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The Business of Broilers: Hidden Costs of Putting a Chicken on Every Grill
From one perspective, the system is astoundingly efficient, catapulting U.S. chicken consumption well over that of beef and pork. Factory-style production allows consumers to spend their food dollars on what appears to be an inexpensive meat that has been sliced, diced, deboned, and often cooked for them. But, in reality, this system is costly—for the environment, for many communities where chickens are raised for industrial production, and sometimes for chicken growers themselves. It puts many communities' water supplies at risk and places the burden for waste management on the contract growers. And when waste management practices fail, the cost of cleaning up polluted waterways falls on the public.
In its 2011 report “Big Chicken: Pollution and Industrial Poultry Production in America,” The Pew Charitable Trusts examined 50 years of data to take a fresh look at industrial poultry production and to make policy recommendations for managing chicken waste to mitigate its toll on land and water. In this report, we take a closer look at this highly integrated contract production system, which in many respects is unique to this industry, and what it means for the environment and the growers who raise America's broiler chickens.
Among our findings:
- Large processing plants benefit from nearby large- scale growing operations but in doing so force regional concentration and density of broiler waste production. This density makes sound management of that waste increasingly difficult due to its volume and, in many cases, has led to contamination of local streams and lakes. Protecting water resources from poultry waste requires a wider look at the cumulative impacts of processing plants and all their associated chicken-growing operations.
- Few growers are able to make a living solely from the broiler business. A 2001 study by the National Contract Poultry Growers Association and the U.S. Department of Agriculture revealed that 71 percent of growers whose sole source of income was chicken farming were living below the poverty line. They may not make enough money to pay for proper waste management, and poultry processing companies are often not held legally responsible for cleaning up. Proper waste management will require increased accountability from processing companies and a reasonable level of financial, technical, and other support for growers.
Poultry processors contract with individual farmers to tend company-owned birds according to very detailed specifications and directions. Each company has unique and frequently changing requirements for barn size, ventilation, watering systems, and other equipment but obligates growers to pay for these costly fixed assets. Under this system, even highly capable and environmentally responsible growers can be constrained by heavy debt. Poultry production that protects the environment must provide growers with opportunities and resources for innovation and proper management.
In this report, we also provide recommendations for correcting some of the most persistent problems associated with contract poultry production. These proposed reforms, which are detailed at the end of this report, are:
- Poultry processing companies should share responsibility for the waste products that are generated by poultry processing.
- The cumulative environmental effect of concentrating poultry production within a limited geographic area should be considered when siting or enlarging processing plants.
- Regulation should improve oversight of the contract system of poultry production to ensure that poultry growers are able to make well-informed decisions that protect the environment and public health.
These reforms will not come easily, but if adopted, they can help to create a more sustainable future for an American food staple.
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World War and Literature
Can you suggest any literature covering World War I to World War II that my 10th-grade world history class can read? I am looking for short stories or novels from that period that would interest my students. I would like stories that include what life was like during these years for young people.
Historical literature can really grab your students' interest. Consider the following excerpt:
They had come for him just after midnight. Three men in suits and ties and black fedoras with FBI badges under their coats. 'Grab your toothbrush,' they’d said. This was back in December, right after Pearl Harbor, when they were still living in the white house on the wide street in Berkeley not far from the sea. The Christmas tree was up and the whole house smelled of pine, and from his window the boy had watched as they led his father out across the lawn in his bathrobe and slippers to the black car that was parked at the curb.
He had never seen his father leave the house without his hat on before. That was what had troubled him most. No hat. And those slippers: battered and faded, with the rubber soles curling up at the edges. If only they had let him put on his shoes then it all might have turned out differently. But there had been no time for shoes.
Grab your toothbrush.
Come on. Come on. You’re coming with us.
We just need to ask your husband a few questions.
Into the car, Papa-san
Later, the boy remembered seeing lights on in the house next door, and faces pressed to the window. One of them was Elizabeth's, he was sure of it. Elizabeth Morgana Roosevelt had seen his father taken away in his slippers.
The next morning his sister had wandered around the house looking for the last place their father had sat. Was it the red chair? Or the sofa? The edge of his bed? She had pressed her face to the bedspread and sniffed.
"The edge of my bed," their mother had said.
That evening she had lit a bonfire in the yard and burned all of the letters from Kagoshima. She burned the family photographs and the three silk kimonos she had brought over with her nineteen years ago from Japan. She burned the records of Japanese opera. She ripped up the flag of the red rising sun. She smashed the tea set and the Imari dishes and the framed portrait of the boy's uncle, who had once been a general in the Emperor's army. She smashed the abacus and tossed it into the flames. "From now on," she said, "we are counting on our fingers."
The next day, for the first time ever, she sent the boy and his sister to school with peanut butter and jelly sandwiches in their lunch pails. "No more rice balls," she said. "And if anyone asks, you're Chinese."
The boy had nodded. "Chinese," he whispered. "I'm Chinese."
"And I," said the girl, "am the Queen of Spain."
"In your dreams," said the boy.
"In my dreams," said the girl, "I'm the King."
—When the Emperor Was Divine, a novel by Julie Otsuka, p. 7375
This list includes books considered to be for adult readers as well as books considered to be for young adult readers. These labels are only somewhat useful. Occasionally the young adult books are less challenging, though perhaps equally rewarding, for the reader.
A Very Long Engagement by Sebastien Japrisot won the Prix Interallie in 1991. This nonlinear mystery is a moving and incisive portrait of life in France during and after the First World War.
An ambitious, meticulously researched, novel, The Green Glass Sea by Ellen Klages is set in New Mexico in 1943 and told from the viewpoint of two disenfranchised children at Los Alamos where scientists and mathematicians converge (along with their families) to construct and test the first nuclear bomb. Grades 5up.
No Pretty Pictures, Caldecott illustrator Anita Lobel's haunting memoir of her traumatic years in Nazi-occupied Poland, is told from the perspective of a child—she is just five when the war begins—who does not fully comprehend what she is witnessing. Grade 6up.
Private Peaceful by Michael Morpurgo is a slim, stunning, and easily accessible novel written by the author of War Horse. "Exquisitely written vignettes explore bonds of brotherhood that cannot be broken by the physical and psychological wars of the First World War," said Horn Book Magazine. Grade 7up. Match with the superb photo-essay The War to End All Wars: World War I by Russell Freedman.
Bird in a Box by Andrea Davis Pinkney is a graceful, restrained, and detailed portrait of America's Great Depression, a time when the radio delivered the sound of Ella Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington into living rooms across the country and boxing champion, Joe Lewis, the "Brown Bomber," came to represent so much more than the zenith of a sport. Grade 4up.
Set on the Laguna Pueblo Reservation in the years immediately following World War II, Ceremony by Leslie Marmon Silko, focuses on Tayo, a young vet of mixed Indian ancestry. The book is Tayo's story of return and redemption. "The novel is very deliberately a ceremony in itself—demanding but confident and beautifully written," said the Boston Globe.
The Book Thief by Markus Zusak is an unsettling, unsentimental, poetic novel, set in World War II and narrated by Death. This is not an easy read, but it is a book that can change a life. Grade 9up.
We Are the Ship by Kadir Nelson is a sumptuous history of Negro League Baseball from its beginning in the 1920s to 1947 when Jackie Robinson broke the major leagues’ color barrier. Dazzling, almost iconic paintings illustrate the easygoing, conversational, historically detailed text, and all in all the book illuminates more than baseball in the '20s and '30s—it is a history of all of us. Grade 4up.
The narrator of Ruta Sepetys's Between Shades of Gray, 15-year-old Lina, begins "They took me in my nightgown." In 1941, Stalin is deporting families from Lithuania and imprisoning them in Siberia where daily life is brutal. It is the slim possibility of survival that provides hope. This book is similar to Esther Hautzig's earlier autobiographical novel, Endless Steppe in that it is similarly themed and equally searing. In Endless Steppe, 10-year-old Esther Rudmin is arrested with her family in Poland as "enemies of the people" and exiled to Siberia. Grade 6up.
Homestead, by Rosina Lippi, is a series of interconnected vignettes beginning in 1909, about life in Rosenau, a small isolated village in the Austrian Alps. The villagers harvest, tend animals, and make cheese. Against this pastoral backdrop are all of life's vicissitudes. The prose is clean and clear, each chapter is seemingly autonomous but as we see an event (over generations) from different characters' points of view, the life of Rosenau becomes increasingly rich and complex. This novel won the 1998 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award for best first fiction and was short-listed for the 2001 Orange Prize.
- When the Emperor Was Divine by Julie Otsuka
- A Very Long Engagement by Sebastien Japrisot
- The Green Glass Sea by Ellen Klages
- No Pretty Pictures: A Child of War by Anita Lobel
- Private Peaceful by Michael Morpurgo
- The War to End All Wars: World War I by Russell Freedman
- Bird in a Box by Andrea Davis Pinkney
- Ceremony by Leslie Marmon Silko
- The Book Thief by Markus Zusak
- We Are the Ship: The Story of Negro League Baseball by Kadir Nelson
- Between Shades of Gray by Ruta Sepetys
- The Endless Steppe: Growing Up in Siberia by Esther Hautzig
- Homestead by Rosina Lippi
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This my friends is one of the most terrifying advents in technology I can think of, the age of SKYNET and thinking machines is here!
For the first time in history not one but 5 machines have been able to not only trick people into thinking they are human but pass one of the most complex tests to benchmark a ‘thinking machine’ the ‘Turing’ test.
Five machines were recently tested by the Royal Society in central London on the 60th anniversary of the tests creation to see whether the machines could trick humans into believing they were human during a 5 minute unscripted conversation.
Judges were sat down in front of computers to hold an unplanned and unscripted chat with what they thought was another person and these five ‘thinking’ machines passed the tests 33% of the time. This is the first time that machines have ever passed the ‘Turing Test’
The machines that were tested were created by Russian-born Vladimir Veselov and Ukrainian Eugene Demchenko. The Turing test which was named after its famous inventor during world war 2 measures the ability of a machine to ‘think’. Wikipedia describes the entire process as follows;
The Turing test is a test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. In the original illustrative example, a human judge engages in natural languageconversations with a human and a machine designed to generate performance indistinguishable from that of a human being. All participants are separated from one another. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. The test does not check the ability to give the correct answer to questions; it checks how closely the answer resembles typical human answers. The conversation is limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so that the result is not dependent on the machine’s ability to render words into audio.
The test was introduced by Alan Turing in his 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” which opens with the words: “I propose to consider the question, ‘Can machines think?'” Because “thinking” is difficult to define, Turing chooses to “replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words.” Turing’s new question is: “Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in theimitation game?” This question, Turing believed, is one that can actually be answered. In the remainder of the paper, he argued against all the major objections to the proposition that “machines can think
Alan Turing through his immense intelligence was able to help end World War 2 by cracking codes and was shamefully chemically castrated by society for not conforming to what they considered ‘normal behaviour’.
The ability for machines to think and hold natural conversation will no doubt open up both an interesting and terrifying future for the human race. Machines will literally be able to teach our children, they will replace low-cost telemarketers in third world countries and even more terrifying could be used for cyber crime to terrorize the world.
Will the police forces of the future be human or machine? When we go to war next will it be against another country or will it be a war against the machines? How far away are we from seeing the next evolution of the drone program. Soon we will have machines that are not only armed to the teeth and able to withstand combat conditions but machines that think, calculate and project the battle to win every time!
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Starlings are medium-sized passerines, that often have dark plumage with a beautiful metallic sheen.
Just the Facts: Starling flight is strong and direct, and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. Several species live around habitation, and are effectively omnivores.
Many species search for food by opening the bill after probing it into dense vegetation; this behavior is called "open-bill probing" or is referred to by the German word "zirkeln."
Starling, aka... Many Asian
species, particularly the larger ones, are called mynas, and the
members of the African genus Lamprotornis are known as glossy starlings because of their iridescent plumage. The two species of Buphagus are called oxpeckers.
Chatty Kathies: Starlings have diverse and complex vocalizations, and have been known to imbed sounds from their surroundings into their own calls, including car alarms, and human speech patterns. The birds can recognize particular individuals
by their calls, and are currently the subject of research into the evolution of
Starling Strut: Starlings walk rather than hop. Their flight is quite strong and direct; they look triangular-winged
and short-tailed in flight. In most
of Europe, only the rarer and much paler Bohemian Waxwing shares
this flight profile.
This is a noisy bird uttering a wide variety of mechanical-sounding and melodic sounds, including a distinctive "wolf whistle." Starlings are also noted as mimics, like many of its family. In captivity, Starlings will learn to imitate all types of sounds and speech earning them the nickname "Poor-man's Myna".
Starling Invadors: Common Starlings introduced to North America have been a factor in reducing native cavity nesting bird populations (such as Bluebirds and Red-headed Woodpeckers) by competing aggressively for nesting cavities.
The "Black Sun" Phenomenon: During spring in Denmark, at approximately half an hour before sunset, flocks of more than a million European starlings gather from all corners to join in incredible formations. This phenomenon is called Black Sun and can be witnessed in early spring throughout the marshlands of western Denmark, from March through to the middle of April. The starlings migrate from the south and spend the day in the meadows gathering food, sleeping in the reeds during the night. The best place to view this amazing aerial dance is in the place called Tøndermarsken.
Hole in the Wall: Most species nest in holes, laying blue or white eggs.
European Starling: The European Starling or Common Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, is a passerine bird in the family Sturnidae. This starling is native to most of Eurasia, but has been introduced to South Africa, North America, Australia and New Zealand. It is resident in southern and western Europe, but northern and eastern populations migrate in winter to these regions, and also further south to areas where it does not breed in Iberia and north Africa. European Starlings will eat almost anything, including farmland invertebrates and berries, and garbage.
This is a highly gregarious species, forming huge flocks in winter, and providing a spectacular sight and sound as they descend into evening reed-bed roosts, often attracting birds of prey such as Merlins or Sparrowhawks.
Large roosts (exceptionally up to a million birds) can form in city centers, causing a great deal of mess from their droppings. Flocks are also noted for forming a tight sphere-like formation in flight, then expanding and contracting and even changing shape, all seemingly without any sort of leader.
Feathered and Familiar: The 19-22 cm long European Starling must be one of the most familiar of birds in temperate regions, with its shiny black plumage spangled with white. Confusion is only likely in Iberia in winter, when it has to be distinguished from the closely related Spotless Starling, which, as its name implies, has less spotting on its plumage. Adult male European Starlings are less spotted below than adult females. Juveniles are dull brown, and by their first winter resemble adults but are browner especially on the head.
Struggling Songsters: The European Starling has been adversely affected by intensive agriculture, and in countries like the UK it has been red-listed since its numbers are falling, although it remains a widespread and very common species.
Starling Subspecies: There are two subspecies of the European Starling. The Shetland Starling, S. vulgaris subsp. zetlandicus is slightly larger than the nominate S. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, and is found in Shetland, Fair Isle and the Western Isles.The Faroese Starling, S. vulgaris subsp. faroeensis is the largest (European) variant of the starling. The winter adult is black with blue shades, which become green in the summer. This subspecies is only found in the Faroe Islands.
Scottish Stars on the Rise: Originally the Starlings of Scotland and England were similar to those of the European mainland, but they died out in Scotland before 1800 and became rare in England. A hundred years later, around 1900, S. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, recolonised from Europe, and since about 1940 this subspecies has spread to Iceland, where there are today thriving colonies in both East and West Iceland. S. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris is occasionally seen in the Faroes too.
Introduced Populations: This adaptable and omnivorous species is considered to be a pest in several of the countries to which it has been introduced. The European Starling is a hole-nesting species and will nest in just about any cavity it finds. It has impacted on native species where it has been introduced because of competition for nest sites.
Bounty Hunters: In Western Australia, which is Starling-free, the government pays full-time hunters to patrol the border and shoot Starlings as they arrive.
Foreign Newcomers: Although there are approximately 200 million starlings in
North America, they are all descendants of approximately 60 birds released in Central Park, New York, by Eugene Schieffelin, who headed an acclimatization society
trying to introduce to North America every bird species mentioned in the works of William Shakespeare.
Bully Birds: The descendents of these Starlings have created mayhem in North America. Many species are losing nesting sites to the more aggressive Starlings. Starlings will also sometimes drive off native birds, including the bluebirds (Sialia spp.), the Purple Martin (Progne subis), Tree Swallows (Iridoprocne bicolor), and some
of the smaller species of woodpecker.
They have even been observed taking over the nests of House Sparrows, another introduced species.
A century after their introduction they have contributed to the decline of all of the above, multiplying rapidly, and can now be found throughout North America and Alaska to the point of overpopulation.
These birds pose enough of a threat to songbirds that it is legal to kill Starlings at any time in the U.S. and Canada, and a bounty may be paid. It is also a common practice where possible to set up nest boxes in backyards and wooded areas for native species to give them a chance, and to destroy Starling nests.
All text is available under the terms
of the GNU Free Documentation License
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Koala chlamydia: The STD threatening an Australian icon
- 25 April 2013
- From the section Magazine
The koala is unique to Australia and is an important symbol of the country. But numbers are plummeting and the survival of koalas is under threat. One of the reasons is the sexually transmitted disease chlamydia.
One of the most common places to find koalas in Australia these days is in the hospital.
About 50 miles (80km) north of Brisbane, at the Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, a female koala is under a mild anaesthetic.
"She's quite an old girl - I think she's over 10 years," says veterinary surgeon Amber Gillett.
The koala is called Penny. Gillett puts some ultrasound gel in Penny's pouch and looks at the ultrasound machine.
She's checking her bladder for symptoms of chlamydia.
Outside the clinic are a series of open-air enclosures. These are the "koala wards" - and they are pretty much full all-year round.
Last year, Gillett and her team treated about 300 koalas for chlamydia - and so far, 2013 has been a busy year too.
In people, chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease. A different strain infects koalas, but it too can be spread sexually, and it's causing a devastating epidemic. In some parts of Australia, koala infection rates are as high as 90%.
Chlamydia affects male and female koalas, and even the little ones called joeys - who pick it up suckling from their mothers in the pouch.
It causes blindness and infertility in koalas - and can be fatal. Visible signs of infection include conjunctivitis, and a condition dubbed "dirty tail", caused by urinary tract infections and incontinence.
Some other animals are also infected with the disease but it is usually at low levels. It affects koalas more seriously and experts don't know why that is.
But, as in humans, the disease is treatable with antibiotics. This means keeping the koala in captivity for the duration of the treatment - usually a few months - before releasing it back into the wild.
And that's where Jon Hanger, a wildlife biologist, takes over. In a eucalyptus wood outside Brisbane, he unfurls an antenna.
Some of the animals here have been fitted with radio collars, and Hanger follows the signal up to the base of a tall tree.
About 20 ft (6m) up, clinging on to a fork in the tree, is a koala called Maggie.
A couple of years ago, Maggie ended up in the hospital. Her uterus was infected - she had chlamydia - but the vets caught it early and she was given treatment.
"She's had two joeys since then, and hopefully, she's got a third one in the pouch as we speak, so she's a real success story," says Hanger.
But it's not always a happy ending for the koalas. Many have to be put down, and about half of females are left infertile - which means fewer koalas are being born.
Experts say it's hard to predict the total number of koalas in Australia, but it's likely to be somewhere between 50,000 and 100,000 - and in some areas, numbers have dropped by as much as 80% in the last 10 years.
Last year the Australian government listed koalas in Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory as a threatened species, and some are even warning the animal could face extinction if more is not done to protect it.
It's not just chlamydia that's threatening koalas. Many are struck by cars, or attacked by dogs. Others are pushed off their land due to urban sprawl.
And another threat comes in the form of a koala retrovirus, which - much like HIV in humans - suppresses a koala's immune system. It is also having a devastating impact.
Paul Young, a virologist at the University of Queensland in Brisbane says every koala he has tested in the northern part of the species' range has been infected with the retrovirus. And, he says, the "invading" virus is gradually making its way south.
Initially the infection was probably transmitted from koala to koala through physical contact, says Young, - but within the last century, the virus has managed to insert itself directly into koala sperm and eggs.
Because of the retrovirus, many koalas are dying of leukaemia and lymphoma. And it may also be compounding the impact of chlamydia - turning what would otherwise be a relatively minor disease, into something much more serious.
Many young koalas are left orphaned, but there's a small, and committed, army of volunteers who look after them until they are old enough to fend for themselves. They call themselves "koala carers".
"I'm passionately obsessed, I won't apologise," says Wanda Grabowski, who has hand-raised about 40 orphaned koalas in her home since 1999.
"I love everything about koalas - from their little furry ears down to the little poo that pops out of their bottoms!"
But it's not easy rearing these baby animals in their first year of life. "Joeys are most active at night-time, so you have to turn your day into night," she says.
And then, when they're a little older, you have to cut and collect fresh eucalyptus leaf - which can mean driving hours every day.
If all goes well, the koalas are eventually released back into the wild.
"I always investigate the sites where my joeys go," says Grabowski. "You wouldn't want to send your kid off to some strange place, would you? You'd check it out. So that's what I do as a good mum."
But long-term success in battling these diseases may only come if koalas can be prevented from getting sick in the first place.
Scientists at Queensland University of Technology (QUT) and The Australian Museum recently discovered what they call the "holy grail" to understanding the immune system of koalas - the IFN-g gene.
This should help them work out how, and why, koalas respond the way they do to retrovirus and chlamydia.
And they hope to start field trials on a vaccine for koala chlamydia very soon.
The vaccine has not been perfected, says Peter Timms, the microbiologist at QUT who developed it - but at least it's a start. And if it can begin to save lives now, so much the better.
Indeed koalas may have a thing or two to teach us. If the koala vaccine is successful, says Timms, it will act as a model for the development of a human chlamydia vaccine too.
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Golden Age of Aurora
The Oregon story is filled with distinct chapters about people seeking freedom and a fresh start in a new territory. We are a state of immigrants and it has been that way since the state’s earliest days. Oregon has always drawn folks seeking a better life.
You can tell a lot about an Oregon town by the music they play in the parades they march in a story as old as the state. The Aurora Colony Brass Band connects the past with the present through timeless music.
“The Aurora Brass Band was at the first Oregon State Fair – from the earliest days of the state and it was the glue that kept the community together,” said Old Aurora Colony Museum Curator Patrick Harris. “Each child – if they wanted to – could learn an instrument or be in the choir – they had a string orchestra and choirs so there was music at every function.”
Distinct music that made folks smile and put their town on the map. “Oompa-pa-pa music is the best way to describe it,” added Harris. “They also wrote their own songs, like the ‘Aurora March.’ It was a parade march and very patriotic.”
When you step inside a former ox barn that became a house that became the Old Aurora Colony Historic Museum, you quickly discover that Oregon’s first National Historic District holds on to history through its music, artistry and craftsmanship.
For example, the nimble fingers of quilter Mary Doak keep Aurora’s story relevant today. “Women were not necessarily encouraged or allowed to be artists,” noted the longtime quilter. “Quilts were one way for women to share their artistic expressions. It was a way for them to let that art out, spend time with their friends and catch up on what was going on in town.”
Nearby, Elizabeth Howley’s spinning wheel goes round and round to make thread and yarn for fabric. It began as a hobby that she was drawn to, but she quickly found new respect for the lifestyle of old Aurora. “I cannot imagine that every garment I wore would mean I had to spin the yarn and weave the fabric. Everything! It meant that someone in the family never stopped spinning if you were going to be clothed. My goodness!”
The Aurora Colony began in the 1860s, when 250 German and Dutch immigrants were led to Oregon by charismatic leader Wilhelm Keil. He named the town for his daughter, Aurora, and within short order the village grew to more than 600 residents. Folks put their shoulders to the wheel and built an economy and community out of the wilderness. They shared the wealth of their efforts with each other and according to Harris, Aurora became the first successful Christian commune to establish in Oregon.
Reg Keddie – a member of the Aurora Colony Historical Society, said that Aurora has more than 25 original homes and buildings that are listed on the National Historic Registry and the effort to preserve the past never ends.
“All of our historic buildings need constant attention or painting or parts that need to be replaced,” noted Keddie. “Plus, you can’t go down to Home Depot and buy something to fix a broken part. We must maintain buildings the way they were built.”
But the efforts to protect and preserve the town are worth it, for when you step inside them, it’s like taking a step back in time.
Harris insisted that the way to understand and appreciate Aurora’s pioneering past is to appreciate its musical history: “Almost everyone who traveled through Aurora back in the 1800s – and there were quite a few people who came through – mentioned that music was the reason for their visits. It made a good impression upon visitors – and that’s pretty rare.”
about author Grant McOmie
Grant McOmie is a Pacific Northwest broadcast journalist, teacher and author who writes and produces stories and special programs about the people, places, outdoor activities and environmental issues of the Pacific Northwest. A fifth generation Oregon native, Grant’s roots run deepest in the central Oregon region near Prineville and Redmond where his family continues to live.
In this Grant’s Getaway
Is any of the information on this page incorrect?
These maps and directions are for planning purposes only. You may find that construction projects, traffic, or other events may cause road conditions to differ from the map results. For travel options, weather and road conditions, visit tripcheck.com, call 511 (in Oregon only), 800.977.6368 or 503.588.2941.
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Founded in 2010, UpEnergy is focused on expanding access to clean and energy-efficient cookstoves in rural communities. These stoves dramatically cut down on smoke and harmful gas emissions. It also partners with technology manufacturers and local partners on the ground to deliver water purification equipment, solar lighting at affordable prices.
Kiva's partnership with UpEnergy will start in Uganda, where 96% of rural households collect or buy expensive firewood for cooking, lighting and heating. Many use traditional three-stone fires, which are not only super inefficient, but also extremely polluting. Imagine a fire inside a tiny indoor space, and the smoke that people must inhale. Respiratory issues are widespread for this reason. And, not surprisingly, women and children bear the brunt of this problem because they are most involved in cooking and household maintenance.
Wood burning stoves also contribute to Uganda's critical deforestation problem. Between 1990 and 2005, Uganda lost 26.3% of its forest cover, and has a current deforestation rate of 2% a year. Clean cookstoves, which use 50% less firewood, are one major solution that could address these issues and stem the tide of environmental destruction.
UpEnergy is special because it's making this solution affordable through innovative means. By collecting carbon credit revenues, the company is able to subsidize the price of clean energy products, making them reasonably-priced for the poor, even though they can cost up to 3 times as much to make.
So where does Kiva come in?
Kiva loans will be used to help retailers and other local distributors buy large inventories of cookstoves and other green products upfront. This enables them to sell products at affordable prices in very rural communities that would otherwise not be reached. Getting clean energy technologies to these people is a huge challenge, requiring steep transportation costs and other logistics.
When you lend to an UpEnergy retailer, you lower the barriers between manufacturers and customers, making it easier to get products in the hands of people who need them most. You also provide a way for that retailer to make a better living while doing something good in the world.
This includes retailers like Aaron (pictured above), who just got his $375 loan funded on Kiva to buy a bunch of efficient cookstoves to sell. Orphaned at a young age, Aaron lost six out of seven of his siblings and could only complete seven years of school. Despite all that, he's become a pillar of his community with a family of his own. This family includes both his four children and 10 orphans who he also sends to school. He hopes to better support this large household with income from selling stoves.
Want to lend to someone like Aaron? Check this link for more loans from UpEnergy . If we're all out for now, stay tuned. There will be more soon!
Have questions about UpEnergy or Kiva partnerships? Send them our way at [email protected] .
Images courtesy of UpEnergy .
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positron emission tomography (PET) scanning
How PET scanning worksSubstances that take part in biochemical processes in the body are labeled with radioisotopes (radioactive forms of elements, such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, or oxygen-15). These substances are injected into the bloodstream and are taken up in greater concentrations by areas of tissue that are more metabolically active. In the tissue, the substances emit positrons, which, in turn, release photons (particles of light). It is the detection of these photons that actually forms the basis of PET scanning.
By surrounding the patient with an array of detectors linked to a computer, the origin of the photons can be computed and a picture built of the distribution of the radioisotope.
What PET scanning is used forPET scanning is particularly valuable for investigating the brain. It is used for detecting tumors (which are more or less metabolically active than surrounding tissues), for locating the origin of epileptic activity within the brain, and for beaming brain function in various mental illnesses.
Related categories• HEALTH AND DISEASE
• MEDICAL TESTS
Home • About • Copyright © The Worlds of David Darling • Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy • Contact
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This is part two of a two-part piece. Part one can be found here .
By WILL ROGERS, Consumer Energy Report
There is a lot of uncertainty in the future petroleum market that is stirring anxieties about assured access to energy. Although technological breakthroughs in hydraulic fracturing (or “fracking”), ultradeep water offshore oil drilling and other techniques are unlocking new petroleum reserves in the western hemisphere to augment Middle East reserves , demand for energy could still outpace supply by mid-century, largely as a result of demand from major developing economies like China, Brazil, India and Turkey. As a result, petroleum supplies could become increasingly tight.
The Department of Defense increasingly faces concerns about assured access to energy resources necessary to power the military. Major supply disruptions stemming from conflict in the Persian Gulf that could close (even if only temporarily) the Strait of Hormuz, or a natural disaster that takes U.S. domestic petroleum refineries offline pose major challenges for the U.S. military and its dependence on petroleum. And even though legislation gives the Department of Defense priority access to U.S. domestic petroleum reserves, some policymakers share concerns that a long-term disruption could exhaust those supplies and put at risk the U.S. military’s ability to conduct its missions.
U.S. military investments in alternative biofuels are driven largely by this uncertainty in the global petroleum market and the need to reduce reliance on petroleum, which provides nearly 80 percent of all DOD energy. Diversification is the aim of the game. While energy conservation and efficiency programs and electrification of non-combat vehicles help hedge against this uncertainty by reducing the overall demand for energy, liquid fuels remain the real albatross for the military. Purchasing, producing and testing advanced biofuels that can serve as a drop-in replacement to conventional gasoline decades from now help diversify the liquid fuel sources and reduce the vulnerability of being tethered to only one source of fuel. The emphasis on drop-in replacement fuels is important: DOD is procuring aircraft, ships and vehicles today that will be in service for many decades and, as such, new liquid fuels must be chemically equivalent to work in engines being designed today.
Although current biofuels are not cost competitive with petroleum, the Department of Defense cannot wait for a petroleum supply disruption before it tests and evaluates new fuels in its combat equipment. Making investments in advanced biofuels today will drive the development so that these fuels (if and when they are needed) are standardized for military use. This will help the U.S. military hedge against a future where petroleum resources may be scarcer, requiring the military to rely on drop-in replacements. While critics will argue against this plausible but seemingly remote future, the military must be prepared for a range of contingencies, especially high-threat but low-probability ones.
(Read More: Current and Projected Costs for Biofuels from Algae and Pyrolysis )
Finally, DOD’s motivation to invest in clean biofuels such as hydro-treated algae fuel versus dirty alternative fuels derived from coal-to-liquid technologies is in part a response to the changing regulatory environment in the United States and abroad that is demanding the use of less-carbon intensive energy sources. President Barack Obama issued an Executive Order in October 2009 that charged federal agencies to measure and reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, providing military leaders with guidance on renewable energy investments. Additionally, many U.S. states like California have instituted renewable energy regulations that compel compliance by the U.S. military active in those states. Moreover, foreign countries in Europe and elsewhere have increased their environmental standards, including regulations on greenhouse gas emissions from fuels. The Department of Defense must be prepared to adapt to these emerging environmental regulations in order to guarantee the U.S. military’s freedom of access to foreign ports and territories.
Defense officials and military leaders overseeing DOD energy programs are promoting two linked but distinct efforts to address energy concerns.
The operational energy challenges that the United States faces today in Afghanistan and other countries threatens both blood and treasure. Military investments in energy efficiency and conservation programs, including renewable technologies that can displace the demand for petroleum, will help logisticians adapt to the challenges of fueling the force in a combat zone by reducing the total energy requirement and managing more efficiently the energy the military does consume.
Finally, given the strategic uncertainty of the global petroleum market, defense officials are helping lead the effort to research, develop, test and evaluate advanced biofuels that can serve as a drop-in replacement to conventional fuels.
Continuing these efforts will help the Department of Defense ensure it its prepared to adapt to a future where petroleum resources are increasingly scarce (even if that scenario seems remote), and, more importantly, ensure that its platforms will operate just as well on drop-in fuels.
This article originally appeared in Consumer Energy Report and is being republished with their permission. Their newsletter, Energy Trends Insider , identifies trends and provides in-depth analysis on issues in the energy sector.
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A viewer asked this question on 6/12/2000:
Are the rights of the majority diminished when the rights of the minority are upheld by the courts?
Majority = white male workers
Minority = all others as in women, blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Indians, handicapped, etc.
JesseGordon gave this response on 6/14/2000:
I would say that "majority" rights are not usually diminished when minority rights are upheld, for three reasons:
1) There's no such thing as "the majority." You define it as white male workers, but even within that group, some will be in your "minority" group definition of handicapped. Others will be in a "minority" when unemployed, when elderly, when with children, etc. In other words, we're ALL part of numerous minority groups in various aspects of our lives. Hence upholding minority rights helps the "majority" because people who are in any defined majority class are at other times in a minority class.
2) Granting rights to one group does not diminish the rights to another group. There's not a fixed pie chart of "rights", where giving a bigger piece of the pie to one group means you have to take away a corresponding sized piece of the pie from another group. Society as a whole can grant more rights to anyone, without hurting those who already have rights.
3) Presumably you're talking about something like an affirmative-action college admission program here. Yes, in a case like that, there IS a fixed size of pie (the number of college admission slots). And yes, when a minority candidate is admitted with less qualifications than a "majority" candidate, the majority member is hurt by it. But are his RIGHTS diminished? He still has the RIGHT to re-apply for admission, and the RIGHT to get admitted if his qualifications improve. He's hurt by affirmative action, but his rights remain intact. Of course, something like this instance is much murkier than instances discussing pure rights out of context; many people would say therefore that arguments about rights shouldn't be applied to specifics like college admissions.
Return to index
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State seeking info on bat colonies
The Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife is asking people to let biologists know if they spot bat colonies in buildings and other locations this summer.
It’s part of an effort to monitor the health of the state’s bat population, which has been devastated by white nose syndrome.
For example, the little brown bat was once the state’s most common bat. Now it’s on the state endangered species list.
State wildlife technician Alyssa Bennett said reporting bat colonies is one of the most important ways the public can help conserve the species.
She says the need for information is especially acute north of Interstate 89.
The “Got Bats?” campaign will continue throughout the spring and summer.
Bat colony reporting forms can be found on the department’s website.
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Alternate names: Konin [Pol, Yid, Rus]. Конин [Rus], קונין-Yiddish. 52°13' N, 18°16' E, 33 miles NNE of Kalisz, 55 miles WNW of Łódź. 1900 Jewish population: 2,482. Yizkors: Kehilat Konin be-ferihata u-ve-hurbana and Pinkas ha-kehilot; entsiklopediya shel ha-yishuvim le-min hivasdam ve-ad le-aher shoat milhemet ha-olam ha-sheniya: Poland vol. 1: The communities of Lodz and its region (Jerusalem, 1976). This town on the Warta river in central Poland with 81,233 inhabitants in 2006 is the capital of Konin County. Since 1999, it has been in the Greater Poland Voivodeship since 1999 and was in Konin Voivodeship (1975-1998). Konin Region: The Rememberance Foundation of Poland convinced regional authorities to make bronze plaques with the inscription in Polish stating that a Jewish Cemetery had existed and place them in 12 locations. Jews represented 30% of Konin's population prior to WWII. A descendant of Konin Jews, Theo Richmond an extensive history of Konin Jewish life. The majority of Konin Jews were Mitnagdim, although small communities of Gerer and Aleksander Hasidim lived within Konin. Source: U.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad. Map. synagogue sketch. synagogue photo. one gravestone photo. MUSEUM: Muzeum Okręgowe w Koninie. 62-505 Konin ul. Muzealna 6. Poland. Tel: +48 63 2427599 Fax: +48 63 2427431. [June 2009]
BOOK:Gruber, Ruth Ellen. Jewish Heritage Travel A Guide to East-Central Europe. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1992. p. 76
BOOK: Richmond,Theo. Konin: One Man's Quest for a Vanished Jewish Community. Vintage Books. 1996.
BOOK: Aaronson, Rabbi Yehoshua Moshe. Alei Merorot (Leaves of Bitterness). Self-published, B'nei Brak, Israel, 1996.
MASS GRAVE: Mass grave of Jews within the Catholic cemetery, victims of the CZARKOW (Konin) Forced Labour Nazi Camp (victims list and photo of proposed memorial with details about its creation). [June 2009]
US Commission No. POCE0000693
Konin is located in voievodship of Konin, 100 km from Poznan, 200 km from Warszawa at Lat 52.2167 Long 18.2667. Cemetery: on ul. Nadrzeczna. Present population is 25,00-100,00 with no Jews.
The earliest Jewish community was end of the 17th century. 1931 Jewish population was 2,800. Living here were the families Leszcsynski and Lipszyc. Leopold Infeld taught in the Jewish high school for some years. The cemetery was established in 1831 with the last Orthodox (Sephardic) or Reform burial in 1939. The isolated suburban crown of a hill has no sign or marker, no wall or fence. Reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open to all. The size is 1.2 hectares. It was 1.5 hectares before WWII. No gravestones are visible. The stones removed were most probably used for paving Buczka Street. [Street name may have been changed.] The cemetery was vandalized during WWII. Near the cemetery is the wooden house of the cemetery guard. A monument to Holocaust victims was established in 1959. Municipality owns property used for recreation. Adjacent properties are recreational. Private visitors visit it. Security and weather erosion are moderate threats. Incompatible nearby development is a serious threat. Within cemetery land are multistory residential buildings and the entrance to the city park.
Lucja Pawlicka-Nowak, 11 Listopada St 15/76, 62 510 Konin, tel. 434356 completed this survey on August 21, and visited 21 August 1992 and October 12, 1992. Literature, maps in the archives, interviews and documentation at the PSOZ were used to complete the survey. Piotr Rybczynski, Konin Archive, was interviewed on September 20, 1992.
|Last Updated on Sunday, 07 June 2009 12:30|
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Dentistry, Dental Practice, and the Community, 6th Edition
This great resource presents dentistry and dental practice against the ever-changing backdrop of economic, technological, and demographic trends, as well as the distribution of the oral diseases that dental professionals treat and prevent. The text is logically divided into five parts. Dentistry and the Community deals with the development of the dental and dental hygiene professions, demographics of the public, its use of dental services, and the professional role. Dental Practice covers the structure and financing of dental care, the personnel involved in providing that care, and the emerging field of evidence-based dentistry. The Methods of Oral Epidemiology provides a comprehensive assessment of the epidemiology of oral diseases and the determinants of their distribution in society. The Distribution of Oral Diseases and Conditions gives a detailed presentation of how the common oral diseases are distributed in the community. Prevention of Oral Diseases in Public Health discusses methods of preventing oral diseases in dental practice and through public health action.
Thorough explanations of how to read dental literature help readers understand how to draw their own conclusions from the latest studies.
Coverage presents a number of complex problems facing practitioners today regarding access to dental care, and discusses how to solve them by working with public authorities and insurers.
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Detailed content on providing dental care to the American public presents a unique opportunity to learn the system of dental care delivery.
State-of-the-art coverage of mercury issues offer a balanced view of issues like toxicity, potential hazards, review of evidence, and politics.
Ethical guidelines provide a discussion of how ethical principles have evolved over time and the precipitating events that pushed ethical practice into the forefront of health care.
Information on the development of dental professions gives readers insight into how these professions originated and their current state.
Content addresses evidence-based dentistry, and how it can and should become part of the everyday clinical life of the practitioner, since staying current is vital to providing excellent patient care. Discussions of infection control procedures and the impact of HIV and Hepatitis B incorporate new, updated guidelines in dental health care settings released in 2003.
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Entomology, the study of insects and related arthropods, is a relatively recent addition to the forensic investigator’s toolkit. Because insects have predictable life histories, habitats and developmental stages, the presence or absence of certain species at a crime scene – particularly a homicide – can provide important clues regarding when, where and even how that crime occurred. The 1990s saw a resurgence of interest in forensic investigations by entomologists.
Because insects play an important role in the decomposition process, the category ‘medicolegal forensic entomology’ has been used to describe the arthropod involvement in events surrounding felonies, usually violent crimes such as murder, suicide and rape. While a corpse covered with fly larvae (maggots) may be offensive to most people, it should be remembered that organisms such as maggots and beetles fill an important ecological niche in removing dead animals from the landscape. That certain species of insects have evolved to specialize in feeding on dead and decaying flesh, and do so in a predictable manner, allows a forensic entomologist to determine how long a corpse has been exposed to insects. Most frequently, the forensic entomologist is asked to determine the interval between death and corpse discovery, referred to as the postmortem interval (PMI). Determination of the postmortem interval is based on two major principles: (1) that the colonization of a corpse by insects follows a reasonably predictable succession of species; and (2) that developmental time for each stage of each species of insect is also predictable. Both of these principles are heavily influenced by environmental conditions, particularly temperature.
When an animal dies, it goes through five succession-al stages of decomposition that coincide with the activity of bacteria and insects (Table 1). The duration of each stage is directly related to the air temperature to which the corpse is exposed, as will be discussed below. While the length of each stage varies with temperature, the series of stages itself is very predictable, and a forensic entomologist can estimate time of death based on the stage of decomposition, the insects present, and past temperature data. Adult flies are generally the first insects to arrive at a corpse, appearing within minutes or hours after death to lay eggs or live larvae in some instances. Several thousand eggs may be laid on a corpse in a short period of time and the resulting maggots are the most important group of insects on a corpse, for they will eventually consume most of the decaying flesh. Maggot activity, and thus decomposition of the corpse, is greatest through the decay stage (Table 1). Through this level of de-composition, an entomologist can determine the PMI with a high degree of confidence by looking at the developmental stages ofthe maggots present. After the decay stage, when most of the flesh is gone, changes in the corpse and the insect fauna occur at a much slower rate, and it becomes increasingly difficult for a forensic entomologist to determine the PMI accurately. These later successional stages are dominated by dermestid beetles (Fig. 1), carrion beetles (Fig. 2), and other insects that feed on the dried flesh, skin and hair that remain on the corpse.
Table 1 Stages of decomposition, duration and associated arthropod fauna
|Stage of decomposition||Accumulated time3||Common insects found|
|Commences at the moment of death||0-3||Adult blowflies, flesh flies, muscid flies, yellow|
|and ends when bloating is evident.||jackets, ants, daddy longlegs|
|The breakdown of proteins and|
|carbohydrate molecules occurs|
|during this stage|
|Putrefaction occurs during this stage.||4-7||Adult and larval blowflies, flesh flies, muscid flies,|
|Gases produced from metabolic||rove beetles, hister beetles, carrion beetles, ants, assassin|
|activities of the anaerobic bacteria||bugs, yellow jackets|
|cause the corpse to inflate|
|Begins when the abdominal wall is||8-18||Adult and larval blowflies, rove and hister beetles, carrion|
|broken, allowing gases to escape and||beetles, dermestid beetles, ants, scarab beetles, muscid|
|the corpse to deflate||flies, cockroaches, red-legged ham beetles|
|In dry habitats, remains consist of dry||19-30Dermestid and hister beetles, mites, fungus beetles, springtails,|
|skin, cartilage and bones. In wet||fungus gnats, fruit flies, cheese skipper flies, phorid flies|
|habitats, a wet viscous material,|
|termed byproducts of decomposition,|
|are found around corpse|
|Bones, hair, dry skin remain. Odor that of||31 +||Dermestid beetles, ants, cheese skipper flies, sow bugs, soldier|
|normal soil and litter||flies, ground beetles|
Life Cycle of a Fly
Without a doubt, the flies (order Diptera) are the most important group of insects that forensic entomologists use in determining the PMI. Two families of flies in particular have evolved to specialize on carrion: blowflies (Calliphoridae), and the flesh flies (Sarcophagidae). Blowflies are generally medium- to large-sized insects, with a metallic green or blue color, and are often referred to as ‘greenbottle’ and ‘bluebottle’ flies (Fig. 3). Adult female blow flies may begin to lay eggs on a corpse within minutes to hours after an individual dies. Egg laying, or oviposition, for these flies is primarily a daylight activity, and as such, may be delayed for several hours if a corpse is deposited during the night time. Eggs are initially deposited around naturally moist open areas of the body, such as eyes, nose, ears and mouth, but also are laid around wounds. A single adult female blowfly may lay up to several hundred eggs in a short period of time. Flesh flies are usually gray with black longitudinal stripes (Fig. 4). Female flesh flies deposit tiny live larvae in the same areas of the body where blowfly eggs are laid. The maggots of flesh flies are usually much less numerous than blow fly maggots.
The order Diptera undergo holometabolous metamorphosis (complete change) and with this type of metamorphosis the larvae or immatures are totally unlike the adults. Whether deposited as eggs or as small maggots, the larvae of flies go through three developmental forms, or instars, increasing dramatically in size during each instar before molting into the next instar (Fig. 5). The soft-bodied maggots feed on decaying flesh with hook-like mouthparts, and secrete enzymes that help them digest this food. The maggots breathe through slit-like structures at the posterior end of their bodies (posterior spiracles), and entomologists use the variations in these breathing structures and the shape of the internal larval head called the cephalopharyngeal skeleton to help them identify species (Fig. 6). As a larva progresses from the first to the third instar, its size increases tenfold and, accordingly, its appetite also increases proportionately. It is when the maggots have reached the third larval instar that most of the corpse biomass is consumed and the loss of flesh is most pronounced. At the end of the third and final larval instar, the maggots go through a briefpostfeeding, prepupal, wandering or migration (all synonymous) stage. At this time, they begin to crawl away from the corpse and have been known to migrate up to 50 meters from the food source and burrow into the soft soil or leaflitter. At the end of the migration stage, the last larval instar begins to shorten and turn darker with age, mobility is reduced, and formation of the pupal stage starts. It is the exoskeleton of the third larval instar that forms the outer hardened casing know as the puparium, and within this structure the pupa is formed (Fig. 5). Inside each puparium a pupa slowly metamorphoses into an adult fly, which in several days time emerges to seek another corpse.
Figure 3 Adult blowfly, Phaenicia sericata.
Figure 4 Flesh flies. (A) Larva; (B) adult.
Figure 5 Hypothetical development of an immature blowfly.
Importance of Temperature
Insects are poikilothermic (cold-blooded), in that their temperature is greatly influenced by the temperature of their macro- and microenvironment, and thus their development is closely tied to temperature. Generally, the warmer the temperature (up to some tolerance point of the insect), the faster development occurs (Fig. 7). The faster insects develop on a corpse, the faster decomposition will occur. A body left in the open on a hot summer day may be reduced to bones in a little over a week, whereas a corpse left out in the late autumn or winter may show little change for months. Entomologists have carefully studied the development of several species of carrion-feeding flies, determining their thermal requirements for completing each stage of development, from egg to adult (Fig. 8). These thermal requirements are expressed in temperature-time units called degree-days or degree-hours. It may be easiest to think of degree-days or degree-hours as accumulations of heat units over time. A hot summer day will accumulate abundant heat units, while a cool autumn day will accumulate few, if any. If a species of fly requires 400 degree-hours to reach the third larval instar, it may accumulate over 100 of those in a single,warm summer day, whereas it may accumulate only 10 on a cool autumn day. In addition, there is always some threshold temperature below which no development takes place, and below which adult flies are inactive. For most species, this threshold temperature is around 10°C. A corpse deposited at a time when the air temperature is below 10° C will generally not be colonized by flies until the temperature rises.
Figure 6 Immature blowfly (above) and flesh fly (below) showing posterior spiracles and internal structures of the head.
Figure 7 Relationship between blowfly development and temperature.
An exception to this temperature-developmental time relationship occurs when huge numbers of second and third larval instars feed in a concentrated ‘maggot mass’. The activity of several hundred fly larvae in a small area can raise the temperature within this mass up to 30°C above the ambient air temperature, and fly larval development may proceed at a much faster pace than might be expected at a given temperature. If a maggot mass is present on a body, a forensic entomologist will usually record the temperature within the mass to help determine the PMI.
Figure 8 Developmental times for two tropical species
Determination of the Postmortem Interval
A forensic entomologist can determine the postmortem interval by one of two methods. The first -and more precise – method involves identifying the species of flies (larvae and/or pupae) collected from the body at the time of discovery, determining the growth stage the flies are in, and calculating how long it would take them to reach this stage given the environmental temperatures at the scene. This tells the entomologist how old the flies are, in days. Because adult flies will usually lay eggs on a corpse within minutes or hours after death, knowing how old the fly larvae are gives a close approximation of time of death. In order to calculate the PMI accurately, the forensic entomologist must be able to identify the species of fly or flies present on the body, must be working with the oldest, and many times the largest, fly larvae present at the scene, must have access to nearby temperature records, and must know the thermal requirements for growth of the species of flies. Working backward in time from corpse discovery, an entomologist calculates the accumulated thermal units (degree-days or degree-hours) using local temperature records, which are usually obtained from the nearest weather station. The PMI is determined when the degree units calculated from local conditions match those drawn from baseline studies under controlled laboratory regimens, and are the ones required for the fly larvae to reach the developmental stage they were in when the corpse was discovered.
The second method of determining the PMI involves examining the composition of the insect community on the body and determining the successional stage of decay. This method is usually only employed in cases of advanced decay, after most of the flies have pupariated and emerged as adults. By this time most of the flesh has been removed from the corpse by maggots, so much of what remains is hair, skin and bone. Changes in the insect community and the corpse itself during this stage occur very slowly, making determination of the PMI much more difficult. The entomologist uses the presence of various beetle species and other insects to estimate the time of death, and usually must present a possible time range rather than an exact date.
Factors Affecting Determination of Time of Death and the Postmortem Interval
Any factor that makes a corpse inaccessible to insect colonization can affect the accuracy of determining time of death based on the PMI. As mentioned above, nighttime and cold temperatures, as well as rain, will delay adult flies from ovipositing. In addition, factors that physically prevent insects from reaching a corpse can delay colonization for potentially long periods of time. Such factors include submergence under water, burial underground, storage in a sealed container, caskets or wrapping, and enclosure in a freezer, closed vehicle or building. While these factors will often delay insect colonization, rarely will they totally prevent it. Flies are very adept at locating corpses, and will usually find a way into a closed vehicle or building. A specific group of flies (Phoridae) have members that have been found 1-2 meters below the ground in association with coffined bodies, hence the name ‘coffin flies’. Various studies have been conducted to determine how long the factors listed above will delay insect colonization ofa corpse, and the forensic entomologist uses these to calculate accurately the time of death.
Collecting Entomological Evidence
When a corpse that contains insects is encountered, a trained forensic entomologist should be called upon to collect specimens. If a forensic entomologist is not available, it is imperative that a collection be taken in the field as soon as possible. If maggots are present on the body, the largest specimens must be collected, along with a representative sample of other sizes. The largest maggots will generally be the oldest, and thus represent the earliest colonizers of the corpse. If an entomologist is to make an accurate determination of the PMI, he or she must have possession of the oldest maggots present at the scene. The investigator should search the surface surrounding the body for maggots crawling away to pupate, and also dig in the surrounding soil (up to 2-3 meters away from the body) for fly puparia. Once again, failure to collect the oldest stage of developing flies will seriously undermine the determination of the PMI for the entomologist. If no maggots are visible, search the body -particularly around the eyes, ears, nose and mouth -for fly eggs, which will look like small grains of rice. Care should also be taken to collect insects from underneath the body once it has been removed. Detailed field notes as to the climatological conditions and location and condition of the body (e.g. rainfall, full sun, shade, fog, position of the body, wounds, etc.) and visual observations of the insects active in and around the remains should be made, as they can be of important value at a later time in the investigation. In addition, photographs of the crime scene should include close-ups of entomological evidence. If flying insects are present over the body, an aerial sweep net can be used to collect fast flying or fast crawling adult insects. These can then be placed in a wide-mouth killing jar containing ethyl acetate and later pinned or placed in ethanol for subsequent identification.
The sample of insects collected from the body itself should be placed in a vial or jar containing alcohol (ethanol or isopropyl) along with a label (written in pencil) that includes the case number, date, time, collector and where on the body the specimens were collected. If at all possible, larvae first should be killed in boiling water and then transferred to ethanol to prevent shrinkage in larval size. However, this may not be practical, in which case they should be placed directly into alcohol. Maggots collected away from the body should be preserved separately, as should any fly puparia, and this information should be noted on the label. If possible, live specimens also should be collected. An entomologist may wish to rear these specimens to adults to aid in identification. Puparia can be placed in a jar with some of the surrounding soil, vermiculite or sand. A few live maggots can be placed in a jar and transferred as soon as possible to an aluminum foil envelope containing a small amount of fresh beef liver. Live specimens should be kept in a warm – not hot – place until handed over to an entomologist. All specimens, live and preserved, should be delivered to a qualified forensic entomologist as soon as possible for analysis. Copies of crime scene notes and photographs also should be provided.
Additional Value of Insects at Crime Scenes
While aiding in the determination of time of death by calculating the postmortem interval is the most common job of the forensic entomologist, analysis of insects at a crime scene also can reveal further information. Maggots and pupae can be analyzed for toxicological trace elements when, owing to decomposition, more traditional sources such as blood and tissue samples are no longer available. Traces of cocaine and other drugs have been obtained from insects present on a corpse, and have been used to determine probable cause of death. In addition, research has shown that maggots feeding on tissue containing cocaine experience accelerated growth. The presence of unusually large maggots, or ‘super maggots’ as they have been called, particularly those feeding around the nasal cavity, may indicate cocaine use by the deceased, and such maggots should be preserved for toxicological analysis.
The presence of maggot activity on areas of the body other than the eyes, nose, ears and mouth prior to the decay stage of decomposition (Table 1) may indicate possible trauma sites. Adult flies will be attracted to wounds and will subsequently lay eggs in such areas. Maggot activity in the female uro-genital and anal areas during the early stages of decomposition may be indicative of rape.
Entomological analysis also can be useful in non-homicide cases, particularly those dealing with neglect and accidental death due to bites or stings. Neglect can often be demonstrated by the presence of maggots in living tissue, such as one might find in a nursing home for elderly people. Certain species of flies lay eggs only in living tissue, and the presence of their maggots on a body – even if the individual has subsequently died – point to invasion before death.
Deaths resulting from the bites or stings of insects, spiders and scorpions are fairly common. The marks left by these bites or stings are usually very small and may be overlooked. Death may be attributed to a heart attack rather than an accident, a conclusion that may be important for insurance purposes. A forensic entomologist, or a physician familiar with such cases, can often recognize evidence of bites and stings.
Forensic entomology is the study of arthropod-related evidence at a crime scene. Most often, forensic entomologists are called upon to assist in homicide investigations, usually to help in determining the time of death. Insects play an important role in the decomposition process, and colonization of a corpse follows a predictable succession of species and developmental patterns based on air temperatures. The most important group of insects that colonize a corpse is the true flies or Diptera, particularly blowflies. Blowfly larvae are responsible for consuming most of the decaying flesh, and the forensic entomologist uses known developmental times for each life stage of a particular fly species to determine the interval between time of death and corpse discovery (i.e. the postmortem interval). By examining the life stages present on the body at a crime scene, and using temperature data for the time period preceding corpse discovery, a trained forensic entomologist can calculate when the body was initially colonized by insects. Because colonization usually occurs shortly after death, this may be a close approximation of time of death. Factors that delay insect colonization, such as cold temperatures, darkness, rain, burial, etc., will affect the determination of the postmortem interval, and must be considered by the entomologist. Insect evidence can also be useful in providing toxicological and pathological information about the deceased.
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The world is presently sharing a limited supply of oil. When oil prices rise, oil production doesn't rise very much, if at all.
Figure 1. Brent oil spot price and world oil supply (broadly defined), based on EIA data.
The issues then become: Which buyers get the oil? What uses get priced out of the market? Which countries are disproportionately affected?
It seems to me that this time around, Europe, and in particular the Eurozone, is the area of the world getting hit the hardest by high oil prices. Part of this has to do with the relative level of the Euro and the US dollar. If we look at the price of Brent oil (a European oil) in Euros (Figure 2), we find that prices now are as high as now as they were in mid-2008.
The situation in the United States is fairly different. The dollar-Euro comparison works more in the favor of the US, so that the rise of Brent in US dollars has been smaller this time than in 2008. In addition, refineries in the United States have been fortunate enough to purchase quite a bit of the oil they buy at prices below that of Brent. The issue leading to lower prices in the United States is lack of pipeline capacity, creating a bottleneck for shipping oil to Gulf Coast refineries. (See my earlier articles, Why are WTI and Brent Prices so Different?
and Pipeline changes to fix WTI/Brent spread are likely to add new problems
Figure 3. Comparison of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Dated Brent Oil Prices, expressed in US Dollars. Data from IndexMundi.com.
Figure 3 shows two different benchmark prices of crude oil in the United States: Brent and West Texas Intermediate (WTI). Oil that is imported to the United States from Europe and Africa can be expected to follow Brent prices, as will oil that is produced along the Gulf Coast, and has convenient access to Gulf Coast refineries. Oil that comes from the North, such as crude from Canada and the Bakken, is subject to pipeline limitations, and its price will tend to follow that of WTI (or trade for an even lower price than WTI). Oil purchased by US refineries thus reflects a blend of WTI and Brent prices, and perhaps some lower ones as well. Based on Figure 3, it is clear that the current prices are far below the 2008 price peak, quite unlike the situation shown in Figure 2 for Europe, with Brent priced in Euros.
Availability of Locally Produced Oil versus Imports
Europe's oil production has been declining since about 2002.
Figure 4. Europe 'all liquids' oil production (including biofuels and natural gas liquids) based on EIA data. 2001 estimated based on 11 month data.
This decline in oil production by itself has a negative impact-fewer jobs and less tax revenue.
In comparison, oil production in North America (Figure 5, below) has been much more level, and has even been rising somewhat recently. A rise in US and Canadian production has helped offset a decline in Mexican production. Since the amounts shown are 'all liquids,' the amounts shown include biofuels and natural gas liquids, which are oil supply extenders, but are not true 'crude oil.'
>Figure 5. North American 'All Liquids' production, including crude oil, natural gas liquids, and biofuels, based on EIA data. 2011 estimated based on 9 months data.
An even more important issue, though, is that European oil does not benefit all European nations. Instead, it is the countries that extract the oil that benefit, primarily Norway and the United Kingdom. Countries that do not extract the oil must import any oil they use.The countries that import oil generally import natural gas as well, at prices that are partially tied to the price of oil, so they are hit doubly hard.
Paying for these high-priced imports reduces the amount that residents of these countries can be spend on other discretionary goods, and contributes to a tendency toward recession. Furthermore, if a country is not producing oil and natural gas itself, it does not get the offsetting benefits of additional jobs in the oil and gas sectors.
Figure 6. Percent of Energy Consumption from Imported Oil and Gas, for selected countries, based on BP Statistical Data.
Figure 6 shows that the PIIGS countries are all very heavy importers of oil and natural gas. In fact, they are the five countries listed on the on the left of Figure 6, with the highest level of imports. When oil prices rise, these countries are disproportionately affected, because, for example, tourists can no longer afford vacations in their countries. Their debt problems are in part tied in to high oil prices, since when workers are laid off, a country collects less in taxes and needs to pay more in benefits to unemployed workers.
The US has a relatively low level of imported oil and gas imports compared to most European countries. This occurs partly because of its significant use of coal and nuclear, and also because of the large size of its own oil and gas production.
Another factor that helps the United States in dealing with high energy prices is its current low price of natural gas, relative to that of Europe and Japan (Figure 7).
US natural gas prices are currently extremely low, because of an imbalance between natural gas supply and demand. These low prices for natural gas mean that the costs of home heating and of electricity are now lower than they have been historically in some parts of the country. These lower heating and utility costs help offset the rising price of oil. The issue of why US natural gas prices are so low will be the subject of another post in the near future.
The low price of natural gas also makes the cost of refining heavy oil less expensive in the United States than elsewhere, because natural gas is used by complex refineries that refine heavy oil
, both as a feedstock, and to fire the furnace that heats the crude oil. This makes the United States a sought out destination for refining heavy crude oil, and helps add jobs to the US economy. For example, nearly half of crude oil imported from Mexico to the US is exported back to Mexico as oil products, according to EIA data. EIA data also shows that we import crude and export a smaller amount of products back to Canada, Brazil, Ecuador, and Venezuela. The low price of natural gas is thus a reason US product exports, such as diesel and gasoline, have been increasing recently, even though the United States continues to be a big importer of crude oil.
Nuclear Makes a Difference
The reason why Japan, Germany, Switzerland, and France have as low imported oil and gas dependencies as they do (Figure 6, above) is because they historically have all had very significant nuclear energy installations. If the amount of nuclear energy production is added to oil and gas imports, the resulting ratios are more like that of the PIIGS countries, with imported oil and gas dependencies exceeding 65% of total energy consumption (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Effect of combining nuclear energy consumption with current imported oil and gas consumptions, as a percentage of total energy consumption. (Based on BP Statistical Data.)
If countries with nuclear programs decide to discontinue them, it will be a challenge to find other sources of energy with which to replace the nuclear. While LNG production is increasing, it is doubtful that it can increase enough to match everyone's needs. Many are hopeful that wind and solar will work as substitute, but this is far from proven. Scale up tends to be very slow.
What is Ahead for the Eurozone?
The Eurozone includes 17 countries that have adopted the Euro. It does not include the major oil-producing countries of Norway and the United Kingdom, and it does not include Switzerland.
Figure 9 (below) shows that the oil supply situation for the Eurozone is very poor. It is pretty much entirely dependent on imports.
Figure 9. Countries of Eurozone, oil consumption of Eurozone (black line), and oil imports of Eurozone, in graph from Energy Export Databrowser
Figure 10 shows that the natural gas supply situation is only a bit better:
Figure 10. Eurozone natural gas consumption (black line), production (grey area above mid-line), and imports (red area below mid-line). Graph from Energy Export Databrowser
With no oil supply, and a modest but declining natural gas supply, Eurozone countries can expect to spend more money on oil and gas imports in the future, assuming that they can get these products when they want them.
The Eurozone has the additional problem of having a common currency, but debts entered into by individual countries. Individual countries cannot issue currency. If a particular country would benefit by having their currency have a higher or lower value, there is nothing that can be done about the situation, because the Euro is at a common level for all. So it is easy to reach the situation we are in today, with Greece and a number of other countries near debt defaults, when oil prices are high.
The question going forward, besides the debt problems, is how the Eurozone's energy problems will be solved. After the Fukushima accident, many are questioning whether nuclear is really a good option. Another option is coal, although it is problematic from a CO2 point of view. There is some coal in the Eurozone, but less than is currently consumed, and extraction is declining each year:
Figure 11. Coal production (grey area above midline) and coal imports (red below midline). Graph from Energy Export Databrowser
The countries that have banded together in the Eurozone are in a weak position because of their poor energy supply situation. There has been a great deal of work done on wind and solar in the Eurozone, but these still comprise only a small percentage of energy consumption. While many would argue that 'renewables' are the way of the future, the fact remains that the vast majority of energy is not from renewables today, and the high price of oil and gas is already causing a problem.
Various policies have been put in place to curb fossil fuel use, but Eurozone countries remain very dependent on fossil fuels. With world oil supply flat, and other parts of the world growing more rapidly than the Eurozone, the Eurozone will need to make major cuts in oil usage in the years ahead. One way this might happen is by one or more countries dropping out of the Eurozone, going back to their old currencies, and letting their currencies devalue. With devalued currencies, these countries will be better able to compete for tourist trade and for export markets. This would leave the remaining Eurozone countries in a less competitive position, however, and make it advantageous for other Eurozone countries to drop out. This scenario would seem to lead to the end of the Eurozone and many debt defaults.
Are Other Countries Better Off for the Long Run?
While the United States, United Kingdom, and Japan would seem to be in better shape, this is not necessarily the case for the long run.
In part, the long run is different because individual situations are temporary. Japan is vulnerable now, with most of its nuclear generating stations down, and the need for more imports of some sort to balance the situation. The United States for now has lower oil prices due to pipeline problems, but these will eventually be solved.
In part, the long run can be expected to be different because problems of one country affect other countries. If there are debt defaults in PIIGS countries, these are likely to affect banks and insurance companies around the world. Also, almost every country has a debt problem, unless economic growth returns for that country. If the nations of the world are sharing a virtually flat oil supply, it is difficult for very much economic growth to take place, because high oil prices reduce funds available for other purposes. Need for greater energy resources is likely to lead to more resources of all types (people, capital, and raw materials) being devoted to creating energy of some type (high priced oil and gas, or substitutes), leaving less for other economic sectors, such as those making discretionary goods.
So in the end, it may not matter which countries were first and most affected by limited oil supply and high oil prices. It will be all of us that feel the impact.
Author: Gail the Actuary/ ourfiniteworld.com ©
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Daubert vs Frye
Expert testimony in legal proceedings, in law courts, has been a subject of heated debate of late. This is because of the fact that there have been innumerable instances where scientific evidence has been misused and falsified to send innocent defendants to jails. There was a Frye test or Frye standard that served the purpose of general acceptance of scientific evidence in law courts. However, the system received a jolt in 1993 when the Supreme Court gave a verdict that Frye test was not sufficient as general acceptance of scientific evidence. Daubert v. Merryl Dow case has meant that Frye is no longer sufficient to be admissible as scientific evidence and Daubert test supersedes Frye as far as admissibility of scientific evidence is concerned. Let us take a closer look at the two standards.
Frye v. US was a case in 1923 where James Frye was tried for murder and in his defense he produced the testimony of an expert with the result of a blood pressure test to try to prove that he was speaking the truth when he did not accept culpability. This deception test was projected as being able to tell if a person is lying or not. This case became a standard for judges while allowing admissibility of testimony of experts based upon scientific methods. Frye test is also referred to as Frye standard or general acceptance. This test pertains to admissibility of testimony of experts with the help of scientific methods. There are many states in the country that adhere to Frye test till date.
It was in 1993 in the case between Daubert and Merryl Dow that Supreme Court gave a verdict that has changed the manner in which scientific testimony has been admitted till now. Till this case came along, law courts in US accepted Frye test but, in this case, Frye was abandoned for the first time. Daubert test deals with the admissibility of the testimony of the expert and is based upon three major cases known as Daubert trilogy. Many states in the country have switched over to Daubert test or standard whereas there are still many states that stick with Frye test.
What is the difference between Daubert and Frye?
• Frye test applied to admissibility of expert testimony based upon scientific method from 1923 till 1993 when it was superseded by Daubert test.
• Frye test concerns with scientific knowledge only whereas Daubert test applies to technical and other specialized knowledge too.
• Both Frye and Daubert tests try to tackle the problem of misuse of expert testimony that has become a bane of the society.
• Many states still stick to Frye test whereas many states have switched over to Daubert test.
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- a member of a people that lived in Sogdiana
- the extinct Iranian language of this people
- A member of an ancient Iranian people whose homeland was in the area around Samarkand and who had established settlements throughout Chinese Turkistan before the advent of Islam.
- The extinct Middle Iranian language of this people, known chiefly from texts and inscriptions dating from the second to the ninth centuries AD.
Origin of SogdianLatin Sogdianus, from Greek Sogdoi, Sogdians, from Old Persian Sug(u)da-.
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(Commentary) - President Barack Obama used the terms “invest,” “investing” or “investment” seven times in his Labor Day speech to describe federal spending and special-interest tax breaks.
The Merriam-Webster Online dictionary offers a primary definition of “investment” that assumes an “investment” is something undertaken by a capitalist (or for-profit entity) using private-sector money. An investment, says, Merriam-Webster, is “the outlay of money usually for income or profit: capital outlay.”
In his Labor Day speech Obama used “invest,” “investing” or “investment” to describe situations in which the government takes money via taxes from one person or institution and gives it to another person or institution, a situation that seems to comport better with the Merriam-Webster Online definition of “redistribution” than “investment.” Redistribution, according to Merriam-Webster, means “to alter the distribution of: reallocate."
In his Labor Day speech, Obama used the terms “invest,” “investing” or “investment” to describe:
1. Federal programs for veterans returning from Iraq:
“Just like that greatest generation, they’ve got the skills, they’ve got the training, they’ve got the drive to move America’s economy forward once more. We’ve been investing in new care and new opportunities and a new commitment to our veterans, because we’ve got to serve them just the way they served us.”
2. Money spent by his administration over the past 20 months:
“We didn’t do it just by gambling and chasing paper profits on Wall Street. We built this country by making things, by producing goods we could sell. We did it with sweat and effort and innovation. We did it on the assembly line and at the construction site. We did it by investing in the people who built this country from the ground up –- the workers, middle-class families, small business owners. We out-worked folks and we out-educated folks and we out-competed everybody else. That’s how we built America. And, Milwaukee, that’s what we’re going to do again. That’s been at the heart what we’ve been doing over these last 20 months: building our economy on a new foundation so that our middle class doesn’t just survive this crisis--I want it to thrive. I want it to be stronger than it was before.”
3. Special tax breaks for “clean energy”:
“And instead of giving tax breaks to companies that are shipping jobs overseas, we’re cutting taxes to companies that are putting our people to work right here in the United States of America. See, we want to invest in growth industries like clean energy and manufacturing. … I don’t want to see solar panels and wind turbines and electric cars made in China. I want them made right here in the United States of America.”
4, 5, 6. ‘Infrastructure’ funded by his administration:
“Now, let me tell you, another thing we’ve done is to make long-overdue investments in upgrading our outdated, our inefficient national infrastructure. We’re talking roads. We’re talking bridges. We’re talking dams, levees. But we’re also talking a smart electric grid that can bring clean energy to new areas. We’re talking about broadband Internet so that everybody is plugged in. We’re talking about high-speed rail lines required to compete in a 21st century economy. I want to get down from Milwaukee down to Chicago quick. Avoid a traffic jam. We’re talking investments in tomorrow that are creating hundreds of thousands of private sector jobs right now. Because of these investments, and the tens of thousands of projects they spurred all across the country, the battered construction sector actually grew last month for the first time in a very long time.”
7. Federally funded railroads:
“We want to set up an infrastructure bank to leverage federal dollars and focus on the smartest investments. We’re going to continue our strategy to build a national high-speed rail network that reduces congestion and travel times and reduces harmful emissions.”
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AUTO 206 Plastic Repair & Refinishing (2)
Credit, Degree Applicable
This course concerns the techniques of repairing, replacing, and refinishing the many types of plastic and fiberglass parts now being used in auto body construction. Many plastics can be heated, reshaped, repaired and refinished using a variety of different methods.
Offered on occasion
After successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
- Outcome 1: Describe and use shop safety practices related to plastic repair and refinishing.
- Outcome 2: Differentiate vehicle structures and different types of plastics.
- Outcome 3: Select correct materials and tools for each job and know their basic purpose.
- Outcome 4: Evaluate plastic part damage and painted plastic surfaces.
- Outcome 5: Summarize and demonstrate the basic steps in repair of auto and truck flexible plastic part damage.
- Outcome 6: Compare the different techniques for the replacement of fiberglass, SMC (Sheet molded compound), and other rigid plastic types.
- Outcome 7: Demonstrate fiberglass, SMC and other rigid plastic parts repair.
- Outcome 8: Summarize the basic refinishing steps in plastic repair and plastic parts painting.
- Outcome 9: Calculate repair costs by writing up and estimating plastic damage repair, convert labor times to dollar costs, and estimate paint and material costs.
- Outcome 10: Describe the replacement procedure for windshield and door glass replacement.
- Outcome 11: Assess ASE (Automotive Service Excellence) certification test questions on plastic repair and welding.
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Stanza 7 Summary
Get out the microscope, because we’re going through this poem line-by-line.
An engine, an engine
Chuffing me off like a Jew.
A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belsen.
- There was no period ending line 30, which said that the German language was obscene, so the engine is probably a metaphor for the German language.
- Then the speaker takes the engine metaphor further, saying that the language, like a train, is "chuffing" her off like a Jew. "Chuffing" is an example of onomatopoeia, it uses words to mimic the sound of a train.
- The significance of being taken by train, like a Jew, is that during the Holocaust the Germans took Jews to concentration camps by way of train. The speaker even lists some World War II concentration camps, saying that it's like she's being taken to Dachau, Auschwitz, and Belsen. Dachau and Belsen were in Germany, and Auschwitz was in German-occupied Poland.
- The speaker is so terrified by the German language that it feels like it is a train taking her to a horrible, mass death.
I began to talk like a Jew.
I think I may well be a Jew.
- The speaker is so opposed to the German language that she begins to talk like a Jew, perhaps in Yiddish. She even thinks that she may be Jewish.
- These lines explain that the speaker associates the fear and terror of her father with the struggle of the Jewish people against the Germans – it's a vivid and disturbing metaphor.
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| 0.976343 | 342 | 2.84375 | 3 |
From Our 2014 Archives
Gardening Might Give Kids a Fitness Boost
Latest Healthy Kids News
FRIDAY, March 14, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- Looking for new ways to motivate your kids to be active? Gardening can provide a good workout for children, according to a new study.
Researchers assessed 17 South Korean children, about age 12, as they did a number of gardening chores such as digging, raking, hoeing, weeding, mixing growing medium, planting seeds and young plants, watering and mulching.
The children visited two gardens twice, and did five different tasks during each visit.
The youngsters had five minutes to complete each task and were allowed a five-minute rest between each one. Researchers Sin-Ae Park and colleagues monitored the children's heart rate, energy output and oxygen uptake.
The gardening activities provided the children with moderate to high physical activity. Digging and raking were high intensity, while the other activities were moderate intensity, according to the study published recently in the journal HortTechnology.
The findings could be used to develop garden-based exercise programs for children, the researchers said in a journal news release.
-- Robert Preidt
SOURCE: HortTechnology, news release
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| 0.95461 | 253 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A SHORT historical quiz: Which state:
(1) Arose after a holocaust in which a third of its people were destroyed?
(2) Drew from that holocaust the conclusion that only superior military forces could ensure its survival?
(3) Accorded the army a central role in its life, making it “an army that had a state, rather than a state that had an army”?
(4) Began by buying the land it took, and continued to expand by conquest and annexation?
(5) Endeavored by all possible means to attract new immigrants?
(6) Conducted a systematic policy of settlement in the occupied territories?
(7) Strove to push out the national minority by creeping ethnic cleansing?
For anyone who has not yet found the answer: it’s the state of Prussia.
But if some readers were tempted to believe that it all applies to the State of Israel – well, they are right, too. This description fits our state. The similarity between the two states is remarkable. True, the countries are geographically very different, and so are the historical periods, but the points of similarity can hardly be denied.
THE STATE that was respected and feared for 350 years as Prussia started with another name: Mark Brandenburg. (Mark: march, border area). This territory in the North-East of Germany was wrested from its Slavic inhabitants and was initially outside the boundaries of the German Reich. To this day, many of its place names (including Berlin neighborhoods, like Pankow) are clearly Slavic. It can be said: Prussia arose on the ruins of another people (some of whose descendants are still living there).
A historical curiosity: the land was first paid for in cash. The house of Hohenzollern, a noble family from South Germany, bought the territory of Brandenburg from the German Emperor for 400,000 Hungarian Gulden. I don’t know how that compares with the money paid by the Jewish National Fund for parts of Palestine before 1948.
The event that largely determined the entire history of Prussia up to World War II was a holocaust: the 30-years war. Throughout these years – 1618-1648 – practically all the armies of Europe fought each other on German soil, destroying everything in the process. The soldiers, many of them mercenaries, the scum of the earth, murdered and raped, pillaged and robbed, burnt entire towns and drove the pitiful survivors from their lands. In this war, a third of the German population was killed and two thirds of their villages destroyed. (Bertolt Brecht immortalized this holocaust in his play, “Mother Courage”.)
North Germany is a wide open plain. Its borders are unprotected by any ocean, mountain range or desert. The Prussian answer to the ravages of the holocaust was to erect an iron wall: a powerful regular army that would make up for the lack of seas and mountains and be ready to defend the state against all possible combinations of potential enemies.
At the beginning, the army was an essential instrument for the defense of the state’s very existence. In the course of time, it became the center of national life. What started out as the Prussian defense forces became an aggressive army of conquest that terrified all its neighbors. For some of the Prussian kings, the army was the main interest in life. For a time, the soldiers and their families constituted about a quarter of the Berlin population. An old Prussian saying goes: “Der Soldate / ist der beste Mann im Staate” – the soldier is the best man in the state. Adulation of the army became a cult, almost a religion.
PRUSSIA WAS never a “normal” state of a homogenous population living together throughout the centuries. By a sophisticated combination of military conquest, diplomacy and judicious marriages, its masters succeeded in annexing more and more territories to their core domain. These territories were not even contiguous, and some of them were very far from each other.
One of those was the area that came to give the state its name: Prussia. The original Prussia was located on the shores of the Baltic Sea, in areas that now belong to Poland and Russia. At first they were conquered by the Order of Teutonic Knights, a German religious-military order founded during the Crusades in Acre – the ruins of its main castle, Montfort (Starkenberg), still stand in Galilee. The German crusaders decided that instead of fighting the heathens in a faraway country, it made more sense to fight the neighboring pagans and rob them of their lands. In the course of time, the princes of Brandenburg succeeded in acquiring this territory and adopted its name for all their dominions. They also succeeded in upgrading their status and crowned themselves as kings.
The lack of homogeneity of the Prussian lands, composed as they were of diverse and unconnected areas, gave birth to the main Prussian creation: the “State”. This was the factor that was to unite all the different populations, each of which stuck to its local patriotism and traditions. The “State” – Der Staat – became a sacred being, transcending all other loyalties. Prussian philosophers saw the “State” as the incarnation of all the social virtues, the final triumph of human reason.
The Prussian state became proverbial. Demonized by its enemies, it was, however, exemplary in many ways – a well organized, orderly and law-abiding structure, its bureaucracy untainted by corruption. The Prussian official received a paltry salary, lived modestly and was intensely proud of his status. He detested ostentation. A hundred years ago Prussia already had a system of social insurance – long before other major countries dreamed of it. It was also exemplary in its religious tolerance. Frederick “the Great” declared that everyone should “find happiness in his own way”. Once he said that if Turks were to come and settle in Prussia, he would build mosques for them. Last week, 250 years later, the Swiss passed a referendum forbidding the building of minarets in their country.
PRUSSIA WAS a very poor country, lacking natural resources, minerals and good agricultural soil. It used its army to procure richer territories.
Because of the poverty, the population was thinly spread. The Prussian kings expended much effort in recruiting new immigrants. In 1731, when tens of thousands of Protestants in the Salzburg area (now part of Austria) were persecuted by their Catholic ruler, the King of Prussia invited them to his land. They came with their families and possessions in a mass foot march to East Prussia, traversing the full length of Germany. When the French Huguenots (Protestants) were slaughtered by their Catholic kings, the survivors were invited to Prussia and settled in Berlin, where they contributed greatly to the development of the country. Jews, too, were allowed to settle in Prussia in order to contribute to its prosperity, and the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn became one of the leading lights of the Prussian intelligentsia.
When Poland was divided in 1771 between Russia, Austria and Prussia, the Prussian state acquired a national minority problem. In the new territory there lived a large Polish population that stuck to its national identity and language. The Prussian response was a massive settlement campaign in these areas. This was a highly organized effort, planned right down to the minutest detail. The German settlers got a plot of land and many financial benefits. The Polish minority was oppressed and discriminated against in every possible way. The Prussian kings wanted to “Germanize” their acquired areas, much as the Israeli government wants to “Judaize” their occupied territories.
This Prussian effort had a direct impact on the Jewish colonization of Palestine. It served as an example for the father of Zionist settlement, Arthur Ruppin, and not by accident – he was born and grew up in the Polish area of Prussia.
IT IS impossible to exaggerate the influence of the Prussian model on the Zionist movement in almost all spheres of life.
Theodor Herzl, the founder of the movement, was born in Budapest and lived most of his life in Vienna. He admired the new German Reich that was founded in 1871, when he was 11 years old. The King of Prussia – which constituted about half of the area of the Reich – was crowned as German emperor, and Prussia formed the new empire in its image. Herzl’s diaries are full of admiration for the German state. He courted Wilhelm II, King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany, who obliged by receiving him in a tent before the gate of Jerusalem. He wanted the Kaiser to become the patron of the Zionist enterprise, but Wilhelm remarked that, while Zionism itself was an excellent idea, it “could not be realized with Jews”.
Herzl was not the only one to imprint a Prussian-German pattern on the Zionist enterprise. In this he was overshadowed by Ruppin, who is known today to Israeli children mainly as a street name. But Ruppin had an immense impact on the Zionist enterprise, more than any other single person. He was the real leader of the Zionist immigrants in Palestine in their formative period, the years of the second and third Aliyah (immigration wave) in the first quarter of the 20th century. He was the spiritual father of Berl Katznelson, David Ben-Gurion and their generation, the founders of the Zionist Labor movement that became dominant in the Jewish society in Palestine, and later in Israel. It was he who practically invented the Kibbutz and the Moshav (cooperative settlement).
If so, why has he been almost eradicated from official memory? Because some sides of Ruppin are best forgotten. Before becoming a Zionist, he was an extreme Prussian-German nationalist. He was one of the fathers of the “scientific” racist creed and believed in the superiority of the Aryan race. Up to the end he occupied himself with measuring skulls and noses in order to provide support for assorted racist ideas. His partners and friends created the “science” that inspired Adolf Hitler and his disciples.
The Zionist movement would have been impossible were it not for the work of Heinrich Graetz, the historian who created the historical image of the Jews which we all learned at school. Graetz, who was also born in the Polish area of Prussia, was a pupil of the Prussian-German historians who “invented” the German nation, much as he “invented” the Jewish nation.
Perhaps the most important thing we inherited from Prussia was the sacred notion of the “State” (Medina in Hebrew) – an idea that dominates our entire life. Most countries are officially a “Republic” (France, for example), a “Kingdom” (Britain) or a “Federation” (Russia). The official name “State of Israel” is essentially Prussian.
WHEN I first brought up the similarity between Prussia and Israel (in a chapter dedicated to this theme in the Hebrew and German editions of my 1967 book, “Israel Without Zionists”) it might have looked like a baseless comparison. Today, the picture is clearer. Not only does the senior officers corps occupy a central place in all the spheres of our life, and not only is the huge military budget beyond any discussion, but our daily news is full of typically “Prussian” items. For example: it transpires that the salary of the Army Chief of Staff is double that of the Prime Minister. The Minister of Education has announced that henceforth schools will be assessed by the number of their pupils who volunteer for army combat units. That sounds familiar – in German.
After the fall of the Third Reich, the four occupying powers decided to break up Prussia and divide its territories between several German federal states, Poland and the USSR. That happened in February 1947 – only 15 months before the founding of the State of Israel.
Those who believe in the transmigration of souls can draw their own conclusions. It is certainly food for thought.
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Evgany P. Velikhov
Russian Academy of Sciences
"For their unique contributions to Soviet Glasnot, which was a major factor in reversing the nuclear arms race between the Soviet Union and the United States."Background:
In March 1983, Velikov and Sagdeev organized the Soviet Scientists' Committee for Peace Against the Nuclear Threat, which published a physics-based critique of the US SDI program three years later. In 1987, the committee began a collaboratiion with American scientists, led by Frank von Hippel, to produce studies on ways to diminish the nuclear threat. These science-based studies helped open up the Soviet Union to on-site inspections of Soviet nuclear facilities and the implacement of seismographs near the Soviet test site in Kazakhstan.
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This letter was sent out in April 2002 by
Gerard F. Judd, Ph.D., Chemist, and
Researcher. For his Curriculum Vitae, scroll to the bottom of this
Dear Government Executive and Employee: We can all stop spending billions for
American dental work and research. Let me tell you why: I have learned the real
causes of dental cavities and gum infection. People, including you, will now be
able to take care of their own dentistry with insignificant cost, and end with
perfect teeth. Cavities and gum infections are ended! A great amount of
REPUTABLE DENTAL RESEARCH proves the following:
- Tooth cavities will be ended simply by rinsing acids off the teeth.
ACIDS ALONE EAT THE ENAMEL. There would be no cavities in the world if all
people rinsed acids from their teeth promptly. Just sip water, milk or other
liquid while eating. Water reacts with acids.
- Foods and drinks, other than those containing acids, have no action on
tooth enamel. SUGARS HAVE NO ACTION ON THE ENAMEL.
- Bacteria cannot damage the enamel (calcium hydroxy phosphate). There is
no such thing as decay of the enamel since bacteria require carbon and
hydrogen to live. Billions of human and animal remains show teeth and bones
are resistant to earth-bound organisms.
- Teeth reenamalize when clean. TO MAKE TEETH CLEAN ONE BRUSHES WITH ANY
BAR SOAP. ( There are good toothpastes at the health food stores. Check the
ingredients before buying. Don't get anything with glycerine in it.) Soap
washes off in just 2 rinses. What about toothpastes? Glycerine in all tooth
pastes is so sticky that it takes 27 washes to get it off. Teeth brushed
with any toothpaste are coated with a film and CANNOT PROPERLY REENAMELIZE.
- Taking calcium and phosphate in the diet results in reenamelization of
the teeth, but only when they are clean. Bar soap does a perfect job in
cleaning the surface. The enamel thickens and becomes less sensitive.
Adenosine diphosphatase furnishes phosphate to teeth.
- Gums are disinfected by brushing with any bar soap. Not only bacteria
and viruses are destroyed promptly by small amounts of soap in water, but
also white flies and aphids. Gardeners: Spray 1 tsp of dishwashing soap in 1
gallon of water to kill white flies and aphids.
- Plaque, a poorly formed crystal stuck to the bottom of the enamel, is
prevented and eventually removed by brushing with bar soap. Dental
procedures to get the badly formed crystals off dig holes through the
enamel. These cavities catch food and cause gum infection.
- Prevention of plaque retards gum pockets. Gum pockets are formed as the
plaque pushes the gums away from the teeth. Gum pockets, from 1 to 8 mm
deep, are also formed by FLUORIDE, which severs the protein molecules
adhering the gums to the teeth. SOAP PREVENTS GINGIVITIS caused by bacteria
which is lodged in the gum pockets.
- VITAMIN C AND PHOSPHATE help knit the gums back to the teeth. Pressing
against the gums with fingers forces adhesive materials from the gums onto
the teeth, which helps the process. Abscesses can be offset by holding
Cepacol (14% alcohol) in the mouth 5 minutes.
- Receding gum surgery will end when the gum pockets cease. The very
mention of the procedure, which involves transferring flesh from the roof of
the mouth to the excised area of the gums, is a heinous and useless
procedure which ought to pass into oblivion.
- Removal of flouride from drinking water, pastes or gels saves the enzyme
adenosine diphosphatase so it can deliver phosphate to calcium at the tooth
surface, resulting in a beautiful, semi-flexible enamel.
- As stated above, the gums can be reconnected to the teeth by taking
vitamin C (ascorbic acid) (1 tsp) with Arm and Hammer baking soda (1/2 tsp)
in 1 inch of water, letting it fizz and then diluting to 1/2 to 1 cup with
water, then drinking. The resulting SODIUM ASCORBATE is non-acid, very pure
and a thousand times more soluble than vitamin C. Sodium ascorbate is more
reactive than ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in building connective tissue and
antibody structures and more effective in killing some viruses and bacteria.
- Receding gums and plaque are ended when soap is used for brushing and
vitamin C is taken daily in the form just mentioned.
- 30% of American youths ages 8-10 have no cavities. 100% of Ugandan
youths ages 6-10 have no cavities. What does this tell us?
- The reason Ugandan youths have 3 times better teeth than American youths
is because they do not consume as many acid foods, have no fluoride in their
drinking water, have regular meals rather than sipping acid drinks all day,
have more calcium and phosphate in their diet, and have fewer dentists to
work on their teeth.
- Dental literature says 42% of Americans over 65 have no natural teeth,
while 25% of those over 43 have none.
- Dental literature says Americans age 43 average 32 cavities, those age
17 have 13 cavities, blacks and poverty stricken (without calcium and
phosphate) have twice this and the native Americans have four times this
amount. The Native American plight can be blamed on their poor nutrition,
excessive fluoridation, and free but improper dental care.
- If fluoridation were effective in preventing cavities, Native Americans
would have the least cavities. They have had forced fluoridation for
approximately 62 years.
- Fluoride in water at 1 part per million INCREASED tooth cavities in four
large reliable studies (7%, 22%, 45% and 10%, averaging 21%). The reason far
these increases has to do with the fact that adenosine diphosphatase is
destroyed by fluoride and CALCIUM FLUORIDE which slips into the enamel, is
alien to the tooth composite and makes the enamel weak, brittle and
- The health of American teeth will increase to be very nearly perfect if
the regimen of water rinsing, soap brushing and taking calcium, phosphate
and vitamin C in the diet is implemented.
- Fortunately, we now know the current teeth perfecting protocol of
dentistry with fluoridation is flawed. If the early estimates of 80% tooth
improvement in childrens' teeth by age 13 were true, each American would now
have less than one cavity. That is far from true. The teeth in America are
in a sorry state, and at the present time are getting worse.
- Numerous top scientists over the past 60 years have discarded the theory
that fluoride helps teeth, or is a nutrient helpful to man.
- To avoid fluoride is to prevent more than 114 ailments listed with
references in a book "Good Teeth Birth to Death" by Gerard F. Judd, Ph.D..
These 114 medical side effects extend all the way from cancer down to
headaches caused by 1 ppm fluoride in the water. Thirteen of these side
effects are proved by a double blind study on 60 patients by 12 physicians,
1 pharmacist and 1 attorney.
- The mechanism for destruction of enzymes by fluoride has been proven by
x-ray studies. Hydrogen bonds are broken by fluoride.
- Fluoride is the smallest negative particle on the face of the earth.
Since the fluoride particles are so small and so intensely negative, they
connect with the hydrogen bonds holding the enzyme coils in place and ruin
every enzyme molecule at very low concentration, around 1-3 ppm. These
enzymes are often 3,000 or more times the small size of the fluoride. The
effect is ruinous.
- To avoid fluoride is to prevent the destruction of 83 enzymes listed
with references in Good Teeth, Birth to Death, by Gerard F. Judd, Ph.D..
Fluoride is a severe biological poison. Being intensely negative, it
unlatches positive hydrogen bonds in enzymes AND proteins.
- It is fortunate we have learned fluoride is a nerve poison. Fluoride
causes cavities. There is not the slightest doubt.
- Methylmercury formed from amalgams in the body is deadly. It causes
brain disease. Fillings made of quartzite and epoxy are a safe substitute.
- Fluoride harms the economy by making people purchase other than city
water to avoid it. It also harms the economy by making people dependent on
undependable professions that know nothing about it. Ignorance about
fluoride and what it does is worldwide.
- Keep the teeth moist. Teeth that are dry crack. If you chew ice, teeth
may crumble. Teeth do have a breaking strength.
- LOOK IN YOUR MOUTH. Tell the dentist(s) what you want done and get
several bids for examination and work. Save your fortunes. We now know we
can cancel the green light given by Harry Truman with the help of Congress
to subsidize dentistry. Billions of dollars being wasted in this regard
(Public Law 755, June 24, 1948) can now be returned to the taxpayers.
I hope you will put this information in the hands of your Congress persons so
they and we may alert the newspapers, radio and TV stations, magazines, and all
other news media as well as their friends, families, and associates about this
giant leap in dental technology.
I ask for your feedback on this letter and I would also like you to ask for
feedback from the ones you contact. THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT!
Respectfully yours, Gerard F. Judd, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, Chemistry
ADDRESSEE: Please mall a copy of this letter to your Congressperson, asking
what they are going to do about this terrible incompetence and waste in
dentistry and government spending. Thanking you, I am Gerard F. Judd.
PARTIAL CREDENTIALS OF DR JUDD — October 24, 2002 — 6615 W Lupine, Glendale
- Ph.D. from Purdue University.
- Researcher in industry: 18 years.
- Professor of chemistry: 33 years; retired professor emeritus.
- Fluoride laboratory studies: Linde, Purdue, Wright Field and Phoenix
College, 13 years.
- Author, revised: Good Teeth Birth to Death, 117 pp. July 1997.
- Author, revised: Chemistry, Its Uses In Everyday Life, 305 pp. July
- Author, Workbook, Self Quizzes and Laboratory Assignments for Chemistry,
Its Uses In Everyday Life, July 16, 1997.
- Author, Chemical Hygiene Plan, 89 pp, 4-23-1998.
- Speaker, writer, radio host, bookseller, age 79, continuing October 24,
- Fighter for truth in practical uses of chemistry.
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| 0.91973 | 2,443 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Definition of pro–verb
: a form of the verb do used to avoid repetition of a verb (as do in “act as I do”)
First Known Use of pro–verb
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up pro–verb? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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| 0.93639 | 75 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Behavioralism in Political Science
Changes in the thinking of science are usually accompanied by lively intellectual conflicts between opposing or divergent points of view. The clash of ideas is a major ingredient in the stimulation of the life of the mind in human culture. Such arguments and counter-arguments, of proofs and disproofs, permit changes in the arts and sciences to take place. Political science is not exempt from these conflicts.
Since the middle of the twentieth century, the study of politics has been rocked by disagreements over its scope, theories, and methods. These disagreements were somewhat less frequent than in most sciences, natural or behavioral, but they have been at times bitter and persuasive. The subject matter of political science—politics and all that is involved in politics—has a halo effect. The stakes of politics make people fight and sometimes die for what they claim as their due. Political scientists seem to confuse academic with political stakes, behaving as if the victories and defeats on the battleground of the intellect resemble those on the battleground of political life.
Three issues seem critical to political science at the time this volume first appeared in the 1960s: First, disagreement over the nature of the knowledge of political things—is a science of politics possible, or is the study of politics a matter of philosophy? Second, controversy over the place of values in the study of politics—a controversy that makes for a great deal of confusion. Third, disagreements over the basic units of analysis in the study of politics—should the political scientist study individual and collective behavior, or limit the work to the study of institutions and large-scale processes? This collection brings together the most persuasive writings on these topics in the mid-1960s.
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| 0.951977 | 344 | 2.765625 | 3 |
CE2301 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING Lecture Notes for CIVIL - Fifth (5th) semesterCE2301 Lecture Notes
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Irrigation – Need and mode of irrigation – Merits and demerits of irrigation – Crop and crop
seasons – consumptive use of water – Duty – Factors affecting duty – Irrigation efficiencies –
Planning and Development of irrigation projects.
UNIT II IRRIGATION METHODS
Canal irrigation – Lift irrigation – Tank irrigation – Flooding methods – Merits and demerits –
Sprinkler irrigation – Drip irrigation
UNIT III DIVERSION AND IMPOUNDING STRUCTURES
Weirs – elementary profile of a weir – weirs on pervious foundations - Types of impounding
structures - Percolation ponds – Tanks, Sluices and Weirs – Gravity dams – Earth dams – Arch
dams – Spillways – Factors affecting location and type of dams – Forces on a dam – Hydraulic
design of dams.
UNIT IV CANAL IRRIGATION
Alignment of canals – Classification of canals – Canal drops – Hydraulic design of drops –
Cross drainage works – Hydraulic design of cross drainage works – Canal Head works – Canal regulators – River Training works.
UNIT V IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT
Need for optimisation of water use – Minimising irrigation water losses – On farm development
works - Participatory irrigation management – Water users associations – Changing paradigms
in water management – Performance evaluation.
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UNEP's GEO-5 To Address Global Environmental Challenges and Solutions
This year has seen the world struggle with a range of environmental and humanitarian challenges, including floods in Pakistan, landslides in China, wildfires in Russia and an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
Nairobi, Kenya, 21 October 2010 - This year has seen the world struggle with a range of environmental and humanitarian challenges, including floods in Pakistan, landslides in China, wildfires in Russia and an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. How to respond to these kinds of disasters - many of which transcend national boundaries - is the focus of the Environmental Outlook-5 (GEO-5), the flagship publication of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
GEO-5, which is due to come out in 2012 with the recommendations of the world's leading scientists, environmental experts and key policymakers, will highlight how countries can respond on a policy level, giving key recommendations in line with global environmental trends.
Earlier this month UNEP concluded a series of regional consultations in Africa, Asia-Pacific, North America, West Asia, Latin America and Europe. The outcomes of these consultations show consistent themes and concerns across the regions on the need for environmental governance, sustainable water-use plans and the need to protect biodiversity and support renewable energy.
Consultations in the Asia and Pacific region identified some effective policies for addressing environmental issues, including policies in watershed management; financial mechanisms, such as cap-and-trade systems, and crop insurance schemes in the agricultural sector. These discussions highlighted the importance of aligning developmental and environmental goals, noting that improved food security and sustainable development is crucial for preventing environmental degradation.
North America's regional consultations saw policy-makers identifying sustainable development and poverty eradication as top priorities with the goal of advancing the concept of a Green Economy that will support new technologies as well as introduce new jobs.
In Latin America and Africa, which have been experiencing drought, desertification and floods as a result of climate change, the consultations emphasized the need to minimize these effects (specifically natural disasters) as a key priority and called for the need for more conservation and sustainable use of coastal and marine ecosystems.
In Europe, air pollution and air quality emerged as top priorities, seeking solutions for successful policies which facilitate integration between air pollution and climate change policies. GEO-5 will also address chemical and waste management issues in Europe, issues of responsibility outside its borders, water contamination among others.
The last edition, the GEO-4 published in 2007, and entitled Environment for Development, focused on unresolved threats to the planet such as climate change and the rate of extinction of species. However, the upcoming report will differ significantly in that it will shift from assessing priority 'problems' towards assessing priority 'solutions'.
Ultimately, the GEO-5 consultations spotlighted environmental themes that will be used to identify tangible, region-specific action plans that can inform progressive and sustainable environmental governance and responsible decision-making from the policy level to the individual level.
How African countries can effectively combat desertification, given that it has been singled out as a regional concern, or how to solve issues surrounding the efficient use of fresh water resources, are just one of the many questions that will be answered in the GEO-5 in an attempt to bridge the gap between science and policy, and ensure that credible science informs environmental decision-making.
The next stage in the GEO-5 process will see a selection of world experts assess policy options that could help regions speed up the realization of these goals. UNEP has also selected chapter authors based on nominations received from governments and other stakeholder groups. The full list is now available here: www.unep.org/geo/GEO_Experts.asp
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1 Answer | Add Yours
One of the primary themes in "The Guest" is the chasm that exists as a separation between the French and Arab experiences. In this novel, Camus seeks to define a middle ground where the two entities - colonizer and colonized, established and "other" - can meet. The physical setting where Daru's home and school are located is "in the desert on a high plateau - an intermediate area that belongs to neither the plains nor the mountains" that symbolizes "the moral space that Daru wants to find between the French and the Arabs".
Another element of the setting which contributes to the theme of finding a center, common ground between two elements is the weather. The action of the narrative takes place between two radically different meteorologic states. The Algerian desert landscape is ordinarily hot and dry, but during the narrative a violent storm occurs, dropping the temperature and bringing a blanket of snow. The storm transforms the landscape, softening it somewhat for awhile, then leaving it in a harsh, clear light, similar to the effect that his forced interaction with the Arab leaves Daru's life changed forever.
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info on the land of smiles ...
Thailand, or Siam as it was known until 1939, has never been colonised by a foreign power and as a result still maintains, to this day, a fierce sense of national unity and individualism that is tempered by the "happy go lucky" attitude of its citizens.
Thailand's ancestry can be dated back some 10,000 years through habitation and linguistics. Early settlers have been traced throughout South East Asia, Southern China and Indonesia. The country has developed over the millennia from influences as diverse as Indian - Dvaravati - (in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC) and Khmer (the 7th to 11th centuries).
By the the 1300s and 1400s, the centre of power, culture and influence was found in Sukhothai and this is regarded by many Thais as the first true Thai kingdom. During this period, the first Thai script was developed and there was a merging, through support, of the two main northern tribes based in Chiang Mai and Prayao, known then as La Na Thai and nowadays simply as Lanna. Sukhothai's sphere of influence spread as far south as Nakon Si Thammarat and as far north as Wiang Chan (now known as Vientiane, the capital of Laos).
During the 14th and 15th centuries, the power of the Kings of Ayuthaya became paramount and they spread their influence eastwards as they defeated the Khmers and finally took Angkor. During this time, Ayuthaya was the greatest city in Asia. By comparison, London was a village. Although Ayuthaya and Lanna fell to the Burmese in the mid 16th century, control was regained by the end of it.
During these years, The Kingdom started to welcome European visitors, particularly from Portugal, Holland, England, Denmark and France. The term "farang", meaning a person of European descent, was first coined during these years and it derives from the term "farangset", meaning French. Despite the sacking of Ayuthaya by the Burmese in 1765, the Thais took control again through General Phaya Taksin in 1769 and he moved the capital to Thonburi, south of the Chao Phraya River and opposite modern-day Bangkok.
In 1782, another general, Chao Phaya Chakri was crowned King and he moved the capital over the river to Bangkok. Chao Phaya Chakri became the first King in the Chakri dynasty and was known as King Rama I. The Chakri dynasty survives to this day, with King Bhumibol Adulyadej reigning as Rama IX.
Despite a number of power struggles and coups during the 1990s, Thailand emerged as a fledgling democracy and it will be interesting to see which direction the country takes following the Army's bloodless coup in September 2006 and the recent general election in December 2007. His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej wields considerable influence over the Thai Kingdom and it is to be hoped that with his guidance, Thailand will develop further into a fully democratic nation.
Thailand has a land area of 514,000 sq kms and roughly corresponds in size to Spain or Texas in the USA. There are a number of distinct geographical regions which can be broadly split into the "mountainous north" (Thailand's highest point is Doi Inthanon at 2,576m), the Khorat Plateau in the Northeast, the central zone in the flatlands of the Chao Phraya valley and the south that contains the narrow Isthmus of Kra, widening into the Malay Peninsula. The furthest distance, north to south, is approximately 1,860km. There is some 2,710km of coastline along the Gulf of Thailand and The Andaman Sea and depths range from 30-80m in the Gulf and over 100m on the western, Andaman side.
In 2003, the population was 63.36 million of whom around 25% were aged under 15. The workforce numbered approximately 35 million. 95% are Thai speaking Buddhists and there are four distinct dialects spoken in the north, northeast, central and southern sections of the country. The northeastern is very closely related to the Lao language and in the southern provinces of Yala, Pattani and Narathiwat the majority of the population is Muslim and speak "Pattani" Thai.
Thailand is split into 76 separate provinces (changwat), with one specially governed district of Bangkok. Each province is subdivided into districts (amphoe) and then into sub-districts (king-amphoe), village groups (tambon), villages (moobahn) and municipalities (tessabahn). Each province has a capital (amphoe muang) and it takes its name from the province it is situated in - hence, "Muang Prachuabkirikhan" is the provincial capital of Prachuabkirikhan, the province Hua Hin is in.
Thailand is a "newly industrialised nation" and it achieved the highest growth rate in the world between 1985-95. An average of 9% per year. Despite triggering off the Asian crash of 1997, when the Thai baht plunged to 56 to the USD, there has been a steady recovery and 2003 and 2004 saw growth of 6% in both years.
The country exports over US $105 billion worth of goods per year, the mainstays being rice, textiles, rubber, jewelry and electrical appliances. It is the largest exporter of rice in the world.
Thailand is alive with its own unique blend of arts and crafts. The main ones you'll encounter are traditional architecture and sculpture, painting, music, theatre and dance, literature and traditional sport such as Muay Thai.
In short, Thailand offers visitors a real adventure and the opportunity to experience a totally different culture that is steeped in history and tradition. Whilst you are enjoying your time here, never forget the Thai people themselves. Their attitude to life is carefully balanced between the traditional and modern and their sense of fun (sanuk), together with the warm welcome everyone receives, is now famed throughout the world. For more information on behaviour and conduct take a look at our culture guide.
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Waukesha, WI — This year witnessed advances, revelations — and headlines — in space exploration, technology, mathematics, climate science genetics and public health.
Editors at Discover magazine are devoting the January/February 2014 issue to the Year in Science, retelling the top 100 stories of 2013 in science. "We selected the top 100 stories based in part on each item’s impact and implications on its particular field," said Steve George, editor of Discover.
Discover editors named the following the top 10 science stories of 2013:
1. New Signs of Life on Mars – Mars rover Curiosity gave researchers unprecedented access to the Red Planet.
2. The Supreme Word on Genes – The Supreme Court decided in June that genes can’t be patented.
3. CO2 Hit 400 PPM (Or Did It?) – In May, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere crossed a long-hyped threshold of 400 parts per million.
4. The Never-Ending End of Privacy – An unprecedented government surveillance effort surfaced in the summer.
5. Stem Cell Future – This year, we saw stunning advances in growing spare parts for humans.
6. Voyager 1 Goes Interstellar – Voyager 1 entered a new realm, one where no Earth-born craft has traveled.
7. Ready for Prime Time – One of mathematics’ biggest puzzles was cracked wide open by researchers on two continents.
8. Accessing Ancient Genomes – New techniques and very old bones pushed back the limits of genome sequencing for our early ancestors.
9. Childhood Obesity Reversed – Parents, schools and kids themselves may have finally started listening to health professionals.
10. Shaping the Future of Physics – The amplituhedron, a new geometric shape, enabled physicists to better model what happens after sub-atomic particles collide.
These and 90 more stories made 2013 a thrilling year in science, editors said.
The magazine is available on newsstands and online December 3. To schedule an interview or request a press copy, please contact Allie Curry at 646-695-7042 or [email protected].
A photo gallery countdown of the year’s top 10 science stories, alongside compelling visuals, is available upon request. The gallery will be made available on Dec. 9.
About Discover magazine:
Take an exciting adventure with Discover magazine as it reports captivating developments in science, medicine, technology, and the world around us. Spectacular photography and refreshingly understandable stories on complex subjects connect everyday people with the greatest ideas and minds in science. Visit Discover online, Facebook and Twitter. Discover magazine. Expand your mind.
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Chosen gender discrimination is treating people unfairly because they are living as a member of the sex opposite to what others might perceive to be their biological sex. This includes transgender people and people with intersex conditions. The person is entitled to be treated as a member of the sex that they identify as.
Chosen gender discrimination includes treating someone less favourably than a person who is not of a chosen gender, setting a requirement that is harder for someone to meet than it would be for others not of a chosen gender, and also requiring someone to dress or act as a member of the sex that they don't identify with.
Example - Direct
Kevin, who had been born female but had chosen to live as a male, worked in a bakery. The boss asked that Kevin stick to work in the baking area out the back and not come to the front counter to serve customers. Kevin could claim he was discriminated against because he was transgender.
Example - Indirect
Stephanie, who had been born male but chose to live as a woman, was asked by her boss to wear a suit and tie to work like the male staff members, rather than wearing a dress or skirt. Stephanie could claim she was discriminated against because she was transgender.
See the Gender resources page for some resources to assist people in this area.
Last updated on 13 September, 2012 - 10:54.
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TAMPA (CBS Tampa) – NASA is expanding its efforts to use 3d printing to explore space. The agency already uses the technique to make rocket engine parts, a pizza maker, and physical photos from the Hubble Space Telescope.
One NASA engineer is attempting to become the first person to build an entire space camera using only 3d printed parts, reports Space.com.
“As far as I know, we are the first to attempt to build an entire instrument with 3d printing,” said Jason Budinoff, an aerospace engineer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.
He is building a 2 inch camera for a miniature satellite called a cubesat.
In order to prove its space worthiness, the camera will have to pass vibration and thermal-vacuum tests that will simulate the experience of being blasted into space.
Budinoff’s 3d printing process starts when a laser melts a pile of metal powder. The computer then fuses the melted metal into a single layer of the overall design.
Then the layers are assembled, like slices of bread, to create the needed part.
If successful, Budinoff says it may be possible to build entire spacecraft using 3d printing techniques.
“I basically want to show that additive-machined instruments can fly,”Budinoff said in the same statement. “We will have mitigated the risk, and when future program managers ask, ‘Can we use this technology?’ we can say, ‘Yes, we already have qualified it.'”
(TM and © Copyright 2014 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2014 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.)
- Dolly Parton on Christians condemning homosexuals: 'The sin of judging is just as bad as any other sin'
Get our daily email with news, sports and more - CLICK HERE
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The Physics of Scuba Diving
While exploring the wonders of scuba diving, this educational account teaches the scientific and mathematical principles associated with the sport. Explaining how water pressure affects divers and describing exponential growth and decay in this context, it will appeal not only to academics, but also to scuba instructors and divers. With countless computations and step-by-step justification of the mathematics of dive tables, this record is both informative and entertaining.
211 pages; ISBN 9781908062512
, or download in
Title: The Physics of Scuba Diving
Author: Marlow Anderson
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Researchers have found that blood of youngsters can rejuvenate the heart of the old ones – at least in mice.
Previously, researchers found that the blood from the young mice could rejuvenate the brain of the older mice. (Nature, doi:10.1038/nature10357).
In the new study, researchers worked on two mice; one was 2-month-old and the other was 23-month-old having cardiac hypertrophy – a condition in which the heart muscle thickens leading to heart failure. Researchers surgically joined the circulatory system of the two mice that caused the blood to flow around each other’s bodies.
Researchers found that the heart of the older mouse reverted back to almost the same size as that of the younger animal and the heart of the younger animal remained unaffected even after circulating the blood from the older mice.
“After 4 weeks of exposure to the circulation of young mice, cardiac hypertrophy in old mice dramatically regressed, accompanied by reduced cardiomyocyte size and molecular remodeling,” Researchers wrote.
Researchers found that a protein, GDF11, was present in huge amount in the young mice. This protein is important in cell development and healing, and now researchers have found its role in the betterment of hearts. They are think that this protein in low levels could help the people with cardiac hypertrophy. However, further researches are needed on this.
Loffredo, F., Steinhauser, M., Jay, S., Gannon, J., Pancoast, J., Yalamanchi, P., Sinha, M., Dall’Osso, C., Khong, D., Shadrach, J., Miller, C., Singer, B., Stewart, A., Psychogios, N., Gerszten, R., Hartigan, A., Kim, M., Serwold, T., Wagers, A., & Lee, R. (2013). Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Is a Circulating Factor that Reverses Age-Related Cardiac Hypertrophy Cell, 153 (4), 828-839 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.04.015
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A new report argues the use of plant derived fuels has played a major role in witnessing dramatic rises in the prices of food. The World Bank report believes the use of biofuels has been a major factor in a rise of 75% in food costs such as bread, corn, etc… According to the Guardian, the World Bank report has not been made public to avoid angering Bush since it contradicts his claim that biofuels are only responsible for about a 3% increase in prices. To reveal their conclusion, said a source, “would put the World Bank on a political hot spot with the white House.”
There is evidence the impact of biofuels on food prices is not being made public to prevent possible antagonism for use of plant-derived fuels. Robert Baily, of Oxfam, believes “political leaders are intent”on suppressing this information.
Brazil has mainly used sugarcane in making its fuel, a crop which is not critically important to the diet of people. Perhaps, it is time to restrict use of fuels made from plants to a group of plants.
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Brain scans and questionnaires give confirmation that walking in nature elevates mood and cognitive functioning, and lessens depression and stress.
Sweet basil seeds are emerging as a new superfood that can replace or be used with chia seeds for a potent nutritional punch. Here are 11 reported health benefits of basil seeds.
Users are sharing emotionally-raw stories about their own struggles with depression using the hashtag #MyDepressionLooksLike on Twitter.
The largest review to date of the effect of antidepressant drugs on children and teens uncovered shocking cover-ups and lies by Big Pharma.
Another study has shown cannabinoids from medical marijuana may help heal depression and other costly mental health conditions.
Knitting yields beautiful products and reduces stress, pain, anorexia nervosa, and depression even as it heightens memory and fine motor skills.
Passage of the legislation could help thousands of veterans with PTSD live again with the help of medical marijuana.
A simple functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan could help doctors predict which patients might be at risk of relapsing into depression.
Researchers have found that people who eat a healthy amount of fish have a lower risk of depression, with men seemingly benefiting more than women.
Teens who suffer from bipolar disorder or depression have a high risk of heart disease, The American Heart Association (AHA) says.
Contrary to what a 2001 study found, Paxil is not safe and effective for teens. In fact, it may be making them suicidal.
A federal advisory group says doctors should screen teens for depression, but the number of students that benefit from the directive might be small.
Nuclear disaster survivors may be more likely to suffer from psychological trauma, such as depression and PTSD, than from the radiation itself.
One study is reporting that women who reach for comfort foods during sad times are more likely to develop full-blown depression after menopause.
Research shows how walking in nature reduces negative thinking and self-criticism, both of which are major contributors to depression and anxiety disorders.
Need mental stability? It iss essential to mentally ‘ground’ yourself on a daily basis by what I call ‘remembering your humanity.’
Mainstream discussions on mental illness in Australia focus on pharmaceutical drugs while ignoring or even mocking natural alternatives. Watch this video.
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Nuclear Technology / Volume 177 / Number 1 / January 2012 / Pages 29-35
Technical Paper / Reactor Safety
A series of 15 critical experiments performed at the Rocky Flats Critical Mass Laboratory in the late 1960s was evaluated and then determined to represent acceptable benchmark experiments for the validation of calculational methods. This series of experiments was part of a larger set of experiments performed to evaluate operational safety margins at the Rocky Flats Plant. The experiments consisted of bare plutonium metal hemishells reflected by steel hemishells of increasing thickness and motor oil. The hemishell assembly was suspended within dual aluminum tanks. Criticality was achieved by pumping oil into the tanks such that effectively infinite reflection was achieved in all directions except directly above the assembly; then the critical oil height was recorded. The results of these experiments had been initially ignored because early computational methods had been inadequate to analyze partially reflected configurations. The dominant uncertainties include the uncertainty in the average plutonium density and the composition of materials in the gaps between the plutonium hemishells. Simple and detailed benchmark models were developed. Eigenvalue calculations using MCNP5 and ENDF/B-VII.0 were within 2 of the benchmark values. This benchmark evaluation has been added to the International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments.
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T2T || FAQ || Ask T2T || Teachers' Lounge || Browse || Search || Thanks || About T2T
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From: Megan Rubi <[email protected]> To: Teacher2Teacher Public Discussion Date: 2006031418:41:18 Subject: Making math fun for students I have started to attempt some fun activities with my geometry students. I have had them make enlargement posters that use their knowledge of scale factor, I also had them make posters for trigonometric functions. They had to come up with their own saying or mneumonic device to remember sine, cosine, and tangent. At my school site, we have also used "Walking Trails." This is an activity where the students have to go and use their knowledge of geometry to find certain measurements of objects around the school. I first give them a walking trail to follow where they have to find the height of the flag pole using similar triangles and shadows, they also have to find the area of objects around campus such as the door to a classroom. This just gets the students moving around and outside instead of sitting at their desks. They seem to like that.
Math Forum Home || The Math Library || Quick Reference || Math Forum Search
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The product behaves differently or sends different responses in a way that exposes security-relevant information about the state of the product, such as whether a particular operation was successful or not.
An attacker can gain access to sensitive information about the system,
including authentication information that may allow an attacker to gain
access to the system.
The following code checks validity of the supplied username and
password and notifies the user of a successful or failed login.
if (IsValidUsername($username) == 1)
if (IsValidPassword($username, $password) == 1)
print "Login Successful";
print "Login Failed - incorrect password";
print "Login Failed - unknown username";
In the above code, there are different messages for when an incorrect
username is supplied, versus when the username is correct but the
password is wrong. This difference enables a potential attacker to
understand the state of the login function, and could allow an attacker
to discover a valid username by trying different values until the
incorrect password message is returned. In essence, this makes it easier
for an attacker to obtain half of the necessary authentication
While this type of information may be helpful to a user, it is also
useful to a potential attacker. In the above example, the message for
both failed cases should be the same, such as:
Version control system allows remote attackers to
determine the existence of arbitrary files and directories via the -X
command for an alternate history file, which causes different error messages
to be returned.
SSL implementation does not perform a MAC
computation if an incorrect block cipher padding is used, which causes an
information leak (timing discrepancy) that may make it easier to launch
cryptographic attacks that rely on distinguishing between padding and MAC
verification errors, possibly leading to extraction of the original
plaintext, aka the "Vaudenay timing attack."
Browser allows remote attackers to determine the
existence of arbitrary files by setting the src property to the target
loading, which indicates whether the file exists or not.
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Separation of Privilege
Compartmentalize the system to have "safe" areas where trust
boundaries can be unambiguously drawn. Do not allow sensitive data to go
outside of the trust boundary and always be careful when interfacing
with a compartment outside of the safe area.
Ensure that appropriate compartmentalization is built into the system
design and that the compartmentalization serves to allow for and further
reinforce privilege separation functionality. Architects and designers
should rely on the principle of least privilege to decide when it is
appropriate to use and to drop system privileges.
Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are
useful to the intended audience, and nobody else. The messages need to
strike the balance between being too cryptic and not being cryptic
enough. They should not necessarily reveal the methods that were used to
determine the error. Such detailed information can be used to refine the
original attack to increase the chances of success.
If errors must be tracked in some detail, capture them in log messages
- but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by
attackers. Avoid recording highly sensitive information such as
passwords in any form. Avoid inconsistent messaging that might
accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a
username is valid or not.
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Where's Sochi? Why are the Winter Olympics there? (+video)
Where's Sochi? It's a beach resort town on Russia's southern flank. Why might Sochi be a model for future Winter Olympics?
For starters, there's little or no snow. But there are palm trees.
Sochi sits on the Black Sea, on Russia's southwestern flank. Until recently, it was known to most Russians as a summer resort town. It has a subtropical climate, meaning that it has at least eight months with a mean temperature of 50 degrees F., according to the Köppen climate classification system.
In the land famous for its sub-zero Siberian winters, some have called Sochi the "Miami Beach" of Russia.
So, don't be surprised if you spot some athletes in short-sleeve shirts on Friday, during the 2014 Winter Olympics opening ceremony. Temperatures are forecast to hit a low of 37 degrees F. and a high of 49 degrees. And that, according to The Weather Channel 10-day forecast, may be the coldest day of the next week.
Why, then, are the Winter Olympics in Sochi?
Like Vancouver in 2010, there are mountains about 60 miles (about 100 kilometers) away, where there is snow. At least, most of the time.
Russia's Olympic planners have gone to great lengths to insure that there will be enough snow in Rosa Khutor, where the downhill skiing, bobsledding, and other events will be held. They've built one of the most extensive snowmaking systems in Europe, including 400 snow cannons fed by two reservoirs of water.
If it's too hot to make snow, even at night in the mountains, there is a plan B.
Russia has been squirreling away snow from the previous winters in 10 giant stockpiles in the mountains. If needed, that snow can be released and slid into position down giant half-pipes.
Of course, the weather won't really be an issue for the venues in Sochi itself. The five arenas that host figure skating, speed skating, hockey, and curling are all indoors, with underfloor cooling systems.
While Russia has gone to great lengths and record expense to host the 2014 Winter Games, Sochi may in fact be a window on future Winter Olympics.
Climatologists say global warming is pushing up temperatures faster in polar regions than around the equator, reports The Verge.
The February daytime temperature of Winter Games locations averaged out at 32.7 F. between the 1920-'50s, but have soared to 46.0 F. at Olympics held this millennium. "Despite technological advances, there are limits to what current weather risk management strategies can cope with," said Daniel Scott from the University of Waterloo, who led the research. "By the middle of this century, these limits will be surpassed in some former Winter Olympic host regions."
Hans Linderholm, a climatologist at the University of Gothenburg, told The Verge: "It will be more problematic than ever to find suitable and snow-safe places. It's likely the use of indoor arenas will become more common in the future. Then the Winter Games can be held almost anywhere — even Qatar!"
In other words, we may have to get used to seeing Shaun White doing post-event interviews under palm trees.
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DMSP Satellite Observes Aurora
October 25, 2002
As seen on the above DMSP satellite photo, nearly all of eastern North America was clear on the night of October 2. The day before, a solar wind stream buffeted Earth's magnetic field, triggering a strong geomagnetic storm. Auroras typically form well below the altitude of the DMSP satellites, which orbit 450 miles (720 km) above the Earth. During the display on October 2, sky watchers in Canada and the US were able to see colorful northern lights that were visible from the Arctic Ocean to Arizona! On the above photo, since the Moon was in the waning crescent phase, nighttime lights from cities as well as the norhtern lights are easily visible. If you hope to catch a glimpse of an aurora, it might be worthwhile to keep your eyes peeled on those moonless nights when clear skies prevail.
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County Offices, Courts and Landfill will be closed on Monday, July 4 for the Independence Day Holiday. Critical services at Larimer County are not disrupted by closures.
Adoption is a legal process which permanently gives parental rights to adoptive parents. Adoption means taking a child into your home as a permanent family member. It means caring for and guiding children through their growing years and giving them the love and understanding they need to develop their full potential.
Children available through the Larimer County Department of Human Services are generally older and have some sort of special needs, while private agencies continue to place infants for adoption.
Special needs include one or more of the following:
The best place for most children to grow up is in their birth families. When a family is having problems, services are made available to help them grow and change to enable appropriate parenting. If the family still cannot function and it becomes necessary to meet the child's needs in another way one option might be adoption. In order for the child to be adopted, either a court termination of parental rights or a parental relinquishment of rights must occur.
If a family adopts a child in the custody of the Department of Human Services, a fee is not required. Unless the cost of finalization is approved under subsidized adoption, the family is responsible for locating and paying its own attorney to file the adoption petition, and have the adoption decree issued. The adoptive family is expected to assume full financial responsibility for the child during the adoptive placement, unless the family and agency agree to another arrangement before placement.
Most private agencies have fee scales established to cover agency costs, for example, salaries of staff. Others rely on donations.
It is not possible to tell any approved family how long it will be before a placement occurs -- or even if it will occur. Not every family is right for every child. When a child that needs a family is available, a careful "match" is done, based on the child's individual characteristics and needs. The focal point of an adoptive placement must be meeting the needs of the child. The time from the placement until the decree must be at least six months. If the child has special needs, the need for agency supervision might extend that time.
Yes, single men and women can also adopt. In fact, approximately one-fourth of the children adopted from the public foster care system are adopted by single individuals.
Foster parenting should not be approached as a backdoor to adoption. Foster care placements are made with the intent that they will be short term, usually with the goal of returning the child to the parents. Generally, foster parents have to be willing and able to work with the birth parents. Most likely the child will have regular visits with his or her parent.
Larimer County Human Services is committed to seeking placement sources from the child's relatives and extended family. Foster parenting may involve helping relatives learn to parent a child and help transition the child into the relative's home. If the plan for return to the birth parents becomes impossible, the foster family is often the adoptive family of choice in order to keep attachments intact and avoid moving the child unnecessarily. However, it is important to keep in mind that of the children in and out of foster care in Larimer County last year, only 4% of those became available for adoption.
At any given time, the number of available and waiting children varies, as children move in and out of the system. Perhaps the best indicator is the statistics of past adoptions.
There are many children waiting who require special care and consideration of their past experiences and their physical, emotional, or behavioral needs. Many families who desire adoption are not waiting for the children who are available. Even families who want a challenging child cannot be guaranteed a placement, because not every family can meet every child's individual needs.
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Chuck, I’m giving out chocolates this year to my valentines. In doing so, am I as concerned for their healthy hearts as I am for my romantic one? – “Smitten for Sweets,” Bardstown, Ky.
With Valentine’s Day on the horizon, cupids across the country are contemplating what types of sweets to get their sweeties.
The verdict this year is definitely in: dark chocolate.
A brand-new study again demonstrates the health benefits of consuming dark chocolate. Granted, the research was done by The Hershey Co.’s Center for Health and Nutrition, which seems a bit self-serving, but the findings are still legit.
The research, published in Chemistry Central Journal, concludes that dark chocolate and cocoa powder are better for you than many “superfruits,” a term describing fruits that are particularly high in nutritional value, especially in antioxidants.
The study reveals that dark chocolate and cocoa powder have a “greater antioxidant capacity” and “greater total flavanol and polyphenol content” than the fruit juices studied. A big reason is that dark chocolate and cocoa powder are made from an extract from cacao beans, which are the seeds of the cacao (a tree whose scientific name is Theobroma cacao, meaning “cacao, the food of the gods,” a nod to the etymological origin of “cacao,” which came from the Aztecs). As senior author Dr. Debra Miller explained, cacao beans are a superfruit “providing nutritive value beyond that of their macronutrient composition.”
The study elaborates: “Analysis of the fruit powders demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity of cocoa powder was significantly greater than blueberry, cranberry and pomegranate powder on a per gram basis. The total polyphenol content of cocoa powder appeared to be greater than acai, blueberry and cranberry powder; however these differences did not reach statistical significance. The total flavanol content of cocoa powder was significantly greater than all of the other fruit powders tested.”
Flavanols are in a wide variety of fruits and vegetables and are phytonutrients (meaning “plant chemicals”) that help maintain healthy blood vessels. And polyphenols are antioxidants in plant foods. They protect the body against free radicals, which result in a host of detrimental effects upon aging, including to the cardiovascular system and the brain.
We’ve long known that high doses of antioxidants are found in berries, grapes (including red wine) and green tea. Dark chocolate, too, has large quantities of beneficial catechins (a type of antioxidant phytochemical). One ounce contains as much as a half-cup of brewed black tea. Chocolate also contains copper, iron, zinc, potassium, calcium, vitamin E and small amounts of protein. However, 1 ounce of dark chocolate contains about 6 grams of saturated fats, so remember that it’s an occasional snack, not a meal.
And let me dispel a few popular myths about dark chocolate. According to the Mayo Clinic Health Letter, there is not an established link between acne and eating chocolate. Dark chocolate has no addictive ingredients. Studies have not placed it high on the list of cavity-causing products; cocoa butter in chocolate may provide protection against tooth decay. Studies also show that cocoa butter has a neutral effect on blood cholesterol levels because of the high level of stearic acid. And contrary to popular belief, chocolate contains very small amounts of caffeine.
Lastly, before you go out and go nuts at your favorite candy store, keep in mind that this study is verifying the health properties in dark chocolates (bittersweet, semisweet and sweet), not milk chocolates (e.g., those found in candy bars), chocolates milks or hot chocolates. In fact, the study concludes that hot chocolate contains little, if any, of those nutrients because of the processing (alkalization) of the chocolate. Only dark chocolate is your safe bet as a rich source of heart-helping flavanols and polyphenols.
So, as cardiologist Suzanne Steinbaum concluded, “When looking for a sweet snack, a square of dark chocolate might, in fact, be your healthiest choice.”
And it might be your most romantic choice for your valentine, as well.
Dear Chuck, I understand that dark chocolate is good for us, but how much should we eat, and which kinds do you recommend? – Jane F., Cranston, R.I.
On the high end, Mayo Clinic nutritionist Katherine Zeratsky advises: “Choose dark chocolate with cocoa content of 65 percent or higher. Limit yourself to no more than 3 ounces (85 grams) a day, which is the amount shown in studies to be helpful. Because this amount may provide up to 450 calories, you may want to cut calories in other areas or step up the exercise to compensate.”
On the other hand, writer Karen Leland noted an Italian survey that concluded that 6.7 grams of dark chocolate per day (about half a bar per week) is the ideal amount to fight against inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
As a person espousing moderation in all things, I think a healthy amount of dark chocolate is probably between those two conclusions.
Leland also conducted a fun and informal survey by enlisting 15 of her chocolate-loving friends to sample 42 brands of high-end dark chocolate. I think their top 10 list of dark chocolates should suffice for any valentine or health-conscious chocolate lover:
- Dr. Dave’s Mega-O
- Theo Chocolate
- Mademoiselle de Margaux
- Xocolatl de David
- Vosges’ exotic truffles
- Oliver Kita Fine Confections
- Alter Eco’s Midnight Crunch
- Dean & Deluca
- Gail Ambrosius Chocolatier
- Divine Chocolate’s 70 percent dark chocolate with raspberries
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Forget the evil Skynet from “The Terminator”: Many of the supercomputers in our world are working for the good of humanity. Supercomputers, which can process more information and do it faster than traditional machines, were first introduced in the 1960s. The earliest supercomputer was the Control Data Corp. (CDC) 6600, designed by Seymour Cray. Operational in 1965, it had only a single CPU but offered a clock speed of 100 nanoseconds, the fastest of its day.
Supercomputers spent the next few decades evolving as fast as a [skipwords]fish[/skipwords] next to a nuclear power plant. For now, the fastest supercomputer in the world is Fujitsu’s K, which operates at the RIKEN institute in Japan.
Many of the supercomputers operating today focus on solving key problems facing humanity, including climate research, disease control and energy efficiency. Here are seven of these fantastic machinesworking to make our world a better place.
IBM’s Watson commits to cancer research
IBM’s supercomputer Watson — the computer that famously competed against previous “Jeopardy” champions in 2011 — has joined forces with the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Watson will work with doctors to provide the most recent cancer data, creating the most effective individualized cancer diagnostic and treatment plans for patients. Unlike other supercomputers, Watson can process and understand natural language. IBM says that, with its shared computer memory, Watson’s servers can process 500 gigabytes of information per second. This is the equivalent of 1 million books per second.
Why is this important? Dr. Martin Kohn, IBM's chief medical scientist, told ABC News, “What Watson can do is read and understand huge volumes of information. There is so much information being developed in health care in general, and oncology in particular, that the ability to understand all the information out there is becoming progressively more challenging. What Watson does is bring information to the doctor.”
Fujitsu’s K computer may improve tsunami prediction
The Fujitsu K is the world’s fastest supercomputer, conducting more than 10 quadrillion calculations per second, also known as 10 petaflops. Each CPU of this machine has 16GB of local RAM, totaling 1,377 terabytes of memory. The K computer uses more than 12 megawatts of power, about the same as 30,000 homes.
The supercomputer also holds potential uses to make the world a better and safer place for lowly humans. Among applications for improving semiconductors and pharmaceutical improvements, Fujitsu reports that the K computer may simulate “the actions of atoms and electrons in dye-sensitized solar cells to contribute to the development of solar cells with higher energy-conversion efficiency.” The K computer can also be used to study seismic wave propagation to predict the effect of tsunamis on buildings, helping to both improve their design and stabilize their construction in earthquake zones.
The Tianhe-1A to save us all
Prior to the Fujitsu K, the fastest supercomputer on the planet was China’s Tianhe-1A. Translated from “river in the sky," the Tianhe-1A delivers around 2.51 petaflops at peak performance. Some experts note that it can perform as many as 2.57 quadrillion calculations per second. Housed in the National Supercomputer Center in Tianjin, China, CNN reports that this machine is being used for drug discovery, hurricane and tsunami modeling, cancer research, car design and studying the formation of galaxies — to name a few.
From Jaguar to Titan
Not to be outdone by the Chinese or Japanese, the United States is making it's own move for the world’s fastest supercomputer. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Jaguar supercomputer, located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, is undergoing a massive upgrade that will be finished in late 2012. Renamed the “Titan,” the supercomputer will be able to perform 20 quadrillion calculations per second, or twice as many as the Fujitsu K. The Jaguar is used to study alternative energy technologies and climate change, among other issues.
The Sierra supercomputer to improve fuel efficiency
GE Global Research is using the Sierra supercomputer to improve fuel injectors for the company’s next fleet of engines. GE hopes that the supercomputer can significantly hasten our understanding of fuel injectors, allowing the company to construct engines that will require less fuel and produce fewer emissions. At present, the focus of the study is aircraft turbines, though locomotives and land-based gas turbines may also be considered.
Rutgers University in New Jersey recently initiated a High-Performance Computing (HPC) center, powered by an IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer. Hopes are that the HPC center will become one of the world’s most powerful academic supercomputers. The university reports that the goal of this project is to improve research across a multitude of areas, including cancer and genetic research, medical imaging and informatics, advanced manufacturing, environmental and climate research and materials science.
This image shows fields of temperature and pressure in a simulation of a complete helicopter combustion chamber.
What’s next for supercomputers?
Considering the gigantic leaps supercomputers have made since the first one was created in the 1960s, there’s no telling just how far the supercomputers of the 21st century will go. A team of experts out of Dusseldorf, Germany, has started work on a supercomputer that will simulate the workings of the human brain.
Professor Henry Markram is leading the project, which is estimated to be completed in the next 12 years. As Markram told The Daily Mail, “simulating [the brain] will make it much easier” for doctors to discover ways to help heal it, therefore providing insight into Alzheimer’s research and Parkinson’s disease. While some are concerned about the implications of creating a computer that can “think,” others hope that this project will be the first in a line of intelligent supercomputers. The project has received funding from the European Union and may receive more financing in the future.
Click for photo credits
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The U.N. Alliance of Civilizations Turns Eight
Death, destruction and United Nations preventive military efforts often command public and media attention. The other purposes and activities of the U.N. – concentrating, for instance, on developing respect for rights, preventing discrimination, economic development, and cultural coexistence – receive less attention.
One of these low-flying efforts is the emergence of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (UNAOC) initiative, created to bridge cultures – including religions – and counter extremism and polarization. UNAOC is relatively new on the world scene. The initiative, co-sponsored by Spain and Turkey, was announced by Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2005.
Structurally, the agency reports to the office of the Secretary-General. It is funded entirely through voluntary contributions, largely from governments. Substantial input into the objectives and activities of the Alliance is received through its Group of Friends, comprising countries and intergovernmental organizations.
Global forums of the Alliance provide an opportunity for high-profile political and civil society leaders, current and potential partners, and youth to discuss issues and provide inputs into its future activities. The main pillars of the UNAOC are education, media, migration, and youth.
The Alliances’ objectives – building bridges between cultures, encouraging diversity, and countering extremism – inevitably raise the issue of religion. The incoming High Representative for the UNAOC, Mr. Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser, has said: “Religion is obviously important for a majority of human beings, as a source of meaning, belonging, moral guidance, inspiration for action. . . .religions and beliefs influence our living together in diversity in an increasingly interconnected world.”
The Alliance is one of the few UN arenas to explicitly recognize the important role of religion and religious actors in the world today. Remarking on the importance of faith in UNAOC work, Mr. Marc Scheuer, its director, said, “… the U.N. Alliance of Civilizations is paying growing attention to the bridge-building benefits of interfaith activities through concrete actions. Within its limited resources, it seeks to encourage interfaith cooperation … with the help of partners.”
Three primary areas where the Alliance pursues its vision are educating about religions and beliefs, building nuanced understandings of the role of religion and faith-based issues; and promoting youth and innovative interfaith projects.
Education about Religions and Beliefs (ERB) – A major call at the UNAOC Madrid forum was to build an educational clearinghouse on religions and beliefs. The site, launched in 2009, has news; resources such as syllabi, lesson plans, useful links; organizations (institutions, associations, NGOs); a journal with articles and links; and events relevant to education about religions and beliefs.
The ERB site works with the help of partners and collaborators (academic institutions, NGOs, and intergovernmental organizations) from around the world and maintains an online community. This online community has started to hold actual events. For instance, the Guerrand-Hermés Foundation brought together academics, NGOs, and faith leaders to discuss “Religion, Spirituality, and Education for Human Flourishing” in Marrakesh, Morocco, early in 2012. With the British Council and the University of Missouri journalism school, the Alliance’s media program produced 100 Questions on Islam in the form of short two-minute videos.
Building Understanding of the Role of Religion – Through public events and publications and with partners, the Alliance highlights and analyzes the role of religion in public affairs. ERB Partner, the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs at Georgetown University, presented the results of their research on faith-inspired organizations and development in early 2011 at the United Nations. The Center, in cooperation with the Swiss government and UNAOC’s migration program, also produced a working paper and policy brief on collaboration across communities (in particular between religious and non-religious actors) regarding humanitarianism and development. The Alliance’s Global Experts Program, a media project, launched a series of articles on Religion & the Public Space written by a diverse group of experts and published in newspapers around the world.
Promoting Interfaith Projects – In October 2010, the U.N. General Assembly established World Interfaith Harmony Week, to be observed in the first week of February each year subsequently. The Alliance takes a lead role in promoting this activity, growing each year, with thousands of events world-wide now.
Building a global interfaith community of young people is crucial to the future of interfaith efforts at the global level. The Youth Solidarity Fund competition provides small grants to youth-led initiatives that promote long-term constructive relationships between people from diverse cultural, religious backgrounds. For instance, in 2008, the Catholic student group, Pax Romana, won for a project bringing together Catholic and Muslim students in Egypt, Tanzania, and Canada.
The Intercultural Innovation Award, a project of the Alliance and BMW, the auto manufacturer, aims to identify most innovative grassroots projects to bridge cultures – including religions. One of the 2011 winners was MEJDI Tours, a joint Jewish-Arab tour operator offering custom tours to Middle East countries. Their flagship project, the ‘Dual Narrative’ tour, is led by Israeli and Palestinian peacebuilders.
The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations has taken a few small steps to building a global interfaith community bringing together governments, civil society, academia, corporations and foundations, and youth.
The growth and sustainability of the Alliance will depend, in part, on successfully addressing some critical issues:
The current emphasis on Abrahamic religions is understandable from a political point of view, but hampers a truly global understanding of religions and beliefs.
Resources have been inadequate. Governments, the main funders of UNAOC, are increasingly being squeezed by decreasing budgets. Unless activities weight in their interests, countries are reluctant to spend money on projects involving religion. As a result, difficult issues become divisive.
Regarding personnel, the Alliance currently lacks any specialists on religion or interfaith issues. This can lead to coordination issues and a lack of diversity and freshness among the religious leaders and experts invited to speak at Alliance events.
Building a global interfaith community geared towards concrete actions – beyond dialogue as pure talk – would be a logical goal for the Alliance, in relationship to its seasoned partners along with new ones, such as the King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz International Center for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue in Vienna (KAICIID).
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There is no single test to diagnose JIA in children and teenagers. Since JIA may be a part of many different illnesses, it is important to exclude those other conditions. The doctor will do a complete evaluation to make sure the joint pain and swelling are not due to some other cause. It may take some time for the doctor to make sure that a child has JIA. The doctor will also need to determine what type of JIA the child has.
Here are the main steps involved in making a diagnosis:
The doctor will hold a detailed interview with the child. The doctor will ask a lot of questions. This is to obtain a complete history about her health and symptoms. The doctor will ask about past health conditions, any tests that have been done, any medications or treatments that she has used, and how well any of these treatments have worked for her. This health history helps to determine how long her symptoms have been present. It can also help rule out other possible causes.
The doctor will want to know if any other family members have arthritis. Some forms of arthritis can be inherited, meaning that they can be passed down from generation to generation.
The doctor will do a complete physical exam, which is an examination of a child's entire body. During the exam, the doctor will check to see if any joints are inflamed. Symptoms of joint inflammation may include joint swelling, limited movement, or pain on movement.
Certain types of JIA are associated with rash, eye problems, or inflammation of the internal organs. The doctor will check for these during the physical exam. A child may also need to see an eye doctor for a more specialized eye exam.
The doctor will probably order some laboratory blood tests. These may include:
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- C-reactive protein (CRP)
- antinuclear antibody (ANA)
- rheumatoid factor (RF)
- human leukocyte antigen (HLA)
- hemoglobin and blood count testing
- other tests if needed
These blood tests are explained on the 'Blood Tests' page of this resource centre.
X-rays and related imaging studies
The doctor may order certain imaging studies to help with diagnosis. Imaging studies provide pictures of a child's bones, joints, and organs. They can help check for other possible causes of arthritis. Examples include:
- bone scan
- bone density test
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
These imaging tests are explained on the "X-rays, Bone Scan and Bone Density," and "MRI" pages of this resource centre.
Physical Treatments for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Physical methods like heat, cold, touch, and exercise can help to reduce pain. These strategies can help improve a child or teenager's overall sense of well-being. They can improve her ability to do the things she wants to do. Physical treatments can be used on their own for the treatment of pain. Usually, however, they are used in combination with other pain-relieving methods.
Heat is helpful when dealing with pain due to stiffness. Applying heat increases blood flow. Heat feels soothing, and it can help relieve stiffness in a child or teenager's muscles and joints.
Here are some ways a child or teenager can use heat:
- Use a hot water bottle, heat pack, or heating pad/blanket.
- Rub on heating lotions or gels.
- Have a warm bath or shower.
- Do exercises in a hot tub or warm swimming pool.
- Use paraffin wax baths for sore hands, feet, and elbows.
It is important to be careful when using heat to avoid burns. Never fall asleep on a heating pad
For some people, cold is a favourite way of dealing with pain. Cold is really helpful for soothing red, swollen joints. Cold gives a natural numbing effect. It numbs the nerve endings in the affected areas. Cold can also help to reduce swelling and inflammation by slowing blood flow and decreasing the activity of cells in the body.
Here are some ways a child or teenager can use cold:
- Use a frozen gel pack wrapped in a towel.
- Try a plastic bag filled with ice or frozen vegetables (peas) wrapped in a towel to avoid freezing the skin.
- Use a cold cloth or compress.
- Rub on menthol-based gels or lotions.
It is important to be careful when using cold to avoid freezing the skin.
Heat and cold provide short-term pain relief. Some people find it helpful to alternate between using hot and cold for swelling, muscle spasms, and sore joints. Twenty minutes on and then 20 minutes off is a good rule of thumb when using both heat and cold.
Massage or rubbing is another way to help manage pain. Massage can stretch and loosen stiff muscles and help decrease stress. Rubbing a sore joint will help to block the pain signals from reaching the brain.
Here are some ways a child or teenager can use massage:
- Get a massage from a massage therapist. While this will help to relax the entire body, it probably is not possible to have this done very often, as your insurance might only provide limited coverage.
- Rub the child's sore joints for her. If you are a teenager with JIA, have someone rub your sore joints.
- Do self-massage by rubbing the painful areas.
- Use a back massage device or massage pillow.
Gentle, regular exercise can help protect a child or teenager's joints and muscles from further injury. Exercising helps to build muscle which can provide her joints with more support. If a joint is surrounded by strong muscles, then there is less stress on the joint when it moves than if those muscles are weak and thin. Regular exercise can also help maintain a child's ideal weight which helps to reduce the pressure on her joints.
Exercise encourages healing in injured or inflamed areas and can improve energy level and mood. Exercise also releases her body's own natural pain-relieving substances called endorphins.
Stretches/range of motion exercises help reduce stiffness and help keep the joints and muscles flexible. Range of motion is the normal amount the joints can move in certain directions. Stretching gradually expands that range, leading to less pain and stiffness. In order to help decrease stiffness, stretching exercises should be done regularly, not just on the day that the child is stiff or sore. She may find that she likes to do stretches while having a hot shower or bath.
It is important to find a type of exercise that a child enjoys, like swimming, yoga, or walking her dog. She can build up slowly from there.
A child might feel like doing nothing if her joints hurt and she cannot do her normal exercise routine. She may also want to be alone and just take it easy. This makes sense when she has pain that lasts a short time. However, with JIA pain that keeps coming back, she can end up spending too much time by herself. This can leadher to feel lonely, down, and stressed out. A child should not let her pain keep her from doing the things she wants to do, especially being with other people.
After exercising, a child may have a bit of muscle or joint soreness. A little soreness is normal, but severe soreness is a sign that she has done too much. It is important for a child to push her body, but she should not exhaust herself. If she has extreme soreness, reduce the intensity or length of the exercise and then gradually build up again. This is called pacing. It is better fora child to pace herself and give about the same amount of effort each day rather than do too much one day and nothing the next day.
The doctor and physiotherapist can provide you with education and instruction on ways to stay active during a painful flare.
As yet, there is no cure for JIA in children and teenagers. However, there are safe and effective medications to help control the disease. These medications can help:
- decrease the inflammation
- decrease pain and swelling
- make it easier to stay active and exercise
- prevent or lessen damage to the joints
In this section of the JIA resource centre, you will learn about the medications that may be prescribed for JIA.
A medication program will be designed by the doctor. The choice of medications to use is very specific to the child. It will take into account things like the type of JIA he has, how severe his JIA is, and other medical issues he may have.
Things to remember about JIA medications
- The medication needs to be taken regularly, the way the doctor prescribes it. This is the only way to be sure that the child will get the best results from it.
- The medication dose prescribed is based on the child's weight and how severe his JIA is. He should always take his medication as prescribed. Do not change the dosage without talking to the doctor first. For some medications, such as corticosteroids, a child could become ill if the dose is changed without consulting the doctor.
- Most JIA medications will need a prescription. However, some of them do not need a prescription. These are called over-the-counter medications.
- Many children and teenagers with JIA need to take more than one medication together at the same time. This is called combination therapy. It often has the best chance of controlling the disease.
- JIA medications need to be taken for a long time to be effective. JIA does not tend to "go away" in a few months. A child will probably need to take medications for many months or years.
- All medications can cause side effects. You will learn about the most common side effects later in this section of the JIA resource centre. It is important to discuss the different side effects of the medications with the doctor. He or she can provide ways to deal with the side effects.
- Make sure to tell the doctor about all treatments being taken for JIA or for any other problem. The doctor needs to know about all prescription and over-the-counter drugs. You also need to tell the doctor if other remedies are being taken, such as vitamins, minerals, supplements, or naturopathic or homeopathic therapies.
- Make sure to inform the doctor about any other coexisting medical conditions, such as asthma.
Different names for medicines
Did you know that there are often two different names for each medication? The generic name is the name of the active ingredient in the drug. The brand name is given to the drug by the company that produces it.
If two or more companies make the same drug, it may be available under different brand names or under the generic name. The active ingredient is the same for all versions of the drug. For example, ibuprofen is a generic name and Advil and Motrin are the brand names for ibuprofen.
The impact of JIA on family activities
JIA not only affects the child. JIA also impacts the entire family. The effects on the family can vary depending on the type of JIA the child has, the severity of her symptoms, treatments, and frequency of flare-ups. The level of impact that JIA has on the family can also be affected by coping styles of the parents and individual family members.
Parents might find themselves spending extra time helping the child with JIA, especially during a flare. This shortens the amount of time parents spend with other family members.
Change of plans
Family activities and plans may need to be changed or cancelled with little notice because of a flare-up in the child's JIA. Parents might want to have a "Plan A," "Plan B," and sometimes even a "Plan C" for family activities. This builds flexibility into family plans. It ensures that fun family activities can still take place. You can call this "flexible planning."
For example, you and your family decide to plan for a family outing to an amusement park (Plan A). You would like to make it a surprise but realize that it would be better for Chris, your child with JIA, to know about it in advance to be able to plan for it. You make the following plan in advance of the big day: On the day of the excursion, Chris will decide by 9:00 am whether or not he is ready and able to go. If Chris decides not to go due to an JIA flare, then a backup plan (Plan B) is in place: an adult is identified - one parent, relative, or other support - who will look after Chris and do at-home activities with him so he can still have fun while the rest of the family is away. That way everyone can enjoy themselves without a long and difficult last-minute discussion of Chris's symptoms. Plan C may include calling ahead to a theme park, to see about accessible equipment available to rent at the park if needed, if it is too difficult for Chris to walk around the park. This way he can still participate in the day and everyone can go and enjoy together.
Strategies to manage the impact of JIA on the family
There are several strategies that can help the family cope with the negative impact of JIA. Here are some tips for parents.
Learn about JIA
- Learn as much as you can about your child's JIA. Don't try to do this all at once when your child is diagnosed as this can be overwhelming. Rather, start to learn about JIA gradually. Ask your child's health care team for any written information they can give you.
- Write down questions as you think of them. Get them out of your head and onto paper; it's less overwhelming. Ask as many questions as often as you need in order to understand what's happening with your child's health.
- Look for information on credible web sites. If you find information that looks really good (such as a 'cure' for JIA) or information that is frightening to read, please share that information with your child's health care team. They can tell you whether or not it is valid and if it applies to your child.
- Write down the information you find and your questions for your child's health care team. Figure out a way to keep track of the information and appointments related to your child's care. You might want to keep all this information in a binder, to help keep yourself on top of things. Having information available in an organized way will help cut down on your stress. It can help reduce the chaos that can be associated with chronic illness and ongoing treatment.
Take care of yourself
Most parents put their children's needs and the needs of others well before their own. This is natural in times of crisis. However, parents are important too. Here are some tips to help parents.
- Take care of your own physical, mental, and spiritual needs. Not taking care of yourself can lead to physical and mental health problems, which can then make it harder to care for your child. This can have a negative effect on your child in the long run.
- Teach your child the value of self care by modelling it yourself. Remember, he looks to you to learn how to take care of himself.
- If you are finding it impossible to meet both your needs and your family's needs, find help.
- Talk to a close friend and accept offers of support. If needed, ask your doctor for a referral to a counsellor.
- Remember: take care of yourself so that you can keep your child healthy!
Consider your parenting style
Many parents make some changes in the way that they are parenting their child with JIA. Some of these changes may lead to increased communication and support for the child. Other changes in parenting may not support the child's ability to cope with JIA as well. For example, parents may lower their expectations of what their child can do; they may then have trouble encouraging better self-management in their child as the child may take on an "I can't" mentality. Parents can also feel guilty about the new demands that their child with JIA has in his life and so they may make exceptions for things like chores in the house.
- Consider the overall short- and long-term impact of JIA on your parenting style. For example, in the short term such as dealing with a flare, your parenting style may involve changing expectations for what your child can do that day. However, in the long term, you need to use your parenting style to show your child that you believe that he is capable of doing most things.
- Think of what kind of adult you want your child to become. Keep that in mind as you consider your parenting style.
- Maintain consistency and communication. These are two important strategies for parenting a child with a chronic illness.
- If you have concerns about your parenting style as it related to your child's JIA, speak to someone you trust. You can also ask your doctor to refer you to a counsellor.
Take it one day at a time
- During a flare-up or times of stress, it is easy to feel overwhelmed. Take things one day at a time.
- Focus on a manageable number of tasks, and get support from others.
- Consider how family members cope with stress. Encourage everyone to manage their stress in healthy ways. Set an example for the rest of your family.
Remember you are not alone
- Remember that you are not alone in this. Others have dealt with similar issues you are facing. They may be able to give you support and advice that can help.
- Sometimes it is helpful to talk with another parent of a child with JIA. Ask your health care team if you feel this would be helpful.
Accessing other resources
There may be other social support resources available in the community. Speak with the doctor or other members of the health care team.
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A savings bond or 529 contribution probably won’t be the gift that gets the most attention on Christmas morning, but it just might end up being the one that is most appreciated. Parents, grandparents and other interested adults can give financial gifts to children that can help secure their futures, whether it’s saving for a first car, college or a down payment on a house.
Sam Davis, partner/financial advisor with TBH Global Asset Management, points out that financial gifts have merit beyond the obvious monetary rewards. “Parents and grandparents should consider making financial gifts because they can help children achieve something that would otherwise not be possible,” explains Davis. “This can include things like medical school, which has now become unaffordable for many, or helping a child get through a short-term, hard financial situation. It can also include, however, things like trips around the world, which can help better a child's understanding of global dynamics.”
Whether your financial gift helps a child pay for college, travel across Europe for the summer or spark an interest in saving and investing, your child or grandchild will thank you because, as Davis notes, “You are personally invested, physically and financially, in the things that are important to them.”
Savings bonds make excellent financial gifts, because they can grow steadily by earning interest. Treasury securities are types of debt instruments that include Treasury bills, notes, bonds, Treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS) and savings bonds. Most Treasury securities are called “marketable” securities, because they can be bought and sold in secondary markets after they are purchased from the Treasury. Savings bonds differ from other Treasury securities in a few ways:
- Savings bonds are “non-marketable” and therefore cannot be traded on a secondary market;
- Savings bonds can be owned by kids; and
- Savings bonds are available for purchase as gifts.
The money you pay for a savings bond represents a loan to the U.S. government. In exchange for the loan, the savings bond continues to earn interest for up to 30 years. Any time after 12 months, the savings bond can be redeemed for its face value, plus any interest it has earned; however, if the bond is redeemed before it is five years old, you will forfeit the last three months’ interest.
Savings bonds are available as Series EE or Series I bonds, both of which accrue interest monthly and compound interest semiannually. The biggest difference between the two is the interest rate you receive. Series EE bonds issued on or after May 1, 2005 earn a fixed rate of interest. The interest rate of Series I bonds is based on both a fixed rate of return and a variable semiannual rate, indexed for inflation. To reward long-time bondholders, EE bonds are guaranteed to double in value from their issue price no later than 20 years after their issue date.
You can purchase a digital savings bond as a gift through the TreasuryDirect website, a secure, web-based system operated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Although the process is a bit more complicated than it used to be when you could purchase paper savings bonds with the help of financial institutions, here are the basics for buying digital savings bonds:
- Go to www.treasurydirect.gov
- Log into your TreasuryDirect account (or open one in your name)
- Purchase the type of savings bond you wish (Series EE or Series I), in the desired denomination ($25 to $10,000)
- Deliver the savings bond gift to the recipient’s TreasuryDirect account
- Print out a gift certificate to give to the recipient
You will need to know the recipient’s legal name, Social Security number and TreasuryDirect account number. In order for an under-18 child to receive a savings bond as a gift, the child’s parent or legal guardian must set up a Minor Linked Account within his or her own TreasuryDirect account. If the child’s parent/guardian does not set up an account (for whatever reason), you can still buy the bond, hold it in your own account’s “Gift Box” and transfer it at a later date.
The reason you need to provide the child’s Social Security number is that the bond applies to the recipient’s annual bond purchase limit – not yours. The annual purchase limit for savings bonds is a combined $10,000 in Series EE electronic bonds, $10,000 in Series I electronic bonds and $5,000 in paper Series I bonds.
It’s no secret that post-secondary education is expensive. College costs are increasing at about two times the rate of inflation each year, and the trend is expected to continue. According to the College Board, the average cost of tuition and fees (not including room and board) for the 2012-2013 school year was $8,655 for in-state public colleges, $21,706 for out-of-state public colleges and $29,056 for private colleges.
Fast forward a decade and you can expect to pay:
- $18,217 per year for an in-state public college
- $45,688 per year for an out-of-state public college
- $61,159 per year for a private college
Tip: Want to see an estimate of how much it will cost to send your child or grandchild to college? Use Colleges Savings Plans Network’s College Cost Calculator.
“One of the best ways to help a child financially while limiting your own tax liability is the use of 529 college plans,” explains Sam Davis, partner/financial advisor with TBH Global Asset Management. 529 College Savings Plans are tax-advantaged plans that allow families to save for future college expenses. These are typically state-sponsored investment plans, and each state has different requirements and benefits, including tax advantages. There are two types of 529 plans: savings and prepaid plans.
- 529 Savings Plans – These plans work similarly to other investment plans such as 401Ks and IRAs in that your contributions are invested in mutual funds or other investment products. As a state-sponsored investment plan, the state coordinates with an asset management company (such as Vanguard) to handle the investment according to the state's plan features. The owner of the account (i.e. the parents) deals directly with the asset management firm, rather that with the state. The beneficiary (your child or grandchild) is the person for whom the account is set up and who will use the money for college.
- 529 Prepaid Tuition Plans – Prepaid tuition plans, also called guaranteed savings plans, are administered by states and higher education institutions. They allow families to plan for future college expenses by pre-paying tuition, locking in today's tuition rate and the program pays future college tuition at any of the state's eligible institutions. If the student goes to an out-of-state or private college or university, an equal amount of money is distributed.
“I strongly advise my clients to fund 529 plans for the unsurpassed income tax breaks,” says Davis. “Although the contributions are not deductible on your federal tax return, your investment grows tax-deferred, and distributions to pay for the beneficiary's college costs come out federally tax-free. Rules for 529s do vary by state and I would encourage everyone to understand their state’s rules. For example, your own state may offer some tax breaks, as well (like an upfront deduction for your contributions or income exemption on withdrawals) in addition to the federal treatment.”
Savings bonds and 529 contributions are just two of many different financial gifts that are appropriate for kids. You can also consider giving:
- Stocks – You can transfer stock you already own, or you can purchase individual shares through an online brokerage that supports stock gift giving (such as ShareBuilder or OneShare).
- IRA Contributions – If the child has earned income from a job, you can fund his or her annual contribution, up to the allowable amount.
- Cash – Cold hard cash is always a welcome gift, but it might be most effective if it is money earmarked for a specific purpose, such as paying for a car, summer camp or to pay down an adult child’s debt (such as student loan or credit card debt).
- Financial Advice – A trip to a qualified financial planner can help even young children understand the value of money, savings and investing.
Money aside, Davis notes that the single best financial gift you can give a child is mentorship. “The most important thing you can give your child is the ability for them to view and watch you make good financial decisions over the course of your life,” says Davis. “If you are not teaching them about investing and how to save a portion of their income every month then you are doing your child a great disservice.”
Mentorship has a positive effect on the child’s lifelong financial literacy, as Davis points out, “We are currently seeing a lot of wealth transfer (money moving from one generation to the next) and many of the individuals inheriting money have little to no understanding of investments and how to manage the inherited money. They do know how to spend it!”
The Bottom Line
For 2013, you can give up to $14,000 per year ($28,000 if you and your spouse give together) to as many people as you want, without any tax consequences to you. Because tax laws are complicated, Davis encourages families to work with qualified tax professionals. “Engage your tax advisor on a deep level,” Davis recommends. “I would encourage each family to identify the value of their current tax professional and understand if that individual is truly looking out for ways in which they can legally save on their taxes. Generally speaking, families assume that they're taking advantage of every opportunity, and many times that assumption is unfounded.” A front-seat approach can ensure that your family can bestow financial gifts while at the same time minimizing tax consequences.
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I first met Tashi at a scientific conference in Beijing. A Chinese conservation organization had invited him to speak to provide an example of the grass-roots efforts they support. Tashi is just one of countless amateur biologists around the world, but he possesses a rare combination of passion and talent.
“He is a good scientist who at the same time is doing conservation and environmental education,” says George Schaller, one of the world’s pre-eminent conservation biologists (see “The Jaguar Freeway,” p. 48). Tashi recently started assisting Schaller, of Panthera, a big cat conservation organization, by monitoring snow leopards and blue sheep in the mountains around Baiyu. Schaller says the monk’s greatest contribution to conservation, however, may be his field guide of the region’s birds in the local language. “He is an exceptional artist, like the talented, old-fashioned naturalists of Britain and North America, who brings to his work a deep Buddhist reverence for all life. It’s a wonderful combination.” Tashi’s field guide “will be a tremendous benefit to the Tibetan culture,” Schaller says.
Four years ago, Tashi and Druk Kyab, another monk in the monastery in Baiyu, formed the Nyanpo Yutse Environmental Protection Association, named after a nearby mountain considered sacred by local Tibetans. The group, consisting of five full-time staff members and about 60 volunteers, has taken it upon itself to preserve the region’s plants, animals, lakes and streams. Most of the work has focused on the Tibetan bunting, but the group has also compiled detailed notes on dozens of other species, as well as the rate at which nearby glaciers are receding.
One of the remaining mysteries Tashi and Wang are trying to solve is why the buntings have such poor breeding success. Even in areas where summer grazing has ceased, fewer than 30 percent of chicks survive. Predators and flooding are the top causes of mortality, but it’s not clear why these problems afflict Tibetan buntings more than other bird species that nest on the ground.
On the mountain slope, Tashi discovers there may still be hope for at least one of this year’s young. A short distance from where he found the ravaged nest, he spies a chick, still too young to fly, hopping through the grass. The bird somehow escaped the badger attack and is likely the sole survivor from this year’s brood.
The bird’s parents have seen it as well. As Tashi and Druk watch, the adults feed it grasshoppers and other delicacies. It won’t be able to fly for a few more days and predators are still a risk. “Tonight we’ll say a prayer for this chick that it can grow up to be big and strong, and go to college,” Tashi says with a smile.
We descend into a valley for the night and head back up the mountain the following morning. The bunting parents have continued to feed the chick. The young bird can hop farther now than the day before, and the monks are confident it will soon fly.
Returning to Baiyu that afternoon, Tashi and Druk stop by the monastery, where a group of young monks crowd around them. Tashi tells them about the badger that ate all but one of the chicks and how the Nyanpo Yutse group helps protect the birds.
“As Buddhists, this is something we have to do—we have to help protect the birds and animals that don’t have any other protection,” he tells the youngsters.
Then he tells them that he’ll be going back up the mountain soon. He asks who would like to join him. A roomful of hands shoot up from beneath crimson robes. “Me!” the children shout.
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Official political innumeracy, enshrined in the census, steals our democracy. We count illegal immigrants the same as citizens and assign states congressional seats accordingly. This awards some states more representatives than they deserve. The census should, instead, count citizens separately, and Congress should reapportion representatives only on the basis of citizen populations. That would ensure that the votes of citizens in all parts of the country are as nearly equal as possible.
Although this largely unrecognized problem doesn't garner headlines, the failure to fix the census may have greater consequences as our political realities change. The unpleasantness in Arizona since it passed a tough immigration law is a likely prelude to infinitely more divisive conflicts.
The Constitution contains a mandate for a census. One of its stated objectives is to enable the proper apportionment of representation, state by state, in the House of Representatives. From the start, however, apportionment has been a mangled affair, a stain on our claim to be a true and fair representative democracy.
The deal worked out in Philadelphia in 1787 counted slaves as three-fifths of a person, even though they could not vote. The third U.S. Congress, meeting from 1793 to 1795, relied on the census of 1790 to apportion its 106 House members. Southern slave states were overrepresented by 10 seats as a result, after applying the three-fifths rule. No one even pretended that the slaves who accounted for those extra seats had any representation at all. The long-term consequences of such unfairness proved catastrophic.
The Civil War settled many issues, but democratic apportionment in Congress was not among them. In fact, the disproportion was made worse by the 14th Amendment, which allowed former slave states to count their now-freed Negroes without the two-fifths reduction. Technically free from slavery, Negroes in the old Confederacy would account for even more Southern seats in Congress, yet they would not see their right to vote enforced for another full century — until the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Congress remained true to the Constitution, regularly increasing the number of seats in the House based on census results from 1790 through 1910. But no additions have been made in the 100 years thereafter (except for the temporary increase to 437 districts when Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959).
The reapportionment of today's static 435 seats according to census results would be a respectable example of representative democracy if each individual included in the count had a vote. But, just as in 1790, the system remains badly fractured and fundamentally unfair.
Worse yet, to the extent that the census accurately counts illegal immigrants, the greater the disproportionate representation accruing to states with large illegal communities, which cannot vote. Estimates vary, but a 2007 study by the Connecticut Data Center found that the 2010 census may affect the allocation of a dozen congressional seats on the basis of some states' illegal immigrant populations.
Adding to the complexity of the problem, in states that gain such seats, many fewer votes are needed for a candidate's election. That's because the added seats mean there are fewer residents in each district and, in the districts with the highest number of illegal immigrants, fewer eligible voters. We do not know empirically whether these "cheaper" votes carry any political bias, but it is not unreasonable to worry that they do since the illegal immigrants counted who created the new seats are not represented by the eventual occupant in Congress. None of this is fair, in either the local or national context. And the 2010 census is certain to aggravate the situation. We should do something now to prevent this.
To be prudent, we should also consider a not implausible, worst-case scenario. Suppose that the Mexican government collapses, sending hundreds of thousands of refugees across the border. Those who manage to stay will be counted in a future census. Using current procedures, their presence would result in the shift of many congressional seats. States composed of mostly citizen populations would lose representation and quite rightly feel cheated.
The present potential for disaster, for severe damage to the principles of democratic representation and for the future of the republic itself should be a paramount concern for all Americans. The good news is that the Constitution leaves the manner of conducting the census, and the apportionment of the House, up to Congress. Passing a census reform law should be a relatively simple fix, if we have the leadership and the will to do so.
Richard Greener, a former broadcast industry executive, is a writer in Atlanta. George Kenney, a U.S. diplomat during the George H.W. Bush administration, is a writer in Washington and producer and host of a podcast at electricpolitics.com.
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Focusing on Understanding the Ecology and Epidemiology of Diseases between Domestic and Wild Animals
The Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) Wildlife Unit of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) was established to investigate the role that wildlife species play in diseases that impact livestock and agriculture based livelihoods.
With the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 it became apparent that multidisciplinary in-country and regional capacity building was necessary amongst, biologists, veterinarians, ornithologist and others.
The EMPRES Wildlife Unit is leading and facilitating a range of collaborative activities to study the epidemiology and ecology of HPAI H5N1 in wild birds, migratory routes, habitat use and the role wild birds may play in virus introduction and movement.
To learn more about the EMPRES Wildlife Unit visit the FAO website here. From this website visitors will find information about the Wildlife Unit's work with disease surveillance and telemetry.
EMPRES-i Global Animal Disease Information System
To view reported cases of avian influenza along with other diseases, visit the EMPRES-i website
EMPRES-i compiles, stores and verifies animal diseases outbreaks data (including zoonoses) from numerous sources (e.g. FAO representatives, FAO reports, OIE reports, official government, European Commission, FAO reference centres, and laboratories), for early warning and risk analysis.
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This photograph was taken in 1939, and shows a Black man drinking from a water can. The sign on the can says "Colored". The other signs indicate separate restrooms for "Colored" people. I grew up in the 1960's and I can not remember at that time any segregated facilities like the ones indicated in this picture, but maybe I was just not aware of them. I am not sure when the practice of separated water fountains and restrooms came to a complete close in this country. I do know, however, that it was on this day, July 9, in the year 1868 that the 14th amendment was passed, giving citizenship to African Americans. This was a big step forward on paper, but I guess progress in real life was a lot slower, as indicated in the photo above.
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What or who are Appollyon and Abaddon?
Apollyon - The Greek name meaning "destroyer." Abaddon is a name meaning to perish. Abaddon appears only once in Revelation 9:11 in the KJV and NKJV as the angel of the bottomless pit whose Greek name was Apolloyon. In the Hebrew Bible the name Abadddon occurs six times (Job 26:6, 28:22; 31:12; Proverbs 15:11; 27:20. Psalm 88:11. The KJV, NKJV and NIV translate Abaddon as "destruction." While the NASB and RSV retain the word Abaddon.
"And they had as king over them the angel of the bottomless pit, whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon, but in Greek he has the name Apollyon" (Revelation 9:11).
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NEHAMA, JOSEPH (ca. 1880–1971), Greek educator and historian. Nehama was born in Salonika, the son of the reformist rabbi Judah Nehama, and studied at the Ecole Normale Orientale, the teacher training school of the Alliance Israélite Universelle in Paris. In his capacity as teacher and school principal of the local Alliance Israélite Universelle, Nehama devoted his life to educating several generations of Salonikan youth.
For a number of periods, Nehama was a member of the Committee of the Jewish Community of Salonika representing the non-Zionist general stream of the Jewish community. As a historian he made a major pioneering effort in tracing the Salonikan Jewish community's roots in his seven-volume work, Histoire des Israélites de Salonique. Another noteworthy work was La Ville Convaitée under the pen name P. Risal.
As a writer Nehama's literary ability was demonstrated in the dozens of essays he contributed to such French literary publications as Mercure de France. He wrote numerous studies and articles in Judeo-Spanish on Jewish history, health codes, and commerce which appeared in the press of Salonika and Paris. Nehama made a great contribution to the propagation and research of the Judeo-Spanish language by writing a comprehensive Judeo-Spanish-French dictionary. The work, entitled Dictionnaire du Judéo-Espagnol, was published in 1977 several years after his death.
Nehama was a prominent banker in his capacity as president of the Banque Union. During the Holocaust, Nehama managed to escape the Germans in Salonika by fleeing to Athens. However he was caught by the Nazis and deported on March 25, 1944, to Bergen-Belsen. He was liberated by the American army in the last days of the war.
The Holocaust not only was a personal tragedy for Nehama, but a changing point in his attitude toward Zionism. Previously he had little belief in the potential of political Zionism and its ability to create a viable and prosperous homeland for the Jews. He had been one of the key community leaders in the 1930s who encouraged Jews to stay in Salonika and not immigrate to Palestine. After the Holocaust Nehama was greatly saddened that the prosperous Diaspora center of Salonika had come to an end and regretted his earlier stand against emigration. He was joint author (with Michael Molho) of The Destruction of Greek Jewry 1941–1944 (Hebrew, 1965). In 1973, the Jewish community of Salonika put out a French version of the book.
[Yitzchak Kerem (2nd ed.)]
Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. © 2008 The Gale Group. All Rights Reserved.
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Okay, as I promised yesterday, I’m going to prove the Coherence Theorem for monoidal categories today. That is, any two natural transformations built from , , and between any two functors built from and are equal once we know the pentagon and triangle identities are satisfied.
Here’s an example. Brace yourself for the diagram.
Okay, the outer pentagon is the pentagon identity for the quadruple . The triangles in the upper-right and on the left are the triangle identity. The quadrilaterals are all naturality squares for and . And the last triangle near the center is the identity we’re proving. It says that . There’s a similar diagram to show that , which you should find.
Now we’re ready to really get down to work. We can get any functor built from and by writing down a parenthesized sequence of multiplications like and filling some of the open slots with .
First, let’s get rid of those identity objects. Each of them shows up either to the right or to the left of some product symbol, so we can use either a or a to remove it, but there’s some choice involved here. For example, near the we’re trying to get rid of the functor might look like . We can either use a right away, or we can hit it with an associator and then use a . The triangle identity says that these two ways of removing the are the same. Similarly, if nearby the functor looks like or we have some leeway, but the two new triangles we proved above say we’ll get the same natural transformation to remove the either way. The upshot is that any two natural transformations we use to reach a functor without any slots filled with identity objects are the same.
So now we just have to deal with functors built from monoidal products. Each of them is just a different way to parenthesize a multiplication of some number of variables, and the associator (or its inverse) lets us move between different ways of parenthesizing the same number of variables. One convenient way of parenthesizing is to have all pairs of parentheses at the end, like , and what we’re going to do is try to make every functor look like this.
Now imagine a big diagram with all the different ways of parenthesizing a product of terms as its vertices, and draw an arrow from one vertex to another if you can go from the first to the second by applying one associator. When , this is just the pentagon diagram. Try actually drawing the one for (there should be 14 vertices). We’re allowed to walk forwards or backwards along the arrows, since the associator is an isomorphism. Every path is a natural isomorphism between the two functors at its ends, since it’s a composition of natural isomorphisms. What the Coherence Theorem says is that any two paths between the same two points give the same natural isomorphism.
Let’s say that we have a path from a vertex in this diagram to a vertex , which might consist of some forward arrows and some reverse arrows. Each time we change directions from forward to reverse we can pick a path using only forward arrows from the turning point to the vertex , which has all its parentheses to the right. Here’s a sketch of what I’m talking about
Each arrow here is a path consisting of only forward arrows. We start with the path along the top. At the two points where we change from walking forwards along the arrows to walking backwards, we pick a path made up of only forward arrows to the point . Now the path we started with is the same as walking forwards a step from , down to , back the way we just came (undoing the isomorphism), forwards to the next juncture, down to and back, and on to .
It seems we’ve made our lives more complicated by adding in these side-trips to , just to undo them immediately, but something really nice happens. There are two paths here from the middle point of our original path down to , and each of them consists only of forward arrows. If these two paths are the same, I can cut out that whole middle loop. Then our path walks straight down from to along forward arrows, then back up to along backward arrows. If there are more changing points in the original path, then there are just more loops to cut out. So if any two paths from a vertex to consisting of only forward arrows give the same isomorphism, then every path from to is the same as one passing through . And even better, the paths from and to themselves consist entirely of forward arrows, so there’s only one of each of them. That is, if we can show that any two paths made of forward arrows from an arbitrary vertex to the fixed vertex give the same natural isomorphism, then we’re done.
Now here’s where it gets a bit messy. We’ll need to use inductions on both the number of terms in our functors and on how close they are to . We know the Coherence Theorem works up to terms, because that’s the pentagon identity. We’ll prove it for terms assuming it’s known for fewer than terms and work our way up. Similarly, for a fixed we’ll start by establishing the result for the vertices closest to and work our way out.
Let’s start with a functor , which is the product of functors and . Let and be two arrows out of to functors and , respectively, which them continue on to paths to . We need to find a and paths from and to to make the square commute. Since and are both closer than to , we can assume that both paths from to in the diagram give the same isomorphism, as do both paths from to . Then since is even closer to we can assume there’s only one transformation from to , so the result follows for . Here’s another sketch:
If and are already the same there’s nothing to be done. Pick and go home. Otherwise there are three possibilities for
- applies an associator inside
- applies an associator inside
- , and is an associator
and the same three for .
If and both act within or within then we’re done because of the induction on the number of terms. If acts in one factor and in the other then they commute because is a functor of two variables. All that’s left to see is if is an associator and acts in either or .
If acts inside , sending it to , then we get by the naturality of . A similar statement holds if acts inside or . Finally, if is itself the associator , then and are actually the first steps around the pentagon identity, so we can use the far vertex of the pentagon as our .
And after all these cases, we’re done. If two paths start out differently from we can guide them back together so that the square where they differed commutes, and we can keep doing this until we get to . Thus there’s only one natural isomorphism built from associators taking a functor the the fully right-parenthesized functor on the same number of terms.
Thus there’s only one natural isomorphism built from associators between any two functors built from monoidal products on the same number of terms.
Thus any two natural transformations built from , , and between any two functors built from and are equal, given that the pentagon and the triangle identities are satisfied.
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Following Israel’s Operation Cast Lead, the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR) documented the toll on Gaza’s children and published it in May. It did so “in response to the unprecedented number of children who were killed (and injured) by (the Israeli Defense Forces) during the offensive on Gaza.” According to international standards, the Convention on the Rights of the Child’s (CRC) definition was used to apply to anyone under age 18.
PCHR reviewed IDF killing of Gaza’s children since the beginning of the Second Intifada in September 2000, then focused on the 313 youth deaths during the recent conflict. Its evidence comes from eye-witness accounts of the willful targeting of civilians, including women and children. Also covered are the psychological scars and “alarming scale of physical injuries” leaving some children blind and many others (as well as adults) permanently disabled by the loss of limbs and psychological trauma.
PCHR’s report bears testimony to Israel’s contempt for international laws, its imperial agenda, culture of violence, disdain for peace, genocidal intentions, disparagement of Arabs and Islam, and its scorn for Palestinian lives and welfare.
PCHR presented 13 case studies in its report. Briefly discussed below, they represent a small fraction of the many hundreds killed and thousands more grievously harmed.
Since the September 2000 Second Intifada, Israeli forces killed 1179 children, including 865 in Gaza as part of a decades-long policy of collectively punishing millions of Palestinians in the Occupied Territories, mostly civilian men, women, and children.
Israel calls self-defense “terrorism” and justifies its actions as responses to militant missile or other attacks. PCHR’s investigations “have consistently undermined these claims,” and condemns all killing, especially of children.
In September 2006, the London Independent’s Donald Macintyre headlined his story: “Gaza: The children killed in a war the world doesn’t want to know about.” He wrote about more than 37 children under 18 killed since June 25 during Israel’s Operation Summer Rain, according to PCHR figures, out of an overall 228 total, mostly civilians.
He highlighted a “forgotten war in the Middle East” with young boys, girls and adults blown apart by Israeli shells and missiles, but who notices. He said the IDF attacks heavily populated areas indiscriminately on the pretext of fighting a “terrorist infrastructure.” He stressed that “attention (was) diverted from Gaza as Israel launch(ed) a full military invasion of southern Lebanon” yet civilian deaths mounted in both areas. He listed by name Gazan children under 18 killed and by what means – from airstrikes, while playing football, missiles, shrapnel, tank or artillery shells, and shot in the head or chest at close range. Khitam Mohammed Rebhi Tayey was one – age 11. Aya Salmeya another – age 9.
Israel rarely responds to public outrage or investigates its crimes, including against children. The few times it does turn into whitewashes. After 11 days on March 30, 2009, military advocate general Avichai Mandelblit closed the IDF’s inquiry into Israeli soldiers’ accounts of Operation Cast Lead crimes and dismissed them as unfounded.
International Humanitarian Law (IHL) Protection for Children
Various laws apply, including the Fourth Geneva Convention and UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). As protected persons, they’re to be safeguarded against willful killing, coercion, corporal punishments, torture, collective penalties and reprisals.
CRC was the first legally binding international instrument incorporating all human rights for children, including civil, cultural, economic, political and social. They’re now universally agreed on non-negotiable standards and obligations supporting their rights.
CRC’s Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict took effect on February 12, 2002. Israel ratified it on July 18, 2005 and CRC in 1991. The Optional Protocol strengthens children’s rights, recognizes that they require special protection, and condemns their being targeted in armed conflicts, especially in schools, hospitals or at home. Israel is legally bound under both laws and Geneva, yet disdains them repeatedly, especially by “willful killing” through indiscriminate attacks or deliberately targeting civilian areas or structures.
Truth and Lies: Operation Cast Lead and Civilian Deaths
Besides vast destruction and mass population displacement, 313 children were killed among the 1414 who died over a 23-day period. Of the 5300 injured (many seriously), 1606 were children. In all cases, the vast majority were noncombatants.
Of the children killed:
- most were at home or nearby;
- around one-third were girls and the rest boys;
- almost 15% were under age 5 and another one-fourth between 5 and 10;
- the remainder were between 11 and 17;
- the “overwhelming majority” were killed in densely populated residential areas;
- 46% were killed in northern Gaza;
- 38% in Gaza City;
- 9% in Khan Yunis and Rafah and 7% in less densely populated areas.
Israel used conventional and illegal weapons. The former included missiles, artillery and tank shells, mortars, and automatic weapons.
- white phosphorous that burns flesh to the bone and can be fatal; it’s use is prohibited in civilian areas;
- flechettes that are 4cm long darts used as anti-personnel weapons; they penetrate to the bone and can cause multiple horrific injuries; up to 8000 of them can be packed into one artillery shell; on explosion, they travel at high speed in multiple directions up to around 300 meters; and
- various other internationally prohibited weapons that PCHR investigations uncovered and condemned.
Its case studies show a consistent failure of Israeli forces to protect civilian lives, especially those of children. They document indiscriminate attacks against densely populated neighborhoods in grave violation of international laws.
To safeguard civilians and non-military areas and structures, IHL requires that precautions be taken in any attack, and civilian protection is paramount. Israel pays no heed and attacks indiscriminately in grave violation of the law.
Case Study One: The Olaiwa Family
Gaza City’s Isma’il (age 7), Mo’men (age 13), Mo’tassem (age 14) and Lana Olaiwa, (age 9) and their mother Amal were killed when an artillery shell struck their home on January 5, 2009. Three other family members were injured, including Amal’s husband, Haider, and her eldest son, Muntasser.
Two survivors were too badly injured to be interviewed. PCHR spoke to Fadwa Olaiwa, Haider’s sister, who lived two floors below. She said that 42 extended family members lived in the four-story house. The shell killed five of them in their kitchen where Amal was cooking.
When Fadwa heard the explosion, she ran upstairs and saw what happened. She found Amal decapitated by the refrigerator and the other bodies close by. Haider, Muntasser and Ghadir were taken to Gaza City’s al-Shifa Hospital. Haider sustained permanent facial and jaw injuries. Ghadir’s right arm was seriously injured. She and her father’s hearing were badly damaged. Muntasser had serious liver and stomach shrapnel wounds requiring two operations. Metal is still embedded in his right leg, and he continues to undergo treatment.
PCHR investigations confirm that no combatants or military targets were close by at the time of the attack. Artillery shells were fired indiscriminately, have a range of up to 60 km, and were used against entire areas, including civilian ones. This attack and many others like it constitute war crimes on two counts under Articles 8(2)(b)(ii) and (iv) of the International Criminal Court Statute.
Case Study Two: the al-Dayah Family
In the Zaytoun district of eastern Gaza, 22 family members were killed when a bomb struck their home – including 12 children and a pregnant woman. The explosion destroyed the house and buried many of the family inside. Only two family members survived, 28-year old Aamer and his brother Rida. Those killed included:
- Fayez Musbah Hasham, age 60
- Kawkab Sa’id Hussein, age 57
- Radwan Fayez Musbah, age 22
- Sabrin Fayez Musbah, age 24
- Raghda Fayez Musbah, age 34
- Eyad Fayez Musbah, age 36
- Rawda Hilal Hussein, age 32
- Ali Eyad Fayez Musbah, age 10
- Khitam Eyad Fayez Musbah, age 9
- Alaa’ Eyad Fayez Musbah, age 7
- Raba’a Eyad Fayez, age 6
- Sharaf Al-Din Eyad Fayez, age 5
- Mohammed Eyad Fayez, age 7 months
- Ramez Fayez Musbah, age 27
- Safaa’ Saleh Mohammed, age 20
- Baraa’ Ramez Fayez, age 1.5
- Salsabil Ramez Fayez, age 5 months
- Tazal Isma’il Isma’il Mohammed, age 28 and 8 months pregnant
- Amani Mohammed Fayez, age 6
- Qamar Mohammed Fayez, age 5
- Arij Mohammed Fayez, age 3, and
- Yousef Mohammed Fayez, age two
On February 3, 2009, PCHR interviewed Aamer al-Dayah (who was home) and his brother, Rida who was outside the house when attacked. Aamer said 24 family members shared seven apartments in the building. When it was struck, the force knocked Aamer unconscious, and he awakened under rubble. Rida was at a nearby mosque at the time. He rushed home, freed Aamer and his twin brother Radwan inside, still alive but only barely until he died on January 9.
Both survivors told PCHR that the explosion flung some family members meters outside their home while others inside were burned beyond recognition. They had no advance warning of an immanent attack, but PCHR fieldworkers learned there was military activity nearby. However, all al-Dayah family members were civilians. The IDF attack gravely breached international law and constitutes two war crime counts under Articles 8(2)(b)(ii) and (iv) of the International Criminal Court Statute.
According to IHL principles, Israeli forces used excessive and disproportionate force against a known civilian target resulting in the death of 22 al-Dayah family members – a crime Palestinians will long remember.
Case Study Three: the al-Battran family
On January 16, six al-Battran family members were slaughtered in their al-Bureji refugee camp home by an Israeli aircraft fired missile. Killed were Manal and five of her children:
- Manal, age 32
- Islam, age 15
- Eman, age 9
- twin sister Ehsan, age 9
- Bilal, age 6 and
- Izziddin, age 3
One year old son Abdul Hadi and Amal’s husband Issa survived. On February 25, PCHR interviewed Issa’s brother, Diaa’ who was in the house next door at the time of the attack. When he heard the explosion, he ran over and discovered the bodies, burnt and shorn of some body parts.
According to al-Battran family members, Issa hadn’t seen his wife and children since Operation Cast Lead began for fear of being assassinated. The day of the attack was the first time in January he was with them, only to pack clothing before heading to a safer location. He survived three earlier attempts to kill him because of his position in the Izz ad-Din Al Qassam Brigades.
Shrapnel at the scene identified a US-made Hellfire missile providing clear evidence of US involvement. Killing noncombatants is a war crime as defined in Article 8(2)(b)(iv) of the International Criminal Court Statute.
Other Case Studies: Further Examples of War Crime Attacks on Noncombatants, Including Children
(1) On January 16, two projectiles killed four Abu Eita family members outside their home, the youngest 2.5 year old Malak Abu.
(2) On January 9, two projectiles destroyed their house and killed six Salha family members, the youngest Bahaa, age 5
(3) On January 5, a projectile killed Mohammed Hijji. Earlier their home was commandeered by Israeli forces. Family members were held prisoners inside, then forced to be human shields so they could occupy a nearby house. Afterwards the family was ordered to evacuate Zaytoun where they lived, then shot at while leaving, killing their 2.5 year old daughter Shahd. Relatives and Arafat family members told to leave were also fleeing. In progress, one woman was shot and killed. Nine others were wounded. All are civilians, including children.
(4) on January 14, a projectile killed 14 year old Izziddin al-Farra in Qarara village in eastern Gaza while he and his friend Abdul Ghani were bicycling on a rural road. Abdul sustained a serious head injury.
(5) On January 4, Israeli forces shot and killed 1.5 year old Farah al-Helu. Family members were in their home. Soldiers entered, shot and killed 62 year old Fouad, then ordered the family to evacuate. Outside they were shot at, injuring three family members and killing Farah who bled to death. One family member described their ordeal. They tried crawling to safety. Most did but three others were struck and lay in the street. Farah bled to death because emergency care was denied – further evidence of a war crime atrocity.
(6) On December 29, a bombing of an adjacent mosque destroyed the Balousha family Jabaliya refugee camp home. Five of eight daughters were killed, the youngest Jawaher age four. Five others were injured and another five homes were seriously damaged.
(7) On January 6, two projectiles struck the yard of Mo’in Deeb’s Jabaliya refugee camp home when 10 family members were there. Ten were killed instantly, the youngest Nour Mo’in age 3. Others were injured, four critically. One subsequently died. Another had both legs amputated.
(8) On December 29, a bomb struck the al-’Absi family Yibna refugee camp home in Rafah while those in it were sleeping. Three children died instantly, the youngest Sidqi age 4. Their mother sustained critical injuries. Four other children were also injured.
(9) On January 17, a white phosphorous artillery shell struck the area around a Beit Lahiya school killing Bilal al-Ashqar (age 6) and Mohammed al-Ashqar (age 4). Two other family members were seriously injured. Their mother sustained critical head injuries and loss of her right hand. Her 19 year old daughter had her leg blown off. All were sheltering there at the time.
(10) On January 5, a projectile struck a house where the Abdul-Dayem family was attending a condolence ceremony. Those inside fled across the street and were struck by two tank shells containing flechettes. Three family members, including one child, were killed instantly. Two others, including a child, subsequently died of their injuries.
PCHR summarized the 23-day toll as follows:
“Alongside the 313 children killed by Israeli forces during (Operation Cast Lead), 1606 children were injured, with some sustaining horrific disabilities, head and spinal injuries, facial disfiguration, burns and amputation.”
Most were in their homes at the time. Others in shelters for their safety. Some of the injured couldn’t access medical care resulting in their permanent disability, infection, and for some their death. Even at hospitals, doctors were overwhelmed, under-resourced, and forced to deliver care under battlefield conditions.
The toll on parents and children was horrific, and some surviving adults face a lifelong task of caring for their permanently disabled offspring. Those who lost parents require help from relatives. The stench of death, injury, vast destruction, displacement, and Gaza still under siege pervades the Territory. The conflict’s psychological impact inflicted collective trauma – unrelieved and hardly noticed by Israel, America, the West, and most Arab states.
Children more than others suffer most and now experience “anger, sleeping difficulties, nightmares, avoidance of situations that are reminders of the trauma, impairment of concentration, and guilt” because they survived while others didn’t. Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) approach epidemic levels, but fortunately Gaza’s Community Mental Health Programme (GCMHP) provides some of the best care of its kind in the Middle East. Years of conflict honed their skills.
After hostilities ended, they assessed the psychological damage on children and learned that the overwhelming majority personally witnessed traumatic events that could seriously impair their mental health. For example:
- 98% of children said they didn’t feel safe;
- 96% didn’t think they could protect themselves;
- 97% thought their families couldn’t protect them;
- 90% heard bombing;
- 89% saw homes destroyed from it;
- 65% were forced to evacuate their homes;
- 61% saw their neighbors’ homes bombed;
- 54% were either physically detained in their homes by soldiers or were trapped inside them during bombings and/or shellings; and
- 55% said they were told that one or more of their family members or relatives were killed.
Psychologist Hassan Ziyada said: “These children reported high levels of trauma and insecurity that will impact on the psychological and intellectual development….(They’re) suffering continual long-term trauma due to the psychological, social and economic effects of the recent offensive, the siege and closure of Gaza, and the internal political situation. This (attack) came at a very difficult time for all the people of Gaza, especially children, who were already suffering acute feelings of anxiety and powerlessness….Children in Gaza are continuing to exhibit long-term symptoms of hyperactivity, deterioration of their cognitive abilities, instrusive memories and hyper arousal and anxiety.”
Ziyada believes many children will develop long-term depression from the loss of loved ones and friends that contribute to a feeling of abandonment. He also said they’re experiencing physical body pain, headaches, stomach aches, insomnia and aggressive behavior.
In an appendix, PCHR listed all 313 children killed by name, gender, age, location, date of attack, and date of death. The youngest was one month old Al-Mu’tasim Bellah Mohammed Ibrahim al-Samouni. Also one month old Hala ‘Isam Ahmed al-Mnei’i. Israel expressed no regrets, neither did America.
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Governing Law and Regulations
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE)
Colorado Department of Labor and Employment (CDLE) Division of Oil and Public Safety
See ADDRESSES & CONTACTS for addresses and telephone numbers.
See national section for basic information and federal regulations.
Comparison: State vs. Federal
• Rules. "Hazardous substances" is a broad classification that includes hazardous wastes, toxic pollutants, hazardous air pollutants, and certain hazardous chemical substances or mixtures. Colorado generally follows the federal rules for storing hazardous substances and has some additional requirements as well. See the national section HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE STORAGE for additional guidance.
Colorado has adopted the federal emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). Under the federal Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), the definition of a hazardous substance also includes any HAPs listed under the Clean Air Act. For additional guidance, see the national section HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS.
Colorado also follows the federal rules under the federal Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). EPCRA requires facilities to disclose the CERCLA hazardous substances and extremely hazardous substances they use and ...
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This article first appeared in the June 2004 issue of the San Antonio
The familiar little buntings in the genus Passerina are perhaps the most extravegantly colorful birds in North America, surpassing even the warblers and orioles by virtue of their habit of singing abundantly from an exposed perch, bright colors resplendent in the sunlight. Encountering a singing male Indigo or Painted Bunting for the first time comes as a pleasant surprise for many novice birders, inciting exclamations of admiration and appreciation. Images of these species are often featured on the covers of bird guides and magazines and have probably done much to draw attention to bird watching and nature in general.
Although collectively referred to by the old European term of “bunting,” the six species in this genus are now grouped in the exclusively New World Family Cardinalidae. Two species in the genus are found in the Tropics, the remaining four species migrate north each year and breed solely or in part within North America.
The males are persistent songsters, as noted previously often singing from a prominent perch. Males do not attain their full adult splendor until their second year. The females are notably drab and ordinarily do not sing. First-year males resemble females in the case of the Painted (P. ciris) and Varied Buntings (P. versicolor), or blotchy variations of the mature males in the case of the Indigo (P. cyanea) and Lazuli Buntings (P. amoena). These first-year males sing as vigorously as do the older males but often do not fare as well when wooing females.
The buntings in this genus prefer edge or successional habitats and thus have tolerated human disturbance fairly well. Typically, the older males arrive on the breeding grounds first and aggressively establish territories. Monogamy is the norm although polygyny is frequent, as are extra-pair copulations. The female alone builds the cup-shaped nest and incubates the 3–5 eggs. Development is rapid, the eggs hatch in 12 to 14 days and the young fledge in about 2 weeks. Multiple broods are the norm, as many as 4 being recorded in the case of the Painted Bunting.
The Varied Bunting is a primarily Mexican species, limited in the United States to parts of the desert Southwest where it has become a much sought-after target species for traveling birders. By way of contrast, the Indigo Bunting (right) is an abundant Trans-Gulf migrant, breeding across the eastern two-thirds of our continent north to southern Canada. The Lazuli Bunting (below, left) replaces the Indigo Bunting across the West and the two species may interbreed in areas of range overlap. Indigo Buntings have also been recorded interbreeding with Painted Buntings, the hybrids arising from both these sorts of liaisons suffering a competitive disadvantage against the parent species.
The Painted Bunting occupies two separate ranges with the United States, the smaller Eastern population breeds along the Atlantic seaboard from North Carolina to Florida, moving to southern Florida and the Caribbean in winter. The larger western population occupies a range extending from Louisiana, Missouri and Oklahoma south and east through Texas to northeast Mexico. After breeding, this western population moves west to southern Arizona and northwest Mexico where the buntings undergo a late-summer molt. Interestingly, much of the Lazuli Bunting population migrates to these same areas, both species later moving further south for the winter.
Populations of both the Painted and Indigo Bunting have been steadily declining in recent decades, with the eastern population of Painted Buntings being of special concern. Habitat loss has been especially severe in some areas and all of these buntings are susceptible to cowbird parasitism. In addition, these species suffer for being attractive, having pretty songs and being relatively easy to keep alive in captivity. The Painted Bunting in particular is a popular cage bird in Mexico and all these buntings fetch high prices in the international pet trade.
Sources and More Information:
San Antonio Audubon Society, 5150 Broadway
#257, San Antonio, TX 78209-5710, (210)
These pages are Copyright ©2005 San Antonio Audubon Society. Permission is granted to other nonprofit organizations to reprint articles, unless otherwise noted. Reprints must refer to the originating web site or newsletter and give credit to San Antonio Audubon Society and the specific author.
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Dear Dr. Dollar:
Supposedly, countries should produce what they are best at. If the United States makes computers and China produces rice, then the theory of free trade says China should trade its rice for computers. But if China puts tariffs on U.S.-made computers and builds up its own computer industry, then it will become best at making them and can buy rice from Vietnam. Isn't it advantageous for poor countries to practice protectionism and become industrial powers themselves, rather than simply producing mono-crop commodities? I'm asking because local alternative currencies like Ithaca Hours benefit local businesses, though they restrict consumers to local goods that may be more expensive than goods from further away.
—Matt Cary, Hollywood, Fla
This article is from the July/August 2004 issue of Dollars and Sense: The Magazine of Economic Justice available at http://www.dollarsandsense.org
This article is from the July/August 2004 issue of Dollars & Sense magazine.
at a discount.
The modern theory of free trade argues that countries are “endowed” with certain quantities of labor, capital, and natural resources. A country with lots of labor but little capital should specialize in the production of labor-intensive goods, like hand-woven rugs, hand-sewn garments, or hand-picked fruit. By ramping up production of these goods, a developing country can trade on world markets, earning the foreign exchange to purchase capital-intensive products like computers and cars. Free trade thus permits poor countries (or, to be more precise, their most well-off citizens) to consume high-tech goods that they lack the ability to produce and so obtain higher living standards. “Capital-rich” countries like the United States benefit from relatively cheap fruit and garments, freeing up their workforce to focus on high-tech goods. Free trade, according to this story, is a win-win game for everyone.
The flaw in this tale, which you have hit upon exactly, is that being “capital-rich” or “capital-poor” is not a natural phenomenon like having lots of oil. Capital is created—typically with plenty of government assistance and protection.
Developing countries can create industrial capacity and train their citizens to manufacture high-tech goods. But doing so takes time. Building up the capacity to manufacture computers, for example, at prices that are competitive with firms in developed countries may take several years. To buy this time, a government needs to keep foreign-made computers from flooding its market and undercutting less-established local producers. It also needs to limit inflows of foreign capital. Studies show that when foreign firms set up production facilities in developing countries, they are unlikely to share their latest techniques, so such foreign investment does not typically build local expertise or benefit local entrepreneurs.
The United States and other rich countries employed these protectionist strategies. In the 1800s, American entrepreneurs traveled to England and France to learn the latest manufacturing techniques and freely appropriated designs for cutting-edge industrial equipment. The U.S. government protected its nascent industries with high tariff walls until they could compete with European manufacturers.
After World War II, Japan effectively froze out foreign goods while building up world-class auto, computer, and electronics industries. Korea later followed Japan’s strategy; in recent years, so has China. There, “infant industries” are heavily protected by tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers. Foreign producers are welcome only if they establish high-tech facilities in which Chinese engineers and production workers can garner the most modern skills.
Development economists like Alice Amsden and Dani Rodrik are increasingly reaching the conclusion that carefully designed industrial policies, combined with protections for infant industries, are most effective in promoting internal development in poor countries. “Free-trade” policies, on the other hand, seem to lock poor countries into producing low-tech goods like garments and agricultural commodities, whose prices tend to decline on world markets due to intense competition with other poor countries.
In the contemporary global economy, however, there are three difficulties with implementing a local development strategy. First, some countries have bargained away their right to protect local firms by entering into free-trade agreements. Second, protectionism means that local consumers are denied the benefits of cheap manufactured goods from abroad, at least in the short run.
Finally, in many parts of the world the floodgates of foreign-made goods have already been opened and, with the middle and upper classes enjoying their computers and cell phones, it may be impossible to build the political consensus to close them. This last concern bears on the prospects for local alternative currencies. Since it is impossible to “close off” the local economy, the success of local currencies in bolstering hometown businesses depends on the willingness of local residents to deny themselves the benefits of cheaper nonlocal goods. Like national protectionist polices, local currencies restrict consumer choice. Ultimately, the success or failure of such ventures rests on the degree of public support for local business. With local currencies, participation is voluntary and attitudes toward local producers often favorable. National protectionist polices, however, entail coerced public participation and generally fail when governments are corrupt and unable to command public support.
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If you’re wondering what your Converse or Nikes will look like in 5500 years, then wonder no longer. In a cave in Armenia, about an hour south of the nation’s capital Yerevan, near the border with Iran and Turkey, prehistoric archaeologists lead by Ron Pinhasi from the University College Cork in Ireland have stumbled across the mother lode: a prehistoric leather shoe from 3500 BC that is the oldest leather shoe ever discovered, and the second-oldest shoe ever found after a pair of 7500-year-old fiber sandals.
So why was the show back there? Well, possibly, it was a shoe meant for the gods. “We thought originally it could be a discard, but at the same time, it’s very strange, because we have only one shoe, and it’s in very good shape,” Pinhasi said. “It looks like it was more than likely deliberately placed in this way.” Found back in the cave with the shoe were several pots full of grain and three pots each containing a child’s skull with the jaw removed. Weird!
Image: Scientific American
Tags: 5500-year-old shoes, prehistoric shoes, ancient leather shoes discovered, Armenia, Ron Pinhasi, University College Cork, oldest leather shoes discovered in a cave, archaeology, second-oldest shoes ever discovered
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Diet and childhood obesity
Katie Carpenter | 09.17.13
1 in 3 kids ages 2-19 are overweight or obese and 50% of obese kids are obese as adults. Obesity increases risk of serious diseases… like type II diabetes. And, it takes a toll on mental health.
One key factor in this epidemic is poor diet. Let's take a look:
5 tips for better nutrition:
- Eat meals together as a family. Did you know that eating breakfast is linked to better grades and behavior?
- Eat a rainbow of fruits & veggies for a variety of nutrients.
- Ditch the junk food & have healthy snacks on hand.
- Cut out soda, and increase H2O.
- And, Involve the kids in making healthy choices.
"When it comes to health, it’s a family affair!"
Click here to watch an animated video about exercise and childhood obesity.
Explore the Transforming Kids' Health infographic to learn more about building a healthy lifestyle with your child. Click on the image below to see the infographic:
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| 0.914791 | 223 | 3.5 | 4 |
Skin Color Changes in the Newborn
In newborns, skin color changes are often due to something happening inside the body. Some color changes are normal. Others are signs of problems. The changes described below can happen to any newborn. But skin color changes may be more obvious in babies born early, or prematurely, who have thinner skin than full-term babies.
With acrocyanosis, the baby’s hands and feet are blue. This is normal right after birth. In fact, most newborns have some acrocyanosis for their first few hours of life. It happens because blood and oxygen aren’t circulating properly to the hands and feet yet. The problem goes away as the blood vessels in the baby’s hands and feet open up. Later, acrocyanosis can come back if the baby is cold (such as after a bath). This is normal, and will go away by itself.
Cyanosis can be a blue color around the mouth or face, or over the whole body. It happens when there isn’t enough oxygen traveling through the baby’s body. It means the baby is not getting enough oxygen. If you notice cyanosis, tell your baby's health care provider or a nurse right away.
Mottling occurs when the baby’s skin looks blue and blotchy. There may also be a bluish marbled or weblike pattern on the baby’s skin. The parts of the skin that are not blotchy may be very pale (this is called pallor). Mottling could be due to a congenital heart problem, poor blood circulation, or an infection. Tell your baby's health care provider or a nurse right away if you notice mottling.
Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes. It usually starts in the face, then moves down to the chest, lower belly, and legs. It often happens because the body is breaking down red blood cells (a normal process after birth). The breakdown releases a yellow substance called bilirubin, which causes the yellow color. This substance is processed by the baby’s liver. It leaves the body through the urine or stool. Jaundice occurs in about half of all babies after birth, and often goes away by itself. But sometimes a baby’s liver can’t process bilirubin as quickly as needed. This is especially true of babies born early, or prematurely. Treatment may be needed to help the bilirubin break down and get rid of the yellow color. If your baby is jaundiced, alert your baby's health care provider or a nurse.
Other Skin Color Changes
Also tell your baby's health care provider or nurse if you notice:
Redness around the baby’s umbilical cord, catheter site, IV site, or circumcision site. The site could be infected.
Red spots (caused by broken blood vessels). This is often a sign of trauma or infection. It could also be due to a problem with the blood’s ability to clot.
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Half of today’s world population is under 25 years old. There are especially large concentrations of young people in Sub-Saharan Africa, much of the Middle East and North Africa and in many parts of Asia. The growing share of young men and women globally has not yet reached its peak and will continue to increase over the next two decades. Eradicating poverty will not be possible if the needs of this young cohort are not treated with careful attention. Recent estimates indicate that almost a quarter of the planet’s youth, between the ages of 15 and 29, is inactive. Furthermore nearly half of all global youth are working either outside the formal economy or not working up to their full potential. In the coming 10 years, 47 million jobs will be needed - nearly 400,000 jobs per month - in order to absorb the young generation into the workforce. Equally important is the growing sense of frustration voiced by youth around the world. A frustration stemming from a lack of opportunities and participation - not only in the economy, but also in the political and social spheres. The challenge is too great to be treated with a business-as-usual approach, and no individual stakeholder alone is capable of offering a comprehensive solution.
As part of its efforts to engage with the youth, the World Bank recently hosted a Global Youth Summit with over 500 participants from over two dozen countries. The list of guest speakers included the United Nations Special Envoy for Youth, Ahmad Al-Hindawi and representatives of Civil Society Organizations, international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Private Sector, and numerous youth organizations. The event was a great success as it brought together stakeholders in the global youth agenda.
What were the outcomes of this event? How can it help to move the youth agenda forward? How can the World Bank make a meaningful contribution to the Global Youth Agenda? The Summit’s Expert Panel on The Post 2015 Agenda: Addressing the Challenge of Youth Exclusion generated a vibrant discussion. Here are the three key follow-up proposals that emerged from the event.
A Cross-cutting Solution for Young People in the Post-2015 Development Agenda
During the recent UN General Assembly, a first draft of a post-2015 development agenda that looks beyond the Millennium Development Goals was discussed. Based on the UN High-level Report, the delegates from 185 countries saw for the first time the Youth Agenda being spelled out in a clear quantifiable development target: Reduce the number of young people who are “Not in Employment, Education or Training” (NEET). Advocated by several UN organizations and already in use in several member countries of the Organizations for Economic Co-operation (OECD), NEET helps to look beyond the narrow lens of unemployment. The proposed indicator addresses youth inactivity and exclusion in a meaningful way. NEET is easily measureable using standard surveys with questions on employment, education, and training. The World Bank can play a crucial role in enriching the Global Youth Agenda by ensuring that proposed solutions for young people are (i) truly cross-cutting, (ii) in line with the recommendations of the High Level UN Panel Report, and that (iii) the NEET indicator is consistently measured throughout all the World Bank’s survey work, and monitored in poverty assessments, flagship reports, and country strategies.
A Goal for Youth Development
The development community is in urgent need of a common approach to youth development. It should include efforts to streamline and scale up evidence-based youth investments, mobilize resources, monitor progress, and for the international community to be held accountable for the progress made by young people. The development community must aim for a highly ambitious goal that addresses the lives of half of this planet’s population. Take the NEET indicator for example: reducing the current number of youth that are NEET could mean helping 1 billion youth to find employment, to become entrepreneurs, to obtain relevant training, or to participate in civic engagement initiatives. In other words, 1 billion young people that would need to be engaged and supported over 15 years, between 2015 and 2030 – slightly less than 70 million youth per year. Will that be enough to eradicate poverty? Will it be enough to boost shared prosperity? Probably the goal for NEET should be even higher than 1 billion young people, but these figures provide a sense of the order of magnitude needed.
Youth-led Councils and Platforms to Listen and Learn
The UN Special Envoy for Youth has recently launched a program to encourage governments around the world to set up Youth-led Advisory Groups or Platforms that can support national ministries and local delegations and help monitor the implementation of policies. Supporting this kind of citizen engagement is also a priority for the World Bank, and we have helped set up youth-led advisory groups for our country programs from Peru to Brazil to Macedonia, and more recently in the Arab League. The UN has taken this step one level further and has decided to implement Youth Councils for all UN Country Offices to ensure that programs fully address the needs and aspirations of the generation that will bring change to this world. This is a crucial moment for governments and all development partners to ‘walk the talk.’ Creating partnerships with youth organizations will also be essential in helping to focus on the problems that really matter, and to enable Development Agencies including the World Bank to listen and deliver better solutions.
These are three very concrete ideas to support the Global Youth Agenda. Enabling young men and women to contribute to shaping their own future will be essential, and we will only achieve this together, with strong partnerships.
Can we increase youth participation and reduce youth inactivity in other ways? What are your ideas? Let’s discuss!
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A lot of attention lately has been going to the fuzzy primate from Madagascar called the Lemur. Studies have shown that newborn babies respond to the sounds of the lemur until 6 months of age as much as to the sound of human voices. But even more recently, attention has gone to the amazing hibernation-like state that lemurs can access, unlike any other primate. Scientists think studying the lemurs may hold secrets for the ability of humans to drop into a suspended animation state. This state could be helpful for so many reasons.
Not only could suspended animation assist people who are critically ill by slowing down their system while awaiting organs or other remedies, this ability could also be utilized in space travel, so astronauts could go long distances without having to pack a lot of food along. Suspended animation is a technique believed to be implored by those of specific mystical traditions such as those in ancient India, Egypt and the Essene people of Palastine. In these spiritual paths, suspended animation was believed to be used in order to keep the body in pristine condition while trans-versing other worldly plains, and even as life-extension practices.
Suspended animation is the state of a slowed metabolism, heart rate and breath, so as to appear nearly dead. Where the normal resting heart rate of someone might be 60-100 beats per minute, one in suspended animation might only experience 6 beats per minute, like the lemur does in this state. A normal adult generally takes 12-18 breaths per minute, where someone in deep meditation might drop that number to 2-3, suspended animation would mean a mere one breath every 20 minutes or so – a significant difference indeed.
Lemurs are baffling scientist, as the only known primate to achieve this state. Let it be clear that suspended animation is not hibernation, though it appears close to it. Suspended animation is also not a sleep-state. In fact, where science has believed that we all need sleep in order to be healthy and survive, lemurs can go up to 21 days without tapping that ‘normal sleep state’, showing that maybe it is not the sleep itself that is needed, but something else. Tests were conducted on lab rats and denied non-REM sleep, which is the state believed to be needed for regeneration and renewal of the body processes. These rats, after a week or more lacking non-REM state began to break down at the level of bodily tissues, and were dead after 32 days of being deprived of this level of sleep.
Looking at Lemurs, we are seeing a new level of possibilities opening for humans and potential non-sleep states. Do lemurs hold the secret for suspended animation abilities in humans? We aren’t sure of the answer yet, though history is not without stories of humans achieving this state. Some believe that Jesus himself was trained in the Essene arts, which included this technique. Egyptian mythology is full of stories of suspended animation followed by bodily renewal. The most concrete evidence we have is of Indian yogis who have voluntarily placed themselves into this state and then allowed themselves to be followed, or documented in order to prove it.
One website called Mysterious People, has several stories listed of Egyptians and Indian sages who achieved suspended animation states for days, weeks and even months at a time. One such story was reported on ABC News in 2003, of an 80 year old man from Egypt who had supposedly passed away. He was prepped to be thrown on a funeral pyre, only to regain consciousness after being washed down with cold water in preparation for his funeral rites.
In 1838, a holy man in Calcutta, India was known to have the ability to enter suspended animation for months at a time. Those who lived in the area had supposedly often seen his talent, and was once asked to show his ability to the European officers living locally. This man went to great measures in order to prepare his body for a long state of the death-like suspension. He was said to put out his digestive fires, pull his breath up into his brain, tuck his tongue back into his throat and even allowed nearly every bodily opening to be blocked with wax – save the mouth, which was blocked by his folded tongue. This man was buried and checked several times over ten months, found to be in perfect condition. When finally brought gently out of his suspended state, he described a vivid dream world from which he was not too happy to be brought back from.
One very interesting book by Claire Heartsong, describes a possible suspended animation experience in Egypt and why one would choose to undergo such a procedure. Here is a passage from that book where suspended animation is described along with its accompanying ‘Rite of the Sepulchre’:
I preferred to maintain my physical body, as long as it served my soul’s purposes, instead of passing through the rigors of the birth canal and infancy or “walking into” a body again.
My desire was to master the laws of the physical plane and spiritual immortality, remain in service to humanity as one who appeared quite ordinary, and then when my soul had accomplished all that I had come to do, eventually take my ascension.
After going through the appropriate Rite of the Sepulchre purification rituals, I then proceeded into a deeply altered brain state. When I reached the desired state in which my body was asleep, and my consciousness was identified completely with my higher light bodies, my anointed physical body, or Khat, was wrapped in swaddling clothes. These are similar to the cotton and linen shrouds that are used in mummification. The cloths were saturated with essential oils known to preserve and regenerate tissue. If I were to go through a relatively brief regeneration process, my swaddled body was placed on top of the sepulchre or inside without the lid put in place. In such circumstances my face was exposed, except for a napkin that fluttered with my returning breath, signaling to the attending priest or priestess that my body was becoming animated.
If I were to be “away” for several months or for an extended period of many years, my entire body was carefully wrapped and placed inside the supulchre where a nurturing ‘amniotic-like fluid’ or ‘molecularly restructured water’ had been poured, facilitating a state of suspension or antigravity. Attending priests and priestesses then hermetically sealed the lid of the sarcophagus once it was levitated into its precise position. So it was that all the elements of the Rite of the Sepulchre acted in complete synergy.
Whether you believe these stories or not, matters not. Science is now beginning to uncover the mysteries of suspended animation through studying the Madagascar lemur. What they are discovering is changing the way we look at the once believed “need for sleep.” Lemurs may indeed hold the secret for understanding the ability known as suspended animation. Once this is more fully understood, we may be able to start implementing it on patients, astronauts and personally, for life-extension purposes. Would you like to experience suspended animation? Why would you wish for such an ability? How would you apply this super-ability into your reality?
Written by: Stasia Bliss
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Solar System for Young Learners
Students learn about the solar system as well as the scientific process.
- Grades: 1–2
With all the emphasis on literacy and test preparation, how can primary teachers find time for science? Here are several models and literacy-based activities to get you started on exploring the solar system with primary students. One challenge I've encountered is that there's so much information on this subject, it's hard to know where to begin. I hope these few, easy lessons will help you keep it simple.
My overall science objective for the year is to teach children to think and act like scientists. The solar system is wide open for questions, since many astronomers don't have all the answers. There are areas of genuine inquiry and intelligent, informed guesses students can make! I encourage students to refer to books, magazines, and Web sites to answer their questions about the solar system.
Here are important concepts for this unit:
- Position of the Planets and their relative sizes and distances
- Why and How Earth is Distinctive
- The Role of the Sun
- Rotation, Revolution, and Orbit
- Make several models of the solar system.
- Read books and poems and write in response to reading.
- Do beginning research with a partner and write a report together.
Lesson Plans for this Unit
Lesson 1: Making Models of the Solar System
Solar System Museum
Models of planets are displayed in hallway or on walls of gym for all to see. Students' reports are posted near the planets. Students are stationed throughout the solar system display, as invited guests - parents, other grades and classes, principal, school nurse, librarian, etc. - tour the museum. Students act as docents, talking with visitors and answering questions.
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Website is still under construction.
Please pardon our
Welcome to the new website for Friends of Tackapausha,
In the middle of densely populated Seaford on the South
Shore, is an historic and beautiful 84-acre sanctuary of oak forests, ponds and
streams, small mammals and scores of bird species, all of which can viewed via
five miles of clearly marked trails.
The Tackapausha Preserve, the first tract of preserve land
acquired by Nassau County (in 1938 and originally for drainage purposes), is one
of the most popular preserves on the South Shore. Bordered by Merrick Road on
the south and Jerusalem Avenue on the north, it provides residents with the
opportunity to enjoy a physically and spiritually invigorating hike in a
convenient and accessible location.
In addition, the preserve incorporates a 3,000-square-foot
museum with displays about the ecology of Long Island, as well as animal
exhibits and shows and interactive activities for children. The museum is also
available for birthday parties on weekends.
The Tackapausha Museum offers a window into the varied
natural habitats of Long Island, including plants and wildlife in different
seasons. A popular exhibit features live animals in a reversed day-night cycle;
the museum also provides educational programs. The Tackapausha Preserve is an
84-acre tract of glacial outwash plain that serves as a wildlife sanctuary,
consisting of wet, deciduous woods, swamps, streams and ponds, and a small
well-drained grassy area reminiscent of the Hempstead Plains. A variety of small
mammals and 170 species of birds have been seen at the Preserve in the
The preserve itself consists of three sections divided by
major roads, with trails that meander through each part. In the southern
section, between Merrick Road and Sunrise Highway, the preserve is host to the
largest Atlantic White Cedar “stand,” or grouping of trees, in Nassau County,
located in a swamp just north of Tackapausha Pond, near Merrick Road.
In the central section, between Sunrise Highway and Clark
Avenue, a small, secluded pond draws waterfowl and amphibians. The northern
section, between Clark and Jerusalem avenues, includes a small wetland near
Bird-watchers often hike the trails, with lawn chairs in
tow, seeking out species commonly found at the preserve, such as the
ruby-throated humming bird. In all, more than 170 bird species have been
identified within the preserve, along with raccoon, muskrat, gray squirrel and
In August 2010, the museum was closed for a $300,000
renovation and was set to open in January 2012, But it remained closed do to
budget problems and the laying off of the only fulltime employee. It was
re-opened on April 21, 2012 after public outcry and the formation of the Friends
of Tackapausha group. The group incorporated on May 1, 2012 and received our
501c3 status from the IRS on January 31, 2013. We are also registered with the
NYS Attorney General's Charities Bureau & the NYS Tax Dept.
The Museum is staffed by part-time and seasonal workers
and is open Wednesday to Sunday from 11:00 am to 4:00 pm.
Who are the
Friends of Tackapausha?
The mission of the FRIENDS OF TACKAPAUSHA,
Inc., is to assist the County of Nassau in providing environmental education
programming and activities at Tackapausha Museum and Preserve to the general
Join us by clicking here for our
member, than join our web group
Share messages, photos, and our program calendar.
Call the Museum at 516 571-7443 for more info
Vendors & Sponsors
click here for forms
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In which Scrabble dictionary does MESOMERE exist?
Definitions of MESOMERE in dictionaries:
A blastomere of intermediate size, larger than a micromere but smaller than a macromere.
The middle zone of the mesoderm of a chordate vertebrate embryo, from which excretory tissue develops.
noun - an embryonic segment
There are 8 letters in MESOMERE:
E E E M M O R S
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to MESOMERE
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word MESOMERE plus a
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word MESOMERE
8 letter words
6 letter words
5 letter words
4 letter words
3 letter words
2 letter words
Images for MESOMERELoading...
SCRABBLE is the registered trademark of Hasbro and J.W. Spear & Sons Limited. Our scrabble word finder and scrabble cheat word builder is not associated with the Scrabble brand - we merely provide help for players of the official Scrabble game. All intellectual property rights to the game are owned by respective owners in the U.S.A and Canada and the rest of the world. Anagrammer.com is not affiliated with Scrabble. This site is an educational tool and resource for Scrabble & Words With Friends players.
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Link to Boston Harbor Association Website Link to Boston Harbor Islands Visitor Guide... Link to Boston Cruiseport Website
Adapted from information provided by the Thompson Island Outward Bound Education Center...
Native Americans first occupied Thompson Island as early as 10,000 years ago. The island is listed on both the National and State Registers of Historic Places, and is part of the Boston Harbor Island Archaeological District.
In 1626, four years before the Puritans arrived in Boston, a trader named David Thompson established an outpost on the island to trade with the Neponset indians. Thompson served as the "Acting Governor" of New England from 1624 until his death in 1628 on Thompson Island.
In 1832 a group of citizens led by the Reverend Eleaser Wells purchased Thompson Island and founded the Boston Farm School. Inspiration for school came from the Boston Asylum for Indigent Boys located in the North End.
In August 1833 construction of the school's main building began. The building was designed by Boston's premier architect of the period, Charles Bulfinch. The school thrived for several years and has the distinction of being the first vocational school in America. The school also gave birth to the first school band in America.
Today the island is home to the Thompson Island Outward Bound Education Center providing programs for school and community youth groups.
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Arts of Africa
On View: African Storage Annex, East Gallery, 1st Floor
Gelede masks, such as this one, are worn by male Yoruba dancers at festivals honoring the women of the community, living and dead, especially the powerful Great Mothers, including both the elderly women of the community and the ancestors of Yoruba society. The gelede performances entertain and educate, and document elements of everyday life, such as the woman’s head tie in this example. Through their movements, gelede dancers express Yoruba ideals of male and female behavior.
late 19th or early 20th century
11 3/4 x 9 1/4 x 12 in. (29.8 x 23.5 x 30.5 cm) (show scale)
Museum Expedition 1922, Robert B. Woodward Memorial Fund
You may download and use Brooklyn Museum images of this three-dimensional work in accordance with a Creative Commons license
. Fair use, as understood under the United States Copyright Act, may also apply.
Please include caption information from this page and credit the Brooklyn Museum. If you need a high resolution file, please contact [email protected]
For further information about copyright, we recommend resources at the United States Library of Congress
, Cornell University
, Copyright and Cultural Institutions: Guidelines for U.S. Libraries, Archives, and Museums
, and Copyright Watch
For more information about the Museum's rights project, including how rights types are assigned, please see our blog posts on copyright
If you have any information regarding this work and rights to it, please contact [email protected]
Yoruba. Gelede Mask, late 19th or early 20th century. Wood, pigment, 11 3/4 x 9 1/4 x 12 in. (29.8 x 23.5 x 30.5 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Museum Expedition 1922, Robert B. Woodward Memorial Fund, 22.227. Creative Commons-BY
overall, 22.227_bw.jpg. Brooklyn Museum photograph
"CUR" at the beginning of an image file name means that the image was created by a curatorial staff member. These study images may be digital point-and-shoot photographs, when we don\'t yet have high-quality studio photography, or they may be scans of older negatives, slides, or photographic prints, providing historical documentation of the object.
Mask with large elaborate headtie painted in many layers of yellow, blue, red, green, brown, and black. Nostrils pierced for wearer to see through.
Condition is fair. Paint raised and cracked.
Not every record you will find here is complete. More information is available for some works than for others, and some entries have been updated more recently. Records are frequently reviewed and revised, and we welcome
any additional information you might have.
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Any worm of the genus Lumbricus and allied genera, found in damp soil. One of the largest and most abundant species in Europe and America is L. terrestris; many others are known; -- called also angleworm and dewworm.
A mean, sordid person; a niggard.
earthworm in Dutch is regenworm, aardworm, pier, worm
earthworm in German is Regenwurm
earthworm in Norwegian is meitemark
earthworm in Portuguese is minhoca
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By Patrick Oliver Graf, General Manager of Americas, NCP engineering
Split tunneling is not a new concept in the realm of remote access networking. The technology emerged in the 1990s to allow VPN users to access a public network and a LAN or WAN simultaneously. But despite this longevity, its merits and security continue to be disputed. So what is the reality, should split tunneling be allowed? Or should IT administrators steer clear?
First, let’s take a closer look into how split tunneling works. In VPNs, there are basically two types of virtual tunnels that enable secure data transmission: full tunnels and split tunnels. In full tunnel mode, a remote corporate user establishes an Internet connection from a client PC, which then runs through the VPN. This naturally includes the user’s private data traffic. As a result, every time the user scans the web, be it for shopping on eBay, checking personal email, or accessing the company CRM, it is done through the company VPN gateway.
In certain cases, a full tunnel configuration is necessary. For example, companies that frequently and closely cooperate with their partners to allow employee access to IT systems within their own networks should take a full tunnel approach. This, for example, enables employees and partners to access order lists or product data. In this scenario, however, a remote user only receives access to the partner’s server through the corporate VPN gateway and cannot access them through other connections.
The other virtual tunnel configuration, split tunnels, only transmits data through the VPN tunnel from a website or from another IT service within the corporate network. For all other connections, such as Facebook or web mail, the client PC directly accesses the providers’ servers. Downloads from external websites are not directed through the corporate network and the VPN.
Now that you have an overview of split and full tunnel configurations, it’s time to take a closer look at their application. Tune in next time to learn the advantages of split tunneling and when full tunneling might be a better alternative.
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Lactoferrin and AnemiaAugust 4, 2009 Written by JP [Font too small?]
Some vitamin and mineral deficiencies are more obvious than others. This is both a blessing and a curse. Nobody looks forward to feeling or seeing the effects of poor nutrition. On the other hand, if obvious signs of nutrient deficiencies or malabsorption can be identified, proactive steps can be taken to address the problem. Anemia is a rather common nutritionally influenced condition. It is often caused by an iron deficiency which plays an essential role in transporting oxygen throughout the body. If there isn’t enough iron and hemoglobin (an oxygen carrying protein) present, symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, hair loss, irritability, muscle weakness and spasms, poor cognitive and immune function, and skin problems often manifest. The obvious solution for many people is to simply supplement with therapeutic levels of iron. But on occasion, iron absorption is compromised and/or gastrointestinal side effects prevent good adherence to this vital therapy.
Iron is naturally present in many animal and plant based foods. Beef, chicken and seafood contain a well absorbed form known as “heme iron”. Grains, legumes, nuts, seeds and vegetables possess a different variety of iron that is referred to as “nonheme iron”. Chicken livers, oysters, steak and dark meat turkey are among the top heme iron sources. Kidney beans, lentils, molasses and spinach provide considerable levels of nonheme iron. Research indicates that the heme (animal based) iron is better absorbed in general, but combining both forms, preferably with some added vitamin C, may be the ideal dietary means of promoting healthy iron absorption. (1)
Diet alone is rarely enough to reestablish adequate iron stores in someone with clinical anemia. That’s why doctors often recommend high-dose supplementation that far exceeds the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 18 mg. Dosages ranging from 60 mg – 200 mg of elemental iron are often prescribed for those with an iron deficiency. This is both necessary and frequently problematic because it can cause certain digestive side effects, such as constipation and nausea. Taking iron supplements with food and slowly building up to the recommended dosage helps some anemic patients better tolerate this therapy. Constipation can also be dealt with by conventional (stool softeners) or holistic means (added fiber, healthy fats, magnesium, vitamin C, increased fluids and supplemental probiotics). Still, there are certain sensitive individuals who will persist in having difficulty with this treatment routine. (2,3)
Fortunately, there is a scientifically validated alternative for those who cannot manage traditional iron replacement – a little known supplement called lactoferrin. Lactoferrin is a glycoprotein (a molecule that contains a carbohydrate and a protein) that is normally found in breast milk. Any baby who has been breast fed has already “supplemented” with and benefited from lactoferrin. It is relevant in the battle against anemia because it appears to improve iron absorption from food and helps transport this essential mineral to wherever it’s needed.
A study published in July 2009 examined the effects of lactoferrin versus an iron supplement (ferrous sulfate) in a group of pregnant women with anemia. This is an especially sensitive population. The risk of digestive complications and the added importance of adherence to treatment is particularly important during this time. 100 expectant mothers participated in the study. Half received 100 mg of lactoferrin twice daily, while the remainder were given 520 mg of ferrous sulfate once a day (providing about 100 mg of actual iron). (4)
- After 30 days of treatment, both groups demonstrated similar increases in serum ferritin, hemoglobin and iron.
- However, the group receiving the ferrous sulfate reported significantly greater rates of abdominal pain and constipation.
An Italian experiment from 2006 supports these current findings. That study followed 300 women and employed the same dosage of both iron and lactoferrin (520 mg daily vs. 100 mg twice daily). This 30 day trial actually found that lactoferrin outperformed ferrous sulfate by increasing values of hemoglobin and “total serum iron” to a greater extent. Once again, lactoferrin was superior in that it didn’t provoke adverse reactions. Based on the currently available evidence, a recent scientific review suggests that lactoferrin can be considered in certain cases of pregnancy related iron deficiency. (5,6)
Another important application for lactoferrin may be in managing iron levels in those who engage in high intensity exercise. In 2007, an 8 week experiment on 16 female long distance runners tested the effects of lactoferrin plus iron vs. iron alone. The form of iron used in this experiment is known as ferric pyrophosphate. The researchers determined that the addition of lactoferrin resulted in higher red blood cell counts. They concluded that, “these observations suggest the possibility that intake of LF (lactoferrin) increases absorption and utilization of iron and would be useful in the prevention of iron deficiency anemia.” (7)
The results in the 2007 study may extend to populations beyond those with clinical anemia. A new trial presented in the July edition of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that 8 weeks worth of lower dosage iron supplementation (20 mg) helped a group of female soldiers maintain optimal iron status. In addition, they exhibited better mood scores, improved cognitive and physical function (running time) during a physically intense training period (“basic combat training”). This points to the possible application of iron and lactoferrin use for female athletes and those who exercise regularly and demonstrate iron deficiency symptoms – even without an actual diagnosis of anemia. (8)
There are other segments of the general population that need to be aware of the potential of iron deficiency. Those who are on strict diets or who have opted for gastric bypass or lap-band weight loss surgeries need to aware of their iron levels. Here, the issue is not only the amount of iron consumed, but rather the percentage of absorption. This leads us to some guidance that the late, great women’s health expert, Dr. John Lee, used to espouse. He suggested that the addition of lower dosages of lactoferrin might be “just the ticket” for people who have a hard time absorbing standard iron capsules and tablets. (9,10)
I want to emphasize that proper blood tests and physician supervised exams are extremely important in verifying improvements in anemia. Of course, changes in symptoms can indicate treatment success as well, but there’s simply no sense in leaving such an important and easily tested question up to subjective measures. Also, please note that not all iron supplements perform as expected in every individual. In my own experience, I found that my wife was better able to absorb and tolerate a cheaper form of iron (ferrous fumarate) than a “gentler” and, supposedly, more bioavailable variety known as “iron bisglycinate”. (11,12)
Lactoferrin is an example of a well tolerated, alternative approach for those with iron deficient anemia. The upside of this dairy derived supplement is that it may provide additional benefits as well. Recent studies indicate that lactoferrin can help the body combat bacterial and viral infections, decrease inflammation and protect against certain cancers, It may even support antioxidant status, bone health and immune function. These are all valid reasons to consider whether this natural remedy may have a role to play in your wellness program. (13,14,15,16,17)
Tags: Anemia, Iron, Lactoferrin
Posted in Nutritional Supplements
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|Tropical Fish||Marine Fish||Pet Birds||Dogs||Cats|
|Reptiles||Amphibians||Small Pets||Insects & Spiders||Wildlife|
A cat is considered to be of a certain breed if it is true breeding for the traits that define the breed. Cat registries are the ones who determine which traits that define a breed, and also which traits that are especially valued or shun. A true breeding cat (also known as a pure-bred cat) will pass on certain biological traits, e.g. body type, to all subsequent generations if it is bred with a true breeding mate belonging to the same breed.
Please note that cat type is not the same thing as cat breed. Examples of cat types are dwarf cats, longhaired cats, shorthaired cats, and squittens. A cat can belong to several cat types simultaneously, e.g. if it is a short-haired dwarf cat. A true-breed cat can also belong to a certain type, e.g. a Siamese cat that belongs to the short-haired cat type.
Today, roughly three percent of pet cats are believed to be pure-bred cats and the figure varies greatly from country to country. Most cat shows will not allow a cat to enter a show without a registration certificate that proves to which breed the cat belongs and shows the family tree of the cat going back at least four generations. In a cat show, the winner is the cat who is closest to the definition and standard of the breed.
There are many different breeds of domestic cats and different cat registries acknowledge somewhat different breeds. Most registries acknowledge about 30-40 breeds, but that number is believed to increase in the future as more and more breeds are recognized around the world.
Below you can find a list of breeds recognized by The International Cat Association (TICA). TICA is the world's largest genetic cat registry and one of the world's largest sanctioning bodies for cat shows.
The breed ideal, as defined by a cat registry, can be found in the breed standard. Each recognized breed has its own breed standard. If you for instance look at the TICA breed standard for the Siamese cat, you will learn that the Siamese cat “is a medium-sized shorthair, pointed cat, oriental in type”. You will also see that its eyes should be “almond-shaped, mediumlarge, set with an Oriental slant toward the nose such that a line from inner corner through outer corner is in line with center of base of ear”, that the ears should be “wide at base, strikingly large. Set to continue the line of the wedge; neither too high nor too flared”, and so on. For almost every physical trait, the breed standard will contain a description of the ideal towards which cat breeders are encouraged to strive.
It is also common for breed standards to contain ideals for non-physical treats, such as the temperament of a certain cat breed. The TICA breed standard for the Somali cat does for instance say that the “temperament must be unchallenging; any sign of definite challenge shall disqualify. The cat may exhibit fear, seek to flee, or generally complain aloud but may not threaten to harm”.
List of cat breeds recognized by TICA
Norwegian Forest Cat
Some cat breeds are the result of hybridization between the domestic cat and a wild feline, such as the Bengal cat which is a hybrid between domestic cat (Felis catus) and Asian Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). A few other examples of such hybrids are:
- Bristol domestic cat x Margay (Leopardus wiedii)
- Chausie domestic cat x Jungle cat (Felis chaus)
- Cheetoh domestic cat of the Ocicat breed x the hybrid Bengal
- Punjabi domestic cat x Indian Desert-Cat (Felis silvestris ornata)
- Safari domestic cat x Geoffroy's Cat (Leopardus geoffroyii)
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In the earliest times, the many gods of the Egyptians were unique children of One Great God, the Source of All Life. Among the many gods, none of them was considered to be the ultimate god. Each was a free-willed portion of the Great Oneness which composed the Most High God. Even in Genesis the plural form is used as the name of God, indicating that the One was composed of many, and the many contained the Universal, Omnipresent One.
Source: Ancient Egyptian Mysticism and Its Relevance Today, Pages: 5
Contributed by: Shinari
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Return to World Chelonian Trust Main Page for more Turtle and Tortoise Information
Eastern Long Neck Turtle - Chelodina longicollis - Scott ThomsonCopyright © 2003 World Chelonian Trust. All rights reserved
Long Necks, Flat Heads and the Evolution of Piscivory - Scott Thomson
This care sheet is intended only to cover the general care of this species. Ongoing research to best develop a maintenance plan for whichever species you are caring for is essential.
The Eastern Long-neck Turtle (Chelodina longicollis) is found in eastern Australia from just south of Rockhampton in Queensland to Victoria. It is a carnivorous species that in the wild mostly eats aquatic insect larvae, small invertebrates, tadpoles, frogs and occasionally fish. This species is one of Australia's most terrestrial turtles, spending many months per year on land, the species has been observed feeding on land and the analysis of gut contents has found terrestrial insects. It is important to understand that this is a cold climate turtle. In the wild it is active and feeding in water at 12° C.
Eastern Long-necked Turtles are often sold when very small, about 3cm shell length, however, this species will grow to a shell length of 20 - 30cm. As the turtle grows, depending on the size of aquarium you have, it may need a bigger home. Turtles in general are long term pets. They can easily live for 100 years or more so this is a pet you may have to leave to your grandchildren. I say this not in jest but to make you aware of the commitment you must make to this species. Understand that, like all reptiles, this animal is not a mammal. They do not take kindly to and suffer stress from excessive handling; you should not handle reptiles at all unless necessary. Handle your turtle gently but firmly - remember he may try to kick himself out of your hands. A good method for many turtles is to hold them from behind with your hand under the plastron (belly). Don't ever drill a hole in the shell to tether the turtle - this is cruel as the shell is living bone. Wash hands before and after handling and between animals- this is basic animal hygiene. Seek veterinary advice if your turtle becomes ill. If the basics of turtle care as listed below are followed illness should be minimal.
Housing Inside: The aquarium needs to be a suitable length - a 3 or 4 foot aquarium will suit the turtle till it is old enough to go outside. I find a substrate of coral rubble particularly suitable, as it will also help buffer the pH level. An undergravel filter can be used but I tend to use either straight through system (continuous water replacement) or large multi layed power filters with one chamber filled with bio-balls, talk to the local aquarium for details. The water depth must be more than the width of the turtle's shell - if it tips over on it's back and can't right itself it will drown. I find a depth of between 15 and 20 cm suitable; it should be deeper if possible. Provide a totally dry basking area for the turtle, preferably sandy rather than rock. Long-necked Turtles need be able to dry out completely. The basking area may be a rock but should not be abrasive, nor should it be too smooth as the turtle needs to get on and off easily. Adding extra pieces of glass using silicone glue is an easy way of doing this, again see a local aquarium shop for advice on this. There needs to be plenty of ventilation - too much humidity will cause health problems, hence do not use the glass lids supplied with your aquarium, replace them with pegboard or a similar material.
Housing Outside: When the turtle is 3 years old it is better for it to live outside. Remember that turtles can walk quite a distance in a short time. You will need an area fenced with material other than wire for your turtle - the turtle can damage its snout by pushing at the wire. The fencing will need to be about 30cm into the ground - turtles can dig. A non-abrasive pond of suitable depth that the turtle can easily get in and out of needs to be in the enclosure. Also provide plants and ground cover for the turtle to hide in or get shade. A dry place needs to be provided as well - curved driftwood is good - so if it rains for days the turtle can be dry if it wants. Make sure the enclosure is positioned to receive plenty of sunlight and that it is totally predator proof.
The most important factor for turtle care apart from diet is water quality. Buy a marine pH test-kit and test water weekly it should be 7.5 to 8.2, the higher the better. Buffer water as necessary using a marine aquarium buffer. A filtration system or continuous water replacement is essential. Using a power filter that allows for multiple substrates is the best method. You need to use bio-balls and filter foam, use charcoal as well if you desire. The best way to look at keeping a turtle is that you have a marine aquarium with less salt. You want high pH, high conductivity (salts), low ammonia and nitrite. Of course these animals do not breathe water but they are prone to skin and throat infections that are increased in poor water. Add some salt to the water, not table salt, use the marine salt mix available at aquariums for making seawater. I use about one cup per 50 litres. Remember to do this at water changes also. See table 1 for water quality parameters suitable for this species.
Lighting: Lighting is used for heat and light. Heat was discussed earlier.
Light: the turtle must have a day/night cycle. Placing the aquarium near a window for normal light is a good method or if the aquarium is in a dark position a white incandescent light can be used. Make sure any white light is turned off at night.
UV: turtles must have UVA and UVB light in correct ratios to help in the production of vitamin D that is essential for healthy growth. However, I have found through many trials and have conferred on this with colleagues in the USA who keep turtles that UV lights do not work on aquatic turtles. They do not work through glass, plastic or water. These lights are not as strong as the sun and are refracted and weakened by their path through the water. I now supplement vitamin D in all my reptiles and have ceased the usage of UV light for turtles. As sunlight is the best UV source - especially for juveniles - if you keep the turtles outside, they will not need these supplements.
Feeding: It is too easy to overfeed your turtle. If you over feed your turtle the shell of the turtle will grow too fast at the centre of each scute (shield of the shell) causing the scutes to become pyramid shaped. Deformities in the shell will result and the shell won't be as strong as it should be. The frequency of feeding should be 2 times a week and the amount roughly 5 to 10 bite size pieces per animal at each feed. This species of turtle prefers to eat in the water, however, I have had individuals that prefer to feed on the land. Variety is important. Long-necked Turtles are totally carnivorous. Never give food that is still frozen to the turtle. Commercial foods are available. A 50/50 diet of whitebait and prawns (soaked for an hour to remove salt) is another option. Also add bloodworms, blackworms, garden worms, crickets, flies, moths and other insects to the diet. Red meat has very little nutritional value to a turtle and mince should never be offered - it is too fatty. Remove uneaten food after an hour. Give calcium and vitamin supplements weekly. Commercial pre-mixed products are available. Remember the turtle must be warm (water temperature at a minimum of 16oC) for it to be able to both eat and digest food. As they get older they require less food; my adult turtles are fed once per week. Over feeding will cause exceptional growth there are a number of signs of this. A 3-year-old wild Eastern Long-neck turtle is around 5-8 cm in shell length. Also this species always has a black shell, if the shell is brown with clear growth rings, it is growing too fast.
General Health: Don't clean algae off the shell as this may damage the shell and cause infections. If your turtle gets an infection on it's skin or shell it needs to be treated with a suitable medication. Follow instructions. Most of these medications are applied by removing the turtle from the water, gently dabbing the infected area with a cotton wool bud and allowing to dry at least 20 minutes. Do this daily until condition starts to clear. Signs of infection to watch for are a white fluffy growth especially around the claws, eyes and tail or white to grey patches appearing on the shell which can go red if the condition continues. Do not confuse infections with sloughing (the natural shedding of the skin and shell). Here the skin will peel off in a clear to grey film and the shell scutes (sections) will peel. Do not attempt to peel the skin or shell yourself - this can cause damage.
One point on hibernation, unless you are trying to breed the species there is no need to hibernate any reptile. Do not kid yourself that you are allowing it to go through natural cycles. The moment you bring it into captivity that has ceased. I do not kid in this and it is a serious matter. It will not cause any health or phychological problems to the turtle if it is maintained in a non-winter environment all year round. Hibernation is only necessary to bring the species into a synchronised breeding cycle.
Last word: A warning. I personally consider that this is one of the most difficult turtle species to keep (and I can extend this to worldwide). Many long-term keepers of this species agree with me. Do not take the husbandry of this species lightly and the often-recommended tropical setup of this species will eventually kill it.
I want to thank John Cann for letting me use the photo in the article. I have the express permission of John to use this photo and the copywrite belongs to John Cann.
World Chelonian Trust
PO Box 1445
Home Page - World Chelonian Trust
Return to Care Sheets
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In a four-part series, on the premise that a picture paints a thousand words, we present, via The Heritage Foundation, everything you wanted to know about the Federal Budget - In Charts. We start with Federal Spending - which is at record levels and is still growing, threatening economic freedom.
Federal Spending per Household Is Skyrocketing
The federal government is spending more per household than ever before. Since 1965, spending per household has grown by 152 percent, from $11,900 in 1965 to $30,015 in 2012. From 2012 to 2022, it is projected to rise to $34,602—a 15 percent increase.
Federal Spending Exceeds Federal Revenue by More than $1 Trillion
Since 1965, spending has risen constantly. While federal revenues are recovering from the recent recession, spending is growing sharply, resulting in four consecutive years of deficits exceeding $1 trillion.
Federal Spending Grew Nearly 12 Times Faster than Median Income
When federal spending grows faster than Americans' paychecks, the burden of government on taxpayers becomes greater. Over the past four decades, median-income Americans' earnings have risen only 24 percent, while spending has increased 288 percent.
What if Families Handled Finances Like the Federal Government Does?
In 2010, median family income was $51,360. If a typical family followed the federal government's lead, it would spend $73,319 and put 30 cents of every dollar spent on a credit card. This family would have racked up $325,781 in credit card debt—like a mortgage, only without the house. What credit card company would continue lending money to this family?
Mandatory Spending Has Increased Nearly Six Times Faster than Discretionary Spending
Mandatory spending— primarily entitlements and interest—is set on budgetary autopilot, growing without congressional debate. It has increased almost six times faster than discretionary spending, including defense, which is the part of federal spending subject to annual budgets.
Runaway Spending, Not Inadequate Tax Revenue, Is Responsible for Future Deficits
The main driver behind long-term deficits is government spending, not low revenue. While revenue will surpass its historical average of 18.1 percent of GDP by 2018, spending remains above its historical average of 20.2 percent, reaching 22.1 percent by 2022, even after $2.1 trillion in spending cuts in the Budget Control Act.
Medicare and Other Entitlements Are Crowding Out Spending on Defense
Ever-increasing entitlement spending is putting pressure on key spending priorities, such as national defense, a core constitutional function of government. Defense spending has declined significantly over time, even when the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are included, as spending on the three major entitlements—Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid—has more than tripled.
National Defense Spending Would Plummet Under Obama's Budget
President Obama's lean defense strategy would create a hollow force and exacerbate today's readiness crisis. Decreases in funding for the core defense program mean losing capabilities that are crucial for the military to fulfill its constitutional duty to provide for the common defense.
Budget Control Act Sequestration Would Hit Defense Hardest
The Budget Control Act's $1.2 trillion automatic sequestration cuts, out of $46.3 trillion in total spending, would impose draconian cuts on defense (on top of an estimated $407 billion in cuts from its spending caps). This would slash the defense budget and jeopardize the U.S. military's ability to defend the nation. Entitlement spending—the biggest part of the budget— would scarcely be touched by comparison.
Obama Budget Would Make Defense the Lowest Budget Priority
President Obama's budget would lower defense spending below other major budget priorities, forcing cuts to personnel levels and weakening military readiness. By 2018, the U.S. would spend more on interest on the debt than on protecting the country.
More than Half of All Federal Spending Will Be on Entitlement Programs in 2012
Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security—along with other entitlements such as food stamps, unemployment, and housing assistance— make up 62 percent of all federal spending. In contrast, spending on foreign aid represents about 1 percent.
Total Welfare Spending Is Rising Despite Attempts at Reform
Total means-tested welfare spending (cash, food, housing, medical care, and social services to the poor) has increased more than 17-fold since the beginning of Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty in 1964. Though the current trend is unsustainable, the Obama Administration would increase future welfare spending rather than enact true policy reforms.
More than 70 Percent of Federal Spending Goes to Dependence Programs
Government dependence is driving budget deficits and federal debt. More than 70 percent of federal spending goes to 47 government dependence programs, including housing, farm subsidies, and the three largest entitlements, Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security.
Cut Spending, Fix the Debt, and Restore Prosperity
By rapidly lowering total federal spending, Saving the American Dream: The Heritage Plan to Fix the Debt, Cut Spending, and Restore Prosperity would balance the budget by 2021 and keep it balanced permanently, without raising taxes.
Source: The Heritage Foundation
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A section on morality on a Christian apologetics website might be surprising, but it should not be. When it comes to right and wrong, we need to offer wise counsel. After all, people have objections about God, people's actions, political issues, etc. Most always, the issue deals with what is right and wrong.
Without a standard of morality, there is no way to judge what is good or bad. Atheists, for example, might decry what is the behavior of God in the Old Testament when he orders the destruction of people groups. But, by what standard does any atheist have to judge what is morally correct? At best, an atheist would only have the ability to express an opinion since he cannot offer any objective standard of morality.
Religious people can appeal to a higher power from which they can ascertain what is good and bad. Of course, Christianity doesn’t recognize the existence of any gods other than the one taught in scripture. For Christians, God's revelation found in the Bible is the standard by which they make such judgments. So, to answer the question about what gives us the right to judge what is moral, the answer is God. We don't judge what is right and wrong. God does and he has communicated his standard of righteousness. This communication is found in the Bible. Take the 10 Commandments in Exodus 20. We see a codification of moral standards. We are told not to lie, not to commit adultery, not to covet, etc. These are standards given to us by God and though there are other cultures that don't believe in the biblical God, they might have similar moral codes. But, for the Christian the Bible is the supreme authority that judges what is moral.
We can only judge what is moral if we have a standard given to us by God, not some standard that is based on emotion, opinion, or the changing morals of society. Even though atheists, agnostics, Muslims, and non-Christians might not approve of standards found in the Scriptures, we Christians believe that the Bible is the revealed and inspired Word of God and that within its pages are the moral standards by which we are to model our behavior. Therefore, the right to we have to judge what is moral comes from God as is revealed in his Word.
Finally, we must be extremely careful as Christians to apply moral judgments with equity, non-partiality, love, and truth. Moral judgments without compassion and mercy become immoral in themselves. This is why we are to keep our eyes on Jesus who is the judge and the standard of righteousness. We must keep our eyes on his words and his deeds and emulate him. Jesus forgave, was patient, taught, and healed. His words were not simple moral statements. They were manifested by his life and loving character.
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"It's no disgrace to be poor," observed Sholom Aleichem, "but it's no great honor, either." "Happiness is having a large, loving, caring, close-knit family in another city," remarked George Burns, while Marc Chagall noted that "Art is the unceasing effort to compete with the beauty of flowers and never succeeding." These and many more classic examples of Jewish wit and wisdom — sometimes hilarious, frequently profound, almost always incisive — enliven the pages of this entertaining and practical little volume.
Some 500 aphorisms include observations and remarks from statesmen, writers, artist, philosophers, jurists, musicians, and celebrities — from the prophets of the Old Testament, the Talmud, and Maimonides to Joey Adams, Barbra Streisand, and Woody Allen. Here also are memorable quotes from Louis Brandeis, Martin Buber, Fanny Brice, Heinrich Heine, Sam Goldwyn, Golda Meir, Karl Marx, Groucho Marx, Herman Mankiewicz, Albert Einstein, and many others.
Arranged alphabetically by author, these thought-provoking pronouncements will not only serve as a handy resource for speech writers and public speakers but will also amuse and inspire all readers.
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Sages through the Ages: Confucius and Laozi
- Course Code:
- Course Not Running 2016/2017
- Unit value:
- Year of study:
- Year 2 or Year 3
- Taught in:
- Term 1
The aim of the course is to allow students to understand how the perception of supposedly timeless wisdom has changed according to changed circumstances.
Objectives and learning outcomes of the course
On successful completion of the course a student will:
- have became familiar with the content of the Daode jing, and some of the content of the Analects and Book of Changes
- have acquired a basic knowledge of the main phases of the development of Chinese thought by studying the role that these 'key texts' ( or 'scriptures', or 'classics') have played over time
- be aware oh the importance of textual study of key texts, even though no linguistic means to further that study will be offered
- be aware of the importance of shifting interpretations of key texts over time, and have demonstrated an ability to discuss the issues that this raises
- gained some appreciation of the variety of approaches adopted by translators
- have gained some experience of attempting to assess, within their linguistic limits, the likely value of specific translation
- be able to locate sources of information relevant to the study of the key texts concerned.
Scope and syllabus
The course will survey:
- the technologies used to transmit important texts from the middle of the first millennium BCE to the present
- assess what may be known of their authors; consider how such works reached a fixed form as 'classics'
- explore the role of commentary and reinterpretation in later history;briefly describe the diffusion of these works beyond China
- and finally consider through a chronological survey some of the problems raised by translating ancient Chinese texts into European languages, concentrating largely on English.
Method of assessment
1 take-home exam
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Toggle: English / Spanish
Malaise is a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or lack of well-being.
General ill feeling
Malaise is a symptom that can occur with almost any health condition. It may start slowly or quickly, depending on the type of disease.
Fatigue (feeling tired) occurs with malaise in many diseases. You can have a feeling of not having enough energy to do your usual activities.
The following lists give examples of the diseases, conditions, and medicines that can cause malaise.
SHORT-TERM (ACUTE) INFECTIOUS DISEASE
LONG-TERM (CHRONIC) INFECTIOUS DISEASE
HEART AND LUNG (CARDIOPULMONARY) DISEASE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE
ENDOCRINE or METABOLIC DISEASE
- Anticonvulsant (antiseizure) medicines
- Beta blockers (medicines used to treat heart disease or high blood pressure)
- Psychiatric medicines
- Treatments involving several medicines
Call your health care provider right away if you have severe malaise.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if:
- You have other symptoms with the malaise
- Malaise lasts longer than one week, with or without other symptoms
What to Expect at Your Office Visit
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions such as:
- How long has this feeling lasted (weeks or months)?
- What other symptoms do you have?
- Is the malaise constant or episodic (comes and goes)?
- Can you complete your daily activities? If not, what limits you?
- Have you traveled recently?
- What medicines are you on?
- What are your other medical problems?
- Do you use alcohol or other drugs?
You may have tests to confirm the diagnosis if your provider thinks the problem may be due to an illness. These may include blood tests, x-rays, or other diagnostic tests.
Your provider will recommend treatment if needed based on your exam and tests.
Leggett J. Approach to fever or suspected infection in the normal host. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 288.
Simel DL. Approach to the patient: history and physical examination. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 6.
- Last reviewed on 1/31/2015
- Linda J. Vorvick, MD, medical director and director of didactic curriculum, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
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THE KOPKE FAMILY
Origin of the name KOPKE.
German name books (e.g. Bahlow) state this family name to originate from JACOB, a traditional Jewish first name. It became Köpke (and many further versions as given below) by two major developments, a) cut-off of the first syllable and b) add-on of a diminutive form: ergo = Ja-cob-k(l)e. The name has no relation to the German word "Kopf" (meaning head)
This thesis is described in a very detailed manner by Dr. R. Köpke in his book "Kleine Schriften", Berlin 1872, published by E.S. Mittler und Sohn, on pages 24 ff. Below follows an ad hoc translation of part of its page 32: (translation/citation) "...There is documentary evidence for the following variations from the late 13th to the early 16th century: Cobbe, Kobbe, Coppe, Coppen, Koppe, Cöppe, Copeko, Copekin, Koppekin, Copkin, Kopkin, Cöpkin, Coppeke, Koppeke, Koppeken, Coppke, Koppke, Copke, Kopke, Cöpke, Köpke. "All these forms are based on one and the same name. They are inter-changed and used to identify the same person. A Coppe Dalgow is referred to at the same date of 1391 in a second document as Coppke Dalcho. Coppe Schartow in 1408 is called Koppke a year later in 1409. Koppekinus de Groben, during 1339, becomes Coppeken van der Groben in 1342, Copken in 1352, and finally Copke and Kopke in 1355. Copekin von Bredow is also called Copeko in the same document of 1335, he is Koppeke in a different document of that same day, becomes Cöpkin in 1354, Copke and Kopke in 1355, and Kopkinus in 1356; in 1427 a document refers to a Cöpke and Kopke von der Lipe...
Geographically speaking this development took place in the German north (nieder-deutscher Raum), where immigrant traders also form the Mediterranean area settled near river mouths. The first such names appeared in the regions of now Hamburg, Bremen, Stettin, Greifswald and similar locations. I would not know of any serious research results in this matter published in other than German language.
Taken from "Kleine Schriften" (small writings) Dr. R. Köpke Berlin 1872
In the translation of the Köpke name from German to English the Umlaut over the "o" is not used. Google Internet translator automatically converts it to "eo"or "Koepke" Our Australian immigrant Köpke immigrants probably had very little comprehension of the English language and depended on the interpretation of Government records officials at that time or simply dropped the Umlaut. Immigrants to other parts of the world would have had similar interpretations resulting in various spelling and pronunciation of the Köpke name. Our Köpke ancestors arrival at Port Adelaide is reported in the newspaper "South Australian Register" on 15/9/1849 as Kopike, E and wife and 3 children.
In 1814 Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated at Waterloo and countries
under his control reverted to self-rule. Post Napoleon Germany evolved into
opressive locally governed principalities resulting in legal and political
inconsistency and economic turmoil. In 1848 after 30 years of chaos an academic
lead German reunification revolution failed almost causing a civil war and
enabling the socialists to take control. From 1848-1850 Germany and neighbouring
Denmark were already at war and compulsory conscription for healthy men was
eminent. These events, religious and economic oppression by the socialists
triggered a mass immigration exodus of affluent and educated German people
to various parts of the world. They were known as Forty-Eighters. Under the
leadership of their Lutheran Pastor many skilled and educated Germans migrated
to South Australia setting up very successful cooperative communities around
Adelaide and in the Barossa Valley.
The following information was obtained from two 1850's Köpke family Bibles, May Draffin nee Kopke, Amy Kopke/Draffin nee Drife, the Ray Kopke collection, the Moira Longden collection, the author's mother Millie Drife nee Kopke and researched on the net.
Our ancestor Johann Ernst Heinrich Köpke.
b c1799. d c1875. Australian naturalisation
document dated 7/5/1855. States: Occupation: Licensed Victualler (Hotelier)
Age 56. Born in a small village called Stäbelow
in the district of Mecklenburg Western Pomerania, North Eastern Germany.
Wife Maria Catherine Helena nee Osterbind.
On 14/10/1849 after a 5 month journey they arrived in Adelaide with their children, Johann Ernst Heinrich the 2nd, Amanda Margaretta Charlotte, and Ernst Ludwig Herman. Addresses from 1875 family letters suggests they had previously resided in the Altstadt (Old City) Neustadt (New City) Docklands central business district of Hamburg just North of the river Elbe. According to accounts from "Ballarat & Vacinity" E L H Köpke's naturalisation papers and the passenger manifest the family travelled on a 360 ton steamship named Ocean. Departed Hamburg 26/4/1849. The ship evaded the Danish blockade of the Hanseatic ports on the river Elbe by pretending to be the Russian ship Wolga. Captain, W. Fokkes.
Johann Ernst Heinrich dairy farmed near Adelaide,
mined for gold at Forest Creek near Castlemaine, ran the Hamburg Hotel on
the corner of Rundle Street and Gawler Place in Adelaide and other hotels.
An 1876 letter from his daughter Amanda to E.L.H. Köpke mentions his
death and a 27/3/1876 Adelaide stone masons
receipt made to William Giddings on behalf of Mrs Köpke indicate
he died in c1875 and was buried in or around Adelaide. Letters also mention
that Mrs Köpke lived with relatives at Wismar in Germany upon her husbands
Amanda married ? Smok. He died in 1869. She had returned to Hamburg and had 3 children, ??? b c1861 d 1874 from Pneumonia, Herman b c1862 and Anna b c1864.
Our ancestor Ernst Ludwig Herman Köpke AKA Louis or LH. b.11/2/1835 Hamburg Germany d. 7/11/1899 "Suffocation by drowning" Verdict at inquiry held by John Lynch 8/11/89 at Trunk Lead. George Tait Const of Poilce present at inquiry. E.L.H's mother's name on his marriage certificate is given as Anna Catherine nee Ringelke and Marie nee Osterbind on his death certificate. Translated letters from his sister Amanda Margaret Charlotte suggests his father J.E.H. Köpke remarried.
LH married: Julia Georgine Auguste Emma Schröter (Schroeter) on 16/4/1859 in Ballarat. b. 21/11/1841 Hanover Germany. Father Theodor Schröeter miner, mother Amalia nee Heilefuz??. Emma d. 23/5/1907 renal failure Brights disease Ballarat Vic. Married by Pastor Johan Peter Niquet at the Lutheran Church Ballarat. Groomsmen were E.L.Wilhelm Müller and Wilhelm Köppen.
Emma Schröter received an elaborate writing desk from her furniture making family from Germany as a wedding gift. It is now a prized possession of Daryl Kopke of Haddon.
Twelve children were born and raised at Windermere/Trunk Lead 8 km west of Ballarat on the Carngham Road.
# 1. Fredrick Albert Herman, born Windermere Vic. Jan
14th 1860. Died 8th Sept 1930. Aged 70 yrs. Perth W.A. Driller then pastoralist
- established Yaringa Station, Carnarvon. Married Edith Sarah Ogboreme in
1903. Died April 3rd 1928. Aged 56 yrs.
When the gold became harder to find in Victoria Fred followed the miners to Kalgoorlie W.A.
Children: Allan Frederick Herman Kopke (pastoralist, Carbla Station - used to be called Yaringa South) born? 1907. Died 30th June 1968 aged 59 years.
Norman born 24th Dec 1907. Died DEC 17th 1975. Aged 67 years.
Beryl born? Died September 30th 1979.
Allan married Mary Henn, Children: Peter Allan Frederick and Elizabeth Mary Gooch (a nurse before marrying).
They had 3 children Elizabeth Gooch's son John (pastoralist, Manberry Station, Carnarvon) married Alison Hammond. Katherine Gooch (Goochie) died 2002. Married Andrew Watts (ex British army pilot) Norman Kopke (pastoralist, Yaringa Station, Carnarvon - used to be called Yaringa North) Married Mary Stewart, one child; Ian.
Beryl Married Les Sellinger (pastoralist, Nanga Station, Shark Bay) Children: John and Gillian. Peter (pastoralist on Carbla Station, Shark Bay) and Valmai (real estate sales representative) have 3 children - Simon Allan, Andrew Peter and Alison Elsamere.
Simon Allan Kopke is married to Carina Joy Heal. Simon (farm manager at a sheep stud in South Australia) and Carina have 3 children - Caleb James, Emily Elizabeth and Georgina Bella. Andrew Peter (an accountant) has a son called Blake.
Alison Elsamere (lawyer) single.
Ian and Georgie (died several years ago from cancer) had 3 children - Jennifer (teacher), Emma and Johnothan (could be spelt Jonothan) - all single still. John Sellinger (business man in Denham, WA) Married Mahala - their children are Tamala, Dirk, Quoin, Mead and one other - all children are single.
Gillian (has upholstering business) and Tony Templeman (Supreme Court judge) have 5 children - Katherine "Katy" (doctor), Sarah (has a business making shoes and handbags), Elizabeth, Rosemary (Rosie), John and the youngest is a girl at St. Hilda's Anglican School for Girls
Katy Templeman is Married to a doctor, her surname is now Adamson - they have 2 young children
Information supplied by 4th generation grand daughter Alison
Kopke Perth WA
# 2. Catherine Julia Amelia (auntie Millie) born July 31st 1861 Windermere died Nov 19th 1894 aged 33 yrs, (Unmarried) 1 son. Adopted by a Scottish family and named Henry Reid McVitty. Her Death Certificate may be viewed here.
Karen Bamford a decedent of Henry McVitty has contacted
the author. She has photographs and records carefully preserved and handed
down through her mother.
# 3. Ernst Henry, (Uncle Harry) bricklayer and
prospector. Worked on the construction of the Bunge flour mill, north
Ballarat. 13/8/1863. Windermere, died 77ys 7/1940. Married Christina
Rogerson April 1888, in Ballarat. She died 6/1955 89ys
|Louis Herman Kopke with his boring plant.|
# 4. Alfred Herman, (Uncle Alf) born Jan 16th 1866.
Windermere Vic, bachelor. Died Dec 1 1937 aged 72 years Ballarat. Of the gentry
with a yearn for fast horses and the high life. Lived on the North Side of
the Carngham Road 1 klm East of the family home. (Unmarried no children)
# 5. Emma Sarah, born Jan 27th 1868. Died Sept 1896 28 years (believed to have eaten poison in cooked fruit at beach outing married Arthur Heaney (bacon curer) June 6th 1893 in Ballarat (shunned by the family, unpleasant character) 1 son Lawrence Rosoter Heaney. Raised by his grandparents and known as Ross Kopke. Returned from Gallipoli as a Lieutenant in the army. Temporarily lived with his uncle Alf and milked cows. Died June 78 WA (unmarried no children)
# 6. Louis Herman, (Uncle Herman) born Sept 25th 1869
Windermere Vic. Bachelor farmer died in the care of William & Margaret
Kopke at their home July 2nd 1947 aged 77 yrs. He followed the gold miners
to Kalgoorlie, had a failed romance in WA, returned and remained a batchelor.
He lived in former Rogerson/Kopke family home on the hill. Herman and his
brother Harry were gold prospectors obsessed with striking it rich. Their
leisure time was spent drilling and mining for gold or telling tales of the
big strikes. They sunk 2 shafts on Rogersons hill and actually discovered
a sizeable nugget. The home was moved in 1950. (unmarried no children)
# 7. Henrietta Berthe (Lily) born Nov 19th 1871 Trunk Lead Vic. Married Hugh McKay bootmaker from Ballarat (May 15th 1895. 1 daughter, May Lilian, Married Arthur Evans (26 years) 1926. Daughter Moira married - Longden - 2 sons.
# 8. Anne Marie, born March 25th 1875 Trunk Lead, Vic.
Married Joseph Lowther Duncan, lived in Adelaide. (Most probably at the Hamburg
Hotel in Rundle St) "Information eagerly sought"
# 9. Catherine Ada, (Aunty Kit) born June 28th 1876. Died 11th March 1927 aged 50 years. Married Archibald McKay 3rd Aug 1904. b 2nd May 1868 d 18th May 1929. (Proprietors of wines, spirits, groceries & hardware store Cnr. Armstrong and Mair Streets Ballarat then later, McKay & McLeod Ballarat) Their homes were 103 Lyons Street, South Ballarat, and the stately Beaufort House in Alfredton west Ballarat. Injured soldiers from WW1 were accomodated at Beaufort house and repatriated by the family. Beaufort House now accommodates students from the Ballarat University.
Children 1 - Catherine Edna b 30th June 1905 d 8th Aug 1989 m Percival Spencer Moore 18th Dec 1934 b 5th March 1888 d 22nd Dec 1971.
2 - James McKay b 5th Sept 1906 d 1st June 1988 m Dorothy May Haberfield 16th Aug 1930 b 14th Oct 1905 d 1st Oct 1992.
3 - Archibald (Tig) Herman b 1908 d 1st Feb 1941 m Dorothy McIlvena d 13th Sept 1970.
Children 1a - John Percival Henry Moore b 20th July 1936 m Pamela Lois Hooker 10th April 1965 b 8th Sept 1934
1b - Jill Edna Claudia Moore b 1st May 1942 d 25th Sept 1945 (drowned)
1c Catherine Anne Moore b 3rd Dec 1946 m Brian John Fulmer 11th Dec 1965 m Ian Tinsey Nov 1991
Children 2a Archibald Max McKay b 8th Feb 1932 m Joan Kenyon 29th May 1954 b 24th April 1930
2b Patricia Watmough McKay b 21st Dec 1934 m David Gerald Fitz Gibbon 5th Nov 1960 b 1st May 1938
Children 3a - James Gordon McKay b10th Jan 1938 m June Amy Ellis 30th Nov 1963
3b - Archibald Robert McKay b 1939 m Beverley Wayth 18th March 1967
3c - Alison Edna McKay b Aug 1939 d 18th March 1940
Grandchildren Children of John Percival Henry Moore and Pamela Lois Hooker
a Peter John Moore b 17h Jan 1966 m Janelle Betty Johnson 6th May 1989
b Jennifer Lois Moore b 21st Jan 1969
c Catherine Judith Moore b 12th Oct 1972
Children of Catherine Anne Fulmer (Moore) and Brian John Fulmer
a Mark Edward Fulmer b 21st Feb 1968
b David James Fulmer b 15th Oct 1969
c Helen Jane Fulmer b 25th Oct 1971
Children of Archibald Max McKay and Joan McKay (Kenyon)
a Susan Boon (McKay) b 27th Aug 1957 m Damon Boon 26th Sept 1987
b James Anthony McKay b 27h June 1961
c Louise Claire McKay b 31st Dec 1963 d 3rd Oct 1986
Children of Patricia Watmough Fitz Gibbon ( McKay) and David Gerald Fitz Gibbon
a Andrew Edmund Fitz Gibbon b 5th Aug 1961
b Catherine Anne Fitz Gibbon b 4th Jan 1964
Children of James Gordon McKay and June Amy McKay (Ellis)
a Anthony McKay b 31st May 1966
b Georgina McKay b 23rd Jan 1968
Children of Susan Boon (McKay) and Damon Boon
a Samuel Boon b October 1987
b Joshua Boon b June 18th 1989
Information supplied by 3rd generation grand daughter Patricia Fitz Gibbon. ALBANY W.A.
# 10. Our ancestor George Wiliam, born 29th May 1878 Trunk Lead Vic, died July 17th 1952 aged 74 years, (of the gentry, hard working, astute, polite & liked a whisky in the evenings. Crushed by stacked corrugated iron) Married Margaret MayNorbrun on July 23rd 1913. Died June 9th 1966. Aged 78 yrs.
Children: Pauline May born June 9th 1914. Died ? William Herman. Born August 23rd 1916. Died 5th March 1981. Roy born Dec 27th 1917. Died 28th June 1954. Leonard, born May 6th 1919. Died 7th December 1958. Emma Amelia (Millie) b June 18th 1925
May Married Lez Draffin, 2 children: David October 1948. Married Judith Theege and Margaret (May 8th 1952). Married Russell McKay. 18th March 1972.
William Married Amy Heatherbell Henderson-Drife. April 29th
1950. 4 children, Daryl William, Jan 28th 1951, Heather Amelia. Feb 27th 1953.
Marilyn Dulciebelle. Dec 31st 1955 Beryl Deborah. Oct 7th 1957. Heather &
Neville Blair. Married 18thNov 1972 Daryl Married Kay Gardner 1st March 1975.
2 girls & 1 boy. Marilyn Married Tom Hucker. Feb 14th 1976. Beryl Married
Neil McColl. 29th April 1978.
Roy died June 26th 1954. from an mystery illness after returning from fruit picking.
Leonard, Bachelor, (Millie's favorite brother) Died Dec 7th 1958. Had curvature of the spine (no children)
Our ancestor Emma Amelia (Millie) married George Henry Henderson-Drife. Children: Lindsay George. 27/6/1952. & John William. 1/7/1955.
Lindsay Married Janet Lilian Paton, Jan 11th 1975. 1 son, Chester Grant born October 28th 1978 (Lindsay's other children are Michelle Lisa born 16/5/1971 & Rychelle Anne born 9/11/1990)
John Married Billie Robinson. 17/9/1974. Children are Belinda Jane, Thomas John & Ian James.
William George Kopke and Margaret May Norbrun
The marriage of George Henry Henderson-Drife to Emma Amelia (Millie) Kopke.
# 11. Adelaide May (Aunty Daisy) born August 17th 1880.
Married Adam Wilson. They were motor garage operators and ran the Chrysler
car franchise in Lydiard St. Near Mair St. Next to the Regent theatre in Ballarat.
Adam had a stroke in the 1930's Adelaide Kopke was known as "the Mater"
to the whole family and passed away in the 1960's. .
1. Adam Louden (Peter) d 1960's married Irene Anderson d ? : 3 daughters; Christine May, Susan Mary and Rosemary Ann
2. Alexander Clarence (Tammy) d 1960's married Mary Wastell. 3 children; Bryan, Stephanie, Peter
3. John Gillison 1922-1994 married Glenis Gullan b.1924. d Jan 2006. 4 children; Janine Margaret, Ross McLaren, Susan Elizabeth and Priscilla Jane
Peter was an engineer, Tammy was an accountant and John was a mining engineer. Tammy and John both went to WWII as engineers.
1. Christine May married Alan John Newton; Susan Mary married Richard Westhorpe; Rosemary Ann married Hugh Pitts.
2. Bryan married Denise McInerney (child Fiona Elizabeth); Stephanie and Peter
3. Janine Margaret married Neville Robert Scott; 2 children- Simon James (b. 1974) and Caitlin Louise (B. 1977) (reside in Sydney)
4. Ross McLaren Wilson married Heather Archibald; 4 children - Gemma Louise (b. 1980), James MacLaren (b. 1982), Andrew John (b.1984) and Edward (b. 1986) (reside Sydney)
Susan Elizabeth married Ian Douglas Mason and had 3 children (reside Red Hill, VIC) - Justin Mark b. 1975 reside Brisbane Benjamin John b. 1976 resides UK. Matthew James b. 1978 resides Sydney.
Priscilla Jane married David Stott and had 3 children; Christopher David b. 1980. Peter Mark b. 1983. Jonathon b. 1985 resides Sydney.
The four families and 12 grand children of John and Glenis Wilson remain close.
1. Simon James Scott married Nicole Worth and had 2 children; Jessica Lauren (b. 2001) and Jack Robert (b. 2005) 2. Justin Mark Mason married Jodie (?surname) and have 2 children; Samuel (b. 2002) and Ruby (b. 2004)
John Wilson spent school holidays working with the sheep on Uncle Herman's farm at Windermere. John Wilson's cousin, Ross also worked on this farm and they were close. John's first son was named Ross after his cousin. Glenis remembered Herman as a wonderful Uncle to John Wilson.
Mary and Tammy lived in the family home in Raglan St. 2 doors from Sturt St. with Adelaide Wilson (nee Kopke) They continued living there after she passed away. Glenis remembers a beautiful big painting over the fireplace in the family home.
Information supplied by Caitlin Scott - Sydney
# 12. Hermine Louise, (Aunty Mirna) born August 4th 1883. Trunk Lead. On 29/6/1923 at 39yo she married 49yo (widowed 1/9/1920 commercial traveller) John Saunders at the Registry office in Ballarat. He was born in Kew, mother Ann Lewis. No further family. They may have moved to WA. (Information Sought).
A gathering outside the hotel at Trunk Lead c1890. Emma and Louis are seated in the centre.(larger version available here)
In 1859 Louis Herman Kopke married, took an oath of allegiance
and was naturalised
as an Australian affording him land ownership rights. Substantial wealth gained
from gold mining success enabled him to purchase 130 acres of land on the
Carghnam Road at Windermere and take up farming whilst residing in Ballarat
and working at Canadian Gully. He was well educated and of the gentry.
In 1871 the Trunk Lead mine commenced operations and LH built the Ballarat & Grenville Hotel on his land beside the track to the mine off the Carghnam Road.
LH was active in community affairs, a member of the Grenville Shire Council and the prestigious Old Colonists' Association.
His wife Emma and her daughters worked hard running the hotel, providing accomodation, meals, and refreshment for the mine staff, visitors and passing trade.
From 1871 to 1885 the Trunk Lead mine with its tent city shantytown 300 mtrs South of Kopke's Hotel was a lucrative source of income providing the large family with a comfortable life style. L.H. conducted horse races on a property purchased from Walkers just west of the Trunk Lead/Kopke train station, hosted the Ballarat hunt club and other socially popular events enhancing his Hotel's profile. According to William George L.H's youngest son there was another Hotel 75m to the West. Fierce and hostile rivalry for business existed between the establishments. At the height of the mines boom times LH owned a substancial amount of neighbouring land.
Then the Cardigan drive gold bearing reef of the mine was lost at a land fault, the Haddon drive was flooding and all the easy gold was won. The mine was then leased to Chinese tributers but was eventually overcome by water. In 1885 the mine ceased operations, the shaft was sealed and the equipment taken elsewhere. The mines closure, the tragic deaths of his cherished elder daughters, Millie in 1894 and Emma 1896 and the economic depression of the late 1800's took their toll on Louis Herman Kopke's wealth and health. In 1899 L.H. and 1907 Emma passed away. Their diminished assets were dispersed amongst the 12 children.
William George the youngest son and wife Margaret May inherited the hotel and closed it around 1915. About 1930 they demolished the building and built a family home on the site. Millie recalls being chastised for throwing sand into the remnants of the Hotels cellar by her (brick layer) uncle Harry when he was laying footings for the new home. The cellar was at the front on the left of the picture. William and Margaret were astute very hard working business people and ran a successful dairy/mixed farm acquiring adjoining neighbouring properties and expanding their land holdings from their inherited 80 acres with the Hotel to over 1,000 acres. They continued to run the Trunk Lead post office and collected a load toll for the Country Roads Board for quartz rock carted from the mines tailings until the1960's.
The author recalls the home in the1950's. On the right hand side at the rear there was a large kitchen with a big cast iron wood stove that had a firebox in the middle and an oven on either side. There was a big table and a lead light dresser for the cutlery and crockery. Perishables were kept in a coolgardie safe and food and the dishes were dealt with on the table. There was no running water or sink inside the home. Water was brought in from one of the tanks outside. Electricity didn't arrive until the 1960's and lighting was supplied by a pressurised kerosene Aladin's lantern. A battery operated valve radio provided entertainment. The next room towards the front on the right was a small sitting room with a Victorian cast iron fireplace. A bedroom was at the very front. There was a hall way down the middle. The lounge with a piano, fireplace and all the families' fines was on the left at the front. Behind it were other bedrooms and a wash room with a stand, basin and water jug.
Annexed to the back door via a porch was another building that housed
the dairy, bathroom and laundry. Behind these were the car garages,
cesspit toilet and storage bunkroom. 30mtrs further back was a milking
shed. Most of the ageing outbuildings were demolished and the house
was extensively renovated in the mid 1970's.
c1950. Kopke's Dodge outside
home # 2 Originally the site of ELH & JGAE Kopke's Ballarat
and Grenville Hotel.
The L.H. Kopke family tomb
with a tall red granite stone and numerous graves are just north of a cedar
tree near the path 200 m north of the front gate in the church of England
section of the Norman St. Ballarat cemetery.
|26928/1880||Louis Herman||Birth||Johan Ernst Henry||Catherine||-||1880||Wentworth, NSW|
|24353/1878||Maude A||Birth||Johan Ernst Henry||Catherine||-||1878||Wentworth, NSW|
|7352/1887||Alfred Clark||Marriage||-||-||Catherine Kopke||1887||Wentworth NSW|
|28770/1882||Frederick William||Birth||Johan Ernst Henry||Catherine||-||1882||Wentworth, NSW|
|14113/1886||Johan Ernst Henry||Birth||Johan Ernst Henry||Catherine||-||1886||Wentworth, NSW|
|4186/1894||Frederick Kopke||Marriage||-||-||Catherine E. Green||1894||Hillston, NSW|
|3225/1920||Arthur Kopke||Marriage||-||-||Evelyn Andrew||1920||St. Leonards, NSW|
|1903858||Catherine Ada||Birth||Louis Herman||Emma||-||1861||Ballarat, VIC|
|12493||Amelia Kopke||Death||Louis Herman||-||-||1894||Carlton, VIC|
|8672||Daisy May||Birth||Henry Ernest||Christina Rogerson||-||1890||Williamstown, VIC|
|1881||Emma||Marriage||-||-||Arthur Heaney||1893||Burr Head, VIC|
|3217||Henry Ernest||Marriage||-||-||Christina Rogerson||1888||Windermere, VIC|
|34358||Henry Ernest||Birth||Henry Ernest||Chirstina||-||1888||Williamstown, VIC|
|26044||Hermine Louise||Birth||Louis Herman||Julia Schroeter||-||1883||Sago, VIC|
|2845||Lily||Marriage||-||-||Hugh McKay||1895||Trunk Lead, VIC|
|13972||Louis Herman||Death||Enrst||-||-||1899||Haddon, VIC|
|37550||William Herman||Birth||Henry Ernest||Christina||-||1892||Williamstown, VIC|
The above records are taken from Maxi.com Historical Search, NSW Registry of births deaths and marriages, and Family Search.com.
|Title||event||Series No.||Control symbol||contents date range||access status||Location||Bar-code|
|Kopke, Marga||Arrival||BP25/1||KOPKE M||1957-58||open||Brisbane||4387841|
|Kopke, Friedrich Helmuth Daniel||Naturalization||A711||2119||1884-1886||open||Adelaide||3182306|
|Fitzpatrick - Browne, James Walter; wife Gladys Edna (nee Kopke)||-||J25||1972/6980||1964-1977||un examined||Brisbane||6690857|
|Kopke, Marga||-||J25||1956/13505||1956||un examined||Brisbane||1645386|
|Hansen, Hienrich; Dora (nee Kopke)||-||A12514||HANSEN H||1964||un examined||Canberra||7151857|
|Kopke, Rolf; Elvira (nee Rampf)||-||A2478||KOPKE R||1954||un examined||Canberra||7792040|
|Bernt Kopke; Louise Kopke||application for addmission||PP6/1||1949/H/5474||1949||un examined||Perth||4310864|
|Adolf Kopke||criminal case (manslaughter)||G255||1114||1911||open||Canberra||1039076|
|Kopke, Gladys Edna||service record||B884||VF397412||1939-1948||un examined||Canberra||6262040|
|Kopke, Ernest||service record||B883||VX87581||1939-1948||un examined||Canberra||6061665|
|Kopke, Harald Hans||-||A2478||KOPKE HHF||1960||un examined||Canberra||7705823|
|A Kopke||criminal case (assault)||G255||1121||1911||open||Canberra||1039100|
|Kopke, Frieda Johanna Elisabeth||naturalization||A1||1921/4299||1916-1921||open||Canberra||39729|
|Kopke, H, Nelly||-||A2478||KOPKE H BOX 31||1953||open||Canberra||1450474|
|Kopke, Louis Herman||Naturalization||A712||1860/N1102||1860||open||Canberra||1813324|
|Kopke, Louis Herman (see also 60/N1102)||Naturalization||A712||1859/M10626||1859||open||Canberra||1813081|
|Kopke, Alfred||-||A2478||KOPKE A||1962||un examined||Canberra||7690779|
Taken from naa12.naa.gov.au
Millie's Granny Mary Anne Norbrun's (nee Keogh) husband Charlie died from silicosis "miners complaint" Her home in Haddon was sold to Bob Taylor. Norbrun's originally came from Bath England.
Their family grave is against the fence three quarters along the Creswick Rd. side of the Ballarat old cemetery and contains the remains of:
Charles Norbrun 1858-1913. (death certificate)
Marie Norbrun 1898-1928,
Sarah E Penney 1881-1957 nee Norbrun lived at Lorne. Married Cecil Penney.
Mary A Norbrun 1860 - 1957
Mary Ann Norbrun, Emma Amellia Kopke's Grandmother.
Millie walked 3 klm to the Bunkers Hill primary school until the 8th grade attaining her merit certificate in 1938 and studied piano in Ballarat to grade 3. She nearly succumb to what was thought to be Scarlet Fever as a small child. Millie attended the Bunkers Hill Methodist church and Sunday School. The school was suspiciously destroyed by fire in the 1940's. The church was relocated. Bunkers hill is on the Carngham Road half way between the Kopke home and Ballarat. Bunkers Hill and neighboring Sago Hill were densely populated mining villages in the late 1800's. Before the road cutting was deepened and widened in the 1970's there was an ornamental drinking fountain fed by a fresh water spring at the top of Bunkers Hill. Nothing from the 1800s remains. In the late 1980's George and Millie subdivided and sold a farm they had earlier purchased from the estate of George Stride at Sago. George Stride was a respected community lynch pin, batchelor, chicken farmer and Post Master. Bunkers Hill and Sago has since become a settlement of farmlets with a scenic elevated view across Kopke's valley to the West. Kopke's hand milked up to 30 Ayrshire cows, separated the milk from the cream and made butter. As a small child the author remembers beating the summer heat slumbering in their lovely cool partially underground dairy which was covered in a grape vine. Kopke's raised geese chickens, sheep, horses, pigs, cattle and all farm animals. They had a large vegetable garden and orchard and preserverd what they grew and made honey. Water was drawn from a well until a bore was sunk and a wind mill erected in the 1940's. Carriers took their produce to the Ballarat markets weekly and delivered supplies to the farm. Hawkers and Peddlers called with their wares. Farm duties commenced at sun up and continued after sun down seven days a week. Horses were used to haul farm implements and for transport. They required stabling, their feet tending, brushing and were fed chaff in the evenings.The kopke's had a very handsome buggy which was donated to and is on display at Soverign Hill Ballarat. A Dodge tourer car was purchased in the 1940's. Sheef oaten hay was cut with a binder, stooked and stacked by hand. Some hay was cut into chaff for the cows and horses. The remainder had the grain removed by a thrashing machine powered by a steam traction engine behind the stables and chaff shed. A large quantity of wood sawn by hand with a cross cut saw was provided for the steam engine and meals and accommodation had to be provided for over 20 swagmen who traveled with and operated the thrasher. After marring George Henderson-Drife Millie lived at Tourello and volunteered her services to the primary school Mothers Club and The Junior Red Cross for over 50 years. The new Tourello School and teachers residence has since been relocated. The old school which was used as the local hall was destroyed when a tornado blew a large tree onto it in February 1984. The derelict remains of the tennis court a shelter shed and toilet block are all that is left.
The Trunk Lead Kopke family property is now proudly owned by Daryl and Kay Kopke and the Henderson-Drife family. Daryl raises lambs and grows hay. Kay is a retired schoolteacher. In keeping with the families tradition they are highly regarded and take a very active roll as leaders in community affairs.
The Kopke Photo
Kopke family graves
Emma Sarah Kopke
Trunk Lead Mine
The story of Ernst Ludwig Herman Kopke's first years in Australia (as related in Ballarat and vicinity)
The Hamburg Hotel
Maps of locations mentioned in the text
Article on the Danish German war of 1848 (outside page)
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| 0.930732 | 8,194 | 2.65625 | 3 |
|New South Wales Rural Fire Service
|Motto: ...for Our Community|
The New South Wales Rural Fire Service (RFS) is a volunteer-based firefighting agency and statutory body of the NSW Government. The RFS is responsible for the general administration of rural fire management affairs including administration of the Rural Fire Fighting Fund, co-ordination with local government of the State's Rural Fire Brigades, design and provision of fire fighting equipment to rural fire brigades through local government, the training of volunteer Rural Fire Brigade members, community education in relation to fire affairs, emergency planning and generally taking measures for the prevention of loss and life and property from fires. The RFS is responsible to the NSW Minister of Emergency Services, currently Steve Whan.
The NSW Rural Fire Service's jurisdiction covers more than 90% of the geographical area of the state of New South Wales in Australia. The RFS claims to be the world's largest volunteer fire service, with over 70,000 volunteer firefighters forming 2093 volunteer brigades across the state and employs 700+ paid staff who fulfill the senior operational management and administrative roles of the service (current January 2009).
More than 100 years ago, the residents of a small town call Berrigan in south west New South Wales, banded together as firefighters to protect their community against the ever-present threat of bush fires. They were Australia's first official bush fire brigade.
Prior to 1997, bushfire fighting services in New South Wales were essentially a patchwork of more than 200 separate fire-fighting agencies working under a loose umbrella with no single chain of command. The core of the service, then as now, was the volunteer brigades that were organised along council district lines under the command of a locally-appointed Fire Control Officer. Fire fighting efforts were funded by the Bush Fire Fighting Fund, established in 1949 and financed by insurance companies, local council and the State Government. A variety of State-run committees and councils oversaw bushfire operations with members drawn from various Government fire fighting agencies and council and volunteer representatives. These groups developed legislation and techniques but in the main responsibility for bushfire management was vested in individual local councils in dedicated bushfire areas as determined under the 1909 Fire Brigades Act. This Act proclaimed the areas serviced by the Board of Fire Commissioners (now the New South Wales Fire Brigades) and covered the urban areas of Sydney and Newcastle together with most regional and country towns of any significance.
In January 1994, extreme weather conditions resulted in over 800 bushfires breaking out along the coast of NSW. More than 800,000 hectares of land and 205 homes were burned. 120 people were injured and 4 people were killed, including 3 volunteer firefighters from the Wingello Bush Fire Brigade. The financial cost of the disaster was estimated at $165 million. The lengthy Coronial Inquiry that followed recommended the State Government introduce a single entity responsible for the management of bush fires in NSW. The 1997 Rural Fires Act was proclaimed on 1 September, with Phil Koperberg announced as Commissioner. As Director-General of the Department of Bush Fire Services, Koperberg had been in command of the fire agencies battling the 1994 fires and was instrumental in developing the legislation that led to the Rural Fires Act.
Organised control of bushfires began with the establishment of the first volunteer bushfire brigades at Berrigan in 1896. This brigade had been established in response to a series of large fires in northern Victoria and south western New South Wales in the 1890s. These culminated in the Red Tuesday fire of 1 February, 1898 in Gippsland that claimed 12 lives and destroyed 2000 buildings.
In 1919 the Local Government Act provided for the prevention and mitigation of bushfires by authorising local councils to establish, manage and maintain these brigades. The establishment of the Bush Fires Act in 1930 granted local councils the authority to appoint bushfire officers with powers comparable to those held by a Chief Officer of the NSW Fire Brigades. These Fire Control Officers were responsible for bushfire management within their appointed local council districts.
In September 1937 a conference of fire-fighting authorities was convened to discuss the prevention of bushfires during the summer months. The Bush Fire Advisory Committee was established to prevent and mitigate bush fires. This committee had no statutory powers but publicised the need for the public to observe fire safety precautions and highlighted the role of Bush Fire Brigades. It was also largely responsible for preparing legislation that led to the Bush Fires Act of 1949.
The Bush Fires Act, 1949 came into effect on 9 December 1949. This legislation consolidated and modernised the law relating to the prevention, control and suppression of bush fires, and gave councils and other authorities wider powers to protect the areas under their control. The system of bushfire brigades manned by volunteers and directed by their officers appointed by their local Councils continued but shire and district councils or Ministers could now appoint group captains to direct brigades formed by two adjoining councils.
The Act also gave the Governor of NSW the authority to proclaim bush fire districts where none had previously been proclaimed. Essential to the legislation was the establishment of the Bush Fire Fighting Fund. This Fund was financed by insurance companies contributing half the funds with the remainder supplied equally by State and local government. The Act also enabled for the co-ordination of the activities of the Board of Fire Commissioners, the Forestry Commission (now State Forests) and the Bush Fire Brigades. The Minister for Local Government was empowered to appoint a person to take charge of all bush fire operations during a state of emergency.
The Bush Fire Committee replaced the Bush Fire Advisory Committee and had 20 members representing NSW Government departments, local government, the insurance industry, the farming community, the Board of Fire Commissioners, and the Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau. A Standing Committee composed of a chairman and five others met at least once a month. Based in Sydney, the Bush Fire Committee advised the Chief Secretary and Minister for Local Government on all matters relating to bush fires, and generally coordinated the work of volunteer fire fighting groups and was responsible for community education relating to bushfires.
In 1970 the Bush Fire Committee was replaced by the Bush Fire Council, with members drawn from the various fire fighting authorities from around the state. A special Co-ordinating Committee was established to oversee the co-ordination of fire-fighting and related resources prior to and during the bush fire season, and particularly during bush fire emergencies. A Chief Co-ordinator of Bush Fire Fighting was also appointed.
In January 1975, the Bush Fires Branch of the NSW Chief Secretary's department integrated with the State Emergency Service and renamed the Bush Fire Service.
The Department of Bush Fire Services was established in 1990. Phil Koperberg was appointed Director-General of the Department on 11 May. The Department's main role was in co-ordinating the fire fighting activities of other government agencies such as the National Parks and Wildlife Service, State Forests of New South Wales, Sydney Water and the New South Wales Fire Brigades in emergency circumstances. It was also responsible for the management and control of the NSW Bush Fire Fighting Fund and the co-ordination of the State's 2,500 Bush Fire Brigades, however the brigades still remained under the direct control of local council.
The NSW Rural Fire Service was established by the Rural Fires Act 1997 which was assented to on 10 July 1997 and came into force on 1 September 1997. The Rural Fires Act repealed the Bush Fires Act, 1949 thereby dissolving the Bush Fire Council and its Committees. Members of these bodies ceased to hold office but were entitled to hold office on a replacing body.
The Rural Fire Service Advisory Council of New South Wales was established. The Council was to consist of nine representatives with a direct or indirect association with bush fire prevention and control; the Commissioner in charge of bush fire fighting services was ex-officio to be the Chairperson of the Council. The task of the Council was to advise and report to the Minister and Commissioner on any matter relating to the administration of rural fire services, and to advise the Commissioner on public education programs relating to rural fire matters, training of rural fire fighters, and on the issue of Service Standards.
A statutory body – the Bush Fire Co-ordinating Committee - also was established. This was to consist of 12 members including the Commissioner who was to act as Chairperson. The Committee was to be responsible for the administration of rural fires management as well as advising the Commissioner on bush fire prevention.
The Committee was to constitute a Bush Fire Management Committee for "the whole of the area of any local authority for which a rural fire district is constituted". Each Management Committee was to prepare and present to the Council a plan of operations and bush fire risk management plan for its area within three months of establishment. The former was to be reviewed every two years; the latter every five years.
Section 102 of the new act established the New South Wales Rural Fire Fighting Fund to replace the New South Wales Bush Fire Fighting Fund. Quarterly contributions from insurance companies, local councils and the Treasury were to continue in the same proportions as under previous legislation - 14 % from the State Treasury, 73.7% from the insurance industry and 12.3% from local Councils
The Rural Fire Service currently consists of 2,093 brigades and has a total volunteer membership of approximately 69,300. In addition the Service employs more than 750 salaried staff located at its headquarters, regional offices and Fire Control Centres throughout the state.
RFS Headquarters was located at Rosehill in Sydney until October 2004. It is currently located in Carter Street, Lidcombe. Separate directorates within RFS Headquarters are responsible for Infrastructure Services, Membership Services, Operational Services, Regional Services, Strategic Services, and Executive Services.
Regional offices mirror these responsibilities at more centralised locations across the State. The original eight regions were consolidated into four by 2000. Region North is located at Grafton, Region South at Batemans Bay and Region West in Young. Due to their size, Region South and Region West have a second office at Albury and Cobar respectively. Region East is located at Sydney Olympic Park.
Formerly run by council-appointed officers, district Fire Control Centres became State controlled under the Rural Fires Act. District offices manage the day-to-day affairs of local brigades and maintain responsibility for local fire prevention and strategies. With the amalgation of neighbouring districts over recent years, the number of district offices is 103.
Volunteer brigades are responsible for hands-on bush firefighting duties. Since the establishment of the Rural Fire Service, the role of brigades has gradually expanded to include disaster recovery, fire protection at motor vehicle accidents, search operations and increased levels of structural firefighting. There are over 1575 firefighting brigades and more than 50 catering and communications brigades providing support.
The most senior member of the organisation is the Commissioner. The first RFS Commissioner was Phil Koperberg, who had previously been the Director-General of the NSW Department of Bushfire Services after its creation in 1990. In 2007 he stepped down from the role after announcing his candidature for the NSW State election in March in which he was elected as a Member of Parliament. In September 2007 Shane Fitzsimmons was officially appointed RFS Commissioner.
Within the RFS, an Assistant Commissioner is the head of one of the six Directorates within Headquarters. In recent years the title has been replaced with the corporatised designation Executive Director; four of the Executive Directors are uniformed personnel. Each of the uniformed Executive Directors can be called upon to act in the Commissioner's role when required.
|Operational Rank||Membership Type||Insignia|
|Commissioner||NSW Government Senior Executive Service Officer|
|Assistant Commissioner||NSW Government Senior Executive Service Officer or NSW Government Public Service Officer|
|Chief Superintendent||NSW Government Public Service Officer|
|Superintendent||NSW Government Public Service Officer|
|Inspector||NSW Government Public Service Officer|
|Deputy Group Captain||Volunteer|
|Senior Deputy Captain||Volunteer|
Firefighting appliances utilised within the RFS are all painted white over orange/red with undercarriages painted black, equipped with red/blue flashing emergency lights and sirens and are categorised as follows:
The most common of these tankers (a tanker is a type of fire appliance) is the Dual Cab Category 1 Tanker (mainly used in a combination of urban and rural roles), also in common use are Category 7 tankers in both single and dual cab and Category 9 appliances. Category 2 tankers are less common, and Category 11 pumpers can be found in many brigades with dedicated urban responsibilities. Category 13 vehicles are usually rented in the event of a major fire campaign, however there are some Districts that maintain Category 13 vehicles. Category 14 vehicles are often found on farms. The remaining categories are seldom, if ever, used. Technical information on some of these tankers is available in the Tanker Information section of the service's website.
There are a number of water-based firefighting appliances (Category 15) within the RFS; these appliances are generally operated by brigades located in areas where the only available access is via water (e.g. communities along the Hawkesbury River of NSW).
The RFS utilises various support vehicles. These are categorised as follows:
The Rural Fire Service also operates an Aviation Unit. The RFS contracts a number of aircraft, including a Beechcraft B200T Super King Air, tactical callsign "Firescan" (registration VH-LAB) used in mapping, monitoring and detecting fires. The Aviation Unit also contracts aircraft on a full time and on call basis in the role of supporting ground-based firefighting efforts, scouting fires, and spotting new fires. RFS Aviation has also been employed to assist during flood emergencies, such as the June 2005 floods in Northern NSW.
Each Rural Fire Service member is issued and equipped with the latest 'standards exceeding' safety equipment in order to undertake the varied and dangerous roles they are trained for, such PPE includes:
For brigades with bushfire and village fire fighting roles, defensive only and support units on the fireground
For brigades with strong village roles, who are equipped with CABA (compressed air breathing apparatus) and perform offensive firefighting - list below is issued in addition to the above
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In a recent Screenwriting Master Class course, one of the participants Mike Montgomery posted “Nine Questions” suggested by famed acting instructor Uta Hagen:
The following questions must be answered for each character study in order to define your role with as many specifics as possible. Consider these questions as research questions and continue to add answers and details as you explore and rehearse your character.
1. WHO AM I? (All the details about your character including name, age, address, relatives, likes, dislikes, hobbies, career, description of physical traits, opinions, beliefs, religion, education, origins, enemies, loved ones, sociological influences, etc.)
2. WHAT TIME IS IT? (Century, season, year, day, minute, significance of time)
3. WHERE AM I? (Country, city, neighborhood, home, room, area of room)
4. WHAT SURROUNDS ME? (Animate and inanimate objects-complete details of environment)
5. WHAT ARE THE GIVEN CIRCUMSTANCES? (Past, present, future and all of the events)
6. WHAT IS MY RELATIONSHIP? (Relation to total events, other characters, and to things)
7. WHAT DO I WANT? (Character’s need. The immediate and main objective)
8. WHAT IS IN MY WAY? (The obstacles which prevent character from getting his/her need)
9. WHAT DO I DO TO GET WHAT I WANT? (The action: physical and verbal, also-action verbs)
While I would draw a distinction between what a character Wants [Conscious Goal] and Needs [Unconscious Goal], this is a good list of questions to ask any character, both to help develop them and before you write any scene. After all, an actor’s desire to know their character and what makes them tick aligns with a writer’s. As an actor once told me, “If you don’t understand a character, how can you expect us to?”
What do you think of these questions? Are there other ones you would add to the list?
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Definition of Matter, white
Matter, white: The part of the brain that contains myelinated nerve fibers. The white matter is white because it is the color of myelin, the insulation that covers nerve fibers.Source: MedTerms™ Medical Dictionary
Last Editorial Review: 3/30/2012
Drug Medical Dictionary of Terms by Letter
Medical Dictionary Term:
Top RxList Drug News
Get breaking medical news.
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FNAE was founded to educate pet caretakers about the unequivocal science backing a high-protein, moderate-fat, low-carbohydrate, grain-free canned or raw food species-appropriate diet for our carnivorous domestic cats.Evidence that a wet, high-meat-protein diet plays a critical role in the overall well-being and health of obligate carnivores, such as cats (both big and small), is now coming to the forefront of veterinary science and into our kitchens.Many feline diseases such as Diabetes, Obesity, Urinary Tract Disorders, Chronic Renal Disease, and Irritable Bowel Syndrome can be directly attributed to low moisture, low-protein, and high-carbohydrate levels that plague today’s commercially prepared dry cat foods.
Dry food is missing the most important nutrient, water. Many cats can and will live a long life on a dry or dry/canned diet, however, we don't know which cats they are. Cats have a low thirst drive due to their desert adaptation and do not ingest enough free water to compensate for the lack of water in their diet, and are therefore, chronically dehydrated.
Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning they require certain nutrients that they cannot synthesize which are only found in meat. Cats, both large and small, wild and domestic need to eat meat as their main source of nutrients. Cats are missing some key enzymes such as salivary amylase to begin the break down of carbohydrates in the mouth and certain hepatic (liver) enzymes that adjust to the amount of protein ingested and therefore do not have the ability to regulate protein metabolism, that is, conserve nitrogen when fed a low-protein diet. Their bodies are always craving more proteins to make up for the deficiency.
Please read the sections on The Basics and Diseases. These two sections will give you a solid background to begin considering a diet change for your dry-fed feline. Then, check out the page on Commercially Prepared Canned and Raw Food formulas where you can learn to make good commercial choices by successfully interpreting pet food labels and making some simple calculations. If homestyle preparation of a raw diet is more your style, check out the page on Homemade Raw Diets. If you decide to Make the Switch, please view that page for helpful transitioning tips. Switching cats from dry to wet food may prove to be very challenging but it is well worth the benefits. Please help get the word out by printing the FNAE Feline Nutrition Informational Flyer and giving it out to interested parties.
This site is continually updated when new information and facts become available. Please check back often.
Information on fnae.org is for general information purposes only and is provided without warranty or guarantee of any kind. The content on this site is inspired by the research and observations of professionals. The website is not intended to replace professional advice from your own veterinarian and nothing on this site is intended as a medical diagnosis or treatment. Any questions about your animal's health should be directed to a professional animal health care provider. Please consult your veterinarian before attempting any diet change.
Privacy | Terms
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Tuesday, August 3, 2010
FAO’s new Teaching Toolkit
The Food and Agriculture Organization has just released a new companion guide to the “Setting Up and Running a School Garden” manual, which features eight comprehensive, step-by-step lessons for teachers to implement in their class-gardens.
The lessons contain information on everything from garden planning and produce marketing to seed sowing and composting. Each lesson is divided into informative sections: teacher’s notes, objectives, technical content, lesson preparation, lesson activities, lesson follow-ups and guides all geared toward a hands-on learning experience.
The goal of the lessons is to try and “engage learners actively and encourage them to observe and experiment. The reflective element of experiential learning – monitoring, reporting, recording, reviewing, discussing, and listening to others – is built into the lessons.”
Above all, the lessons force students to consider the quality of their own diets, but they also enable the students to make healthy changes to their eating habits. This is a must-read for teachers who have or are considering starting a school garden. It will save hours of logistical planning and provide an excellent jumping-off point for teachers’ own lessons in gardening.
Learn more about the guide whose creed is…
"Tell me, and I will forget.
Show me, and I may remember.
Involve me, and I will understand."
Attributed to Confucius, 450 B.C.
Click here to see an online version of The Teaching Toolkit
Click here to download a PDF file of The Teaching Toolkit
Posted by TGC Team Member EMAIL THIS POST
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FOLLOW THE FISH
Capt. Pete Rapps
Wintertime here in Southwest Florida is synonymous with the arrival of huge flocks of snowbirds, but did you know that convicts arrive here in big numbers too? Yes it’s true, but these are much welcomed convicts…AKA Sheepshead fish. These fish begin to arrive in big numbers about this time each year to spawn. They inhabit many of our near shore structures, oyster bars and the deeper mangrove pockets in the back county river mouths. We call them convicts because of the black and white stripes they “wear.”
In addition to being called convicts, sheepshead are sometimes referred to as the convict fish, Seabream Sheepshead and Southern Sheepshead. They are distributed in the western Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, with the densest populations being here in Southwest Florida. Sheepshead are also found in smaller numbers off the Caribbean coasts of Central and South America, south to Brazil.
The teeth of the sheepshead include well-defined incisors, grinders and molars. In the front of its mouth are the incisor- like teeth. These teeth look nothing like any other fish’s, but more resemble that of a human. I had an orthodontist out last fall, who was completely intrigued with the teeth of the Sheepshead. It was funny; he spent a good part of the day admiring the fish’s teeth.
Sheepshead are most commonly caught in our area in the 2-5 pound range and average 12”-18” in length. They must be at least 12” to keep and currently the catch limit is 15 per person per day. They are thought to live about 20 years and can grow to about 20 pounds. They reach reproductive maturity in about two years. During the fall and winter spawning season, they are thought to lay between 10,000 to 70,000 eggs every 28 days.
Sheepshead are omnivorous fish, feeding primarily on small crabs, oysters, clams and shrimp. The sheepshead uses its impressive teeth to crush shelled prey and to scrape barnacles from rocks and pilings.
Sheepshead are highly valued for human consumption due to their mild flavor and delicate white flesh. They are difficult to clean and fillet because of the sharp spines on their back and thick skin and scales. At the fillet table, I like to use a pair of thick gloves to handle the fish, and an electric fillet knife to cut through their thick skin.
When fishing for sheepshead, I like to use live shrimp with a 2’-3’ long leader made of 20# test fluorocarbon and a #2 hook. They will feed very lightly….. you will think a small snapper is nibbling on your bait. The trick here is to let him eat for a few seconds before trying to set the hook. It takes patience and discipline to hook these tricksters, but once you do it a few times, you will get the hang of it.
Captain Rapps’ Fishing Charters offer expert guided, light tackle, near shore, and backwater fishing trips in the 10,000 Islands of the Everglades National Park. Capt. Rapps’ top notch guides accommodate men, women, & children of all ages, experienced or not, and those with special needs. Between their vast knowledge & experience of the area, and easy going demeanors, you are guaranteed to have a great day. Book your charter 24/7 using the online booking calendar, and see Capt Rapps’ first class web site for Booking info, Videos, Recipes, Seasonings, and more at www.CaptainRapps.com
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An Essay on the Principle of Population, or a View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness; with an Inquiry into our Prospects respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils which it Occasions (London: John Murray 1826). 6th ed. 2 vols. http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1944,
This is the 6th expanded edition of the work. There are two versions of Thomas Robert Malthus’s Essay on the Principle of Population. The first, published anonymously in 1798, was so successful that Malthus soon elaborated on it under his real name. The rewrite, culminating in the sixth edition of 1826, was a scholarly expansion and generalization of the first. In this work Malthus argues that there is a disparity between the rate of growth of population (which increases geometrically) and the rate of growth of agriculture (which increases only arithmetically). He then explores how populations have historically been kept in check.
The text is in the public domain.
This material is put online to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. Unless otherwise stated in the Copyright Information section above, this material may be used freely for educational and academic purposes. It may not be used in any way for profit.
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Favourite Craft Ideas - Other Ideas
Some activities below have worksheets that you can see by clicking on the worksheet icon: .
To get the best results when printing worksheets, make sure your left and right margins are set to no more than 10mm (use File, Page Set up to adjust this).
You will need:
Half of a cardboard tube from inside
a kitchen roll
Yellow and orange crepe paper or tissue
Either some tape or a small stapler
Cut a piece of coloured paper 12cmx14cm, this allows
for a 1cm overlap.
Decorate the paper with swirls of glue and sprinkle on some glitter until the glue is covered, shake off any surplus, and then leave the paper to dry.
While the glue design is drying, cut out a piece of
card with a diameter of 10cm then cut out a segment
as shown and glue the two straight edges together to
form a cap.
Glue the decorated paper around the card tube overlapping it slightly, then using scissors snip down about 2cm all around one end of the tube and bend these flaps inwards.
Put some glue on to these flaps and place the cap on top, hold it in place until it has stuck.
or staple the straw to the inside of the bottom end
of the tube. ( You can glue it, but it is quite difficult
to hold in place).
Cut out 4 or 5 streamers (1cm x 15cm) from the crepe or tissue, and glue them to the same side of the tube as the straw.
To finish off tuck a scrunched up piece of crepe or tissue inside the tube to fill the bottom.
You could make a firework mobile by making several different coloured fireworks and hanging them at different heights from two crossed wires.
Making play sunglasses
You will need:
Paint or crayons
To make the sun glasses you will first need to decide on the shape of the glasses you want eg oval, square or maybe heart shaped. The sizes shown to the right are for a child about four years of age but can easily be adjusted to fit a smaller or larger child.
You can make the glasses out of one length of card as shown top right. To do this you will need a piece of card 36cm x 4cm.
You may prefer to make the glasses using three pieces of card, allowing you to position the sides of the glasses differently. To do this you will need to cut one piece 12cm x 4cm and two pieces 13cm x 2cm.
Before cutting the glasses out of the card, make a template out of pape. Fold the paper in half as shown before drawing your design on one half and then cut out the design with the paper still folded to ensure the glasses are symetrical.
Cut the paper the same size as the card, fold in half and draw out the shape of the glasses you want using the sizes shown as a guidline.
If you are using three pieces you will only fold the front of the glasses, and make a template for one side of the glasses. With the dimensions above, 1cm has been allowed on the side for gluing onto the glasses front.
Once you are happy with the design, use the template to draw around onto the card and then cut out the glasses. Decorate the glasses, glue on the sides if appropriate and then cut two pieces of cellophane to fit in the rims and glue on the back.
These glasses are obviously just for fun and children should not wear them for protection against the sun.
Making a template
Make the glasses more fun by cutting different shapes
Autumn is a great time of year for nature walks and collecting things like leaves, twigs and nuts. The children can use the collected items to create some 'Nature pictures' while you are outside. The pictures can be as small or large as you like depending on your collection. Why not explore patterns using leaf colour and shape.
Let the children take some photographs of their artwork to be displayed inside. A digital camera can be great for this.
Autumn Leaf Mobile
You will need:
Dark brown card
Yellow, orange, red, brown tissue paper
2 sticks or a small hoop
Cotton or thin string (to hang up the finished mobile)
A collection of leaves to look at and discuss regarding different shapes and colours.
Before actually making the mobile look at some leaves and discuss the shape and colours.
Either using the template sheet or your own leaf design, draw around each shape and cut out the the leaf frames from the brown card. The children could do the cutting but this would obviously depend on their scissors skills.
For a neater finish you could cut out 2 frames per leaf so that the glued tissue paper edges are hidden between the two frames.
Once the frames have been cut out, choose the a piece of coloured tissue paper for each leaf and cut out a shape larger than the frame.
Put glue around the frame and then carefully lay the tissue paper on top. Let the glue dry before trimming off the spare tissue.
If adding a second frame this can be done now.
When the leaves have all been made ,attach varying lengths of cotton and hang them from a small hoop or a couple of sticks tied together as shown.
To make the leaves look like they were really falling through the air, transparent fishing line could be used to hang the leaves.
This is great activity to follow a walk in the autumn.
You will need:
A large Hoop (The sort used for physical activities)
Brown crepe paper
A ball of Brown wool or thin string
Wool, ribbon, thin strips of material in colours that you would associate with Autumn such as yellow, orange, or brown
Leaves, twigs or similiar things that you might find on a nature walk
To make the basic frame you need to cut some strips of brown crepe about 4cm wide and as long as possible. Wind a piece of crepe around the hoop overlapping each wind by about 1cm, this helps to keep the crepe in place. When you need to start a new piece secure it in place with a spot of glue before continuing to cover the hoop. The number of strips you will need will depend on the length of the strips. When the hoop is covered secure the end with another spot of glue.
Now you need to string the hoop and make a basic weaving framework. Using either brown wool or thin string tie the end tightly around the hoop and then tie it again on the opposite side of the hoop to form a diagonal, cut the wool/string. Tie the next piece about 4cm along the hoop from the first and tie it on the opposite side again 4cm away so the wool is parallel as shown in the diagram. Repeat until there is no more room on that side then match the other side of the diagonal in the same way.
You now need to make the cross strings. these are attached in the same way but are woven over and under the first set of strings at 90 dgrees the aim is to end up like the strings on a tennis racquet.
Start again in the middle and after tying the first piece of wool/string to the hoop weave it over then under, then over etc the first set of strings and then tie off. Add the second string, this time going under first, then over, then underto the end. Continue to add the other strings alternating the weaving so that the strings eventually form a mesh. The children usually love helping with this.
When this is complete you are now ready to weave into the frame the ribbons, strips of material and wool. The lengths of these materials can vary and they don't have to be woven all the way across they can go back on themselves to form a block of colour. Several children can be working on the weaving at the same time and of course you can have several being made at the same time. Leaves and twigs etc can then be added by tucking them in amongst the woven materials.
The hoops can be displayed on a wall or hung, if you choose to hand them you may want to add leaves etc on both sides of the weaving.
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The girl, who was so fat she underwent liposuction at the age of six, had gained weight throughout her childhood despite repeated attempts at dieting. She reached 208lb - the size of a heavyweight boxer - but as soon as daily injections with the hormone began she started to lose weight. After a year of treatment she lost 36lb - more than two-and- a-half stone.
Doctors at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge, who treated the girl, say her experience could eventually lead scientists to a drug treatment for obesity. The girl, from a Pakistani family, was born with a congenital deficiency of the hormone leptin, which has been shown in earlier research on mice to play a key role in the development of obesity.
Her parents were unable to control her appetite when she was young and her weight rapidly increased, says a report on the case in the New England Journal of Medicine. By the age of six her legs were so fat she had difficulty walking. Once given regular injections of leptin, her appetite was reduced, she ate less at mealtimes,stopped craving snacks between meals and began losing 2lb to 4lb a month, virtually none of it muscle and all of it fat.Reuse content
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WINNERS: Educator Mark Collin has developed a new method of teaching K-6 students that is based on nurturing emotional intelligence.
Reading, Writing, Respect
Mark Collin wants a Toolbox for every child
By Jessica Dur
In 1993, Mark Collin walked into Cazadero's Montgomery Elementary School expecting to spend a few months accruing hours as a school counselor. A longtime student of Jungian and transpersonal psychology, Collin was interning at the Lomi Psychotherapy Clinic to become a licensed marriage and family therapist. Thirty-five years since his own stint in elementary school, he was shocked at the normalized cruelty he witnessed. Older kids were literally putting younger kids headfirst into trash cans while under-resourced teachers struggled to cope. Collin, who spent two of his college years living alone while building a cabin in the Mendocino redwoods, realized that the school's commitment to "literacy" was too narrow. He started asking questions. How can kids learn reading and algebra if they are distracted by their own self-defeating behaviors? How can students be expected to thrive academically if they are suffering emotionally and socially? According to Collin, the answers came from the students themselves. He saw they needed to calm down. Starting in the safety of the kindergarten class, he sat with them in a circle on the floor and asked them to breathe. Thus was born the first of 12 "tools" designed to activate the innate wisdom inside each person. The breathing tool is a simple reminder that our most basic instinctual habit can bring relief.
From that starting point, Collin developed an entire "Toolbox," a curriculum for social and emotional learning whose mission, he says, is "to build children's capacity and resilience for learning through development of personal awareness, self-mastery and empathy for others." Collin's "few months" at Montgomery soon stretched into nine years.
People have long challenged Descartes' rationalist "I think, therefore I am" philosophy in favor of a more holistic view of what it means to be alive. In the mid-'90s, Daniel Goleman's groundbreaking book Emotional Intelligence, which challenged the sanctity of the IQ as the measure of success in life, spent a year and a half on the New York Times bestseller list.
Studies were conducted to show that social and emotional learning, which incorporate "self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship skills and responsible decision-making," are fundamental aspects of a high-functioning school or work environment. Even the federal government is taking notice. Currently, HR 4223, the Academic, Social and Emotional Learning Act of 2009, is in the first step of the legislative process.
The tools are based on action, a psychosomatic approach that recognizes the body's ability to soothe the mind and spirit. Collin believes that the sacred should not be just "an idea, but an experience."
The listening tool teaches kids to listen with their ears, eyes and hearts, reading body language and facial expressions to help, Collin says, "hear between the lines." The garbage-can tool reminds us that we are free to let go of other people's meanness, free to be actors, not re-actors, in our own lives. In many schools, this common language has become the basis for students to communicate their feelings.
The Toolbox curriculum is currently being taught in both English and Spanish in 26 secular and nonsecular schools in Sonoma, Marin and Butte counties. The curriculum recently received a large grant from the pro-education Stuart Foundation, and even television producers see potential programs. Bonnie Benard, a national resiliency expert, says, "Of all the programs on the federal list, [Toolbox] is the only one that teaches children about their own resilience."
Recently, WestEd, a long-standing educational research nonprofit, conducted a 16-week study in the Wright Elementary School District of Santa Rosa, which utilizes Toolbox training. In K-3 classes they found significant measurable progress in several areas, including autonomy, self-management, problem solving, classroom behavior and improved family relations. But those are still only numbers. The real evidence comes, as usual, from the students themselves. As one fourth grader put it, "Toolbox is like having a school inside you. If you use them, you're good."
Seventeen years after creating the Toolbox with that initial pilot group at Montgomery, Collin reunited with several of the students, curious about the longitudinal implications of the curriculum. Now in their late teens, these students could not always recall Collin himself, but they remembered what he taught them. "These tools are just small chisels and life's a big granite block, and little by little, we get better at it," mused one boy. Another 18-year-old admitted, "If it weren't for the Toolbox, I'd be in the penitentiary. I absolutely would be."
Send a letter to the editor about this story.
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<urn:uuid:6a7a3616-37a7-4f3d-b734-6888684e82bb>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.metroactive.com/bohemian/10.20.10/news-1042.html
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en
| 0.970799 | 1,040 | 2.703125 | 3 |
6 Foods Which Signify Thanksgiving
Have you ever noticed that although the number of dishes vary and the size of the portions differ According to the number of people who are at the table, the basic ingredients have remained the same for a number of years? This is because we associate Thanksgiving with certain foods. This tradition started with the early settlers, or the pilgrims who received food from the native people and started cultivating food as taught by the native people of the country. Although a lot of myths and additions have been added to the thanksgiving meal every year, the fact that has been the same has been the inclusion of certain traditional food items. You can see these traditional foods sitting at the table year after year in different forms and sizes. Some of the foods that signify Thanksgiving are
It has become so synonymous with thanksgiving that no one can imagine a Thanksgiving meal without it. It occupies the pride of the place at the centre of the table and any other dish that is on the table is only looked upon as an accompaniment to the turkey. Think a whole roasted turkey and automatically you would relate it to Thanksgiving.
2. Berries, especially cranberries
The early accounts of what the pilgrims had for their Thanksgiving meal included Berries and probably is a reason why we choose to include cranberries in as many dishes as possible. We eat them raw, we eat them in out desserts, we use the sauce for our main dishes and we just try to include it in some way or the other for the meal. After turkey, cranberries are the most used in a Thanksgiving meal.
Maybe it is because it comes soon after Halloween and a lot of us have pumpkins that we have not thrown away, or maybe other reasons, but pumpkins also have a part to play in the Thanksgiving meal. After Halloween, it’s on Thanksgiving Day that we see Pumpkins being used at this level. We have pumpkin pie, pumpkin soup and even pumpkin cakes for the Thanksgiving meal.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.magforwomen.com/foods-which-signify-thanksgiving/
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en
| 0.97809 | 398 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Making Graphene an Insulator?
Graphene is a single-atom thick plane of carbon atoms, arranged in a hexagonal pattern, and has some extraordinary properties, including very high electrical conductivity. Researchers at the University of California, Riverside, have accidently discovered an unpredicted property of stacked sheets of graphene. When stacking three layers on top of each, so the top and bottom layer line up, the material is a conductor, as expected, but if the top layer is shifted by one atomic width, the material becomes an insulator. This is an example of experiment getting ahead of theory as the researchers do not know what electronic interaction may be going on to cause this effect. Once it is better understood, the insulating form of graphene may be useful in future electronics, as single-layer graphene does not have a band gap, a property central to transistors.
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<urn:uuid:d4828c45-6e3d-4eb0-af3d-a9833c644a63>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.overclockersclub.com/news/29547/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.933952 | 179 | 3.890625 | 4 |
riding on a parade float singing "Twist and Shout" sounds like a
better time than going to school, students might want to rethink their plans
for a Ferris Bueller-like rendezvous now that a California school district is
using GPS units to track students with a poor attendance history.
Union High School District has volunteered to be apart of a six-week
program, which aims to reduce the number of unexcused
absences by equipping seventh and eighth grade students who have a
poor attendance record with handheld GPS devices. Reducing the number of
absences a student has saves the school district money. Every time a student
misses class, the school loses $35.
program works by assigning GPS units to students with more than three unexcused
absences. After receiving the GPS device, students are sent an automated phone
call every school day to remind them to get up and go to school. They must
enter a code five times a day in order to activate the device and track their
location. They must enter the code on their way to school, once they arrive,
during lunch, on their way home from school and at 8 p.m. In addition, a coach
is assigned to each student in order to make sure that they are where they're
supposed to be doing what they're supposed to do.
is their last chance at an intervention," said Kristen Levitin, principal
at Dale Junior High in West Anaheim. "Anything that can help these kids
get to class is a good thing."
district has 75 students participating in the program. Those participating are
able to avoid other consequences that the school may have otherwise
administered had the students' not volunteered. After the six-week program is
over, district officials will make the decision to either expand the program to
other high schools and junior highs or dismiss it.
parents are having a hard time accepting the program rules, saying that it
seems a bit harsh.
feel like they come at us too hard, and making kids carry around something that tracks them seems extreme," said
Raphael Garcia, who has a sixth grade student in the district with six
units cost $300-$400 each, and parents must replace them if they are lost or
broken. The total cost of the program is about $18,000, which is funded by a
quote: A society in which the government regulates a parent's ability raise their child frightens me.
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<urn:uuid:d959b17d-6ad7-471a-b09b-7549a344c944>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=20962&commentid=657921&threshhold=1&red=4027
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en
| 0.96716 | 515 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Update: Five cases confirmed in Kent County
This summer’s West Nile virus outbreak is the largest ever, with 1,181 cases reported as of today, according to a report from the Centers for Disease Control.
Although Michigan has not been hit as hard as some southern states, Kent County health officials are urging residents to take precautions. The county is seeing the second highest number of cases since the disease showed up in the U.S. in 1999.
And this year’s mild winter, warm spring and hot summer create prime breeding conditions for the mosquito species that carries the virus, said Lisa LaPlante, health department spokeswoman.
In Kent County, five cases of West Nile virus have been confirmed, health officials say. About a dozen more people with West Nile symptoms are waiting for test results.
“The symptoms have been severe enough that people have required hospitalization,” LaPlante said.
Generally, patients whose cases are not severe enough for hospitalization don’t get tested, she added.
The virus typically shows up first with a fever, headache and body aches. Patients sometimes develop severe headaches and become disoriented, have convulsions and go into a coma. In some cases, it causes death.
Last week, the Michigan Department of Community Health reported the first death in the state this year from West Nile virus. The patient was a Washtenaw County woman between 75 and 85 years old.
As of last Thursday, the state had 24 cases of West Nile virus, and most were reported in southeast Michigan.
Of the cases reported nationwide, almost half were in Texas, the CDC said. Five states accounted for 75 percent of cases: Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Dakota and Oklahoma.
Prevention tips from the Kent County Health Department:
• Use insect repellent when outdoors. Apply repellent to clothing and exposed skin, and follow directions on the product label.
• Don’t apply repellent under clothing, or on cuts, wounds or irritated skin. You should not apply repellent around the eyes or mouth, and if using spray, apply spray to your hands first, and then apply to face.
• Repellent should not be used on infants under 2 months old at all. KCHD recommends putting netting over the infant’s stroller. DEET-containing products should be avoided for children 24 months of age or younger, and those containing oil of lemon eucalyptus should not to be used on children under three years of age.
• When using repellent on children, put it on your hands first, then on the child. Children tend to put their hands in or near their mouths, so don’t apply repellent to a child’s hands.
• After you and your children get back indoors, wash off the repellent with soap and water, and wash treated clothing before wearing again.
• At home, be sure you are not making it easy for mosquitoes to breed. Make sure to eliminate any standing water. Twice a week, empty water from birdbaths, flower pots, swimming pool covers, buckets, barrels, and cans. Make sure rain gutters are clear of debris. Throw out old tires and other items that could collect water.
• Avoid areas where mosquitoes are likely to be, such as wooded areas or swampy land.
For more information about the virus, visit the Michigan West Nile Virus website.
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<urn:uuid:55b8efe0-99ef-4ef6-9c0c-8b89851cb90c>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2012/08/west_nile_virus_worst_ever_in.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00060-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.940964 | 715 | 2.75 | 3 |
science kit contains all material that you need in order to successfully
experiment making electricity by a chemical reaction. Some chemicals
are harmful and dangerous! that's why we recommend you to use
household chemicals such as acetic acid (Vinegar), baking soda,
fruits and fruit juice.
This kit contains
small and sharp objects. keep it out of reach of small children.
Adult supervision is required.
of this science kit is to simplify the process of finding and
purchasing material that you need for your experiments.
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<urn:uuid:e9a4470b-0033-40ee-9eb7-3cc9d0219a1f>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.freesciencefairproject.com/projects/makeelectricity.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.9315 | 112 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Photos of the once-mighty, now-drained Owens Lake
Owens Lake, on the eastern flanks of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in southeastern California, was, at its peak, a 200-square-mile perennial lake. Located at the terminus of the Owens River, it held water continuously for at least 800,000 years. It is now an extreme example of the destabilizing effect of surface-water extraction in desert regions.
Beginning in 1913, the Owens River was diverted to bring water to the city of Los Angeles, and by the mid-1920s Owens Lake was dry. For decades, the lake’s dry bed produced enormous amounts of windblown dust. Indeed, it became the single largest source of particulate-matter pollution in the United States, by one estimate emitting almost a million tons annually. The dust contains carcinogens such as nickel, cadmium, and arsenic, as well as sodium, chlorine, iron, calcium, potassium, sulfur, aluminum, and magnesium.
During dust storms, air pollution around the dry lake bed has reached 25 times the level acceptable under national clean-air standards. The dust travels both north and south on turbulent winds channeled through the Owens Valley by the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west and the White-Inyo Range to the east; the toxic dust has been tracked by satellite some 155 miles to the south into the Los Angeles area.
The city of Los Angeles owns thousands of acres of Owens Valley lands, along with the rights to the water in the Owens River. (Remember the movie Chinatown?) The river still flows through the upper part of the valley, but is then diverted into the Los Angeles Aqueduct 51 miles upstream from the point where it used to enter Owens Lake.
Under California law, the Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District has been given the authority to order Los Angeles to undertake reasonable measures to mitigate the air-quality impacts of its water-gathering activities. In 1998, after decades of legal wrangling, the city began implementing dust-control measures to abate the toxic dust storms that come off the barren lake bed. These controls include the shallow flooding of thousands of acres along the eastern edge of the lake with a small percentage of the water that is diverted, as well as reclaiming some of the saline lake-bed soils and establishing fields of salt-tolerant grass irrigated with hi-tech buried drip systems. Los Angeles continues to implement these dust controls and will complete the $400 million project by the end of 2006.
The Lake Project comprises my aerial images of Owens Lake, taken between 2001 and 2004. Viewed from the air, vestiges of the lake appear as a river of blood, a microchip, a bisected vein, or a galaxy’s map. It is this contemporary version of the sublime that I find compelling. In The Lake Project, the lake has become the locus of water’s absence. The lake is a negation of itself, a void. To grow the city of Los Angeles is to deplete, starve, or implode the body of water that was once Owens Lake, so The Lake Project images serve, in a sense, as the lake’s autopsy. In nearly every image from The Lake Project, water is harnessed for some use, and in the process it is in some manner manipulated or destroyed, its presence denied. This is not to say that it has been stripped of its inherent beauty. But its beauty has been subjugated by its use, and while its physical condition may be thrilling to behold — water in shades of red, green, amber, and purple — it is a beauty born of environmental degradation. There is a sense of both seduction and betrayal with these images, and the viewer is ultimately complicit in their absorption by this toxic site.
This past fall, I was commissioned by SF Camerawork (a nonprofit arts organization in San Francisco) to create a public art piece consisting of 12 billboards which focused on The Lake Project material, as part of their current exhibit “Monument Recall: Public Space and Public Memory.” The billboards and links to further material on the history and the demise of Owens Lake can be found at lakeproject.org. In addition, an oversized monograph book, The Lake Project, was released this fall by Nazraeli Press, with an introduction by the curator Robert A. Sobieszek of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
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<urn:uuid:56d4449b-4168-423c-b346-5dae58a5ae2b>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://grist.org/article/maisel/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.954641 | 909 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Having a Successful Physical Activity Event
Community-based organizations are integral to motivating kids to be active. By having local physical activity events, communities can take advantage of the interest that kids have in VERB. A local event could take many shapes and forms, but for it to appeal to tweens, the emphasis must be on fun. Your event might be a stand-alone event in which only your organization participates, or several locations may have simultaneous events throughout town, or your event might even be part of a larger fair or festival. You might even be the planner of your own community-wide physical activity event.
Whatever the scope of your event, keep the following guidelines in mind.
The event should:
- reach tween audiences
- offer a choice of fun physical activities and games. (See Appendix for Game And Activity Ideas.)
- offer one-on-one interactions
- provide access for kids of low, moderate, and high activity levels; as well as youth that are physically challenged.
- focus on the fun and social aspects of play and not on obesity, exercise, or nutrition
- have enough space to allow for trial of a variety of physical activities – ideally an open space of approximately 30' x 30' to 50' x 50'
The goals at VERB-inspired events are to:
- get tweens to try multiple physical activities and find something they like
- see tweens leave wanting to do more physical activity - but for fun, not for exercise
- get tweens thinking of physical activity as something they can do wherever they are
Location is important to the success of a VERB-inspired event. The event should be held in a place that kids frequent and think is fun.
Examples of typical and appropriate locations include:
- sporting events, including existing "Kids' Days"
- community events, including those with youth-focused areas
- community holiday celebrations
- after-school programs
- elementary & middle school programs (grades 4-8)
- county fairs
- city/street festivals
Some typical venues might include:
- major league stadiums
- minor league stadiums
- amusement & water parks
- parks & recreation facilities
Event types where this avenue of reaching youth is not as effective and should not be used include:
- health fairs
- health screening sites
- events that promote unhealthy behaviors
At a successful VERB-inspired physical activity event, there are numerous interactions with tweens who are having fun getting active. These interactions should result in every tween:
Doing the following:
- playing three or more activities (or 10 minutes of activity)
- finding a verb they like
- getting a reward for finding their verb
Hearing the following:
- Be imaginative about play
- Play by your rules, your way
- You don't need certain skills – have fun
- You can do it anywhere
- You can do it with any number of people
- You can do it EVERY DAY
Realizing, feeling, or believing the following:
- I like to ________, and I can do it anywhere I want whenever I want
- I want to do _________ every day
Keep in mind that at VERB-inspired physical activity events the focus is on play, not exercise and on letting kids do things their way, not dictating what they do. Focus on the fun of kids playing with friends and just being kids.
- Page last reviewed: August 1, 2007 Historical Document
- Page last updated: August 1, 2007
- Content source: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health
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<urn:uuid:b2ac1fab-b3d9-454e-a77d-1493dfe63247>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.cdc.gov/youthcampaign/partners/appeal/local_event.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950288 | 752 | 3.09375 | 3 |
On April 20, BP's Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, killing 11 workers and commencing months of oil leaking unrestrained into the ocean. Efforts to manage the spill with controlled burning, dispersants and plugging the leak were unsuccessful until BP capped the well in mid-July, temporarily halting the flow of oil into the Gulf. The well was then successfully plugged and declared "effectively dead" on September 19.
This oil spill has obtained the dubious distinction of being the worst oil spill in US history, surpassing the damage done by the Exxon Valdez tanker that spilled 11 million gallons of oil into the ecologically sensitive Prince William Sound in 1989. It is estimated that over 205 million gallons of oil were released into the Gulf.
Here are updated photos of oil hitting coastlines and the damage throughout the ocean, which poses a serious threat to fishermen's livelihoods, marine habitats, beaches, wildlife and human health.
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<urn:uuid:1b0d5a1b-0c21-4e51-a659-3a2c804d8c8f>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/30/louisiana-oil-spill-2010_n_558287.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.967275 | 192 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Baku is Azerbaijan’s major city, and the oil capital of the Caspian region. This detailed view taken by the Expedition 2 crew on the International Space Station shows details of the city, including the extensive port facilities, and part of the large web of offshore oil platforms in the Caspian Sea. The oil platforms off Baku were built in the 1950s and 1960s, and were the first offshore oil-drilling efforts in the world. A larger offshore complex (not pictured here) called the Oily Rocks included multistory dormitories, stores, and other infrastructures to support the thousands of workers employed by the oil industry. Today, multinational oil exploration, sea-level rise (the Caspian sea has risen more than 2 meters in the past 20 years), offshore platform maintenance, and environmental degradation are all hot topics in Baku.
Note: Often times, due to the size, browsers have a difficult time opening and displaying images. If you experiece an error when clicking on an image link, please try directly downloading the image (using a right click, save as method) to view it locally.
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<urn:uuid:2935f754-6524-4f42-9590-8c089de57457>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=56425
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.956359 | 234 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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