volume edition: New York Zoological Society, 1936.) Green-Armytage, Stephen. 2002. Extraordinary Pheasants.Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York. Book ISBN 0-8109-1007-1. Madge and McGowan, Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse ISBN 0-7136-3966-0 External links Videos of pheasants in the Internet Bird Collection vtePhasianidae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Galliformes Subfamily PhasianinaeTribe LerwiniLerwa Snow partridge (L. lerwa) Tribe IthagininiIthaginis Blood pheasant (I. cruentus) Tribe LophophoriniTragopan Blyth's tragopan (T. blythii) Cabot's tragopan (T. caboti) Western tragopan (T. melanocephalus) Satyr tragopan (T. satyra) Temminck's tragopan (T. temminckii) Tetraophasis Verreaux's monal-partridge (T. obscurus) Szechenyi's monal-partridge (T. szechenyii) Lophophorus Himalayan monal (L. impejanus) Sclater's monal (L. sclateri) Chinese monal (L. lhuysii) Tribe PucrasiiniPucrasia Koklass pheasant (P. macrolopha) Tribe MeleagridiniMeleagris Wild turkey (M. gallopavo) Ocellated turkey (M. ocellata) † Californian turkey (M. californica) Tribe Tetraonini GrouseCanachites Spruce grouse (C. canadensis) Franklin's grouse (C. canadensis franklinii) Falcipennis Siberian grouse (F. falcipennis) Dendragapus Dusky grouse (D. obscurus) Sooty grouse (D. fuliginosus) Lagopus Willow ptarmigan (L. lagopus) Red grouse (L. l. scotica) Rock ptarmigan (L. muta) White-tailed ptarmigan (L. leucura) Tetrao Western capercaillie (T. urogallus) Cantabrian capercaillie (T. u. cantabricus) Black-billed capercaillie (T. urogalloides) Lyrurus Black grouse (L. tetrix) Caucasian grouse (L. mlokosiewiczi) Tetrastes Hazel grouse (T. bonasia) Chinese grouse (T. sewerzowi) Bonasa Ruffed grouse (B. umbellus) Centrocercus Greater sage-grouse (C. urophasianus) Gunnison grouse (C. minimus) Tympanuchus Sharp-tailed grouse (T. phasianellus) Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (T. p. columbianus) Greater prairie chicken (T. cupido) Heath hen (extinct) Attwater's prairie chicken (T. c. attwateri) Lesser prairie chicken (T. pallidicinctus) Tribe RhizotheriniRhizothera Long-billed partridge (R. longirostris) Dulit partridge (R. dulitensis) Tribe PhasianiniPerdix Grey partridge (P. perdix) Daurian partridge (P. dauurica) Tibetan partridge (P. hodgsoniae) Syrmaticus Elliot's pheasant (S. ellioti) Mrs. Hume's pheasant (S. humiae) Mikado pheasant (S. mikado) Copper pheasant (S. soemmerringi) Reeve's pheasant (S. reevesi) Chrysolophus Lady Amherst's pheasant (C. amherstiae) Golden pheasant (C. pictus) Phasianus Common pheasant (P. colchicus) Green pheasant (P. versicolor) Catreus Cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichi) Crossoptilon Blue eared pheasant (C. auritum) White eared pheasant (C. crossoptilon) Tibetan eared pheasant (C. harmani) Brown eared pheasant (C.mantchuricum) Lophura Bulwer's pheasant (L. bulweri) Siamese fireback (L. diardi) Edward's pheasant (L. edwardsi) Crestless fireback (L. erythrophthalma) Vietnamese pheasant (L. hatinhensis) Crested fireback (L. ignita) Imperial pheasant (L. imperialis) Salvadori's pheasant (L. inornata) Hoogerwerf's pheasant (L. i. hoogerwerfi) Kalij pheasant (L. leucomelanos) Silver pheasant (L. nycthemera) Swinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii) Subfamily RollulinaeXenoperdix Rubeho forest partridge (X. obscuratus) Udzungwa forest partridge (X. udzungwensis) Caloperdix Ferruginous partridge (C. oculeus) Rollulus Crested partridge (R. rouloul) Melanoperdix Black partridge (M. niger) Arborophila Hill partridge (A. torqueola) Sichuan partridge (A. rufipectus) Chestnut-breasted partridge (A. mandellii) White-necklaced partridge (A. gingica) Rufous-throated partridge (A. rufogularis) Red-billed partridge (A.a rubrirostris) Siamese partridge (A. diversa) Chestnut-headed partridge (A. cambodiana) Hainan partridge (A. ardens) Taiwan partridge (A. crudigularis) White-cheeked partridge (A. atrogularis) Bar-backed partridge (A. brunneopectus) Orange-necked partridge (A. davidi) Red-breasted partridge (A. hyperythra) Malayan partridge (A. campbelli) Roll's partridge (A. rolli) Sumatran partridge (A. sumatrana) Chestnut-bellied partridge (A. javanica) Grey-breasted partridge (A. orientalis) Subfamily PavoninaeTribe PavoniniRheinardia Vietnamese crested argus (R. ocellata) Malayan crested argus (R. nigrescens) Argusianus Great argus (A. argus) Afropavo Congo peafowl (A. congensis) Pavo Indian peafowl (P. cristatus) Green peafowl (P. muticus) Tropicoperdix Chestnut-necklaced partridge (T. charltonii) Green-legged partridge (T. chloropus) Tribe PolyplectroniniHaematortyx Crimson-headed partridge (H. sanguiniceps) Galloperdix Red spurfowl (G. spadicea) Painted spurfowl (G. lunulata) Sri Lanka spurfowl (G. bicalcarata) Polyplectron Grey peacock-pheasant (P. bicalcaratum) Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant (P. chalcurum) Palawan peacock-pheasant (P. emphanum) Germain's peacock-pheasant (P. germaini) Mountain peacock-pheasant (P. inopinatum) Hainan peacock-pheasant (P. katsumatae) Malayan peacock-pheasant (P. malacense) Bornean peacock-pheasant (P. schleiermacheri) Tribe GalliniBambusicola Mountain bamboo partridge (B. fytchii) Chinese bamboo partridge (B. thoracicus) Taiwan bamboo partridge (B. sonorivox) Gallus Red junglefowl (G. gallus) Sri Lankan junglefowl (G. lafayetii) Grey junglefowl (G. sonneratii) Green junglefowl (G. varius) Peliperdix Latham's francolin (P. lathami) Ortygornis Crested francolin (O. sephaena) Grey francolin (O. pondicerianus) Swamp francolin (O. gularis) Francolinus Black francolin (F. francolinus) Painted francolin (F. pictus) Chinese francolin (F. pintadeanus) Campocolinus Coqui francolin (C. coqui) White-throated francolin, (C. albogularis) Schlegel's francolin (C. schlegelii) Scleroptila Ring-necked francolin (S. streptophora) Red-winged francolin (S. levaillantii) Finsch's francolin (S. finschi) Moorland francolin (S. psilolaema) Grey-winged francolin (S. afra) Orange River francolin (S. gutturalis) Shelley's francolin (S. shelleyi) Tribe CoturniciniTetraogallus Caucasian snowcock (T. caucasicus) Caspian snowcock (T. caspius) Himalayan snowcock (T. himalayensis) Tibetan snowcock (T. tibetanus) Altai snowcock (T. altaicus) Ammoperdix See-see partridge (A. griseogularis) Sand partridge (A. heyi) Synoicus Brown quail (S. ypsilophorus) Snow Mountain quail (S. monorthonyx) Blue quail (S. adansonii) King quail (S. chinensis) Margaroperdix Madagascar partridge (M. madagarensis) Coturnix Rain quail (C. coromandelica) Harlequin quail (C. delegorguei) Common quail (C. coturnix) Japanese quail (C. japonica) Stubble quail (C. pectoralis) Alectoris Arabian partridge (A. melanocephala) Przevalski's partridge (A. magna) Rock partridge (A. graeca) Chukar partridge (A. chukar) Philby's partridge (A. philbyi) Barbary partridge (A. barbara) Red-legged partridge (A. rufa) Perdicula Jungle bush quail (P. asiatica) Rock bush quail (P. argoondah) Painted bush quail (P. erythrorhyncha) Manipur bush quail (P. manipurensis) Ophrysia Himalayan quail (O. superciliosa) (possibly extinct) Pternistis Hartlaub's spurfowl (P. hartlaubi) Mount Cameroon spurfowl (P. camerunensis) Handsome spurfowl (P. nobilis) Chestnut-naped spurfowl (P. castaneicollis) Black-fronted spurfowl (P. atrifrons) Erckel's spurfowl (P. erckelii) Djibouti spurfowl (P. ochropectus) Swierstra's spurfowl (P. swierstrai) Ahanta spurfowl (P. ahantensis) Grey-striped spurfowl (P. griseostriatus) Jackson's spurfowl (P. jacksoni) Red-billed spurfowl (P. adspersus) Cape spurfowl (P. capensis) Natal spurfowl (P. natalensis) Hildebrandt's spurfowl (P. hildebrandti) Double-spurred spurfowl (P. bicalcaratus) Scaly spurfowl (P. squamatus) Heuglin's spurfowl (P. icterorhynchus) Clapperton's spurfowl (P. clappertoni) Harwood's spurfowl (P. harwoodi) Swainson's spurfowl (P. swainsonii) Yellow-necked spurfowl (P. leucoscepus) Grey-breasted spurfowl (P. rufopictus) Red-necked spurfowl (P. afer) 185 living species in 32 genera
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pheasant (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Peasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pheasant_Fowling_Showing_how_to_catch_Pheasants_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Manuscript_of_the_Livre_du_Roy_Modus_Fourteenth_Century.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catreus_wallichii.jpg"},{"link_name":"/ˈfɛzənt/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"FEH-zənt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Phasianidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianidae"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Galliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliformes"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyly"},{"link_name":"Phasianinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianinae"},{"link_name":"Pavoninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peafowl"},{"link_name":"Perdicinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdicinae"},{"link_name":"Tetraoninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grouse"},{"link_name":"Meleagridinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meleagridinae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour"},{"link_name":"wattles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"dubious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Pheasant#Dubious"},{"link_name":"common pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_pheasant"},{"link_name":"aviaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviary"},{"link_name":"golden pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_pheasant"}],"text":"This article is about the animal. For other uses, see Pheasant (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Peasant.Pheasant fowling, \"Showing how to catch pheasants\", facsimile of a miniature in the manuscript of the \"Livre du Roy Modus\" (fourteenth century).Cheer pheasant pair in Himalaya, IndiaPheasants (/ˈfɛzənt/ FEH-zənt) are birds of several genera within the family Phasianidae in the order Galliformes. Although they can be found all over the world in introduced (and captive) populations, the pheasant genera native range is restricted to Eurasia. The classification \"pheasant\" is paraphyletic, as birds referred to as pheasants are included within both the subfamilies Phasianinae and Pavoninae, and in many cases are more closely related to smaller phasianids, grouse, and turkey (formerly classified in Perdicinae, Tetraoninae, and Meleagridinae) than to other pheasants.[1]Pheasants are characterised by strong sexual dimorphism, males being highly decorated with bright colours and adornments such as wattles. Males are usually larger than females and have longer tails. Males play no part in rearing the young.A pheasant's call or cry can be recognised by the fact it sounds like a rusty sink or valve being turned.Pheasants eat mostly seeds, grains, roots, and berries, while in the summer they take advantage of insects, fresh green shoots, spiders, earthworms, and snails. However, as an introduced species, in the UK they are a threat to endangered native adders.[2][dubious – discuss]The best-known is the common pheasant, which is widespread throughout the world, in introduced feral populations and in farm operations. Various other pheasant species are popular in aviaries, such as the golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus).","title":"Pheasant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Rioni River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rioni_River"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word \"pheasant\" ultimately comes from Phasis, the ancient name of what is now called the Rioni River in Georgia.\nIt passed from Greek to Latin to French (spelled with an initial \"f\") then to English, appearing for the first time in English around 1299.[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phasianinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianinae"},{"link_name":"Ithaginini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Ithaginis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaginis"},{"link_name":"Blood pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Pucrasiini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucrasiini"},{"link_name":"Pucrasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucrasia"},{"link_name":"Koklass pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koklass_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Phasianini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianini"},{"link_name":"Syrmaticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmaticus"},{"link_name":"Reeves's pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeves%27s_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Elliot's pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot%27s_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Mrs. Hume's pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Hume%27s_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Mikado pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikado_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Copper pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Chrysolophus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysolophus"},{"link_name":"Golden pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Lady Amherst's pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Amherst%27s_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Phasianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasianus"},{"link_name":"Green pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Common pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Catreus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheer_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Cheer pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheer_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Lophura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophura"},{"link_name":"Kalij pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalij_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Silver pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Imperial pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Edwards's pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards%27s_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Swinhoe's pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swinhoe%27s_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Salvadori's pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadori%27s_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Hoogerwerf's pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoogerwerf%27s_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Malayan crestless fireback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_crestless_fireback"},{"link_name":"Bornean crestless fireback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_crestless_fireback"},{"link_name":"Bornean crested fireback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_crested_fireback"},{"link_name":"Malayan crested fireback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_crested_fireback"},{"link_name":"Siamese fireback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_fireback"},{"link_name":"Bulwer's pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulwer%27s_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Crossoptilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossoptilon"},{"link_name":"White eared pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_eared_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Tibetan eared pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_eared_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Brown eared pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_eared_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Blue eared pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_eared_pheasant"},{"link_name":"Pavoninae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavoninae"},{"link_name":"Pavonini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavonini"},{"link_name":"Rheinardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinardia"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese crested argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_crested_argus"},{"link_name":"Malayan crested argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_crested_argus"},{"link_name":"Argusianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argusianus"},{"link_name":"Great argus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_argus"},{"link_name":"Polyprectronini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplectronini"},{"link_name":"Polyplectron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplectron"},{"link_name":"Bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze-tailed_peacock-pheasant"},{"link_name":"Mountain peacock-pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_peacock-pheasant"},{"link_name":"Germain's peacock-pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain%27s_peacock-pheasant"},{"link_name":"Grey peacock-pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_peacock-pheasant"},{"link_name":"Hainan peacock-pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan_peacock-pheasant"},{"link_name":"Malayan peacock-pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_peacock-pheasant"},{"link_name":"Bornean peacock-pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_peacock-pheasant"},{"link_name":"Palawan peacock-pheasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan_peacock-pheasant"}],"text":"This list is ordered to show presumed relationships between species.Subfamily Phasianinae\nTribe Ithaginini\nBlood pheasant (genus Ithaginis)\nBlood pheasant (I. cruentus)\nTribe Pucrasiini\nKoklass (genus Pucrasia)\nKoklass pheasant (P. macrolopha)\nTribe Phasianini\nLong-tailed pheasants (genus Syrmaticus)\nReeves's pheasant (S. reevesi)\nElliot's pheasant (S. ellioti)\nMrs. Hume's pheasant (S. humiae)\nMikado pheasant (S. mikado)\nCopper pheasant (S. soemmerringi)\nRuffed pheasants (genus Chrysolophus)\nGolden pheasant (C. pictus)\nLady Amherst's pheasant (C. amherstiae)\nTypical pheasants (genus Phasianus)\nGreen pheasant (P. versicolor)\nCommon pheasant (P. colchicus)\nCaucasus pheasants, Phasianus colchicus colchicus group\nWhite-winged pheasants, Phasianus colchicus chrysomelas/principalis group\nPrince of Wales pheasant, Phasianus colchicus principalis\nMongolian ring-necked pheasants or white-winged ring-necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus mongolicus group\nTarim pheasants, Phasianus colchicus tarimensis group\nChinese ring-necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus torquatus group\nTaiwan pheasant, Phasianus colchicus formosanus\nCheer pheasant (genus Catreus)\nCheer pheasant (C. wallichi)\nGallopheasants (genus Lophura)\nKalij pheasant (L. leucomelanos)\nWhite-crested kalij pheasant (L. l. hamiltoni)\nNepal kalij pheasant (L. l. leucomelanos)\nBlack-backed kalij pheasant (L. l. melanota)\nBlack kalij pheasant (L. l. moffitti)\nBlack-breasted kalij pheasant (L. l. lathami)\nWilliam's kalij pheasant (L. l. williamsi)\nOates' kalij pheasant (L. l. oatesi)\nCrawfurd's kalij pheasant (L. l. crawfurdi)\nLineated kalij pheasant (L. l. lineata)\nSilver pheasant (L. nycthemera)\nImperial pheasant (L. imperialis)\nEdwards's pheasant (L. edwardsi)\nVietnamese pheasant (L. hatinhensis)\nSwinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii)\nSalvadori's pheasant (L. inornata)\nHoogerwerf's pheasant (L. i. hoogerwerfi)\nMalayan crestless fireback (L. erythrophthalma)\nBornean crestless fireback (L. pyronota)\nBornean crested fireback (L. ignita)\nLesser Bornean crested fireback (L. i. ignita)\nGreater Bornean crested fireback (L. i. nobilis)\nMalayan crested fireback (L. rufa)\nSiamese fireback (L. diardi)\nBulwer's pheasant (L. bulweri)\nEared pheasants (genus Crossoptilon)\nWhite eared pheasant (C. crossoptilon)\nTibetan eared pheasant (C. harmani)\nBrown eared pheasant (C. mantchuricum)\nBlue eared pheasant (C. auritum)\nSubfamily Pavoninae\nTribe Pavonini\nCrested argus (genus Rheinardia)\nVietnamese crested argus (R. ocellata)\nMalayan crested argus (R. nigrescens)\nGreat argus (genus Argusianus)\nGreat argus (A. argus)\nTribe Polyprectronini\nPeacock-pheasants (genus Polyplectron)\nBronze-tailed peacock-pheasant (P. chalcurum)\nMountain peacock-pheasant (P. inopinatum)\nGermain's peacock-pheasant (P. germaini)\nGrey peacock-pheasant (P. bicalcaratum\nHainan peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron katsumatae)\nMalayan peacock-pheasant (P. malacense)\nBornean peacock-pheasant (P. schleiermacheri)\nPalawan peacock-pheasant (P. emphanum)","title":"Species in taxonomic order"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Octavian_Hume"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Henry_Tilson_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Octavian_Hume#Game_Birds_of_India,_Burmah_and_Ceylon_(1879%E2%80%931881)"},{"link_name":"Frank Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Finn"},{"link_name":"Indian Sporting Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/indiansportingbi00finn/indiansportingbi00finn_djvu.txt"},{"link_name":"Game Birds of India and Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924016412631/cu31924016412631_djvu.txt"}],"sub_title":"Previous classifications","text":"Euplocamus and Gennceus are older names more or less corresponding to the current Lophura.Euplocamus was used, for example, by Hume and Marshall in their Game Birds of India, Burmah and Ceylon (1879–1881).\nGennceus, was used, for example, by Frank Finn in Indian Sporting Birds (1915) and Game Birds of India and Asia (1911?).These old genera were used for:","title":"Species in taxonomic order"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beebe, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beebe"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-486-26579-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26579-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-486-26580-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-26580-3"},{"link_name":"New York Zoological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Zoological_Society"},{"link_name":"Green-Armytage, Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Green-Armytage"},{"link_name":"Harry N. Abrams, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams,_Inc."},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8109-1007-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-1007-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7136-3966-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-3966-0"}],"text":"Beebe, William. 1918-22. A Monograph of the Pheasants. 1st edition in 4 volumes: H. F. Witherby, London. Reprint: 1990, Dover Publications.(4 volumes bound as 2). ISBN 0-486-26579-X and ISBN 0-486-26580-3. Republished as: Pheasants: Their Lives and Homes. 2 vols. 1926. Single volume edition: New York Zoological Society, 1936.)\nGreen-Armytage, Stephen. 2002. Extraordinary Pheasants.Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York. Book ISBN 0-8109-1007-1.\nMadge and McGowan, Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse ISBN 0-7136-3966-0","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Pheasant fowling, \"Showing how to catch pheasants\", facsimile of a miniature in the manuscript of the \"Livre du Roy Modus\" (fourteenth century).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pheasant_Fowling_Showing_how_to_catch_Pheasants_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Manuscript_of_the_Livre_du_Roy_Modus_Fourteenth_Century.png/220px-Pheasant_Fowling_Showing_how_to_catch_Pheasants_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Manuscript_of_the_Livre_du_Roy_Modus_Fourteenth_Century.png"},{"image_text":"Cheer pheasant pair in Himalaya, India","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Catreus_wallichii.jpg/220px-Catreus_wallichii.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Kimball, Rebecca T.; Hosner, Peter A.; Braun, Edward L. (2021-05-01). \"A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 158: 107091. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 33545275. S2CID 231963063.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245","url_text":"\"A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2021.107091","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903","url_text":"1055-7903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33545275","url_text":"33545275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231963063","url_text":"231963063"}]},{"reference":"Nicolas Milton (1 Oct 2020). \"Game birds 'could wipe out adders in most of Britain within 12 years'\". Guardian newspapers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/01/adder-extinct-across-britain-snake-threat-game-birds-release","url_text":"\"Game birds 'could wipe out adders in most of Britain within 12 years'\""}]},{"reference":"\"pheasant\". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=pheasant","url_text":"\"pheasant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pheasant%22","external_links_name":"\"Pheasant\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pheasant%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pheasant%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pheasant%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pheasant%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pheasant%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/indiansportingbi00finn/indiansportingbi00finn_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Indian Sporting Birds"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924016412631/cu31924016412631_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Game Birds of India and Asia"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790321000245","external_links_name":"\"A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2021.107091","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903","external_links_name":"1055-7903"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33545275","external_links_name":"33545275"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231963063","external_links_name":"231963063"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/oct/01/adder-extinct-across-britain-snake-threat-game-birds-release","external_links_name":"\"Game birds 'could wipe out adders in most of Britain within 12 years'\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=pheasant","external_links_name":"\"pheasant\""},{"Link":"https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary","external_links_name":"participating institution membership"},{"Link":"http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/pheasants-partridges-phasianidae","external_links_name":"Videos of pheasants"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Knowledge representation and reasoning
["1 History","2 Overview","3 Characteristics","4 Ontology engineering","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Field of artificial intelligence Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR, KR&R, KR²) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can use to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language. Knowledge representation incorporates findings from psychology about how humans solve problems and represent knowledge, in order to design formalisms that will make complex systems easier to design and build. Knowledge representation and reasoning also incorporates findings from logic to automate various kinds of reasoning. Examples of knowledge representation formalisms include semantic nets, frames, rules, logic programs and ontologies. Examples of automated reasoning engines include inference engines, theorem provers, model generators and classifiers. History Part of a series onArtificial intelligence Major goals Artificial general intelligence Intelligent Agent Recursive self-improvement Planning Computer vision General game playing Knowledge reasoning Natural language processing Robotics AI safety Approaches Machine learning Symbolic Deep learning Bayesian networks Evolutionary algorithms Situated approach Hybrid intelligent systems Systems integration Applications Projects Deepfake Machine translation Generative AI Art Audio Music Healthcare Mental health Government Industry Earth sciences Bioinformatics Physics Philosophy Chinese room Friendly AI Control problem/Takeover Ethics Existential risk Turing test Regulation History Timeline Progress AI winter AI boom AI era Glossary Glossary vte The earliest work in computerized knowledge representation was focused on general problem-solvers such as the General Problem Solver (GPS) system developed by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon in 1959 and the Advice Taker proposed by John McCarthy also in 1959. GPS featured data structures for planning and decomposition. The system would begin with a goal. It would then decompose that goal into sub-goals and then set out to construct strategies that could accomplish each subgoal. The Advisor Taker, on the other hand, proposed the use of the predicate calculus to represent common sense reasoning. Many of the early approaches to knowledge represention in AI used graph representations and semantic networks, similar to knowledge graphs today. In such approaches, problem solving was a form of graph traversal or path-finding, as in the A* search algorithm. Typical applications included robot plan-formation and game-playing. Other researchers focused on developing automated theorem-provers for first-order logic, motivated by the use of mathematical logic to formalise mathematics and to automate the proof of mathematical theorems. A major step in this direction was the development of the resolution method by John Alan Robinson. In the meanwhile, John McCarthy and Pat Hayes developed the situation calculus as a logical representation of common sense knowledge about the laws of cause and effect. Cordell Green, in turn, showed how to do robot plan-formation by applying resolution to the situation calculus. He also showed how to use resolution for question-answering and automatic programming. In contrast, researchers at MIT rejected the resolution uniform proof procedure paradigm and advocated the procedural embedding of knowledge instead. The resulting conflict between the use of logical representations and the use of procedural representations was resolved in the early 1970s with the development of logic programming and Prolog, using SLD resolution to treat Horn clauses as goal-reduction procedures. The early development of logic programming was largely a European phenomenon. In North America, AI researchers such as Ed Feigenbaum and Frederick Hayes-Roth advocated the representation of domain-specific knowledge rather than general-purpose reasoning. These efforts led to the cognitive revolution in psychology and to the phase of AI focused on knowledge representation that resulted in expert systems in the 1970s and 80s, production systems, frame languages, etc. Rather than general problem solvers, AI changed its focus to expert systems that could match human competence on a specific task, such as medical diagnosis. Expert systems gave us the terminology still in use today where AI systems are divided into a knowledge base, which includes facts and rules about a problem domain, and an inference engine, which applies the knowledge in the knowledge base to answer questions and solve problems in the domain. In these early systems the facts in the knowledge base tended to be a fairly flat structure, essentially assertions about the values of variables used by the rules. Meanwhile, Marvin Minsky developed the concept of frame in the mid-1970s. A frame is similar to an object class: It is an abstract description of a category describing things in the world, problems, and potential solutions. Frames were originally used on systems geared toward human interaction, e.g. understanding natural language and the social settings in which various default expectations such as ordering food in a restaurant narrow the search space and allow the system to choose appropriate responses to dynamic situations. It was not long before the frame communities and the rule-based researchers realized that there was a synergy between their approaches. Frames were good for representing the real world, described as classes, subclasses, slots (data values) with various constraints on possible values. Rules were good for representing and utilizing complex logic such as the process to make a medical diagnosis. Integrated systems were developed that combined frames and rules. One of the most powerful and well known was the 1983 Knowledge Engineering Environment (KEE) from Intellicorp. KEE had a complete rule engine with forward and backward chaining. It also had a complete frame-based knowledge base with triggers, slots (data values), inheritance, and message passing. Although message passing originated in the object-oriented community rather than AI it was quickly embraced by AI researchers as well in environments such as KEE and in the operating systems for Lisp machines from Symbolics, Xerox, and Texas Instruments. The integration of frames, rules, and object-oriented programming was significantly driven by commercial ventures such as KEE and Symbolics spun off from various research projects. At the same time, there was another strain of research that was less commercially focused and was driven by mathematical logic and automated theorem proving. One of the most influential languages in this research was the KL-ONE language of the mid-'80s. KL-ONE was a frame language that had a rigorous semantics, formal definitions for concepts such as an Is-A relation. KL-ONE and languages that were influenced by it such as Loom had an automated reasoning engine that was based on formal logic rather than on IF-THEN rules. This reasoner is called the classifier. A classifier can analyze a set of declarations and infer new assertions, for example, redefine a class to be a subclass or superclass of some other class that wasn't formally specified. In this way the classifier can function as an inference engine, deducing new facts from an existing knowledge base. The classifier can also provide consistency checking on a knowledge base (which in the case of KL-ONE languages is also referred to as an Ontology). Another area of knowledge representation research was the problem of common-sense reasoning. One of the first realizations learned from trying to make software that can function with human natural language was that humans regularly draw on an extensive foundation of knowledge about the real world that we simply take for granted but that is not at all obvious to an artificial agent. Basic principles of common-sense physics, causality, intentions, etc. An example is the frame problem, that in an event driven logic there need to be axioms that state things maintain position from one moment to the next unless they are moved by some external force. In order to make a true artificial intelligence agent that can converse with humans using natural language and can process basic statements and questions about the world, it is essential to represent this kind of knowledge. In addition to McCarthy and Hayes' situation calculus, one of the most ambitious programs to tackle this problem was Doug Lenat's Cyc project. Cyc established its own Frame language and had large numbers of analysts document various areas of common-sense reasoning in that language. The knowledge recorded in Cyc included common-sense models of time, causality, physics, intentions, and many others. The starting point for knowledge representation is the knowledge representation hypothesis first formalized by Brian C. Smith in 1985: Any mechanically embodied intelligent process will be comprised of structural ingredients that a) we as external observers naturally take to represent a propositional account of the knowledge that the overall process exhibits, and b) independent of such external semantic attribution, play a formal but causal and essential role in engendering the behavior that manifests that knowledge. One of the most active areas of knowledge representation research is the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web seeks to add a layer of semantics (meaning) on top of the current Internet. Rather than indexing web sites and pages via keywords, the Semantic Web creates large ontologies of concepts. Searching for a concept will be more effective than traditional text only searches. Frame languages and automatic classification play a big part in the vision for the future Semantic Web. The automatic classification gives developers technology to provide order on a constantly evolving network of knowledge. Defining ontologies that are static and incapable of evolving on the fly would be very limiting for Internet-based systems. The classifier technology provides the ability to deal with the dynamic environment of the Internet. Recent projects funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) have integrated frame languages and classifiers with markup languages based on XML. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides the basic capability to define classes, subclasses, and properties of objects. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) provides additional levels of semantics and enables integration with classification engines. Overview Knowledge-representation is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on designing computer representations that capture information about the world that can be used for solving complex problems. The justification for knowledge representation is that conventional procedural code is not the best formalism to use to solve complex problems. Knowledge representation makes complex software easier to define and maintain than procedural code and can be used in expert systems. For example, talking to experts in terms of business rules rather than code lessens the semantic gap between users and developers and makes development of complex systems more practical. Knowledge representation goes hand in hand with automated reasoning because one of the main purposes of explicitly representing knowledge is to be able to reason about that knowledge, to make inferences, assert new knowledge, etc. Virtually all knowledge representation languages have a reasoning or inference engine as part of the system. A key trade-off in the design of knowledge representation formalisms is that between expressivity and tractability. First Order Logic (FOL), with its high expressive power and ability to formalise much of mathematics, is a standard for comparing the expressibility of knowledge representation languages. Arguably, FOL has two drawbacks as a knowledge representation formalism in its own right, namely ease of use and efficiency of implementation. Firstly, because of its high expressive power, FOL allows many ways of expressing the same information, and this can make it hard for users to formalise or even to understand knowledge expressed in complex, mathematically-oriented ways. Secondly, because of its complex proof procedures, it can be difficult for users to understand complex proofs and explanations, and it can be hard for implementations to be efficient. As a consequence, unrestricted FOL can be intimidating for many software developers. One of the key discoveries of AI research in the 1970s was that languages that do not have the full expressive power of FOL can still provide close to the same expressive power of FOL, but can be easier for both the average developer and for the computer to understand. Many of the early AI knowledge representation formalisms, from databases to semantic nets to production systems, can be viewed as making various design decisions about how to balance expressive power with naturalness of expression and efficiency. In particular, this balancing act was a driving motivation for the development of IF-THEN rules in rule-based expert systems. A similar balancing act was also a motivation for the development of logic programming (LP) and the logic programming language Prolog. Logic programs have a rule-based syntax, which is easily confused with the IF-THEN syntax of production rules. But logic programs have a well-defined logical semantics, whereas production systems do not. The earliest form of logic programming was based on the Horn clause subset of FOL. But later extensions of LP included the negation as failure inference rule, which turns LP into a non-monotonic logic for default reasoning. The resulting extended semantics of LP is a variation of the standard semantics of Horn clauses and FOL, and is a form of database semantics, which includes the unique name assumption and a form of closed world assumption. These assumptions are much harder to state and reason with explicitly using the standard semantics of FOL. In a key 1993 paper on the topic, Randall Davis of MIT outlined five distinct roles to analyze a knowledge representation framework: "A knowledge representation (KR) is most fundamentally a surrogate, a substitute for the thing itself, used to enable an entity to determine consequences by thinking rather than acting," i.e., "by reasoning about the world rather than taking action in it." "It is a set of ontological commitments", i.e., "an answer to the question: In what terms should I think about the world?" "It is a fragmentary theory of intelligent reasoning, expressed in terms of three components: (i) the representation's fundamental conception of intelligent reasoning; (ii) the set of inferences the representation sanctions; and (iii) the set of inferences it recommends." "It is a medium for pragmatically efficient computation", i.e., "the computational environment in which thinking is accomplished. One contribution to this pragmatic efficiency is supplied by the guidance a representation provides for organizing information" so as "to facilitate making the recommended inferences." "It is a medium of human expression", i.e., "a language in which we say things about the world." Knowledge representation and reasoning are a key enabling technology for the Semantic Web. Languages based on the Frame model with automatic classification provide a layer of semantics on top of the existing Internet. Rather than searching via text strings as is typical today, it will be possible to define logical queries and find pages that map to those queries. The automated reasoning component in these systems is an engine known as the classifier. Classifiers focus on the subsumption relations in a knowledge base rather than rules. A classifier can infer new classes and dynamically change the ontology as new information becomes available. This capability is ideal for the ever-changing and evolving information space of the Internet. The Semantic Web integrates concepts from knowledge representation and reasoning with markup languages based on XML. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides the basic capabilities to define knowledge-based objects on the Internet with basic features such as Is-A relations and object properties. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) adds additional semantics and integrates with automatic classification reasoners. Characteristics In 1985, Ron Brachman categorized the core issues for knowledge representation as follows: Primitives. What is the underlying framework used to represent knowledge? Semantic networks were one of the first knowledge representation primitives. Also, data structures and algorithms for general fast search. In this area, there is a strong overlap with research in data structures and algorithms in computer science. In early systems, the Lisp programming language, which was modeled after the lambda calculus, was often used as a form of functional knowledge representation. Frames and Rules were the next kind of primitive. Frame languages had various mechanisms for expressing and enforcing constraints on frame data. All data in frames are stored in slots. Slots are analogous to relations in entity-relation modeling and to object properties in object-oriented modeling. Another technique for primitives is to define languages that are modeled after First Order Logic (FOL). The most well known example is Prolog, but there are also many special-purpose theorem-proving environments. These environments can validate logical models and can deduce new theories from existing models. Essentially they automate the process a logician would go through in analyzing a model. Theorem-proving technology had some specific practical applications in the areas of software engineering. For example, it is possible to prove that a software program rigidly adheres to a formal logical specification. Meta-representation. This is also known as the issue of reflection in computer science. It refers to the capability of a formalism to have access to information about its own state. An example would be the meta-object protocol in Smalltalk and CLOS that gives developers run time access to the class objects and enables them to dynamically redefine the structure of the knowledge base even at run time. Meta-representation means the knowledge representation language is itself expressed in that language. For example, in most Frame based environments all frames would be instances of a frame class. That class object can be inspected at run time, so that the object can understand and even change its internal structure or the structure of other parts of the model. In rule-based environments, the rules were also usually instances of rule classes. Part of the meta protocol for rules were the meta rules that prioritized rule firing. Incompleteness. Traditional logic requires additional axioms and constraints to deal with the real world as opposed to the world of mathematics. Also, it is often useful to associate degrees of confidence with a statement. I.e., not simply say "Socrates is Human" but rather "Socrates is Human with confidence 50%". This was one of the early innovations from expert systems research which migrated to some commercial tools, the ability to associate certainty factors with rules and conclusions. Later research in this area is known as fuzzy logic. Definitions and universals vs. facts and defaults. Universals are general statements about the world such as "All humans are mortal". Facts are specific examples of universals such as "Socrates is a human and therefore mortal". In logical terms definitions and universals are about universal quantification while facts and defaults are about existential quantifications. All forms of knowledge representation must deal with this aspect and most do so with some variant of set theory, modeling universals as sets and subsets and definitions as elements in those sets. Non-monotonic reasoning. Non-monotonic reasoning allows various kinds of hypothetical reasoning. The system associates facts asserted with the rules and facts used to justify them and as those facts change updates the dependent knowledge as well. In rule based systems this capability is known as a truth maintenance system. Expressive adequacy. The standard that Brachman and most AI researchers use to measure expressive adequacy is usually First Order Logic (FOL). Theoretical limitations mean that a full implementation of FOL is not practical. Researchers should be clear about how expressive (how much of full FOL expressive power) they intend their representation to be. Reasoning efficiency. This refers to the run time efficiency of the system. The ability of the knowledge base to be updated and the reasoner to develop new inferences in a reasonable period of time. In some ways, this is the flip side of expressive adequacy. In general, the more powerful a representation, the more it has expressive adequacy, the less efficient its automated reasoning engine will be. Efficiency was often an issue, especially for early applications of knowledge representation technology. They were usually implemented in interpreted environments such as Lisp, which were slow compared to more traditional platforms of the time. Ontology engineering Main articles: Ontology engineering and Ontology language In the early years of knowledge-based systems the knowledge-bases were fairly small. The knowledge-bases that were meant to actually solve real problems rather than do proof of concept demonstrations needed to focus on well defined problems. So for example, not just medical diagnosis as a whole topic, but medical diagnosis of certain kinds of diseases. As knowledge-based technology scaled up, the need for larger knowledge bases and for modular knowledge bases that could communicate and integrate with each other became apparent. This gave rise to the discipline of ontology engineering, designing and building large knowledge bases that could be used by multiple projects. One of the leading research projects in this area was the Cyc project. Cyc was an attempt to build a huge encyclopedic knowledge base that would contain not just expert knowledge but common-sense knowledge. In designing an artificial intelligence agent, it was soon realized that representing common-sense knowledge, knowledge that humans simply take for granted, was essential to make an AI that could interact with humans using natural language. Cyc was meant to address this problem. The language they defined was known as CycL. After CycL, a number of ontology languages have been developed. Most are declarative languages, and are either frame languages, or are based on first-order logic. Modularity—the ability to define boundaries around specific domains and problem spaces—is essential for these languages because as stated by Tom Gruber, "Every ontology is a treaty- a social agreement among people with common motive in sharing." There are always many competing and differing views that make any general-purpose ontology impossible. A general-purpose ontology would have to be applicable in any domain and different areas of knowledge need to be unified. There is a long history of work attempting to build ontologies for a variety of task domains, e.g., an ontology for liquids, the lumped element model widely used in representing electronic circuits (e.g.,), as well as ontologies for time, belief, and even programming itself. Each of these offers a way to see some part of the world. The lumped element model, for instance, suggests that we think of circuits in terms of components with connections between them, with signals flowing instantaneously along the connections. This is a useful view, but not the only possible one. A different ontology arises if we need to attend to the electrodynamics in the device: Here signals propagate at finite speed and an object (like a resistor) that was previously viewed as a single component with an I/O behavior may now have to be thought of as an extended medium through which an electromagnetic wave flows. Ontologies can of course be written down in a wide variety of languages and notations (e.g., logic, LISP, etc.); the essential information is not the form of that language but the content, i.e., the set of concepts offered as a way of thinking about the world. Simply put, the important part is notions like connections and components, not the choice between writing them as predicates or LISP constructs. The commitment made selecting one or another ontology can produce a sharply different view of the task at hand. Consider the difference that arises in selecting the lumped element view of a circuit rather than the electrodynamic view of the same device. As a second example, medical diagnosis viewed in terms of rules (e.g., MYCIN) looks substantially different from the same task viewed in terms of frames (e.g., INTERNIST). Where MYCIN sees the medical world as made up of empirical associations connecting symptom to disease, INTERNIST sees a set of prototypes, in particular prototypical diseases, to be matched against the case at hand. See also Alphabet of human thought Belief revision Chunking (psychology) Commonsense knowledge base Conceptual graph DIKW pyramid DATR, a language for lexical knowledge representation FO(.), a KR language based on First-order logic Logic programming Logico-linguistic modeling Knowledge graph Knowledge management Mind map Semantic technology Valuation-based system References ^ Schank, Roger; Abelson, Robert (1977). Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry Into Human Knowledge Structures. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. ^ Doran, J. E.; Michie, D. (1966-09-20). "Experiments with the Graph Traverser program". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 294 (1437): 235–259. Bibcode:1966RSPSA.294..235D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1966.0205. S2CID 21698093. ^ Green, Cordell. Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving (PDF). IJCAI 1969. ^ Hewitt, C., 2009. Inconsistency robustness in logic programs. arXiv preprint arXiv:0904.3036. ^ Kowalski, Robert (1986). "The limitation of logic". Proceedings of the 1986 ACM fourteenth annual conference on Computer science - CSC '86. pp. 7–13. doi:10.1145/324634.325168. ISBN 0-89791-177-6. S2CID 17211581. ^ Nilsson, Nils (1995). "Eye on the Prize". AI Magazine. 16: 2. ^ Hayes-Roth, Frederick; Waterman, Donald; Lenat, Douglas (1983). Building Expert Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-10686-2. ^ Marvin Minsky, A Framework for Representing Knowledge, MIT-AI Laboratory Memo 306, June, 1974 ^ Mettrey, William (1987). "An Assessment of Tools for Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems". AI Magazine. 8 (4). Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2013-12-24. ^ Brachman, Ron (1978). "A Structural Paradigm for Representing Knowledge" (PDF). Bolt, Beranek, and Neumann Technical Report (3605). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 30, 2020. ^ MacGregor, Robert (June 1991). "Using a description classifier to enhance knowledge representation". IEEE Expert. 6 (3): 41–46. doi:10.1109/64.87683. S2CID 29575443. ^ McCarthy, J., and Hayes, P. J. 1969. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence at the Wayback Machine (archived August 25, 2013). In Meltzer, B., and Michie, D., eds., Machine Intelligence 4. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 463–502. ^ Lenat, Doug; R. V. Guha (January 1990). Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0201517521. ^ Smith, Brian C. (1985). "Prologue to Reflections and Semantics in a Procedural Language". In Ronald Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (ed.). Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 31–40. ISBN 978-0-934613-01-9. ^ a b Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James; Lassila, Ora (May 17, 2001). "The Semantic Web – A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities". Scientific American. 284 (5): 34–43. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. ^ Knublauch, Holger; Oberle, Daniel; Tetlow, Phil; Wallace, Evan (2006-03-09). "A Semantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers". W3C. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2008-07-30. ^ Hayes-Roth, Frederick; Waterman, Donald; Lenat, Douglas (1983). Building Expert Systems. Addison-Wesley. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-201-10686-2. ^ Levesque, H.J. and Brachman, R.J., 1987. Expressiveness and tractability in knowledge representation and reasoning 1. Computational intelligence, 3(1), pp.78-93. ^ Levesque, Hector; Brachman, Ronald (1985). "A Fundamental Tradeoff in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning". In Ronald Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (ed.). Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-934613-01-9. The good news in reducing KR service to theorem proving is that we now have a very clear, very specific notion of what the KR system should do; the bad new is that it is also clear that the services can not be provided... deciding whether or not a sentence in FOL is a theorem... is unsolvable. ^ Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. p. 282. ISBN 978-0134610993. LCCN 20190474. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Davis, Randall; Shrobe, Howard; Szolovits, Peter (Spring 1993). "What Is a Knowledge Representation?". AI Magazine. 14 (1): 17–33. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2011-03-23. ^ Macgregor, Robert (August 13, 1999). "Retrospective on Loom". isi.edu. Information Sciences Institute. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013. ^ Knublauch, Holger; Oberle, Daniel; Tetlow, Phil; Wallace, Evan (2006-03-09). "A Semantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers". W3C. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2008-07-30. ^ Brachman, Ron (1985). "Introduction". In Ronald Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (ed.). Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. XVI–XVII. ISBN 978-0-934613-01-9. ^ Bih, Joseph (2006). "Paradigm Shift: An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic" (PDF). IEEE Potentials. 25: 6–21. doi:10.1109/MP.2006.1635021. S2CID 15451765. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2013. ^ Zlatarva, Nellie (1992). "Truth Maintenance Systems and their Application for Verifying Expert System Knowledge Bases". Artificial Intelligence Review. 6: 67–110. doi:10.1007/bf00155580. S2CID 24696160. ^ Levesque, Hector; Brachman, Ronald (1985). "A Fundamental Tradeoff in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning". In Ronald Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (ed.). Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 41–70. ISBN 978-0-934613-01-9. ^ Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2010), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-604259-7, p. 437-439 ^ Hayes P, Naive physics I: Ontology for liquids. University of Essex report, 1978, Essex, UK. ^ Davis R, Shrobe H E, Representing Structure and Behavior of Digital Hardware, IEEE Computer, Special Issue on Knowledge Representation, 16(10):75-82. Further reading Ronald J. Brachman; What IS-A is and isn't. An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks; IEEE Computer, 16 (10); October 1983 Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann, 2004 ISBN 978-1-55860-932-7 Ronald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque (eds) Readings in Knowledge Representation, Morgan Kaufmann, 1985, ISBN 0-934613-01-X Chein, M., Mugnier, M.-L. (2009),Graph-based Knowledge Representation: Computational Foundations of Conceptual Graphs, Springer, 2009,ISBN 978-1-84800-285-2. Randall Davis, Howard Shrobe, and Peter Szolovits; What Is a Knowledge Representation? AI Magazine, 14(1):17-33,1993 Ronald Fagin, Joseph Y. Halpern, Yoram Moses, Moshe Y. Vardi Reasoning About Knowledge, MIT Press, 1995, ISBN 0-262-06162-7 Jean-Luc Hainaut, Jean-Marc Hick, Vincent Englebert, Jean Henrard, Didier Roland: Understanding Implementations of IS-A Relations. ER 1996: 42-57 Hermann Helbig: Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2006 Frank van Harmelen, Vladimir Lifschitz and Bruce Porter: Handbook of Knowledge Representation 2007. Arthur B. Markman: Knowledge Representation Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998 John F. Sowa: Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations. Brooks/Cole: New York, 2000 Adrian Walker, Michael McCord, John F. Sowa, and Walter G. Wilson: Knowledge Systems and Prolog, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1990 Mary-Anne Williams and Hans Rott: "Frontiers in Belief Revision, Kluwer", 2001. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Knowledge representation. What is a Knowledge Representation? by Randall Davis and others Introduction to Knowledge Modeling by Pejman Makhfi Introduction to Description Logics course by Enrico Franconi, Faculty of Computer Science, Free University of Bolzano, Italy DATR Lexical knowledge representation language Loom Project Home Page Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Incorporated Description Logic in Practice: A CLASSIC Application The Rule Markup Initiative Nelements KOS - a non-free 3d knowledge representation system vteComputer scienceNote: This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System.Hardware Printed circuit board Peripheral Integrated circuit Very Large Scale Integration Systems on Chip (SoCs) Energy consumption (Green computing) Electronic design automation Hardware acceleration Computer systems organization Computer architecture Computational complexity Dependability Embedded system Real-time computing Networks Network architecture Network protocol Network components Network scheduler Network performance evaluation Network service Software organization Interpreter Middleware Virtual machine Operating system Software quality Software notations and tools Programming paradigm Programming language Compiler Domain-specific language Modeling language Software framework Integrated development environment Software configuration management Software library Software repository Software development Control variable Software development process Requirements analysis Software design Software construction Software deployment Software engineering Software maintenance Programming team Open-source model Theory of computation Model of computation Formal language Automata theory Computability theory Computational complexity theory Logic Semantics Algorithms Algorithm design Analysis of algorithms Algorithmic efficiency Randomized algorithm Computational geometry Mathematics of computing Discrete mathematics Probability Statistics Mathematical software Information theory Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis Theoretical computer science Information systems Database management system Information storage systems Enterprise information system Social information systems Geographic information system Decision support system Process control system Multimedia information system Data mining Digital library Computing platform Digital marketing World Wide Web Information retrieval Security Cryptography Formal methods Security hacker Security services Intrusion detection system Hardware security Network security Information security Application security Human–computer interaction Interaction design Social computing Ubiquitous computing Visualization Accessibility Concurrency Concurrent computing Parallel computing Distributed computing Multithreading Multiprocessing Artificial intelligence Natural language processing Knowledge representation and reasoning Computer vision Automated planning and scheduling Search methodology Control method Philosophy of artificial intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence Machine learning Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Reinforcement learning Multi-task learning Cross-validation Graphics Animation Rendering Photograph manipulation Graphics processing unit Mixed reality Virtual reality Image compression Solid modeling Applied computing Quantum Computing E-commerce Enterprise software Computational mathematics Computational physics Computational chemistry Computational biology Computational social science Computational engineering Differentiable computing Computational healthcare Digital art Electronic publishing Cyberwarfare Electronic voting Video games Word processing Operations research Educational technology Document management Category Outline WikiProject Commons Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information"},{"link_name":"diagnosing a medical condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"having a dialog in a natural language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_user_interface"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"formalisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"semantic nets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network"},{"link_name":"frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(artificial_intelligence)"},{"link_name":"rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-based_system"},{"link_name":"logic programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming"},{"link_name":"ontologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)"},{"link_name":"automated reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_reasoning"},{"link_name":"inference engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference_engine"},{"link_name":"theorem provers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving"},{"link_name":"model generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem"}],"text":"Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR, KR&R, KR²) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can use to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language. Knowledge representation incorporates findings from psychology[1] about how humans solve problems and represent knowledge, in order to design formalisms that will make complex systems easier to design and build. Knowledge representation and reasoning also incorporates findings from logic to automate various kinds of reasoning.Examples of knowledge representation formalisms include semantic nets, frames, rules, logic programs and ontologies. Examples of automated reasoning engines include inference engines, theorem provers, model generators and classifiers.","title":"Knowledge representation and reasoning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Problem Solver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Problem_Solver"},{"link_name":"Allen Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Newell"},{"link_name":"Herbert A. Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon"},{"link_name":"Advice Taker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_Taker"},{"link_name":"John McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)"},{"link_name":"predicate calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_calculus"},{"link_name":"common sense reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_sense_reasoning"},{"link_name":"semantic networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_networks"},{"link_name":"knowledge graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_graphs"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"A* search algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A*_search_algorithm"},{"link_name":"automated theorem-provers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving"},{"link_name":"mathematical logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic"},{"link_name":"resolution method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_prover"},{"link_name":"John Alan Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alan_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Pat Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Hayes"},{"link_name":"situation calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation_calculus"},{"link_name":"Cordell Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Green"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"logic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming"},{"link_name":"Prolog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog"},{"link_name":"SLD resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLD_resolution"},{"link_name":"Horn clauses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_clause"},{"link_name":"Ed Feigenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Feigenbaum"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hayes-Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Hayes-Roth"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"cognitive revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_revolution"},{"link_name":"expert systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systems"},{"link_name":"production systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_system_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"frame languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"knowledge base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_base"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Marvin Minsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky"},{"link_name":"frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(artificial_intelligence)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"understanding natural language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_understanding"},{"link_name":"Knowledge Engineering Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Engineering_Environment"},{"link_name":"Intellicorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntelliCorp_(software)"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_chaining"},{"link_name":"backward chaining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_chaining"},{"link_name":"Symbolics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolics"},{"link_name":"Xerox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"KL-ONE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL-ONE"},{"link_name":"frame language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_language"},{"link_name":"Is-A relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-a"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"common-sense reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonsense_reasoning"},{"link_name":"frame problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_problem"},{"link_name":"converse with humans using natural language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_user_interface"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cyc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyc"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Brian C. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cantwell_Smith"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Semantic Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ontologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)"},{"link_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency"},{"link_name":"Resource Description Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework"},{"link_name":"Web Ontology Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berners-Lee_34%E2%80%9343-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The earliest work in computerized knowledge representation was focused on general problem-solvers such as the General Problem Solver (GPS) system developed by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon in 1959 and the Advice Taker proposed by John McCarthy also in 1959. GPS featured data structures for planning and decomposition. The system would begin with a goal. It would then decompose that goal into sub-goals and then set out to construct strategies that could accomplish each subgoal. The Advisor Taker, on the other hand, proposed the use of the predicate calculus to represent common sense reasoning.Many of the early approaches to knowledge represention in AI used graph representations and semantic networks, similar to knowledge graphs today. In such approaches, problem solving was a form of graph traversal[2] or path-finding, as in the A* search algorithm. Typical applications included robot plan-formation and game-playing.Other researchers focused on developing automated theorem-provers for first-order logic, motivated by the use of mathematical logic to formalise mathematics and to automate the proof of mathematical theorems. A major step in this direction was the development of the resolution method by John Alan Robinson.In the meanwhile, John McCarthy and Pat Hayes developed the situation calculus as a logical representation of common sense knowledge about the laws of cause and effect. Cordell Green, in turn, showed how to do robot plan-formation by applying resolution to the situation calculus. He also showed how to use resolution for question-answering and automatic programming.[3]In contrast, researchers at MIT rejected the resolution uniform proof procedure paradigm and advocated the procedural embedding of knowledge instead.[4] The resulting conflict between the use of logical representations and the use of procedural representations was resolved in the early 1970s with the development of logic programming and Prolog, using SLD resolution to treat Horn clauses as goal-reduction procedures.The early development of logic programming was largely a European phenomenon. In North America, AI researchers such as Ed Feigenbaum and Frederick Hayes-Roth advocated the representation of domain-specific knowledge rather than general-purpose reasoning.[5]These efforts led to the cognitive revolution in psychology and to the phase of AI focused on knowledge representation that resulted in expert systems in the 1970s and 80s, production systems, frame languages, etc. Rather than general problem solvers, AI changed its focus to expert systems that could match human competence on a specific task, such as medical diagnosis.[6]Expert systems gave us the terminology still in use today where AI systems are divided into a knowledge base, which includes facts and rules about a problem domain, and an inference engine, which applies the knowledge in the knowledge base to answer questions and solve problems in the domain. In these early systems the facts in the knowledge base tended to be a fairly flat structure, essentially assertions about the values of variables used by the rules.[7]Meanwhile, Marvin Minsky developed the concept of frame in the mid-1970s.[8] A frame is similar to an object class: It is an abstract description of a category describing things in the world, problems, and potential solutions. Frames were originally used on systems geared toward human interaction, e.g. understanding natural language and the social settings in which various default expectations such as ordering food in a restaurant narrow the search space and allow the system to choose appropriate responses to dynamic situations.It was not long before the frame communities and the rule-based researchers realized that there was a synergy between their approaches. Frames were good for representing the real world, described as classes, subclasses, slots (data values) with various constraints on possible values. Rules were good for representing and utilizing complex logic such as the process to make a medical diagnosis. Integrated systems were developed that combined frames and rules. One of the most powerful and well known was the 1983 Knowledge Engineering Environment (KEE) from Intellicorp. KEE had a complete rule engine with forward and backward chaining. It also had a complete frame-based knowledge base with triggers, slots (data values), inheritance, and message passing. Although message passing originated in the object-oriented community rather than AI it was quickly embraced by AI researchers as well in environments such as KEE and in the operating systems for Lisp machines from Symbolics, Xerox, and Texas Instruments.[9]The integration of frames, rules, and object-oriented programming was significantly driven by commercial ventures such as KEE and Symbolics spun off from various research projects. At the same time, there was another strain of research that was less commercially focused and was driven by mathematical logic and automated theorem proving.[citation needed] One of the most influential languages in this research was the KL-ONE language of the mid-'80s. KL-ONE was a frame language that had a rigorous semantics, formal definitions for concepts such as an Is-A relation.[10] KL-ONE and languages that were influenced by it such as Loom had an automated reasoning engine that was based on formal logic rather than on IF-THEN rules. This reasoner is called the classifier. A classifier can analyze a set of declarations and infer new assertions, for example, redefine a class to be a subclass or superclass of some other class that wasn't formally specified. In this way the classifier can function as an inference engine, deducing new facts from an existing knowledge base. The classifier can also provide consistency checking on a knowledge base (which in the case of KL-ONE languages is also referred to as an Ontology).[11]Another area of knowledge representation research was the problem of common-sense reasoning. One of the first realizations learned from trying to make software that can function with human natural language was that humans regularly draw on an extensive foundation of knowledge about the real world that we simply take for granted but that is not at all obvious to an artificial agent. Basic principles of common-sense physics, causality, intentions, etc. An example is the frame problem, that in an event driven logic there need to be axioms that state things maintain position from one moment to the next unless they are moved by some external force. In order to make a true artificial intelligence agent that can converse with humans using natural language and can process basic statements and questions about the world, it is essential to represent this kind of knowledge.[12] In addition to McCarthy and Hayes' situation calculus, one of the most ambitious programs to tackle this problem was Doug Lenat's Cyc project. Cyc established its own Frame language and had large numbers of analysts document various areas of common-sense reasoning in that language. The knowledge recorded in Cyc included common-sense models of time, causality, physics, intentions, and many others.[13]The starting point for knowledge representation is the knowledge representation hypothesis first formalized by Brian C. Smith in 1985:[14]Any mechanically embodied intelligent process will be comprised of structural ingredients that a) we as external observers naturally take to represent a propositional account of the knowledge that the overall process exhibits, and b) independent of such external semantic attribution, play a formal but causal and essential role in engendering the behavior that manifests that knowledge.One of the most active areas of knowledge representation research is the Semantic Web.[citation needed] The Semantic Web seeks to add a layer of semantics (meaning) on top of the current Internet. Rather than indexing web sites and pages via keywords, the Semantic Web creates large ontologies of concepts. Searching for a concept will be more effective than traditional text only searches. Frame languages and automatic classification play a big part in the vision for the future Semantic Web. The automatic classification gives developers technology to provide order on a constantly evolving network of knowledge. Defining ontologies that are static and incapable of evolving on the fly would be very limiting for Internet-based systems. The classifier technology provides the ability to deal with the dynamic environment of the Internet.Recent projects funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) have integrated frame languages and classifiers with markup languages based on XML. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides the basic capability to define classes, subclasses, and properties of objects. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) provides additional levels of semantics and enables integration with classification engines.[15][16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"procedural code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_code"},{"link_name":"expert systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_systems"},{"link_name":"automated reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_reasoning"},{"link_name":"knowledge representation languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_language"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"First Order Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Order_Logic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"rule-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-based_system"},{"link_name":"logic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming"},{"link_name":"Prolog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog"},{"link_name":"production rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_system_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"Horn clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_clause"},{"link_name":"negation as failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negation_as_failure"},{"link_name":"non-monotonic logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-monotonic_logic"},{"link_name":"default reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default_reasoning"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"unique name assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_name_assumption"},{"link_name":"closed world assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_world_assumption"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"Semantic Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berners-Lee_34%E2%80%9343-15"},{"link_name":"subsumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsumption_relation"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Resource Description Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework"},{"link_name":"Web Ontology Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Knowledge-representation is a field of artificial intelligence that focuses on designing computer representations that capture information about the world that can be used for solving complex problems.The justification for knowledge representation is that conventional procedural code is not the best formalism to use to solve complex problems. Knowledge representation makes complex software easier to define and maintain than procedural code and can be used in expert systems.For example, talking to experts in terms of business rules rather than code lessens the semantic gap between users and developers and makes development of complex systems more practical.Knowledge representation goes hand in hand with automated reasoning because one of the main purposes of explicitly representing knowledge is to be able to reason about that knowledge, to make inferences, assert new knowledge, etc. Virtually all knowledge representation languages have a reasoning or inference engine as part of the system.[17]A key trade-off in the design of knowledge representation formalisms is that between expressivity and tractability.[18] First Order Logic (FOL), with its high expressive power and ability to formalise much of mathematics, is a standard for comparing the expressibility of knowledge representation languages.Arguably, FOL has two drawbacks as a knowledge representation formalism in its own right, namely ease of use and efficiency of implementation. Firstly, because of its high expressive power, FOL allows many ways of expressing the same information, and this can make it hard for users to formalise or even to understand knowledge expressed in complex, mathematically-oriented ways. Secondly, because of its complex proof procedures, it can be difficult for users to understand complex proofs and explanations, and it can be hard for implementations to be efficient. As a consequence, unrestricted FOL can be intimidating for many software developers.One of the key discoveries of AI research in the 1970s was that languages that do not have the full expressive power of FOL can still provide close to the same expressive power of FOL, but can be easier for both the average developer and for the computer to understand. Many of the early AI knowledge representation formalisms, from databases to semantic nets to production systems, can be viewed as making various design decisions about how to balance expressive power with naturalness of expression and efficiency.[19] In particular, this balancing act was a driving motivation for the development of IF-THEN rules in rule-based expert systems.A similar balancing act was also a motivation for the development of logic programming (LP) and the logic programming language Prolog. Logic programs have a rule-based syntax, which is easily confused with the IF-THEN syntax of production rules. But logic programs have a well-defined logical semantics, whereas production systems do not.The earliest form of logic programming was based on the Horn clause subset of FOL. But later extensions of LP included the negation as failure inference rule, which turns LP into a non-monotonic logic for default reasoning. The resulting extended semantics of LP is a variation of the standard semantics of Horn clauses and FOL, and is a form of database semantics, [20] which includes the unique name assumption and a form of closed world assumption. These assumptions are much harder to state and reason with explicitly using the standard semantics of FOL.In a key 1993 paper on the topic, Randall Davis of MIT outlined five distinct roles to analyze a knowledge representation framework:[21]\"A knowledge representation (KR) is most fundamentally a surrogate, a substitute for the thing itself, used to enable an entity to determine consequences by thinking rather than acting,\" [21] i.e., \"by reasoning about the world rather than taking action in it.\"[21]\n\"It is a set of ontological commitments\",[21] i.e., \"an answer to the question: In what terms should I think about the world?\" [21]\n\"It is a fragmentary theory of intelligent reasoning, expressed in terms of three components: (i) the representation's fundamental conception of intelligent reasoning; (ii) the set of inferences the representation sanctions; and (iii) the set of inferences it recommends.\"[21]\n\"It is a medium for pragmatically efficient computation\",[21] i.e., \"the computational environment in which thinking is accomplished. One contribution to this pragmatic efficiency is supplied by the guidance a representation provides for organizing information\" [21] so as \"to facilitate making the recommended inferences.\"[21]\n\"It is a medium of human expression\",[21] i.e., \"a language in which we say things about the world.\"[21]Knowledge representation and reasoning are a key enabling technology for the Semantic Web. Languages based on the Frame model with automatic classification provide a layer of semantics on top of the existing Internet. Rather than searching via text strings as is typical today, it will be possible to define logical queries and find pages that map to those queries.[15] The automated reasoning component in these systems is an engine known as the classifier. Classifiers focus on the subsumption relations in a knowledge base rather than rules. A classifier can infer new classes and dynamically change the ontology as new information becomes available. This capability is ideal for the ever-changing and evolving information space of the Internet.[22]The Semantic Web integrates concepts from knowledge representation and reasoning with markup languages based on XML. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) provides the basic capabilities to define knowledge-based objects on the Internet with basic features such as Is-A relations and object properties. The Web Ontology Language (OWL) adds additional semantics and integrates with automatic classification reasoners.[23]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ron Brachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_J._Brachman"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Semantic networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_network"},{"link_name":"lambda calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_calculus"},{"link_name":"First Order Logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Order_Logic"},{"link_name":"Prolog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolog"},{"link_name":"reflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"Smalltalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk"},{"link_name":"CLOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLOS"},{"link_name":"Incompleteness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completeness_(logic)"},{"link_name":"expert systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system"},{"link_name":"fuzzy logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_logic"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"universals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universals"},{"link_name":"universal quantification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantification"},{"link_name":"existential quantifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_quantification"},{"link_name":"Non-monotonic reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-monotonic_logic"},{"link_name":"truth maintenance system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_maintenance_system"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Expressive adequacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_completeness"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"automated reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_reasoning"}],"text":"In 1985, Ron Brachman categorized the core issues for knowledge representation as follows:[24]Primitives. What is the underlying framework used to represent knowledge? Semantic networks were one of the first knowledge representation primitives. Also, data structures and algorithms for general fast search. In this area, there is a strong overlap with research in data structures and algorithms in computer science. In early systems, the Lisp programming language, which was modeled after the lambda calculus, was often used as a form of functional knowledge representation. Frames and Rules were the next kind of primitive. Frame languages had various mechanisms for expressing and enforcing constraints on frame data. All data in frames are stored in slots. Slots are analogous to relations in entity-relation modeling and to object properties in object-oriented modeling. Another technique for primitives is to define languages that are modeled after First Order Logic (FOL). The most well known example is Prolog, but there are also many special-purpose theorem-proving environments. These environments can validate logical models and can deduce new theories from existing models. Essentially they automate the process a logician would go through in analyzing a model. Theorem-proving technology had some specific practical applications in the areas of software engineering. For example, it is possible to prove that a software program rigidly adheres to a formal logical specification.\nMeta-representation. This is also known as the issue of reflection in computer science. It refers to the capability of a formalism to have access to information about its own state. An example would be the meta-object protocol in Smalltalk and CLOS that gives developers run time access to the class objects and enables them to dynamically redefine the structure of the knowledge base even at run time. Meta-representation means the knowledge representation language is itself expressed in that language. For example, in most Frame based environments all frames would be instances of a frame class. That class object can be inspected at run time, so that the object can understand and even change its internal structure or the structure of other parts of the model. In rule-based environments, the rules were also usually instances of rule classes. Part of the meta protocol for rules were the meta rules that prioritized rule firing.\nIncompleteness. Traditional logic requires additional axioms and constraints to deal with the real world as opposed to the world of mathematics. Also, it is often useful to associate degrees of confidence with a statement. I.e., not simply say \"Socrates is Human\" but rather \"Socrates is Human with confidence 50%\". This was one of the early innovations from expert systems research which migrated to some commercial tools, the ability to associate certainty factors with rules and conclusions. Later research in this area is known as fuzzy logic.[25]\nDefinitions and universals vs. facts and defaults. Universals are general statements about the world such as \"All humans are mortal\". Facts are specific examples of universals such as \"Socrates is a human and therefore mortal\". In logical terms definitions and universals are about universal quantification while facts and defaults are about existential quantifications. All forms of knowledge representation must deal with this aspect and most do so with some variant of set theory, modeling universals as sets and subsets and definitions as elements in those sets.\nNon-monotonic reasoning. Non-monotonic reasoning allows various kinds of hypothetical reasoning. The system associates facts asserted with the rules and facts used to justify them and as those facts change updates the dependent knowledge as well. In rule based systems this capability is known as a truth maintenance system.[26]\nExpressive adequacy. The standard that Brachman and most AI researchers use to measure expressive adequacy is usually First Order Logic (FOL). Theoretical limitations mean that a full implementation of FOL is not practical. Researchers should be clear about how expressive (how much of full FOL expressive power) they intend their representation to be.[27]\nReasoning efficiency. This refers to the run time efficiency of the system. The ability of the knowledge base to be updated and the reasoner to develop new inferences in a reasonable period of time. In some ways, this is the flip side of expressive adequacy. In general, the more powerful a representation, the more it has expressive adequacy, the less efficient its automated reasoning engine will be. Efficiency was often an issue, especially for early applications of knowledge representation technology. They were usually implemented in interpreted environments such as Lisp, which were slow compared to more traditional platforms of the time.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"knowledge-based systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge-based_systems"},{"link_name":"Cyc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyc"},{"link_name":"CycL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CycL"},{"link_name":"ontology languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_language"},{"link_name":"declarative languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_language"},{"link_name":"frame languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_language"},{"link_name":"first-order logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic"},{"link_name":"Tom Gruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Gruber"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"lumped element model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumped_element_model"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"MYCIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYCIN"}],"text":"In the early years of knowledge-based systems the knowledge-bases were fairly small. The knowledge-bases that were meant to actually solve real problems rather than do proof of concept demonstrations needed to focus on well defined problems. So for example, not just medical diagnosis as a whole topic, but medical diagnosis of certain kinds of diseases.As knowledge-based technology scaled up, the need for larger knowledge bases and for modular knowledge bases that could communicate and integrate with each other became apparent. This gave rise to the discipline of ontology engineering, designing and building large knowledge bases that could be used by multiple projects. One of the leading research projects in this area was the Cyc project. Cyc was an attempt to build a huge encyclopedic knowledge base that would contain not just expert knowledge but common-sense knowledge. In designing an artificial intelligence agent, it was soon realized that representing common-sense knowledge, knowledge that humans simply take for granted, was essential to make an AI that could interact with humans using natural language. Cyc was meant to address this problem. The language they defined was known as CycL.After CycL, a number of ontology languages have been developed. Most are declarative languages, and are either frame languages, or are based on first-order logic. Modularity—the ability to define boundaries around specific domains and problem spaces—is essential for these languages because as stated by Tom Gruber, \"Every ontology is a treaty- a social agreement among people with common motive in sharing.\" There are always many competing and differing views that make any general-purpose ontology impossible. A general-purpose ontology would have to be applicable in any domain and different areas of knowledge need to be unified.[28]There is a long history of work attempting to build ontologies for a variety of task domains, e.g., an ontology for liquids,[29] the lumped element model widely used in representing electronic circuits (e.g.,[30]), as well as ontologies for time, belief, and even programming itself. Each of these offers a way to see some part of the world.The lumped element model, for instance, suggests that we think of circuits in terms of components with connections between them, with signals flowing instantaneously along the connections. This is a useful view, but not the only possible one. A different ontology arises if we need to attend to the electrodynamics in the device: Here signals propagate at finite speed and an object (like a resistor) that was previously viewed as a single component with an I/O behavior may now have to be thought of as an extended medium through which an electromagnetic wave flows.Ontologies can of course be written down in a wide variety of languages and notations (e.g., logic, LISP, etc.); the essential information is not the form of that language but the content, i.e., the set of concepts offered as a way of thinking about the world. Simply put, the important part is notions like connections and components, not the choice between writing them as predicates or LISP constructs.The commitment made selecting one or another ontology can produce a sharply different view of the task at hand. Consider the difference that arises in selecting the lumped element view of a circuit rather than the electrodynamic view of the same device. As a second example, medical diagnosis viewed in terms of rules (e.g., MYCIN) looks substantially different from the same task viewed in terms of frames (e.g., INTERNIST). Where MYCIN sees the medical world as made up of empirical associations connecting symptom to disease, INTERNIST sees a set of prototypes, in particular prototypical diseases, to be matched against the case at hand.","title":"Ontology engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronald J. Brachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_J._Brachman"},{"link_name":"What IS-A is and isn't. An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20040110031608/http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/context/177306/0"},{"link_name":"Ronald J. Brachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_J._Brachman"},{"link_name":"Hector J. Levesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_J._Levesque"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55860-932-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-932-7"},{"link_name":"Ronald J. Brachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_J._Brachman"},{"link_name":"Hector J. Levesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_J._Levesque"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-934613-01-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934613-01-X"},{"link_name":"Graph-based Knowledge Representation: Computational Foundations of Conceptual Graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lirmm.fr/gbkrbook/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84800-285-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84800-285-2"},{"link_name":"What Is a Knowledge Representation?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ojs.aaai.org/aimagazine/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1029"},{"link_name":"Ronald Fagin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fagin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Y. Halpern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Y._Halpern"},{"link_name":"Yoram Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoram_Moses"},{"link_name":"Moshe Y. Vardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Y._Vardi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-262-06162-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-06162-7"},{"link_name":"Understanding Implementations of IS-A Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070211062250/http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/er/HainautHEHR96.html"},{"link_name":"Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/2412/1/Helbig,%20Hermann%20-%20Knowledge%20Representation%20and%20the%20Semantics%20of%20Natural%20Language.pdf"},{"link_name":"Handbook of Knowledge Representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dai.fmph.uniba.sk/~sefranek/kri/handbook/handbook_of_kr.pdf"},{"link_name":"John F. Sowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Sowa"},{"link_name":"John F. Sowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Sowa"}],"text":"Ronald J. Brachman; What IS-A is and isn't. An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks; IEEE Computer, 16 (10); October 1983\nRonald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Morgan Kaufmann, 2004 ISBN 978-1-55860-932-7\nRonald J. Brachman, Hector J. Levesque (eds) Readings in Knowledge Representation, Morgan Kaufmann, 1985, ISBN 0-934613-01-X\nChein, M., Mugnier, M.-L. (2009),Graph-based Knowledge Representation: Computational Foundations of Conceptual Graphs, Springer, 2009,ISBN 978-1-84800-285-2.\nRandall Davis, Howard Shrobe, and Peter Szolovits; What Is a Knowledge Representation? AI Magazine, 14(1):17-33,1993\nRonald Fagin, Joseph Y. Halpern, Yoram Moses, Moshe Y. Vardi Reasoning About Knowledge, MIT Press, 1995, ISBN 0-262-06162-7\nJean-Luc Hainaut, Jean-Marc Hick, Vincent Englebert, Jean Henrard, Didier Roland: Understanding Implementations of IS-A Relations. ER 1996: 42-57\nHermann Helbig: Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2006\nFrank van Harmelen, Vladimir Lifschitz and Bruce Porter: Handbook of Knowledge Representation 2007.\nArthur B. Markman: Knowledge Representation Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998\nJohn F. Sowa: Knowledge Representation: Logical, Philosophical, and Computational Foundations. Brooks/Cole: New York, 2000\nAdrian Walker, Michael McCord, John F. Sowa, and Walter G. Wilson: Knowledge Systems and Prolog, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1990\nMary-Anne Williams and Hans Rott: \"Frontiers in Belief Revision, Kluwer\", 2001.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/100px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png"}]
[{"title":"Alphabet of human thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_of_human_thought"},{"title":"Belief revision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief_revision"},{"title":"Chunking (psychology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_(psychology)"},{"title":"Commonsense knowledge base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence)"},{"title":"Conceptual graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_graph"},{"title":"DIKW pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIKW_pyramid"},{"title":"DATR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DATR"},{"title":"FO(.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FO(.)"},{"title":"First-order logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic"},{"title":"Logic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_programming"},{"title":"Logico-linguistic modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logico-linguistic_modeling"},{"title":"Knowledge graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_graph"},{"title":"Knowledge management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management"},{"title":"Mind map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map"},{"title":"Semantic technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_technology"},{"title":"Valuation-based system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation-based_system"}]
[{"reference":"Schank, Roger; Abelson, Robert (1977). Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry Into Human Knowledge Structures. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Doran, J. E.; Michie, D. (1966-09-20). \"Experiments with the Graph Traverser program\". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 294 (1437): 235–259. Bibcode:1966RSPSA.294..235D. doi:10.1098/rspa.1966.0205. S2CID 21698093.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966RSPSA.294..235D","url_text":"1966RSPSA.294..235D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1966.0205","url_text":"10.1098/rspa.1966.0205"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21698093","url_text":"21698093"}]},{"reference":"Green, Cordell. Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving (PDF). IJCAI 1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ijcai.org/Proceedings/69/Papers/023.pdf","url_text":"Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving"}]},{"reference":"Kowalski, Robert (1986). \"The limitation of logic\". Proceedings of the 1986 ACM fourteenth annual conference on Computer science - CSC '86. pp. 7–13. doi:10.1145/324634.325168. ISBN 0-89791-177-6. S2CID 17211581.","urls":[{"url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/324634.325168","url_text":"\"The limitation of logic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F324634.325168","url_text":"10.1145/324634.325168"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89791-177-6","url_text":"0-89791-177-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17211581","url_text":"17211581"}]},{"reference":"Nilsson, Nils (1995). \"Eye on the Prize\". AI Magazine. 16: 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Magazine","url_text":"AI Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Hayes-Roth, Frederick; Waterman, Donald; Lenat, Douglas (1983). Building Expert Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-10686-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/buildingexpertsy00temd","url_text":"Building Expert Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-10686-2","url_text":"978-0-201-10686-2"}]},{"reference":"Mettrey, William (1987). \"An Assessment of Tools for Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems\". AI Magazine. 8 (4). Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2013-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022104/http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/625","url_text":"\"An Assessment of Tools for Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems\""},{"url":"http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/625","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brachman, Ron (1978). \"A Structural Paradigm for Representing Knowledge\" (PDF). Bolt, Beranek, and Neumann Technical Report (3605). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a056524.pdf","url_text":"\"A Structural Paradigm for Representing Knowledge\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200430153426/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a056524.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MacGregor, Robert (June 1991). \"Using a description classifier to enhance knowledge representation\". IEEE Expert. 6 (3): 41–46. doi:10.1109/64.87683. S2CID 29575443.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F64.87683","url_text":"10.1109/64.87683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29575443","url_text":"29575443"}]},{"reference":"Lenat, Doug; R. V. Guha (January 1990). Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems: Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0201517521.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201517521","url_text":"978-0201517521"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Brian C. (1985). \"Prologue to Reflections and Semantics in a Procedural Language\". In Ronald Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (ed.). Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 31–40. ISBN 978-0-934613-01-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/31","url_text":"\"Prologue to Reflections and Semantics in a Procedural Language\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/31","url_text":"31–40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934613-01-9","url_text":"978-0-934613-01-9"}]},{"reference":"Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James; Lassila, Ora (May 17, 2001). \"The Semantic Web – A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities\". Scientific American. 284 (5): 34–43. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424071228/http://www.cs.umd.edu/~golbeck/LBSC690/SemanticWeb.html","url_text":"\"The Semantic Web – A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0501-34","url_text":"10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34"},{"url":"http://www.cs.umd.edu/~golbeck/LBSC690/SemanticWeb.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Knublauch, Holger; Oberle, Daniel; Tetlow, Phil; Wallace, Evan (2006-03-09). \"A Semantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers\". W3C. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2008-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/","url_text":"\"A Semantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C","url_text":"W3C"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106172902/http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hayes-Roth, Frederick; Waterman, Donald; Lenat, Douglas (1983). Building Expert Systems. Addison-Wesley. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-201-10686-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/buildingexpertsy00temd/page/6","url_text":"Building Expert Systems"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/buildingexpertsy00temd/page/6","url_text":"6–7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-10686-2","url_text":"978-0-201-10686-2"}]},{"reference":"Levesque, Hector; Brachman, Ronald (1985). \"A Fundamental Tradeoff in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning\". In Ronald Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (ed.). Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-934613-01-9. The good news in reducing KR service to theorem proving is that we now have a very clear, very specific notion of what the KR system should do; the bad new is that it is also clear that the services can not be provided... deciding whether or not a sentence in FOL is a theorem... is unsolvable.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/49","url_text":"\"A Fundamental Tradeoff in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/49","url_text":"49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934613-01-9","url_text":"978-0-934613-01-9"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter. (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. p. 282. ISBN 978-0134610993. LCCN 20190474.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell","url_text":"Russell, Stuart J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Norvig","url_text":"Norvig, Peter."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence:_A_Modern_Approach","url_text":"Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0134610993","url_text":"978-0134610993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/20190474","url_text":"20190474"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Randall; Shrobe, Howard; Szolovits, Peter (Spring 1993). \"What Is a Knowledge Representation?\". AI Magazine. 14 (1): 17–33. Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2011-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1029/947","url_text":"\"What Is a Knowledge Representation?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406094445/http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1029/947","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Macgregor, Robert (August 13, 1999). \"Retrospective on Loom\". isi.edu. Information Sciences Institute. Archived from the original on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131025063241/http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/papers/macgregor/Loom_Retrospective.html","url_text":"\"Retrospective on Loom\""},{"url":"http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/papers/macgregor/Loom_Retrospective.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Knublauch, Holger; Oberle, Daniel; Tetlow, Phil; Wallace, Evan (2006-03-09). \"A Semantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers\". W3C. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2008-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/","url_text":"\"A Semantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C","url_text":"W3C"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106172902/http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brachman, Ron (1985). \"Introduction\". In Ronald Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (ed.). Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. XVI–XVII. ISBN 978-0-934613-01-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac","url_text":"Readings in Knowledge Representation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934613-01-9","url_text":"978-0-934613-01-9"}]},{"reference":"Bih, Joseph (2006). \"Paradigm Shift: An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic\" (PDF). IEEE Potentials. 25: 6–21. doi:10.1109/MP.2006.1635021. S2CID 15451765. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cse.unr.edu/~bebis/CS365/Papers/FuzzyLogic.pdf","url_text":"\"Paradigm Shift: An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMP.2006.1635021","url_text":"10.1109/MP.2006.1635021"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15451765","url_text":"15451765"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140612022317/http://www.cse.unr.edu/~bebis/CS365/Papers/FuzzyLogic.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zlatarva, Nellie (1992). \"Truth Maintenance Systems and their Application for Verifying Expert System Knowledge Bases\". Artificial Intelligence Review. 6: 67–110. doi:10.1007/bf00155580. S2CID 24696160.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00155580","url_text":"10.1007/bf00155580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24696160","url_text":"24696160"}]},{"reference":"Levesque, Hector; Brachman, Ronald (1985). \"A Fundamental Tradeoff in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning\". In Ronald Brachman and Hector J. Levesque (ed.). Readings in Knowledge Representation. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 41–70. ISBN 978-0-934613-01-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/41","url_text":"\"A Fundamental Tradeoff in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/41","url_text":"41–70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934613-01-9","url_text":"978-0-934613-01-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966RSPSA.294..235D","external_links_name":"1966RSPSA.294..235D"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1966.0205","external_links_name":"10.1098/rspa.1966.0205"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21698093","external_links_name":"21698093"},{"Link":"https://www.ijcai.org/Proceedings/69/Papers/023.pdf","external_links_name":"Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving"},{"Link":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/324634.325168","external_links_name":"\"The limitation of logic\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F324634.325168","external_links_name":"10.1145/324634.325168"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17211581","external_links_name":"17211581"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/buildingexpertsy00temd","external_links_name":"Building Expert Systems"},{"Link":"http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Frames/frames.html","external_links_name":"A Framework for Representing Knowledge"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022104/http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/625","external_links_name":"\"An Assessment of Tools for Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems\""},{"Link":"http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/625","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a056524.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Structural Paradigm for Representing Knowledge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200430153426/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a056524.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2F64.87683","external_links_name":"10.1109/64.87683"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29575443","external_links_name":"29575443"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130825025836/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/mcchay69.pdf","external_links_name":"Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/31","external_links_name":"\"Prologue to Reflections and Semantics in a Procedural Language\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/31","external_links_name":"31–40"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424071228/http://www.cs.umd.edu/~golbeck/LBSC690/SemanticWeb.html","external_links_name":"\"The Semantic Web – A new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0501-34","external_links_name":"10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.umd.edu/~golbeck/LBSC690/SemanticWeb.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/","external_links_name":"\"A Semantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106172902/http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/buildingexpertsy00temd/page/6","external_links_name":"Building Expert Systems"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/buildingexpertsy00temd/page/6","external_links_name":"6–7"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/49","external_links_name":"\"A Fundamental Tradeoff in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/49","external_links_name":"49"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/20190474","external_links_name":"20190474"},{"Link":"http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1029/947","external_links_name":"\"What Is a Knowledge Representation?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406094445/http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1029/947","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131025063241/http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/papers/macgregor/Loom_Retrospective.html","external_links_name":"\"Retrospective on Loom\""},{"Link":"http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/papers/macgregor/Loom_Retrospective.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/","external_links_name":"\"A Semantic Web Primer for Object-Oriented Software Developers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106172902/http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac","external_links_name":"Readings in Knowledge Representation"},{"Link":"http://www.cse.unr.edu/~bebis/CS365/Papers/FuzzyLogic.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Paradigm Shift: An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMP.2006.1635021","external_links_name":"10.1109/MP.2006.1635021"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15451765","external_links_name":"15451765"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140612022317/http://www.cse.unr.edu/~bebis/CS365/Papers/FuzzyLogic.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00155580","external_links_name":"10.1007/bf00155580"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24696160","external_links_name":"24696160"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/41","external_links_name":"\"A Fundamental Tradeoff in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/readingsinknowle00brac/page/41","external_links_name":"41–70"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040110031608/http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/context/177306/0","external_links_name":"What IS-A is and isn't. An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks"},{"Link":"http://www.lirmm.fr/gbkrbook/","external_links_name":"Graph-based Knowledge Representation: Computational Foundations of Conceptual Graphs"},{"Link":"https://ojs.aaai.org/aimagazine/index.php/aimagazine/article/view/1029","external_links_name":"What Is a Knowledge Representation?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070211062250/http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/er/HainautHEHR96.html","external_links_name":"Understanding Implementations of IS-A Relations"},{"Link":"http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/2412/1/Helbig,%20Hermann%20-%20Knowledge%20Representation%20and%20the%20Semantics%20of%20Natural%20Language.pdf","external_links_name":"Knowledge Representation and the Semantics of Natural Language"},{"Link":"http://dai.fmph.uniba.sk/~sefranek/kri/handbook/handbook_of_kr.pdf","external_links_name":"Handbook of Knowledge Representation"},{"Link":"http://medg.lcs.mit.edu/ftp/psz/k-rep.html","external_links_name":"What is a Knowledge Representation?"},{"Link":"http://www.makhfi.com/KCM_intro.htm","external_links_name":"Introduction to Knowledge Modeling"},{"Link":"http://www.inf.unibz.it/~franconi/dl/course/","external_links_name":"Introduction to Description Logics course"},{"Link":"http://www.ccl.kuleuven.ac.be/LKR/html/datr.html","external_links_name":"DATR Lexical knowledge representation language"},{"Link":"http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/LOOM-HOME.html","external_links_name":"Loom Project Home Page"},{"Link":"http://kr.org/","external_links_name":"Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Incorporated"},{"Link":"http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/classic/tm/ijcai-95-with-scenario.html","external_links_name":"Description Logic in Practice: A CLASSIC Application"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031202202839/http://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/ruleml/","external_links_name":"The Rule Markup Initiative"},{"Link":"http://nelements.org/","external_links_name":"Nelements KOS"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11991261q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11991261q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4049534-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536917105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90004869","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2001
Microsoft Office 2001
["1 Applications","2 New features","2.1 Word","2.2 PowerPoint","2.3 Excel","2.4 Entourage","2.5 Value Pack","3 Updates","4 Bugs","5 Reception","6 References"]
Suite of productivity software by Microsoft Microsoft Office 2001Office 2001 featured unique packaging, both for individual software (excluding Entourage) and the entire suite.Developer(s)MicrosoftInitial releaseAugust 2000; 23 years ago (August 2000)Final release9.0.6 / July 25, 2005; 18 years ago (July 25, 2005) Operating systemClassic Mac OSPredecessorMicrosoft Office 98 Macintosh EditionSuccessorMicrosoft Office v. XTypeOffice suite System requirementsCPUPowerPC (120MHz or faster recommended)Operating systemMac OS 8.1 through 9.2.2Mac OS X 10.0 through 10.4.11 using the Classic EnvironmentRAM32 MB on OS 848 MB on OS 91 MB virtual memory requiredFree hard disk space75 MB (160 MB for drag-and-drop)Optical driveCD-ROM (for local installation) Microsoft Office 2001 is a suite of productivity software for Mac OS 8, Mac OS 9, or the Classic environment in Mac OS X. It is the Mac equivalent of Office 2000. It was developed by Microsoft and announced on September 13, 2000 before its release on October 11, 2000. Applications As with previous versions of Microsoft Office, Office 2001 includes Word, PowerPoint, and Excel. It also includes, for the first time, Entourage, a personal information manager that features an e-mail client, a calendar, an address book, task lists and personal notes. New features Word Dictionary The dictionary gives definitions for words in a document. This is different from previous versions of the dictionary which only gave the spelling of words. Word count A live word count is included which automatically displays the number of words written as they are typed. This is in contrast with previous version of Word in which Word Count had to be manually selected from a menu. Click and type Microsoft Office 2001 made it possible to double-click anywhere on the page and begin typing there. In previous versions of Word, the only way to begin typing in the middle of a blank line would be to press tab or space button until the cursor arrived at the desired location. PowerPoint Bullet points and numbering Bullet points in PowerPoint presentations can now be more than just dots. There are several small graphics to choose from to replace the standard bullet point. Also, numbered lists can now enumerate themselves even if they are rearranged into a different order or extra items are added. QuickTime With Office 2001 it is possible to save PowerPoint presentations in QuickTime File Format. A QuickTime slideshow works just like an ordinary slideshow and can be opened and edited in PowerPoint. Excel List manager The list manager and list wizard automate tasks that involve sorting and summarizing list data. Formula calculator This virtual calculator provides a simple way to create formulas for cells throughout the Excel spreadsheet. Autocomplete Excel can predict a word or phrase that the user wants to type in without the user actually typing it in completely. Other improvements Euro can now be used as a currency Font menu shows each font in their respective font Highlighting colored cells no longer inverts the color Entourage Office 2001 was the first time Entourage was released. It features a calendar, to-do list, email and address book all into one. Entourage also lets users transfer all of their information from these features onto corresponding applications on a Palm device. Value Pack The Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Value Pack contains several features that give Microsoft Office 2001 more functionality. All of these optional are available for install straight from the Office 2001 CD. Assistants By default there is already an Office Assistant installed with Microsoft Office 2001. With the Value Pack there are many more selectable office assistants available. Users are then able select an Office Assistant that matches their personality and the way in which they work. Clip art Additional clip art files, GIFs, background textures, and movies can be installed with the Value Pack. These new visuals can be added to Microsoft Office documents as well as presentations and are accessible through the Microsoft Office 2001: Clip Art Folder. Equation Editor Equation Editor allows for mathematical equations to be included in Excel, Word and PowerPoint. Mathematical symbols appear in a toolbar at the top of the screen and the user can combine these along with numbers and/or variables to create complex equations and mathematical statements. Set Language add-in Set Language add-In was a feature that only affected Excel. This new feature allowed users to check for correct grammar and spelling with more than one language at a time. Genigraphics Wizard Makes it possible to have PowerPoint presentations made into real slides, or transparencies, among other printed media. This wizard facilitates the process of sending PowerPoint presentations to Genigraphics who will create the product that you want. Microsoft Query Collects data from outside sources and brings it together in an Excel document. This is meant to save time that would otherwise be spent manually copying data over from one place to another by having it automatically be analyzed in Excel. It is also possible to set up Query so that if the original source of data is updated, the Excel document will also be updated accordingly. However, to take full advantage of this new feature, the download of separate ODBC drivers is required because Query can not access the outside source's data without them. Microsoft Works 4.0 converter This converter allows Microsoft Works 4.0 word-processing documents to be opened using Microsoft Word. Proofing tools Value Pack also includes proofing tools for different languages that are not included in the original install if 'Easy Install' was chosen during the original installation process. These optional proofing tools include hyphenation, dictionary and thesaurus files for the following languages: Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Spanish and Swedish. Templates Several new templates are included in the Value Pack for Word, Excel and PowerPoint. This added variety of templates makes it easier to create a good-looking document or presentation without as much effort as creating a template from scratch. Unbinder Binders are groups of files that could be created using Microsoft Office on a Windows PC. However, these Binders could not be edited using a Macintosh computer which is why the Unbinder is needed. With the Unbinder, the Binders could be taken apart and the files could be worked on separately. Word 97-2001 converter The Microsoft 97-2001 Converter made it possible for users of Microsoft Word 6.0 to open documents that were made in newer versions of Microsoft Word. Before this, Word could only open documents that were in an equal or older format. This converter makes it possible to open and edit files created using Microsoft Word 98 or later on a Mac with only Word 6.0 installed. Word Perfect 5 converter The Word Perfect 5 Converter allows for users to use Microsoft Word 2001 to open and save WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files which is something that was not previously possible. Updates On October 12, 2004 Microsoft published the Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.5). This update addresses security and stability issues with Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and Entourage. The download is offered both as a .bin file and as a .hqx file. Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6) was released on July 20, 2005. Microsoft's description of this downloadable update says that it "addresses several buffer overrun vulnerabilities in all Microsoft Office 2001 programs." This update also fixes a problem that was occurring which affected the use of Japanese characters in Microsoft Excel. Once again this update was offered in the form of two different file types, .bin and .hqx. On January 1, 2001 Microsoft released a document highlighting keyboard shortcuts specifically for Microsoft Excel 2001. Support for Office 2001 ended on December 31, 2005. Bugs Occasionally Office 2001 will report a "disk is full" error while saving a Word document, even if the hard drive is not actually full. This is caused by saving a document too frequently and the computer running out of the temporary space needed to save the file. The problem can be solved by restarting Word or restarting the Mac altogether. Reception When Steve Jobs announced Office 2001 at the Apple Paris Expo on September 13, 2000, the crowd booed in a manner similar to how Internet Explorer for Mac was booed. Jobs reassured the crowd by saying: "Isn't it great that the Mac is going to have the best version of Office?" The software was then demonstrated by Kevin Browne, the general manager of the Mac BU at the time, in a French user interface. Entourage 2001 was the first program shown, to which the crowd applauded upon hearing that it along with its unique features were only available for the Mac. Word 2001 and PowerPoint 2001 were also demonstrated to positive crowd reactions. Excel 2001 was not demonstrated. References ^ a b c EverySteveJobsVideo (September 13, 2000). "Steve Jobs introduces OS X Beta & new iBooks - Apple Paris Expo (2000)". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2016. ^ "Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6)". July 20, 2005. Retrieved June 21, 2011. ^ a b "Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Available Nationwide". October 11, 2000. Retrieved May 13, 2014. ^ "Microsoft Office 2001: MacOS". CNET. August 30, 2000. Retrieved June 21, 2011. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Barber, Nan. Office 2001 for Macintosh: The Missing Manual. O'Reilly. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "OFF2001: What's Installed with the Office 2001 Value Pack". Retrieved April 26, 2014. ^ "Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.5)". October 12, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2014. ^ "Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6)". July 20, 2005. Retrieved April 26, 2014. ^ "Excel 2001 Keyboard Shortcuts". January 1, 2001. Retrieved April 26, 2014. vteMicrosoft 365 History A product of Microsoft Microsoft OfficeWindows 1.x 3.0 4.x 95 97 2000 XP 2003 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2021 2024 Mac 3.0 4.2 98 2001 X 2004 2008 2011 2016 2019 2021 Applications(List)Desktop Access Excel OneNote Outlook PowerPoint Project Publisher Teams Word Server Skype for Business Server SharePoint Excel Services Project Server Search Server Mobile Excel Lens OneDrive OneNote Outlook PowerPoint Remote Sway Teams Word Web Bookings Delve Excel Forms Loop OneDrive OneNote Outlook on the web Outlook.com Planner PowerPoint Project SharePoint Stream Sway Teams To Do Video Viva (Viva Engage) Word Discontinued Discontinued shared tools Accounting Docs.com Entourage FrontPage InfoPath InterConnect Kaizala Liquid Motion Lync Live Meeting Mail Classroom Office Assistant Office Live OneDrive Groups PerformancePoint Server Picture Manager PhotoDraw Photo Editor Project Portfolio Server Ribbon Hero Schedule+ SharePoint Designer SharePoint Workspace Shared tools Snapshot Viewer for Access Skype for Business Visio Vizact Word Viewer Technologies Information Bridge Framework Object Linking and Embedding Office Open XML Office XML formats Power Pivot Smart tags Visual Basic for Applications Other topics Microsoft Product Activation Office Genuine Advantage Office filename extensions Microsoft Office password protection Copilot Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"productivity software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_software"},{"link_name":"Mac OS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS"},{"link_name":"Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_(Mac_OS_X)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficeKeynote-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-systemreqs-3"}],"text":"Microsoft Office 2001 is a suite of productivity software for Mac OS 8, Mac OS 9, or the Classic environment in Mac OS X. It is the Mac equivalent of Office 2000. It was developed by Microsoft and announced on September 13, 2000[1] before its release on October 11, 2000.[3]","title":"Microsoft Office 2001"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entourage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Entourage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"personal information manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_manager"},{"link_name":"e-mail client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_client"},{"link_name":"calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_(software)"},{"link_name":"address book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_book"}],"text":"As with previous versions of Microsoft Office, Office 2001 includes Word, PowerPoint, and Excel. It also includes, for the first time, Entourage,[4] a personal information manager that features an e-mail client, a calendar, an address book, task lists and personal notes.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"}],"sub_title":"Word","text":"Dictionary\nThe dictionary gives definitions for words in a document. This is different from previous versions of the dictionary which only gave the spelling of words.[5]\nWord count\nA live word count is included which automatically displays the number of words written as they are typed. This is in contrast with previous version of Word in which Word Count had to be manually selected from a menu.[5]\nClick and type\nMicrosoft Office 2001 made it possible to double-click anywhere on the page and begin typing there. In previous versions of Word, the only way to begin typing in the middle of a blank line would be to press tab or space button until the cursor arrived at the desired location.[5]","title":"New features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"},{"link_name":"QuickTime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime"},{"link_name":"QuickTime File Format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime_File_Format"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"}],"sub_title":"PowerPoint","text":"Bullet points and numbering\nBullet points in PowerPoint presentations can now be more than just dots. There are several small graphics to choose from to replace the standard bullet point. Also, numbered lists can now enumerate themselves even if they are rearranged into a different order or extra items are added.[5]\nQuickTime\nWith Office 2001 it is possible to save PowerPoint presentations in QuickTime File Format. A QuickTime slideshow works just like an ordinary slideshow and can be opened and edited in PowerPoint.[5]","title":"New features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"},{"link_name":"Autocomplete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocomplete"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"},{"link_name":"Euro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"}],"sub_title":"Excel","text":"List manager\nThe list manager and list wizard automate tasks that involve sorting and summarizing list data.[5]Formula calculator\nThis virtual calculator provides a simple way to create formulas for cells throughout the Excel spreadsheet.[5]Autocomplete\nExcel can predict a word or phrase that the user wants to type in without the user actually typing it in completely.[5]Other improvementsEuro can now be used as a currency[5]\nFont menu shows each font in their respective font[5]\nHighlighting colored cells no longer inverts the color[5]","title":"New features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"}],"sub_title":"Entourage","text":"Office 2001 was the first time Entourage was released. It features a calendar, to-do list, email and address book all into one. Entourage also lets users transfer all of their information from these features onto corresponding applications on a Palm device.[5]","title":"New features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"Office Assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Assistant"},{"link_name":"Office Assistant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Assistant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"GIFs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"Genigraphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genigraphics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"ODBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODBC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Works"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Word"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-value_pack-6"}],"sub_title":"Value Pack","text":"The Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Value Pack contains several features that give Microsoft Office 2001 more functionality. All of these optional are available for install straight from the Office 2001 CD.[6]Assistants\nBy default there is already an Office Assistant installed with Microsoft Office 2001. With the Value Pack there are many more selectable office assistants available. Users are then able select an Office Assistant that matches their personality and the way in which they work.[6]Clip art\nAdditional clip art files, GIFs, background textures, and movies can be installed with the Value Pack. These new visuals can be added to Microsoft Office documents as well as presentations and are accessible through the Microsoft Office 2001: Clip Art Folder.[6]Equation Editor\nEquation Editor allows for mathematical equations to be included in Excel, Word and PowerPoint. Mathematical symbols appear in a toolbar at the top of the screen and the user can combine these along with numbers and/or variables to create complex equations and mathematical statements.[6]Set Language add-in\nSet Language add-In was a feature that only affected Excel. This new feature allowed users to check for correct grammar and spelling with more than one language at a time.[6]Genigraphics Wizard\nMakes it possible to have PowerPoint presentations made into real slides, or transparencies, among other printed media. This wizard facilitates the process of sending PowerPoint presentations to Genigraphics who will create the product that you want.[6]Microsoft Query\nCollects data from outside sources and brings it together in an Excel document. This is meant to save time that would otherwise be spent manually copying data over from one place to another by having it automatically be analyzed in Excel. It is also possible to set up Query so that if the original source of data is updated, the Excel document will also be updated accordingly. However, to take full advantage of this new feature, the download of separate ODBC drivers is required because Query can not access the outside source's data without them.[6]Microsoft Works 4.0 converter\nThis converter allows Microsoft Works 4.0 word-processing documents to be opened using Microsoft Word.[6]Proofing tools\nValue Pack also includes proofing tools for different languages that are not included in the original install if 'Easy Install' was chosen during the original installation process. These optional proofing tools include hyphenation, dictionary and thesaurus files for the following languages: Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Norwegian, Spanish and Swedish.[6]Templates\nSeveral new templates are included in the Value Pack for Word, Excel and PowerPoint. This added variety of templates makes it easier to create a good-looking document or presentation without as much effort as creating a template from scratch.[6]Unbinder\nBinders are groups of files that could be created using Microsoft Office on a Windows PC. However, these Binders could not be edited using a Macintosh computer which is why the Unbinder is needed. With the Unbinder, the Binders could be taken apart and the files could be worked on separately.[6]Word 97-2001 converter\nThe Microsoft 97-2001 Converter made it possible for users of Microsoft Word 6.0 to open documents that were made in newer versions of Microsoft Word. Before this, Word could only open documents that were in an equal or older format. This converter makes it possible to open and edit files created using Microsoft Word 98 or later on a Mac with only Word 6.0 installed.[6]Word Perfect 5 converter\nThe Word Perfect 5 Converter allows for users to use Microsoft Word 2001 to open and save WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files which is something that was not previously possible.[6]","title":"New features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":".hqx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BinHex"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"On October 12, 2004 Microsoft published the Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.5). This update addresses security and stability issues with Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and Entourage. The download is offered both as a .bin file and as a .hqx file.[7]Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6) was released on July 20, 2005. Microsoft's description of this downloadable update says that it \"addresses several buffer overrun vulnerabilities in all Microsoft Office 2001 programs.\" This update also fixes a problem that was occurring which affected the use of Japanese characters in Microsoft Excel. Once again this update was offered in the form of two different file types, .bin and .hqx.[8]On January 1, 2001 Microsoft released a document highlighting keyboard shortcuts specifically for Microsoft Excel 2001.[9]Support for Office 2001 ended on December 31, 2005.","title":"Updates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2001manual-5"}],"text":"Occasionally Office 2001 will report a \"disk is full\" error while saving a Word document, even if the hard drive is not actually full. This is caused by saving a document too frequently and the computer running out of the temporary space needed to save the file. The problem can be solved by restarting Word or restarting the Mac altogether.[5]","title":"Bugs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs"},{"link_name":"Internet Explorer for Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac"},{"link_name":"Mac BU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Productivity_Experience_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficeKeynote-1"}],"text":"When Steve Jobs announced Office 2001 at the Apple Paris Expo on September 13, 2000, the crowd booed in a manner similar to how Internet Explorer for Mac was booed. Jobs reassured the crowd by saying: \"Isn't it great that the Mac is going to have the best version of Office?\" The software was then demonstrated by Kevin Browne, the general manager of the Mac BU at the time, in a French user interface. Entourage 2001 was the first program shown, to which the crowd applauded upon hearing that it along with its unique features were only available for the Mac. Word 2001 and PowerPoint 2001 were also demonstrated to positive crowd reactions. Excel 2001 was not demonstrated.[1]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"EverySteveJobsVideo (September 13, 2000). \"Steve Jobs introduces OS X Beta & new iBooks - Apple Paris Expo (2000)\". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131221195424/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNYIYx7QRdc&gl=US&hl=en","url_text":"\"Steve Jobs introduces OS X Beta & new iBooks - Apple Paris Expo (2000)\""},{"url":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=GNYIYx7QRdc?t=43m10s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6)\". July 20, 2005. Retrieved June 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=12473","url_text":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Available Nationwide\". October 11, 2000. Retrieved May 13, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2000/oct00/office2001pr.aspx","url_text":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Available Nationwide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Office 2001: MacOS\". CNET. August 30, 2000. Retrieved June 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://reviews.cnet.com/office-suites/microsoft-office-2001-macos/1707-3524_7-2382478.html#manDesc","url_text":"\"Microsoft Office 2001: MacOS\""}]},{"reference":"Barber, Nan. Office 2001 for Macintosh: The Missing Manual. O'Reilly.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/office2001formac00barb","url_text":"Office 2001 for Macintosh: The Missing Manual"}]},{"reference":"\"OFF2001: What's Installed with the Office 2001 Value Pack\". Retrieved April 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://support.microsoft.com/kb/276444#appliesto","url_text":"\"OFF2001: What's Installed with the Office 2001 Value Pack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.5)\". October 12, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=6242","url_text":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.5)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6)\". July 20, 2005. Retrieved April 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=12473","url_text":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Excel 2001 Keyboard Shortcuts\". January 1, 2001. Retrieved April 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=1358","url_text":"\"Excel 2001 Keyboard Shortcuts\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131221195424/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNYIYx7QRdc&gl=US&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Steve Jobs introduces OS X Beta & new iBooks - Apple Paris Expo (2000)\""},{"Link":"https://youtube.com/watch?v=GNYIYx7QRdc?t=43m10s","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=12473","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6)\""},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/2000/oct00/office2001pr.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Available Nationwide\""},{"Link":"http://reviews.cnet.com/office-suites/microsoft-office-2001-macos/1707-3524_7-2382478.html#manDesc","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Office 2001: MacOS\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/office2001formac00barb","external_links_name":"Office 2001 for Macintosh: The Missing Manual"},{"Link":"http://support.microsoft.com/kb/276444#appliesto","external_links_name":"\"OFF2001: What's Installed with the Office 2001 Value Pack\""},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=6242","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.5)\""},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=12473","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft Office 2001 for Mac Security Update (9.0.6)\""},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=1358","external_links_name":"\"Excel 2001 Keyboard Shortcuts\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lambert_Manneback
Charles Lambert Manneback
["1 References","2 External links"]
Belgian physicist Charles Lambert Marie Joseph MannebackBorn(1894-03-06)6 March 1894Etterbeek, BelgiumDied15 December 1975(1975-12-15) (aged 81)Etterbeek, BelgiumAlma materCatholic University of LeuvenMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyScientific careerFieldsPhysics, Mining, MathematicsInstitutionsMIT CU LeuvenThesis An Integral Equation for Skin-Effect in Parallel Conductors  (1922)Doctoral advisorVannevar BushDoctoral studentsVitold Belevitch Charles Lambert Marie Joseph Manneback (born 9 March 1894 in Etterbeek, Belgium; died 15 December 1975 in Etterbeek) was a Belgian physicist, mining engineer, and mathematician. After serving in the Belgian army during World War I, he obtained a civil engineering diploma from the Catholic University of Leuven in 1920. He then left to the United States as an exchange fellow, where he obtained an M.A. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in 1922 a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering. His dissertation was advised by Vannevar Bush and had a subject from the theory of electromagnetic waves and the skin effect.: 371–372  He was a professor at the Catholic University of Leuven, and a member of the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium. References ^ a b Charles Lambert Manneback at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ a b Record Archived 2019-01-29 at the Wayback Machine at bestor.be ^ Maurice A. Biot, "Charles Manneback 1894–1975", in Florilège des Sciences en Belgique, vol. 2, Académie Royale de Belgique, Classe des Sciences, 1980, pp. 371–377 ^ Charles Manneback (Apr 1922). "An Integral Equation for Skin-Effect in Parallel Conductors". J. Math. Phys. 1 (3): 123–146. doi:10.1002/sapm192213123. Marc de Hemptinne, Maurice A. Biot, "Notice sur Charles Manneback", in Charles Lambert Manneback, 1978, pp. 1–28 Pierre Marage, "La physique nucléaire et la physique des particules élémentaires", in Histoire des sciences en Belgique, 1815–2000 sous la dir. De Robert Halleux, vol. 2, Bruxelles, Dexia/La Renaissance du Livre, 2001, p. 2 Patricia Radelet, "Charles Manneback 9 mars 1894 – 15 décembre 1975, les débuts de la mécanique ondulatoire", in Revue des Questions Scientifiques, t. 161, 1990, pp. 289–308 Geert Vanpaemel, "La révolution darwinienne", in Histoire des sciences en Belgique, 1815–2000 sous la dir. De Robert Halleux, vol. 1, Bruxelles, Dexia/La Renaissance du Livre, 2001 p. 142 External links Media related to Charles Lambert Manneback (physicist) at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy Netherlands Vatican Academics Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie This article about a physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etterbeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etterbeek"},{"link_name":"physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicist"},{"link_name":"mining engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineer"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestor-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)"},{"link_name":"M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"Vannevar Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MathGen-1"},{"link_name":"skin effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_effect"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Catholic University of Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)"},{"link_name":"Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academies_for_Science_and_the_Arts_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bestor-2"}],"text":"Charles Lambert Marie Joseph Manneback (born 9 March 1894 in Etterbeek, Belgium; died 15 December 1975 in Etterbeek) was a Belgian physicist, mining engineer, and mathematician.[2]After serving in the Belgian army during World War I, he obtained a civil engineering diploma from the Catholic University of Leuven in 1920.He then left to the United States as an exchange fellow, where he obtained an M.A. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and in 1922 a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering. His dissertation was advised by Vannevar Bush[1] and had a subject from the theory of electromagnetic waves and the skin effect.[3]: 371–372 [4]He was a professor at the Catholic University of Leuven, and a member of the Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium.[2]","title":"Charles Lambert Manneback"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Charles Manneback (Apr 1922). \"An Integral Equation for Skin-Effect in Parallel Conductors\". J. Math. Phys. 1 (3): 123–146. doi:10.1002/sapm192213123.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsapm192213123","url_text":"10.1002/sapm192213123"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=107593","external_links_name":"Charles Lambert Manneback"},{"Link":"https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Manneback,_Charles_Lambert_Marie_Joseph_(1894-1975)","external_links_name":"Record"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190129181936/https://www.bestor.be/wiki/index.php/Manneback,_Charles_Lambert_Marie_Joseph_(1894-1975)","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pmi.ou.edu/Biot2005/papers/FILES/166.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Charles Manneback 1894–1975\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsapm192213123","external_links_name":"10.1002/sapm192213123"},{"Link":"http://www.pmi.ou.edu/Biot2005/papers/FILES/159.PDF","external_links_name":"\"Notice sur Charles Manneback\""},{"Link":"http://homepages.ulb.ac.be/~pmarage/Hist-nucl-et-part.pdf","external_links_name":"\"La physique nucléaire et la physique des particules élémentaires\""},{"Link":"http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/hall014gesc02_01/hall014gesc02_01_0023.htm","external_links_name":"\"La révolution darwinienne\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/89178655","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmWYgBQfhtF7hPRrkYyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1112235558","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV097709","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p194961044","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/211952","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=107593","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:manneback.ch","external_links_name":"zbMATH"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1112235558.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Lambert_Manneback&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Environment_for_Network_Innovations
Global Environment for Network Innovations
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
The Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) is a facility concept being explored by the United States computing community with support from the National Science Foundation. The goal of GENI is to enhance experimental research in computer networking and distributed systems, and to accelerate the transition of this research into products and services that will improve the economic competitiveness of the United States. GENI planning efforts are organized around several focus areas, including facility architecture, the backbone network, distributed services, wireless/mobile/sensor subnetworks, and research coordination amongst these. See also Internet2 Future Internet AKARI Project in Japan References ^ Freeman, Peter A (2016). "The GENI Vision: Origins, Early History, Possible Futures". In McGeer, Rick; Berman, Mark; Elliott, Chip; Ricci, Robert (eds.). The GENI Book. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33769-2. ISBN 978-3-319-33767-8. ^ Internet pioneer to oversee its redesign External links GENI home page NSF GENI Initiative overview. NSF GENI Project Office solicitation. Foreign, independent presentation on GENI. A news article describing GENI plans. A news article referring to GENI. Another news article Archived 2007-06-22 at the Wayback Machine regarding GENI. vteResearch and education computer networks in the AmericasNational Brazil: RNP Canada: CANARIE Mexico: CUDI Latin America: RedCLARA USA: Internet2 ESnet SubnationalCanada ACORN-NL (NL) ACORN-NS (NS) Cybera (AB) BCNET (BC) MRNet (MB) ORION (ON) RISQ (QC) SRNet (SK) United States CalREN (CA) CEN (CT) ICN (IL) Merit Network (MI) NYSERNet (NY) OARnet (OH) OSHEAN (RI) UEN (UT) Historical Abilene ARPANET DDN CSNET Gigabit Chicago Gigabit Seattle NEARnet NIPRNet NSFNET PRNET SATNET SURAnet vBNS See also National research and education network This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a scientific organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsyahoo-2"}],"text":"GENI planning efforts are organized around several focus areas, including facility architecture, the backbone network, distributed services, wireless/mobile/sensor subnetworks, and research coordination amongst these.[2]","title":"Global Environment for Network Innovations"}]
[]
[{"title":"Internet2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet2"},{"title":"Future Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Internet"},{"title":"AKARI Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKARI_Project"}]
[{"reference":"Freeman, Peter A (2016). \"The GENI Vision: Origins, Early History, Possible Futures\". In McGeer, Rick; Berman, Mark; Elliott, Chip; Ricci, Robert (eds.). The GENI Book. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33769-2. ISBN 978-3-319-33767-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-33769-2","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-319-33769-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-33767-8","url_text":"978-3-319-33767-8"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-33769-2","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-33769-2"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2007-05-21-rebuilding-the-internet_N.htm?csp=34","external_links_name":"Internet pioneer to oversee its redesign"},{"Link":"http://www.geni.net/","external_links_name":"GENI home page"},{"Link":"https://www.nsf.gov/","external_links_name":"NSF"},{"Link":"https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=501055","external_links_name":"overview"},{"Link":"https://www.nsf.gov/","external_links_name":"NSF"},{"Link":"https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2006/nsf06601/nsf06601.htm","external_links_name":"solicitation"},{"Link":"http://mmlab.snu.ac.kr/courses/2006_advanced_internet/handout/17.%20GENI.pdf","external_links_name":"presentation"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070125085236/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2006/032006-geni.html?fsrc=rss-routers","external_links_name":"article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928004635/http://www.hpcwire.com/hpc/1132115.html","external_links_name":"article"},{"Link":"http://wistechnology.com/article.php?id=3388","external_links_name":"article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070622001029/http://wistechnology.com/article.php?id=3388","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Environment_for_Network_Innovations&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Environment_for_Network_Innovations&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamperproofing
Tamperproofing
["1 Tampering","2 Methods","2.1 Mechanical","2.2 Electrical","3 Safety","4 Warranties and support","5 Chips","6 Digital rights management","7 Packaging","8 Software","9 See also","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]
Security methodology This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tamperproofing" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tamperproofing, conceptually, is a methodology used to hinder, deter or detect unauthorised access to a device or circumvention of a security system. Since any device or system can be foiled by a person with sufficient knowledge, equipment, and time, the term "tamperproof" is a misnomer unless some limitations on the tampering party's resources is explicit or assumed. An item secured with special screw heads may be considered tamperproof by casual passers-by, but can be removed by someone equipped with particular tools. Tamper resistance is resistance to tampering (intentional malfunction or sabotage) by either the normal users of a product, package, or system or others with physical access to it. Tamper resistance ranges from simple features like screws with special drives, more complex devices that render themselves inoperable or encrypt all data transmissions between individual chips, or use of materials needing special tools and knowledge. Tamper-resistant devices or features are common on packages to deter package or product tampering. Anti-tamper devices have one or more components: tamper resistance, tamper detection, tamper response, and tamper evidence. In some applications, devices are only tamper-evident rather than tamper-resistant. Tampering Tampering involves the deliberate altering or adulteration of a product, package, or system. Solutions may involve all phases of product production, packaging, distribution, logistics, sale, and use. No single solution can be considered as "tamper-proof". Often multiple levels of security need to be addressed to reduce the risk of tampering. A tamper evident label with a perforated tape that permanently displays a visual 'OPENED' message after being opened. Some considerations might include: Identify who a potential tamperer might be: average user, child, person under medical care, misguided joker, prisoner, saboteur, organized criminals, terrorists, corrupt government. What level of knowledge, materials, tools, etc. might they have? Identify all feasible methods of unauthorized access into a product, package, or system. In addition to the primary means of entry, also consider secondary or "back door" methods. Control or limit access to products or systems of interest. Improve the tamper resistance to make tampering more difficult, time-consuming, etc. Add tamper-evident features to help indicate the existence of tampering. Educate people to watch for evidence of tampering. Methods Mechanical Some devices contain non-standard screws or bolts in an attempt to deter access. Examples are telephone switching cabinets (which have triangular bolt heads that a hex socket fits), or bolts with 5-sided heads used to secure doors to outdoor electrical distribution transformers. A standard Torx screw head can be made in a tamper-resistant form with a pin in the center, which excludes standard Torx drivers. Various other security screw heads have been devised to discourage casual access to the interior of such devices as consumer electronics. Electrical This style of tamper resistance is most commonly found in burglar alarms. Most trip devices (e.g. pressure pads, passive infrared sensors (motion detectors), door switches) use two signal wires that, depending on configuration, are normally open or normally closed. The sensors sometimes need power, so to simplify cable runs, multi-core cable is used. While 4 cores is normally enough for devices that require power (leaving two spare for those that don't), cable with additional cores can be used. These additional cores can be wired into a special so-called "tamper circuit" in the alarm system. Tamper circuits are monitored by the system to give an alarm if a disturbance to devices or wiring is detected. Enclosures for devices and control panels may be fitted with anti-tamper switches. Would-be intruders run the risk of triggering the alarm by attempting to circumvent a given device. Sensors such as movement detectors, tilt detectors, air-pressure sensors, light sensors, etc., which might be employed in some burglar alarms, might also be used in a bomb to hinder defusing. Safety Nearly all appliances and accessories can only be opened with the use of a tool. This is intended to prevent casual or accidental access to energized or hot parts, or damage to the equipment. Manufacturers may use tamper-resistant screws, which cannot be unfastened with common tools. Tamper-resistant screws are used on electrical fittings in many public buildings to reduce tampering or vandalism that may cause a danger to others. Warranties and support Warranty label on top of a hard diskWarranty label lifted. The word "VOID" is shown multiple times A user who breaks equipment by modifying it in a way not intended by the manufacturer might deny they did it, in order to claim the warranty or (mainly in the case of PCs) call the helpdesk for help in fixing it. Tamper-evident seals may be enough to deal with this. However, they cannot easily be checked remotely, and many countries have statutory warranty terms that mean manufacturers may still have to service the equipment. Tamper proof screws will stop most casual users from tampering in the first place. In the US, the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act prevents manufacturers from voiding warranties solely due to tampering. A warranty may be dishonored only if the tampering actually affected the part that has failed, and could have caused the failure. Chips Tamper-resistant microprocessors are used to store and process private or sensitive information, such as private keys or electronic money credit. To prevent an attacker from retrieving or modifying the information, the chips are designed so that the information is not accessible through external means and can be accessed only by the embedded software, which should contain the appropriate security measures. Examples of tamper-resistant chips include all secure cryptoprocessors, such as the IBM 4758 and chips used in smartcards, as well as the Clipper chip. It has been argued that it is very difficult to make simple electronic devices secure against tampering, because numerous attacks are possible, including: physical attack of various forms (microprobing, drills, files, solvents, etc.) freezing the device applying out-of-spec voltages or power surges applying unusual clock signals inducing software errors using radiation (e.g., microwaves or ionising radiation) measuring the precise time and power requirements of certain operations (see power analysis) Tamper-resistant chips may be designed to zeroise their sensitive data (especially cryptographic keys) if they detect penetration of their security encapsulation or out-of-specification environmental parameters. A chip may even be rated for "cold zeroisation", the ability to zeroise itself even after its power supply has been crippled. In addition, the custom-made encapsulation methods used for chips used in some cryptographic products may be designed in such a manner that they are internally pre-stressed, so the chip will fracture if interfered with. Nevertheless, the fact that an attacker may have the device in their possession for as long as they like, and perhaps obtain numerous other samples for testing and practice, means that it is impossible to totally eliminate tampering by a sufficiently motivated opponent. Because of this, one of the most important elements in protecting a system is overall system design. In particular, tamper-resistant systems should "fail gracefully" by ensuring that compromise of one device does not compromise the entire system. In this manner, the attacker can be practically restricted to attacks that cost more than the expected return from compromising a single device. Since the most sophisticated attacks have been estimated to cost several hundred thousand dollars to carry out, carefully designed systems may be invulnerable in practice. In the United States, purchasing specifications require anti-tamper (AT) features on military electronic systems. Digital rights management Tamper resistance finds application in smart cards, set-top boxes and other devices that use digital rights management (DRM). In this case, the issue is not about stopping the user from breaking the equipment or hurting themselves, but about either stopping them from extracting codes, or acquiring and saving the decoded bitstream. This is usually done by having many subsystem features buried within each chip (so that internal signals and states are inaccessible) and by making sure the buses between chips are encrypted. DRM mechanisms also use certificates and asymmetric key cryptography in many cases. In all such cases, tamper resistance means not allowing the device user access to the valid device certificates or public-private keys of the device. The process of making software robust against tampering attacks is referred to as "software anti-tamper". Packaging Tamper resistance is sometimes needed in packaging, for example: Tamper-evident seal ring on drug package (eyedrop bottle) Regulations for some pharmaceuticals require it. High value products may be subject to theft. Evidence needs to remain unaltered for possible legal proceedings. Resistance to tampering can be built in or added to packaging. Examples include: Extra layers of packaging (no single layer or component is "tamper-proof") Packaging that requires tools to enter Extra-strong and secure packaging Packages that cannot be resealed Tamper-evident seals, security tapes, and features Software Main article: anti-tamper software Software is also said to be tamper-resistant when it contains measures to make reverse engineering harder, or to prevent a user from modifying it against the manufacturer's wishes (such as removing a restriction on how it can be used). One commonly-used method is code obfuscation. However, effective tamper resistance in software is much harder than in hardware, as the software environment can be manipulated to near-arbitrary extent by the use of emulation. If implemented, trusted computing would make software tampering of protected programs at least as difficult as hardware tampering, as the user would have to hack the trust chip to give false certifications in order to bypass remote attestation and sealed storage. However, the current specification makes it clear that the chip is not expected to be tamper-proof against any reasonably sophisticated physical attack; that is, it is not intended to be as secure as a tamper-resistant device. That has the side effect that software maintenance gets more complex because software updates need to be validated, and errors in the upgrade process may lead to a false-positive triggering of the protection mechanism. See also Chicago Tylenol murders Child-resistant packaging FIPS 140-2 Ink tag Packaging and labelling Package pilferage Tamper-resistant switch Tamper-evident technology Wrap rage References ^ a b Altera. "Anti-Tamper Capabilities in FPGA Designs". p. 1. ^ Johnston, R G (1997). "Physical Security and Tamper-Indicating Devices". LA-UR-96-3827. Vulnerability Assessment Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 30 August 2019. ^ Rosette, J L (2009), "Tamper-Evident Packaging", in Yam, K L (ed.), Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, Wiley (published 2010), ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6 ^ Microsoft Word – TPM 1_2 Changes final.doc Bibliography Smith, Sean; Weingart, Steve (1999). "Building a High-Performance, Programmable Secure Coprocessor". Computer Networks. 31 (9): 831–860. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.22.8659. doi:10.1016/S1389-1286(98)00019-X. Rosette, Jack L (1992). Improving tamper-evident packaging: Problems, tests, and solutions. ISBN 978-0877629061. External links Tamper Resistance – a Cautionary Note Design Principles for Tamper-Resistant Smartcard Processors Low cost attacks on tamper resistant devices vtePackagingGeneraltopics Active packaging Child-resistant packaging Contract packager Edible packaging Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging Overpackaging Package delivery Package pilferage Package testing Package theft Packaging engineering Resealable packaging Reusable packaging Reuse of bottles Shelf life Shelf-ready packaging Shelf-stable Sustainable packaging Tamper-evident Tamper resistance Wrap rage Productpackages Alternative wine closure Ammunition box Banana box Beer bottle Box wine Case-ready meat Coffee bag Cosmetic packaging Currency packaging Disposable food packaging Drink can Egg carton Evidence packaging Field ration Flour sack Foam food container Food packaging Fuel container Gas cylinder Glass milk bottle Growler Juicebox Low plastic water bottle Luxury packaging Milk bag Optical disc packaging Oyster pail Popcorn bag Pharmaceutical packaging Plastic milk container Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags Sand bag Seasonal packaging Self-heating food packaging Screw cap (wine) Single-serve coffee container Spray paint Toothpaste pump dispenser Water bottle Wine bottle Containers Aerosol spray dispenser Aluminium bottle Aluminum can Ampoule Antistatic bag Bag-in-box Bag Barrel Biodegradable bag Blister pack Boil-in-bag Bottle Box Bulk box Cage Case Carboy Carton Chub Clamshell Corrugated box design Crate Disposable cup Drum Endcap Envelope Euro container Flexible intermediate bulk container Flexi-bag Folding carton Glass bottle Gunny sack Inhaler Insulated shipping container Intermediate bulk container Jar Jerrycan Jug Keg Mesh bag Multilayered packaging Multi-pack Packet (container) Padded envelope Pail Paper bag Paper sack Plastic bag Plastic bottle Retort pouch Salvage drum Sachet Water sachet Security bag Shipping container Shipping tube Skin pack Spray bottle Squround Stand-up pouch Steel and tin cans Tetra Brik Thermal bag Tub (container) Tube Unit load Vial Wooden box Materialsandcomponents Adhesive Aluminium foil Bail handle Bioplastic Biodegradable plastic BoPET Bubble wrap Bung Cellophane Closure Coated paper Coating Coextrusion Corrugated fiberboard Corrugated plastic Cushioning Desiccant Double seam Flip-top Foam peanut Gel pack Glass Hot-melt adhesive Humidity indicator card Kraft paper Label Lid Linear low-density polyethylene Liquid packaging board Living hinge Low-density polyethylene Meat diaper Metallised film Modified atmosphere Molded pulp Nonwoven fabric Overwrap Oxygen scavenger Package handle Packaging gas Pallet Paper Paper pallet Paperboard Plastic-coated paper Plastic film Plastic pallet Plastic wrap Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Pressure-sensitive tape Pump dispenser Screw cap Screw cap (wine) Security printing Security tape Shock detector Shock and vibration data logger Shrink wrap Slip sheet Staple (fastener) Strapping Stretch wrap Susceptor Tamper-evident band Tear tape Temperature data logger Time temperature indicator Tinplate Velostat Processes Aseptic processing Authentication Automatic identification and data capture Blow fill seal Blow molding Calendering Canning Coating Containerization Converting Corona treatment Curtain coating Die cutting Die forming (plastics) Electronic article surveillance Extrusion Extrusion coating Flame treatment Glass production Graphic design Hazard analysis and critical control points Hermetic seal Induction sealing Injection moulding Lamination Laser cutting Molding Package tracking Papermaking Plastic extrusion Plastic welding Printing Product development Production control Quality assurance Radio-frequency identification Roll slitting Shearing (manufacturing) Thermoforming Track and trace Ultrasonic welding Vacuum forming Vacuum packaging Verification and validation Machinery Barcode printer Barcode reader Bottling line Calender Can seamer Cap torque tester Cartoning machine Case sealer Check weigher Conveyor system Drum pump Extended core stretch wrapper Filler Heat gun Heat sealer Industrial robot Injection molding machine Label printer applicator Lineshaft roller conveyor Logistics automation Material-handling equipment Mechanical brake stretch wrapper Multihead weigher Orbital stretch wrapper Packaging machinery Pallet inverter Palletizer Rotary wheel blow molding systems Seed-counting machine Shrink tunnel Staple gun Tape dispenser Turntable stretch wrapper Vertical form fill sealing machine Environment,post-use Biodegradation Can collecting Closed-loop box reuse Environmental engineering Glass recycling Industrial ecology Life-cycle assessment Litter Packaging waste Paper recycling PET bottle recycling Plastic recycling Recycling Reusable packaging Reverse logistics Source reduction Sustainable packaging Waste management  Category: Packaging
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"misnomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misnomer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Screws_-_tamper_resistant_slotted.jpg"},{"link_name":"tampering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tamper"},{"link_name":"sabotage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabotage"},{"link_name":"screws with special drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_screw_drives#Tamper-resistant_types"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altera-1"},{"link_name":"tamper-evident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident"}],"text":"Tamperproofing, conceptually, is a methodology used to hinder, deter or detect unauthorised access to a device or circumvention of a security system. Since any device or system can be foiled by a person with sufficient knowledge, equipment, and time, the term \"tamperproof\" is a misnomer unless some limitations on the tampering party's resources is explicit or assumed.An item secured with special screw heads may be considered tamperproof by casual passers-by, but can be removed by someone equipped with particular tools.Tamper resistance is resistance to tampering (intentional malfunction or sabotage) by either the normal users of a product, package, or system or others with physical access to it.Tamper resistance ranges from simple features like screws with special drives, more complex devices that render themselves inoperable or encrypt all data transmissions between individual chips, or use of materials needing special tools and knowledge. Tamper-resistant devices or features are common on packages to deter package or product tampering.Anti-tamper devices have one or more components: tamper resistance, tamper detection, tamper response, and tamper evidence.[1] In some applications, devices are only tamper-evident rather than tamper-resistant.","title":"Tamperproofing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging"},{"link_name":"logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics"},{"link_name":"security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Security_tamper_evident_label_showing_a_void_message_when_removed.jpg"},{"link_name":"tamper-evident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident"}],"text":"Tampering involves the deliberate altering or adulteration of a product, package, or system. Solutions may involve all phases of product production, packaging, distribution, logistics, sale, and use. No single solution can be considered as \"tamper-proof\". Often multiple levels of security need to be addressed to reduce the risk of tampering.[2]A tamper evident label with a perforated tape that permanently displays a visual 'OPENED' message after being opened.Some considerations might include:Identify who a potential tamperer might be: average user, child, person under medical care, misguided joker, prisoner, saboteur, organized criminals, terrorists, corrupt government. What level of knowledge, materials, tools, etc. might they have?\nIdentify all feasible methods of unauthorized access into a product, package, or system. In addition to the primary means of entry, also consider secondary or \"back door\" methods.\nControl or limit access to products or systems of interest.\nImprove the tamper resistance to make tampering more difficult, time-consuming, etc.\nAdd tamper-evident features to help indicate the existence of tampering.\nEducate people to watch for evidence of tampering.","title":"Tampering"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torx"},{"link_name":"screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw"}],"sub_title":"Mechanical","text":"Some devices contain non-standard screws or bolts in an attempt to deter access. Examples are telephone switching cabinets (which have triangular bolt heads that a hex socket fits), or bolts with 5-sided heads used to secure doors to outdoor electrical distribution transformers. A standard Torx screw head can be made in a tamper-resistant form with a pin in the center, which excludes standard Torx drivers. Various other security screw heads have been devised to discourage casual access to the interior of such devices as consumer electronics.","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"burglar alarms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglar_alarm"},{"link_name":"pressure pads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pressure_pads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"passive infrared sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor"},{"link_name":"motion detectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_detector"},{"link_name":"door switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_switch"},{"link_name":"normally open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normally_open"},{"link_name":"normally closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normally_closed"},{"link_name":"bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb"}],"sub_title":"Electrical","text":"This style of tamper resistance is most commonly found in burglar alarms. Most trip devices (e.g. pressure pads, passive infrared sensors (motion detectors), door switches) use two signal wires that, depending on configuration, are normally open or normally closed. The sensors sometimes need power, so to simplify cable runs, multi-core cable is used. While 4 cores is normally enough for devices that require power (leaving two spare for those that don't), cable with additional cores can be used. These additional cores can be wired into a special so-called \"tamper circuit\" in the alarm system. Tamper circuits are monitored by the system to give an alarm if a disturbance to devices or wiring is detected. Enclosures for devices and control panels may be fitted with anti-tamper switches. Would-be intruders run the risk of triggering the alarm by attempting to circumvent a given device.Sensors such as movement detectors, tilt detectors, air-pressure sensors, light sensors, etc., which might be employed in some burglar alarms, might also be used in a bomb to hinder defusing.","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nearly all appliances and accessories can only be opened with the use of a tool. This is intended to prevent casual or accidental access to energized or hot parts, or damage to the equipment. Manufacturers may use tamper-resistant screws, which cannot be unfastened with common tools. Tamper-resistant screws are used on electrical fittings in many public buildings to reduce tampering or vandalism that may cause a danger to others.","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0023.jpg"},{"link_name":"hard disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seagate_ST351A-X_-_warranty_label-0024.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tamper-evident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident"},{"link_name":"Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnuson-Moss_Warranty_Act"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Warranty label on top of a hard diskWarranty label lifted. The word \"VOID\" is shown multiple timesA user who breaks equipment by modifying it in a way not intended by the manufacturer might deny they did it, in order to claim the warranty or (mainly in the case of PCs) call the helpdesk for help in fixing it. Tamper-evident seals may be enough to deal with this. However, they cannot easily be checked remotely, and many countries have statutory warranty terms that mean manufacturers may still have to service the equipment. Tamper proof screws will stop most casual users from tampering in the first place. In the US, the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act prevents manufacturers from voiding warranties solely due to tampering.[citation needed] A warranty may be dishonored only if the tampering actually affected the part that has failed, and could have caused the failure.","title":"Warranties and support"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"private keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_key"},{"link_name":"electronic money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_money"},{"link_name":"secure cryptoprocessors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_cryptoprocessor"},{"link_name":"IBM 4758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_4758"},{"link_name":"smartcards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartcards"},{"link_name":"Clipper chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_chip"},{"link_name":"microwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"ionising radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionising_radiation"},{"link_name":"power analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_analysis"},{"link_name":"zeroise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroisation"},{"link_name":"cryptographic keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_key"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"fail gracefully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceful_failure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altera-1"}],"text":"Tamper-resistant microprocessors are used to store and process private or sensitive information, such as private keys or electronic money credit. To prevent an attacker from retrieving or modifying the information, the chips are designed so that the information is not accessible through external means and can be accessed only by the embedded software, which should contain the appropriate security measures.Examples of tamper-resistant chips include all secure cryptoprocessors, such as the IBM 4758 and chips used in smartcards, as well as the Clipper chip.It has been argued that it is very difficult to make simple electronic devices secure against tampering, because numerous attacks are possible, including:physical attack of various forms (microprobing, drills, files, solvents, etc.)\nfreezing the device\napplying out-of-spec voltages or power surges\napplying unusual clock signals\ninducing software errors using radiation (e.g., microwaves or ionising radiation)\nmeasuring the precise time and power requirements of certain operations (see power analysis)Tamper-resistant chips may be designed to zeroise their sensitive data (especially cryptographic keys) if they detect penetration of their security encapsulation or out-of-specification environmental parameters. A chip may even be rated for \"cold zeroisation\", the ability to zeroise itself even after its power supply has been crippled. In addition, the custom-made encapsulation methods used for chips used in some cryptographic products may be designed in such a manner that they are internally pre-stressed, so the chip will fracture if interfered with.[citation needed]Nevertheless, the fact that an attacker may have the device in their possession for as long as they like, and perhaps obtain numerous other samples for testing and practice, means that it is impossible to totally eliminate tampering by a sufficiently motivated opponent. Because of this, one of the most important elements in protecting a system is overall system design. In particular, tamper-resistant systems should \"fail gracefully\" by ensuring that compromise of one device does not compromise the entire system. In this manner, the attacker can be practically restricted to attacks that cost more than the expected return from compromising a single device. Since the most sophisticated attacks have been estimated to cost several hundred thousand dollars to carry out, carefully designed systems may be invulnerable in practice.In the United States, purchasing specifications require anti-tamper (AT) features on military electronic systems. [1]","title":"Chips"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smart cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_card"},{"link_name":"set-top boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-top_box"},{"link_name":"digital rights management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights_management"},{"link_name":"buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"asymmetric key cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_key_cryptography"}],"text":"Tamper resistance finds application in smart cards, set-top boxes and other devices that use digital rights management (DRM). In this case, the issue is not about stopping the user from breaking the equipment or hurting themselves, but about either stopping them from extracting codes, or acquiring and saving the decoded bitstream. This is usually done by having many subsystem features buried within each chip (so that internal signals and states are inaccessible) and by making sure the buses between chips are encrypted. [citation needed]DRM mechanisms also use certificates and asymmetric key cryptography in many cases. In all such cases, tamper resistance means not allowing the device user access to the valid device certificates or public-private keys of the device. The process of making software robust against tampering attacks is referred to as \"software anti-tamper\".","title":"Digital rights management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tamper_seal_pharma.jpg"},{"link_name":"packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tamper-evident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident"},{"link_name":"security tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_tape"}],"text":"Tamper resistance is sometimes needed in packaging, for example:Tamper-evident seal ring on drug package (eyedrop bottle)Regulations for some pharmaceuticals require it.\nHigh value products may be subject to theft.\nEvidence needs to remain unaltered for possible legal proceedings.Resistance to tampering can be built in or added to packaging.[3]\nExamples include:Extra layers of packaging (no single layer or component is \"tamper-proof\")\nPackaging that requires tools to enter\nExtra-strong and secure packaging\nPackages that cannot be resealed\nTamper-evident seals, security tapes, and features","title":"Packaging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reverse engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_engineering"},{"link_name":"code obfuscation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscated_code"},{"link_name":"trusted computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_computing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Software is also said to be tamper-resistant when it contains measures to make reverse engineering harder, or to prevent a user from modifying it against the manufacturer's wishes (such as removing a restriction on how it can be used). One commonly-used method is code obfuscation.However, effective tamper resistance in software is much harder than in hardware, as the software environment can be manipulated to near-arbitrary extent by the use of emulation.If implemented, trusted computing would make software tampering of protected programs at least as difficult as hardware tampering, as the user would have to hack the trust chip to give false certifications in order to bypass remote attestation and sealed storage. However, the current specification makes it clear that the chip is not expected to be tamper-proof against any reasonably sophisticated physical attack;[4] that is, it is not intended to be as secure as a tamper-resistant device.That has the side effect that software maintenance gets more complex because software updates need to be validated, and errors in the upgrade process may lead to a false-positive triggering of the protection mechanism.","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.22.8659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.22.8659"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S1389-1286(98)00019-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS1389-1286%2898%2900019-X"},{"link_name":"Improving tamper-evident packaging: Problems, tests, and solutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=WZJKAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0877629061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877629061"}],"text":"Smith, Sean; Weingart, Steve (1999). \"Building a High-Performance, Programmable Secure Coprocessor\". Computer Networks. 31 (9): 831–860. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.22.8659. doi:10.1016/S1389-1286(98)00019-X.\nRosette, Jack L (1992). Improving tamper-evident packaging: Problems, tests, and solutions. ISBN 978-0877629061.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"An item secured with special screw heads may be considered tamperproof by casual passers-by, but can be removed by someone equipped with particular tools.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Screws_-_tamper_resistant_slotted.jpg"},{"image_text":"A tamper evident label with a perforated tape that permanently displays a visual 'OPENED' message after being opened.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Security_tamper_evident_label_showing_a_void_message_when_removed.jpg/220px-Security_tamper_evident_label_showing_a_void_message_when_removed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tamper-evident seal ring on drug package (eyedrop bottle)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tamper_seal_pharma.jpg/220px-Tamper_seal_pharma.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Chicago Tylenol murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tylenol_murders"},{"title":"Child-resistant packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child-resistant_packaging"},{"title":"FIPS 140-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS_140-2"},{"title":"Ink tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink_tag"},{"title":"Packaging and labelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging_and_labelling"},{"title":"Package pilferage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_pilferage"},{"title":"Tamper-resistant switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-resistant_switch"},{"title":"Tamper-evident technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper-evident_technology"},{"title":"Wrap rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrap_rage"}]
[{"reference":"Johnston, R G (1997). \"Physical Security and Tamper-Indicating Devices\". LA-UR-96-3827. Vulnerability Assessment Team, Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved 30 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-96-3827","url_text":"\"Physical Security and Tamper-Indicating Devices\""}]},{"reference":"Rosette, J L (2009), \"Tamper-Evident Packaging\", in Yam, K L (ed.), Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, Wiley (published 2010), ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-08704-6","url_text":"978-0-470-08704-6"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sean; Weingart, Steve (1999). \"Building a High-Performance, Programmable Secure Coprocessor\". Computer Networks. 31 (9): 831–860. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.22.8659. doi:10.1016/S1389-1286(98)00019-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.22.8659","url_text":"10.1.1.22.8659"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1389-1286%2898%2900019-X","url_text":"10.1016/S1389-1286(98)00019-X"}]},{"reference":"Rosette, Jack L (1992). Improving tamper-evident packaging: Problems, tests, and solutions. ISBN 978-0877629061.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WZJKAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Improving tamper-evident packaging: Problems, tests, and solutions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877629061","url_text":"978-0877629061"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tamperproofing%22","external_links_name":"\"Tamperproofing\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tamperproofing%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tamperproofing%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tamperproofing%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tamperproofing%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tamperproofing%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.altera.com/literature/wp/wp-01066-anti-tamper-capabilities-fpga.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Anti-Tamper Capabilities in FPGA Designs\""},{"Link":"https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-96-3827","external_links_name":"\"Physical Security and Tamper-Indicating Devices\""},{"Link":"https://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/groups/tpm/TPM_1_2_Changes_final.pdf","external_links_name":"Microsoft Word – TPM 1_2 Changes final.doc"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.22.8659","external_links_name":"10.1.1.22.8659"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1389-1286%2898%2900019-X","external_links_name":"10.1016/S1389-1286(98)00019-X"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WZJKAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Improving tamper-evident packaging: Problems, tests, and solutions"},{"Link":"http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tamper.html","external_links_name":"Tamper Resistance – a Cautionary Note"},{"Link":"http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/sc99-tamper.pdf","external_links_name":"Design Principles for Tamper-Resistant Smartcard Processors"},{"Link":"http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/tamper2.pdf","external_links_name":"Low cost attacks on tamper resistant devices"}]