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34,796
148 โ†‘ Chenoweth, Erica; Lawrence, Adria (2010).
Ethnologia Balkanica, Vol.
34,797
Rethinking Violence: States and Non-state Actors in Conflict. MIT Press. p. 106.
6 (2002), p. 148. โ†‘ Chenoweth, Erica; Lawrence, Adria (2010).
34,798
ISBN 9780262014205. โ†‘ "Nikola Minov: Why don't all Aromanians celebrate May 23 as their national day?".
Rethinking Violence: States and Non-state Actors in Conflict.
34,799
Trรฃ Armรฃnami.
MIT Press, แƒ’แƒ•.
34,800
24 May 2020.
106.
34,801
Retrieved 27 November 2020. โ†‘ George Ap. Padioti โ€“ Cantitii Farserotesti โ€“ Tragoudia Farsarioton Arvanitovlahon โ€“ Published by Etaireia Aromanikou (Vlahikou) Politismou, Athens: January 1991, p. 71 โ†‘ Sir Charles Eliot - "Turkey in Europe" - London 1908, re-printed 1965 (pp. 370-382; 430 - 441): "..After the Greco-Turkish war the Vlachs of Thessaly petitioned the Powers that they might be placed under Ottoman and not Greek Government." [...] โ†‘ Osbert Lancaster - Classical Landscape with Figures - London, 1975, John Murray โ†‘ W.A. Wigram D.D. - Hellenic Travel, Faber and Faber Ltd., London 1947 (pp.109-11) โ†‘ John Nandris โ€“ "The Aromani" (In "World Archaeology" 17/1985, p.
ISBN 9780262014205. โ†‘ Minduiri, Isturii (24 May, 2020). โ€žNikola Minov: Why don't all Aromanians celebrate May 23 as their national day?โ€œ. แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 27 November, 2020. แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ›แƒ”แƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ˜ |access-date= แƒ“แƒ |date=-แƒจแƒ˜ (แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ) โ†‘ Sir Charles Eliot - "Turkey in Europe" - London 1908, re-printed 1965 (pp. 370-382; 430 - 441): "..After the Greco-Turkish war the Vlachs of Thessaly petitioned the Powers that they might be placed under Ottoman and not Greek Government." [...] โ†‘ Nandris, John.
34,802
261) 1 2 "Report: The Vlachs".
"The Aromani" (In "World Archaeology" 17/1985, p.
34,803
Greek Monitor of Human & Minority Rights. 1 (3).
261). โ†‘ Greek Monitor of Human & Minority Rights.
34,804
1995.
1 (3).
34,805
Archived from the original on 2015-01-16. Retrieved 2013-10-18. โ†‘ Baicu, Cornel (29 August 2003). ""Rumรคnien ist fรผr uns eine zweite Heimat"" (in German).
1995. แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 18 October, 2013. โ†‘ Baicu, Cornel (29 August, 2003). โ€ž"Rumรคnien ist fรผr uns eine zweite Heimat"โ€œ (แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜).
34,806
Deutsche Welle. โ†‘ "Aromanians: Report โ€“ Document 7728". Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 17 January 1997.
Deutsche Welle. แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒ›แƒ”แƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ˜ |date=-แƒจแƒ˜ (แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ) โ†‘ Aromanians: Report โ€“ Document 7728.
34,807
Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. โ†‘ "Recommendation 1333 (1997) on the Aromanian culture and language". Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 24 June 1997.
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (17 January, 1997). แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 6 August, 2011 โ†‘ Recommendation 1333 (1997) on the Aromanian culture and language.
34,808
Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. โ†‘ "Letter to Chapters No. 167" (in Greek). Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs. 18 March 2004.
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (24 June, 1997). แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 6 July, 2011 โ†‘ Letter to Chapters No. 167 (in Greek).
34,809
Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. โ†‘ Dr. Thede Kahl - Ethnologica Balkanica ("The Ethnicity of Aromanians after 1990: the Identity of a Minority that Behaves like a Majority" 6/2002, p.154) โ†‘ "It's not Greek enough to them". Aromanian Vlachs: The Vanishing Tribes. 13 July 2001.
Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs. แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 12 August, 2014 โ†‘ It's not Greek enough to them.
34,810
Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. โ†‘ "Parliamentary Question โ€“ Subject: 15-month prison sentence handed down to Mr Sotiris Bletsas for distributing information material financed by the Commission". European Parliament.
Aromanian Vlachs: The Vanishing Tribes (13 July, 2001). โ†‘ Kahl, Thede.
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3 May 2001. Retrieved 18 October 2013. โ†‘ Thede Kahl, Istoria Aromรขnilor, Editura Tritonic, 2005, Bucureศ™ti, ISBN 973-733-041-2, p. 133-134
Istoria Aromรขnilor, Editura Tritonic, 2005, Bucureศ™ti, ISBN 973-733-041-2, pp. 133-134.
34,813
Byzantine period
แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜
34,814
Ottoman period
แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ˜
34,815
An international embargo against Northern Cyprus[1] is currently in place in several areas. The embargo is supported by the policy of the United Nations[2] and its application by the European Union is in line with a European Court of Justice (ECJ) decision taken in 1994.[3]
แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒกแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ  แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒก แƒฃแƒญแƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒก 1994 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก. [1] แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒ™แƒšแƒฃแƒ–แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ . แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ 1983 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’. แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ: แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฐแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ. แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ 1994 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ“แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜; แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฏแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒแƒ  แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ”.[2] [3]
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After the Annan Plan for Cyprus, there were promises by the European Union that sanctions on Northern Cyprus would be eased, including an opening of the ports, but these were blocked by the Republic of Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots can technically export to the world through the Green Line, but this requires the approval of the Republic of Cyprus and heavy bureaucracy, which is perceived as impractical by Turkish Cypriot business people.[1]
แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒœแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒฃแƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒชแƒ“แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ™แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ›. แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ“, แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ "แƒ›แƒฌแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ” แƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก" แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒซแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ“แƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒก, แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒฃแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. [1]
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In the 2000s and 2010s, global enterprises and companies have opened up to Northern Cyprus through Turkey, which has been perceived as a form of normalization by Turkish Cypriots. However, Turkish Cypriots can access the global market only as consumers, but not as producers, and this access is still dependent on Turkey.[9]
2000-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ 2010-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฎแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ, แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ— แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ• แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. [1]
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Transport embargo
แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ
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The port of Famagusta, where the international traffic is affected by the embargo.
แƒคแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒแƒก แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒซแƒ แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“ แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.
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Northern Cyprus is accessible to international communications, postal services and transport only through Turkey.[10]
แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒกแƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜. [1]
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Flights to the Ercan International Airport of Northern Cyprus are banned internationally.[11] Non-stop flights only take place from Turkey, which is the only country to recognise Northern Cyprus, and all planes that fly to Northern Cyprus from other countries have to stop over in Turkey.[12] In 2005, a non-stop, chartered flight between Azerbaijan and Northern Cyprus, the first one ever from a country other than Turkey,[3] was hailed as a landmark and Azerbaijan started accepting Turkish Cypriot passports.[14]
แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ”แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ›แƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฉแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜. 2005 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฉแƒœแƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“. แƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒ˜แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜. [1] [2] [3] [4]
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In the congress of the Universal Postal Union in Rio de Janeiro in 1979, the Republic of Cyprus obtained a declaration that stated that Turkish Cypriot stamps were illegal and invalid.[1]
1979 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ แƒ˜แƒ-แƒ“แƒ”-แƒŸแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒคแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ™แƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ  แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. [1]
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Turkish Cypriots have partly overcome restrictions on personal travel by obtaining passports issued by the Republic of Cyprus. According to Rebecca Bryant, a specialist on Cyprus, with the development of Turkish Airlines and the bankruptcy of Cyprus Airways, Ercan was busier than Larnaca International Airport as of 2015, but it was still dependent on Turkey.[1]
แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒฎแƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ–แƒฆแƒฃแƒ“แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒแƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒฎแƒแƒ–แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, 2015 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ”แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒšแƒแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ, 2017 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒšแƒแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒก แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ 400%-แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒก แƒขแƒ แƒแƒœแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ™แƒแƒชแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ“, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒจ แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒแƒขแƒฃแƒกแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒซแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒœ แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒฉแƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ›แƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜ แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—, โ€žแƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ แƒšแƒแƒ แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒโ€œ. [1]
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Meliz Redif, the first Turkish Cypriot athlete in the Olympic Games, had to obtain Turkish citizenship in order to participate.
แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ– แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒคแƒ›แƒ, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅ แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ
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Turkish Cypriots cannot participate in international sports competitions.[16] The International Olympic Committee bans Turkish Cypriots from participating in the Olympic Games as independent athletes under the Olympic flag, and requires them to compete under the flag of a recognized country. Meliz Redif, the first Turkish Cypriot to participate in the Olympics, thus had to obtain Turkish citizenship, while some athletes refuse to compete for another country.[17]
แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒš แƒจแƒ”แƒฏแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒš แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒœ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒจ. แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ” แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜, แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ  แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒซแƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒฆแƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒแƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. [1]
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The Republic of Cyprus deems business conducted in the north as illegal, which has hampered concerts by international bands or singers.[21] In 2010, a concert by Jennifer Lopez, scheduled to take place in Northern Cyprus, was cancelled after extensive campaigning by Greek Cypriot groups.[22] Rihanna also cancelled a concert after a similar campaign.
แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒ”แƒฌแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒจแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒœ แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒก. 2010 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ’แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฏแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒคแƒ”แƒ  แƒšแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒฅแƒ›แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ . แƒ›แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฃแƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒแƒช.
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In 2012, Julio Iglesias cancelled a concert and then sued the hotel and Turkish Cypriot authorities, claiming that he had been misled with regards to the legitimacy of the concert. Nevertheless, international concerts continue taking place.[21]
2012 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒฃแƒฅแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜. แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฃแƒฉแƒ˜แƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒชแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒช แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก. [1] [2] [1]
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Northern Cyprus cannot participate or apply to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest.[1]
แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒก แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒก แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒก แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“. [1]
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After the economic destruction of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, the southern part of the island received heavy subsidies from the international community to develop its economy. Northern Cyprus, meanwhile, only received aid from Turkey and very little international aid. This caused less economic development compared to the south, and an economic dependence on Turkey.
1974 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒญแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒซแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒจ, แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฃแƒ‘แƒกแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ’แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ. แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒ˜ โ€• แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ. แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒคแƒกแƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ—แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ—แƒ–แƒ”..
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[6] The economic embargo prevents foreign cash flow as the external demand is stifled and the use of foreign savings through borrowing and capital inflows is rendered impossible.[2] The embargo has also restricted the tourism sector.[7]
[1] [2] แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒคแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ“แƒก แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ”, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ–แƒฆแƒฃแƒ“แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ— แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒ”. [3]
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Until 1994, the United Kingdom, Germany, and some other European Countries accepted Turkish Cypriot food products, including citrus, being directly imported. While a 1972 agreement granted access to the European market to goods regulated by the Republic of Cyprus, the agreement was interpreted as applying to the whole island and the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce gave certificates that bore the old stamps of Cyprus, rather than that of the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus or the TRNC.
1994 แƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒ, แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ  แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› 1972 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒš แƒ‘แƒแƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ” แƒ•แƒ แƒชแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒซแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒญแƒ แƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒแƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒซแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—.
34,833
In 1983, upon the declaration of the TRNC, the Republic of Cyprus changed its stamps and notified the European Union and its member states that only certificates with its new stamps, originating from territory under the control of the Republic, should be accepted. However, the Council of Europe reiterated that both sides should benefit equally from such an agreement, and Turkish Cypriot goods continued to be imported directly.[1] The British Ministry of Agriculture issued a statement that "the Turkish-Cypriot certificates were just as good as the Greek-Cypriot ones."[8]
[1] 1983 แƒฌแƒ”แƒš, แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ  แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒขแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒฃแƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒขแƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒจ แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ” แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ, แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒญแƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒฐแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› โ€žแƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒคแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก.โ€œ [2]
34,834
In 1992, a group of Greek Cypriot citrus producers sued the UK Ministry of Agriculture, and the case was referred to the European Court of Justice. The ECJ ruled against the acceptance of Turkish Cypriot goods, and thus in effect instituted an embargo against Northern Cyprus. The decision has been criticized as the ECJ stepping beyond its scope and precipitating an embargo that should only be imposed by political bodies.[1] The decision also exposed Turkish Cypriot goods to an additional duty of at least 14%, and cargoes were immediately turned back from European countries, resulting in profound damage in Turkish Cypriot economy.[2]
[1] 1992 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฏแƒ’แƒฃแƒคแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒฉแƒ˜แƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒชแƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒก. แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒฃแƒ แƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ— แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’. แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒชแƒ“แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฉแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒ› 14%-แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒงแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒ• แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒช แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒฉแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ— แƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒžแƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒก.
34,835
In 2014, the Chairperson of "Doctors Against Corruption" has been appointed a Special Adviser to the Ministry of Health.[9]
2014 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒก แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒ›แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒฏแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒกแƒ โ€žแƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’โ€œ [1]
34,836
There was publication of List of Licensed Medical Practitioners In October 2015 on the Serbian Medical Chamber's website which wasn't previously accessible to the citizens[10]
แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒžแƒแƒšแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒขแƒ–แƒ” 2015 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒ–แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก [1]
34,837
The Health Protection Act and the Health Insurance Act came into force on 11 April 2019. There is a list of health institutions that cannot be privately owned:
แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ 2019 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 11 แƒแƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒšแƒก . แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒแƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ:
34,838
emergency medical assistance, provision of blood and blood products, harvesting, preservation and transplantation of human organs and parts of human bodies, production of serums and vaccines, pathoanatomy and autopsy forensic medicine service
แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ; แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒฃแƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒ–แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒงแƒแƒคแƒ; แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฎแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ•แƒ; แƒจแƒ แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ; แƒžแƒแƒ—แƒแƒแƒœแƒแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ; แƒกแƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜;
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A Register of Health Institutions is to be established by the Agency for Business Registers of Serbia by 11 October 2020. A common waiting list system is to be established.
แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ  2020 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 11 แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜.
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Patients are obliged to submit to targeted preventive examinations. If they fail to undergo a mandatory screening without justification they have to contribute a maximum 35% of the total cost of health services if they are diagnosed before the next screening cycle begins.
แƒžแƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ–แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ”แƒ  แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ แƒกแƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒฃแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒจแƒ”, แƒ›แƒแƒ— แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒœแƒแƒœ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฃแƒ› 35%, แƒ—แƒฃ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฅแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”.
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Gifts worth more than 5% of the average monthly net salary in Serbia to health professionals are outlawed.[11]
แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒก 5%-แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฉแƒฃแƒฅแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก . [1]
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Self care is mainly practiced when a patient is already ill versus as a preventive measure. Care is usually sought from healthcare professionals such as doctors or nurses where bribes are commonly expected, but some folk medications are used such as teas, vinegar, herbs, and vitamins.
[1] แƒฐแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜, แƒœแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒšแƒ™แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜ (2005) แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ’แƒแƒกแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“ แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก "แƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ ... แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ" (แƒ’แƒ•. 51).
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โ†‘ "Serbia - EUGMS". โ†‘ Aleksandra Petrovic. "Lives on the line as Serbia battles healthcare corruption - Space for Transparency". 1 2 3 4 "Koliko je efikasno zdravstvo u Srbiji?". mons.rs (in Serbian).
โ†‘ Serbia - EUGMS. โ†‘ Lives on the line as Serbia battles healthcare corruption - Space for Transparency. โ†‘ โ€žKoliko je efikasno zdravstvo u Srbiji?โ€œ. mons.rs (แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜).
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26 January 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2020. โ†‘ "Hospital beds by type of care". eurostat.ec.europa.eu. eurostat. Retrieved 6 March 2020. โ†‘ "World Bank Helps Serbia Improve Health Care System and Strengthen Confidence in the Financial System". worldbank.org.
26 January 2018. แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 6 March 2020. โ†‘ Hospital beds by type of care. eurostat. แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 6 March 2020 โ†‘ โ€žWorld Bank Helps Serbia Improve Health Care System and Strengthen Confidence in the Financial Systemโ€œ. worldbank.org.
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25 February 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2020. โ†‘ Kunitz, 2004 โ†‘ Nelson et al., 2003 โ†‘ McCarthy, 2007 โ†‘ "Outcomes in EHCI 2015" (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse.
25 February 2014. แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 6 March 2020. โ†‘ Kunitz, 2004 โ†‘ Nelson et al., 2003 โ†‘ McCarthy, 2007 โ†‘ โ€žOutcomes in EHCI 2015โ€œ (PDF).
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26 January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2017.
Health Consumer Powerhouse.
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Retrieved 27 January 2016. โ†‘ "Healing Serbia's Health Care System | Transforming Lives | Asia Regional | U.S. Agency for International Development". www.usaid.gov. 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2019-04-01. โ†‘ "New health-related legislation in Serbia".
26 January 2016. แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ (PDF) โ€” 6 June 2017. แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 27 January 2016. โ†‘ Healing Serbia's Health Care System | Transforming Lives | Asia Regional | U.S. Agency for International Development. www.usaid.gov (2016-12-30). แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 2019-04-01 โ†‘ โ€žNew health-related legislation in Serbiaโ€œ.
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12 April 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019. โ†‘ Hjelm et al., 1999
12 April 2019. แƒชแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ˜: 20 May 2019. โ†‘ Hjelm et al., 1999
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The healthcare system is managed by the National Health Insurance Fund (RFZO), which covers all citizens and permanent residents. All employees, self-employed persons, and pensioners must pay contributions to it.
แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒก แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜ (NHIF), แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ• แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒก. แƒคแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒแƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ, แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒ. แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒข แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒก.
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Contributions are based on a sliding scale, with wealthier members of society paying higher percentages of their income.[1] Despite this, corruption still remains a serious problem due to low salaries, with many doctors demanding bribes in exchange for better treatment, although there is a major campaign against corruption from the government and NGOs.[2]
[1] แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ• แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒš แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒก แƒ˜แƒ—แƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒก แƒฃแƒ™แƒ”แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ—แƒฃแƒ›แƒชแƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก. [2]
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As of 2014, the expenditure on health care in Serbia was 10.37% of GDP in 2014, US$1,312 per capita.[3] Also, as of 2014, Serbia had 308 doctors per 100,000 people (360 per 100,000 people was European Union (EU) average), 628 non-doctoral medical staff per 100,000 people (1,199 per 100,000 people was EU average).[3] Although there is a trend of decreasing number of hospital beds per 100,000 people in Europe due to better efficiency and diagnostics, Serbia is among countries in Europe with 552 hospital beds per 100,000 people.[3][4] In terms of the availability of medical equipment, Serbia is slightly trailing behind the average of EU countries.[3]
2014 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒชแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒจแƒž-แƒก 10,37%-แƒก 2014 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, 1,312 แƒแƒจแƒจ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒ— แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒ–แƒ”. [1] แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ, 2014 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ 308 แƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ 100 000 แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ” (แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒจแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ 360 แƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜ 100 000 แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ”), 628 แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ™แƒ˜ 100 000 แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ” (แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ 1199 แƒ”แƒฅแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ˜ 100 000 แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ” ). แƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒแƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฃแƒ›แƒฏแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ, แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒจแƒ˜ 100 000 แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“, แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ 100 000 แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ–แƒ” 552 แƒกแƒแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒงแƒแƒคแƒ แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ—. แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒแƒฆแƒญแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒแƒ• แƒฉแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒจแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒก. [2]
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Development of life expectancy at birth in Serbia
แƒ˜แƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ แƒซแƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ
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In the past few decades, there have been numerous changes in the healthcare system that were set up when Serbia was a part of SFR Yugoslavia. During those years, healthcare was free but practically unavailable to all people, there were no fixed prices, and services were often abused.[citation needed] Today, reforms have mandated but failed to implement a basic level of health services for all people, but at varying levels or co-payment. Services not covered may be supplemented by private insurance.[6] Current concerns in the field of Serbian healthcare, as reported by the medical staff providing care, are poor funding for primary care, inadequate equipment and supplies, inadequate salaries, and inadequate continuing medical education.[7] Overall, the recent healthcare reforms have tried to change the emphasis from curative to preventive care.[8]
แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ” แƒแƒ—แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ“แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒ’แƒแƒกแƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก SFR แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ. แƒ˜แƒ› แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฌแƒ•แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ, แƒแƒ  แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒคแƒ˜แƒฅแƒกแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ [1] แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ“แƒฆแƒ”แƒก แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ—แƒจแƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒแƒฆแƒญแƒฃแƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ, แƒแƒ แƒแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ  แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒคแƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒข แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒ—แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ. แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“, แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒแƒชแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ—, แƒแƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒซแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒแƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ–แƒ”.
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In 1946, he enrolled at Columbia University School of General Studies to study philosophy.[9] After the war, Bryan received a Fulbright Scholarship to study at the University of Marseille at Aix-en-Provence and later returning for two years to study at the University of Freiburg in Germany.[10]
1946 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒชแƒฎแƒ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒกแƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ“. [1] แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ แƒคแƒฃแƒšแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒฅแƒก-แƒแƒœ-แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ“. [2]
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Retirement and death
แƒžแƒ”แƒœแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒ•แƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ•แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜
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Bryan died at his niece's home on February 4, 2022, at the age of 98. He had congestive heart failure.[1][14]
แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒชแƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ 2022 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 4 แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒก, 98 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ’แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ’แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—. [1] [2]
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Ashley Bryan Ashley Bryan in 2007 Born (1923-07-13)July 13, 1923 New York City, U.S. Died February 4, 2022(2022-02-04) (aged 98) Sugar Land, Texas, U.S. Occupation Writer, illustrator, teacher Education Cooper Union School of Art Columbia University University of Marseilles University of Freiburg Period 1950โ€“2020 Genre children's picture books Subject African American studies Notable works Dancing Granny Beat the Story-Drum, Pum-Pum Beautiful Blackbird Notable awards Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal 2009 Virginia Hamilton Award 2012
แƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜:Infobox writer
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Ashley Frederick Bryan (July 13, 1923 โ€“ February 4, 2022) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books. Most of his subjects are from the African-American experience.
แƒ”แƒจแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ (1923 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 13 แƒ˜แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ โ€“ 2022 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 4 แƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜) แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ•แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒŸแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ แƒ-แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒ.
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He was U.S. nominee for the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2006[1] and he won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award for his contribution to American children's literature in 2009.[2] His picture book Freedom Over Me was short-listed for the 2016 Kirkus Prize and received a Newbery Honor.
2006 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒแƒจแƒจ-แƒก แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒฐแƒแƒœแƒก แƒ™แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ’แƒ แƒšแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒ’แƒแƒšแƒก แƒฃแƒแƒ˜แƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ•แƒ แƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก 2009 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก. แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜ Freedom Over Me แƒ›แƒแƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ 2016 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ” แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒฆแƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ .
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Ashley Frederick Bryan was born on July 13, 1923, in Harlem and raised in the Bronx, both in New York City.[3] His father worked as a printer of greeting cards and loved birds, and Bryan remembered their apartment as full of a hundred birds.[3][4] He was born the second of six children and grew up with his three cousins.
แƒ”แƒจแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™ แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ 1923 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 13 แƒ˜แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒก แƒฐแƒแƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒ›แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒœแƒฅแƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒœแƒ˜แƒฃ-แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒจแƒ˜. [1] แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒšแƒแƒชแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒญแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฃแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฉแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒฉแƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฉแƒ˜แƒขแƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ”.
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Bryan recalled his childhood in New York City during the 1930s as an idyllic time, full of art and music.[5] He learned to draw, paint, and play instruments at school from artists and musicians participating in the Work Projects Administration program.[5] With books he checked out from the library, Bryan made his own, temporary collection at home.
[1] [2] แƒ”แƒฅแƒ•แƒก แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒซแƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ. แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ•แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒก, แƒœแƒ˜แƒฃ-แƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ™แƒจแƒ˜ 1930-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜,แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ” แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ—. แƒ›แƒแƒœ [3] แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ, แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒกแƒขแƒ แƒฃแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒ•แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒแƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒ” แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒ’แƒแƒœ แƒ˜แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ.
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He particularly enjoyed poetry, folktales, and fairy tales; stories that could be told within a brief span of pages.[6]
[3] แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒฅแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฃแƒงแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒแƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ, แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ–แƒฆแƒแƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ–แƒฆแƒแƒžแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜; แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜.
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Bryan attended the Cooper Union Art School, the only African-American student at that time. He had applied to other schools who had rejected him on the basis of race, but Cooper Union administered its scholarships in a blind test.[7]
แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒžแƒ”แƒ  แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒคแƒ แƒ-แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ›แƒแƒช แƒฃแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ—แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ˜แƒ—, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒžแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒชแƒ แƒ™แƒฃแƒžแƒ”แƒ  แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ. [1]
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At the age of nineteen, World War II interrupted his studies. He was drafted into the U.S. Army and assigned to serve in a segregated unit as a member of a Port Battalion, landing at Omaha Beach on D-Day. He was so ill-suited to this work that his fellow soldiers often encouraged him to step aside and draw.
แƒชแƒฎแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒคแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ›แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ. แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ”แƒก แƒแƒจแƒจ-แƒก แƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒชแƒแƒšแƒ™แƒ”แƒฃแƒš แƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒแƒงแƒแƒคแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฐแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ–แƒ” D-Day-แƒ–แƒ”. แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒชแƒฃแƒ“แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒซแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒฎแƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒœแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ. แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒจแƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒœแƒ˜แƒฆแƒแƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜.
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He always kept a sketch pad in his gas mask.[1] His book, Infinite Hope,[8] is an autobiographical journey during the war.
[1] แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒ’แƒœแƒ˜, แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜, [2] แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ•แƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒคแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ–แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก.
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In 2000, Andrews was employed by Fox Sports Florida as a freelance reporter.
2000 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ Fox Sports Florida-แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ“.
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From 2001 to 2002, she served as a Tampa Bay Lightning reporter for the Sunshine Network.
2001 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ 2002 แƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ Tampa Bay Lightning-แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ“ Sunshine Network- แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก.
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From 2002 to 2004, Andrews covered the Atlanta Braves, Atlanta Thrashers, and Atlanta Hawks for the Turner South network as a studio host and reporter.[1]
2002 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ 2004 แƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒจแƒฃแƒฅแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ Atlanta Braves-แƒก, Atlanta Thrashers-แƒก แƒ“แƒ Atlanta Hawks-แƒก Turner South แƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜. [1]
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Erin Jill Andrews[1] (born May 4, 1978)[2] is an American sportscaster, television personality, and actress. She rose to prominence as a correspondent on the American cable sports channel ESPN after joining the network in 2004. She later joined Fox Sports in 2012 and has since become the lead sideline reporter for the network's NFL broadcasting team.
แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒœ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒš แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ [1] (แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ 1978 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 4 แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒก) [2] แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜, แƒขแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒก 2004 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒžแƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒš แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒš แƒแƒ แƒฎแƒ–แƒ” ESPN. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—, 2012 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ“แƒ Fox Sports-แƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒงแƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก NFL แƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒฃแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก .
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In 2010, she also gained further recognition from placing third on the tenth season of ABC's Dancing with the Stars and eventually co-hosted the show from 2014 to 2019 with Tom Bergeron.
2010 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ ABC ' Dancing with the Stars- แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ—แƒ” แƒกแƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ” แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒแƒ“ 2014 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ 2019 แƒฌแƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒขแƒแƒ› แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒแƒฃแƒก.
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Andrews previously lived in Atlanta, Georgia, but now lives in Los Angeles, California.[31] She was voted "America's sexiest sportscaster" in 2007 and 2008 by Playboy magazine.[32] She began a relationship with professional hockey player Jarret Stoll in December 2012.[33] The couple got engaged in December 2016 and married on June 24, 2017.[34][35]
แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒขแƒšแƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ›แƒŸแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒ˜แƒ’แƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒšแƒแƒก-แƒแƒœแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ แƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜. [1] 2007 แƒ“แƒ 2008 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒ Playboy-แƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก "แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒงแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒกแƒ”แƒฅแƒกแƒฃแƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ  แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ“" แƒ“แƒแƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ. [2] แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒฃแƒ แƒ—แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒแƒš แƒฐแƒแƒ™แƒ”แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒข แƒกแƒขแƒแƒšแƒ—แƒแƒœ 2012 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ˜ [3] แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒ 2016 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒœแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ 2017 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 24 แƒ˜แƒ•แƒœแƒ˜แƒกแƒก [4] [5]
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Stalking incident
แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜
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In 2008, Michael David Barrett, then 46, filmed Andrews in her hotel room through peepholes at the Nashville Marriott adjacent to Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, and the Radisson Airport hotel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
2008 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก, แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒš แƒ“แƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒ›แƒ, แƒ˜แƒ› แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก 46 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก, แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒก แƒ™แƒ”แƒœแƒญแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒฃแƒฆแƒ แƒคแƒแƒขแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒแƒก แƒœแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒš แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒขแƒจแƒ˜ , แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒขแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ“ แƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒจแƒ˜, แƒขแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒขแƒฃแƒ›แƒ แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒจแƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒจแƒ˜ .
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On July 16, 2009, one of these videos, in which Andrews appeared totally nude, was posted online and quickly went viral.[39] Barrett was arrested by the FBI on October 2, 2009, for interstate stalking, and pleaded guilty to the charges on December 15, 2009. A second tape of Andrews was discovered on Barrett's computer showing her nude in her room at the Radisson in Milwaukee.
2009 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 16 แƒ˜แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒก, แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒจแƒ˜แƒช แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฉแƒœแƒ“แƒ, แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฅแƒ•แƒ”แƒงแƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒ”แƒขแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฌแƒ แƒแƒคแƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ . [1] แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ FBI-แƒ› 2009 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 2 แƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒแƒ—แƒแƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ—แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช 2009 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 15 แƒ“แƒ”แƒ™แƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒ. แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒ˜แƒฃแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ–แƒ” แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒแƒฉแƒ˜แƒœแƒ”แƒก แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ›แƒ˜แƒšแƒฃแƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒแƒ—แƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ”แƒก แƒคแƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒ แƒแƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ.
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This tape was never made public.[40][41] On March 15, 2010, Barrett was sentenced to two and a half years in prison, three years of probation, $5,000 in fines, and $7,366 in restitution.[42] He served his sentence at the Seattle Community Correctional Center and was released on July 3, 2012.[43]
[2] [3] 2010 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 15 แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒขแƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒฏแƒ แƒแƒ แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒฌแƒแƒ“แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒ™แƒ•แƒ”แƒ—แƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒ— แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ, 5000 แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฏแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒ 7366 แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒขแƒฃแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ—. [4] แƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒฏแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒ˜แƒ”แƒขแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒš แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒฃแƒคแƒšแƒ”แƒก 2012 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 3 แƒ˜แƒ•แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒก [5]
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Andrews was born in Lewiston, Maine, to Paula Andrews, a teacher, and Steven Andrews, a broadcast journalist.[3][4] Her family moved to San Antonio, Texas when she was 5 years old, and then to Valrico, Florida[5] 18 months later,[6] when her father, a six-time Emmy Award winner, began working as an investigative reporter for NBC affiliate WFLA-TV.[7]
แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒšแƒฃแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒจแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒžแƒแƒฃแƒšแƒ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒก - แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒฌแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒœ แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒก - แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ แƒŸแƒฃแƒ แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒจแƒ˜. [1] [2] แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ˜แƒก 5 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒงแƒ,แƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ แƒแƒฏแƒแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœ แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒขแƒ”แƒฎแƒแƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒšแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒจแƒ˜, แƒคแƒšแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒจแƒ˜. [3] 18 แƒ—แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, [4] แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ›แƒ, แƒ”แƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒฅแƒ•แƒกแƒ’แƒ–แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฏแƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ, แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒซแƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒš แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒแƒ แƒแƒ“.
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Andrews describes herself as a tomboy as a youth, living a life that always revolved around sports, watching NBA games with her father growing up, particularly Boston Celtics games.[1] Andrews cited Hannah Storm, Melissa Stark, Lesley Visser, and Suzy Kolber as female sportscasters she looked up to who ultimately inspired her to become a sportscaster herself.[6]
แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒžแƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒญแƒก, แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ™แƒ˜ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒก. แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ—แƒแƒœ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒแƒ“ แƒฃแƒงแƒฃแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ NBA แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก, แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ‘แƒแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒกแƒ”แƒšแƒขแƒ˜แƒ™แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ›แƒแƒจแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก. [1] แƒฐแƒแƒœแƒ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒšแƒ”แƒกแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฃแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜, แƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒ แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒแƒ“ แƒจแƒ—แƒแƒแƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ“แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒกแƒžแƒแƒ แƒขแƒกแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜. [1]
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2000โ€“2004: Early work
2000โ€“2004: แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ
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Map from William Robert Shepherd's Historical Atlas, showing the Balkans in ca. 1265, with Thessaly in dark blue, labelled "P. of Wallachian Thessaly"
แƒ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ แƒฃแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒ› แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒข แƒจแƒ”แƒคแƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒขแƒšแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒฉแƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ—แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— 1265 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก. แƒ›แƒฃแƒฅแƒ˜ แƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒฏแƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ โ€žแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒฎแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒโ€œ.
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Great Vlachia or Great Wallachia (Aromanian: Vlรฃhia Mari; Greek: ฮœฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮท ฮ’ฮปฮฑฯ‡ฮฏฮฑ, romanized: Megรกlฤ“ Vlachรญa), also simply known as Vlachia (Aromanian: Vlรฃhia; Greek: ฮ’ฮปฮฑฯ‡ฮฏฮฑ, romanized: Vlachรญa), was a province and region in southeastern Thessaly in the late 12th century, and was used to denote the entire region of Thessaly in the 13th and 14th centuries. The name derives from the Vlachs (Aromanians), who had lived across much of the area.
แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ (แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“: Vlรฃhia Mari; แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“: ฮœฮตฮณฮฌฮปฮท ฮ’ฮปฮฑฯ‡ฮฏฮฑ), แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ”, แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ แƒช แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒฎแƒ˜แƒ (แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“: Vlรฃhia; แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ“: ฮ’ฮปฮฑฯ‡ฮฏฮฑ), แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒœแƒชแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ”-12 แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒแƒก แƒกแƒแƒ›แƒฎแƒ แƒ”แƒ—-แƒแƒฆแƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ˜แƒงแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒกแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒ’แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒ›แƒ”-13 แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”-14 แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜. แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒก แƒ•แƒšแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ (แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜), แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒช แƒแƒ› แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒฌแƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒ• แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ.
34,883
Aromanians in Greece List of traditional Greek place names History of the Aromanians Wallachia (disambiguation)
แƒแƒ แƒแƒ›แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ
34,885
1 2 ODB, "Vlachs" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 2183โ€“2184. 1 2 Soulis 1963, pp. 272โ€“273.
โ†‘ ODB, "Vlachs" (A. Kazhdan), pp. 2183โ€“2184. โ†‘ Soulis 1963, pp. 272โ€“273. โ†‘ ODB, "Vlachia" (A. Kazhdan), p.
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1 2 3 4 5 ODB, "Vlachia" (A. Kazhdan), p.
2183. โ†‘ Soulis 1963, p.
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2183.
273. โ†‘ Soulis 1963, p.
34,888
1 2 Soulis 1963, p. 273.
271. โ†‘ Fine 1991, p.
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1 2 3 Soulis 1963, p. 271. โ†‘ Fine 1991, p. 216.
216. โ†‘ Soulis 1963, p.
34,890
1 2 Soulis 1963, p. 272.
272. โ†‘ Osswald 2007, p.
34,891
1 2 Osswald 2007, p. 129. โ†‘ Fine 1994, pp. 162โ€“164. โ†‘ Fine 1994, p. 169. โ†‘ Nicol 1962, pp. 5โ€“6. โ†‘ Fine 1994, pp. 309โ€“310. โ†‘ Fine 1994, pp. 320โ€“321.
129. โ†‘ Fine 1994, pp. 162โ€“164. โ†‘ Fine 1994, p. 169. โ†‘ Nicol 1962, pp. 5โ€“6. โ†‘ Fine 1994, pp. 309โ€“310. โ†‘ Fine 1994, pp. 320โ€“321.
34,893
ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
34,894
ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
34,895
ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
34,896
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C. 63: 1โ€“16.
Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C. 63: 1-16.
34,897
JSTOR 25505111.
JSTOR 25505111.
34,898
"The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus".
"The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus.
34,899
In Ellis, Steven G.; Klusรกkovรก, Lud'a (eds.).
In Ellis, Steven G.; Klusakova, Lud'a (eds.).
34,900
Pisa: Edizioni Plus โ€“ Pisa University Press. pp. 125โ€“154.
Pisa: Edizioni Plus - Pisa University Press.
34,901
ISBN 978-88-8492-466-7.
Pp. 125-154.