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About 774 million people cannot read or write worldwide, and illiteracy can often be traced to the lack of books. Now, cell phones are cheaply and conveniently putting electronic books in the hands of users across developing countries.
A UNESCO study released Wednesday says that hundreds of thousands of people in developing countries are using their mobile phones to read, suggesting that mobile technology could help tackle illiteracy and boost access to educational and reading material.
The report found a “revolution” in reading habits in developing countries, where books can be scarce but cellphones are not. The UN estimates that some 6 billion people have cell phones—more than the number of people with access to toilets—and technology that compresses data can help mobile phone users with even basic phones cheaply access books and stories.
The report—which touts itself as the first ever study of mobile readers in developing countries—was jointly conducted with Nokia and the nonprofit Worldreader, which works to distribute digital book content around the world. More than 4,000 Worldreader users in Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan and Zimbabwe were surveyed on their reading habits.
Overall, 62 percent of respondents said they are reading more as a result of mobile reading. More than 10% of respondents said their primary reason for reading on their phone was because it was more affordable than reading in print and another 9% said it was because they don’t otherwise have access to books or stories.
The report heralded mobile reading as a potential way to empower women in countries where they may face cultural or social impediments to accessing books. While the majority of mobile readers are male, according to the survey, female respondents read nearly six times as much as men.
“How do we bring text to the unreached?” the report asks. “The answer – at least in the immediate term – is mobile devices, and more precisely mobile phones.”
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Fisheries, including aquaculture, provide a vital source of food, employment, recreation, trade and economic well-being for people throughout the world, both for present and future generations and should therefore be conducted in a responsible manner. This Code sets out principles and international standards of behaviour for responsible practices with a view to ensuring the effective conservation, management and development of living aquatic resources, with due respect for the ecosystem and biodiversity. The Code recognizes the nutritional, economic, social, environmental and cultural importance of fisheries, and the interests of all those concerned with the fishery sector. The Code takes into account the biological characteristics of the resources and their environment and the interests of consumers and other users. States and all those involved in fisheries are encouraged to apply the Code and give effect to it.
ARTICLE 1 - NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE CODE
1.1 This Code is voluntary. However, certain parts of it are based on relevant rules of international law, including those reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982'. The Code also contains provisions that may be or have already been given binding effect by means of other obligatory legal instruments amongst the Parties, such as the Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 1993, which, according to FAO Conference resolution 15/93, paragraph 3, forms an integral part of the Code.
1.2 The Code is global in scope, and is directed toward members and non-members of FAO, fishing entities, subregional, regional and global organizations, whether governmental or non-governmental, and all persons concerned with the conservation of fishery resources and management and development of fisheries, such as fishers, those engaged in processing and marketing of fish and fishery products and other users of the aquatic environment in relation to fisheries.
1.3 The Code provides principles and standards applicable to the conservation, management and development of all fisheries. It also covers the capture, processing and trade of fish and fishery products, fishing operations, aquaculture, fisheries research and the integration of fisheries into coastal area management.
1.4 In this Code, the reference to States includes the European Community in matters within its competence, and the term fisheries applies equally to capture fisheries and aquaculture.
ARTICLE 2 - OBJECTIVES OF THE CODE
The objectives of the Code are to:
b) establish principles and criteria for the elaboration and implementation of national policies for responsible conservation of fisheries resources and fisheries management and development;
c) serve as an instrument of reference to help States to establish or to improve the legal and institutional framework required for the exercise of responsible fisheries and in the formulation and implementation of appropriate measures;
d) provide guidance which may be used where appropriate in the formulation and implementation of international agreements and other legal instruments, both binding and voluntary;
e) facilitate and promote technical, financial and other cooperation in conservation of fisheries resources and fisheries management and development;
f) promote the contribution of fisheries to food security and food quality, giving priority to the nutritional needs of local communities;
g) promote protection of living aquatic resources and their environments and coastal areas;
h) promote the trade of fish and fishery products in conformity with relevant international rules and avoid the use of measures that constitute hidden barriers to such trade;
i) promote research on fisheries as well as on associated ecosystems and relevant environmental factors; and
j) provide standards of conduct for all persons involved in the fisheries sector.
ARTICLE 3 - RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
3.1 The Code is to be interpreted and applied in conformity with the relevant rules of international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982. Nothing in this Code prejudices the rights, jurisdiction and duties of States under international law as reflected in the Convention.
3.2 The Code is also to be interpreted and applied:
b) in accordance with other applicable rules of international law, including the respective obligations of States pursuant to international agreements to which they are party; and
c) in the light of the 1992 Declaration of Cancun, the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and Agenda 21 adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), in particular Chapter 17 of Agenda 21, and other relevant declarations and international instruments.
ARTICLE 4 - IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING AND UPDATING
4.1 All members and non-members of FAO, fishing entities and relevant subregional, regional and global organizations, whether governmental or non-governmental, and all persons concerned with the conservation, management and utilization of fisheries resources and trade in fish and fishery products should collaborate in the fulfilment and implementation of the objectives and principles contained in this Code.
4.2 FAO, in accordance with its role within the United Nations system, will monitor the application and implementation of the Code and its effects on fisheries and the Secretariat will report accordingly to the Committee on Fisheries (COFI). All States, whether members or nonmembers of FAO, as well as relevant international organizations, whether governmental or non-governmental should actively cooperate with FAO in this work.
4.3 FAO, through its competent bodies, may revise the Code, taking into account developments in fisheries as well as reports to COFI on the implementation of the Code.
4.4 States and international organizations, whether governmental or non-governmental, should promote the understanding of the Code among those involved in fisheries, including, where practicable, by the introduction of schemes which would promote voluntary acceptance of the Code and its effective application.
ARTICLE 5 - SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
5.1 The capacity of developing countries to implement the recommendations of this Code should be duly taken into account.
5.2 In order to achieve the objectives of this Code and to support its effective implementation, countries, relevant international organizations, whether intergovernmental or non-governmental, and financial institutions should give full recognition to the special circumstances and requirements of developing countries, including in particular the least-developed among them, and small island developing countries. States, relevant intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and financial institutions should work for the adoption of measures to address the needs of developing countries, especially in the areas of financial and technical assistance, technology transfer, training and scientific cooperation and in enhancing their ability to develop their own fisheries as well as to participate in high seas fisheries, including access to such fisheries.
ARTICLE 6 - GENERAL PRINCIPLES
6.1 States and users of living aquatic resources should conserve aquatic ecosystems. The right to fish carries with it the obligation to do so in a responsible manner so as to ensure effective conservation and management of the living aquatic resources.
6.2 Fisheries management should promote the maintenance of the quality, diversity and availability of fishery resources in sufficient quantities for present and future generations in the context of food security, poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Management measures should not only ensure the conservation of target species but also of species belonging to the same ecosystem or associated with or dependent upon the target species.
6.3 States should prevent overfishing and excess fishing capacity and should implement management measures to ensure that fishing effort is commensurate with the productive capacity of the fishery resources and their sustainable utilization. States should take measures to rehabilitate populations as far as possible and when appropriate.
6.4 Conservation and management decisions for fisheries should be based on the best scientific evidence available, also taking into account traditional knowledge of the resources and their habitat, as well as relevant environmental, economic and social factors. States should assign priority to undertake research and data collection in order to improve scientific and technical knowledge of fisheries including their interaction with the ecosystem. In recognizing the transboundary nature of many aquatic ecosystems, States should encourage bilateral and multilateral cooperation in research, as appropriate.
6.5 States and subregional and regional fisheries management organizations should apply a precautionary approach widely to conservation, management and exploitation of living aquatic resources in order to protect them and preserve the aquatic environment, taking account of the best scientific evidence available. The absence of adequate scientific information should not be used as a reason for postponing or failing to take measures to conserve target species, associated or dependent species and non-target species and their environment.
6.6 Selective and environmentally safe fishing gear and practices should be further developed and applied, to the extent practicable, in order to maintain biodiversity and to conserve the population structure and aquatic ecosystems and protect fish quality. Where proper selective and environmentally safe fishing gear and practices exist, they should be recognized and accorded a priority in establishing conservation and management measures for fisheries. States and users of aquatic ecosystems should minimize waste, catch of non-target species, both fish and non-fish species, and impacts on associated or dependent species.
6.7 The harvesting, handling, processing and distribution of fish and fishery products should be carried out in a manner which will maintain the nutritional value, quality and safety of the products, reduce waste and minimize negative impacts on the environment.
6.8 All critical fisheries habitats in marine and fresh water ecosystems, such as wetlands, mangroves, reefs, lagoons, nursery and spawning areas, should be protected and rehabilitated as far as possible and where necessary. Particular effort should be made to protect such habitats from destruction, degradation, pollution and other significant impacts resulting from human activities that threaten the health and viability of the fishery resources.
6.9 States should ensure that their fisheries interests, including the need for conservation of the resources, are taken into account in the multiple uses of the coastal zone and are integrated into coastal area management, planning and development.
6.10 Within their respective competences and in accordance with international law, including within the framework of subregional or regional fisheries conservation and management organizations or arrangements, States should ensure compliance with and enforcement of conservation and management measures and establish effective mechanisms, as appropriate, to monitor and control the activities of fishing vessels and fishing support vessels.
6.11 States authorizing fishing and fishing support vessels to fly their flags should exercise effective control over those vessels so as to ensure the proper application of this Code. They should ensure that the activities of such vessels do not undermine the effectiveness of conservation and management measures taken in accordance with international law and adopted at the national, subregional, regional or global levels. States should also ensure that vessels flying their flags fulfil their obligations concerning the collection and provision of data relating to their fishing activities.
6.12 States should, within their respective competences and in accordance with international law, cooperate at subregional, regional and global levels through fisheries management organizations, other international agreements or other arrangements to promote conservation and management, ensure responsible fishing and ensure effective conservation and protection of living aquatic resources throughout their range of distribution, taking into account the need for compatible measures in areas within and beyond national jurisdiction.
6.13 States should, to the extent permitted by national laws and regulations, ensure that decision making processes are transparent and achieve timely solutions to urgent matters. States, in accordance with appropriate procedures, should facilitate consultation and the effective participation of industry, fishworkers, environmental and other interested organizations in decision making with respect to the development of laws and policies related to fisheries management, development, international lending and aid.
6.14 International trade in fish and fishery products should be conducted in accordance with the principles, rights and obligations established in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement and other relevant international agreements. States should ensure that their policies, programmes and practices related to trade in fish and fishery products do not result in obstacles to this trade, environmental degradation or negative social, including nutritional, impacts.
6.15 States should cooperate in order to prevent disputes. All disputes relating to fishing activities and practices should be resolved in a timely, peaceful and cooperative manner, in accordance with applicable international agreements or as may otherwise be agreed between the parties. Pending settlement of a dispute, the States concerned should make every effort to enter into provisional arrangements of a practical nature which should be without prejudice to the final outcome of any dispute settlement procedure.
6.16 States, recognising the paramount importance to fishers and fishfarmers of understanding the conservation and management of the fishery resources on which they depend, should promote awareness of responsible fisheries through education and training. They should ensure that fishers and fishfarmers are involved in the policy formulation and implementation process, also with a view to facilitating the implementation of the Code.
6.17 States should ensure that fishing facilities and equipment as well as all fisheries activities allow for safe, healthy and fair working and living conditions and meet internationally agreed standards adopted by relevant international organizations.
6.18 Recognizing the important contributions of artisanal and small-scale fisheries to employment, income and food security, States should appropriately protect the rights of fishers and fishworkers, particularly those engaged in subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fisheries, to a secure and just livelihood, as well as preferential access, where appropriate, to traditional fishing grounds and resources in the waters under their national jurisdiction.
6.19 States should consider aquaculture, including culture-based fisheries, as a means to promote diversification of income and diet. In so doing, States should ensure that resources are used responsibly and adverse impacts on the environment and on local communities are minimized.
ARTICLE 7 - FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
7.1.2 Within areas under national jurisdiction, States should seek to identify relevant domestic parties having a legitimate interest in the use and management of fisheries resources and establish arrangements for consulting them to gain their collaboration in achieving responsible fisheries.
7.1.3 For transboundary fish stocks, straddling fish stocks, highly migratory fish stocks and high seas fish stocks, where these are exploited by two or more States, the States concerned, including the relevant coastal States in the case of straddling and highly migratory stocks, should cooperate to ensure effective conservation and management of the resources. This should be achieved, where appropriate, through the establishment of a bilateral, subregional or regional fisheries organization or arrangement.
7.1.4 A subregional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement should include representatives of States in whose jurisdictions the resources occur, as well as representatives from States which have a real interest in the fisheries or the resources outside national jurisdictions. Where a subregional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement exists and has the competence to establish conservation and management measures, those States should cooperate by becoming a member of such organization or a participant in such arrangement, and actively participate in its work.
7.1.5 A State which is not a member of a subregional or regional fisheries management organization or is not a participant in a subregional or regional fisheries management arrangement should nevertheless cooperate, in accordance with relevant international agreements and international law, in the conservation and management of the relevant fisheries resources by giving effect to any conservation and management measures adopted by such organization or arrangement.
7.1.6 Representatives from relevant organizations, both governmental and non-governmental, concerned with fisheries should be afforded the opportunity to take part in meetings of subregional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements as observers or otherwise, as appropriate, in accordance with the procedures of the organization or arrangement concerned. Such representatives should be given timely access to the records and reports of such meetings, subject to the procedural rules on access to them.
7.1.7 States should establish, within their respective competences and capacities, effective mechanisms for fisheries monitoring, surveillance, control and enforcement to ensure compliance with their conservation and management measures, as well as those adopted by subregional or regional organizations or arrangements.
7.1.8 States should take measures to prevent or eliminate excess fishing capacity and should ensure that levels of fishing effort are commensurate with the sustainable use of fishery resources as a means of ensuring the effectiveness of conservation and management measures.
7.1.9 States and subregional or regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements should ensure transparency in the mechanisms for fisheries management and in the related decision-making process.
7.1.10 States and subregional or regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements should give due publicity to conservation and management measures and ensure that laws, regulations and other legal rules governing their implementation are effectively disseminated. The bases and purposes of such measures should be explained to users of the resource in order to facilitate their application and thus gain increased support in the implementation of such measures.
7.2 Management objectives
7.2.2 Such measures should provide inter alia that:
b) the economic conditions under which fishing industries operate promote responsible fisheries;
c) the interests of fishers, including those engaged in subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fisheries, are taken into account;
d) biodiversity of aquatic habitats and ecosystems is conserved and endangered species are protected;
e) depleted stocks are allowed to recover or, where appropriate, are actively restored;
f) adverse environmental impacts on the resources from human activities are assessed and, where appropriate, corrected; and
g) pollution, waste, discards, catch by lost or abandoned gear, catch of non-target species, both fish and non-fish species, and impacts on associated or dependent species are minimized, through measures including, to the extent practicable, the development and use of selective, environmentally safe and cost-effective fishing gear and techniques.
7.2.3 States should assess the impacts of environmental factors on target stocks and species belonging to the same ecosystem or associated with or dependent upon the target stocks, and assess the relationship among the populations in the ecosystem.
7.3 Management framework and procedures
7.3.2 In order to conserve and manage transboundary fish stocks, straddling fish stocks, highly migratory fish stocks and high seas fish stocks throughout their range, conservation and management measures established for such stocks in accordance with the respective competences of relevant States or, where appropriate, through subregional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements, should be compatible. Compatibility should be achieved in a manner consistent with the rights, competences and interests of the States concerned.
7.3.3 Long-term management objectives should be translated into management actions, formulated as a fishery management plan or other management framework.
7.3.4 States and, where appropriate, subregional or regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements should foster and promote international cooperation and coordination in all matters related to fisheries, including information gathering and exchange, fisheries research, management and development.
7.3.5 States seeking to take any action through a non-fishery organization which may affect the conservation and management measures taken by a competent subregional or regional fisheries management organization or arrangement should consult with the latter, in advance to the extent practicable, and take its views into account.
7.4 Data gathering and management advice
7.4.2 Research in support of fishery conservation and management should be promoted, including research on the resources and on the effects of climatic, environmental and socio-economic factors. The results of such research should be disseminated to interested parties.
7.4.3 Studies should be promoted which provide an understanding of the costs, benefits and effects of alternative management options designed to rationalize fishing, in particular, options relating to excess fishing capacity and excessive levels of fishing effort.
7.4.4 States should ensure that timely, complete and reliable statistics on catch and fishing effort are collected and maintained in accordance with applicable international standards and practices and in sufficient detail to allow sound statistical analysis. Such data should be updated regularly and verified through an appropriate system States should compile and disseminate such data in a manner consistent with any applicable confidentiality requirements.
7.4.5 In order to ensure sustainable management of fisheries and to enable social and economic objectives to be achieved, sufficient knowledge of social, economic and institutional factors should be developed through data gathering, analysis and research.
7.4.6 States should compile fishery-related and other supporting scientific data relating to fish stocks covered by subregional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements in an internationally agreed format and provide them in a timely manner to the organization or arrangement. In cases of stocks which occur in the jurisdiction of more than one State and for which there is no such organization or arrangement, the States concerned should agree on a mechanism for cooperation to compile and exchange such data.
7.4.7 Subregional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements should compile data and make them available, in a manner consistent with any applicable confidentiality requirements, in a timely manner and in an agreed format to all members of these organizations and other interested parties in accordance with agreed procedures.
7.5 Precautionary approach
7.5.2 In implementing the precautionary approach, States should take into account, inter alia, uncertainties relating to the size and productivity of the stocks, reference points, stock condition in relation to such reference points, levels and distribution of fishing mortality and the impact of fishing activities, including discards, on non-target and associated or dependent species, as well as environmental and socio-economic conditions.
7.5.3 States and subregional or regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements should, on the basis of the best scientific evidence available, inter alia,
b) stock-specific limit reference points, and, at the same time, the action to be taken if they are exceeded; when a limit reference point is approached, measures should be taken to ensure that it will not be exceeded.
7.5.4 In the case of new or exploratory fisheries, States should adopt as soon as possible cautious conservation and management measures, including, inter alia, catch limits and effort limits. Such measures should remain in force until there are sufficient data to allow assessment of the impact of the fisheries on the long-term sustainability of the stocks, whereupon conservation and management measures based on that assessment should be implemented. The latter measures should, if appropriate, allow for the gradual development of the fisheries.
7.5.5 If a natural phenomenon has a significant adverse impact on the status of living aquatic resources, States should adopt conservation and management measures on an emergency basis to ensure that fishing activity does not exacerbate such adverse impact. States should also adopt such measures on an emergency basis where fishing activity presents a serious threat to the sustainability of such resources. Measures taken on an emergency basis should be temporary and should be based on the best scientific evidence available.
7.6 Management measures
7.6.2 States should adopt measures to ensure that no vessel be allowed to fish unless so authorized, in a manner consistent with international law for the high seas or in conformity with national legislation within areas of national jurisdiction.
7.6.3 Where excess fishing capacity exists, mechanisms should be established to reduce capacity to levels commensurate with the sustainable use of fisheries resources so as to ensure that fishers operate under economic conditions that promote responsible fisheries. Such mechanisms should include monitoring the capacity of fishing fleets.
7.6.4 The performance of all existing fishing gear, methods and practices should be examined and measures taken to ensure that fishing gear, methods and practices which are not consistent with responsible fishing are phased out and replaced with more acceptable alternatives. In this process, particular attention should be given to the impact of such measures on fishing communities, including their ability to exploit the resource.
7.6.5 States and fisheries management organizations and arrangements should regulate fishing in such a way as to avoid the risk of conflict among fishers using different vessels, gear and fishing methods.
7.6.6 When deciding on the use, conservation and management of fisheries resources, due recognition should be given, as appropriate, in accordance with national laws and regulations, to the traditional practices, needs and interests of indigenous people and local fishing communities which are highly dependent on fishery resources for their livelihood.
7.6.7 In the evaluation of alternative conservation and management measures, their cost-effectiveness and social impact should be considered.
7.6.8 The efficacy of conservation and management measures and their possible interactions should be kept under continuous review. Such measures should, as appropriate, be revised or abolished in the light of new information.
7.6.9 States should take appropriate measures to minimize waste, discards, catch by lost or abandoned gear, catch of non-target species, both fish and non-fish species, and negative impacts on associated or dependent species, in particular endangered species. Where appropriate, such measures may include technical measures related to fish size, mesh size or gear, discards, closed seasons and areas and zones reserved for selected fisheries, particularly artisanal fisheries. Such measures should be applied, where appropriate, to protect juveniles and spawners. States and subregional or regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements should promote, to the extent practicable, the development and use of selective, environmentally safe and cost effective gear and techniques.
7.6.10 States and subregional and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements, in the framework of their respective competences, should introduce measures for depleted resources and those resources threatened with depletion that facilitate the sustained recovery of such stocks. They should make every effort to ensure that resources and habitats critical to the well-being of such resources which have been adversely affected by fishing or other human activities are restored.
7.7.2 States should ensure that laws and regulations provide for sanctions applicable in respect of violations which are adequate in severity to be effective, including sanctions which allow for the refusal, withdrawal or suspension of authorizations to fish in the event of non-compliance with conservation and management measures in force.
7.7.3 States, in conformity with their national laws, should implement effective fisheries monitoring, control, surveillance and law enforcement measures including, where appropriate, observer programmes, inspection schemes and vessel monitoring systems. Such measures should be promoted and, where appropriate, implemented by subregional or regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in accordance with procedures agreed by such organizations or arrangements.
7.7.4 States and subregional or regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements, as appropriate, should agree on the means by which the activities of such organizations and arrangements will be financed, bearing in mind, inter alia, the relative benefits derived from the fishery and the differing capacities of countries to provide financial and other contributions. Where appropriate, and when possible, such organizations and arrangements should aim to recover the costs of fisheries conservation, management and research.
7.7.5 States which are members of or participants in subregional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements should implement internationally agreed measures adopted in the framework of such organizations or arrangements and consistent with international law to deter the activities of vessels flying the flag of non-members or non-participants which engage in activities which undermine the effectiveness of conservation and management measures established by such organizations or arrangements.
7.8 Financial institutions
ARTICLE 8 - FISHING OPERATIONS
8.1 Duties of all States
8.1.2 States should maintain a record, updated at regular intervals, on all authorizations to fish issued by them.
8.1.3 States should maintain, in accordance with recognized international standards and practices, statistical data, updated at regular intervals, on all fishing operations allowed by them.
8.1.4 States should, in accordance with international law, within the framework of subregional or regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, cooperate to establish systems for monitoring, control, surveillance and enforcement of applicable measures with respect to fishing operations and related activities in waters outside their national jurisdiction.
8.1.5 States should ensure that health and safety standards are adopted for everyone employed in fishing operations. Such standards should be not less than the minimum requirements of relevant international agreements on conditions of work and service.
8.1.6 States should make arrangements individually, together with other States or with the appropriate international organization to integrate fishing operations into maritime search and rescue systems.
8.1.7 States should enhance through education and training programmes the education and skills of fishers and, where appropriate, their professional qualifications. Such programmes should take into account agreed international standards and guidelines.
8.1.8 States should, as appropriate, maintain records of fishers which should, whenever possible, contain information on their service and qualifications, including certificates of competency, in accordance with their national laws.
8.1.9 States should ensure that measures applicable in respect of masters and other officers charged with an offence relating to the operation of fishing vessels should include provisions which may permit, inter alia, refusal, withdrawal or suspension of authorizations to serve as masters or officers of a fishing vessel.
8.1.10 States, with the assistance of relevant international organizations, should endeavour to ensure through education and training that all those engaged in fishing operations be given information on the most important provisions of this Code, as well as provisions of relevant international conventions and applicable environmental and other standards that are essential to ensure responsible fishing operations.
8.2 Flag State duties
8.2.2 Flag States should ensure that no fishing vessels entitled to fly their flag fish on the high seas or in waters under the jurisdiction of other States unless such vessels have been issued with a Certificate of Registry and have been authorized to fish by the competent authorities. Such vessels should carry on board the Certificate of Registry and their authorization to fish.
8.2.3 Fishing vessels authorized to fish on the high seas or in waters under the jurisdiction of a State other than the flag State, should be marked in accordance with uniform and internationally recognizable vessel marking systems such as the FAO Standard Specifications and Guidelines for Marking and Identification of Fishing Vessels.
8.2.4 Fishing gear should be marked in accordance with national legislation in order that the owner of the gear can be identified. Gear marking requirements should take into account uniform and internationally recognizable gear marking systems.
8.2.5 Flag States should ensure compliance with appropriate safety requirements for fishing vessels and fishers in accordance with international conventions, internationally agreed codes of practice and voluntary guidelines. States should adopt appropriate safety requirements for all small vessels not covered by such international conventions, codes of practice or voluntary guidelines.
8.2.6 States not party to the Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Vessels Fishing in the High Seas should be encouraged to accept the Agreement and to adopt laws and regulations consistent with the provisions of the Agreement.
8.2.7 Flag States should take enforcement measures in respect of fishing vessels entitled to fly their flag which have been found by them to have contravened applicable conservation and management measures, including, where appropriate, making the contravention of such measures an offence under national legislation. Sanctions applicable in respect of violations should be adequate in severity to be effective in securing compliance and to discourage violations wherever they occur and should deprive offenders of the benefits accruing from their illegal activities. Such sanctions may, for serious violations, include provisions for the refusal, withdrawal or suspension of the authorization to fish.
8.2.8 Flag States should promote access to insurance coverage by owners and charterers of fishing vessels. Owners or charterers of fishing vessels should carry sufficient insurance cover to protect the crew of such vessels and their interests, to indemnify third parties against loss or damage and to protect their own interests.
8.2.9 Flag States should ensure that crew members are entitled to repatriation, taking account of the principles laid down in the "Repatriation of Seafarers Convention (Revised), 1987, (No.166)".
8.2.10 In the event of an accident to a fishing vessel or persons on board a fishing vessel, the flag State of the fishing vessel concerned should provide details of the accident to the State of any foreign national on board the vessel involved in the accident. Such information should also, where practicable, be communicated to the International Maritime Organization.
8.3 Port State duties
8.3.2 Port States should provide such assistance to flag States as is appropriate, in accordance with the national laws of the port State and international law, when a fishing vessel is voluntarily in a port or at an offshore terminal of the port State and the flag State of the vessel requests the port State for assistance in respect of non-compliance with subregional, regional or global conservation and management measures or with internationally agreed minimum standards for the prevention of pollution and for safety, health and conditions of work on board fishing vessels.
8.4 Fishing operations
8.4.2 States should prohibit dynamiting, poisoning and other comparable destructive fishing practices.
8.4.3 States should make every effort to ensure that documentation with regard to fishing operations, retained catch of fish and non-fish species and, as regards discards, the information required for stock assessment as decided by relevant management bodies, is collected and forwarded systematically to those bodies. States should, as far as possible, establish programmer, such as observer and inspection schemes, in order to promote compliance with applicable measures.
8.4.4 States should promote the adoption of appropriate technology, taking into account economic conditions, for the best use and care of the retained catch.
8.4.5 States, with relevant groups from industry, should encourage the development and implementation of technologies and operational methods that reduce discards. The use of fishing gear and practices that lead to the discarding of catch should be discouraged and the use of fishing gear and practices that increase survival rates of escaping fish should be promoted.
8.4.6 States should cooperate to develop and apply technologies, materials and operational methods that minimize the loss of fishing gear and the ghost fishing effects of lost or abandoned fishing gear.
8.4.7 States should ensure that assessments of the implications of habitat disturbance are carried out prior to the introduction on a commercial scale of new fishing gear, methods and operations to an area.
8.4.8 Research on the environmental and social impacts of fishing gear and, in particular, on the impact of such gear on biodiversity and coastal fishing communities should be promoted.
8.5 Fishing gear selectivity
8.5.2 In order to improve selectivity, States should, when drawing up their laws and regulations, take into account the range of selective fishing gear, methods and strategies available to the industry.
8.5.3 States and relevant institutions should collaborate in developing standard methodologies for research into fishing gear selectivity, fishing methods and strategies.
8.5.4 International cooperation should be encouraged with respect to research programmes for fishing gear selectivity, and fishing methods and strategies, dissemination of the results of such research programmes and the transfer of technology.
8.6 Energy optimization
8.6.2 States should promote the development and transfer of technology in relation to energy optimization within the fisheries sector and, in particular, encourage owners, charterers and managers of fishing vessels to fit energy optimization devices to their vessels.
8.7 Protection of the aquatic environment
8.7.2 Owners, charterers and managers of fishing vessels should ensure that their vessels are fitted with appropriate equipment as required by MARPOL 73/78 and should consider fitting a shipboard compactor or incinerator to relevant classes of vessels in order to treat garbage and other shipboard wastes generated during the vessel's normal service.
8.7.3 Owners, charterers and managers of fishing vessels should minimize the taking aboard of potential garbage through proper provisioning practices.
8.7.4 The crew of fishing vessels should be conversant with proper shipboard procedures in order to ensure discharges do not exceed the levels set by MARPOL 73/78. Such procedures should, as a minimum, include the disposal of oily waste and the handling and storage of shipboard garbage.
8.8 Protection of the atmosphere
8.8.2 Owners, charterers and managers of fishing vessels should ensure that their vessels are fitted with equipment to reduce emissions of ozone depleting substances. The responsible crew members of fishing vessels should be conversant with the proper running and maintenance of machinery on board.
8.8.3 Competent authorities should make provision for the phasing out of the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and transitional substances such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the refrigeration systems of fishing vessels and should ensure that the shipbuilding industry and those engaged in the fishing industry are informed of and comply with such provisions.
8.8.4 Owners or managers of fishing vessels should take appropriate action to refit existing vessels with alternative refrigerants to CFCs and HCFCs and alternatives to Halons in fire fighting installations. Such alternatives should be used in specifications for all new fishing vessels.
8.8.5 States and owners, charterers and managers of fishing vessels as well as fishers should follow international guidelines for the disposal of CFCs, HCFCs and Halons.
8.9 Harbours and landing, places for fishing vessels
b) adequate freshwater supplies and sanitation arrangements should be provided
c) waste disposal systems should be introduced, including for the disposal of oil, oily water and fishing gear;
d) pollution from fisheries activities and external sources should be minimized; and
e) arrangements should be made to combat the effects of erosion and siltation.
8.9.2 States should establish an institutional framework for the selection or improvement of sites for harbours for fishing vessels which allows for consultation among the authorities responsible for coastal area management.
8.10 Abandonment of structures and other materials
8.11 Artificial reefs and fish aggregation devices
8.11.2 States should ensure that, when selecting the materials to be used in the creation of artificial reefs as well as when selecting the geographical location of such artificial reefs, the provisions of relevant international conventions concerning the environment and safety of navigation are observed.
8.11.3 States should, within the framework of coastal area management plans, establish management systems for artificial reefs and fish aggregation devices. Such management systems should require approval for the construction and deployment of such reefs and devices and should take into account the interests of fishers, including artisanal and subsistence fishers.
8.11.4 States should ensure that the authorities responsible for maintaining cartographic records and charts for the purpose of navigation, as well as relevant environmental authorities, are informed prior to the placement or removal of artificial reefs or fish aggregation devices.
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Laser welding is normally used in high-volume applications like the automotive and electronics industry because of the high welding rates for which it allows. Laser welding has high power density and therefore allows for concentrated areas of heating and minimal heat-affected zones in the materials being bonded. Laser welding also allows for narrow welds making it a good candidate for small thin walled parts.
Laser welding requires that one material be transparent and the other be absorbent to the laser radiation frequency. Since most virgin polymers do not absorb energy at infrared wavelengths, additives such as dyes, fillers or carbon black are introduced to one part or as a consumable coating to absorb the energy at the weld joint interface. Equipment costs are relatively high and some materials are not well suited, such as highly filled crystalline materials. Certain application geometry may not be well suited, such as applications with internal walls that cannot be exposed to IR radiation.
The Emabond Process offers countless advantages over laser welding.
Click here to see how the Emabond Process works
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November 11, 2013
Studies Pinpoint Specific Brain Areas And Mechanisms Associated With Depression And Anxiety
Scientists investigate promising new target areas for treatment
Research released today reveals new mechanisms and areas of the brain associated with anxiety and depression, presenting possible targets to understand and treat these debilitating mental illnesses. The findings were presented at Neuroscience 2013, the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience and the world's largest source of emerging news about brain science and health.More than 350 million people worldwide suffer from clinical depression and between 5 and 25 percent of adults suffer from generalized anxiety, according to the World Health Organization. The resulting emotional and financial costs to people, families, and society are significant. Further, antidepressants are not always effective and often cause severe side effects.
Today's new findings show that:
A molecule in the immune system may contribute to depression, suggesting a potential biomarker for the disease (Georgia Hodes, PhD, abstract 542.1, see attached summary).
Decreasing a chemical signal in the amygdala, a brain area associated with emotional processing, produces antidepressant-like effects in mice (Yann Mineur, PhD, abstract 504, see attached summary).
MicroRNAs, tiny molecules that alter gene expression, correlate with how mice respond to socially stressful situations that cause depressive-like behavior. The findings may help determine why some people are more likely to suffer from depression than others (Karen Scott, PhD, abstract 731.2, see attached summary).
Other recent findings discussed show that:
A pathway between two brain regions, the amygdala and the hippocampus, plays a significant role in anxiety. Shutting down this connection can decrease anxiety-like behavior in mice (Ada Felix-Ortiz, MS, presentation 393.01, see attached speaker summary).
Aversive experiences can change how humans, particularly those with anxiety disorders, perceive stimuli. After a severe negative incident, patients with anxiety disorders over-generalize the experience and have increased emotional responses to subsequent similar situations (Rony Paz, PhD, presentation 295.05, see attached speaker summary).
"Today's findings represent our rapidly growing understanding of the individual molecules and brain circuits that may contribute to depression and anxiety," said press conference moderator Lisa Monteggia, PhD, of the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, an expert on mechanisms of antidepressant action. "These exciting discoveries represent the potential for significant changes in how we diagnose and treat these illnesses that touch millions."
On the Net:
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James E. Turner, M.D.
In order to participate in testing of new medical treatments, by law, a person must provide informed consent. The term, informed consent implies two requirements. First, the subject must agree to participate in the testing. Secondly, the person must sufficiently understand what he/she is agreeing to so that the decision reflects his values and interests. Informed consent is legally required because during the last Century, several medical experiments in a number of different countries were performed which resulted in deliberate harm to the participants without their knowledge or ability to decline participation. The World Health Organization and the U.S. Congress took the lead in setting standards for the conduct of research on humans, including informed consent, that is binding on all member countries of the United Nations.
To be fully informed of the implications of participation in the study of new medical treatments, it is useful to understand their process of development. That process takes years or decades, and is scientifically rigorous. The goals of testing are to determine if the treatment has any useful effects, and if it is reasonably safe. The treatment is usually first tested on animals for safety. If a disease state exists in animals which is similar to the disease to be treated in humans, then researchers can also assess how effective the treatment is in animals. However, some human diseases have no counterpart in other species, and in those that do, the metabolic pathways may be quite different between species. There are many examples of medications which are very effective in animals and useless in humans. If the treatment appears to be safe in animal testing, then human testing is considered. Once the decision is made to proceed with human testing of a new medicine, a series of experiments, called clinical trials are designed. The first level of testing, called Phase I, is designed to determine if the drug can be safely given to humans. This involves giving the medication to a group of healthy volunteers to see if it makes them sick. The most common serious side effects of medications involve allergic reactions. Damage to the liver, kidneys, lungs, heart and brain may also occur. Changes in the function of these organs are looked for very closely in a welldesigned clinical trial.
The second stage of testing, Phase II studies, are referred to as dose-ranging trials. These studies enroll patients who actually have the disease to be treated. The medication is given in varying dosages, in an effort to find a dosage that appears to improve the condition being treated and has acceptable side effects. In Phase II trials, patients entered early into the study are likely to get low doses of the medication while patients entered later usually get higher doses. Also, in Phase II trials, some patients get placebo (an inactive compound which should have no effect on the condition being treated), or a medication that is already is common use for the condition.
If a dose can be established which appears to be effective and has an acceptable safety record, then Phase III studies are started. Phase I studies typically have a few dozen subjects enrolled. Phase II studies usually enroll 50 - 200 patients. Phase III studies enroll much higher numbers of patients, from several hundred to several thousands. They are conducted at multiple sites around the country and often throughout the world. The purpose is to mimic a broad array of geographic areas and patient types to simulate real world experience. Also, the larger number of patients make the chances better that the results obtained in the trial will be valid.
Phase III trials compare the experimental medication to either placebo or currently accepted standard treatment, usually in a ratio of 1:1. In other words, your chances of getting the experimental medication are 50%. Phase II and Phase III trials are also referred to as double blind trials because neither the medical staff and researcher, nor the patient know whether they are getting the experimental medication or not. This is an attempt to avoid a phenomenon called the "Placebo Effect". Approximately 20% of patients given a placebo will report that they feel better after having the treatment. Since the researcher must report the patients symptoms and whether they improve or worsen, the Placebo Effect can seriously distort the actual effects of the medication being tested. Preventing the research team from knowing which patient is getting which treatment also helps to control another phenomenon called "observer bias". We all want to have safer, more effective medicines. If patients and researchers know who is getting the active compound, they tend to maximize its beneficial effects and minimize side effects. This also distorts the true effectiveness and side effects of the treatment.
Each clinical trial is supervised by a researcher with knowledge and experience in this particular area of physiology or this disease state. In human trials, this researcher must be a physician. At each facility participating in a clinical trial, a physician must be responsible for supervising that particular trial, ensuring that the data gathered from patients at that site is accurate, and communicating with the trial sponsor. That physician is called the Principal Investigator.
In a clinical trial, researchers must gather certain information and describe certain events which are determined when the trial is designed. This information is recorded in a series of forms that are then sent to the sponsoring company or organization (such as the National Institutes of Health). The most important information is sent within a matter of hours or at most a few days from the time it is collected. Serious side effects must be reported to the sponsor within 24 hours of being recognized. The sponsor must then report them, along with their scientistss evaluation of the cause and significance of the event to the Food and Drug Administration within 7 days. Serious side effects must be reported to all Principal Investigators participating in the trial in a timely fashion. (This typically takes 3 - 4 months.) So, the Principal Investigator who is conducting a clinical trial at the site of your participation should be aware of any significant problems which have been observed with this treatment at any site within a few months, at most, of the time of their occurrence. He/she is obligated by the rules of clinical research to inform you of any new side effects or complications of the treatment that have been discovered since you were initially enrolled in the trial, so that you have the opportunity to change your mind about participating in this particular trial.
All clinical trials must also have an independent group of experts not otherwise involved in the clinical trial that periodically reviews (usually monthly or quarterly) the results and safety data available for the patients enrolled to date. This is the only group of individuals who know which patients are getting the experimental compound and which are getting placebo or the comparator drug in the Phase II and III studies. This board of experts has the authority to stop the study at any time if they feel that the study compound has proven effectiveness, no evidence of useful effect, unacceptable side effects, or if it becomes apparent to them that the trial was improperly designed and will not answer the question posed or provide other useful information.
At the local level, each center conducting a clinical trial must have a board of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and lay members of the local community who review and approve all clinical trials at that hospital, clinic, or office, and who also receive periodic reports of safety issues and outcomes from the clinical trials that they review. For instance, all serious side effects reported to the Principal Investigator at that site must be forwarded to the review organization. This organization, called an Institutional Review Board, has the authority to stop enrollment in a study or investigate its conduct in any way they see fit, at any time at that site.
There are several things that a person should seriously consider before agreeing to participate in a clinical trial. I believe the first and most important concept is to realize and accept the fact that there is no guarantee the patient will benefit from the treatment. If we knew that the treatment was beneficial, it would already be approved for use. The purpose of clinical trials is to determine whether or not this treatment is useful and safe. Principalled researchers only participate in clinical trials that they believe will ultimately benefit patients in some way, so we are all prejudiced in favor of patients enrolling in clinical trials. Some researchers have difficulty concealing their enthusiasm for a new treatment in which they believe, or want very badly to be effective. Remember that if a researcher tells you they believe an experimental treatment will help you, they are being, to at least some degree, intellectually dishonest because we cannot know this. This distinction is blurred considerably in the case of life-threatening or devastating diseases for which there is no good treatment or in cases where traditional treatments have failed. There are times in which I believe it is appropriate to tell a patient that available data appears promising, if the patient requests this information. However this must always be tempered by the realization that "the jury is not yet in" (the Data Safety Monitoring Board).
Secondly, you must trully understand and accept the fact that all clinical trials involve some degree of increased risk for the patient. New medications and treatments have risks and side effects that have not yet been recognized because of the limited experience with the treatment. Some of these events will be identified during the clinical trials, and they may be identified when they happen to you. In order to participate in a clinical trial, you need to be able to contemplate having a catastrophic complication of the treatment and be able to accept the reality that you made the best decision possible with the information you had, and things didnnt work out as planned. This is true of life, and it is certainly true in clinical trials. Unless you honestly feel this way, I would advise against participating. The patient that I most assiduously try to avoid enrolling in clinical trials is the person who wants to enroll because they believe they will receive the experimental treatment (we have no way of knowing or guaranteeing which treatment any individual patient will receive), believes that the treatment will be beneficial to them (we donnt know that either), and is unwilling to accept the reality that fate was not on their side if an unpreventable complication occurs.
The things that I would want to know before agreeing to participate in a clinical trial are the following:
- What is the purpose of the study? What condition is being treated or studied? (It may not be the condition which concerns you most or even at all.) What is the desired outcome?
- How many people have received this treatment so far?
- What serious or very unpleasant side effects have been reported so far and how frequently are they occurring? (Vomiting or severe dizziness may not kill you but it can make you wish you were dead!)
- How long does the study last? How many times and when do I need to be seen by the researcher?
- Are any of the tests to be done as part of the trial unpleasant, painful, or dangerous in their own right? If so, they must be fully described and understood.
- Are there any restrictions on my activities or diet or other medications I may take while enrolled in the trial or during the subsequent period? (Many clinical trials of medications request that women subjects not become pregnant for at least one year after receiving the experimental medication. Some even request that male subjects not sire children during that period. If this will seriously interfere with your family planning, then you may not wish to enroll.)
- Who are the players in this study at this site? Who is the Principal Investigator? Which physician and clinical coordinator will I be most likely to see and how often will that occur? Who is the study sponsor and why? Who do I call if I have questions and what is the phone number?
- What is the name of the Institutional Review Board and what is their phone number, in case I have questions or concerns that I would rather have answered by someone not involved with the study?
I believe there are substantial benefits to participating in clinical trials. I think patients enrolled in clinical trials are more likely to receive close scrutiny and fewer errors in the delivery of medical care than people not enrolled because of the requirements of clinical research. I believe that the demands of conducting clinical trials are a good indicator of skill and motivation in hospitals, physicians, and nurses. Participating in clinical research encourages people to remain current in their medical knowledge base, and suggests motivation and interest in their work. Their is, however, a price to be paid in terms of additional laboratory tests and xrays for many trials, the inconvenience of additional visits to the doctor, and increased risk of complications.
People who participate in clinical trials are making a genuine contribution to medical science. Without the generous participation of a large majority of patients when asked, medical knowledge would progress more slowly, and a far larger population of people would be exposed to greater risk because of less experience with new drugs and treatments before they are released for use by the general public. This can create some positive feelings for an individual from an experience that is otherwise mostly negative.
And finally, I think that patients with catastrophic illnesses or diseases where no effective therapy exists may benefit from novel and experimental therapy because, when properly selected, the therapy may provide additional hope, reassures patients and families that extraordinary effort has been expended in searching for an effective treatment, and gives the patient and family the sense that they have contributed something of value to future patients and their death has not been in vain.
About the author:
Dr. Turner received a B.A. degree in Biology and Chemistry from Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, did graduate studies in Neurosciences at the University of Illinois and then attended Northwestern University School of Medicine where he earned his M.D. He completed residency training in Internal Medicine and a fellowship in Critical Care Medicine at the University of California, Davis Medical Center. Following his fellowship, he served on the faculty of the Medical School at U.C. Davis for seven years. This was followed by an appointment as the Chief Executive Officer of a small, inner-city hospital in the Sacramento area. For the past twelve years, Dr. Turner has been in the private practice of Critical Care Medicine at Sutter Medical Center, Sacramento. He is actively involved in clinical trials with a special interest in the septic process. While at U.C. Davis, Dr. Turner served on the Institutional Review Board for seven years, and is currently an alternate member of the Institutional Review Committee for the Sutter Sacramento area.
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Revista Cubana de Salud Pública
Print version ISSN 0864-3466
COBAS RUIZ, Marcia et al. Epidemiological characterization of disabled persons in Cuba. Rev. cub. salud pública [online]. 2010, vol.36, n.4, pp.306-310. ISSN 0864-3466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0864-34662010000400004.
Introduction Disability is a complex topic, with great social and economic impact and inaccurate estimates. Objectives Identify and characterize every disabled person in Cuba. Methods Cross-sectional descriptive epidemiological research study carried out from 2001 to 2003. The study covered the whole Cuban population, particularly the disabled persons. The community-wide active screening detected registered and non-registered persons with some disability, thanks to the support of local governments and social organizations. Home visits paid to disabled persons allowed combining interviews and clinical exams to facilitate the process of classification and registration of these people. The coverage rate of the study was estimated at 99,9% of the total number of disabled persons throughout the country. Results The study analyzed 366 864 people with disabilities, which led to a prevalence rate of 3,26 per 100 inhabitants. Guantanamo province reached 4,13, being the province with the highest rate whereas Ciudad de La Habana exhibited the lowest rate (2,13). The highest rate of disability was found in the 60 and over years-old group and in males. Intellectual disability was prevailing in terms of frequency, followed by physical-motor disability. Conclusions The number of individuals with some disability detected in Cuba was almost three times the initial universe of registered disabled, so the real prevalence of the problem had been underestimated. The disability prevalence rates and their distribution according to the characteristics of individuals and provinces in Cuba have patterns similar to those described in other publications.
Keywords : Disability; epidemiology; prevalence; active screening; Cuba.
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A plant that is not suited to calcareous soil: [as modifier]: calcifuge plants such as heathers
More example sentences
- The Ptot concentrations were, on average, twice as high in the calcicole as in the calcifuge herbs on the calcareous soil, whereas there were no consistent differences between the herb categories on the acid soil.
- Ecologists have classified plant species into calcifuges, which occur on acid soils with low Ca, and calcicoles, which occur on calcareous soils.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of calcifuge in:
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Tibetan Buddhism at Wutai Shan in the Qing:
The Chinese-language Register
JIATS, no. 6 (December 2011), THL #T5721, pp. 163-214.
© 2011 by Gray Tuttle, IATS, and THL
Abstract: In contrast to the few anti-Tibetan Buddhist statements preserved in the Confucian-dominated historiography of the Qing court, this essay demonstrates the generosity and consistency of Qing patronage for Tibetan Buddhists at Wutai shan, as recorded in imperially endorsed Chinese-language gazetteers. From the 1650s, Tibetan Buddhist bla mas (of various ethnicities) led the Buddhist community there and frequently led prayers on behalf of the imperial family. In return, the mountain’s inhabitants all received regular and generous imperial favors. I hypothesize that the imperially-sponsored Chinese language materials on Wutai shan emphasized the importance of Tibetan Buddhism on the mountain because ethnic Chinese Tibetan Buddhists represented a significant group, which the Qing court wanted to support and also over which they wished to exercise control. Only this desire could explain the efforts, which the Qing court made in the Chinese language register, to publicize and commemorate their patronage of Tibetan Buddhism at Wutai shan.
Assessing the motivations and effects of Qing (1644-1911) patronage of Tibetan Buddhism is a task complicated by the many biases and layers of historical analysis that surround the topic. Rather than trying to summarize the entire range of Qing patronage of Wutai shan (Riwo Tsengari bo rtse lnga) from a state policy perspective, this study will attempt to look closely at Qing editions of the primary sources involved with the Buddhist pilgrimage and cultic site of Wutai shan in order to question past assumptions and suggest new directions of research.1 Focusing on the relative minutia of the social history of Qing patronage at one particular site yields a very different story than that portrayed in a few general anti-Tibetan Buddhist statements [page 164] preserved in the Confucian-dominated historiography of the imperial court.2 I will describe the social history of Qing patronage of Wutai shan based largely on imperially endorsed gazetteers in a tradition of Buddhist-dominated historiography.3 Although this different (Buddhist) perspective remains only that – one representation of a place and events among many – the imperial support for this alternative view indicates that it was something the Qing court wished to encourage. However, unlike the Confucian-dominated historiography whose audience is fairly obvious, it is unclear at first for whom exactly the Chinese-language materials associated with Wutai shan were produced.
The Mongolian-language materials associated with Wutai shan have been analyzed by David Farquhar in his well-known article “Emperor as Bodhisattva in the Governance of the Ch’ing Empire.”4 His conclusions fit neatly with the Confucian-dominated historiography which asserts that patronage of Tibetan Buddhism was used as a means of “control[ing] affairs in Mongolia and Tibet.”5 However, the wealth of imperially sponsored Chinese-language sources dedicated to Wutai shan indicates that the Mongols were not the only target audience of the Qing court. In fact, the early Manchu emperors made great effort to be seen – by Mongols and Chinese Buddhists, as well as by local Chinese and Manchu officials – as patrons of Tibetan Buddhism, especially at Wutai shan. This is quite different from the mostly surreptitious role that Farquhar assigned the emperors in propagating their bodhisattvahood. In contrast, the emperors and their representatives on the mountain often wrote – or otherwise supported the dissemination of – Chinese-language materials for Qing patronage of Buddhism, especially of the Tibetan variety, at Wutai shan.
I will demonstrate that the early Qing emperors did not ignore this patron status but rather sought to promote it, especially through literary production and the sponsoring of rituals. Leaving aside Farquhar’s conclusions regarding the Qing court’s motivations for the Mongol editions, one must ask why the bulk of the imperial gazetteers and inscriptions at Wutai shan were produced first in Chinese. The number of Chinese-language gazetteer editions and the frequency of their [page 165] printing far outnumber those of the Mongolian or Tibetan versions, especially in terms of those which were imperially sponsored (see Table 3 and Appendix 1). Yet, the abundance of Chinese publications cannot be simply explained as a result of the fact that Chinese was a default language of the empire. Instead, we must look at the historical background of the pilgrimage site of Wutai shan to understand why it would be of interest to Mongols, Chinese, Manchus and Tibetans. Following the historical introduction, I will discuss the actual audience for the Kangxi emperor’s (r. 1661-1722) patronage of Buddhism, which is to say who is recorded as being present when the emperor went on pilgrimage to the mountain, as well as it can be determined based on Confucian historiographic sources. This Confucian perspective, one among many of the official accounts, will provide a foil against which the information preserved in other sources may be illuminated.
Note Citation for Page
Gray Tuttle, “Tibetan Buddhism at Wutai Shan in the Qing: The Chinese-language Register,” Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, no. 6 (December 2011): , http://www.thlib.org?tid=T5721 (accessed ).
Note Citation for Whole Article
Gray Tuttle, “Tibetan Buddhism at Wutai Shan in the Qing: The Chinese-language Register,” Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, no. 6 (December 2011): 163-214, http://www.thlib.org?tid=T5721 (accessed ).
Tuttle, Gray. “Tibetan Buddhism at Wutai Shan in the Qing: The Chinese-language Register.” Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, no. 6 (December 2011): 163-214. http://www.thlib.org?tid=T5721 (accessed ).
- Historical Introduction
- Imperial Patronage of Wutai shan: Rituals and Rewards
- Imperial Benefice at Wutai shan
- The Audience of the Imperial Pilgrimages to Wutai shan
- Alternate Registers: Imperial Literary Production Devoted to Wutai shan
- Non-Tibetan Head LamaBla mas as Leaders of Wutai shan
- Appendix 1: Wutai shan Texts List
- Appendix 2: Prominent Tibetan Buddhists at Wutai shan in the Shunzhi and Kangxi Reigns
- Appendix 3: Tibetan Titles/Names for Qing Emperors (phonetics underlined)
- Specify View:
- Specify Format:
- Cite This Article
- Citation Help
- Back to Issue 6
- Back to JIATS
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Joseph Smith's Key to Manufactories of Sheffield
Joseph Smith's 1816, Explanation or key, to the various manufactories of Sheffield, with engravings of each article is one of the most important sources of information about the forms and designs of tools manufactured in England at the end of the 18th century. The key itself was printed for Peter Stubs, the Lancashire tool manufacturer who began work in 1777. The correspondence between Stubs and Joseph Smith, reprinted in Appendix one is dated March 11, 1801. The first part of the key includes tools made by James Cam, another prominent Sheffield manufacturer of hand tools. A single copy of a Cam catalog surfaced in the Sheffield Central Library and correlates with the first 826 illustrations in Smith's key. Cam worked with Marshes and Shepherd so the catalog listing of tools has the heading "Stamped James Cam or Marshes & Shepherd". The reproduction of Joseph Smith's key by the Early American Industries Assoc. (1975) is prefaced by this important document. Its listing of tools is reproduced below and graphically illustrates the primary tools being produced in Sheffield for the woodworking trades, including shipbuilders, coopers and housewrights. Also included in Cam's catalog listing are masons, agricultural, butchers and cobblers tools. These correlate with the illustrations in the first part of Smith's key. The remainder of the key include an incredible series of illustrations of Sheffield produced cutlery, including scissors, candle snuffers, razor blades and knives. These were not produced by Cam or Marshes & Shepherd and are not included in this catalog from the Sheffield library. It should be noted here that Stubs, who is apparently financed the publication of Smith's key, was both a manufacturer of tools similar to those produced by Cam, but was also a wholesaler who purchased tools through many smaller manufacturers and then sometimes added his cartouche.
Reproduced below are several of the most relevant etchings from Smith's key. Both the list of tools produced by James Cam along with the illustrations in Smith's key are particularly relevant to the Davistown Museum exhibition and Archaeology of Tools. Up until the early years of the 19th century a large percentage of woodworking tools used by the colonists and citizen's of the early republic were either imported from England or brought in the tool kits of immigrants. All the tools in the Museum display An Archaeology of Tools come from New England area tool chests, tool collections and workshops. In most cases the typical tool chest dating from the late 19th century or earlier will contain a mixture of American made tools and English made tools. The two most common manufacturer's marks which turn up in these tool collections are those of Peter Stubs and James Cam.
Perhaps the most noteworthy observation to be made about these illustrations is how modern the design of these tools appears. There are only slight variations in the construction of most of the tools illustrated in the key which would differentiate them from tools manufactured 150 years later in America. The joiner and fore planes (658, 653) appear to have offset totes characteristic of planes of this type made before 1800. The larger hand saws have a typical handle with a flattened base on the grip; this style of handle was shortly discontinued. Draw knives with their bulbous handles still frequently turn up in tool chests, the peculiar shape of the English draw knife handles is the only thing that differentiates them from the ubiquitous draw knife of the American carpenter's tool kit. Only the slightest variations in design and production, along with maker's stamps, can differentiate the English planes illustrated below from those produced in America. The one exception is the famous Yankee plow plane, which has a construction that's obviously different from the plow plane illustrated below. One explanation for this similarity between English and American tools in the 19th century is that many of the Sheffield artisans who made edge tools migrated to the United States to found their own companies, bringing English designs as well as knowledge of the technology of manufacturing cast steel with them.
List of tools in James Cam and Marshes & Shepherd catalog
|Misc. tools:||Edge tools:||Joiners' tools:|
|Mortice chisels||Cheese knives|
|Drawing knives||Ship scrapers|
|Files and rasps||Hoes|
|Engraver's tools||Horse shears|
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Amebiasis is a disease caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica. It can affect anyone, although it is more common in people who live in tropical areas with poor sanitary conditions. Diagnosis can be difficult because other parasites can look very similar to E. histolytica when seen under a microscope. Infected people do not always become sick. If your doctor determines that you are infected and need treatment, medication is available.
- Page last reviewed: December 16, 2015
- Page last updated: December 16, 2015
- Content source:
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A few other meanings missing from Webster:
- n. The basic ingredients of a recipe (e.g. milk, flour, etc) that uses all basic ingredients, as opposed to prepared dishes or mixes purchased from a store. It is especially used for baked goods, e.g., My mother made this pumpkin pie from scratch.
- (Slang)n. Money; as if the stuff simply lies around waiting for someone to "scratch it up" like a chicken would (cf. transitive verb definition 4 below).
- "Old Scratch", a quaint colloquial name for the Devil.
- v.t. To withdraw an entry from a (horse) race. (cf. the obsolete "to scratch a ticket" below)
- v.i. (Pocket billiards, aka "pool") A shot that results in the cue ball going into a pocket, or off the table. A player who scratches loses his or her turn; in eight ball, a player who scratch while trying to sink the eight ball immediately loses the game. In very strict games "scratch" can mean fumbling the shot so that the cue glances off the eight ball, or even the draconian definition of Webster 1913 below (a shot not called beforehand).
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| 0.942107 | 260 | 2.640625 | 3 |
One of the fears recurrently raised by those who oppose immigration is that inflows of immigrants negatively affect the native-born labor force in general, and less-educated working class individuals in particular. The idea upon which this assertion relies is that when less-educated workers immigrate into the host country, they systematically bring down the wages of similarly educated native-born workers. This notion is oftentimes overstated and is to a large extent fueled by prejudice rather than being backed by hard evidence.
In fact, there are numerous studies that show a range of positive economic outcomes that result from immigration across sectors. This past week, for example, the National Bureau of Economic Research released an article by economists Mette Foged and Giovanni Peri that analyzes the effects of immigration on native-born workers in Denmark. In the piece, based on a study that spans a 17-year-long period, the authors find that the increased supply of less-skilled immigrants from non-EU countries allowed native workers to pursue more complex occupations. In other words, when more manual skills became available in the labor market as a result of immigration, natives were encouraged to specialize in more complex tasks. Specifically, immigration increased mobility of natives across companies and across geographic locations, but did not raise their likelihood of unemployment. In addition, such increased mobility preserved individual wages from immigrant competition and enhanced their wage effects.
These findings are in line with a host of recent studies that demonstrate the positive or neutral effect that immigration has on native wages. But what explains these effects? According to Foged and Peri’s interpretation of the literature, there are three main factors at play. First, foreign-born and native-born workers have differentiated sets of skills that tend to differ widely among both groups. Second, immigrant labor creates new opportunities for specialization and productivity gains within and across companies. Third, when new immigrant labor is added into the economy, investment and technology do not remain constant, but adjust to absorb immigrant labor.
These findings are very much applicable to the United States as well. The key to understanding the effects of immigration on the U.S. labor market is to abandon static models of interpretation that do not fully account for the inherently dynamic nature of the economy. Specifically, when new labor is added into the economy via immigration, the other factors of production do not remain the same. Consequently, the economy does not stay unchanged. For example, investment and technology tend to catch up to the increase in labor supply, and the native-born labor also experiences mobility and change.
As demonstrated by economists Giovanni Peri and Chad Sparber in an earlier study, immigration has a very small impact on the wages of less-educated U.S.-born workers because immigrants and natives have different abilities and specialize in different tasks. The analysis, based on an examination of the U.S. occupational structure between 1960 and 2000, found that: (a) less-educated immigrants tended to specialize in occupations that require physical labor; (b) in states with large immigration inflows, U.S.-born workers transition into jobs that require communication/English language skills; and (c) because immigration increases the supply of manual labor in these states, wages rise in the communication-intensive occupations in which natives work. All in all, these findings indicate that less-educated U.S.-born and foreign-born labor are not substitutable, primarily because they are not the same.
With immigration reform on the political agenda, lawmakers should keep in mind that the demonstrated complementarity between native-born and foreign-born workers would inevitably lead to a win-win scenario in any comprehensive reform legislation.
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Definition of Class echinoidea
1. Noun. Sea urchins and sand dollars.
Group relationships: Echinodermata, Phylum Echinodermata
Member holonyms: Sea Urchin, Exocycloida, Order Exocycloida, Order Spatangoida, Spatangoida
Generic synonyms: Class
Class Echinoidea Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Class Echinoidea Images
Literary usage of Class echinoidea
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Popular Zoology by Joel Dorman Steele, John Whipple Potter Jenks (1887)
"The Basket-fish represents species having the five rays subdivided till the number of ultimate branches is nearly five thousand. class echinoidea (Sk 1 ..."
2. A Manual of Zoology by Thomas Jeffery Parker, William Aitcheson Haswell (1905)
"THE ECHINOIDEA The Sea-urchins (class echinoidea) differ much more widely from the starfishes than the brittle-stars. The body (Fig. 94) is not star-shaped, ..."
3. A Laboratory Manual for Elementary Zoölogy by Libbie Henrietta Hyman (1919)
"class echinoidea 8 (i). Skeleton rudimentary; animals with leathery and tough body walls; elongated, even wormlike, with a tendency to bilaterali ty; ..."
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Earlier this summer, I was in Berlin to participate in a Smarter Cities conference hosted by IBM. I had not been to Berlin in a while, and was looking forward to seeing it, especially since it is one of my daughter’s favorite cities in the world. I was not disappointed. Berlin is a very nice city indeed, with lots to see and do, full of young people and positive energy.
But, you cannot visit Berlin and not be struck by its history, especially if you are Jewish. Its Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe is haunting in its simplicity. Newsreel images of Berlin Nazi rallies sweep through your mind. And a question keeps coming up. What happened?
Richard von Weiszacker, - who was mayor of the then West Berlin from 1981 to1984, and President of Germany from 1984 to1994, which included the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of East and West Germany, - spoke at the conference on the history of Berlin. He reminded us that before the Nazis came to power in the 1930s, the city was the intellectual center of the world. People everywhere learned German to be able to read the best textbooks and academic journals in their fields, much as they do now with English. How could such an advanced civilization engage in such monstrous acts?
Numerous books have analyzed this question. The answer that makes the most sense to me is rather simple. Civilization is a relatively recent and thin veneer on human behavior. People are capable of terrible actions against their fellow men, especially when they are under severe stress and are incited to blame others for their fears by skillful demagogues.
Like all social animals, humans are ill-equipped to survive on their own. We are tribal in nature – that is, we have evolved to develop very strong feelings of identity to our specific ethnic, national or cultural group, and to feel quite distinct from the members of other groups. Our very survival has depended on our group being able to successfully compete for resources against the other tribes.
These strong feelings of we versus they are likely hard-wired into our brains. Thus, feelings of affinity, cooperation and altruism toward the members of our own group come naturally to us. But so do feelings of discrimination, prejudice and violence toward the others, which can then lead to wars, and in the extreme, to genocidal conflicts. Such hostile feelings will more naturally arise in times of economic stress, when we are fearful about our own ability to survive.
At such times, demagogues will often arise, point to one group and make them responsible for whatever anxieties people are feeling. There is a long, sad history of picking on some group – e.g., ethnic, religious, racial - and making them the scapegoats for whatever people are worried and angry about. As we well know, the results are often disastrous.
My Jewish heritage has undoubtedly sensitized me to the demonization of minorities by powerful media figures and politicians, who blame them - sometimes directly, sometimes in a more subtle way - for whatever problems are afflicting society. This is a major reason why I have reacted so negatively to the angry, strident tone that the immigration debates have taken in the last few years. Moreover, the fact that my family and I were so welcomed in the US when we came here as refugees from Cuba in 1960 is never far from my mind. There but for the grace of God go I, is the thought that causes me to empathize with this generation's poor immigrants even though my economic condition are now quite different from theirs.
I am all for civilized, rational conversations on immigration reform and other complex societal problems. But I get very worried when I see powerful media figures portraying illegal immigration as the most urgent threat the country faces, and blame poor Mexican immigrants for the economic anxiety felt by many middle and low income workers. I must admit that these red meat style verbal attacks designed to polarize our society cause echoes in my brain of hate speeches I have heard against blacks, Jews and other minorities.
The incredible anger on display at the recent health care town halls is another cause for concern, and another reminder of how tribal we humans are and how quickly those tribal feelings can pierce through our civilized veneer. We are once more seeing that anger stoked by demagogues, who will stop at nothing, including ridiculous charges of death panels to kill off Grandma and plots by President Obama to turn the country into a socialist state.
Maybe I am being a bit paranoid myself, but those death panel charges remind me of the sad history of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The people who used the Protocols to vilify Jews knew full well that this was all fiction and lies. But, because it served their cause, they had no more scruples in repeating their lies than the politicians and media figures who keep repeating that health care reform will lead to death panels seem to now have. Let me point out that many of the same death panel advocates raging against health care reform are also behind the birther conspiracy theories - that is, the allegations that Barack Obama was not really born in the US and is therefore not eligible to be the President of the United States.
It all perversely meshes together. If you want to convince people that they should stop at nothing to fight against health care reform, what better way is there than convincing them that health care reform is being brought to you by the others, that is, those who want to take your own health care away, get rid of you altogether with death panels in order to save money, give away your health care to minorities and other tribes and turn the US into a socialist country. Moreover, the health-care-reformer-in-chief himself is not even an American, but an other masquerading as an American in order to lead his own tribe to victory. After a while, reminders of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion do not seem so paranoid after all.
During Senator Arlen Spector’s raucous health care town hall meeting several weeks ago, a man said to him, “One day God is going to stand before you and he's going to judge you and the rest of your damn cronies up on the Hill and then you will get your just deserts.” I am not so sure he got that quite right. Let’s talk about the role of religion in the context of the health care debates.
Throughout history, religious differences have often been one of the main causes of bad tribal behavior and acts of violence. But from their earliest days, religious leaders have tried to counter our worst instincts through their teachings and stories, to help us tell right from wrong. For me, the best and simplest such moral compass is The Golden Rule, which essentially urges us to put ourselves in the shoes of our fellow man and treat others as you want to be treated.
The Golden Rule is endorsed by just about all the great world religions. I first learned it in the context of Rabbi Hillel, a Jewish religious leader who lived around the same time and place as Jesus, who is famous for having said that he can explain the whole Torah while standing on one foot: “What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow man. This is the entire Torah; all the rest is commentary; go and learn.” In the New Testament, both Matthew and Luke summarized the ethical teachings of Jesus with The Golden Rule: “So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets.”
Health care reform in the US is a very, very complicated subject. Most experts agree that there are two main issues we must deal with in order to reform the health care system: we must make the system more cost effective; and we must deal with the large portion of the population that is uninsured. It is quite reasonable to debate everything else, as long as we end up with a system that can begin to seriously address these two critical issues, and that can evolve over time as we learn what works and what does not.
It is telling that most of the angriest people at the health care town halls have their own insurance and seem to want no changes at all in spite of the fact that over forty million of their fellow Americans, many of them children, have no insurance at all, and that the present system is not sustainable for future generations. Many of these people are over 65 but seem not to notice the irony in raging against socialism while being protected by Medicare and Social Security, both government-run programs that were equally strongly opposed in previous generations by those so worried about turning the US into a socialist country.
I really do wonder what Jesus, Matthew, Luke and Rabbi Hillel would say about such behavior, which seems to be in conflict with the spirit of the Golden Rule. I think I know. I think they would understand the real fears that are causing these people to revert to a more selfish, tribal behavior, and would urge us to “forgive them for they know not what they do.”
But, how about the demagogues who should know better but yet, seem to be selling their souls for votes and ratings, as they aim to derail health care reform by scaring people with their lies and angry, divisive rants? I don't know what to say. I guess they will have to plea their case to the higher authorities at the Pearly gates as they queue up behind camels trying to get through the eyes of needles.
And, as with Social Security and Medicare in years past, let us hope that we will soon come up with a decent health care reform program that will make us a better country for all.
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Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. today announced the development of a new type of resistive RAM(ReRAM), a type of non-volatile memory, which combines low power consumption with limited fluctuation of resistance value.
By changing the structure of the ReRAM by adding titanium (Ti) to nickel oxide (NiO), and by limiting the current flow from the transistor, Fujitsu Labs has successfully reduced the current needed to erase memory to 100 micro-amperes or less. Furthermore, even in high-speed erasure operations requiring only 5 nanoseconds, fluctuation of resistance value which affects the device's quality has been reduced to one-tenth (1/10th) that of conventional ReRAMs. Fujitsu Labs views the new ReRAM as an alternative to flash memory that combines high speed and low power consumption, in a low-cost embedded memory.
Details of this technology were presented at the IEDM (International Electron Devices Meeting), held from December 10-12 in Washington, D.C. (Session: 30.1).
ReRAM is a type of memory that uses material for which the resistance value changes when voltage is applied. ReRAM is amenable to miniaturization and can be manufactured inexpensively, making it attractive as an alternative to flash memory.
An important issue in the development of ReRAM has been the reduction of current required to erase memory. Also, when subjected to repeated, high-speed write and erase operations, ReRAM's resistance value tends to fluctuate, which is known to impair device quality. As such, controlling fluctuation of resistance value is of great importance for ReRAM.
Conventionally, ReRAM devices have been formed from nickel oxide (NiO) films. In Fujitsu Labs' new ReRAM, a NiO film doped with titanium (Ti:NiO) was developed, and its performance was evaluated in combination with a transistor.
As a result, voltage can be increased for memory erasures, and operations require only 5ns, approximately 10,000 times faster than in the past. At the same time, fluctuations in resistance value have been reduced to one-tenth (1/10th). Furthermore, by optimizing the voltage applied to the transistor, current required for an erase operation is reduced to 100 micro-amperes or less.
By utilizing this new material, Fujitsu Labs created a prototype ReRAM device that features low fluctuation of resistance value, even during high-speed operation.
As an alternative to flash memory, if further minute non-volatile memory can be realized using ReRAM, there is potential for higher performance of mobile devices.
Fujitsu Labs plans to conduct further R&D related to ReRAM, such as development of miniaturization process technologies for ReRAM devices, and design of read and write circuits.
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The best thing you can do in times of high stress may be the one thing you don’t want to do. That thing? Get some exercise.
While exercise has long been associated with improved mood, stress reduction and is even sometimes prescribed as a natural treatment for depression and anxiety, a new study (via Science Daily) suggests that a workout has an immediately positive and sustained affect on a individual’s state of mind.
In fact, a brisk walk, a jog, a strength training class, or a spin on the elliptical may help a person better cope with stress and anxiety in the hours, and even days, after they leave the gym. Even more interesting, the study found that 30 minutes of physical activity better equip a person with the tools to stay calm and cool under stress than the same amount of rest.
Kinesiology researchers at the University of Maryland School of Public Health wanted to see how both exercise and rest individually affect a person’s ability to cope with anxiety, if at all. The researchers had the participants — college-age students — perform two tasks on different days. At one point, the participants were asked to perform 30 minutes of intense cycling; on another occasion, they were asked to rest for the same amount of time.
After each activity, the participants answered questions related to their state of mind. Additionally, they were shown images that were designed to trigger a variety of emotional responses, from happiness to anger and fear — not unlike the responses one would experience in regular daily life.
Here’s what the researchers discovered: exercise and rest are equally effective when it comes to their shared ability to quell anxiety. But exercise proved more powerful than rest when it came to dealing with emotional triggers — when shown the images by the researchers, the participants who’d merely rested experienced an increase in anxiety levels, while the exercisers maintained their emotional equilibrium.
The Science Daily article quotes one of the lead researchers on the implications of the study’s findings.
“We found that exercise helps to buffer the effects of emotional exposure. If you exercise, you’ll not only reduce your anxiety, but you’ll be better able to maintain that reduced anxiety when confronted with emotional events,” concluded J. Carson Smith, assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology.
Does exercise help you deal with anxiety and stress?
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We Doctors like the proposed HTML5 logo from the W3C; it’s down there, glistening in our footer. But we think that the definition of HTML5 that the W3C offers is too broad to be useful:
The logo is a general-purpose visual identity for a broad set of open web technologies, including HTML5, CSS, SVG, WOFF, and others.
We’re pretty much at ease with lumping specs that aren’t strictly HTML5 in to the buzzword. For example, Web Workers or Web Sockets were developed by the same people that specced HTML5 and, like many aspects of HTML5, are simple APIs that developers are adopting to facilitate development of Web Applications using Open Web technologies. Geolocation was nothing to do with the WHATWG but, because it’s a modern, simple, useful API, it’s philosophically satisfying to call it “HTML5”, although inaccurate.
But lumping technologies like CSS 3, WOFF (simply a font format) or SVG is too much jargon-creep. HTML is about semantics and structuring data, not about styling, fonts or graphics. It’s not just about purity of jargon—this stuff matters. The 2001-era memo about separation of content, style and behaviour is even more important now that “HTML5″/ real-HTML5 / HTML gives us so much more power. While we understand that clients and technical journalists will use “HTML5” as a buzzword, the W3C as the official standards body should be promoting clarity, not blurring the distinctions.
There is also the danger that other Open Standards might suffer from being excluded from the “HTML5” buzzword—for example, W3C Widgets, which PPK has already suggested we refer to as “HTML5 apps” because of this not-“HTML5” exclusion principle.
What can be done?
It’s not done until it’s done; the W3C says
W3C introduced this logo in January 2011 with the goal of building community support. W3C has not yet taken it up in any official capacity.
Quite rightly, the W3C has opened it up for debate. We suggest that the W3C rethink slightly, and have separate-but-related logos. For example, the current logo can represent markup and APIs that we accept may be legitimately referred to as “HTML5”, another logo for graphics – for example, SVG, and a third logo for styling that brings together CSS, WOFF and the like. (We note in passing that using a “3” to represent CSS will quickly date when work on CSS 4 begins.)
They should be collectively referred to by some name like the “Open Web”, which should be the umbrella brand, because it remains as important as ever to set Open technologies apart from proprietary tech. We applaud the W3C’s move to brand Open tech and raise awareness of it amongst developers and the wider tech world.
This is just a strawman taxonomy to get people thinking. Have you got any better ideas?
Note, we haven’t addressed WHATWG’s recent change to using the name “HTML”. This is something that has been in the works for a long time, and better represents WHATWG’s actual process (and the process of implementers). We’ll cover this in a future post…
Added just a few hours later:
The W3C have half-done the right thing by adding this clarification:
Is W3C saying that CSS3 is part of the HTML5 specification?
No. However, many HTML5 Web sites and applications do take advantage of CSS3 for styling and presentation.
But the CSS “styling” logo is still in the badge builder and the icon sets. It should be removed.
So two cheers for the clarification. Let’s see some commitment to complete clarity.
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September is time for harvesting food for the winter. It is a time of trips to the apple orchard and the pumpkin patch. The leaves begin to change colors and the earth begins to die. The days become shorter and the nights become longer. Fall is upon us and we must prepare for the winter ahead.
Mabon or the Autumn equinox marks the beginning of fall. The autumn equinox usually takes place around the twenty-first or twenty second of September. Just as Lammas, Mabon is a harvest celebration. The apple plays a large part in this celebration. The apple is a sacred fruit to Pagans. A five pointed star is contained inside the apple.
The harvest season is coming to an end. Soon the earth will become dormant for the winter. There will be no more growth and renewal until spring. Mabon celebrates the harvest season. It is a time to give thanks for the harvest and begin to prepare for the winter.
There are many activities for the family to honor Mabon. A fun family trip to apple orchard to pick apples and look for fall decorations is a simple way to do it. The pumpkin patch is another good place to take the family. You can pick out pumpkins and gourds for decoration or ritual. There are hayrides and fall festivals.
You may decide to have your own Mabon celebration with friends and family. The celebration can include giving thanks for the harvest. The food for the celebration can include apple pie, pumpkin pie, squash, or any fall food that you desire. Wine can always be used for celebration and ritual. Apple Cider is good for the children and others who can not or do not drink wine.
Pumpkins, gourds, corn stalks and more can be made into decorations for the celebration. The colors of fall can be the theme. The colors of the changing leaves, red, orange and yellow are dominant. Fallen leaves can be made part of the decorations or part of a ritual.
Mabon is the time when light and dark are equal. It is after the autumn equinox that the days become shorter and the nights become longer. It is a time to be thankful for light and dark. It is a time to be thankful for the long days of summer and the bountiful harvest. It is also time to prepare for the long days of fall and the coming winter.
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Cities sizzle as more people move in
In life, as in boxing, the combined effects of a one-two punch are often more devastating than either blow alone. Imagine, then, the devastation from a triple whammy that city dwellers might suffer this century as three unfavorable trends converge to afflict an already warming world.
First, there’s temperature. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Earth’s average global temperature has risen about 0.74 degrees Celsius in the past century (SN: 2/10/07, p. 83), an increase almost certainly linked to the rising concentrations of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases that human activities have released into Earth’s atmosphere. IPCC scientists suggest this warming trend will continue, and indeed accelerate: In the next 20 years, average global temperature will rise another 0.4 degrees C or so, they estimate.
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Sixty-year-old Sudhir Gupta has to go for dialysis thrice a week. It started as once a week, but in six months time, it grew to three times a week because his kidneys had damaged beyond repair. Needless to say, dialysis was a huge burden on his finances. This was a result of diabetes, a metabolic disorder, with which he had lived for twenty years and had tried to keep it in control. Yet, this disorder had corroded his kidneys and he wasn’t aware of the early signs of failing kidneys.
The kidneys contain millions of tiny blood vessel clusters that filter waste from your blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system. Severe damage can lead to kidney failure or irreversible end-stage kidney disease, requiring dialysis or a kidney transplant. In the early stages of chronic kidney failure, you may have few signs or symptoms. Many people with chronic kidney failure don’t realize they have a problem until their kidney function has decreased to less than 25 percent of normal.
Chronic kidney failure can progress to end-stage kidney disease, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant.
Signs and symptoms may include some or many of the following:
• High blood pressure
• Decreased urine output or no urine output
• Darkly colored urine
• Nausea or vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Sudden weight change
• A general sense of discomfort and unease (malaise)
• Fatigue and weakness
• Headaches that seem unrelated to any other cause
• Sleep problems
• Decreased mental sharpness
• Pain along your side or mid to lower back
• Muscle twitches and cramps
• Swelling of the feet and ankles
• Bloody or tarry stools, which could indicate bleeding in your intestinal tract
• Yellowish-brown cast to your skin
• Persistent itching
Save your kidneys
Dr Vijay Kher, Director—Nephrology and Renal Transplant Medicine with Fortis, says, “Forty percent of diabetics are at higher risk of developing kidney disease within 15-20 years of diabetes. However, kidney disease can be arrested through diet modifications and early diagnosis of failing kidney through tests.”
1. Go for regular tests—Regular tests can help detect the status of your kidney health long before any symptom of deterioration of kidneys happen.
2. Maintain normal blood pressure–Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a common cause of chronic kidney disease. Have your blood pressure checked regularly. “As far as control of blood pressure is concerned. It should be 120/80 mm of Hg. Some times 3-4 antihypertensive drugs are used for BP control. ACE inhibitors are seen as more appropriate for managing hypertension when diabetes is present,” says Dr Q Hasnain, senior consultant and HOD Nephrology with Dr B.L Kapur Hospital.
3. Lose Weight–Being overweight or obese can lead to high blood pressure and diabetes. Exercise regularly.
4. Control Blood Glucose Levels–High blood glucose (blood sugar) levels make chronic kidney disease worse. Simple tests at home can tell you the status of blood glucose levels. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is an important and integral component of modern therapy for diabetes management. If you have diabetes do, take the medications as your doctor prescribes. “Monitor diabetes control by getting a blood test called Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) which gives last three months average blood sugars. This test should be done 3 monthly and targeted to be kept below < 7%.,” says Dr. Kher.
5. Quit Smoking–Smoking makes chronic kidney disease worse.
6. Shift to a healthy diet–Cutting down on salt, protein (if high), high-phosphorus foods (dairy products, peas, cola, nuts), and high-fat foods is important. Indian diets are usually low in proteins and one should not cut down proteins to the extent to cause malnutrition which is worse than chronic kidney disease.
Certain lifestyle changes can slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. These changes can also prevent complications of the disease.
The urine Microalbumin Spot Test is an early indicator of kidney disease. It measures the miniscule amounts of albumin the body releases into the urine several years before significant kidney damage becomes apparent. People at risk must be screened for possible kidney disorder or for early damage to the kidneys every six months to a year
Inputs provided by Dr Vijay Kher, Director—Nephrology and Renal Transplant Medicine with Fortis
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A child experiences a break (also called disfluency) in her speech, manifested as repetitions of words, syllables, or prolonged sounds.
- Try this: During conversation, resist completing your child's phrases or words. Be patient and let her work through a sentence or thought. Then, rather than correct any "broken" words, repeat back to your child what she said. This shows her you are listening carefully and provides a relaxed and correct model of the words.
The most common form of a lisp. In this type, a child pronounces an "s" sound more like a "th" than an "s."
- Try this: Games that give you an opportunity to model the "s" sound and your child to practice it back. Play Bingo using words that start with "s." Or use the card game Go Fish with words with "s" sounds instead of numbers. Also check out Super Duper Publications for books and games that work on articulation and phonological skills.
Auditory Processing or Recepting Language Deficit
A child has trouble processing a conversation or understanding what has been said.
- Try this: Promote situations where your child must listen and follow directions in order to get a reward. A good option is the game Twister, which requires your child to listen to directions and then translate them into an action.
Sources: Erika Levy, Ph.D., assistant professor of speech and language pathology at Teachers College, Columbia University, and co-worker Georgia Malandraki, Ph.D., assistant professor of speech and language pathology at Teachers College, Columbia University
Photo credit: Thinkstock
Recommended Products for Your Child Ages 5-7
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Diet and Nutrition Q&A by Betty Kovacs
It's great that you tried to change your diet to help lower your cholesterol. While cutting back on red meat can help, there are many other foods that you can cut back on or remove from your diet that will have an even greater impact on your cholesterol.
For anyone with high cholesterol, or more importantly a high LDL, the three things to limit are trans fats, saturated fats and cholesterol. Of these three the most important one to limit, or completely omit, is the trans fats. The sources of trans fats are: commercial baked goods (cake, cookies, crackers, donuts), vegetable shortening, fried foods, some margarines, and anything made with partially hydrogenated oil. The label will tell you if there are any grams of trans fat in the product, but the best thing to do is read the list of ingredients and look for any oil that is hydrogenated. The next thing to cut back on would be foods with high amounts of saturated fat. The sources of saturated fats are: whole milk, cheese, ice cream, butter, lard, meats, creams, palm, palm kernel and coconut oils. The final thing to limit is your intake of foods with cholesterol in them. Cholesterol is found only in animal products so if anything that you eat or drink that comes from something that walks, swims or flies will have cholesterol in it. This means that you find cholesterol in meats, fish, poultry, egg yolks, organ meats and dairy foods, not in chips and cookies. It's important to remember that the cholesterol in food is not the biggest problem for elevated blood cholesterol in humans. The trans fats and saturated fats have a greater impact on raising our blood cholesterol level than cholesterol from food does so be sure to read your food labels carefully to check for the trans and saturated fat.
The most well known nutrient that has been show to help lower blood cholesterol is soluble fiber. Foods that are high in soluble fiber are: oats, oatmeal, barley, beans, peas, barley, strawberries, apple pulp, rice bran and citrus fruits. You can also add walnuts and almonds to your diet to help lower your cholesterol but remember that they have a lot of calories in a small amount so be sure to set limits on how many you have. There is also some evidence that plant sterols and stanols are also able to assist with lowering cholesterol. You can find them in most grains, vegetables, fruits, beans, nuts, and in foods that have had them added to them (cereals, orange juice, and margarines like Benecol). There are some people who may not be able to lower their cholesterol through diet and activity alone so it's important to work with your physician as you make the changes to your diet to determine if medication is necessary.
Thank you for your question.
Last Editorial Review: 12/28/2006
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Stains are a problem for detailers. Some are easy to remove, others not so easy. Why? It is all about chemistry. Remember, anything that causes a stain has some type of chemical component.
Red Kool-Aid has a red dye. Tar is petroleum-based. Coffee is an acid-based liquid containing tannins. Red wine has natural colors as well as tannins from the skin of the grape.
Couple this with the fact that each fiber has a chemical component. For example, nylon carpet (the most commonly used fiber in automobile carpets) likes acid dyes — the same type of dye used by carpet mills. That means that nylon, if acid-dyed, is going to have a natural affinity for acid-dye stains. This is the reason carpet mills add “stain blockers” to nylon carpet.
Olefin (used in some upholstery) likes oily soils. That means that tar on an olefin fiber is going to be much more difficult to remove than tar on a nylon fiber. Olefin fibers typically reject acid dyes, tannins, natural juices, etc. Polyester, a cousin to olefin, also likes oily soils, but isn’t “friendly” to normal liquid spills, including acid dye stains, natural juices, tannins, etc.
One definition of all of this can be: “Stains are made of chemicals with loose ends. These loose ends stick to loose ends in the fabric on which they stain.” That might sound simplistic, but it is a good description of what occurs when something is spilled, dropped, or tracked onto a surface, carpet, or fabric upholstery. There has to be an “opening” in the fiber that the stain likes.
A good example is polyester and mustard. Polyester is dyed using a disperse-dye system, and mustard, which is an enemy to all detailers, contains a disperse dye. While polyester withstands most food and beverage spills, mustard will often bond with it, creating a tough stain. That does not mean you cannot remove a mustard stain, but out of most stains that end up on polyester upholstery, mustard will be one of the toughest.
Let’s say a cup of coffee is spilled on a beige nylon carpet. The result is a big, dark brown, ugly spot. You go to work and, after typical spotting efforts, you find that about 95 percent of the coffee is removed, but the remaining spot is now a stain. This is unacceptable. You dig into your stain kit and use your coffee stain remover. After about 15 minutes of work, applying the chemical and heat, then rinsing repeatedly, the stain is gone. A success story, but with a twist.
You did not expect to spend an additional 15 minutes on that spot. You had to go to more trouble than you thought before you started working. It only took 5 percent of that 8-ounce cup of coffee to create trouble and more work for you. It was that 5 percent that had what it takes to cause a stain on that nylon fiber. It was that 5 percent that had the loose ends (the natural tannin, most likely) that the nylon fiber liked and bonded with.
BECOME A STAIN DETECTIVE
For stain removal, think about the surface that holds the stain and what it “likes” and “doesn’t like.” Stains and fibers abide by the law of attraction.
If olefin fabric has a small acid dye stain, success is normally achieved with simple cleaning. And with olefin, you can use a wider variety of cleaning chemicals.
However, if the fabric is nylon with a small acid dye stain, typical cleaning may not suffice. You may need to work harder on that stain, but with a proper fiber and stain education, you can be prepared to spend the time necessary.
Keep in mind that various fiber blends in carpet can affect cleaning efficiency.
Sharie Sipowicz is aftermarket sales manager with Detail Plus Car Appearance Systems Inc. She has been involved in the detail industry for over 20 years, both as a vendor of products and equipment and as a hands-on operator in a retail detail environment. You can contact Sharie at [email protected].
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Slaves in Census Records
Territorial censuses that were taken here in 1791 and 1795 show that slaves comprised about 8% and 12.5% of the population here, respectively.
Next, from Federal censuses of 1800, 1810, and 1820 we see that in 1800 slaves made up about 7.5%, while in both 1810 and 1820 slaves represented about 9.2%, of the population.
The 1830 and 1840 censuses included slaves in the listing for each head-of-household. These are broken down into sex and age groupings.
The Slave Schedules:
By the 1850 census slaves were listed on a separate slave schedule. Entries were correlated to the population schedules: each slaveowner's slaves were listed individually, not by name but by age, sex, and whether black or mulatto. These slave schedules also record whether there was a 'slave house.'
East Tennessee Roots has published a number of 1850 Slave Schedules already:
- Blount County 1850 Slave Schedule - will be in v10n4.
- Carter County 1850 Slave Schedule - v5n4. You can read it here: page 1 - page 2 - page 3 - page 4. I believe that Nathaniel G. Taylor's oldest slave, the 70-year-old male, was Solomon; more on him shortly.
- Claiborne County 1850 Slave Schedule - v6n1.
- Johnson County 1850 Slave Schedule - v5n4. You can read it here: page 1 - page 2. Notice that Catherine Moreland had a female slave reportedly 110 years old. Surname list of owners here.
- Morgan County 1850 Slave Schedule - v8n4.
- McMinn County 1850 Slave Schedule - v10n3.
- Rhea County 1850 Slave Schedule - v10n3.
- Scott County 1850 Slave Schedule - v7n4. These slaves are listed by name! You can read all about it here.
- Sevier County 1850 Slave Schedule - v7n1.
The 1860 Census has a Slave Schedule like the one for 1850.
Tip 1: If you see slave schedules that were not listed by age (oldest to youngest) consider whether they were listed by family group, for instance: man-woman-baby, then woman-two children, then man-woman probably represents three family groupings.
Tip 2: Working backward from the present, you've probably found your ancestors in the 1870 census. Now look at the same community in the 1860 census. Study, compare, think about it. Do any surnames of free blacks in 1870 match surnames of slaveowners in 1860? If yes, then do the ages match?
For some suggestions regarding tracing slaves found in the 1850 Scott County Slave Schedules, check here.
Slaves in County and State Records
Court records of almost all types can mention slaves by name, by relationships, and sometimes with a brief description. Wills, inventories, estate sales, lawsuits, bills of sale (which were often recorded in deed books), minutes, and so forth are all types of records where slaves can be found. Here's a few specific examples of the kind of information to be found in official county and state records:
From the Washington District Superior Court Loose Papers [in ETSU's Sherrod Library, Johnson City] is this 1795 "Plea of Margaret Lee." Attorney Waightstill Avery asserted that Margaret Lee was born free, to Thomas and Descinda Lee, in Boston, and was 'siezed' by a Samuel Satin about 1774 and sold into slavery. He asked for freedom for her and her two children Maria and Abraham. I don't know how this turned out -- but it sure would be interesting to find out. Here's the transcript as published in East Tennessee Roots, v6n4.
From Rhea County wills (Rhea County Guide to Wills and Inventories was published in East Tennessee Roots v9n2) we see an interesting example in that of Robert Bell. He wrote his will on 10 Sep 1834 and died soon afterward. Bell was a very wealthy man; he owned much real and personal estate. In his will he mentioned two sisters, a brother, and several nieces -- but no wife or children. He owned several slaves, some of whom were to be sold.
But the directions in Robert Bell's will regarding his slave Sophia were different. Sophia had four children: Mary (aged 8 in 1834), Sam (aged 5), Granville (aged 4) and Claiborne (aged 2). Bell stated, "Whereas my Slave Sophia on or about the month of October 1832, contracted for her freedom and that of her children... and she has in good faith fulfilled the said contract on her part, the services and consideration money for which is hereby acknowledged... I do... manumit, discharge, and forever set free at my death the said Sophia and her children..." Further, Bell put one of his real properties in trust for Sophia, the proceeds to support her the rest of her life; she also got $33.33 per year for the next six years as well as household furniture. And there's more: another real property he placed in trust for Mary, the proceeds of which were to be used for her education, and which would become Mary's property in 1850. And each of the boys were to be apprenticed to learn a mechanical trade.
Now, according to that volume, the Circuit Judge prevented that emancipation from being carried into effect. However, in the 1860 Rhea County census (page 9/512) we find both Granville Bell (aged 25) and Mary Bell (aged 32) as free mulattoes, living in the household of John W. Foust, who was a carpenter. Granville's occupation was listed as a trader. And get this: Granville and Mary each owned real property worth $500; also Granville owned personal property worth $1,000, and Mary owned $200. (By the way, head-of-household Foust didn't own any real property.) Both Granville and Mary could read and write. If you scan thru the census pages and you'll see that many people owned no real property; some even owned no personal property! Both Granville's and Mary's net worth indicated they were 'enjoying comfortable circumstances,' as the saying went. Sure sounds like Robert Bell's will had been implemented, doesn't it?
Four households away (page 10/512) we find a household headed by one Jack Bell, a free black, who was aged 63, and a farmer. Per Robert Bell's will his slave Black Jack (who was aged 30 in 1834) was to have been sold. Do you suppose this is he? Remember, this is the 1860 census, so his age is just about right. Let's look further at Jack Bell's household: the next person listed was Sophia Bell, mulatto, aged 58. Is this the Sophia, mother of Mary, Sam, Granville, and Claiborne, who was to be freed per Robert Bell's will? Neither Jack nor Sophia could read or write. The other four members of the household, in this order, were, and all mulattoes: Lucinda Bell, aged 22, Joseph Bell, aged 16, William H. Bell, aged 5/12, and Rufus Gothard, aged 14. (So all those had been born since Robert Bell died.)
I think there's enough evidence to assert that Granville and Mary Bell of the 1860 census were the same Granville and Mary who were freed by Robert Bell's will. I also think that the Sophia Bell of the 1860 census was their mother, and the same Sophia who was freed by his will. I also think its more likely than not that the Jack Bell of the 1860 census was the Jack whom Robert Bell willed be sold.
We don't know the details of the 1832 contract between Robert Bell and his slave Sophia - and I doubt we ever will. But considering all the facts we do know, I think its highly likely Robert Bell was the father of Sophia's children (Granville, Mary, Sam, and Claiborne). I suspect a DNA test would be the only proof.
For more research: If these are your ancestors, please don't stop here! There are plenty - plenty! - of avenues for further research! Check the 1850 Rhea County census: Is Sophia in it? Is Granville? Is Mary? What about any other Bells, black, white, and mulatto? Check deeds - in fact go thru them with a fine-toothed comb: What happened to Sophia's trust after the six years expired? Which properties did Granville and Mary own? When were the properties sold, and to whom, and does this reveal when anyone died, who they married, where they went? Check any and all other court records, including minutes, marriages, wills, etc.
And, don't forget that clues might be found in Robert Bell's family; you'll need to locate his father, and so on. Where did they come from and how long had they been in Tennessee? Is the 1860 census accurate that Sophia was born in Tennessee around 1800? Did she belong to this Bell family from birth? As you're searching, keep a lookout for those uncommon names - Granville, Claiborne - and don't forget there were other slaves Robert Bell owned, for instance Lucy, who was about 55 years old in 1834, was born roughly 1779, and Elijah was born roughly 1789.
Slaves in Other Types of Records
It is not uncommon for reminiscences, autobiographies, journals, diaries, and so forth to mention slaves by name and in some instances by fairly extensive description. Here's some examples:
Richard King's Journal:
There's a part of Pleasant Forest Cemetery (in Farragut, far west Knox County) that is still known as the 'slave section.' And now some of the markerless graves there are no longer unknown!
One of them was Lillie, who died 05 Dec 1818. Then came her sisters Cynthia (died 12 Dec 1818) and Eliza (died 03 Feb 1819). One of those three was the mother of Caroline, who died 11 Feb 1819. Then there was Viney, who died 12 May 1819. These five we know for sure were buried there. And almost certainly Bine was, too; she died 14 May 1821 at age 75. Ditto for Hetty (the third daughter of Jack and Susannah), who died in Oct. 1819. These people were all slaves of Rev. Richard King.
How can we identify them after nearly 200 years? Because of Rev. Richard King's journal! King, a minister of the gospel, lived nearby and kept a journal of 'occurrences' during 1819-1823 (published in East Tennessee Roots v7n2). Some of the things he noted were the deaths of several of his slaves. There were other of his slaves who survived; many of those are mentioned in his journal as well. With a little effort you can begin to piece together family groupings. One important clue is King's comments on Bine, who was 75 years old when she died, thus was born about 1746: King recorded that Bine had been in his wife's family from birth - and we know that his wife's family was surname Ross, from near Camden, SC - so there's where your research goes now.
Folks, East Tennessee isn't the deep south. Never was. Here there were very few of the giant plantations of the lower south, with their high number of slaves working under hired overseers while the owner and his family remained ensconced in the 'big house.'
No, here in East Tennessee the majority of whites who did own slaves -- most whites didn't own any -- owned few, say five or six. And of those who did own a lot, say 20 or more, you will see by studying the 1850 and 1860 Slave Schedules that
Here in East Tennessee the slave owner and owner's family usually worked side by side with their slaves. A man slave might work alongside his owner raising crops and doing farm chores; a woman slave might work alongside her owner doing cooking, washing, and other household chores.
Or, slaves might learn specialized skills. Just as an example: if the owner was a blacksmith his slave might work alongside him in the blacksmith shop and learn blacksmithing. Now what was the result of that? For one, if the owner became ill the slave would be able to continue the do the work on his own. For another, the slave's blacksmithing skills meant he could be hired out for more money than a farmhand would bring. And third, sometimes the slave was permitted to work 'on his own' after the master's work was done; in this way slaves could earn their own money and sometimes contract with their owner for their freedom.
Therefore, some slaves had a degree of liberty and trust that may seem surprising to us. Here's some examples:
- William Moffett's slave Paul had "leave to Carrey fire armes & ammunition for the purpose of killing Squirrels & other wild game on the premises of Said Moffet, his Said Master being accountable for his Conduct in the use of Said Armes." This is recorded in the Grainger County Court Minutes of 20 Aug 1800.
- Rev. Richard King in his journal noted occasions when his slave Jack would disappear for a day or two; Jack always came back and King didn't seem too concerned that he wouldn't. On one occasion King noted Jack was out 'chicken trading.'
- Milton Shields (in now Hamblen County) in 1842 sent his slave Oswell up to help his brother Henry Shields (in Greene County) with farm work. Oswell made the trip alone, on foot; Milton instructed Henry keep Oswell as long as there was work to do, and when done to let Oswell borrow one of Henry's horses to ride back home.
- John Brabson Shields (one of Milton's sons) enlisted in the Confederacy and near the war's end was commander of his company. Shields' slave Joe accompanied him. Shields told Joe to take one of his (Shields') horses and hide in the woods in order to avoid a certain Union company. Joe did, but he was found. The Union company stole the horse, and asked(?) Joe to accompany them as their cook. Joe did - and within a few days Joe learned of their plans and assessed their strength. Then Joe escaped one night but not before taking their best horse as replacement for the one they had stolen. Joe returned to Shields bringing the horse and the valuable information he had gathered.
- John Hillsman emancipated his slave John who soon became the owner of a lot in downtown Knoxville and made a good living as a barber. His family had their own pew in the First Presbyterian Church.
- Marcus Parrott in his reminiscences of steamboating noted that one of the Marcus Bearden's slaves, Mintus, worked on the steamboat.
Attitudes Towards Slavery
A fatalistic attitude combined with a rigid class system seems to have been dominant: some people are slaves - and that's just how it is. If you were fortunate, you were born a white man. If you were really fortunate, you were born a wealthy white man - and thus you were so much better than poor white men. Then there were the white women, essentially nameless, jobless, and dependent upon those white men their entire lives. Free blacks were next in order; slaves were last.
This attitude is perhaps illustrated best in the brief eulogy Richard King wrote in his journal upon Bine's death:
She is now a free woman.
Free Blacks and Mulattoes
But remember, not every black person who lived here was a slave!
As discussed above, censuses from 1791 onward included slaves. Those censuses also included free blacks. In both the territorial censuses of 1791 and 1795 free blacks represented slightly over 1% of the population. In 1800 the percentage fell to less than one-third of 1%, and in 1810 it was about half of 1%. By 1820 it was back to almost 1%.
1810 Grainger County Census
While we do have the 'aggregates' - the census totals - for every census taken here since 1791, we don't have any details until the 1830 census. But there is one exception: the 1810 Grainger County census! It is the enumerator's copy, and it is at least 92% complete. (We know this by comparing the totals to the aggregate.)
In the 1810 census the 'head of household' was listed by name; that's the only name you'll find. Then there are number totals in these categories: 'free whites' in five age groupings (under 10, 10-16, 16-26, 26-45, and over 45), males first then females; then one column for 'free colored' and one for 'slaves.'
This 1810 Grainger County census (remember, its at least 92% complete) has 34 households that include 'free blacks.' (23 of those households consisted entirely of free blacks; 11 households were free blacks and whites.) Here is a list of those 34 household heads: Berry, Rebecca - Bolen, William - Bolen, David - Bolen, Lisha - Bruenton, Mourning - Bruenton, James - Butler, John - Collins, Dowel - Collins, Lewis - Collins, Griffin - Collins, Joseph - Denson, Elizabeth - Dimry, John - Goan, James - Goan, John - Goan, Shadrack - Goan, Claiborn - Goan, Caleb - Howell, Henry - Ivey, Martha - Ivey, Baxter - Ivey, Polly - Kesler, John - Lephew, Joseph - Mournin, Sarah - Reed, William - Reynolds, James - Scott, Gooden - Scott, Dennis - Scott, Jesse - Scott, Edward - Shelton, Stephen - Worley, Moses - Worley, James.
Keep in mind that some of those may have been Melungeon families. Bolen, Collins, Goan, and Scott are among the surnames known to be Melungeon.
Roane County was the home to a free black man by the name of Primus or Primes.
On 16 Nov 1846 Primus applied for a pension under the Act of June 7, 1832, at which time he stated that he was 86 years old and gave the following testimony: that he volunteered in the service of the United States in 1777, in the capacity of waiter to Col. Thomas Carson of Rowan County, NC. He was taken prisoner in Charleston, along with Col. Carson; paroled, ignored his parole and rejoined the army again at Salisbury under Gen. Gates. He was at the battle of Camden, where he received an injury to his head; was in Col. Williams' regiment at King's Mountain. Also he was in the battles of Cowpens, Guilford Court House, and Eutaw Springs. He was under Gen. Washington at York Town and was present when Cornwallis surrendered. He served 4 years' total.
John Wright swore that he was well acquainted with Primus and that Primus was believed in the neighborhood to have been a Revolutionary Soldier. Nevertheless, it appears Primus never did get a pension. According to the pension file (R8486), Primus died in either December, 1848 or January, 1849, leaving one son, Primus Jr.
I sure wish someone would research him! I've noticed in the 1860 census there is a Sarah Primus, a 37-year-old mulatto, in Jefferson County. Any relation? What about a Nancy Primus, a 72-year-old black woman, in Sullivan County in 1880?
David Pinn/Ambrose Month
You know in the 1840 census there was a place to name the Revolutionary Pensioners. The 1840 Knox County census shows a David Pinn as a Revolutionary pensioner. He was living in Lutitia Dabney's household; all the household is listed as free colored. This guy's been elusive. Some people claim that he's the Ambrose Month, who, on 07 Jan 1834 and as a Knox County resident, applied for a pension. (Pension granted: see W7477.) Could it be? I throw up my hands in despair.
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Set in a Galaxy far, far away, Star Wars combined old-fashioned science fiction storytelling with cutting-edge special effects provided by Industrial Light & Magic. One effect, the Death Star briefing, featured a wire-frame version of the space station, one of the first uses of wire-frame animation in a major motion picture.
Sold complete with a main logic board, switching power supply, keyboard, case, manual, game paddles, and cassette tape containing the game Breakout, the Apple-II finds popularity far beyond the hobbyist community which made up Apple’s user community until then. When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. Millions of Apple IIs were sold between 1977 and 1993, making it one of the longest-lived lines of personal computers. Apple gave away thousands of Apple IIs to school, giving a new generation their first access to personal computers.
Atari releases its Video Computer System (VCS) later renamed the Atari 2600. The VCS was the first widely successful video game system, selling more than twenty million units throughout the 1980s. The VCS used the 8-bit MOS 6507 microprocessor and was designed to be connected to a home television set. When the last of Atari’s 8-bit game consoles were made in 1990, more than 900 game titles had been released.
C3PO and R2D2 play a critical role in 1977’s blockbuster hit movie Star Wars. Throughout the movie C3PO served as an ambassador-like robot that is knowledgeable of customs, traditions and over 6,000,000 languages. C3PO's companion robot, R2D2, served as a mechanic, computer interface specialist and co-pilot for the film’s main protagonist Luke Skywalker.
The built-in Commodore 1530 Datasette (data+cassette) is the primary storage device for the newly released Commodore PET. The device converted digital information from the computer into analog sound signals which were stored on compact cassettes. The method was cost-effective and reliable, but also very slow.
The Atari Video Computer System (VCS) video game console is introduced. It was one of the first successful consoles that used interchangeable cartridges with factory programmed ROM chips to store the software. At first, designers planned to use an internal ROM chip that contained several pre-programmed games. This method was used in many predecessor consoles, but Atari’s choice on using cartridges in part led the VCS to becoming one of the most popular video gaming systems of all time.
Performing far better than the company projections of 3,000 units for the first year, in the first month after its release Tandy Radio Shack´s first desktop computer — the TRS-80 — sells 10,000 units. The TRS-80 was priced at $599.95, included a Z80 microprocessor, video display, 4 KB of memory, a built-in BASIC programming language interpreter, cassette storage, and easy-to-understand manuals that assumed no prior knowledge on the part of the user. The TRS-80 proved popular with schools, as well as for home use. The TRS-80 line of computers later included color, portable, and handheld versions before being discontinued in the early 1990s.
The first of several personal computers released in 1977, the PET comes fully assembled with either 4 or 8 KB of memory, a built-in cassette tape drive, and a membrane keyboard. The PET was popular with schools and for use as a home computer. It used a MOS Technologies 6502 microprocessor running at 1 MHz. After the success of the PET, Commodore remained a major player in the personal computer market into the 1990s.
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Here's more info. The 17.817 method of calculating fret spacing is really only a simplification of this:
distance from bridge = L / (2 ^ (F / 12))
L= string length
F= fret number
This is a more general solution that can calculate the position of any single fret.
Imagine that a spiral could roll along a string (with the center of the spiral at the closer frets) and contact a fret every 30 degrees. What would that spiral be?
The general formula for a log spiral in polar coordinates is here.
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By Rajan Kalsotra:
As the Bihar 2010 elections came to an end with a landslide victory of NDA (JDU+ BJP), NDA secured 206 seats in an assembly of 243 seats. In the history of Indian politics, never has there been a single instance when any party got this type of majority. Only in 1951 congress won 237 seats out of 276 seats in Bihar. Bihar has very vital role in the history of Indian politics as one of the most important movements in our history, popularly known as the JP movement, which has brought change in the functioning of our politics, started first on the soil of Bihar only. All the leaders whom we see today in the different political parties except congress evolved during JP movement and one of them were Lalu Prasad Yadav. Lalu Yadav came in the limelight during the JP movement. He was seen as a mass leader and the messiah for the backward classes. Finally he becomes the chief minister of Bihar in 1990 by playing caste-based politics.
For a period of 15 years his party was in power in Bihar and Bihar became one of the ,ost backward states of India. In his tenure, looting and kidnapping became usual. There was no law prevailing in the state of Bihar. People were no longer feeling safe in their own homes. Education system got ruined, roads were pathetic and corruption was present in each and every sphere of the society. Bihar’s image had taken a major setback during his tenure, as someone said” Bihar is a sewer of India”, it was seen as a stain in the image of the rising India. Being a Bihari is automatically causes people from other places to look down upon one and the people, especially the labour class, who went to other parts of India in search of work were treated badly due to the tag of being a Bihari. Then in 2005, by God’s grace and the people of Bihar, who were determined to bring a change in Bihar, there came an end of Gunda Raj after 15 long years.
Then NDA (JDU+ BJP) came in 2005 with absolute majority in the assembly of Bihar with a captain named Nitish Kumar who was determined to bring change in Bihar. Huge development took place in the state during 2005-2010. The most important thing that happened after 2005 was that the law and order comes into existence. Now women can easily roam in the night without any fear, somehow corruption also gets eroded up to some extent; people started showing faith in the political system which was almost dead in the Lalu Yadav government. Now one can find smooth roads all over the Bihar, education system also got better. There are still a number of challenges lying ahead for NDA government. in Bihar, the real test of NDA starts now as they have to build the power plants for generating electricity which is most important thing for the development of any state, build the infrastructure, build more educational institutions and create job opportunities for the people of Bihar. So, now we all hope that Vikas Raj will prevail not only in Bihar but in other parts of the country also.
The most controversial aspect of this year’s ISC was the scheduled presentation of a paper on Lord Shiva, eulogising him as an “environmentalist.”Read More >
Unlike the Patel agitation in Gujarat, the projected leaders of Kapus in Andhra are spent forces who have already betrayed their cause years ago.Read More >
Renaming places seems to be the new favourite. The demand that India be renamed as Bharat led the Supreme Court today to ask for comments from the Centre and State on the matter.Read More >
An inadequate police force is struggling to cope with a rising crime graph against Bihar’s vulnerable communities.Read More >
Uttar Pradesh senior IPS officer Amitabh Thakur was suspended on Monday night due to charges of rape, made against him by a woman from Ghaziabad.Read More >
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Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. He spent the last year of his life in Britain, before succumbing to jaw cancer. Even though he had trouble speaking because of the unbearable pain due to his cancer, A BBC radio crew managed to get a recording of him speaking on Dec 7, 1938. Here’s a transcript of what he said:
I started my professional activity as a neurologist trying to bring relief to my neurotic patients. Under the influence of an older friend and by my own efforts, I discovered some important new facts about the unconscious in psychic life, the role of instinctual urges, and so on. Out of these findings grew a new science, psychoanalysis, a part of psychology, and a new method of treatment of the neuroses. I had to pay heavily for this bit of good luck. People did not believe in my facts and thought my theories unsavory. Resistance was strong and unrelenting. In the end I succeeded in acquiring pupils and building up an International Psychoanalytic Association. But the struggle is not yet over.
hehh..heheh..hehhehh, he said “urges“.
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Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
Kathy DeJean, dance teacher, Lusher Alternative Elementary School, New Orleans, Louisiana
Scott Pivnik, dance teacher, P.S. 156, The Waverly School of the Arts, Brooklyn, New York
Q. How does the auditioned dance troupe fit into students schedules and the curriculum? Is it an activity for credit?
A. The Dance Troupe class is scheduled every Friday morning as part of the weekly classes. It also meets after school two days a week and sometimes on Saturdays. Its part of their normal school studies if they make it in.
Q. What are the benefits of grouping grades two to five together in the troupe?
A. Mentoring young and old together is a great way to learn and build tolerance.
The age span creates a big sis/big brother situation that helps developmentally, socially, and academically needy children to excel. The common ground is dance.
Q. What are the goals of the journey lesson? What dance standards does it address?
A. The goal of the journey lesson is to create and experience the process of working collaboratively and individually, then sharing the ideas in performance/showing. There are a ton of standards being addressed throughout the grade levels too many to list here. See the National Standards for Dance.
Q. Do all students at Lusher have dance? Do all students have physical education?
A. Most students at Lusher, at some point, dance some, year after year, some rotating, depending on the classroom teacher. All students have physical education.
Q. How do you integrate dance with what the students are learning in science, math, and other subjects?
A. Dance integration occurs through vocabulary words, concepts, anatomy,
cultures, spatial relationships, counting, symmetrical/asymmetrical shaping
its everywhere if you are teaching holistically, as opposed
to teaching isolated information that is not useable knowledge.
Q. Has dance completely replaced physical education at your school?
A. Yes. Next year, however, we are moving into a new, as in brand new, building where there will be room for both programs.
Q. How does dance differ from physical education in the effect it has on students in promoting fitness, team play, and other goals of traditional physical education?
A. Dance has been effective in promoting cooperation more than anything else. That, in effect, has led to greater fitness, and then, by built-in trickle down, other physical education goals.
Physical education has never been thought of as an across-the-board integrated curriculum subject. Due to the multicultural nature of our dance program, it has been well integrated into other subject areas reading, writing, math, science, and social studies. Our schools social studies curriculum has been brought into line with New York state standards through the use of curriculum mapping and our arts programs.
Because dance is now tied so closely to academics, there is a seriousness about it that was not there with the standard physical education program. There generally is greater participation by almost all the children. The activities have a purpose other than just having fun, and the children know this.
Q. If there are physical education standards, are they being met through dance? If not, how do you meet them?
A. Yes, the physical education standards as well as dance standards are met through our dance program, especially in the younger grades. The general dynamics of movement that are taught in the younger grade physical education program transfer over very well to the dance curriculum.
Q. What are the dance activities during the African strand?
A. The classes that are actually performing in the strand shows first-graders start out by learning specific African dances. Very important is a predance warm-up that is done to appropriate music. As the strand progresses, the classes create stories to be presented on stage, and dance is added, as well as staging and other skills such as public speaking and some very basic acting... .
The African strand is placed in the middle of the academic year so its presentation coincides with Black History Month. This has the added benefit of allowing the children to work together with me on appropriate dance and movement concepts for almost four months before they are actually introduced to the strand.
Q. What are some typical dance activities that support the strands for other grades?
A. All the other classes in every grade that come to me learn at least one strand-specific dance per strand. Upper graders are encouraged to create their own, or modify, movements and choreography for a specific dance they have chosen as a baseline.
All classes in the school study the culture of the strand in progress. By show time, all the children have a good knowledge of a culture that is appropriate to the strand. This puts them kind of in the know about some of what they are going to see, and thus makes it more interesting.
[Each grade gets a different opportunity to perform:]
This year, some of the sixth-graders were in the Native American Strand Enrichment Dance Group. The Enrichment Dance Group is usually made up of the most talented dancers in the grade-level strand. However, some of this years sixth-graders developed their own dance during the time we were all studying Native American dance basics. This led to them becoming the Enrichment Dance Group for the show.
Next year, our program, ever evolving, will include the best dancers from higher grades that have participated in the strand in progress in previous years.
Q. Are all dance classes tied into the various strands? If not, what do you teach in a nonstrand dance class? How often does each student have dance class?
A. Some classes involve movement activities that are not related to the strands, especially in the younger grades. Many of their early lessons deal with general and specific concepts of body awareness and movement, e.g., muscle isolation, use of direction, the location of personal and general space, and quality of movement (force, flow), to name a few. These concepts are explored through make believe and then are incorporated into musical aerobic activities. The upper grades, toward the end of the academic year, participate in a square dancing unit.
Q. How could a physical education teacher start introducing dance into his or her classes?
A. The first thing new dance teachers need to do is decide what type of dance genre they want to teach. Then comes the process of finding and learning an appropriately teachable dance and some background about it so that it can be determined how relevant it is to the children.
Q. How did you make the transition from being a physical education teacher to being a dance teacher?
A. It was decided, about seven years ago, that my program was to be called Dance and Movement instead of Physical Education. I had no idea at the time what was in the works. I started by teaching what I knew basic, tried and true childrens dances, and square dancing. That first year I found sources for and introduced aerobic activities, including high- and low-energy workouts set to music... . And I culled from the physical education curriculum the basics of the movement curriculum that I have since expanded and use now.
Q. What materials do you put on the walls of the room used for dance and movement?
A. My room has a word wall that includes words that are usually but not always specific to dancing and music, a world map, pictures of native or culturally specific dancers in action, pictures of their native habitats, and pictures of our children over the years in various aspects of performance.
Q. What are some sources you use for information on African dance? How do you plan for a dance lesson or unit?
A. My initial source was our African dance artist, Caren Calder (now Plummer), who came to our school five years ago to teach African dance... . The drummer who came with her, now her husband, Kojo Plummer, came in with a type of drum I had never seen before, a djembe (jem-bay). As soon as he started playing it I was mesmerized.
Over the last four years I have been taking lessons and have learned how to play the djembe, as well as some other African drums necessary for this unit to expand. The strand, in its continuous evolution, now includes the teaching of some of the drumming rhythms I have learned to some of the upper-grade children who now accompany the dancers in the performances. This, too, will continue to evolve.
All the classes performing in the African strand also learn an African song appropriate for the dance. These have been obtained from Ms. Plummer, from my drumming teacher, and from my own research. I have been collecting West African drumming CDs, and some of them come with reference guides that contain song lyrics and written notation for the music. I also have West African dance videos that will help expand our program in the years to come after our grant money is gone.
I have materials for the other strands I teach, but since this program
deals only with the African strand, I wont list them here.
© Annenberg Foundation 2016. All rights reserved. Legal Policy
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POISON PREVENTION: PROTECT YOUR HOUSEHOLD
Many common household products such as cleaners and pesticides could harm children, pets, or the environment if not used and stored correctly. Simply reading a product's label will help you keep your family, pets and community safe. Reading the label can also save you money.
Labels tell you:
How to use the product safely and effectively.
How to store the product safely.
First aid instructions.
Phone numbers to call for help or more information.
Keep products in their original containers.
- It is very dangerous to put products in food and beverage containers. Children think that something in a familiar juice or soda bottle is good to drink.
- If you throw away the original container, you throw away important information needed in case of an emergency.
- If there is an accident, you need information on the original label to help with treatment.
- If the label tells you to mix a product in another container, use up all of the mixture. If you can't use all of it up, label the new container for future use.
Prevent harm to the environment.
- Applying a product where it could run into ponds, creeks, or other water supplies can contaminate drinking water and kill fish and birds.
- Applying the product according to label directions is necessary to prevent harm to the environment.
- Never pour lawn and garden products down a drain.
Buy the right product for the job.
- Read the label to make sure it's the right product for the job. Buying the right product the first time will save you money and frustration.
Buy the right amount for your needs.
- Buy only what you need. If you buy too much for your needs, pass the product on to someone else who can use it. Some products might not be good if stored for long periods of time. The larger size might not be a good value if you can't use it all.
Use the right amount of product for the job.
- Labels indicate the correct amount to use. Using more than what's recommended is not better–it just wastes the product and the money you've spent. In some cases, using more than the recommended amount can hurt people, pets, and the environment.
For potential poisonings:
- Call the poison center at 1-800-222-1222.
|Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)|
|Consumer Labeling Initiative|
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The Mystery of Hudson Bay's Trapped Killer Whales
By Kristin Westdal
News spread fast about a pod of killer whales trapped in ice in Hudson Bay near the Nunavik community of Inukjuak in early January. As soon as I got word, I headed for the airport in Winnipeg. I'd only heard of orcas being stuck in ice in the eastern Arctic once before during my research as a marine biologist and hoped to gather information that would shed light on this unusual occurrence.
The incident began on the morning of January 8 when a hunter from Inukjuak, Nunavik was traveling across the ice and came across 11 trapped whales. Local residents rarely see killer whales, and certainly not in the winter, when orcas are normally in open water. A video of the whales surfacing repeatedly for air in a small breathing hole was posted on Facebook and went viral. Soon the world was watching and hoping the whales would survive.
No one could tell how long the pod of whales had been trapped -- perhaps only a few days. But when they were discovered, the whales were breathing out of a hole that was only 30 feet by 30 feet in diameter and there seemed to be little chance of survival. The good news was that the weather was mild for January in the area (-10 to -15 celsius) so the whales' breathing hole had shrunk more slowly than it might have in previous years. By the night of January 9, concerned community members made plans for a team to head out the next morning to enlarge the original breathing hole and create additional holes to provide more space for the whales.
As luck would have it, the exact weather that the whales needed to escape the ice came that night. Strong east winds pushed the ice offshore, opening a lead along the coast and cracks out into the bay. By morning, the whales were gone. Later that day, after a two-day journey to Inukjuak, I arrived with technicians from Fisheries and Oceans Canada. As part of a larger project on killer whales in the Arctic, we had hoped to take biopsy samples and gather photos and video footage for use in identification, genetic analysis, and a better understanding of why orcas are becoming more common in the eastern Arctic.
Satellite images of ice obtained over the next few days confirmed limited open water in all directions, making it impossible to locate and determine the safety of the whales. Killer whales can swim at speeds of up to 45 kilometers per hour and can cover great distances in 24 hours. While in the community, I gathered photos and video from residents who had been out to see the whales. These photos will be compared to other pictures of killer whales in the region to assist in understanding their movements and possible population size. We may even be able to use the Inukjuak photos to eventually verify that the whales escaped and are thriving elsewhere in the Arctic.
The size of the killer whale population in Hudson Bay and where they spend their time directly affects the belugas we are studying in the region. Killer whales are one of the belugas' main predators, in addition to humans and polar bears. Yet we know very little about killer whales in the north and are unsure how their presence will affect other marine mammals.
A year ago, I co-authored a research paper with Steven Ferguson of Fisheries and Oceans Canada that documented Inuit knowledge about what killer whales prey on in the Arctic. Further research in eastern Hudson Bay may lead to an understanding of why these killer whales were in this area late in the year. Later this year, we'll be publishing more research about killer whales in the journal Arctic.
Kristin Westdal is a marine biologist working for Pew Environment Group's Oceans North Canada and is based in Winnipeg.
Media Contact: Ruth Teichroeb
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Sonia Gandhi Literary Contributions
A selection of articles related to sonia gandhi literary contributions.
Original articles from our library related to the Sonia Gandhi Literary Contributions. See Table of Contents for further available material (downloadable resources) on Sonia Gandhi Literary Contributions.
- Jesus Christ! You’re acting like one of those Christians
- "He drew a circle that shut me out— Heretic, rebel, a thing to flout. But Love and I had the wit to win; We drew a circle that took him in!" – Edwin Markham The room was filled with Pagans, Witches and a few Asatru. The discussion had flowed from &qu...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- What day are you born on?
- The day of the month on which the you were born - regardless of which month or year it is - is a key numerological indicator, providing an excellent "thumbnail sketch" of standout traits. It strongly influences your Life Path and is helpful in...
Symbology >> Numerology
- Views of Deity
- Robin and I leaned against the rock. The moon shone full on the rippling waters of the lake behind us, and the night was redolent with the drums and songs of our people. What a night! As the night enfolded us, we quietly discussed the ritual we had just come...
Religions >> Paganism & Wicca
- Our Pagan Village: The Importance and Persuit of Honor
- Candlelight flickers over the Beltaine revels. Food is laid out in the circle for the feast. Only one rule – no one can feed themselves. Each is dependent on friends and loved ones for sustenance, joy and delight. After an hour of laughter and revels and way...
Paganism & Wicca >> Daily Life
- King Arthur and the Cymry Heroes
- The Celtic Britons called themselves the Cymry, which meant "fellow countrymen" in their Celtic tongue. Once Roman rule ended in Britain in about 410 A.D., a power vacuum developed, leading to the onslaught of Germanic invasions by Angles and Saxons,...
Saga of Times Past >> Legend and Prehistory
- The Ancient Goddess Barbi: Historical Views from the Year 5000
- (Author's Note: Read this only if you consider laughter a sincere form of worship!) In the year 5000, historians will seek to patch together traces of the past, to discover what life was like in today's current era. Here's one humorous view of what they might...
Paganism & Wicca >> Humor
Sonia Gandhi Literary Contributions is described in multiple online sources, as addition to our editors' articles, see section below for printable documents, Sonia Gandhi Literary Contributions books and related discussion.
Suggested News Resources
- Thousands Pay Homage to ONV; Cremation Today
- THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: Thousands paid homage to poet O N V Kurup at VJT Hall on Sunday. People from various walks of life braved the sun to form long queues to get a glimpse of the poet who has inspired them for decades. It had the representation of ...
- Constitution's ideals, principles under threat: Sonia
- Congress president Sonia Gandhi on Thursday targeted the government on issue of intolerance alleging that ideals and principles of the Constitution were under threat and being attacked deliberately. “People who never had faith ...
- Rajasthan PhD scholar hangs self in hostel room
- AJMER: A 27-year-old PhD scholar at the Central University of Rajasthan (CURAJ), Mohit Chauhan, allegedly committed suicide on Friday by hanging himself in his hostel room. The police said they have recovered some documents from his hostel room, but ...
- How Art Counters Extremism
- They will explore the strong literature tradition in South Asia and the importance of writing as liberal thinking resistance, remembering writers that have recently been attacked in the region.
- NYT History Book Reviews: Who Got Noticed this Week?
- In the story of these founding fathers of the discipline, Eric Bennett discovers the cultural, political, literary, intellectual, and institutional underpinnings of creative writing programs within the university. He shows how the ...
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Royal Air Force Museum
Official homepage for the UK’s Royal Air Force Museum, located in Cosford and London
Mighty Eighth Air Force Museum
Official homepage of The Mighty Eighth Air Force Heritage Museum.
National Museum of the U.S. Air Force
National Museum of the U.S. Air Force in Ohio
Imperial War Museum
British Museum that focuses on Britain’s role in conflicts since World War I
Air Force Historical Studies Office
Historical analysis of the February 14-15, 1945 bombings of Dresden
Biddle, Tami Davis. Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Boog, Horst, Krebs Gerhard & Vogel, Detlef. Germany and the Second World War Volume VII. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 2006.
Cate, James Lea & Craven, Wesley Frank. The Army Air Forces in World War I – Volume 3 and Volume 6. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago, 1951.
Crane, Conrad. Bombs, Cities, & Civilians. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1993.
Crosby, Harry. A Wing and a Prayer. London, England: Robson Books, 1993.
Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy 1932-1945. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Davis, Richard. Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe. Washington, D.C.: Center for Air Force History, 1993.
Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth: A History of the U.S. 8th Army Air Force. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1970.
Freeman, Roger A. The Mighty Eighth War Manual. London, England: Cassell & Co., 1984.
Halpert, Sam. A Real Good War. St. Petersburg, Florida: Southern Heritage Press, 1997.
Hansell, Haywood S. The Air Plan That Defeated Hitler. Atlanta, Georgia: Higgins-McArthur/Longino & Porter, Inc., 1972.
Hastings, Max. Bomber Command. New York, NY: The Dial Press/James Wade, 1979.
Grayling, A.C. Among the Dead Cities. New York, NY: Walker Publishing, Company, Inc., 2006.
Lowe, Keith. Inferno: The Fiery Destruction of Hamburg 1943. New York, NY: Scribner, 2007.
Mets, David R. Master of Airpower: General Carl A. Spaatz. Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1988.
Middlebrook, Martin. The Berlin Raids: RAF Bomber Command Winter 1943-1945.
London, England: Viking, 1988.
Miller, Donald L. Masters of the Air: America’s Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
Miller, Donald. The Story of World War II. New York, NY: Touchstone, 2001.
Overy, Richard J. The Air War 1939-1945. London, England: Europa Publications, 1980.
Overy, Richard J. Why The Allies Won. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995.
Parton, James. “Air Force Spoken Here” General Ira Eaker and the Command of the Air. Bethesda, Maryland: Adler & Adler, 1986.
The United States Strategic Bombing Survey. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1976.
The U.S. and the Soviet Union race to build the hydrogen bomb during the Cold War, thus beginning the nuclear arms race.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was one of America's least understood presidents. Part of the award-winning Presidents collection.
This 11-hour series analyzes the costs and consequences of the war that changed a generation and continues to color American thinking today.
Lyndon Johnson pushed progressive programs before the Vietnam War eroded his support. Part of the award-winning Presidents collection.
The bizarre saga of the Symbionese Liberation Army and Patty Hearst's kidnapping and conversion to her captors' cause.
In September 1970, militants from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked five commercial airplanes.
The thrilling true story of the American Olympic rowing team that triumphed against all odds in Nazi Germany in 1936.
In September 1959, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev made an unprecedented visit to America, creating a media circus as he traveled from coast to coast.
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Most nuclear reactors use uranium dioxide (UO2) as a fuel to create electricity. In 2014, 53 million pounds of uranium were used in commercial U.S. nuclear power reactors. These reactors generated 797 billion kilowatthours of electricity, or about 19% of total U.S. electricity in 2014.
The nuclear fuel cycle consists of front end steps that lead to the preparation of uranium for use in nuclear reactors and back end steps to safely manage, prepare, and dispose of highly radioactive spent nuclear fuel. Chemical processing of spent fuel material to recover remaining fissionable products for use in new fuel assemblies is technically feasible, but is not permitted in the United States.
The front end of the nuclear fuel cycle
The nuclear fuel cycle starts with the exploration for uranium and the development of mines to extract discovered uranium ore. A variety of techniques are used to locate uranium including airborne radiometric surveys, chemical sampling of groundwater and soils, and exploratory drilling to understand the underlying geology. Once uranium ore deposits are located, the mine developer usually follows up with more closely spaced in fill, or development drilling, to further characterize the deposit.
When economically recoverable ore deposits are located, the next step in the fuel cycle is to mine the ore using either underground or open pit mining techniques, or by using in-place (in-situ) solution mining or heap leaching that uses liquid solvents to dissolve and extract the uranium from ore.
Before 1980, most U.S. uranium was produced using open pit and underground mining techniques. Today, most U.S. uranium is produced using a solution mining technique commonly called in-situ-leach (ISL) or in-situ-recovery (ISR). This process extracts uranium that is found as a coating in the sand and gravel particles of groundwater reservoirs. The uranium is extracted by exposing the particles to a solution with a pH that has been elevated slightly using oxygen, carbon dioxide, or caustic soda. The uranium dissolves into the groundwater, which is pumped out of the reservoir and processed at a uranium mill. Heap leaching involves spraying an acidic liquid solution on piles of crushed uranium ore, which drains down and leaches uranium out of the rock and is recovered from beneath the pile. Heap leaching is no longer used in the United States.
After the uranium ore is extracted from an open pit or underground mine, it is refined into uranium concentrate at a uranium mill. The ore is crushed, pulverized, and ground into a fine powder that is then reacted with chemicals to separate the uranium from other minerals. Groundwater from solution mining operations is circulated through a resin bed to extract and concentrate the uranium.
The concentrated uranium product is typically a bright yellow or orange powder called yellowcake (U3O8). The solid waste material from pit and underground mining operations is called mill tailings. The processed water from solution mining is returned to the groundwater reservoir where the mining process is repeated.
The next step in the nuclear fuel cycle involves the conversion of yellowcake into uranium hexafluoride (UF6) gas. This step is required because there are three forms (isotopes) of uranium that occur in nature: U-234, U-235, and U-238. Current U.S. nuclear reactor designs require a stronger concentration (enrichment) of the U-235 isotope to operate efficiently. To perform this atomic segregation, the uranium in yellowcake is first converted into a gaseous compound (UF6) from which individual uranium atoms can be sorted.
The uranium hexafluoride gas coming from the converter facility is called natural UF6 because the original concentrations of uranium isotopes are unchanged. This gas is sent to an enrichment plant where the isotope separation takes place. The United States currently has two operating enrichment plants. One uses a process called gaseous diffusion to separate uranium isotopes, and the other uses a gas centrifuge process. Because the smaller U-235 atoms travel slightly faster than U-238 atoms, they tend to leak (diffuse) faster through porous membrane walls of a diffuser, where they are collected and concentrated. The final product has about a 4% to 5% concentration of U-235 and is called enriched UF6. Enriched UF6 is sealed in canisters and allowed to cool and solidify before it is transported to a nuclear reactor fuel assembly plant by train, truck, or barge.
Another enrichment technique is the gas centrifuge process, where UF6 gas is spun at high speed in a series of cylinders to separate 235UF6 and 238UF6 atoms based on their different atomic masses. Atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) and molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) are new enrichment technologies currently being developed. These laser-based enrichment processes can achieve higher initial enrichment (isotope separation) factors than the diffusion or centrifuge processes and are capable of operating at high material throughput rates.
Uranium reconversion and nuclear fuel fabrication
The next step in the production of nuclear fuel takes place at one of the five U.S. nuclear reactor fuel fabrication facilities, where the enriched UF6 gas is reacted to form a black uranium dioxide powder. The powder is then compressed and formed into small ceramic fuel pellets. The pellets are stacked and sealed into long metal tubes that are about 1 centimeter in diameter to form fuel rods. The fuel rods are then bundled together to make up a fuel assembly. Depending on the reactor type, there are about 179 to 264 fuel rods in each fuel assembly. A typical reactor core holds 121 to 193 fuel assemblies.
At the reactor
Following fabrication, the fuel assemblies are transported by truck to the reactor sites where they are stored onsite in fresh fuel storage bins until they are needed by the reactor operators. At this stage, the uranium is only mildly radioactive, and essentially all radiation is contained within the metal tubes. Typically, about one third of the reactor core (40 to 90 fuel assemblies) is changed out every 12 to 24 months.
The reactor core itself is a cylindrical arrangement of the fuel bundles, about 12 feet in diameter and 14 feet high. It is encased in a steel pressure vessel with walls that are several inches thick. The reactor core has essentially no moving parts except for a small number of control rods that are inserted to regulate the nuclear fission reaction. Placing the fuel assemblies next to each other and adding water is sufficient to initiate the nuclear reaction.
The back end of the nuclear fuel cycle
Interim storage and final disposal in the United States
After use in the reactor, fuel assemblies become highly radioactive and must be removed and stored under water in a spent fuel pool at the reactor for several years. Even though the fission reaction has stopped, the spent fuel continues to give off heat from the decay of radioactive elements that were created when the uranium atoms were split apart. The water in the pool serves to both cool the fuel and block the release of radiation. As of 2002, there were more than 165,000 spent fuel assemblies stored in about 70 interim storage pools throughout the United States.
The spent fuel cools in a few years in the pool and then may be moved to a dry cask storage container for storage at the power plant site. An increasing number of reactor operators now store their older spent fuel in these special outdoor concrete or steel containers with air cooling.
The final step in the nuclear fuel cycle is the collection of spent fuel assemblies from the interim storage sites for final disposition in a permanent underground repository. The United States currently has no permanent underground repository for high-level nuclear waste.
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Massillon State Hospital
|Massillon State Hospital|
|Building Style||Cottage Plan|
|Peak Patient Population||3,100 in 1950|
On March 31, 1892, was passed a bill authorizing the appointment of a commission to select a site for a new institution as the Eastern Ohio Insane Asylum, now the Massillon State Hospital. The commission was appointed by Governor McKinley very shortly after the passage of the bill, and consisted of Dr. A. B. Richardson, Columbus; George R. Davis, Wapakoneta; and Dr. C. W. King, Dayton. This commission selected a site two miles south of Massillon, Stark county, Ohio, and on November 30th, same year, the Governor appointed a board of trustees, conformitory with the law establishing the institution. This building board consisted of Robert Sherrard, Jr., Steubenville; S. J. McMahon?, Cambridge; Wm. H. Mullins, Salem; Dr. A. B. Richardson, Columbus; Dr. H. C. Eyman, Cleveland. Under the supervision of this building board a dining-room building, a kitchen and bakery building, a store house, a boiler house, a power house, a carpenter shop, a laundry building, a hospital building, an infirmary building, a superintendent's residence, a steward's residence and seven cottages were constructed.
During William McKinley’s first term as the governor of Ohio, the city of Massillon was chosen for the very first state hospital in the United States and Canada in 1892 (the site was authorized in this same year). The construction of the hospital began in 1893 with the groundbreaking for McKinley Hall. This hall was built while William McKinley was governor, and was the first hall used to house mental patients. The hospital opened on September 6, 1898, housing 300 patients from 21 different counties.
Even though it holds the name of a “city” hospital, it was not really owned by Massillon itself. This is because there was no money collected from the city in taxes, and the “hospital supported entirely from the money received from patients for services rendered”. The hospital is both a member of the American and Ohio Hospital Associations and it functions through the Board of Trustees (consisting of nine local men).The hospital was originally the Eastern Ohio Mental Asylum, but was later changed to the Massillon State Hospital.
The McKinley Hall hospital was one of the most popular and “the most beautiful institution in the world”. By 1950, the hospital housed 3,100 patients with approximately 365 full and part time workers and nurses. The expanse of the land was so beautiful that many family picnics took place on the lawn, as well as the Massillon football and baseball games.
Under Dr. Hyde, the most popular superintendent of the hospital was very well liked and Judge John H. Lamneck said that Dr. Hyde “did more than any other single individual in Ohio for the mentally ill”.
Apparently this was one of the first hospitals to be designed on the Cottage Plan.
Images of Massillon State Hospital
Main Image Gallery: Massillon State Hospital
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On March 27, 2014 the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA’s Terra satellite captured a true-color image of north central Australia.
Roughly the eastern half of the land in this image belongs to Northern Territory’s “Top End”. The western half belongs to the state of Western Australia. The dividing line between Western Australia and Northern Territory has not been marked, but it runs north to south just east of Lake Argyle, the sprawling deep blue lake near the top and center of the image. Lake Argyle is Australia’s largest lake, by volume, and sits on the Kimberley Plateau.
Due north of Lake Argyle, sediment colors Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, a part of the Timor Sea, a muddy brown. Melville Island (east) and Bathurst Island (west) sit just off the Northern Territory mainland, just where the Timor Sea meets the Arafura Sea. Along with nine smaller, uninhabited, islands they make up the Tiwi Islands. On the mainland coast and about 80 km due south of the Tiwi Islands sits Darwin, the largest city and the capital of Northern Territory.
The greening land contains relatively flat floodplains and savanna, much of which is used for grazing livestock. Some areas are nearly pristine, retaining their original wild state. Much of this is preserved in numerous parks. The wild lands are home to fauna and flora with evocative names: Woodward’s walleroo, frill-neck lizards, Darwin stringybark trees and Darwin woolybutt eucalyptus, to name just a few.
Further from the coast, less rain falls, and green grassland gives ways to the tans of rugged scrubland and sandstone plateaus. A line of red hotspots (areas where the thermal sensors on the MODIS instrument identify high temperatures) can be seen in Western Australia and a few hotspots are scattered throughout the Northern Territory. Typically such hotspots in spring in agricultural areas are suggestive of fires which have been deliberately set for agricultural purposes.
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In this first message to mankind, Satan sows seeds of doubt as to whether God can be trusted. Satan's very first words were, "Has God indeed said. . . ?" Spoken or not, this sentiment that God is untrustworthy, and that His Word is suspect, has been a regular feature in mankind's relationship with God ever since.
The Gnostics were no exception—in fact, they are a prime example. In its most basic sense, Gnosticism is knowing, but its knowledge, while sometimes including the Word of God, does not have it as its foundation. Instead, more than what was contained in Scripture, Gnostics valued what they experienced, what elders told them, or what they learned from "angels," astrology, or chemistry (alchemy). Thus, we see elements of Gnosticism in Galatians: a mixture of "lucky days," to which they ascribed spiritual significance (part of their worship prior to conversion) and a belief, brought in by Judaizers or perhaps even an "angel" (Galatians 1:8), that justification could come by works of the law.
Judaism, though it has its roots in the Old Testament, sees God's Word through the lens of Hellenism (Greek thought) and the traditions of Jewish scholars and teachers through the centuries. The Galatian Christians gave God's Word lip service, but did not depend on it as the source of their beliefs and practices. If they had, they would not have returned to pagan "days, months, seasons, and years," nor believed that justification could ever result from good works—a concept that is read into the Old Testament, but not actually found there.
Similarly, the Colossian Christians were affected by an ascetic form of Gnosticism that included "ordinances" (KJV) or "regulations" (NKJV) that are not found in God's Word but were the commandments and doctrines of men (Colossians 2:20-23), as well as demons, the "basic principles of the world" (Colossians 2:8).
This same distrust of God's Word is readily seen in today's Catholicism and Protestantism. The Catholic Church holds that Scripture is only one of three sources from which its dogma is derived—the other two being divine revelation and the writings and traditions of previous Catholic saints. The Bible, while generally utilized as the source of doctrine, can be easily overridden by the words of a Pope or other theologian, living or dead. Once again, human words and traditions are considered more trustworthy than God's.
In some respects, Protestantism has a higher regard for Scripture. However, it, too, accepts the traditions of men in such beliefs as the Trinity, the immortality of the soul, going to heaven, observing Christmas and Easter, and venerating the first day of the week (which the Catholic Church rightly points out makes sense only if one accepts Rome's authority, for there is no scriptural authority for keeping any day holy but the Sabbaths).
Modern Gnostics who believe in "progressive revelation" have also succumbed to this first of Satan's ploys. While God does reveal things to us, the critical point is that what is revealed—if it truly comes from Him—will never contradict what He has already revealed in His Word. "God is not a man, that He should lie" (Numbers 23:19). Yet progressive revelation advocates believe that their revelations are more authoritative than the Bible, rather than complementing and harmonizing with it, making them ripe for satanic influence under the guise of God revealing something new to them. They may sincerely believe that God speaks to them, yet they simultaneously mistrust what He has already said in inspired Scripture. They tend to shy away from Bible study, concluding that they do not need it since God speaks directly to them, and if there is anything important, God will let them know.
Romans 10:17 tells us that "faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God." But Satan knows this too and believes that, if he can undermine the trustworthiness of God and the validity of His Word, he can destroy the faith necessary for salvation. Currently, the Bible's legitimacy is undergoing an intense assault. Due to popular Gnostic writings like the Gospel of Judas and the Gospel of Thomas, as well as The Da Vinci Code book and movie, many people are questioning why we have the Bible that we do and wondering if something in the ancient apocryphal writings, if it were known, would change Christianity as we know it. Rather than quibbling about this or that point of doctrine, Satan seems to be gunning for the whole package by asserting that the Word of God is subject to the whims of men and thus cannot be trusted. At every turn, faith founded in God's Word is being undermined.
David C. Grabbe
Whatever Happened to Gnosticism? Part Three: Satan's Three Heresies
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1. What clan is the boy from who originally sees the body at the beginning of the story?
2. Who is Albert Lomatewa?
3. How many grandchildren does Lomatewa have?
4. When Lomatewa discovers the Navajo body, how long has the blessing of rain been withdrawn from the land?
5. What does Tavasuh mean?
6. According to Lomatewa, how many times has Sotuknang destroyed the world?
7. What is the name of the man who is accompanying Lomatewa on his quest for spruce?
8. How old is Lomatewa?
9. How far above the ground does the pilot fly his Cessna plane?
10. What is the name of the Cessna's pilot?
This section contains 4,172 words
(approx. 14 pages at 300 words per page)
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Books & Music
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The Soil Dwellers
Good soil is a necessity when it comes to landscapes. Without a healthy soil our plants can’t thrive. With that in mind, here are some books that shed light on various aspects of soil health and the different organisms that dwell there.
In many parts of the world earthworms are one of the most important soil organisms. These fulfill an essential role in the soil community. Their story is beautifully revealed in “The Earth Moved-On the Remarkable Achievements of Earthworms” by Amy Stewart. This was released by Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. The author’s love of earthworms is just infectious.
In this compelling book she explores about everything that is known about earthworms and the many roles they play in our lives. She explains how they’re responsible for composting our food wastes, enriching our soils, and lending a hand in sewage treatment plants.
This book is based on extensive interviews with researchers and experts as well as the author’s personal experiences working with earthworms. She sheds new light on Darwin’s research with worms. She offers insight as to how the damage of DDT became magnified when the worms ingested the pesticide. Readers can also learn about how to start their own worm bins. The appendix contains helpful information, including websites and other sources for further reading.
“Underground-How Creatures of Mud and Dirt Shape Our World” by Yvonne Baskin was released by Island Press. Soil is teeming with many life forms, and that story is wonderfully presented in this enlightening book.
Readers can learn all about these largely invisible species. Contrary to what we might think, most of the planet’s diversity is within the soil and not on the earth’s surface. The author focuses on why these species are important for the health of the planet. She emphasizes the need for soil restoration projects. For example, she devotes attention to the crucial role played by mycorrhizal fungi, which live amongst plant roots. The author reveals that the fate of the forests also depends upon soil dwellers.
This book discusses the various threats to soil health around the world. These include the loss and damage to wetlands and the ever-present threat of tilling and plowing of the soil by farmers/gardeners.
Soil exists not only on land but underwater as well. The author explains what research has to say about life in these submerged areas.
This book is illustrated with sketches that show the relationship of soil inhabitants and the future of the planet is intertwined.
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War and Peace, a Russian novel by Leo Tolstoy, is considered one of the world's greatest works of fiction. It is regarded, along with Anna Karenina (1873–1877), as his finest literary achievement.
Epic in scale, War and Peace delineates in graphic detail events leading up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families.
Portions of an earlier version having been serialized in the magazine The Russian Messenger between 1865 and 1867, the novel was first published in its entirety in 1869. Newsweek in 2009 ranked it top of its list of Top 100 Books.
Tolstoy himself, somewhat enigmatically, said of War and Peace that it was "not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less an historical chronicle."
War and Peace is famously long for a novel (though not the longest by any means). It is subdivided into four books or volumes, each with subparts containing many chapters.
Tolstoy got the title, and some of his themes, from an 1861 work of Proudhon: La Guerre et la Paix. Tolstoy had served in the Crimean War and written a series of short stories and novellas featuring scenes of war. He began writing War and Peace in the year that he finally married and settled down at his country estate. During the writing of the second half of the book, after the first half had already been written under the name "1805", he read widely, acknowledging Schopenhauer as one of his main inspirations, although he developed his own views of history and the role of the individual within it.
Tags: war and peace
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A Patient's Guide to Ganglions of the Wrist
A ganglion is a small, harmless cyst, or sac of fluid, that sometimes develops in the wrist. Doctors don't know exactly what causes ganglions, but a ganglion that isn't painful and doesn't interfere with activity can often be left untreated without harm to the patient. However, treatment options are available for painful ganglions or ones that cause problems.
This guide will help you understand
- what parts of the wrist are involved
- how doctors diagnose the condition
- what treatment options are available
What parts of the wrist are involved?
The anatomy of the wrist joint is extremely complex, probably the most complex of all the joints in the body. The wrist is actually a collection of many joints and bones. These joints and bones let us use our hands in lots of different ways. The wrist must be extremely mobile to give our hands a full range of motion. At the same time, the wrist must provide the strength for heavy gripping.
The wrist is made of eight separate small bones, called the carpal bones. The carpal bones connect the two bones of the forearm, the radius and the ulna, to the bones of the hand. The metacarpal bones are the long bones that lie underneath the palm.
Ligaments connect and hold all these wrist bones together. The ligaments allow the bones to move in all directions. These ligaments meld together to form the joint capsule of the wrist. The joint capsule is a watertight sac of tissue that surrounds the wrist bones. Inside the wrist capsule are the joints themselves. The joint capsule contains a small amount of lubricant, called synovial fluid, that allows the bones to move together easily. The many tendons required to move the fingers run just outside the joint capsule.
Ganglions are generally attached by a stalk of tissue to a nearby joint capsule, tendon, or tendon sheath (tissue covering the tendon). Wrist ganglions are attached to the wrist joint capsule. Typically only one ganglion appears, often in a location that is predictable to doctors. However, ganglions have been seen in almost every joint in the hand and wrist.
Sixty to 70 percent of wrist ganglions are dorsal wrist ganglions. A dorsal wrist ganglion is found on the back of the hand, often centered over the wrist, though it can appear in any number of areas along the back of the wrist. A dorsal wrist ganglion may be not be visible from the outside. Doctors refer to this hidden type of ganglion as occult, or concealed.
A volar wrist ganglion typically appears on the palm side of the wrist in the wrist crease just below the thumb. This is the second most common type of wrist ganglion.
Related Document: A Patient's Guide to Wrist Anatomy
Why do I have this problem?
Doctors don't know why ganglions develop. In some cases, the wrist has been injured previously. Repetitive injuries, such as those that can occur from playing tennis or golf frequently, seem to play a role in ganglion development as well.
One theory suggests that wrist ganglions are formed when connective tissue degenerates or is damaged by wear and tear. The damaged tissue forms a weakened spot in the joint capsule, just like a weak spot on a car tire that allows the inner tube to bulge through. The joint fluid may escape through this weakened area and begin to collect in a cyst outside the joint. Over time this cyst grows larger. The joint fluid seems to move out of the wrist joint into the ganglion, but not the other way. In the end, a clear, sticky fluid fills the cyst. The fluid is a mix of chemicals normally found in the joint.
What does a ganglion feel like?
A patient with a dorsal wrist ganglion may feel a bump or mass on the back of the wrist. With a volar wrist ganglion, the bump is felt on the wrist crease below the thumb. The mass may appear suddenly, or it may develop over time. The ganglion may occasionally increase or decrease in size.
The wrist may ache or feel tender. The ganglion may also interfere with activities. A volar wrist ganglion may compress the median or ulnar nerve, causing trouble with sensation and movement. An occult dorsal wrist ganglion may be quite painful and tender, even though it is smaller than other ganglions. Typically the symptoms from a ganglion are not harmful and generally do not grow worse. These cysts will not turn into cancer.
How do doctors diagnose the problem?
Your doctor will ask for a history of the problem and examine your hand and wrist. Usually, this is all that's required to diagnose a ganglion. An occult dorsal wrist ganglion, however, may be more difficult to locate because of its small size.
What can be done to treat a ganglion?
Treatment for dorsal and volar wrist ganglions may be either surgical or nonsurgical. The relative risks and benefits of any ganglion treatment should be considered carefully.
Dorsal Wrist Ganglions
In the past, dorsal wrist ganglions were treated by breaking them without rupturing the skin. This was done with a mallet (or bible) or simply with firm pressure. However, because ganglions often reappeared after this type of treatment, it is no longer used.
Observation is often sufficient treatment for wrist ganglions. Ganglions typically are harmless and usually do not grow worse over time. Nor do they usually cause damage to the tendons, nerves, or the joint as a whole. As many as 50 percent of wrist ganglions may eventually go away by themselves.
Beyond observation, closed rupture with multiple needle punctures is another nonsurgical treatment option for dorsal wrist ganglions. In this procedure, the cyst wall is punctured with a needle, and anti-inflammatory and numbing drugs are injected into the cyst. This treatment can shrink the cyst and alleviate symptoms. However, the ganglion is likely to reappear.
Volar Wrist Ganglions
Observation is the most common nonsurgical treatment for volar wrist ganglions.
Surgery is recommended when the patient feels significant pain or when the cyst interferes with activity. It is also recommended if the ganglion is compressing nerves in the wrist, since this can cause problems with movement and feeling in the hand. Surgery is usually done using regional anesthesia, which means only the arm is put to sleep, but it can also be done under a general anesthesia in which you go to sleep.
Dorsal Wrist Ganglion
Doctors have two options to surgically treat dorsal wrist ganglions. The first is cyst puncture and aspiration. (Aspiration means drawing the fluid out with suction.) However, this procedure has less than a 50 percent success rate.
Excision, or removal, of the cyst is the second option. Removing the cyst is usually effective if the stalk that connects the cyst to the joint capsule and a bit of the surrounding capsule are removed. Usually only a single incision is made, but depending on the location of the ganglion, a second incision may be necessary.
To remove a dorsal wrist ganglion, a small incision is made in the back of the wrist. The tendons that run across the back of the wrist and into the fingers are retracted (or moved) out of the way. This allows the surgeon to see the ganglion and follow it down to where it attaches to the wrist capsule. Once the surgeon locates this stalk, the entire ganglion is removed, including the area where it attaches to the joint capsule. The joint capsule may or may not need to be repaired with sutures. Finally, the skin incision is closed with sutures.
Volar Wrist Ganglion
Puncture and aspiration is not recommended for volar wrist ganglions located in certain areas because of the possibility of nerve and blood vessel damage. In other areas, needle puncture has a better success rate.
Excision is the most common surgery for a volar wrist ganglion. Removing the cyst is usually effective if the stalk that connects the cyst to the joint capsule and a bit of the surrounding capsule are removed. The surgical procedure is basically the same, except the volar ganglion is usually very close to the radial artery (the artery in the wrist used to feel someone's pulse). In some cases, the volar ganglion even winds around the artery. This makes removing the ganglion a bit more difficult. The surgeon must be careful to protect the artery, while at the same time removing the cyst down to the joint capsule, just like with the dorsal ganglion.
Both of these procedures have risks. Even after excision surgery, a ganglion may reappear, though this is uncommon. There is a slight risk of infection with both procedures. Excision can sometimes result in decreased motion, instability, and nerve or blood vessel damage. Removing a volar ganglion has a greater risk of nerve and blood vessel damage. However, the vast majority of people have two arteries that travel into the hand. If one is injured, the other is sufficient to provide an adequate blood supply to the hand.
What should I expect after treatment?
You may simply be asked to observe the ganglion for changes. A splint may be issued to keep your wrist from moving and to allow the ganglion to shrink. You may be shown how to massage the area in order to move fluid out of the ganglion. If you find that the ganglion has gotten bigger, notify your doctor.
A bulky dressing is applied to the wrist and forearm. You will be encouraged to move your fingers and wrist soon after surgery. Stitches are removed after two weeks. Physical therapy exercises should be continued until you can move your wrist normally.
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Home Asia Pacific North Asia S/N Korea History & Archaeology
<< Jikji, the world’s oldest extant movable metal print book, is currently kept at the National Library of France. [JoongAng Ilbo]
Jikji Buddhist documents - A question of ownership
By Lee Eun-joo, Joong Ang Daily, January 12, 2009
History displaced: The Jikji Buddhist documents. France refuses to return the Jikji documents that Korea wants back
Seoul, South Korea -- On a summer’s day in 1955, Park Byung-seon, a dreamy young Korean girl, boarded a plane for Paris.
She was a graduate student from Seoul National University’s history department and had been given the opportunity to continue her education in France.
After arriving, Park devoted herself to studying French and observing the country’s school system. She had a plan to establish a private school when she eventually returned to Korea.
Little did she know then that she would become a lifelong resident in France as a historian.
After more than a decade living in Europe, Park was offered a job at the National Library of France in Paris. She didn’t refuse the offer because at that time she was writing her doctoral dissertation. If she worked at the library, she would be able to take out the necessary books at no cost.
But there was one other reason why she accepted the job. She remembered what her Korean professor had said before she left for France.
Before her flight, he told her that many cultural properties were taken out of the country by French troops during the French invasion of Korea in 1866.
Jikji was printed at Heungdeok Temple in Cheongju, North Chungcheong, in 1377.[JoongAng Ilbo]
Little was known about what had happened to these lost relics. The professor told Park that as a history major, she should try to find out more information, a task she began working on in the library. During her first year working part-time at the National Library, Park discovered an original volume of a long-lost Buddhist book.
It was called “Anthology of Great Buddhist Priests’ Zen Teachings.”
The Jikji, as it is known, was written in the late Goryeo period by the Buddhist monk Baegun (1289-1374).
The book contains excerpts of Buddhist teachings on Seon, or Zen (the more common term used outside Korea), Buddhist sermons, conversations, letters and literary writings.
The gist of the two-volume book is that if you look at a person’s heart through the practice of Zen, you will realize the meaning of Buddha. By putting the information together, Baegun had hoped the book would guide students and followers of Buddhism.
Copies of the Jikji were printed and distributed at major Buddhist temples and followers. While the second volume is at the library in France, there is no trace of the first volume anywhere.
<< A document that approves Jikji’s inclusion in Unesco’s Memory of the World project, in 2001. Provided by the Early Printing Museum
Ownership of Jikji, which was printed at Heungdeok Temple in Cheongju, North Chungcheong, in 1377, is mired in controversy. France says it should remain in Europe but Koreans want it returned.
Jikji is the world’s oldest extant book published using movable metal printing method.
It’s older than Germany’s Gutenberg Bible, printed in 1455, which was previously thought to be the oldest document of that type.
Park, 81 and currently living in France, presented the book at an international book fair in Paris in 1972.
On Sept. 4, 2001, Jikji was formally added to Unesco’s Memory of the World.
The Jikji Memory of the World Prize was created in 2004 to commemorate the creation of the Jikji. But it took time for the document to gain this level of recognition.
In 1998, the Korean Cultural Heritage Administration asked Unesco to include Jikji in the Memory of the World project, an international initiative designed to preserve valuable archives and collections from museums around the world.
Unesco refused to do so at a meeting of the International Advisory Committee in Vienna, Austria, the following year. The committee said that since the book is kept in France, both Korea and France should recommend the book as a cultural relic.
But the French library objected until the IAC meeting in June 2001, which was held in Cheongju. There is now a Unesco/Jikji Memory of the World Prize, set up in 2004, that aims to promote the Memory of the World project. An award of $30,000 is given every two years to individuals or institutions who make significant contributions to preserving world heritage.
Though Jikji is an important publication for people involved in Korean studies, it remains in the National Library of France, where it’s been since 1950.
<< Park Byung-seon, 81, a France-based Korean historian, “discovered” Jikji in 1967.[JoongAng Ilbo]
The story goes that the second volume of Jikji was taken out of Korea by Colin de Plancy (1853-1922). The French diplomat, who worked here in the late 1800s, used to collect Joseon ceramics and history books, which he took back to France when his term ended.
Jikji was one of those relics.
Plancy later sold the book to Henri Vever (1854-1943), an antiques dealer, for 180 francs.
Vever bequeathed the second volume of Jikji to the National Library of France and took possession following his death in 1950. The 39-page book has been there ever since. The first page of the second volume, however, is missing, so only 38 pages remain today.
“The condition of Jikji is fairly OK,” said Rah Kyung-jun, a researcher at the Early Printing Museum in Cheongju. Museum staff have been visiting the National Library of France regularly to check on the condition of the book, which is cared for by a special research team.
The library also holds 650 cultural properties from the Silla, Goryeo and Joseon periods, mostly old documents and printing equipment.
The Early Printing Museum, along with the World Jikji Culture Association, has been promoting a movement to search for the first volume of Jikji. But its whereabouts remains a mystery.
The French government shows no inclination to return Jikji to Korea and it remains a sensitive issue, according to Kim Byung-yeon of the National Cultural Heritage Administration.
“The relic wasn’t looted by France. It was taken out of the country legally by a private French collector. There is nothing that can be done at the governmental level,” Kim said.
Bong Seong-ki at the National Library of Korea says that unless France donates or voluntarily returns the historic document to Korea, there is no hope.
Complete wooden copies are kept at the National Library of Korea, Jangseogak Library at the Academy of Korean Studies and Bulgap Temple in Yeonggwang, South Jeolla. The wooden copies were printed in 1378 at a temple in Yeoju, Gyeonggi.
The French Embassy in Korea declined to comment for this article on whether or not France would consider returning the relic.
“While it’s difficult to even bring back looted cultural properties, it’s even more difficult to bring back property that was legally taken out of Korea,” Bong said.
“All we can do now is to rightly keep cultural properties that still remain in Korea. If we’re not careful, we might lose those relics, too. It’s our responsibility to protect each of them, whether preserved inside or outside of the country.”
Bong added that just because Jikji is in France doesn’t mean its soul has left Korea.
“The spirit still remains in our hearts.”
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The Bible clearly decrees that cruelty to domestic animals is forbidden. The ox, we are also told, is entitled to the fruit of its labor: "Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn" (Deuteronomy 25:4). Moreover, Deuteronomy 22:10 tells us "Thou shalt not plow with an ox and an ass together," suggesting that pairing animals of different sizes and strengths would cause a conflict and would place a strain on the weaker of them or perhaps on both.
The books of Exodus (22:29) and Leviticus (22:27-28) require that a newborn animal remain with its mother for the first week of its life before being sacrificed, so that the young creature can have at least seven days of warmth and nourishment from its mother. And “ye shall not kill it and its young both in one day,” presumably to avoid the trauma of having the mother see her infant slain before her.
Contrast these ancient and remarkably humane laws of a primitive people of three to four thousand years ago to modern-day factory farming practices. Today, veal calves are usually taken from their mothers at birth, denied mother’s milk and other nutrition, deliberately undernourished and kept their entire lives in a small crate in which they cannot move around. These circumstances produce an anemic, muscle-free condition in the calf that gives the meat its tenderness and light appearance.
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Flu in Adults (cont.)
IN THIS ARTICLE
What Is the Prognosis of Flu in Adults?
Flu symptoms start to go away after two to five days. Fever may last for up to five days, while other symptoms, including weakness and fatigue, may persist for several weeks. The very young, the very old, and those in the high-risk groups are at risk for complications requiring hospitalization. Some people may die from the flu.
Where Can People Find More Information About the Flu?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza (Flu)
Flu.gov, Seasonal Influenza
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Flu Fact Sheet
American Lung Association, Influenza (Flu)
Medically Reviewed by a Doctor on 11/30/2015
Steven Fine, MD, PhD
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Influenza virus infection, one of the most common infectious diseases, is a highly contagious airborne disease that causes an acute febrile illness and results in variable degrees of systemic symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death.
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When labor starts before the 37th week (from the first day of your last menstrual cycle), these may be the preterm pregnancy risks.
1. Spontaneous abortion
2. Severe urinary tract infection
3. Complications like premature rupture of the membranes, pre-eclampsia and haemorrhage
4. Malformation of uterus
5. Severe anaemia, acute appendicitis and abdominal operation
These complications may affect mortality of the baby and maternal health. But during preterm, the decision of whether to continue with pregnancy or terminate needs to be at a fast pace.
The eight month pregnant will be subjected to tests and may even be asked to take bed rest. The contraindication of preterm labor includes
1. Maternal Issues: severe hypertension, gestational diabetes and haemorrhage
2. Fetus: death, distress, congenital malformation
Neonatal care is extremely important during the eight month pregnancy.
While if the doctor decides on c-section for the eight month, then there isn't a problem as he/she will know the ideal time for birth of healthy baby and mother. Do not delay eight month baby delivery unnecessarily as it will affect their health.
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Caribbean Islands Table of Contents
After the signing of the RSS Memorandum of Understanding in 1982, some opposition groups in the Eastern Caribbean charged that the security plan was a United States idea, designed to keep conservative, pro-United States governments in power. These groups, and particularly Barbados' Democratic Labour Party (DLP), criticized the alleged secretiveness of their governments' participation in the RSS and in developing the SSUs. Conservative leaders, such as Dominica's Charles, countered that the RSS idea was developed by Caribbean leaders and that there was nothing secret about Dominica's RSS activities, which usually involved coast guard assistance, or its SSU, which carried out normal police duties when not training or exercising as a unit.
In addition to the regional debate over the pros and cons of the RSS itself, two related security issues were controversial in the 1980s: a proposal to establish a Regional Defence Force (RDF) and charges of "militarization" of the Eastern Caribbean. The plan to establish a regional force had been canceled in the late 1960s as a result of disagreements over the location of the proposed force and its leadership, in which country ultimate authority over it should reside, and logistical problems and financial constraints. The idea of establishing an RDF was again considered by the Eastern Caribbean islands in 1976, as well as shortly after the Grenada coup in 1979, but was shelved on both occasions owing to practical and political obstacles. During 1980 serious talks got underway on establishing a 120-member regional defense force "to deal with any internal armed threat to an elected government."
Barbadian prime minister Adams revived the RDF proposal in 1982 when the RSS was formed, but it was rejected as too costly. Undeterred, he again brought up the idea at the RSS meeting held in Castries, St. Lucia, in February 1983. By formally introducing his so-called "Adams Doctrine" in a speech to the annual conference of his governing BLP on January 21, 1984, Adams emerged as the principal proponent for establishing an RDF in the region. He recommended one regional army, consisting of 1,000 to 1,800 troops, instead of a number of national armies, because a combined force would provide an additional safeguard against insurrections, mercenaries, and military revolts.
An RDF would have been unprecedented for a region that had been guarded mainly by police since the islands began to become independent from Britain in the early 1960s. Despite their considerable strategic importance, none of the Eastern Caribbean islands had maintained more than a token military force. Only Barbados and Antigua and Barbuda still had defense forces in the late 1980s. The Barbados Defence Force (BDF), formerly the long- standing Barbados Regiment, was created by the BLP government in 1979. Comprising army, marine, and air divisions, the BDF was reported in 1986 to have from 300 to 1,800 troops (the latter figure was announced by Prime Minister Barrow himself). Most knowledgeable observers generally agreed, however, that the BDF had about 500 members. The 115-member Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force lacked the training, equipment, and organization of the BDF.
The other English-speaking islands in the Eastern Caribbean also were guarded mainly by police. Dominica's prime minister Charles disbanded the Dominican Defence Force in April 1981 after at least five key officers were implicated in a failed coup attempt involving United States and Canadian mercenaries. In 1979 the same force had intervened in a crowd-control incident and opened fire, killing two persons. The resulting constitutional crisis led to the dismissal from office of then-prime minister Patrick John. St. Kitts and Nevis also abolished its fourteen-year-old defense force in 1981, owing to its costliness and ineffectiveness, and converted its soldiers into policemen and firemen. It retained only its Volunteer Defence Force and the Royal St. Christopher and Nevis Police Force.
The RDF proposal would have expanded the 1982 RSS agreement to include a regional ground force element. Adams explained that the RDF proposal called for "the abandonment of individual defence forces and the incorporation of the existing forces into a regional force which would have a unified command under general political direction." According to St. Lucian prime minister Compton, the RDF would move into any island "which showed signs of invasion from internal subversion or outside intruders."
The RSS Council of Ministers, meeting in Bridgetown on February 7, 1984, studied a report on the implications of establishing an RDF. These leaders also raised the RDF question the next day in a meeting with visiting United States secretary of state George P. Shultz, with whom Prime Minister Adams held a private meeting. By that time, the RDF proposal envisioned an 1,800-member force costing US$100 million over 5 years (a figure that included purchases of helicopters and coast guard vessels).
In a meeting at BDF headquarters in Bridgetown on March 17, 1984, the leaders of the six RSS island nations resumed discussion of the proposal to establish an RDF instead of national armies. By October, however, they had scaled down plans for a Barbados-based RDF, primarily owing to the cost factor but also in response to charges of militarization of the region. Some critics were concerned that an RDF would divert scarce funds from badly needed economic development projects. Mitchell, who took office as prime minister of St. Vincent and the Grenadines in a landslide victory in July 1984, announced that his New Democratic Party (NDP) was opposed to heavy spending on arms and armies in the region because of concerns about "militarization."
A five-year plan proposed at the RSS meeting held on November 23, 1984, called for expanding the multilateral RDF into a permanent Caribbean Defence Force. With headquarters in Barbados and garrisons in Grenada and Antigua and Barbuda, it would have consisted of about 1,800 personnel, including 700 combat infantry troops and some 1,100 members of coast guard and air support elements. Implementation of the initiative, however, would have been dependent on increases in United States security assistance and exemption from a technical United States legislative restriction prohibiting the provision of foreign police training. When regional military leaders estimated the cost of the proposed RDF at US$60 million over five years, Washington rapidly cooled on the idea.
When Adams died from a heart attack in March 1985, the RDF plan lost its main advocate. After Barrow took office as prime minister in Barbados in May 1986, he joined ranks with Prime Minister Mitchell of St. Vincent and the Grenadines and succeeded in blocking the RDF proposal. Opposition to the RDF idea among some island leaders also was a factor in its demise. Nevertheless, Antigua and Barbuda's prime minister Vere Cornwall Bird, Sr., still advocated the establishment of an independent, regional collective defense and security system in order to counter what he perceived to be a communist threat aimed at destabilizing the OECS member states.
The efforts by the English-speaking islands of the Eastern Caribbean to establish an RDF and an RSS, with both British and United States military assistance, were characterized by critics as tantamount to militarizing the region. Some academics contended that the region had become militarized. Even OECS director Vaughan Lewis expressed reservations about the possible political consequences of establishing SSUs on the islands. "The reinforcement of local security systems," he explained, "leads to an upsetting of the balance between the various socio-political sectors . . . . The modernization process suggests to the military a sense of their own particular status as the only virtuous sector- -as the guardians of the system . . . . This sets the basis for the coup and counter-coup system."
In 1986 the two most outspoken proponents of the militarization charge were prime ministers Barrow and Mitchell of Barbados and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, respectively. At his first news conference on June 2, 1986, Barrow told reporters that he held reservations on the RSS similar to those held by Mitchell, including the suspicion that the RSS idea had United States origins. Although both leaders kept their nations in the RSS, they declined to allow their RSS forces to participate in at least two RSS exercises in 1985 and 1986. Barrow and Mitchell also stressed the need for training the police forces of the RSS member countries in internal security measures, instead of providing military-style training for defense and paramilitary forces.
In a letter dated September 2, 1986, and addressed to the prime ministers of the other RSS member states, Barrow stated his government's "strong reservations over the use of our resources for militaristic purposes or for unjustifiable usurpation of the sovereignty of our country by alien influences." At the same time, Barrow announced that Barbados would not agree to upgrade the RSS Memorandum of Understanding to the status of a treaty but would continue using it as the basis for security cooperation between Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean. Other regional leaders, principally prime ministers Charles of Dominica and Bird of Antigua and Barbuda, strongly defended the RSS and rejected the militarization argument. Barrow's death from a heart attack in early June 1987 removed the leading critic of the alleged militarization of the subregion.
By 1987 the charges of militarization seemed to have been overstated. Unlike in Bishop's Grenada, the Eastern Caribbean appeared to lack the usual indicators of militarization, such as the formation of people's militias, military involvement in government, military buildups, or significant shares of GDP being devoted to the military sector. Spending increases for police and security forces appeared to be directed toward antidrug operations. Whereas the proportion of expenditures on the military in Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, and Guyana more than doubled during the 1972- 79 period, none of these governments were considered to have particularly close relations with the United States.
The one-to-four ratio of United States military and economic assistance to the Eastern Caribbean in FY 1986 did not suggest a United States effort to militarize the subregion either. Although police force elements acquired paramilitary capabilities with United States assistance, these SSUs were limited to about eighty members each. Moreover, the largest defense force in the subregion, the BDF, had only about 500 members. In some circumstances, however, there appeared to be a potential for SSUs to be misused as a political instrument in support of or against a governing party. The holding of RSS military exercises with United States forces also was a new development for the subregion.
* * *
Yereth Kahn Knowles's doctoral dissertation, Beyond the Caribbean States, offers a scholarly account of post-World War II efforts to form federations and a regional security system. Useful information on the RSS is also contained in the following journal articles: Bernard Diederich's "The End of West Indian Innocence: Arming the Police"; Gary P. Lewis's "Prospects for a Regional Security System in the Eastern Caribbean"; and Graham Norton's "Defending the Eastern Caribbean." Relevant discussions of the militarization issue are Dion E. Phillips's "The Increasing Emphasis on Security and Defense in the Eastern Caribbean" and David A. Simmons's "Militarization of the Caribbean: Concerns for National and Regional Security."
Especially useful journal articles on strategic affairs include Edward A. Padelford's "Caribbean Security and U.S. Political- Military Presence"; Vaughan A. Lewis's "The US and the Caribbean: Issues of Economics and Security"; and George Black's "Mare Nostrum: U.S. Security Policy in the English-Speaking Caribbean." Books with insightful discussions of the strategic setting include those by Harold Mitchell, Lester D. Langley, John Bartlow Martin, Robert Agro-Melina and John Cronin, Thomas D. Anderson, and Robert J. Hanks. (For further information and complete citations, see Bibliography.)
Data as of November 1987
Caribbean Islands Table of Contents
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What is the Higgs boson?
The Higgs boson (named for Scottish physicist Peter Higgs) is an unusual kind of subatomic particle. To explain how unusual, let's back up a bit.
In our current theory of particle physics, fundamental particles do not have mass on their own. They get their mass by interacting with the the Higgs field. The field is a concept like a magnetic or gravitational field: it's present everywhere. (Unlike a magnetic or gravitational field, though, the size of the Higgs field doesn't change much from place to place.) Higgs bosons are ripples of the Higgs field. By finding the Higgs bosons, we have evidence that the field itself exists - like seeing water waves and concluding there must be an ocean beneath.
The Higgs field is extremely important in particle physics. It's no exaggeration to say that it makes your existence possible. Without it, atoms would not exist; electrons would zip away from nuclei at the speed of light. The value of the Higgs field determines what kinds of nuclei are stable and some of the differences between matter and antimatter. Almost all particles we know of are affected in some way by the Higgs field.
What have we discovered?
We have found a new particle which, on the whole, appears to have the properties expected for the simplest Higgs boson model. This new particle has a mass about that of an atom of cesium. We can only make general statements now because we just have enough data to claim that we see something, but not enough data to know precisely how it behaves.
This point is important because there are many theories which would modify these properties from the simplest model. Our discovery has already ruled out many ideas that would have predicted that we would see nothing at all, that it would be at a different mass, or that it would decay wildly differently.
Ok, you found it, are you done now?
Not by any means. We have found something, but have only been able to get a brief glimpse of it. The exact properties of this particle will be able to give us huge insight into what additional particles and forces there might be. We are planning to study this particle in great detail to accumulate as much information about it as we can.
How is UT involved?
UT physicists form part of the ATLAS collaboration, which built and operates a particle physics experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the European particle physics laboratory. This facility is the only place in the world where Higgs bosons can be produced and studied.
Check out our poster from the Oct 2012 Physics Department Open House here.
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Copernican is primarily referred to the Copernican system of cosmology
, itself a revolutionary development in European Cosmology. Before Copernicus
, most Western cosmologist taught the system developed by the Egyptian Ptolemy
(b. appx. 85 d. 165). The Ptlolemian system
enjoyed two distinct advantages. First it was extremely efficient at predicting the locations of the planet
s. Second, it enjoyed religious sanction.
Copernicus (1473-1543) lived at the very end of the Middle Ages and at the advent of the Rennaissance and Reformation. Religious power, particularly that of the Vatican dominated European politics, and religious leaders dogmatically inflexible. At the time, Religious teachings stressed that Earth was at the Center of the Universe, with all the stars and planets revolving around it, to honor Man, God's greatest creation. Although Greeks had suggested more realistic systems, attacks on the Ptolemian System were equated with attacks on faith itself. And by extension, the Church.
The Polish Astronomer Nicholas Copernicus felt differently. Working at the Observatory at Fromberg, he began work on his book On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium) which he published at his death. In his system, Copernicus moved the Sun to the center of the solar system, and had the planets revolving around it in circular orbits. The circular orbit was incorrect, and eventually corrected by Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). Keplerian cosmology is the form we accept today, and will probably never be overturned. After all, it works well enough to guide spacecraft.
Copernicus sketched out a primitive version of his theory while visting Rome in 1515. But the writing of his book took considerable time, because of the problem of retrograde motion.
Retrograde motion is the apparent reversal of direction in the sky the outer planets make as seen from the Earth. Unlike the Sun and Moon planets seem to enter the sky in the west and move east, relative to the stars around them, which appear fixed from Earth. Outer planets, such as Saturn, move in that direction then appear to change direction and move the other way before resuming their "eastward" path. The reason is that they are outer planets. On a much shorter orbit, the Earth appears to move faster through the sky. Retrograde motion occurs as the earth overtakes the outer planet in the sky.
Ptolemy's explanation of this was the use of a small epicycle, literally a small circle made in the sky. This gave the Egyptian's system its predictive powers. And it suited religious elites, who argued that it was the planets "bowing to man".
Copernicus didn't believe in such an egotistical explanation, but he could not make his circular orbits work mathematically. In order to equal Ptolemy's predictive efficiency, he too had to introduce a series of epicycles. This, as well as a desire to avoid relgious sanction led to the publication on his deathbed.
Kepler eliminated the need for 'epicycles' by changing the shape of the orbits from a circle to an ellipse. His work was built on that of Copernicus and the astronomer Tycho Brahe
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1. What does Schelling use his lecture to an audience of 800 people to illustrate?
2. How does Schelling describe a decision such as choosing a seat in a theater?
3. What does Schelling ultimately say about a decision such as where to sit in a theater?
This section contains 6,111 words
(approx. 21 pages at 300 words per page)
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Welcome to all with an interest in accessibility for the impaired, lesser-abled, or handicapped.
We are very happy to announce that today, EVERY child in Uruguay - with autism, down-syndrome, blind, physically impaired children, visually impaired children, ... you name it - has an XO-XS OLPC Laptopschool and this since 2007 ! Or hear it yourself: http://tedxmiami.com/bio/rodrigo-arboleda-2/ skip to 10:10 by Rodrigo Arboleda is currently Chairman and CEO, for One Laptop per Child Association (OLPC).
Worldwide need for accessibility support for people with disabilities
Finding good data about disability incidence worldwide is challenging. In America and Europe, we have some general statistics:
- Half of all disability incidence numbers are from people over 65 years of age
- Roughly 0.1% of the population is blind
- Roughly 0.1% of the population has a speech impairment (could benefit from their computer talking for them)
- Roughly 0.05% of the population is deaf, while 0.2% is hard of hearing
Since we tend to get more disabilities as we age, we would expect these percentages to be lower in children. On the other hand, health issues like West Nile Virus that are a huge cause of blindness (and the altitude in places like Tibet, another cause of blindness) aren't significant issues in America and Europe - so you would expect that the incidence of disabilities in the OLPC markets will be higher.
So, until we get better data, it probably makes sense to adopt as rough numbers for OLPC children the general percentages from America and Europe taken across all age ranges.
This means that if the OLPC project reaches every child (so roughly 1 billion systems), we will need to serve 1 million blind children, and 1 million children who have a speech impairment, and 2 million children who have difficulty hearing.
Accessibility and Assistive Technology
Even in "first world" countries like the USA, Assistive Technology and Accessibility adaptations are expensive. People with physical or mental disabilities are often, due to their disability, in the lowest income classes, and have difficulty affording the technologies required.
In the Open Source Software community, a fair amount of software already exists to aid the disabled. However, they are often not installed or configured by default, and can be extremely difficult to add by any user.
Under this area, we should seek to list specifically:
- What Assistive Technology software packages should be included in the default olpc distribution
- How they should be configured by default
- What technologies need to have improved documentation to be useful
Accessibility ideas for the OLPC laptop
For people with Down Syndrome
Some kids with Down Syndrome can't manipulate a pen properly. Giving them an XO-XS all of a sudden allows their environment to realize they might have picked up reading and writing, but just weren't able to write and allow their environment to access what they had inside. Real world testimony by Jennifer Martino SF OLPC Summit Interview: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-lDIEhL0lk
For people with physical impairments
- Main article: Accessibility/Input
Physical impairments range from fairly minor (difficulty using the mouse), to more significant (unable to use a normal keyboard, but still have a fair amount of upper body dexterity), through to being paralyzed from the neck down. Repetitive stress injury is another issue, though incidence of that is currently probably quite low in OLPC's target market.
Roughly 0.2% of the U.S. population has "difficulty using hands and fingers, e.g. to pick up a glass or grasp a pencil". By our logic above, that works out to 2,000,000 target OLPC users
- First and foremost, making the OLPC accessible to the disabled should be added to the mission statement of the project. Given the higher percentage of disabled children in developing countries, this would see that proper attention is given to seeing that any proven inexpensive hardware and open source software be added as the default configuration.
- OLPC should be fully operable from the keyboard, without requiring the trackpad for operation. Something like a painting program might be an exception; but otherwise, tasks like launching programs and browsing the web and reading a book (and ideally most games) should be fully operable from the keyboard. There should be a visible indication of which object has the keyboard focus (and this visual indication should become more obvious in various themes for vision impairments)
- OLPC should support the AccessX suite of keyboard enhancements (StickyKeys, MouseKeys, BounceKeys, etc.). For a current workaround, see the AccessX page. AccessX type software is shipped by default in every other OS. OLPC should not be an exception.
- OLPC should support external keyboards & mice/trackpad devices.
- OLPC should support an on-screen keyboard (e.g. [GOK]), and likewise support hardware input from switches (USB, but perhaps also inexpensive ones connected via the microphone port), and also head mice (USB, but perhaps also one that uses the built-in camera tracking a reflective piece of clothing or dot pasted onto a persons forehead or glasses) - I think trackers that use reflective technology (clothing or dots) use infrared to avoid interference with visible light. Since the OLPC doesn't have infrared technology something else will need to be used. A bright LED attached to the persons head with a headband might work. Not sure how it would do in sunlight though - some experimentation would be necessary. -- BenKonrath <ben at bagu dot org>
- OLPC should ship with a trackpoint style pointing device as touchpads won't work with artificial limbs. This would greatly improve the usability of the mouse. This could be added in addition to the touchpad, or as an alternative, allowing more space for the keyboard. The trackpoint is a proven technology and should cost very little to add. The added bonus is many able bodied people prefer the trackpoint to the touchpad.
- Open source screen reader software should be added to enable use by the visually impaired.
- The "red" sensor on most digital cameras, perhaps including the one built in to the OLPC, actually extends farther into the infrared than your eyes. Try pointing your TV remote at your digital camera someday - you can see a flicker if you watch closely. (Much harder to see with computer IRDA infrared ports which are much dimmer). So, maybe all you'd need would be a light source (infrared LED) connected to a USB port - the parts list would cost pennies. Homunq 11:33, 2 August 2007 (EDT)
- The XO's camera could be used with something similar to this setup, using a lightweight rechargeable supercap + IR LED setup attached to a headpiece to control the pointer.
- While it is true that CMOS sensors can see pretty far into infrared, for this very reason, most have IR filters to keep the image looking as close as possible to what the human eye sees. Testing with a 880nm IR LED, the camera on the XO shows only a faint glow, almost invisible in daylight. It may be necessary to use visible light, or at least a shorter wavelength of IR.
For people with minor physical impairments
For people with minor impairments who find using pointing devices difficult, or even unimpaired young children who don't yet have fully developed fine motor skills, a USB mouse or trackball with reduced sensitivity may be beneficial. Sensitivity can be adjusted by creating the file ~/.xsession with the following line: xset m 1 0
This will not work if the usb device is unplugged and plugged back in after the XO has booted. Adding a udev rule like: SUBSYSTEM=="input", RUN+="/usr/bin/xset m 1 0"
doesn't seem to work. Anyone who's gotten this working please edit.
For people with visual impairments
There is a fairly wide range of vision impairments Including;
- Visual Acuity (sometimes but not always correctable with eyeglasses)
- Visual contrast (including albinism (a lack of eye/skin pigmentation) partially correctable with dark glasses)
- Choroideremia, Keratomalacia (night blindness)
- Color blindness (trouble distinguishing red, green, blue, or mixtures of these colors)
- Cataracts (Non-transparent or cloudy area in the lens of the eye)
- Glaucoma (loss of peripheral (side) vision), etc...
- They can range from the fairly minor(and correctable) to pretty significant (18 point text isn't large enough), all the way through to total blindness.
For people with minor visual impairments
- Sugar and all OLPC application should use a luminosity contrast ratio of at least 3:1 by default; ideally 5:1
- Color should never be the only indication of something (e.g. using red text to set off something from black text)
- Sugar should include several "themes" for vision impairments, including several with different contrast settings (e.g. a "high contrast" theme) and large print. All applications should respect these settings. The interface for launching applications should be enlarged in the large print theme (cf. the themes in the default GNOME desktop).
- Applications should be fully tested in the high-contrast themes. (Many Windows applications are not tested by their developers in the high-contrast themes, and contain display bugs that can seriously impair their usability in those themes. Please test.)
- 8% of males of European descent have color blindness; 1% of females of European descent. Numbers are lower for Asians and Native Americans; lowest of all for blacks.
- Web Safe Color recommendations for colorblind users from British Telecom Labs and VisiBone.com . 5% of European men with deuteranopia don't see green and 1% of European men with protanopia don't see red. A sample of the differences from BTLabs. More website resources from Vischeck.
For people with 'low vision'
- OLPC should support software magnification. Magnification should track keyboard focus and the text input caret. It should also magnify the mouse cursor.
- Mouse-only enhancement would be useful (mouse-trails & separate mouse cursor enlargement, to help locate the mouse cursor)
- It would also be useful if applications could be set to display their contents in a reduced area where possible, so that the magnified desktop does not have to be scrolled around so much. For example, if editing a document, try not to make the document window larger than the viewing area if it doesn't have to be.
- It would be a plus if the magnified application's fonts can still be rendered at the screen's high resolution, rather than being blocky. However, this should not be done at the expense of making the graphical controls too small. Everything should be magnified, including any icons, window controls, etc (the absence of this in desktop environments is why some low-vision users prefer to run in a low resolution rather than or as well as changing font sizes, see for example http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/ssb22/setup/ )
Roughly 0.2% of the U.S. population has "difficulty seeing words in newspaper". By our logic above, that works out to 2,000,000 target OLPC users.
For people who are blind (from 'legally' blind through to totally blind)
- A screen reader which supports text-to-speech and works with all applications (Orca is the obvious choice here)
- Lightweight text-to-speech in all languages (eSpeak is a good candidate)
Roughly 0.1% of the U.S. population has "Unable to see words in newspaper at all, or self identify as 'blind'". By our logic above, that works out to 1,000,000 target OLPC users.
For people with hearing impairments
The main things we need to do for folks with for hearing impairments are:
- Not use exclusively audio for getting the attention of a user (e.g. the ShowSounds feature to flash the menu bar / screen during a system beep)
- Ensure that all media players support captioning, and all media is captioned
- Investigate language-learning activities specifically tailored to students who do not acquire written language via normal methods.
But beyond that, thanks to the built-in video camera in the OLPC, we have the possibility of supporting sign language chat. In the BTest-2 systems, using the bulit-in camera application the frame rate seems to be on the edge of good enough for this (in an informal test performed at the CSUN Conference on Technology and Persons with Disabilities). With a promised 30fps frame rate of 640x480 resolution, this ought to work. Further tests need to be carried out over a wireless video chat to be certain.
Roughly 0.2% of the U.S. population either has "difficulty hearing normal conversation" or is "unable to hear normal conversation at all, or self-identify as 'deaf'". By our logic above, that works out to 2,000,000 target OLPC users.
Children who are born deaf, particularly children born to hearing parents, often face considerable challenges in acquiring language. Immersion within the first two years of life is critical. Without that, the cognitive centers of the brain which handle language do not form properly. This, in addition to the fact that deaf kids cannot learn to read by "sounding it out," can create lifelong difficulties with literacy skills. The problem is aggravated in countries where deaf kids have no access to schools or peers due to limited (or non-existent) sign language skills in teachers, and societal attitudes towards the abilities of deaf students to learn.
The XO offers a vast potential for communication in a native sign language via a built-in webcam, combined with an icon-based interface...
For people with cognitive impairments
The Sugar user interface already addresses many of the needs of people with cognitive impairments. It has very limited use of text, and provides an uncluttered interface. However, there are a number of additional things we can do for folks with cognitive impairments:
- Provide assistance with reading comprehension via context-sensitive word definitions (ideally of every piece of text on the screen)
- Provide assistance with text composition via context-sensitive spelling lookup (ideally everywhere that text can be composed)
- Provide assistance with text composition via context-sensitive synonyms and antonyms (ideally everywhere that text can be composed)
- Provide reading assistance by optionally reading text aloud via text-to-speech, and further optionally highlighting the words as the are read, synchronized with speech (see TextHelp's Read & Write product family for an example of this from the Windows world, and see Planetread for a similar application for general literacy in India).
- Provide the capability for teachers and therapists to create video for parents of interventions parents can do at home.
Statistics on cognitive impairments are very difficult to come by, as they include such a broad range of needs (e.g. we don't have statistics on things like dyslexia, which would be aided by optional text-to-speech). We do know that roughly 0.1% of the U.S. population either has "has mental retardation, developmental disability, Alzheimer's, or serious problem with confusion/forgetfulness". By our logic above, that works out to 1,000,000 target OLPC users. However, as noted, the number of people who would be aided by these features is far larger. (For dyslexia: see also E-readers prove easy on the eye for dyslexics).
For people with speech (generation) impairments
There are a variety of conditions that impact someone's ability to speak intelligibly. These include disabilities that impact muscle control of the vocal chords, and various developmental disabilities. Here what would be most helpful is to use the OLPC as a communications device (think of Stephen Hawking). The formal names of this use are "Augmentative Communication" or "Speech Generating Device" (the latter is a U.S. health insurance term). What is needed for this use is:
- A text-to-speech engine in the user's language (note: this is also needed for blind users)
- A library of pre-recorded phrases
- Typically a special "communication" program that allows the user to easily indicate phrases to be spoken
- Typically a special input device (like a single switch or head mouse, or a special keyboard) so that a user with limited physical dexterity can indicate their choice of phrase
Roughly 0.1% of the U.S. population either has "difficulty having their speech understood". By our logic above, that works out to 1,000,000 target OLPC users.
Tasks toward making the OLPC accessible
- We need to define what "accessibility" means in the OLPC context (this is primarily for Sugar, and would likely feed into some place like the Sugar accessibility design guidelines
- We need to make the GNOME accessibility framework work on OLPC/Sugar, in order to support assistive technologies (right now we have ATK, but AT-SPI depends upon CORBA and Bonobo which are presently too big to fit comfortable in the OLPC hardware envelope). This might mean putting the existing AT-SPI infrastructure on a major diet, or it might mean moving to something like DBUS (which is attractive for other reasons)
- We need to define & implement a handful of accessible themes for Sugar
- We need to ensure that Sugar & all OLPC Activities (the concept of "application") implement ATK and work with AT
- We need to ensure that Sugar & all OLPC Activities support these accessible themes (large print, high contrast, etc.)
- We need to bring software AT to the platform
Miscellaneous software ideas of interest
The following pages in this wiki may be of interest.
OLPC XO projects
- Video chat for sign language: http://foss.rit.edu/projects/ovc
- Orca - from Gnome, FAQ and wiki. LGPL license
- There's a Grupo de usuarios ciegos y deficientes visuales de GNU/Linux (blind and visually impaired GNU/Linux users group) and its wiki.
- At Blind Wiki you can find a OLPC related page, information about mobile technology for blind persons, a blindness related link list and info about the accessibility of Mediawiki based Wikis for screen reader users.
Alternative Input Devices
Accessibility Common Room
merged from the old page by that name
Please raise issues of accessibility, perhaps seek a solution to a problem, perhaps suggest a solution to a problem.
- Accessibility Computing Numerical Pointer page has been started.
- Communication Aid
- Special Needs Education
- End-user application software#Text to speech
- Input methods#Dasher - gesture text entry
- There was an accessibility mailing list, but it was closed in 2013-09 due to lack of activity. The archives are still available.
- XO 662, an accessibility design project at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
- Educational content ideas
- Ask OLPC a Question/New#Accessibility
- The Accessibility Users' Wiki
- The following linked page may be of interest. It is about a workshop starting in January 2008 about Multilingual Extensions to European Keyboard Layout. The workshop is due to last for just over one year. http://www.cen.eu/cenorm/sectors/sectors/isss/activity/ws+meek.asp
- A lively, informative, and touching recount of using the XO in a special needs classroom.
- The FLAME (Function, Language and Movement Education) Program was developed by specialists of HBAid staff based on the world-renowned Hungarian Pető Method which promotes "conductive education" to form new neural connections in the brain . The program provides comprehensive training for motor-skills-impaired children, their families, future instructors and instructor assistants. More: http://eudevdays.eu/topics/web-voices
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by Wendy Grinberg
Imagine you are in the leadership at a large, successful suburban congregation. Your religious school has a good reputation and the students who come give positive feedback. Recently, a consistent group of sixth graders have stopped attending altogether on Sundays. What is your reaction?
When this scenario played out at Barnert Temple in Franklin Lakes, New Jersey, the rabbi met individually with each family to asses where the congregation was failing to meet the needs of those families. Then they created a pilot program to better suit them. In an email their educator sent out following the meetings, she wrote, “Thanks to your honesty, we believe that Barnert is going to move into a new era that will offer all families a more accessible, relevant and meaningful Jewish experience.” This episode is a window into the culture of ongoing learning at Barnert Temple. I believe this culture is directly linked to the prevailing mindset in this community, what Stanford University psychologist Dr. Carol Dweck calls a “growth mindset.”
In her writing, a growth mindset is contrasted to a “fixed mindset.” In a fixed mindset, people believe their strengths and weaknesses are a given. In a growth mindset, people believe that they can develop their abilities through hard work. A person with a growth mindset is open to feedback, seeks out challenges and learns from mistakes. A person with a fixed mindset is constantly concerned with proving him/herself and therefore shies away from any challenge in which s/he may fail. People with a fixed mindset also surround themselves with others who make them look good, while those with a growth mindset want to be around people who push them to think differently and improve.
For an example from Jewish tradition, we can look to Hillel and Shammai. Take the famous story of the potential convert who challenges each rabbi to teach him the Torah while he stands on one foot. (Talmud Bavli, Shabbat 31a) Shammai chases the convert away. We guess his thought process was something like this: This person is ignorant. He has no respect for the depth and breadth of Judaism. He would only dilute and corrupt Judaism if he were converted. He is making a fool of me and all that I stand for. This kind of thinking comes out of a fixed mindset. When faced with the same challenge, Hillel responded, “What is hateful to you, do not to your neighbor: that is the whole Torah; the rest is commentary; go and learn it.” What mindset does this reaction reveal? The whole Torah on one foot? Now that’s an interesting challenge! I’ll give it a shot! This man is showing an interest in Judaism. Once he is attracted to Judaism and its philosophy, he will be able to learn more and become a true student of Torah and member of the Jewish community. This is the thinking of someone with a growth mindset, particularly revealed in Hillel’s concluding statement, “Go and learn it.” Hillel believes that learning is possible, even for this person, and that it will be transformative.
As Dr. Dweck explains, organizations can operate under either a growth or fixed mindset as well. In order to learn more about Barnert Temple’s culture and approach to learning, I interviewed eight people in the leadership, including both Rabbi Elyse Frishman and Rabbi Rachel Steiner and the Director of Lifelong Learning Sara Losch. The five volunteer leaders I interviewed (three women and two men) all are part of a self-study in the area of education. This group has been convened in order to look at trends in Jewish education as well as patterns and challenges of Barnert’s education offerings and then make recommendations for improvement. Through my interviews, I found that the growth mindset pervades their work and that this approach has a ripple effect through the congregation.
By highlighting the characteristics at this growth mindset congregation, I hope to show how other organizations can adopt this approach, becoming learning communities with an eye towards evolving and improving.
- Group process, not groupthink. Carol Dweck warns that when a CEO has a fixed mindset, “Everything starts revolving around the boss.” (123) When all that matters is boosting the boss’ ego, critical thinking goes by the wayside. In contrast, growth mindset leaders surround themselves with people who give meaningful feedback and represent different perspectives. The education self-study is just one in a series of think tanks and learning efforts devoted to improvement, including a worship think tank, identity think tank, groups to create vision and mission statements, and a recently created strategic planning committee. In the words of the lifelong learning chair, “We tend to like these kinds of participatory, soul-searching processes.” One of the most veteran members of the congregation involved in the self-study told me, “I think one of Barnert’s strengths has always been its willingness to approach self-examination.”
- Diverse voices. Central to the group process is representing a wide range of opinion and experience. The people on the task force came from a wide cross-section of the membership. In addition to this large group, focus groups and individual interviews were conducted. A task force member told me, “One of the untapped resources in our congregation is the background, knowledge and skills of our congregants in terms of education…. We once counted 300 people involved in committees at the synagogue.” What allows the senior leadership to open up major synagogue policies and philosophies to such a process? Rabbi Frishman told me, “As I think the work we are doing is really on the cusp, there are no answers to the questions we are answering, so if you invite the right people, they are going to have ideas that I haven’t thought of.” The growth mindset believes in the potential of honest searching and learning to yield meaningful answers. As growth mindset leaders do, Rabbi Frishman has built a team of people who are different than she is: “I love that. The team has to be different. We often make each other uncomfortable, but I’m really OK with that, because we really bring different things to the table.”
- The senior leadership sets the tone. As you can see, a big part of an organization having a growth mindset is a leader with a growth mindset. “People in a growth mindset don’t just seek challenge, they thrive on it. The bigger the challenge, the more they stretch.” (20) Rabbi Frishman in many ways embodies a growth mindset. “Do you always take the same road home?” she asked me. “I don’t. I like to always try a new way. I could just get in my car and ride through a new area.” Elyse came into a congregation that did not look like the current one. Although she credits the search committee with taking a forward-looking risk by hiring her, she had to work tirelessly to change the culture against significant resistance from veteran members.
- Mistakes are learning opportunities. Therefore, the leadership is open to critique. A mother of two described to me two challenges and how the leadership responded. “Whatever the issue is, they welcome it, they attack it, and they bring it to the forefront. There’s nothing hush-hush. For example, when my kids were in preschool, a lot of things happened by word of mouth, and working moms weren’t getting the word. When I didn’t hear about my son’s performance, I called the school office pretty upset. What did Sara do? She held off the play until I could get there. Then she met me at the door with a coffee. Another time one of my sons didn’t want to go to Hebrew school because he didn’t believe in God. So, I called. The staff responded by developing a whole unit on questioning, explaining that it’s part of Judaism. They taught it to the whole grade.” A culture marked by a growth mindset means not only that people feel comfortable coming forward with critiques and concerns, but also that leaders feel supported in taking risks which ultimately move the organization forward. As Sara Losch told me, “I don’t have to hit a home run every time at the plate.”
- Change is the only constant. People with a growth mindset thrive on challenge. They seek out opportunities for growth. More than once, people told me Barnert Temple was not a place that “liked to cruise.” As a result, members of Barnert Temple have learned to be comfortable with change as a mark of learning and evolution. One man I interviewed described his reactions to recent staff changes, explaining “Everything remained the same at the temple where I grew up. We felt we were looking for a solid, no change experience and were a little bit shocked by a change. It took a year to get used to it. I don’t know what else could possibly change, but we’ve seen over the past three years a significant amount of change, and it’s good change, and it feels like we’re growing the temple and the temple management and clergy are not just sitting on their laurels. They’re constantly trying to adapt and move the congregation forward.” Rabbi Frishman has a unique outlook when it comes to evaluating her success: “People look at our congregation and say: It’s not broken, and we say: You don’t see what’s going to happen in ten years. We know for sure based on everything we’re reading, this is not where we’ll be in a few years. If you don’t work on it, it’s going to disintegrate. I’ll know I’ve been successful if the children here join synagogues, or if synagogues don’t exist, they are connected to the Jewish community some way.” This is a stark example of the remarkable attitude a growth mindset provides. Rabbi Frishman’s openness to growth and the possibilities of change allow her to consider a world with no synagogues and still envision a successful outcome as a synagogue rabbi in that world.
- Learning is ongoing and for everyone. Here is where the growth mindset meets the learning organization. Carol Dweck writes, “Seymour Sarason was a professor of mine when I was in graduate school. He was a wonderful educator, and he always told us to question assumptions. ‘There’s an assumption,’ he said, ‘that schools are for students’ learning. Well, why aren’t they just as much for teachers’ learning?’” (201) Barnert Temple is a place where the staff, adults and children all engage in learning. Sara described to me a calendar full of learning and professional development opportunities for herself. In fact, she said that when she wasn’t initially going to conferences due to personal health reasons, “there was disappointment from Elyse and my chair.” A man I interviewed said he remembers the congregation where he grew up as a place with a lot of activities for kids, but that the plethora of adult learning opportunities at Barnert Temple sends a message about the ability of adults to grow as Jews. Rabbi Frishman models this; “I don’t see how we can ask people to grow if we don’t grow. People have to know that I’m always growing. I say it to members all the time. I am a better human being because of my partnership with them. I expect the same from them.”
The good news about a growth mindset is that anyone can learn it. You can change your mindset, and you can change your school or organization to be a place that encourages a growth mindset. To return to our ancient rabbis, while Shammai may have been more accurate to insist that the Chanukah lights diminish, Hillel embraced the challenge and potential of a new reality. Each Chanukah we broadcast the message of the growth mindset: embrace change, learn from challenges, and light increases.
Dweck, Carol S. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York: Random House, 2006. (All references in the article are to this book.)
Wendy Grinberg is the founder and director of the Jewish Education Lab and clinical faculty at HUC- JIR’s New York School of Education. You can contact her at [email protected]. For more about Barnert Temple, visit barnerttemple.org.
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E. Cobham Brewer 18101897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
On the introduction of Christianity, the custom of wassailing was not abolished, but it assumed a religious aspect. The monks called the wassail bowl the poculum caritatis (loving cup), a term still retained in the London companies, but in the universities the term Grace Cup is more general. Immediately after grace the silver cup, filled with sack (spiced wine) is passed round. The master and wardens drink welcome to their guests; the cup is then passed round to all the guests. (See GRACE CUP.)
A loving or grace cup should always have two handles, and some have as many as four.
Loving Cup. This ceremony, of drinking from one cup and passing it round, was observed in the Jewish paschal supper, and our Lord refers to the custom in the words, Drink ye all of it.
He [the master of the house] laid hold of the vessel with both hands, lifted it up, and saidBlessed be Thou, O Lord our God, thou king of the world, who hast given us the fruit of the vine; and the whole assembly said Amen. Then drinking first himself from the cup, he passed it round to the rest.Eldad the Pilgrim, chap. ix.
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There are a lot of ways you can increase your chances of losing weight once you commit to that goal and tracking your progress is one of them. Keeping a weight loss journal is a great way of keeping track of the strides you make as you lose weight. Believe it or not, researchers have actually looked into the effectiveness of using a weight loss journal.
It May Help Increase Weight Loss
A group of researchers at the University of Pittsburg decided to review a bunch of studies that looked into whether or not keeping a journal helped with weight loss. They reviewed 22 studies that looked into the effectiveness of self-monitoring to lose weight.
Some of these studies focused on self-monitoring diet.
One focused on self-monitoring exercise.
Others focused on self-monitoring weight loss.
After going over all of the data they found a strong connection between self-monitoring using a diary and weight loss.
Another study done at the National Cheng-Kung University in Taiwan was done to see if keeping a weight loss diary could increase weight loss while on a weight loss program. Researchers recruited 50 adults who were overweight or obese for this study.
They were all put on a weight loss program but some were asked to keep a weight loss journal.
They were also taught how to record diet and exercise details in an organized way.
The weight loss program lasted for 12 weeks.
While both groups lost weight the people who kept a weight loss journal loss twice as much weight as the group that did not. These results strongly suggest that keeping a weight loss journal can help increase the amount of weight you can lose.
Can Help with Diet
Another group of researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago did a study on older women to see if self-monitoring had an effect on weight loss. The kinds of self-monitoring involved in this study were the monitoring of body weight and diet.
Researchers recruited 123 overweight or obese women for this study who went on a 12 month weight loss diet.
Not only did they find that completing a food journal caused 3.7% greater weight loss but they also found that skipping meals was associated with 4.3% less weight loss.
They also found that eating out for lunch tended to cause 2.5% less weight loss.
These findings not only suggest that keeping a food journal can help with weight loss but also that making a habit out of skipping meals and not eating home cooked meals can reduce weight loss.
Using Digital Journals
Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh did another study to see how effective using a device called a personal digital assistant as a digital journal was at helping people increase the amount of exercise they got. This study involved 210 people who were put into 3 groups.
One group used paper to record the amount of exercise they got.
Another group used the personal digital assistant.
The last group used the personal digital assistant and had it give a tailored feedback message.
After monitoring these test subjects for 6 months researchers found that all of these groups increased the amount of exercise they got but the group that used the digital device that gave the feedback message was the most likely to reach their physical activity goals. People who used the digital device tended to record the amount of exercise they got more than the people who used paper. What these scientists found suggests that using a digital journal can help you stick with your fitness goals perhaps because it is more convenient to use.
Keeping track of your progress can work by keeping you motivated and focused on your goals.
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Primroses, Indoors and Out
We've all heard the saying down the primrose path. Primroses are a part of our lives. They are also some of the most beautiful flowers for home or for the garden. They come from a large family of plants with hundreds of species growing all over the globe. In the world of plants, primroses are both old and new. There are varieties that have been cultivated for over 500 years and new varieties are still discovered every year. Some are well suited to our gardens and a few do very well as seasonal blooming plants for indoors. These plants are as well known by their botanical name, Primula, as they are by their common name, primrose. The genus Primula was aptly named since the word comes from the Latin primus which means first. Primroses are among the first flowers to grace our gardens in early spring, though most are native to climates that tend to be cold and moist. While they vary greatly in flower color and size, they all grow a rosette of leaves at the base of the plant and hold their flowers above the foliage. Their leaves will vary greatly in size, color and texture, but they are all either oblong or obviate (egg shaped with the narrowest part closest to the stem of the leaf).
Primroses for Indoors
Primroses can be used to bring a unique touch of spring indoors in the winter. The key to getting the most out of an indoor primrose plant is to keep it where it receives bright light (but not direct sunlight), stays evenly moist and as cool as possible. In our winter climate, a sunny window that has a sheer curtain is almost always bright and cool. Direct morning sunlight is great, but avoid the afternoon sun. Ideal temperatures for an indoor primrose are mid-60ºs during the day and mid-50ºs at night. If you can't keep your primrose where it is cool, be sure to keep the humidity high. This can be accomplished by placing the plant on a humidity tray and misting the leaves (not the flowers) regularly. Primroses are sturdy plants that seldom have any insect or disease problems, but it is always advisable to be watchful. If the leaves get dusty, rinse them off with room temperature water. Keep in mind that while primroses need to stay consistently moist they cannot tolerate soggy soil.
Like cinerarias, primroses should be considered temporary indoor plants. Enjoy them while they are blooming and beautiful, and discard them when they are done. While they are technically longer-lived plants, getting them to rebloom indoors is a very difficult task. If you would like to try to keep them, continue watering the plant after the blooms have died back. Trim out the old flower stems. When the leaves die down, trim them off and keep the plant in a very cool place (such as a basement). In the spring, plant the primrose out in your garden. It may re-sprout and bloom again that spring and you may be lucky enough to have a perennial variety.
Primula for Outdoors
Primulas are wonderful additions to the early spring garden, often blooming as early as the crocus and daffodils. There are several types of Primulas that are of interest to northern gardeners. With a little research, you can find primulas to fit into a wide variety of garden conditions including rock gardens, bog gardens, woodland gardens and perennial borders. They also offer a wide range of flower colors, plant sizes and heights. They range from only an inch or two tall to the stately candelabra Primulas that hold their flower on 24-inch stems.
Generally, primroses in the garden prefer a cool site with bright light. It is important that the soil be well drained (their roots will be damaged during the winter if the soil is too wet or heavy). When they are given lots of organic matter and kept watered, their bloom season can last for weeks.
Trying to make sense of the hundreds of species and hundreds of varieties is mind-boggling. To make it easier, the species and varieties that are best in the garden can be divided into four types: Auricula, Candelabra, Denticulata and Vernales.
Auricula-type primroses are low growing, compact plants. They bear their blooms in umbels (clusters of blooms held closely together that all emerge from the same place on a single stem). The umbel of blooms is held several inches above the leaves. The auricula species is hardy to Zone 3 and has bright yellow blooms that are very fragrant. Lots of very nice Auricula type hybrids are available for our gardens, including a number that offer great red blooms, some with yellow eyes.
Candelabra-type primroses are larger plants. The leaves may be 4-8 inches long and the foliage may make a mass that is one foot high and wide. Their flowers are amazing clusters of flowers borne in whorls around the stem. The whorls are several tiers high on tall, stately stems up to 24-inches tall.
Denticulata-types are also known as drumstick primroses. They are hardy to Zone 4 and bring an unusual, globular flower form to the early spring garden. The drumstick primrose flower stems emerge early, sometimes even before the leaves develop.
Vernales primroses include those commonly known as cowslips and oxlips as well as the polyanthas. Cowslips, Primula veris, and oxlips, P. elatior, are both meadow plants that have been used in breeding more refined garden plants. This group also contains the compact Juliana hybrids that are at home in a lightly shaded border.
There are lots of other primroses and adventurous gardeners may want to test some of them in their own microclimates to see if they can be grown successfully. One type that might survive in a sheltered area is the English primrose, Primula vulgaris. They are only hardy to Zone 5, so they are not routinely grown here. Another marginally hardy (Zone 5) but tempting type is the Japanese primrose, Primula japonica. Japanese primroses are considered some of the easiest candelabra-type primroses to grow, assuming you have a warm microclimate. In addition to all the true primroses (botanically Primula) there are a few impostors that share the common name. Evening primroses are actually Oenotheras, not Primulas. It is important to be sure the plants you are dealing with are really Primulas, because the others have very different growing requirements.
Beautiful indoor primroses in bloom are available at Bachman's during the winter. Many outdoor primroses can be grown successfully from seed and Bachman's usually has a good selection on the various seed racks. Some types, such as the Juliana hybrids, do not propagate true from seed and should be purchased as plants. Plants are usually available from specialty growers such as Rice Creek Gardens in Blaine, Minnesota. For real enthusiasts, there is the American Primrose Society. It can be contacted by mail at 6730 W. Mercer Way, Mercer Island, WA 98040 or at their web address, http://www.eskimo.com/~mcalpin/aps.html.
© Bachman's 2004
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Posted by Angela on Saturday, August 23, 2008 at 12:06pm.
(hypotenuse length is 12 units)
I'm learning about trig ratios, and my dad was trying to compare it to a circle or something? All I know is
sin = a/c
cos = b/c
tan = a/b
you're trying to figure out the proportions of the lengths of the triangle relative to its angles, actually the other way around in this case.
In accordance with the ratios I listed above,
side A is opposite angle A
side B is opposite angle B
side C is opposite angle C
so, in this case, the right angle is <C and the hypotenuse is side C
thus, does: ?
sin = y/12
cos = x/12
tan = y/x
Now I'm a little confused on how to bring in the angles, and how do I know whether to use sin,cos, or tan?
What happens with a problem where I know 2 of the sides, and that it's a right triangle? I then have to figure out the other two angles x and y.
I can figure out the length of the third side using the Pythagorean theorem, but how to I reverse to figure out the angular proportions from the lengths?
Answer This Question
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Canoe in the Congo
Photograph by Michael Nichols, National Geographic
Canoes are vital for transportation on the rain forest rivers of the Republic of the Congo. The Congo Basin’s 500 million acres of tropical forest, second-largest in the world after the Amazon, are known for an incredible array of wildlife including great apes, forest elephants, and some 700 species of river fish. But people have also lived here for over 50,000 years. The Congo Basin currently provides water and food to about 75 million Africans.
Photograph by Annie Griffiths Belt, National Geographic
A scarlet macaw is caught munching a snack in Brazil's Amazon rain forest. These birds are best known for their loud cackles, four-toed feet, and brilliant plumage.
Photograph by Timothy G. Laman, National Geographic
Limited space in dense rain forests results in many unique plants, like this fig tree in the Philippines, which produces fruit on runners that come from its trunk instead of on its branches.
Lizard on a Leaf
Photograph by Brian Stinga, My Shot
A lizard suns itself on a leaf in the El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico. El Yunque is the only tropical rain forest in the U.S. National Forest system, which protects the 28,000 acres (11,331 hectares) in the Luquillo Mountains
Monkey and Coconut
Photograph by Nader Alhareedi, My Shot
A monkey from the Malaysian rain forest digs into a coconut snack. Malaysia is still heavily forested, about 60 percent of the nation is tree-covered, but deforestation has proceeded rapidly during the nation’s recent economic development. rain forests harbor tremendous biodiversity and those covering Peninsular Malaysia’s highlands also give rise to the rivers which supply 90 percent of the nation’s freshwater needs.
Osa Peninsula Streamside
Photograph by Alexander Ross, My Shot
Streams on Costa Rica’s remote Osa Peninsula flow through one of the world’s outstanding examples of lowland tropical rain forest, protected here by Corcovado National Park. Costa Rica’s signature park boasts an array of colorful flora and fungi and an amazing variety of larger animals, from estuary-dwelling crocodiles to secretive jaguars.
Photograph by Ian McAllister, Getty Images
A species of mushroom called Amanita muscaria or fly agaric dots the floor of a temperate coastal rain forest in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Identified by the white patches on its cap, this species of fungus can grow up to a foot high with a top as big as a dinner plate in some regions.
It is referred to as the fly agaric because people have been known to use pieces of the mushroom to attract and kill flies.
Sitka Spruce Trees
Photograph by Sarah Leen, National Geographic
Moss drapes a stand of Sitka spruce in the Hoh River Valley, a U.S. temperate rain forest in Washington State. Trees here often host plants that grow on other plants, such as moss.
Photograph by Heshan de Mel, My Shot
The cassowary has an intimidating stare and the bulk to back it up. These Australian rain forest-dwellers are the second-largest birds in the world, reaching 5.5 feet (1.7 meters) and 155 pounds (70 kilograms) and looking up only to the ostrich. Cassowaries tend to avoid humans but can use their powerful legs and dagger-like nails to deliver punishing blows to any aggressors. Though they run, jump, and swim well, cassowaries cannot fly.
Costa Rica Capuchin Monkeys
Photograph by Wolfgang Kaehler, Alamy
Baby white-faced capuchin monkeys play in a Costa Rican rain forest. Unlike these familiar faces, the majority of rain forest species are yet to be named, formally described, or analyzed.
Photograph by Timothy G. Laman, National Geographic
The rhinoceros hornbill is named for its characteristic “casque,” the strange structure situated on top of the bird’s bill. The uses of this “horn” aren’t fully understood but casques may play a role in attracting mates or amplifying bird calls. Rhinoceros hornbills feed mainly on fruit found in rain forest trees. They typically live in pairs and are known for an amazing nesting strategy during which the male seals up the female inside a hollow tree, leaving only a tiny beak hole through which to feed her and their young.
Red-eyed Tree Frog
Photograph by Roy Niswanger, My Shot
The red-eyed tree frog is an icon of the Central American rain forest. When asleep, it's green color provides effective camouflage. When threatened, the red of suddenly-exposed eyes or legs may startle predators and enable an escape. Female frogs lay eggs on leaves overhanging water so that their tadpoles will fall into ponds. The tadpoles feed on insects in the water until they develop into frogs and take to the trees.
Sunlight in the Rain Forest
Photograph by Fakhrurrazi Fakhrurrazi, Your Shot
Sunny rays penetrate the canopy of an Indonesian rain forest on Nias Island. Rain forests are among the Earth’s most biologically diverse habitats. Their fauna and flora are precious for their own sake but can also aid humans. Rain forest plants, for example, produce chemicals to combat insects and disease that have led to the development of many beneficial drugs. But rain forests around the world are being deforested at alarming rates—even as many of their species and secrets remain unknown to humans.
Learn about the causes and effects of acid rain, and what you can do to help.
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The National Geographic Society aims to be an international leader for global conservation and environmental sustainability. Learn more about the Society's green philosophy and initiatives.
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The Noahic deluge, the Red Sea crossing, John’s ministry of baptism, and Jesus’ own baptism were all water ordeals
Dr. Meredith Kline, former Professor of Old Testament at Westminster Seminary California, has a two-part paper entitled “Oath and Ordeal Signs” published in the Westminster Theological Journal 27 (1964/65), 115-139, and 28 (1965/66), 1-37. I have excerpted the part about ancient “water ordeals” in which he connects them to water baptism.
I hope this would be beneficial to those who are studying the doctrine of Christian water baptism—its meaning, mode and lawful recipients.
Kline says that “appeal to the gods for judicial decision was a standard feature in ancient legal procedure,” and that there are various forms of trial by ordeal in settling disputes and controversies. In Holy Scripture, the most graphic example of a trial by ordeal was the jealousy ordeal prescribed in Numbers 5:11-31. A more familiar variety was the drawing of lots to expose the guilty (Josh 7:14; Jon 1:7).
But in every judicial intervention of God in history, the ordeal principle is used. Most commonly, God uses water and fire.
The two common elemental forces that functioned as ordeal powers were water and fire. So it is too, as Peter observes, in cosmic history. God’s judgment of the ancient world was by water and the day of judgment awaiting the present heaven and earth will be an ordeal by fire. 1
The water ordeal was long current in the ancient Near East. It was practised throughout the Mesopotamian world and it is attested as early as the earliest known law code, that of the Sumerian Ur-Nammu. [The Hammurabi Code also has an example.]
Kline calls both the Noahic deluge and Red Sea crossing as water ordeals:
Archetype of water ordeals was the Noahic deluge. The main features of the subsequent divine-river trials were all found in the judgment of the Flood: the direct revelation of divine verdict, the use of water as the ordeal element, the overpowering of the condemned and the deliverance of the justified, and the entrance of the ark-saved heirs of the new world into the possession of the erstwhile estates of the ungodly.
The other outstanding water ordeals of Old Testament history were those through which Moses and Joshua led Israel at the Red Sea and the Jordan. These too were acts of redemptive judgment wherein God vindicated the cause of those who called upon his name and condemned their adversaries. The exodus ordeal, with Israel coming forth safe and the Egyptians overwhelmed in the depths, strikingly exemplified the dual potential of the ordeal process.
In the Jordan ordeal, the dispossession of the condemned by the acquitted was prominent. At that historical juncture the rightful ownership of Canaan was precisely the legal issue at stake and God declared in favor of Israel by delivering them from Jordan’s overflowing torrents. Thereby Israel’s contemplated conquest of the land was vindicated as a holy war, a judgment of God. And the melting hearts of the Amorite and Canaanite kings, who grasped the legal significance of the episode as a divine verdict against them, was the inevitable psychological result (which would contribute in turn to the fulfillment of the verdict) in a culture where, even if superstitiously, the reality of the sacred ordeal was accepted. 2
Kline sees John’s ministry of baptism as another trial by water ordeal:
Since, then, the most memorable divine judgments of all covenant history had been trials by water ordeal and since John was sent to deliver the ultimatum of divine judgment, it does not appear too bold an interpretation of the baptismal sign of his mission to see in it a symbolic water ordeal, a dramatic enactment of the imminent messianic judgment. In such a visualization of the coming judgment John will have been resuming the prophetic tradition of picturing the messianic mission as a second Red Sea judgment (and so as a water ordeal). 3
Indeed, read again in the light of the history of covenant ordeals, the whole record of John’s ministry points to the understanding of his water rite as an ordeal sign rather than as a mere ceremonial bath of purification. The description of John’s baptism as “unto the remission of sins”, which is usually regarded as suggesting the idea of spiritual cleansing, is even more compatible with the forensic conception of a verdict of acquittal rendered in a judicial ordeal.
The time had come when here in the Jordan River, where once Yahweh had declared through an ordeal that the promised land belonged to Israel, he was requiring the Israelites to confess their forfeiture of the blessings of his kingdom and their liability to the wrath to come. Yet John’s proclamation was a preaching of “good tidings” to the people (Lk. 3:18) because it invited the repentant to anticipate the messianic judgment in a symbolic ordeal in the Jordan, so securing for themselves beforehand a verdict of remission of sin against the coming judgment. To seal a holy remnant by baptism unto the messianic kingdom was the proper purpose of the bearer of the ultimatum of the great King.
Kline relates the water ordeals of the Noahic deluge, the Red Sea crossing, and John’s baptism ministry to water baptism:
Further support for the interpretation of a baptismal rite as a sign of ordeal is found in the biblical use of βαπτίζω (and βάπτισμα) to denote historic ordeals. 4 Paul described Israel’s Red Sea ordeal as a being baptized (I Cor. 10:2) and Peter in effect calls the Noahic deluge ordeal a baptism (I Pet. 3:21). To these passages we shall want to return. But of particular relevance at this point is the fact that John the Baptist himself used the verb βαπτίζω for the impending ordeal in which the One mightier than he would wield his winnowing fork to separate from the covenant kingdom those whose circumcision had by want of Abrahamic faith become uncircumcision and who must therefore be cut off from the congregation of Israel and devoted to unquenchable flames… “He shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire” (Matt. 3:11f.; Lk. 3:16f.; cf. Mk. 1:8). 5
More than that, John instituted a comparison between his own baptismal rite and the baptismal ordeal to be executed by the coming One: “I indeed baptize you with water … he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire.” John called attention to the great difference; his own baptism was only a symbol whereas the coming One would baptize men in an actual ordeal with the very elements of divine power. But the significant fact at present is not that John’s baptism was only a symbol but that, according to his own exposition of it, what John’s baptism symbolized was the coming messianic judgment. That is certainly the force of his double use of “baptize” in this comparison.
Kline now interprets the baptism of Jesus as another trial by water ordeal:
Jesus’ reception of John’s baptism can be more easily understood on this approach. As covenant Servant, Jesus submitted in symbol to the judgment of the God of the covenant in the waters of baptism. The event appropriately concluded with a divine verdict, the verdict of justification expressed by the heavenly voice and sealed by the Spirit’s anointing, Messiah’s earnest of the kingdom inheritance (Matt. 3:16, 17; Mk. 1:10, 11; Lk. 3:22; cf. Jn. 1:32, 33; Ps. 2:7 f.). For Jesus, as the Lamb of God, to submit to the symbol of judgment was to offer himself up to the curse of the covenant. By his baptism Jesus was consecrating himself unto his sacrificial death in the judicial ordeal of the Cross. 6 Such an understanding of his baptism is reflected in Jesus’ own reference to his coming passion as a baptism: “I have a baptism to be baptized with” (Lk. 12:50; cf. Mk. 10:38). 7
Further background for Jesus’ conceptualizing of his sufferings as a water ordeal (and at the same time an additional antecedent for John’s introduction of a water rite symbolic of judicial ordeal) is found in those supplicatory Psalms in which the righteous servant pleads for deliverance from overwhelming waters. Of particular interest is Psalm 69 , from which the New Testament draws so deeply in its explication of the judicial sufferings of Christ: “I am come into deep waters, where the floods overflow me … . Let not the waterflood overflow me, neither let the deep swallow me up” (vv. 2b, 15a ; cf. vv. 1, 2a, 14). 8
The currency of this imagery in the days of John and Jesus is attested by the Qumran hymns. The ultimate judicial origin of the figure in the literal practice of trial by water is evidenced by the judicial atmosphere and structuring of Psalms in which it appears. The suppliant pleads in the language of the law court. Against the lying accusations of his adversaries he protests his innocence and appeals for a manifestation of divine justice, that is, for deliverance out of his ordeal. The suppliant Jonah found it possible to make literal use of this terminology of water ordeal in his appeal from the depths, and Jesus saw in Jonah’s trial by water the sign of his own judgment ordeal in the heart of the earth. 9
In concluding this Part One, he focuses on how John’s ministry of baptism was an ultimatum to Israel, whether they wanted to receive God’s blessing or curse:
John the Baptist was sent as a messenger of the Old Covenant to its final generation. His concern was not to prepare the world at large for the coming of Christ but to summon Israel unto the Lord to whom they had sworn allegiance at Sinai, ere his wrath broke upon them and the Mosaic kingdom was terminated in the flames of messianic judgment. The demand which John brought to Israel was focused in his call to baptism. This baptism was not an ordinance to be observed by Israel in their generations but a special sign for that terminal generation epitomizing the particular crisis in covenant history represented by the mission of John as messenger of the Lord’s ultimatum.
From the angle of repentance and faith, John’s ultimatum could be seen as a gracious invitation to the marriage feast of the Suzerain’s Son; and John’s baptism, as a seal of the remission of sins. Bright with promise in this regard was Jesus’ submission to John’s baptism. For the passing of Jesus through the divine judgment in the water rite in the Jordan meant to John’s baptism what the passing of Yahweh through the curse of the knife rite of Genesis 15 meant to Abraham’s circumcision. In each case the divine action constituted an invitation to all recipients of these covenant signs of consecration to identify themselves by faith with the Lord himself in their passage through the ordeal. So they might be assured of emerging from the overwhelming curse with a blessing. Jesus’ passage through the water ordeal with the others who were baptized in the Jordan was also one in meaning with the Lord’s presence with Israel in the theophany pillar during the passage through the Red Sea, and in the ark of the covenant during their crossing of the Jordan…
Viewed from a more comprehensive vantage point, John’s baptism was a sign of the ordeal through which Israel must pass to receive a judgment of either curse or blessing, for it represented the demand of a suzerainty-law covenant, an engagement sealed by dual sanctions. The actual judgment, experienced by that generation to which John was sent, was an ordeal unto the cursing and casting off of Israel, a remnant only being excepted. 10 The city and the sanctuary were destroyed and the end thereof was with a flood, a pouring out of desolation. 11 To this overflowing wrath the waters of John’s baptism had pointed, as well as to the remission of sins received by the remnant according to the election of grace.
By his message and baptism John thus proclaimed again to the seed of Abraham the meaning of their circumcision. Circumcision was no guarantee of inviolable privilege. It was a sign of the divine ordeal in which the axe, laid unto the roots of the unfruitful trees cursed by Messiah, would cut them off. 12 John’s baptism was in effect a re-circumcising.
Stand by for Part 2.
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Let us now assume that the billiard table is a circle rather than a polygon. The rules remain the same
in principle, but we will summarize them below. Consider that a red ball hits the circle from the inside at a point P
Then take the tangent to the circle at that point. The incoming angle, say a, that the trajectory makes with the
tangent is equal to the outgoing angle, say b, of the same lines, as shown in the figure. The situation is
the same if we consider an ellipse instead of the circle: the ball bounces with respect to the tangent, as in the
case of the rectangular billiards table.
Consider the following amusing puzzle from MatheMUSEments, Reference #5.
Suppose there is a pocket in the center of a circular table, depicted grey, and a black ball. We wish to
put the black ball into the pocket. Assume that there is no friction and so a ball could bounce forever.
It turns out that this is not always possible. The black ball can follow a path that never passes close to
the center of the table, therefore never hitting the pocket.
Consider again the question from, Reference #7,
but not on a rectangular billiard table, but on a circular one.
We start with a ball on the circle and we ast whether it is possible to hit it in such a way so that it
returns to the original position after exactly 6 bounces. The answer is positive and we call such trajectories
However, there are also nonperiodic trajectories. In other words, it is possible to shoot a ball located on
the margin in such a way so that the trajectory never returns back at the same spot. In fact the trajectory will
not enter at all in a small disc centered at the center of the table, but will fill completely the remaining of
the table. A multi-bounces trajectory is depicted below. In order to obtain such a picture one has to shoot the ball
situated on the circle at an incidence angle (say a, as in the first picture) that is irrational multiple of π.
Remark: It is not possible for the trajectory of a moving ball to cover the whole disc completely, i.e.
to be dense in the entire disc.
Let us look at an elliptical billiard table, where there are even more surprising and unusual features, also described in Reference #4, Reference #2,. Suppose that
we have a pocket at one focus of the ellipse and a ball at the other focus, and that we wish to put the
ball in its pocket. We shoot in any direction, hit the cushion, bounce off and enter the pocket immediately.
In this case one does not need any accuracy to hit the pocket.
If we now have only one ball placed at a focus and shoot in any direction, then the ball bounces from the cushion,
passes over the other focus and continues to pass over a focus. Not many bounces are needed to notice that the
trajectory of the ball will eventually follow the major axis of the ellipse.
Suppose now that the ball does not start at a focus. If the trajectory of the ball does not pass between
the foci, then the ball avoids a smaller ellipse (with the same foci) in the middle. The trajectory is then
dense in the region between the two ellipses. If however the trajectory passes between the two foci, then
the trajectory describes a hyperbola with the same foci as the elliptical table. We assume of course that
the ball bounces from the cushion forever, i.e. there is no friction. Thus the ball does not enter at all
in a region described by a hyperbola with the same foci. The pictures below describe these phenomena:
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A researcher analysing the sounds in languages spoken around the world has detected an ancient signal that points to southern Africa as the place where modern human language originated.
The finding fits well with the evidence from fossil skulls and DNA that modern humans originated in Africa. It also implies, though does not prove, that modern language originated only once, an issue of considerable controversy among linguists.
The detection of such an ancient signal in language is surprising. Because words change so rapidly, many linguists think that languages cannot be traced very far back in time. The oldest language tree so far reconstructed, that of the Indo-European family, which includes English, goes back 9,000 years at most.
Quentin D. Atkinson, a biologist at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, has shattered this time barrier, if his claim is correct, by looking not at words but at phonemes — the consonants, vowels and tones that are the simplest elements of language.
He has found a simple but striking pattern in about 500 languages: A language area uses fewer phonemes the farther that early humans had to travel from Africa to reach it. Some of the click-using languages of Africa have more than 100 phonemes, whereas Hawaiian, toward the far end of the human migration route out of Africa, has only 13. English has 45 phonemes.
This pattern of decreasing diversity with distance, similar to the well-established decrease in genetic diversity with distance from Africa, implies that the origin of modern human language is in the region of southwestern Africa, Atkinson says in an article published on Thursday in the journal Science.
Language is at least 50,000 years old, the date that modern humans dispersed from Africa, and some experts say it is at least 100,000 years old. Atkinson, if his work is correct, is picking up a distant echo from this far back in time.
Linguists tend to dismiss any claims to have found traces of language older than 10,000 years, “but this paper comes closest to convincing me that this type of research is possible”, said Martin Haspelmath, a linguist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.
Atkinson is one of several biologists who have started applying to historical linguistics the sophisticated statistical methods developed for constructing genetic trees based on DNA sequences. These efforts have been regarded with suspicion by some linguists.
In 2003, Atkinson and Russell Gray, another biologist at the University of Auckland, reconstructed the tree of Indo-European languages with a DNA tree-drawing method called Bayesian phylogeny.
The tree indicated that Indo-European was much older than historical linguists had estimated and hence favoured the theory that the language family had diversified with the spread of agriculture about 10,000 years ago, not with a military invasion by steppe people about 6,000 years ago, the idea favoured by most historical linguists.
“We’re uneasy about mathematical modelling that we don’t understand juxtaposed to philological modelling that we do understand,” Brian D. Joseph, a linguist at Ohio State University, said about the Indo-European tree. But he thinks that linguists may be more willing to accept Atkinson’s new article because it does not conflict with any established area of linguistic scholarship.
Take this seriously
“I think we ought to take this seriously, although there are some who will dismiss it out of hand,” Joseph said.
Another linguist, Donald Ringe of the University of Pennsylvania, said: “It’s too early to tell if Atkinson’s idea is correct, but if so it’s one of the most interesting articles in historical linguistics that I’ve seen in a decade.”
Atkinson’s finding fits with other evidence about the origins of language. The bushmen of the Kalahari desert belong to one of the earliest branches of the genetic tree based on human mitochondrial DNA.
Their languages belong to a family known as Khoisan and contain many click sounds, which seem to be a very ancient feature of language.
And they live in southern Africa, which Atkinson’s calculations point to as the origin of language. But whether Khoisan is closest to some ancestral form of language “is not something my method can speak to”, Atkinson said.
His study was prompted by a recent finding that the number of phonemes in a language is related to the number of people who speak it. This gave him the idea that phoneme diversity would increase as a population grew but fall again when a small group split off and migrated away from the parent group.
Such a continual budding process, which is how the first modern humans expanded round the world, is known to produce what biologists call a serial founder effect. Each time a smaller group moves away, there is a dilution in its genetic diversity. The reduction in phonemic diversity over increasing distances from Africa, as seen by Atkinson, parallels the reduction in genetic diversity already recorded by biologists.
For either kind of diversity dilution to occur, the population budding process must be rapid, or diversity will build up again. This implies the human expansion out of Africa was very rapid at each stage. The acquisition of modern language, or the technology it made possible, may have triggered the expansion, Atkinson said.
“What’s so remarkable about this work is that it shows language doesn’t change all that fast – it retains a signal of its ancestry over tens of thousands of years,” said Mark Pagel, a biologist at the University of Reading in England who advised Atkinson.
(New York Times News Service)
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October 16, 2012
Lack Of Sleep Disrupts Fat Cells’ Ability To Respond To Insulin
Brett Smith for redOrbit.com - Your Universe Online
While it is well-documented that a lack of sleep can make people irritable and unfocused, a new study from University of Chicago Medicine researchers shows that a lack of rest can also affect fat cells–making them 30 percent less responsive to insulin.The study, published in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, is the first to describe a molecular mechanism that is directly affected by sleep loss. This disruption of fat cells can then lead to additional adverse effects, according to researchers.
"We found that fat cells need sleep to function properly," said study author Matthew Brady, an associate professor of medicine at the University of Chicago. "Body fat, also known as adipose tissue, stores and releases energy. In storage mode, fat cells remove fatty acids and lipids from the circulation where they can damage other tissues. When fat cells cannot respond effectively to insulin, these lipids leach out into the circulation, leading to serious complications."
To study how sleep loss can affect metabolism, the team recruited seven healthy and active adults to live in a sleep laboratory for two, four-day periods. The volunteers were fed identical meals over this time period and had no access to snack foods.
During the first four-day period, the participants were asked to spend 8.5 hours a night in bed and slept an average of 7.9 hours. During the second session, they were asked to spend 4.5 hours a night in bed and slept an average of 4.4 hours–resulting in the loss of 14 hours of sleep over the course of 4 days.
At the end of each four-day session, participants´ response to insulin was tested. Fat tissue was also collected from each volunteer and tested for its response to insulin at the cellular level.
The results show the average response to insulin by participants´ bodies dropped by 16 percent after the sleep deprivation period. More alarmingly, the fat cells showed a 30 percent decrease in insulin response. The researchers noted that these results indicate a precursor to type-2 diabetes.
"Sleeping four to five hours a night, at least on work days, is now a common behavior" said study author and sleep specialist Esra Tasali, a professor of medicine at the university.
“Some people claim they can tolerate the cognitive effects of routine sleep deprivation," said co-author Eve Van Cauter, another professor at the University of Chicago. "In this small but thorough study, however, we found that seven out of seven subjects had a significant change in insulin sensitivity. They are not tolerating the metabolic consequences."
The researchers noted that their findings underline the need for people to get a good night´s sleep or make up for sleep loss whenever possible.
Van Cauter admits that individual sleep needs vary, with younger people requiring seven to nine hours and older folks needing slightly less. She recommends using vacation time to discover your personal sleep needs by shutting off any alarm clocks and calculating the average time your body sleeps over the course of several days.
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One of our summer research projects has focused on the refinement of audio, sound and music blocks and strategies for Scratch 2.0, the visual programming environment for kids developed by the Lifelong Kindergarten Group at the MIT Media Lab. Out of the box, Scratch provides some basic sound and audio functionality via the following blocks of the left hand side:
These blocks allow the user to play audio files selected from a built-in set of sounds or from user-imported MP3 or WAV files, play MIDI drum and instrument sounds and rests, and change and set the musical parameters of volume, tempo, pitch, and duration. Most Scratch projects that involve music utilize the “play sound” blocks for triggering sound effects or playing MP3s in the background of interactive animation or game projects.
This makes a lot of sense. Users have sound effects and music files that have meaning to them, and these blocks make it easy to insert them into their projects where they want.
What’s NOT easy in Scratch for most kids is making meaningful music with a series of “play note”, “rest for”, and “play drum” blocks. These blocks provide access to music at the phoneme rather than morpheme levels of sound. Or, as Jeanne Bamberger puts it, at the smallest musical representations (individual notes, rests, and rhythms) rather than the simplest musical representations (motives, phrases, sequences) from the perspective of children’s musical cognition. To borrow a metaphor from chemistry, yet another comparison would be the atomic/elemental vs. molecular levels of music.
To work at the individual note, rest, and rhythms levels requires quite a lot of musical understanding and fluency. It can often be hard to “start at the very beginning.” One needs to understand and be able to dictate proportional rhythm, as well as to divine musical metadimensions by ear such as key, scale, and meter. Additionally, one needs to be fluent in chromatic divisions of the octave, and that in MIDI “middle C” = the note value 60. In computer science parlance, one could describe the musical blocks included with Scratch as “low level” requiring a lot of prior knowledge and understanding with which to work.
To help address this challenge within Scratch, our research group has been researching ways of making it easier for users to get musical ideas into Scratch, exploring what musical data structures might look like in Scratch, and developing custom blocks for working at a higher, morpheme level of musical abstraction. The new version of scratch (2.0) enables power users to create their own blocks, and we’ve used that mechanism for many of our approaches. If you want to jump right in to the work, you can view our Performamatics @ NYU Scratch Studio, play with, and remix our code.
Here’s a quick overview of some of the strategies/blocks we’ve developed:
- Clap Engine – The user claps a rhythm live into Scratch using the built-in microphone on the computer. If the claps are loud enough, Scratch samples the time the clap occurred and stores that in one list, as well as the intensity of the clap in a second list. These lists are then available to the user as a means for “playing back” the claps. The recorded rhythm and clap intensities can be mapped to built in drum sounds, melodic notes, or audio samples. The advantage of this project is that human performance timing is maintained, and we’ve provided the necessary back-end code to make it easy for users to play back what they’ve recorded in.
- Record Melody in List – This project is a presentation of a strategy developed by a participant in one of our interdisciplinary Performamatics workshops for educators. The user can record a diatonic melody in C major using the home row on the computer keyboard. The melody performed is then added to a list in Scratch, which can then be played back. This project (as of now) only records the pitch information, not rhythm). It makes it easier for users to get melodies into computational representation (i.e., a Scratch list) for manipulation and playback.
- play chord from root pitch block – This custom block enables the user to input a root pitch (e.g., middle C = 60), a scale type (e.g., major, minor, dim7, etc.), and duration to generate a root position chord above the chosen root note. Playing a chord now only takes 1 “play chord” block, rather than 8-9 blocks.
- play ‘ya’ beats block – This block is very similar in design to the ‘play drum beats’ block in that the works with short strings of text, but instead triggers a recorded sound file. The symbols used to rhythmically trigger audio samples in this block are modelled after Georgia Tech’s EarSketch project for teaching Python through Hip-Hop beats.
- Musical Typing with Variable Duration – This project solves a problem faced by our group for a long time. If one connects a computer keyboard key to a play note block, an interesting behavior happens: The note is played, but as the key is held down the note is restarted multiple times in rapid-fire succession. To help solve this, we needed to write some code that would “debounce” the computer key inputs, but keep sustaining the sound until the key is released. We did this with a piece of Scratch code that “waits until the key is not pressed” followed by a “stop all” command to stop the sounds. It’s a bit of a hack, but it works.
- MIDI Scratch Alpha Keyboard – This project implements the new Scratch 2.0 Extension Mechanism to add external MIDI functionality. The project uses a new set of custom MIDI blocks to trigger sounds in either the browser’s built-in Java synthesizer, or any software or hardware synthesizer or sample you have in or connected to your computer. With these blocks, you now have access to full quality sampled sounds, stereo pan control, access to MIDI continuous controllers and pitch bend, and fine grained note on/note off. Read more about this on our research page.
I hope you find these strategies & blocks useful in your own Scratch/Computing+Music work.
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General Biology/Classification of Living Things/Viruses
Viruses are the smallest biological particle (the tiniest are only 20 nm in diameter). However, they are not biological organisms so they are not classified in any kingdom of living things. They do not have any organelles and cannot respire or perform metabolic functions. Viruses are merely strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat called a capsid. Viruses only come to life when they have invaded a cell. Outside of a host cell, viruses are completely inert.
Since first being identified in 1935, viruses have been classified into more than 160 major groups. Viruses are classified based on their shape, replication properties, and the diseases that they cause. Furthermore, the shape of a virus is determined by the type and arrangement of proteins in its capsid. Viruses pathogenic to humans are currently classified into 21 groups.
Viruses can also attack bacteria and infect bacterial cells. Such viruses are called bacteriophages.
As previously stated, viruses are not a biological life form so they cannot reproduce by themselves. They need to take over a functioning eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell to replicate its DNA or RNA and to make protein coat for new virus particles.
In order to enter a cell, a virus must attach to a specific receptor site on the plasma membrane of the host cell. The proteins on the surface of the virus act as keys which fit exactly into a matching glycoprotein on the host cell membrane. In some viruses, the attachment protein is not on the surface of the virus but is in the capsid or in the envelope.
There are two forms of viral replication: the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle.
- Attachment: The virus binds to specific receptors on the host cell.
- Entry: There are two ways in which a virus can enter cells. Firstly, the virus can inject its nucleic acid into the host cell. Secondly, if a virus is contained in an envelope, the host cell can phagocytosise the entire virus particle into a vacuole. When the virus breaks out of the vacuole, it then releases its nucleic acid into the cell.
- Replication: The virus's nucleic acid instructs the host cell to replicate the virus's DNA or RNA.
- Assembly: New virus particles are assembled.
- Lysis and Release: The virus directs the production of an enzyme which damages the host cell wall, causing the host cell to swell and burst. The newly formed virus particles are now released.
- Attachment: Similar to Lytic Cycle
- Entry: Similar to Lytic Cycle
- Incorporation: The viral nucleic acids is not replicated, but instead integrated by genetic combination (crossing over) into the host cell's chromosome. When integrated in a host cell this way, the viral nucleic acid as part of the host cell's chromosome is known as a prophage.
- Host Cell Reproduction: The host cell reproduces normally. Subsequent cell divisions, daughter cells, contain original father cell's chromosome embedded with a prophage.
- Cycle Induction: Certain factors now determine whether the daughter cell undergoes the lytic or lysogenic cycle. At any time, a cell undergoing the lysogenic cycle can switch to the lytic cycle.
The reproduction cycle of viruses with RNA and no DNA is slightly different. A notable example of a RNA-based virus is HIV, a retrovirus.
Retrovirus reproductive cycle
- The retrovirus force RNA into cell, by either one of the two methods of entry (See above).
- In the retrovirus are reverse transcriptase enzymes, which catalyses the synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA.
- Reverse transcriptase catalyses a second DNA strand complementary to the first. With these two strands, the double-stranded DNA can be created.
- DNA is then incorporated into the host cell's chromosomes. Similar to the concept of a prophage, this incorporated DNA is called a provirus. However, the provirus never leaves the host cell, unlike a prophage.
- The infected host cell undergoes the lytic or lysogenic cycle.
The genome of a virus consists of DNA or RNA, whose size and configuration vary. The entire genome can exist as a single nucleic acid molecule or several nucleic acid segments. Also, the DNA or RNA may be single-stranded or double-stranded, and either linear or circular.
Not all viruses can reproduce in a host cell by themselves. Since viruses are so small, the size of their genome is limiting. For example, some viruses have coded instructions for only making a few different proteins for the viruses' capsid. On the other hand, the human genome codes for over 30,000 different proteins. Therefore, the lack of coded instructions cause some viruses to need the presence of other viruses to help them reproduce themselves. Such viruses are called replication defective.
Lastly, it is worthy to note that 70% of all viruses are RNA viruses. As the process of RNA replication (with enzymes and other organelles of the host cell) is more prone to errors, RNA viruses have much higher mutation rates than do DNA viruses.
Viruses Practice Questions
- As the name implies, the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus targets tomatoes. Would it be possible for this virus to target other fruits as well? Explain.
- Many people have had cold sores, which are caused by infection with the herpes simplex virus. One characteristic of cold sores is that after a period of inactivity, they will reappear many times during the course of a person's life. Which cycle would the herpes simplex virus undergo?
- Chicken pox is a common, non-fatal disease usually acquired in adolescence and caused by the varicella zoster virus. In adulthood, many people suffer from shingles, an altered form of the varicella zoster virus. Which cycle would the varicella zoster virus have undergone?
- Would an antibiotic work for a person suffering from a cold of flu? Explain.
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Home : 2004 : Jul : 12
1) 3 Branches of Government Hanger Mobile-from Super Social Studies Quick and Easy Activities, Games, and Manips. Scholoastic.
2) Election Bingo- I think from Education World.com.
3) Illustrate the Election Process...the Steps to Presidency.
4) Education World has a great set of lessons on Editorial Cartoons. Explain them, show samples, analyze, and create your own.
5) www.whitehouse.gov has a bio on G. W. Bush and his stance on various issues. Of course, Kerry's are there, too.
6) Election Trivia/Jeopardy/Bingo
7) Electoral Vs. Popular vote
8) Outline history of Voting
9) America Votes is a good resource for your age group. Also, You Want Women to Vote, Lizzie Stanton..
10) Create an Election 2004 book or magazine.
11) Great resources:: Electing the President: Dandy Lion Pub., Candidates, Campaigns and Elec scholastic; Spotlight on America : Elections Teacher Created Materials; Electing Our President Instructional Fair.
12) Hail to the Chief...Good picture book
13) So, You Want to be President....good book
14) Don't Know Much About the Presidents...daily triva
15) Mr. President: A Book of US Presidents
16) Ask Me Anything About the Presidents by Louis Phillips
17) How to Be President : What do Do and Where to Go Once YOu're in Office...by Stephen P. Williams....cool facts
18) Symbols....learn the symbols for Rep. and Dem. and create new ones.
19) Slogans...See the 2005 Kids' Almanac for past slogans...create a slogan for one of the candidates today.
20) Reader's Digest..May 2004..Word Power..George Washington and Reader's Digest Challenge...Presidential Trivia...
Good Luck and have fun!!
For individual use only. Do not copy, reproduce or
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April 20, 2011
Lightning-Fast Materials Testing Using Ultrasound
For years, ultrasound has proven to be a valuable tool in non-destructive materials testing. However, the demands of modern production conditions are increasing all the time. Researchers at Fraunhofer have now developed a new, more reliable process that delivers testing results at a rate that is up to a hundredfold higher.
Expectant mothers are familiar with the procedure: the physician examines them with an ultrasound apparatus that displays lifelike images of the fetus on the monitor. The application of this technology has been customary in medicine for years; in materials testing though, it has been used only in relatively rudimentary form to date. Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Non-Destructive Testing IZFP in Saarbrcken have adapted the conventional sonar procedure "“ a simple ultrasound method "“ and have succeeded in generating three-dimensional images with the aid of innovative software. At the same time, they have increased the testing rate a hundredfold.Many areas of quality assurance or production for the construction industry call for reliable testing methods: be it pipelines, railway wheels, components for power plants, bridge piers or items mass-produced by the thousands, there is a need to ensure that deep down the items produced are free from tiny fissures or imperfections. For many years, ultrasound has proven a valuable tool in non-destructive materials testing. An ultrasonic transducer radiates sound waves into the work piece, and the time the signals require to travel and be reflected back indicates where material defects are located. Scanning work pieces in this way is relatively time-consuming, since, an inspection tact can only register a single beam angle. Thus many measurements must be performed to assemble the composite image suitable for evaluation of inspection results.
However, this approach is too slow if ultrasound testing is to be integrated in ongoing production or applied to large components. That is why Dr.-Ing. Andrey Bulavinov and his team at IZFP have developed a new method that works at up to 100 times the speed. "We no longer use the sonar method that emits a sound field in just one particular direction. Instead, we use the probe "“ which experts refer to as a "phased array" "“ to generate a defocused, non-directional wave that penetrates the material," the engineer explains. "What we get back are signals coming from all directions, and the computer uses these signals to reconstruct the composite image." In a manner similar to subterranean seismic testing, it analyzes physical changes the wave encounters in the material "“ diffraction and heterodyning "“ and uses this information to determine the conditions within the material itself. "We follow the sound field," Bulavinov notes, "and calculate the work piece characteristics on the basis of that." Similar to computer tomography in medicine, in the end we receive three-dimensional images of the examined object where any imperfections are easy to identify. The startling thing about this approach is that with it, a fissure is now visible even if the ultrasound was not specifically directed at it.
I-Deal Technologies, an IZFP spinoff, markets testing systems based on this principle. "The method is suitable for virtually all materials used in the aerospace as well as the automobile industry, particularly for lightweight materials," managing director Bulavinov emphasizes. "Our method is even suited for use with austenitic steel "“ a type of steel that currently can be tested with traditional ultrasound methods only to a very limited degree." Upon request, the researchers also offer a fully automated quantitative analysis of the ultrasound test results. The IZFP is also demonstrating this method at Control 2011, the International Trade Fair for Quality Assurance, in Stuttgart from May 3-6 (Hall 1, Stand 1502).
On the Net:
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The Case for Rejecting or Respecting the Staff of Life
Gluten intolerance, wheat allergy and celiac dis- ease are all related categories of digestive and immune system disorders that have become increasingly familiar to anyone following modern trends in human health. Barely a decade ago, gluten intolerance and celiac disease were considered uncommon genetic aberrations, occurring in perhaps 1 in 2500 persons worldwide.
In just the last few years the prevalence of putative sufferers has been revised upward so frequently that it is hard to find general consensus moment by moment, but about 1 in 130 (or approaching 1 percent of the U.S. population) seems to be the current speculation by several researchers and celiac support organizations, with similar numbers recorded in Europe. The National Institutes of Health convened its first conference on celiac disease only in 2004, however, yet concluded in its report that the condition is “widely unrecognized” and “greatly underdiagnosed” while symptom-free cases appear to be increasing.1
The story of how a class of food long revered as “the staff of life” should suddenly become a toxic substance to large numbers of people worldwide is complex and controversial, yet also provides revealing insights into modern agriculture, world trade and industrialized methods of food production.
In its over 8000-year history as a domesticated food, wheat continues to be the major grain consumed by humans, although it has not been the same wheat for all of those many centuries. Worldwide wheat production for 2004 was approximately 624 million tons; only corn production (largely used for animal consumption) exceeded this amount, and rice came in third. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations notes that wheat production has been growing by 1 percent annually to keep pace with world population growth, but that level will need to increase to 2.5 percent annually by 2025. With most arable land already in production, plant geneticists are laboring to develop wheat strains with “enhanced” characteristics that will produce ever more on limited acreage to meet demand.
Modern wheat has had a very long history of hybridization, starting with ancestral grasses in the wild and also occurring naturally in farmers’ fields in antiquity. Humans have continued the process chemically in the last century, and especially during the last 50 years in order to increase yields, resist fungal diseases and pest attacks, improve ease of mechanical harvesting and meet rigorous demands of industrial milling and mechanized baking methods. Transgenic wheat varieties via GMO technology are now waiting in the wings for their debut, albeit to an unexpectedly (at least to Monsanto) hostile audience both at home and abroad.
But even before these latest GMO changes, it appears that recent forced and accelerated hybridizations have changed wheat nutritionally in ways that no one seems to have considered, while research into the health effects of these transformations has barely begun. It is through the story of modern wheat’s pedigree, some of which is still disputed by archaeobotanists, that some light can be shed upon gluten intolerance and celiac disease.
Among the early grasses that produced nourishing food for people is the species of Triticum. Within this species, the einkorn, emmer and spelt groups all had a common ancestor about 10,000 years ago. Wild and cultivated einkorn are classified as diploid by plant geneticists; that is, their DNA contains two sets of chromosomes. Einkorn was widely distributed throughout the Near East, Transcaucasia, the Mediterranean region, southwestern Europe and the Balkans, and evidence of wild einkorn harvest remains have been dated in the late Paleolithic and early Mesolithic Ages (16,000-15,000 BCE). Cultivated einkorn continued to be a popular food crop during the Neolithic and early Bronze Ages (10,000-4,000 BCE) until finally giving way to emmer wheat in the mid Bronze Age. Einkorn cultivation continued from the Bronze Age until the last century in isolated regions within France, India, Italy, Turkey and Yugoslavia. A nutritious grain with high levels of protein, fat, vitamins and minerals, einkorn excelled at growing in cool environments and in marginal agricultural zones such as the thin soils of mountainsides.
A variant of wild einkorn probably mixed with another diploid wild grass, T. speltoides to produce a tetraploid cereal, T. dicoccoides, called wild emmer, with 4 sets of chromosomes. With more inherited characteristics, cultivated emmer wheat eventually pushed out einkorn in popularity as it could thrive in more environments and under wider, warmer, climate variations. Emmer became the predominant wheat throughout the Near and Far East, Europe and northern Africa until about 4,000-1,000 BCE, although it was still cultivated in isolated regions such as south-central Russia into the last century, and even today remains an important crop in Ethiopia and a minor crop in Italy and India.
Cereal geneticists have two theories for the sites of the emergence of spelt, a hexaploid wheat variant with 6 sets of chromosomes, but they agree that either wild or cultivated emmer must have moved into a geographical area where T. tauschii (goatgrass) was an indigenous species (southern Russia, western Iran and northern Iraq). Just as emmer wheat benefitted by the addition of genetic material in its adaptive advantage over einkorn, spelt (T. spelta) exhibited even more adaptability from the contribution of the characteristics of its wild grass parent. The spelt group of wheats are all hexaploid, although it is interesting to note that there are no known wild hexaploid forms of Triticum.
Common bread wheat, T. aestivum, also a hexaploid cereal, has the same ancestry as spelt, but exhibits the attractive characteristic of grain kernels that thresh free of their hulls. Einkorn, emmer and spelt all have tough, tenacious hulls that must be rubbed off with quite a bit of effort before the grains can be further processed and consumed by humans.
The high gluten content of T. aestivum also made it an excellent candidate for the development of leavened bread, which is commonly believed to have occurred in Egypt, due to its favorable wheat growing conditions, during the 17th century BCE, although bread wheat remained rare for a long time. Leavened bread made from refined flour, that is, milled and sifted many times, would have been very expensive and therefore a food only for the rich. Less affluent Egyptians ate flat bread from barley, and the poor ate sorghum. At about the same time, rye (Secale cereale, a diploid grain closely related to wheat and barley but considered a weed grass by the ancient Egyptians) was becoming a major bread grain of Slavs, Celts and Teutons in northern areas where the growing season was too short and cool for dependable production of T. aestivum.
Recent genome mapping of modern bread wheat with an eye to its toxic influence in celiac disease has isolated a small chain of peptides on a portion of the gluten protein which is directly responsible for stimulating the reaction in those with the celiac genetic inheritance. The plant genes responsible for contributing these peptides in wheat gluten are located on the third set of chromosomes that the hexaploid variants inherited from their wild parent. It is very interesting to note that neither the diploid nor the tetraploid cereal grains contain this genetic material. That is, cultivated diploid einkorn, and tetraploid emmer wheat along with certain of the durum pasta wheats as well as durum variants such as Kamut® (a brand name for T. turgidum or T. turanicum) and T. polonicum (Polish wheat) do not contain this genetic material.
These recent findings have of course sparked interest in cultivating wheat variants that may be harmless to those with celiac disease, or at least prevent the disease in others by limiting their exposure to the problematic wheat proteins.3 As always with a not-well-understood condition such as celiac disease, caution is advised. There may be other constituents in all wheat varieties and their close relatives yet to be identified as provocateurs in celiac disease, wheat allergies and gluten intolerance. However, reintroducing some of these wheat ancestors into small scale production will be an exciting improvement in the diversity of grain choices currently available, as well as offering us a broader nutritional profile. These ancestral grains are generally superior to the modern hybrids in mineral, vitamin, protein and fat content.
An Empire of Wheat
Food prejudices created class markers even in antiquity, as dark breads were associated with the poor and highly refined white breads with royalty and the rich. Only remnants of the works of Diphilis, a Greek dramatist of the 4th century BCE, have survived to our time, but among them is his paean to white bread: “Bread made of wheat, as compared with that made of barley, is more nourishing, more digestible and in every way superior. In order of merit, the bread made from refined [thoroughly sieved] flour comes first, after that bread from ordinary wheat, and then the unbolted, made of flour that has not been sifted.”
Still, Triticum aestivum took time to become the major world grain it is today and only became widespread during the onset of the modern age of industrialism when population shifts swelled Europe’s major cities with new labor forces needing to be fed. During the Middle Ages, for example, Europeans were very fond of the taste of rye, and as late as 1700 rye comprised 40 percent of all English bread, although by 1800 the percentage was barely five. Wheat bread had long been rare in Scotland, with only the wealthy indulging at Sunday dinner, but by about 1850 all classes, including laborers, ate it regularly.
Even in the new nation of America, wheat was only harvested for the first time in 1777, and was merely a horticultural hobby for George Washington–wheat was not yet eaten commonly by the citizenry, who preferred corn for its ease of cultivation and flexibility as food for both people and certain livestock. Poland exported three times as much rye as wheat in 1700, but a hundred years later the numbers were reversed, and even traditional rye-eating countries such as Denmark and Sweden became converted to eating wheat bread. However, “[w]here rye bread was very firmly established–in large parts of Germany and Russia–it remained. Physicians and farmers insisted that people who for centuries had eaten the dark bread of their fathers, which gave forth a spicy fragrance like the earth itself, could not find the soft white wheat bread filling. They pointed to the physique of the Germans and the rye-eating Russians. . . . The rye eaters said that wheat bread had no more nutritive value than air.”4
The population of western Europe surged after the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815), and so did a taste for wheat bread. European agriculture was struggling to meet the demands of an increased urban population as centuries of cultivation had depleted soil fertility. European soil chemists had recently discovered ways to produce chemical fertilizers but their overzealous application along with an incomplete understanding of the importance of soil organisms in humus led to soil poisoning and inconsistent yields. Political unrest in Europe, the Crimean War, the potato blight of 1846, a cholera epidemic and several bad harvests left France and England with severe food shortages. The timing was right for farmers in America to exploit vast areas of virgin soil to produce wheat to feed Europe and at the same time create millionaires in the young nation. By about 1860 America was exporting millions of tons of wheat to much of Europe and had built a vast, lucrative railway system to funnel the torrent of grain toward its ports. Except for parts of the world that still had a tradition of eating rice, such as Asia and Japan, or in isolated spots where rye, corn or minor cereal grains continued as traditional fare, it was wheat that had triumphed over much of the globe.
Bread to Feed the Masses
“The bread I eat in London is a deleterious paste, mixed up with chalk, alum and bone ashes, insipid to the taste and destructive to the constitution. The good people are not ignorant of this adulteration; but they prefer it to wholesome bread, because it is whiter than the meal of corn [wheat]. Thus they sacrifice their taste and their health. . . to a most absurd gratification of a misjudged eye; and the miller or the baker is obliged to poison them and their families, in order to live by his profession.” So wrote Tobias Smollet in The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker in 1771.
According to Anthony S. Wohl, professor of history at Vassar, “. . . to look back nostalgically and assume, for example, that the bread [of Victorian England] which formed the staff of life was home-baked, or, if bought, was wholesome and nutritional, is romantic nonsense. By the 1840s home-baked bread had died out among the rural poor; in the small tenements of the urban masses, unequipped as these were with ovens, it never existed. In 1872 Dr. Hassall, the pioneer investigator into food adulteration and the principal reformer in this vital area of health, demonstrated that half of the bread he examined contained considerable quanities of alum [aluminum sulphate].”6
With the advent of the Industrial Age, parts of the world destined to become the wealthiest empires–such as Great Britain and the United States–eventually gained reputations as nations that produced the worst bread. One could lament about it, joke about it, rage about it. . . but not much could be done about it, and certainly not on a scale necessary to provide excellent bread (or other foods, for that matter) to every citizen. But that, of course, is the point. The industrial scale is not the human scale, the scale of the artisan baker, cheesemaker or small farmer. The wealthy nations attracted many laborers from the countryside at home, and from towns and cities abroad, all wanting relief from poverty and various other serious privations. For better or worse, the people needed to be fed, and the fact that their bread was insipid, their milk watered, did not strike officials as a matter of first importance.
The US and UK finally passed laws criminalizing food adulteration in the 19th century, in order to put a stop to some of the worst abuses of heavy metal adulterants and other outright poisons, but violations continued to occur. Industrialized food production was and continues to be aimed at maximizing profits by keeping production costs low, accomplished by using the cheapest ingredients and cutting time spent in actual production itself.
The industry no longer uses aluminum sulphate to whiten bread, since its multiple poisoning effects are now well understood, but continues to resist prohibitions against the addition of harmful chemical additives and dough “improvers” necessary to produce consistent products via mechanized methods. Mass-produced bread in affluent countries in the 20th century has also certainly let standards slide as far as taste, texture, character and nutrition are concerned.
Seventy percent of all bread eaten in the United States was baked at home in 1910, but the percentage had plummeted to 30 by 1924. In 1927, the Continental Baking Company first introduced Wonder Bread, and three years later presented sliced Wonder Bread in a protective wrapper to the national market. That same year, 1930, Continental Baking also introduced Twinkies.
(Shredded wheat entered the food supply in 1889; the National Biscuit Company formulated Triscuits in 1902 and Oreo cookies in 1924.)
Wonder Bread was involved in a government-sponsored experiment dubbed “the quiet miracle” to enrich white bread with vitamins and minerals as a way of ameliorating deficiency diseases suffered by the poor; what officials never acknowledged was the fact that it was the new foods themselves that were impoverished.
Industrial Baking Technologies
The history of commercially produced bread in factory bakeries includes feats of mechanical and chemical engineering that are breathtaking in their sheer contempt for the art of traditional food preparation. The boast of “never touched by human hands” has become the new mark of pride in food science, hygiene and modernity. Indeed, when reading industry-directed presentations on methods and machinery, one can easily be confused by seemingly familiar terms such as “dough,” “proofing,” “rising” and even “bread,” which no longer bear any resemblance to their original and expected meanings.
Mechanized bread production lines have evolved over time to include three main dough mixing variations. The first is the continuous mixing method, introduced in the 1950s. By the mid 1970s, this rapid production method accounted for 60 percent of all commercial bread produced in the United States. With this process, all ingredients are added at the beginning of a cycle and the slurry of flour and yeast and “improvers” travels via conveyors without pause to the oven. Any proofing (rising) occurs there. An early television commercial for WonderBread highlighted the fact that it was made from a batter, not from dough, “so there are no holes in the bread!” Bread made in the continuous mixing method more resembles cake in texture, with a soft texture and no fermentation flavor or aroma. This method has generally become much less popular today because of the drab quality of the final product and because of income lost during breakdown periods when entire batches had to be discarded if repairs took longer than 20 minutes.
A serious change in bread-making techniques occurred in 1961 when the Flour Milling and Baking Research Association at Chorleywood, Hertfordshire came up with a method to speed up production of raised bread for industrial manufacture. Called the Chorleywood Bread Process (CBP), the method depends on high-speed mixers and chemical oxidants along with solid vegetable fat, lots of commercial yeast and water, which produces a loaf of bread from flour to sliced-and-packaged form in about three and one-half hours. Low-protein soft wheat grown at home in Britain can be used in this high-energy input method, dispensing with the expense of importing high-protein bread wheats from abroad.
Since the introduction of CBP, domestic wheat varieties have been hybridized with protein profiles specifically appropriate for the abuse of the CBP machinery, and the wheat is milled under tremendous pressure to force open starch cells so that the flour will absorb the maximum amount of water during processing. Lots of water and air make the loaf springy and light. Solid fat–hydrogenated or fractionated plant oils–is necessary to provide structure during baking or the loaf collapses.
With this process–also appropriately called the “no-time method”–flour, chemical oxidants and “improvers,” water, yeast, fat and salt are pumped into vast computer-controlled mixers and the dough is violently shaken for about three minutes. The large amount of energy used generates higher-than-needed temperatures to raise the dough with its large dose of yeast, and computer-regulated cooling systems modulate the next stages. The air pressure in the mixer headspace is maintained at a partial vacuum to keep the gas bubbles in the dough from getting too large and creating an unwanted “open” structure in the finished crumb.
The dough is then tipped into a divider, cut into individual pieces and allowed to “recover” for 8 minutes. (Can’t you hear the timer ticking?) Each piece of dough is then shaped further, placed four to a tin and hurried off to the humidity- and temperature-controlled proofing chamber, where it sits for almost an entire hour. It is now ready to be baked. Baking takes 20 minutes at 400oF and then the loaves rush off to the cooler, where, about two hours later they are sliced, packaged and ready for dispatch to a supermarket near you.
This is not some demented bakery version of the Keystone Kops, but the most common method used throughout all sectors of the bread baking industry, including over 80 percent of factory-produced bread in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and India. Even many “specialty” and organic breads are produced this way. The CBP has been used in 28 countries worldwide, and very recently has made inroads in France, Germany and Spain, with plans to introduce the system to China, offering its “advantages” in the production of steamed buns over their traditionally-fermented counterparts.
The CBP is only minimally used in the United States, however, largely due to the high-gluten, “strong” wheats grown in North America that cannot be properly “worked” in a typical high-speed, 2-5 minute mixing cycle. Even when the cycle is increased to seven minutes (technically adequate to “work” the dough according to CBP requirements), the dough structure suffers in the later processing stages.
The process used most often in the US is called the conventional batch mixing method. Utilizing a “sponge” stage, 60 percent of the ingredients are mixed and fermented for 2-4 hours, then mixed with the remaining ingredients and baked. Conventional batch mixing is easily adapted to “no-time” methods and recipes, and also relies on chemical inputs to “condition” the dough during the mechanical processing, as well as impart anti-staling and moisture-retentive properties to the finished product. It is this method that produces not only hotdog and hamburger buns at fast food joints, but the “baguette” at the little deli with the cute name, the flour tortilla at the Mexican restaurant and the kaiser roll with crab salad at the campus cafeteria.
One of the biggest markets for these factory bakeries is frozen sales. The frozen bread is shipped out to boutique food establishments and high end markets and then baked onsite, so customers can experience the aroma of “fresh-baked” bread and pay more for what seems like a home-made product.
Clash of Cultures
All of the mechanical dough development methods are engineered for fast, efficient and cheap production, computer controlled and automated; only a few operators are needed to run an entire factory. Similar to the extrusion process–used to make cold cereals and snack foods from slurries of water and pulverized grains shot at high pressure through small apertures, dried and spray-coated with oils–factory bakeries make bread products according to industrial “science.” Although the exact proportions vary according to processing method and final product, the ingredients areremarkably similar, whether the result is sandwich bread, hamburger buns, flour tortillas, chapatis or pizza crust. The industry seems convinced that what drives their research and quality standards is consumer demand for a lofty, soft white bread with a consistent tiny crumb and barely perceptible crust. The breakfast cereal makers seem convinced that novel shapes, sugary crunch and resistance to all weather conditions will keep their products permanently in customers’ shopping baskets.
The industry does not realize–or will not admit–that although grains are nutritious foods, they must be processed in ways that enhance their nutrition and digestibility while coaxing their inherent complex flavors through slow development of starches and proteins, usually via a combination of sprouting and souring with the help of a host of useful microorganisms. The modern “no-time” food processing industry has ignored these traditions to the peril of everyone’s health, flooding the market with cereal products that are no longer recognizable as nourishment, but thanks to their means of breeding, cultivation, milling and manufacture, are instead downright dangerous.
In contrast to the ongoing technological experiments to which cereal products are subjected, many cultures throughout the world have long ago developed careful means of preparing all grains for human consumption. Soaking, sprouting, and souring are very common aids for grain preparation, which ensure the neutralization of enzyme-inhibitors and other anti-nutrients with which seeds are naturally endowed. Some preparation methods involved complex, labor-intensive steps that produce now very unusual foods from common grains. The Japanese, for example, make mochi from soaked and steamed glutinous rice that has been pounded into a homogenous sticky mass and then formed into cakes that are then baked or grilled.
Tolokno is oat flour made by an old Russian folk method. Whole oats were soaked for 24 hours (sacks of oats would be submerged in a pond or river) and the swollen grains then set overnight in the Russian oven–a large masonry oven for cooking and home heating. The oats would be taken out, the oven refired and the oats placed inside again to gently roast until completely dry and smelling of malt. The oats would then be pounded or ground, and the resulting sifted flour was called tolokno from the verb “to pound.” It would be cooked with milk or meat bouillon to make a thickened soup which–in contrast to modern grain products–was very easy to digest, considered good for stomach or intestinal ailments and deemed an excellent food for convalescents and children.
Oat kisel’ is another old Russian delicacy made from soured oat gelatin. Whole oats were sprouted, gently dried in a warm oven and then set in warm water for 24 hours at the back of the oven where they started to ferment. The oats and the soaking water, now containing many nutrients from the oats, were slowly heated to just the boiling point while a patient cook stirred constantly. The kisel’ was then strained and the liquid poured into a dish, where it would gelatinize, becoming thick enough to cut with a knife. It was pleasantly sour (“kis” is related to “kvas” and means sour) and was traditionally served with milk and honey. Kisel’ could also be made with rye or peas, and in the latter case was served with meat bouillon.
Of course the sourdough fermentation of flour from whole wheat and rye to make bread has strong traditions in several countries of the world, whether the breads are leavened, oven-baked loaves or flat leavened breads cooked over hot coals. This method is time-consuming and–even more problematic for the modern age–requires the careful maintenance of a culture medium, the sourdough starter, which is a stable relationship of a family of wild yeast fungi and several strains of local lactobacilli. Rather like the carefully nurtured cultures and caves that produce delectable fermented cheeses, sourdough bread cultures are a product of place and the people who care for them and use them. They are all different, produce flavors and rates of fermentation peculiar and beloved unto themselves, require temperatures and other conditions known intimately and respected by the baker. Commercial baker’s yeast, on the other hand, is a monoculture of just one single variety of yeast, grown to be a consistently fast and vigorous replicator and producer of carbon dioxide, but incapable of developing grain flavors (the lactobacilli are best at that). Sourdough cultures produce reliably leavened and complexly flavored breads via the alchemical communion of the culture microorganisms, flour, water, fire and time–plenty of time.
Michael Gaenzle, a cereal microbiologist now at the University of Alberta, Canada, has suggested that sourdough cultures are in fact so intimately connected with the people who use them that they form a mutually supportive and sustaining relationship.7 That is, the microorganisms are part of you (and come from you) and so the bread you ferment with them is tailormade to nourish and support especially you. You bolster your own health by eating bread cultured with your domestic friendly “beasties.” This “home advantage” is an obvious traditional benefit conferred on newly married daughters whose mothers included a barrel of sourdough in the wedding dowry to start their new households–to ensure their daughters’ health and vigor (especially since they were soon likely to bear children) and provide them extra strength in their new positions in life.
The traditional sourdough process reliably neutralizes the anti-nutrients in the cereal grains as the flour is kept moist and acidic for many hours (or days). Ongoing research in cereal microbiology is investigating some preliminary evidence that the traditional sourdough method may also sever the bonds of the “toxic” peptides in wheat gluten responsible for the celiac reaction and neutralize them as well.8 In short, certain lactobacilli in a sourdough culture acting on wheat flour for a 24-hour period achieved nearly complete digestion of the peptides. When bread made with these species was fed to recovered celiac patients for two days, the patients showed no signs of increased intestinal permeability that were found among recovered celiac patients who consumed the same amount of regular bread over the same time period. These intriguing results suggest that wheat (or rye) flour that has undergone 24 hours of culture fermentation may render the “toxic” peptides harmless and allow the bread to be safely eaten by those with celiac disease, although studies of celiac patients consuming sourdough breads for a much longer period of time will be needed to confirm this.
In the study cited, test bread was made with fermented wheat flour and the remainder of the flour from the non-gluten grains millet, buckwheat and oats. The recipe does not resemble a classically prepared sourdough bread which is traditionally made in a building-up process of stages; some of the flour will have fermented for as long as two or three days, whereas some of it for only several hours prior to baking, during the period when the culture microorganisms experience exponential growth rate. The result of breaking down gluten completely is that it can no longer raise the dough!
Deviation from Rational Principles
Another outcome of the mass production of industrial bakery products has been to create grotesque taste standards and expectations that have no connection to an honest ingredient. Commercial cereal products have become health hazards because of everything from grain hybridization to flour adulteration to inadequate, inappropriate and violent processing. They also are aesthetically repugnant, which is just as important a factor to consider when talking about the nourishment of food.
Consider this prophetic statement by Rudolf Steiner in an address to members of the Anthroposophical Society on June 20, 1924 and published in Spiritual Foundations for the Renewal of Agriculture: “. . . [U]nder the influence of our modern philosophy of materialism, it is agriculture–believe it or not–that has deviated furthest from any truly rational principles. Indeed, not many people know that during the last few decades the agricultural products on which our life depends have degenerated extremely rapidly. In this present time of transition. . . it is not only human moral development that is degenerating, but also what human activity has made of the Earth and what lies just above the Earth. . . Even materialistic farmers nowadays. . . can calculate in how many decades their products will have degenerated to such an extent that they no longer serve as human nourishment. It will certainly be within this century.”
Grains comprise a wholesome category of foods that must be respected for the complexity of nutrient contributions they can make to the human diet, and must always be prepared with care to maximize those nutrients’ availability as well as neutralize naturally occurring antinutrients. Resources also exist to reintroduce ancient grains, such as emmer and einkorn wheats, into our food supply and diversify cereal choices with alternatives to the few overly hybridized cultivars largely in use today.
Growing and preparing food ought to be a sacramental service. It should not be based on violence, as is most of modern agriculture, factory animal farms and factories that produce finished food items like bread. All those processes are based on “conquering” the food item and forcing it into a form defined by commerce. There are no more subtle energies in these debased foods, let alone mere measureable nutrients or soul-satisfying taste and vitality.
Food is holy. Its preparation and enjoyment constitute a daily opportunity to experience happiness, satisfaction and gratitude.
THE SYMPTOMS OF CELIAC
Celiac disease is characterized by a chronic inflammation of the small intestine driven by a multi-gene response to a specific chain of peptides (gliadin proteins) in modern wheat gluten, and in analogous protein chains in rye and barley. Antibodies in the sufferer’s small intestine react to these ingested peptides by attacking them (and the surrounding intestinal mucosa) as invaders.
This long-term autoimmune reaction causes serious damage to the small intestine, with common symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and diarrhea, but signs such as restless legs or anemia might be just as likely. In children, weight loss and failure to thrive are common markers of the disorder. The chronic inflammation destroys healthy villi in the small intestine, which are tiny, finger-like outgrowths of the mucosa that vastly increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption during digestion. This flattening of the villi leads to many malabsorption and vitamin and mineral deficiency problems, including severe anemia and osteoporosis, especially after the condition has persisted unrecognized for many years. Other inflammatory responses such as rashes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and chronic fatigue syndrome may develop, along with lymphoma and digestive system cancers. Psychiatric symptoms such as severe depression and schizophrenia have also been linked to the disorder.
The list of possible symptoms is vast and often confusing, and no two celiac sufferers react or recover in the same way once their condition is recognized. In short, a sizable proportion of our population is gluten intolerant and reacts with a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from no apparent reaction to severe life-threatening diseases.
DIAGNOSING CELIAC DISEASE
Definitive laboratory diagnosis of celiac disease is often tricky, since blood tests have not always been sensitive enough to pick up markers, or have often resulted in both false positives and false negatives. Biopsy of small intestine tissue to search for evidence of villi damage can also be a hit-or-miss situation. There may not yet be extensive flattening of the villi, or the biopsy is taken in an area just beyond extensive damage and therefore will not disclose it.
A fairly new approach that seeks to provide more sensitive, complete, and early screening is available from EnteroLab.2 Their test is based on earlier research which demonstrated that antigliadin antibodies appear in the contents of the intestines before they appear in the blood. EnteroLab utilizes stool samples to test for these antibodies in gluten sensitive individuals with the hope of positively identifying the condition before more extensive damage to the body has occurred. Often though, if one suspects that celiac is the likely cause of one’s problems, removing all sources of gluten from the diet is the immediate first action. Of course, relief of most symptoms in a short period of time when gluten has been banished is enough evidence for many people to conclude the diagnosis for themselves.
THE WHY OF RYE
Since antiquity, rye has presented problems of its own, namely a susceptibility to a parasitic fungus called ergot (Claviceps purpurea) which causes severe and debilitating symptoms in animals and people who eat it. Ergot causes both gangrenous and convulsive syndromes, with hallucinations, “fits,” excruciating pain and loss of extremities due to severe vascular constriction and consequent gangrene.
Rye ergot is the original source of lysergic acid from which LSD is synthesized. Although rye will happily grow in cool, damp parts of the world not best suited for wheat, those same conditions favor the spread of the ergot fungus, which can be devastating during poor harvest years with cold, wet springs. Mass ergot poisoning has been recorded since the early Middle Ages, and historians speculate that manifold pockets of ergotism appearing after the wet, cold spring of 1347 increased Europeans’ susceptibility to bubonic plague (the Black Death of 1347-48), since ergot seriously damages the immune system and likely helped increase the numbers of the dead. The coincidence of both calamities also explains why population numbers took such a long time to recover in the wake of the plague: those who survive ergot poisoning suffer from reduced fertility and frequent spontaneous abortion.
Some historians speculate that outbreaks of ergotism were the cause of other historical disasters, including the Salem witch trials in this country (the colonists ate rye, not wheat) and the early, easy conquests by the Vikings (who were barley eaters) in Europe–their forays coincided with bad harvest years and recorded ergot outbreaks. Evidence indicates that peasants understood something of the toxic nature of ergot, and may have had some ways of mitigating its worst effects–one undocumented source claims that sourdough leaven will neutralize the ergot alkaloids.5 But although crude ergot was indeed used medicinally (to staunch hemorrhage and as an abortifacient), poisoning continued to occur, although sporadically, even up to the middle of the last century.
Modern methods to keep ergot out of rye include screening of seed used for planting, deep plowing and crop rotation to disturb the fungus’s two-part reproductive cycle. It is always wise to inspect and clean rye that you plan to grind for your own flour at home.
SPELT, A CLOSE COUSIN OF WHEAT
There is a good deal of confusion surrounding the question of whether or not spelt is “safe” for those with gluten intolerance or wheat allergies. Part of this has to do with errors in taxonomy–spelt is indeed a true hexaploid wheat and a close, not distant (as commonly supposed), relative to bread wheat. Modern scholars generally agree that references to spelt in the Bible are incorrect; better translations identify that early wheat as (tetraploid) emmer. With its tenacious, coarse husk, spelt has always presented difficulties in processing for use in human foods, although it was in rather popular use in northern and middle Europe especially during the Middle Ages. More recently relegated almost entirely for use as animal feed (much like the fate of oats), spelt was overlooked during the last century as a likely candidate for “improving” through hybridization, and it may be thanks to its status as the “homely spinster sister” of glamorous bread wheat that it remains more true to its original genetic inheritance.
Bakers will notice that spelt has more protein and fat than modern bread wheat, producing a heavier product than the starchier, lighter hybrids–another strike against it as far as commercial bakery products standards go. It fares much better in sourdough applications where its flavors can develop fully, and long souring enhances its digestibility. There are numerous anecdotal reports of those with wheat allergies tolerating spelt products, but it is wise to be cautious as all aspects are not fully understood. At the very least, though, suspicious evidence begs a thorough investigation into the nutritional changes wheat has undergone in the thousands of forced hybridizations of the last half-century.
Most flour mills bleach their products with either benzoyl peroxide (the active ingredient in acne cremes and hair dyes) or chlorine dioxide, a potent poison also used to bleach paper products and textiles. Some add potassium bromate to artificially strengthen the flour, and in fact commercial bakeries have relied on this “improver” to permit flour to survive the violent and/or brief mixing times used and still create dough structure. Potassium bromate is a recognized carcinogen banned since 1990 in the EU, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, but in the US the FDA has suggested only a voluntary curb.
AND IN ADDITION
In the factory bakery, the mixing of flour with municipal water and other “functional ingredients” can include, but is not restricted to, any of the following:
- Soy or canola oil and shortening (GMO), which gives products larger volume, finer cell structure, tender crust and soft texture;
- Esters of mono and diglycerides, which act as emulsifiers and anti-staling agents;
- Calcium propionate, a mold-inhibitor shown in studies to cause irritability, sleep disturbances and inattention in children, even at very modest intakes;
- Sodium stearoyl 2 lactylate, which increases dough absorption, improves mixing tolerance and machinability of dough, accelerates proof time, improves grain and texture, creates crust tenderness and extends shelf life;
- GM soy flour, goitrogenic and loaded with inhibitors, which creates whiter crumb;
- Dextrose, an easily fermentable sugar to feed yeast;
- Diacetyl tartaric acid, a chemical leavener;
- Azodicarbonamide, a flour oxidizer banned in EU, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand, but permitted in US;
- Ammonium chloride, a form of nitrogen used by yeast to build protein;
- Gluten–yes more gluten–added for better texture and doughiness;
- Starch enzymes and several protein enzymes derived from GM technology to rapidly break down starches to sugars to feed the yeast and to “mellow” the gluten to allow for reduced mechanical mixing times. These enzymes are also engineered to survive baking temperatures and great variations in pH in order to impart anti-staling and softening qualities to the finished products. Enzymes and several of the other “improvers” are not required by law to be listed on ingredient labels, as they are considered to be “consumed” in the baking process, even though residues have been detected and the express purpose of several is to carry their functions through to the baked product and affect its life on the shelf.
Hidden Sources of Gluten
Bread products and baked goods of all kinds represent the usual suspects as far as gluten sources go, but gluten (wheat starch) is an ingredient in many other processed foods (for example as a thickener or extender in foods lacking honest substance) and also in a surprising array of non-food items. The following list gives an idea of how pervasive gluten is in many consumer products. Check labels, but better, check with manufacturers to be sure of ingredients. As far as food goes, homemade is always best.
- Flavored prepackaged rice or pasta
- Tomato and spaghetti sauces
- Condensed canned soups
- Vegetable cooking sprays
- Flavored instant coffees and teas
- Some veined cheeses such as Roquefort and blue
- Chow mein noodles
- Artificial coffee creamer (all kinds)
- Bouillon cubes or powder, gravy and sauce mixes
- Imitation seafood products
- Ground spices
- Chewing gum can be dusted with wheat starch
- Communion wafers
These label ingredients can indicate the presence of gluten:
- Hydrolyzed plant protein (HPP)
- Hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP)
- Modified food starch (source is either corn or wheat)
- Mustard powder (some contain gluten)
- Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
- Gelatinized starch
- Natural flavoring, fillers
- Whey protein concentrate
- Whey sodium caseinate
- White vinegar or white grain vinegar
- Rice malt (contains barley or Koji)
- Rice syrup (contains barley enzymes)
- Dextrin, malt, maltodextrin
These non-food items may also be gluten sources:
- Lip stick and lip balm Sunscreen
- Glue on stamps and envelopes
- Laundry detergents
- Soaps and shampoos
- Toothpaste and mouthwash
- Cosmetics, lotions, creams
- Prescription drugs
- Health supplements (vitamin pills, etc.)
One way to culture your wheat and eat it, too, is to make sourdough pancakes. A particularly delicious variation is to mix 1 1/2 cups of freshly ground Kamut® flour and 1 cup water into which you dissolve about 2 tablespoons starter. Let the mixture ferment at room temperature for 24 hours (it can stand for as long as 36 hours if needed). When fermented, remove a few tablespoons for your next batch and refrigerate. Separate 1 egg, mix the yolk into the batter and whip the white. Add water or milk to the batter to thin it a bit, then add the beaten egg white and mix thoroughly. Fry as you would any pancake and serve with salmon roe and melted butter, or mushrooms and sour cream.
If you make the pancakes small and thin, and then dry them out in a warm oven or dehydrator, you have a delicious sourdough cracker.
This recipe suggestion is a simple yet effective approach to preparing a cereal food for nourishment as well as an authentic experience of the grain’s flavor development.
The Genetics of Gluten Sensitivity
By Chris Masterjohn
Either of two genes–HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8–is required for celiac disease.a And these and several other HLA-DQ genes raise the risk for non-celiac gluten sensitivity.b
The HLA-DQ genes determine whether or not your body notices that gluten is in your system, but don’t determine whether your body recognizes gluten as harmless or as a foreign invader. In order to recognize gluten as a foreign invader, the immune system must be tricked into recognizing other patterns of events that mimic a microbial infection.c
Under what conditions, then, are the immune systems of many people with the pre-disposing HLA-DQ genes tricked into believing that gluten is a microbial invader? No one knows the complete answer, and there may be different answers for different people. The following are a few possibilities:
A sibling of someone with celiac disease who has the same HLA-DQ genes has a 40 percent chance of also having celiac disease, while the identical twin of someone who has celiac disease–who has all the same genes–has a 70 percent chance of having celiac disease.a This suggests that there are other, unidentified genes at play, as well as non-genetic factors.
Waiting to introduce grains into a child’s diet until after infancy, raising children on nutrient-dense diets that include liberal amounts of fat-soluble vitamins (especially vitamin A), and keeping good care of intestinal flora may all help prevent celiac disease and non-celiac gluten intolerance in those who are genetically susceptible.
- NIH Consensus Development Conference on Celiac Disease, June 28-30, 2004 at http://consensus.nih.gov/2004/
- EnteroLab testing procedures and protocols at http://www.enterolab.com/
- Wheat ancestors lack the gluten immunogenic factors of modern wheat. Mapping of gluten T-cell epitopes in the bread ancestors: implications for celiac disease at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=
- Jacob, H.E. Six Thousand Years of Bread: Its Holy and Unholy History. The Lyons Press, 1997
- De Lange, Jacques, “The Bounty of Rye,” printed in Healing with Whole Foods, Paul Pitchford, North Atlantic Books, 1993.
- Adulteration and Contamination of Food in Victorian England, by Anthony S. Wohl at http://www.victorianweb.org/
- Michael Gaenzle, discussion on origins of starter microorganisms at http://www.faqs.org/faqs/food/sourdough/faq/
- DiCagno, R., et al., Sourdough bread made from wheat and non-toxic flours and started with selected lactobacilli is tolerated in celiac sprue patients, AEM, February, 2004, pp 1088-1096, Vol.70, No. 2.
This article appeared in Wise Traditions in Food, Farming and the Healing Arts, the quarterly magazine of the Weston A. Price Foundation, Summer 2006.
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Cancer Rates Steadily Falling
For the tenth year in a row, fewer Americans are dying of cancer.
According to the American Cancer Society's annual report on cancer statistics released on Wednesday, death rates are continuing to fall, dropping by 1.8 percent per year in men and 1.6 percent per year in women between 2004 and 2008. Reuters reports that between 1999 and 2008, cancer death rates fell by more than 1 percent per year in men and women in every racial and ethnic group except for American Indians/Alaska Natives (where rates have held steady).
The steady decline is primarily the product of improved cancer-fighting technology and better early detection methods. The biggest single dip was in lung cancer rates, which accounted for 40 percent of the total drop in men and 34 percent of the total decline in women.
The report also noted that the biggest declines were found in black and Hispanic men, where cancer deaths fell by 2.4 percent and 2.3 percent, respectively.
"Roughly about a million more people are alive that would have been dead because of cancer. That's a substantial number," said Dr. Ravi Patel of the Comprehensive Blood and Cancer Center, to the NBC affiliate KGET.
But there is still much to be done. Making changes in our diets and lifestyle choices can reduce cancer rates even further, and as Dr. Patel stresses, no advance in medical technology can match a vigilant prevention program.
"One-third of the cancers are caused by tobacco, another third by obesity, so we really still need to focus on prevention, weight reduction, good lifestyle changes," said Dr. Patel.
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Phineas Pratt was your immigrant Pratt ancestor. Here is his story:
Phineas Pratt was born in England, probably in London, about 1593. It is thought that he had a brother Joshua, also an early settler in Massachusetts, and that their father was Henry Pratt (b about 1545). Henry Pratt was a minister "imprisoned in England because he preached the Gospel contrary to the rules of the established Church." It is believed Henry's father was named John.
Phineas arrived in Plymouth in May 1622 on the ship Sparrow. Six men arrived in Plymouth but this group had not come as colonists for Plymouth. Six months later they joined others from the ship Charity and the ship Swan, all three groups sent out by the Pilgrim's opponent Thomas Westin, for the purpose of establishing a rival colony at Wessagusset (present day Weymouth near Boston).
This colony was doomed to failure. They made enemies of the Indians and were a "...reckless and improvident lot who quickly made havoc of their provisions." They finally precipitated a minor war with the local Indians. When the aroused Indians threatened to attack the disorganized colony Phineas fled to Plymouth. Stories vary about his motivation. Some say he was just escaping, others (which I tend to believe) say he was running to Plymouth to warn them of a planned Indian attack on all the English.
One story goes: The Pilgrim's apprehesions were reinforced by the unexpected arrival of Phineas Pratt with a small pack on his back. He managed to get to Plymouth from from Wessagusset, though he had not the slightest idea of the way (My Note: He had been to and from Plymouth before but only by boat) and had gone off course several times, which was a good thing as the Indians had been after him. Pratt's advice was simple: he dared not stay with the Pilgrims, because from what he had been able to observe, they would all be knocked in the head shortly unless they did the sensible thing and left. Soon afterward one Indian who had been chasing Pratt came through Plymouth "still pretending friendship". Taking no chances Bradford (the leader of the Plymouth colony) lodged him in the fort, chaining him to a post where he would have to be content to remain until Standish got back from Wessagusset.
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Many museums and institutions have their own conservation departments, and larger institutions often have separate departments for different material specialisations. The Australian War Memorial has a number of conservation laboratories, housed at the Treloar Conservation Centre.
Conservation involves an interdisciplinary approach to the study and care of cultural property. Conservation activities include carrying out technical and scientific studies on objects, stabilizing the materials and structure of damaged objects, performing restoration work where damage to an object has made it structurally unsound or difficult to display, and establishing the environment in which artifacts are best preserved. At the Memorial, conservators care for large technology, small objects, textiles, photographic, paper and art collections. There are also staff working in the fields of conservation science and preventive conservation. An analytical chemistry laboratory provides additional support for research programs, which investigate the vast range of deteriorating materials found in objects in the collections as well as new ways of conserving them.
Conservators at the Memorial have developed the following set of leaflets, Caring for your mementoes, for the use of the general public:
More advice on bushfire recovery can be found on the Australian Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Materials website.
Conservation Case Studies
- German Pith Helmet
- 49th Battalion Regimental Colours
- Keith "Nugget" Miller’s Cricket Cap
- Grenadier Guards Tunic
Meet our Conservators
- Catherine Challenor: Textile Conservation - the Richmond Colour project
Catherine Challenor is one of the Memorial's Textile Conservation specialists. The project she is working on is the conservation of the Regimental Colour of the Richmond Company, Victorian Volunteer Rifle Corps.
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|Mohave County contains part of Grand Canyon National Park. There are also several Indian reservations. The Colorado River forms the western boundary of Mohave County.
An estimated 1,000 miles of fresh water shoreline lie within Mohave County along the Colorado River and Lakes Havasu, Mohave and Mead. The rivers and lakes offer fishing along with boating and other forms of water-oriented recreation.
Arizonas First Territorial Assembly met in 1864 to establish Mohave County. The county was named after the Mohave Indians, who had lived along the Colorado River for many years. Originally, the county included a section of Nevada.
Mohave County is the second largest county in the state. It is situated in the upper northwest corner of the state, bordering California, Nevada and Utah. This location makes it ideal when traveling to other areas.
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Frank Stone, who has died aged 90, was one of the unsung heroes of the civilian effort in the Second World War; a leadburner by trade, his skill and ingenuity made possible the construction of "Pluto" - the Pipeline Under the Ocean - which supplied fuel to the Allied forces after D-Day.
The establishment of a reliable source of petrol for the period following the D-Day landings was a high priority for the military planners. Any loss of momentum caused by problems in fuel supply could have jeopardised the whole operation, giving German forces the opportunity to re-group and counter-attack.
Conventional tankers and ship-to-shore pipelines would be vulnerable to the Luftwaffe, and it was Lord Mountbatten, Chief of Combined Operations, who suggested an undersea pipeline. At first this seemed an impossible proposal: no pipeline had yet been built that could be relied upon to be flexible in rough seas and stand up to the pressure under water.
If a pipeline failed, it would have been impossible to carry out repairs. Yet, in 1942, Siemens Brothers of Woolwich were commissioned to design a suitable pipeline. It was a complex task, and there were many failures at the design stage arising from kinks, bursts and collapses due to external water pressure and other forces; the joints between pipe sections were particularly vulnerable.
In 1942 Frank Stone and his brother Albert, then working in the family lead specialist business, W P Stone, were called upon by Siemens and asked to develop a method of jointing 700-yard lengths of extruded lead alloy pipes, capable of being fully flexible, as strong or stronger than the lead pipe itself, able to withstand coiling, and capable of passing over special wheels in order to be covered in steel pressure tapes and steel armour wires.
The two brothers set to work, producing sample joints for test purposes, and, after a short period of intense effort using various lead alloys, a joint was produced which passed all the bending and pressure tests. The Stones were duly awarded the contract to make the joints for a five-mile length of armoured pipeline for laying trials in the River Thames.
The final specification for the pipeline was for a flexible tube comprising an inner lead pipe 3 in in diameter, encased in layers of tape, bitumen and steel and wire. As Siemens did not have enough capacity at their works in Woolwich, Callenders Cables of Erith were co-opted to increase the overall output.
For about two years, Frank Stone and his brothers, Albert and Ron, worked at Woolwich and Erith, making more than 500 joints at Siemens and more than 800 at Callenders. They worked 18-20 hour shifts, seven days a week, leadburning nearly all the joints that eventually made up the 11 pipelines laid between Dungeness and Boulogne (each of 32 nautical miles), and the two pipelines laid between Shanklin and Cherbourg, each of 70 nautical miles.
The pipelines were ready by D-Day, but were not laid until after the French coastal area had been cleared of the enemy. The millions of gallons of fuel they supplied helped to ensure that the Allied armies could break out after D-Day. General Eisenhower described the Pluto project as "second in daring only to the artificial 'Mulberry' Harbours".
The Stones' work was so secret that they could not even tell their father - had the secret leaked, the cable works would have become prime targets for enemy aircraft. The secrecy also meant that the Stones' efforts went largely unrecognised; but the pipeline never failed in its operational life.
The second of seven children, Frank William Stone was born at Brockley, south-east London, on November 19 1913. His father, William Stone, had founded the family ship and chemical plumbing business, W P Stone, in 1896. The firm became one of the first specialist leadburners in London.
Frank was educated at Addey and Stanhope Grammar School, Deptford, where he won prizes for art, then joined the family business as an apprentice in 1929, becoming a director in 1933.
At the outbreak of war, as members of a reserved occupation, Frank and his brothers were exempted from military service. Albert joined the Home Guard, and Frank and Ronald served as fire watchers. In addition to their work on Pluto, they manufactured hundreds of lead-lined tanks for the chemical and electroplating industries, carrying out maintenance site-work in chemical plants.
After the war, Frank became managing director of the family business, which remained involved in undersea cable work and, during the 1950s, went into making lead radiation protection equipment for hospital radiotherapy departments.
In 1957 Stone joined James Girdler, another lead specialist firm, based at Acton, as managing director. He built up the business, taking advantage of the increased demand for lead shielding in the nuclear industry and in specialist cancer hospitals. He also became involved in the production of diagnostic and therapeutic "phantoms" - simulacra of human bodies with real human skeletons inside. These were designed to avoid the use of human volunteers during the calibration of X-ray and radiation therapy machines.
Stone retired from James Girdler in 1978, though he remained a consultant to the firm for a further three years and continued to work as a freelance consultant to the cable industry until the age of 83. In 1987 he returned to Erith to leadburn nine joints for a high voltage supertension submarine cable to be laid across the Madura Straits, from Surabaya to Madura Island, Java, in Indonesia.
Frank Stone married, in 1939, Margaret Cassidy, converting to Roman Catholicism on his marriage. After the war, he joined the Knights of St Columba and was actively involved in homelessness projects in the capital. In 1967 he was awarded the papal medal Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice by Pope Paul VI for services to the Roman Catholic Church.
In 1999 he was awarded the Inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award by the Lead Sheet Association.
Frank Stone's wife Margaret died in October last year, and he is survived by two sons and two daughters; another son died in infancy.
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As the Spanish American War ground to a halt, and all that was left
was the final peace treaty, cities across the United States felt the need
to celebrate. The celebrations not only were in honor of the great victories,
but also to celebrate the return of the troops to their families. Typical
of these celebrations was that held in Philadelphia on October 25, 26,
27 and 28, 1898, known as the Peace Jubilee. The photographs of this event
on this page were taken by Philadelphia Architect Joseph Wilson (see below
for a brief biography of Wilson).
The Jubilee began with a naval parade. Citizens of the city, which was draped in patriotic colors for the occasion, found their way to the waterfront to see the gathering of warships, the ultimate weapons of the day. Secretary of the Navy, John Long, was on hand for the event. As he began his review, a salute was fired, while a Marine band on the Cruiser USS NEW ORLEANS poured out a rousing rendition of Sousa’s “Stars and Stripes Forever" (Click here for a 45 Kb recording of "Stars and Stripes Forever"). The naval parade, led by the USS COLUMBIA, passed in review, coming upriver, pivoting and returning back down river. The pivot point was the Japanese cruiser KASAGI, recently completed by the Cramp Shipyard of Philadelphia.
At night, the city was ablaze with light. The “Athenean Arch” and “Court of Honor” had been designed by architect John Huston and constructed for the event. The arch alone, bedecked in nine hundred dollars worth of electric lights, shown brightly…at a cost $450 in electricity. Lamps at the south entrance to the City Hall spelled out “The Star Spangled Banner in Triumph Doth Wave.”
A grand military parade was planned for October 26, but heavy rains forced a postponement . However, the parade stepped off on the 27th at 11:00 A.M. at the corner of Broad and Snyder Streets. The event drew in President and Mrs. McKinley, as well as Vice President and Mrs. Hobart, numerous Cabinet officials and Generals Shafter and Lawton. Over twenty-five thousand troops paraded through the city, including the “Rough Riders” (1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry), the 9th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 10th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, as well as the 8th, 13th, 14th, and 15th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, the crew of the USS TOPEKA, and many, many more.
Many of the troops were brought into the city strictly for the parade,
including many encamped at Camp Meade, in Middletown, Pennsylvania. For
many of these men, it was not a pleasant experience. They were brought
by train to the city, through the heavy rains, quartered in some old factory
buildings, and given very little to eat. They marched in the parade, along
a seven mile route, and passed under the Athenean Arch, and past the Court
of Honor. Here the President and others, including Shafter
and Lawton, watched in review. Following the parade,
the troops were quickly taken back out of town. One member of the 8th
Pennsylvania composed a song (sung to the tune of “When Johnny Comes
Marching Home”) which read in part:
“We went to the Philadelphia Peace Jubilee,
But divil a thing did we get to see,
We got nothing to eat and marched all day;
When the parade was over they shipped us away;
We’ll be marched to death –
When Company D comes home.”
With the parade over, the following day the festivities continued with the next main event of the Jubilee. This was the rededication of Independence Hall, and a large civic parade.
Biography of Joseph Wilson:
The photos shown here were taken by Joseph Miller Wilson. Wilson was a Philadelphia architect and engineer with Wilson Brothers & Company. Wilson had graduated from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. In 1860, he was hired by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company as an assistant engineer, eventually becoming engineer of bridges and buildings on the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and branches, in special charge of bridge construction. Among the various buildings and bridges he designed and constructed were the Susquehanna and Schuylkill bridges, the original Broad Street Station, the Baltimore and Potomac Station at Washington, and the Main Exhibition Building and Machinery Hall of the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia.
Later, he designed the Drexel Institute, the Drexel Building, Reading Terminal and water filtration system for the City of Philadelphia. Eventually he became engineer of the Reading Railway where he was involved in the design of the Terminal Building and the Pennsylvania Avenue Subway as well the approaches of the Brooklyn Bridge.
Wilson served as president of the Franklin Institute, was a manager of the Drexel Institute and a member of the Photographical Society, among many other affiliations. Wilson passed away November 24, 1902.
"Ohio Troops to Take Part," The Sandusky Star. (Sandusky, Ohio), October 15, 1898, p 3.
Sauers, Richard A., Pennsylvania in the Spanish-American War. (Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee, 1998) 49-50.
Wright, General Marcus J., Wright's Official History of the Spanish American War. (Washington: War Records Office 1900) 569-573.
The photos by and information on Joseph Wilson was provided by his great-grandnephew Bob Wilson.
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Here's an interesting conceptual idea I came up with (try keeping that in mind when the urge to comment arises): committing suicide by dehydration... in on click*.
So easy anyone or even YOU can do it!
Here's how it's actually possible. But first, some facts, because it's not totally mad (well, yeah it is, but no):
-The average human weight is around 70Kg. (based on Wikipedia for an unbiased weight)
-The total amount of water (in Liters or L) in the human body is approximately 57% of the whole body weight.
So we may conclude that we have approximately 40L or 40 000ml of water in our lumpy bodies. (open Calc if you wanna know how much water you're made of (your weight x 57% or 0.57). Oh, we can do this mathematical operation because 1g of water = 1ml.
-The human produces saliva. Yes, it does, in your mouth.
-When spitting, a single spit contains approximately 1-4 ml of liquid and 98% of it is water, so it's basically water. Let's pick an average of say, 3ml.
Cool! We learned stuff. Now what?
Now the suicide part.
-The body can be considered quit dehydrated as "soon" as a water loss of 5% to 6% That's 2000ml and 2400ml respectively. One may become sleepy, experience headaches or nausea and may feel Paresthesi (a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness in a person's skin or limb).
-From 10% to 15% (of water loss), it's considered sever dehydration. Muscles may become spastic, vision may dim, delirium may begin, etc. Nice.
-Finally, water loss greater than 15% is fatal (means you die). That's 6000ml.
If you're thinking: "OK... now he's lost it." or "Now I'm lost." or something along those lines... keep reading!
Here's how to acheive the aforementioned dehydration in a just one click* :
A typical blockbuster-big-budget movie can be made over a period of one or several years, and thousands of person are employed or participate in the production of such movie. That's like, a lot of people.
The whole cast and crew of Avatar is (approx.) 2200 person - I know 'cause I copy pasted the whole cast & crew from IMBD (Internet Movie Database) and counted them (approx.)... And that headcount doesn't include all the people working for the companies/subsidiaries that were involved!
That being said, what would you think of someone that decides to steal those thousands of people's work? Wouldn't it be just like spitting in their faces? meaning "I don't give a sh** about your work. I'm a crook." No? I think it is. IF you don't, well I think maybe your perception is wrong and maybe you've lost something along the way in your life... something called values and honesty. Something 99.99% of most Internet users lost or ignored at one time or another. Yay. O_o
Anyway, now you gotta be thinking " Humm... I ain't dehydrated yet!" or simply " Daabouh? Flepbleble".
Well, all you've got to do is click!! That mass-face-spittin' won't happen all by itself damn it! And base on the previously clearly explained facts, spitting in the faces of some 2200 person will get you past the fatal 15% water loss.
But where? Where can I click? WHERE? You tell me. Or ask Google, he's good at it. Hey, Hey, HEY! Wow! Stop. That's only what I "heard"... like I knew...
*Introspection in progress...* Maybe?
So, that's it! Hope you liked it!
-http://www.logitech.com/en-ca/mice-pointers --> In case you can't click...
*May vary. Some may dehydrate instantly ,while some may need a few more clicks...
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Colorado Beer Brewers Model Energy Efficiency
Colorado craft beer brewers are setting the bar when it comes to sustainability efforts, according to a Rocky Mountain Institute blog post. The post cites New Belgium Brewing in Fort Collins and Left Hand Brewing Company in Longmont as particularly good examples of what beer brewers, as well as other energy-intensive industries, can do to reduce their energy consumption.
New Belgium is the first brewery to power 100 percent of its electrical needs from wind power. It has committed to reduce its energy intensity to 10 percent below 2008 levels by 2018 and has invested in equipment to help it meet that goal. Rather than heating the brew kettle to heat water, New Belgium uses a Steinecker Merlin Brew Kettle, which has an internal boiler plate. The kettle cuts the boiling time in half, thus allowing the company to reduce its natural gas consumption. The kettle also reduces the amount of water lost due to evaporation. New Belgium recycles waste heat from the kettle to preheat the incoming product. In 2010, it installed a 200 kW solar PV array and joined the FortZED Smart Meter program, working with the local utility to reduce peak energy demands. To help fund future energy-efficiency projects, the brewery has instituted an internal per kWh tax on any purchased electricity.
Left Hand Brewing Company installed a 4.8 kW solar PV array in 2009, which powers the brewery’s tasting room, offices and retail coolers. Its boiler incorporates a flash steam recovery system that uses captured heat for brewing and cleaning. As a result of this and other energy-efficiency measures, the brewery reduced its per barrel energy consumption by 13 percent from 2012 to 2013.
Photo via Shutterstock.
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- Verdantix Green Quadrant for EHS Software
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<< Back to Safer Needle Devices: Protecting Health Care Workers
Previous | Next
Title: Safer Needle Devices protect workers from exposure to life-threatening diseases by preventing needlestick injuries
Type: Title Slide
Safer needle devices can protect employees from occupational exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials.
When the first case of occupationally transmitted HIV through needlestick was reported in 1984, a new awareness about the occupational hazards faced by health care workers emerged. Employers adopted aggressive prevention strategies in response to increased awareness of risk to workers from HIV and other bloodborne pathogens.
However, the health care worker's risk of acquiring a potentially lethal infection through needlestick injury remains very real. Safer needle devices can protect health care workers from exposure to life-threatening diseases by preventing needlestick injuries.
Thank you for your attention. Any questions?
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- slide 1 of 4
Change Management Methodology and People
Change management methodologies focus firmly on the people aspects of change. While project management often covers procedural and system aspects of implementing change, change management is about people. When it comes to change, procedures and systems are logical and predicable; people are not. Putting in a new system means buying new technology and installing new software. It may mean writing new procedures. While not always simple, these are relatively straightforward. However, what is needed to complete the picture is changing the way people work; sometimes even changing people's behavior.
It is important to recognize that, with any change management methodology, people need support to change the way they work and their behavior.
- slide 3 of 4
How People React to Change
No sooner has one change gone in then staff are expected to cope with yet another upheaval. It's not unusual for organizations to be going through multiple changes at the same time. It's not surprising, therefore, that people struggle with change. Change is often associated with uncertainty and people can deal with this uncertainty in many different ways.
Many people like routine; they like to know they have a job that will bring in an income, they are comfortable knowing what work to do and who they will be working with, and they like to know that their future is relatively secure. Even if they don't like their job very much, there is comfort in the routine and knowledge that they have a job.
When implementing change it is important to recognize that some people will struggle. Typical reactions to change can include resistance, anger and denial. With support, people can begin to accept, adjust and eventually adapt to change. When implementing change, it is important to recognize the management of these reactions as a key change management concept.
- slide 4 of 4
Helping Staff Embrace Change
The first step towards embracing change is understanding what it means. It can take time for people to acknowledge and accept changes. Managers and project staff can help people by providing them with information on what the change is all about. People want to understand why change is necessary and the reasons behind it. They want to know why an organization has decided to invest heavily in transformation; they may also want to understand why previous initiatives may no longer be relevant.
For people to begin to adapt to change they need to understand what it means personally to them. Managers and project teams can assist staff by explaining what is expected of them. Providing staff with information gives them the opportunity to accept that change is necessary but also to prepare themselves for new ways of working.
Part of the process of adjustment is coming to terms with the loss of previous ways and beginning to work in the new, changed behaviors. For some people this may mean working in very different methods (for example, much of a person's previous role may now be done automatically via an online application) or working in a very different environment (such as a change in department personnel). Managers can assist their staff by providing support and training as well as giving them opportunities to discuss their concerns.
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When I was a kid, we loved hot dogs! It was a great easy snack that we could just pop into the microwave after school. On nights when mom was at work, my dad used to make our favorite- Hot dogs cut up in Mac & Cheese. Oh man, those were the good ole days, haha!
And of course there's those great picnics like on the 4th of July when dad would fire up the grill. The Fourth of July is the biggest hot dog holiday of the year, with Americans downing an estimated 155 million wieners. Although Americans eat hot dogs all year long, we eat an estimated seven billion between Memorial Day and Labor Day.
Yes, so what's the big deal?
According to a L.A. Times article:
Children who eat more than 12 hot dogs per month have nine times the normal risk of developing childhood leukemia, a USC epidemiologist has reported in a cancer research journal. Two other reports in the same issue of Cancer Causes and Control suggest that children born to mothers who eat at least one hot dog per week during pregnancy have double the normal risk of developing brain tumors, as do children whose fathers ate hot dogs before conception.
Nitrates in Hot Dogs
Everyone knows green smoothies are healthy, right? However…
Have you heard of a “red” smoothie? If not, check out this true story…
Concerned? you should be. The following information is from the Cancer Prevention Coalition via http://www.preventcancer.com
Q. What's wrong with hot dogs?
A. Nitrite additives in hotdogs form carcinogens.
Petition to ban nitrites Three different studies have come out in the past year, finding that the consumption of hot dogs can be a risk factor for childhood cancer.
Peters et al. studied the relationship between the intake of certain foods and the risk of leukemia in children from birth to age 10 in Los Angeles County between 1980 and 1987. The study found that children eating more than 12 hot dogs per month have nine times the normal risk of developing childhood leukemia. A strong risk for childhood leukemia also existed for those children whose fathers' intake of hot dogs was 12 or more per month.
Researchers Sarusua and Savitz studied childhood cancer cases in Denver and found that children born to mothers who consumed hot dogs one or more times per week during pregnancy has approximately double the risk of developing brain tumors. Children who ate hot dogs one or more times per week were also at higher risk of brain cancer.
Bunin et al, also found that maternal consumption of hot dogs during pregnancy was associated with an excess risk of childhood brain tumors.
Q. How could hot dogs cause cancer?
A. Hot dogs contain nitrites which are used as preservatives, primarily to combat botulism. During the cooking process, nitrites combine with amines naturally present in meat to form carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. It is also suspected that nitrites can combine with amines in the human stomach to form N-nitroso compounds. These compounds are known carcinogens and have been associated with cancer of the oral cavity, urinary bladder, esophagus, stomach and brain.
Q. Some vegetables contain nitrites, do they cause cancer too?
A. It is true that nitrites are commonly found in many green vegetables, especially spinach, celery and green lettuce. However, the consumption of vegetables appears to be effective in reducing the risk of cancer. How is this possible? The explanation lies in the formation of N-nitroso compounds from nitrites and amines. Nitrite containing vegetables also have Vitamin C and D, which serve to inhibit the formation of N-nitroso compounds. Consequently, vegetables are quite safe and healthy, and serve to reduce your cancer risk.
Q. Do other food products contain nitrites?
A. Yes, all cured meats contain nitrites. These include bacon and fish.
Q. Are all hot dogs a risk for childhood cancer?
A. No. Not all hot dogs on the market contain nitrites. Because of modern refrigeration methods, nitrites are now used more for the red color they produce (which is associated with freshness) than for preservation. Nitrite-free hot dogs, while they taste the same as nitrite hot dogs, have a brownish color that has limited their popularity among consumers. When cooked, nitrite-free hot dogs are perfectly safe and healthy.
HERE ARE FOUR THINGS THAT YOU CAN DO:
- Do not buy hot dogs containing nitrite. It is especially important that children and potential parents do not consume 12 or more of these hot dogs per month.
- Request that your supermarket have nitrite-free hot dogs available.
- Contact your local school board and find out whether children are being served nitrite hot dogs in the cafeteria, Request that they use only nitrite-free hot dogs.
- Write the FDA and express your concern that nitrite-hot dogs are not labeled for their cancer risk to children. You can mention CPC's petition on hot dogs, docket #: 95P 0112/CP1.
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
Cancer Prevention Coalition
c/o School of Public Health, M/C 922
University of Illinois at Chicago
2121 West Taylor Street
Chicago, IL 60612
Tel: (312) 996-2297, Fax: (312) 413-9898
1, Peters J, et al " Processed meats and risk of childhood leukemia (California, USA)" Cancer Causes & Control 5: 195-202, 1994.
2 Sarasua S, Savitz D. " Cured and broiled meat consumption in relation to childhood cancer: Denver, Colorado (United States)," Cancer Causes & Control 5:141-8, 1994.
3 Bunin GR, et al. "Maternal diet and risk of astrocytic glioma in children: a report from the children's cancer group (United States and Canada)," Cancer Causes & Control 5:177-87, 1994.
4. Lijinsky W, Epstein, S. "Nitrosamines as environmental carcinogens," Nature 225 (5227): 2112, 1970.
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Do You Know Your Body’s Most Important Weight Loss Secret?
By J. Davis III
Tags: HEALING | HEALTHY FATS | REMEDIES
Recently, Doctor of Naturopathy, weight-loss expert and best-selling Amazon author Liz Swann Miller, creator of the Red Smoothie Detox Factor, revealed 2 of the secrets to easy, steady weight loss. Secrets the big food corporations do their best to hide from us.
Secret #1: Enjoy real food. Don’t fall for the lie that you have to deprive yourself to lose weight.
Secret #2: stop eating out. You will automatically eat less without even noticing.
Then start detoxing your body with tasty, nourishing smoothies that are just as easy on your wallet as they are easy to make.
Because a single day of enjoying Liz’ smoothies demonstrated the radical power of her superfood-packed red smoothies to make me feel incredibly good.
Now prepare yourself for one of the biggest weight loss secrets there is. A secret that, when you use it properly, can transform your body and your health.
You probably know most of us eat too much processed food. What you may not know is that it’s full of toxic chemicals and substandard, dirt-cheap ingredients designed to make you eat more…and force you to gain weight.
Here’s how it works...
“That stuff is just a lot of calories your body can’t use,” Liz told me, “Some are poison. And all these foods are stripped of the anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatories that help your body detox. The result? Your body expends huge amounts of calories to eliminate some toxins—the rest, it stores in your fat to protect you. This is why most people are hungry all the time. They’re not getting energy they need.”
“So… what’s going on with me? Why am I losing weight but not going hungry?”
Liz paused, then dropped the bombshell.
Your body is designed to burn fat. You just have to let it.
“What? I thought we were designed to store fat?!?” We were Skyping and I was practically shouting. Then I heard Liz say…
What good is a fat reserve if you can’t burn it?
Liz continued: “You’re drinking smoothies packed with phytonutrients, anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatories that pull toxins out of you like a tractor beam. Allowing your body to burn those toxin-filled fat stores… and releasing tremendous amounts of stored energy.”
So that’s why I’m losing weight without going hungry.
Watch Liz’ free presentation. It’s packed with revolutionary weight loss information—information that works. Because it’s based on how nature works.
Click the button below only if you want to wear smaller clothes, breathe easier, move more freely and just plain feel better.
Because when you click here to watch Liz’ life-changing presentation, you’ll learn
- Which calories help you lose weight…and which ones help you gain it…
- The “diet” foods…some of them vegetables…that lead to weight gain and diabetes…
- The “low-fat” foods that can dramatically increase your risk of cancer.
- And the superfoods that rescue your body from this assault by detoxing you…
Revitalizing your metabolism so you can
Shed pounds as well as toxins, renew your body and reset your internal clock by up to 7 years.
Because until now, the Red Smoothie Detox Factor has been available only to Liz’ private clients. But now that she’s perfected it to work for almost everyone, almost every time, Liz is sharing it with rest of us so we can feel better and look better.
Get Red Smoothie Detox Factor before the price goes back up.
Because Liz offers a ridiculously good guarantee. You have 60 days to decide you love the Red Smoothie Detox Factor. If you don’t love it—for any reason, or even no reason at all —Liz will refund your money. 100%. No questions asked.
Natural Diabetes Treatment Works Better Than Prescription Drugs *PROOF*
By Richard Neal
Tags: HEALING | REMEDIES | PREVENTION
According the latest statistics, diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes in the United States is reaching epidemic levels:
Total: 29.1 million people or 9.3% of the population have diabetes.
Diagnosed: 21.0 million people.
Undiagnosed: 8.1 million people (27.8% of people with diabetes are undiagnosed).
Source: CDC Website
Drugs Treat Symptoms, Not Disease
Pharmaceutical companies have been trying to shut these doctors down simply for revealing the truth about diabetes.
Scientific studies have proven that type 2 diabetes can be reversed naturally - but this information has been hidden and suppressed for decades.
Diabetics can normalize blood sugar, and be taken off all medication and insulin injections completely naturally.
Doctors at the International Council for Truth in Medicine are revealing the truth about diabetes in a shocking new online presentation.
In 3 Weeks, 71% Type 2 Diabetics Were Taken off ALL Medication
96% of patients were able to stop all insulin injections and 81% achieved complete relief of painful neuropathy.
Groundbreaking research published by the University of Kentucky, University of California and Newscastle University prove that type 2 diabetes CAN be reversed.
Blood sugar normalizes... neuropathy pain goes away...
Doctors at the International Council for Truth in Medicine have perfected these techniques and helped tens of thousands of their patients end the need for medication and insulin injections 100% naturally.
You don't have to suffer anymore, Learn the truth about your diabetes and stop this disease dead in its tracks right now.
Groundbreaking New Research
Doctors at the International Council for Truth in Medicine are revealing the truth about diabetes that has been suppressed for over 21 years.
Last year they helped over 17,542 type 2 diabetics end the need for prescription drugs, insulin injections and blood sugar monitoring.
This year they're on track to help over 30,000.
In just a few weeks, 96% of their patients are able to stop ALL diabetes medication and insulin injections.
No more neuropathy pain, pricking your finger, or the need for expensive medication.
Learn about this groundbreaking new research here:
#1 muscle that eliminates joint and back pain, anxiety and looking fat
By J. Davis III
Tags: HEALING | PREVENTION
I bet you can’t guess which muscle in your body is the #1 muscle that eliminates joint and back pain, anxiety and looking fat.
This “hidden survival muscle” in your body will boost your energy levels, immune system, sexual function, strength and athletic performance when unlocked.
If this “hidden” most powerful primal muscle is healthy, we are healthy.
d) Hip Flexors
Take the quiz above and see if you got the correct answer!
P.S. Make sure you check out the next page to get to know the 10 simple moves that will bring vitality back into your life!
==> Click here to discover which “hidden survival muscle” will help you boost your energy levels, immune system, sexual function, strength and athletic performance permanently!
More Health Resources:
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- Diabetes Destroyer System
- His wife REFUSED to let them amputate his legs!
- Unlock Your Hip Flexors
- Doctors Reversed Diabetes in Three Weeks
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| 0.928844 | 3,055 | 2.5625 | 3 |
About Face: Emotions and Facial Expressions May Not Be Related
For half a century, one theory about the way we experience and express emotion has helped shape how we practice psychology, do police work, and even fight terrorism. But what if that theory is wrong?
An important question continued to nag Barrett. What was the best way to determine the emotions that people are feeling? The therapist in her wanted to use the information to help her patients; her inner researcher just wanted the answer. So she dove into the emotion literature, and what she found surprised her. After reviewing all of the studies she could find, she realized that, statistically speaking, the best that scientists of emotion could do was to determine whether someone was feeling good or bad.
For Barrett, that wasn’t good enough. So she kept looking. She signed up for a physiology and cardiovascular training fellowship, to learn how to measure physiological indicators herself. And then something shocking happened. She returned to those famous cross-cultural studies that had launched Ekman’s career—and found that they were less than watertight. The problem was the options that Ekman had given his subjects when asking them to identify the emotions shown on the faces they were presented with. Those options, Barrett discovered, had limited the ways in which people allowed themselves to think.
Barrett explained the problem to me this way: “I can break that experiment really easily, just by removing the words. I can just show you a face and ask how this person feels. Or I can show you two faces, two scowling faces, and I can say, ‘Do these people feel the same thing?’ And agreement drops into the toilet.”
This exposed a fatal flaw in Ekman’s work as far as Barrett was concerned. “I mean, think about it,” she said. “When was the last time that you saw somebody win an Academy Award for going like this with fear”—at which point she mimicked for me the face in Edvard Munch’s The Scream.
Barrett wasn’t the first to question Ekman’s studies. A small handful of outlier psychologists had already begun a steady drumbeat of opposition. One had even shown he could throw the whole thing off by just showing subjects an “angry” face without including anger as a word to match it to. If people were presented with disgust or contempt instead, they happily chose one of those. But these naysayers were considered to be on the fringe. Why take them seriously when so much research already existed in Ekman’s favor?
Barrett found herself profoundly puzzled. “My experience of anger is not an illusion,” she told me. “When I’m angry, I feel angry. That’s real. But how can that be true if there’s no unique biological signature for anger?”
Barrett devoted herself to finding the answer to this question. In 1996 she accepted an assistant professorship at Boston College, where, abandoning her work as a practicing therapist, she continued to research the science of emotion. By then, brain imaging had become a useful tool, and emotion researchers were seizing on the technology to help them trace emotions back to their hotspots in the brain: fear to the amygdala, disgust to the insula, and so on. But with more reading and another training fellowship, this time in neuroscience, Barrett bumped up against the same old story. Data were mixed, conclusions uncertain. Fifty years of research in, only one thing was clear about the field: More research was necessary.
Barrett spent 14 years at Boston College, rising at a steady clip from assistant to associate to full professor. But by the time 2010 rolled around, her research needs and ambitions had outgrown her 1,000-square-foot lab. When Northeastern offered her a job that came along with a 3,500-square-foot multi-floor space, plus an architect to design it to her specifications, she took it. This past spring Northeastern promoted her to the status of University Distinguished Professor—the highest honor the school bestows on its faculty.
One afternoon last fall, I met Barrett at George Howell Coffee, in Newton, only a block or two from her home. While explaining exactly how the brain creates emotion—or, at least, how she believes it does—she opened a computer to show me what looked like a grainy black-and-white mishmash on the screen. “When most people look at this,” she said, “they don’t know what it is. It’s an example of experimentally induced experiential blindness. Your brain is taking in visual sensations from an object, but it can’t make sense of what it is.” The brain tries to fill in the blanks, she explained. “Some people see a lobster, some people see a bunny.”
What we were actually looking at, Barrett told me, was a bee. I couldn’t see it. But then she started clicking back and forth between that picture and a new one, which was very clearly a close-up of a bee’s body. Suddenly the grainy nonsense in the first picture snapped into bumblebee stripes. Now that I knew what I was looking at, I could see it, and for an instant everything I knew about bees flooded into my mind: their hum, their wings, their bumbling flight on a hot summer’s day, the taste of their honey. “Now,” Barrett said, “can you not see the bee? Every time you see this, you will always see the bee. Because right now your mind is adding information from your past experience to create the image of the bee.”
That, Barrett told me, is what the mind does with emotions. Just as that first picture of the bee actually wasn’t a picture of a bee for me until I taught myself that it was, my emotions aren’t actually emotions until I’ve taught myself to think of them that way. Without that, I have only a meaningless mishmash of information about what I’m feeling. In other words, as Barrett put it to me, emotion isn’t a simple reflex or a bodily state that’s hard-wired into our DNA, and it’s certainly not universally expressed. It’s a contingent act of perception that makes sense of the information coming in from the world around you, how your body is feeling in the moment, and everything you’ve ever been taught to understand as emotion. Culture to culture, person to person even, it’s never quite the same. What’s felt as sadness in one person might as easily be felt as weariness in another, or frustration in someone else.
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After irradiated fuel rods were taken from the nuclear reactors to the processing facilities at Hanford, they were exposed to a series of chemical processes designed to dissolve away the fuel rod itself, allowing workers to retrieve the plutonium.
As you may imagine, the chemicals needed to dissolve away the metal of the fuel rod were powerful. At the same time, once those chemicals were exposed to the irradiated fuel rods, the chemicals needed to dissolve the metal became radioactive and extremely hot. They also couldn’t be used over and over again whenever a new batch of irradiated fuel rods was delivered to the processing canyons.
So, these chemicals became a waste by-product of producing plutonium and had to be disposed of. Additionally, following their use inside the processing facilities, the chemicals were caustic and extremely hazardous to humans and the environment. They couldn’t be poured onto the ground or into the Columbia River.
Early Hanford scientists understood that these chemical and radioactive wastes could be hazardous to people or the environment, and decided to build a series of massive underground storage tanks ranging in capacity from 55,000 gallons to more than 1,000,000 gallons to hold the wastes. Scientists believed that the tanks would only be used temporarily until a permanent place to dispose of the waste was identified. Still, they required that the early tanks be constructed with robust materials consisting of a carbon steel shell surrounded by reinforced concrete. This proved to be a fortunate decision since many of the tanks remain in use to this day. No new waste from plutonium production has been added to the tanks in many years, but some of the waste that was originally put in them is still there.
After the chemicals needed for plutonium processing had been used, they were put into these storage tanks that were constructed throughout Hanford’s 200 Area in a series of groups. Called “tank farms”, eighteen groups of tanks, some numbering as few as two tanks and others up to sixteen, are located near the processing facilities where these kinds of liquid wastes were generated. As the irradiated fuel rods went through the processing canyons, the chemicals needed to dissolve away the fuel rods were routed from the processing facilities and into these storage tanks.
149 of these single shell tanks were built at Hanford between 1943 and 1964. 83 single shell tanks are located in the 200 West Area, with another 66 single shell tanks found in the 200 East Area. However, even with 149 tanks available, the volume of chemical wastes generated through the plutonium production mission far exceeded the capacity of the tanks. Some of the liquid waste did end up being put into holding facilities and some was poured into open trenches. Some of the wastes that were put into the tanks didn’t stay there, as the heat generated by the waste and the composition of the waste caused an estimated 67 of these tanks to leak some of their contents into the ground. Some of this liquid waste migrated through the ground and has reached the groundwater.
Between 1968 and 1986, Hanford engineers built another 28 tanks to be used on the Site. These tanks were sturdier, made with a second shell to surround the carbon steel and the reinforced concrete called “double shell tanks”. Three double shell tanks are in the 200 West Area, with another 25 found in the 200 East Area.
The materials inside waste tanks consist of liquids, gases, semi-solids, and solids. All of the liquid that can be safely pumped out of the single shell tanks and transferred into double shell tanks has taken place. Work now centers on transferring the solid and semi-solid wastes into the double shell models.
Crews continue to search for new technologies which can facilitate the removal of the semi-solids and solids out of these storage tanks. This is required since the original pumps inside the tanks were designed to remove only liquid waste. What’s left inside the tanks today are saltcakes, a material with the consistency of wet beach sand, and sludges. Also inside are wastes which resemble peanut butter, small broken icebergs, foam, or whitish crystals. None of these wastes are easily removed.
Adding to the challenge is the fact that access to the materials inside the waste tanks is through long, typically skinny pipes extending out of the tanks. It is through these pipes that crews are forced to send machines and devices into the tanks which are designed to break up the waste or push the waste toward a pump where it can then be removed. Because the pipes weren’t expected to be needed in this way, the diameter of many of the pipes is small; only about one foot wide. Scientists and engineers have had to develop and then build machines that are small enough to get through that narrow pipe, but also sturdy enough to withstand the high temperatures and caustic conditions inside the tank. It’s also a requirement that the machines be powerful enough to break up the solid wastes that they encounter and strong enough to force the waste into parts of the tank where it can be pumped out. Currently, engineers are evaluating cutting a larger opening in the top of the tanks to install a more effective, robust retrieval system.
As part of the agreement regulating Hanford cleanup (called the Tri-Party Agreement), crews must remove at least 99% of the material in every tank on the Site, or at least as much waste that can be removed based on available technology.
The final process associated with the tank farm waste is at the Waste Treatment Plant, also known as the Vitrification Plant. Waste from tank farms throughout the site will be pumped into the mammoth Waste Treatment Plant complex where it will be treated and characterized as low activity waste or high level waste based on the waste’s composition. The waste will then begin a process where glass forming materials bond with the waste in a high temperature environment. This procedure, called vitrification, locks the waste into a more stable glass form. Once the waste has been vitrified, it will be put into steel canisters and safely dispositioned.
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| 0.973863 | 1,221 | 3.953125 | 4 |
Campaigners warn over salt levels in bread
- 2 September 2011
- From the section Health
A third of breads contain more salt than recommended under guidelines being introduced next year, a survey found.
Most breads were within the current guidelines of 1.1g of salt per 100g - but this is being cut to 1g per 100g.
Campaign for Action on Salt and Health (Cash), which looked at 300 breads, said it was "outrageous" that bread contained even the current level.
The Department of Health said "considerable" salt reductions had already been made.
Manufacturers said many loaves with the lowest salt levels were supermarket brands, which were the most popular.
Eating too much salt is linked to high blood pressure, which in turn increases the risk of developing heart disease.
Recommended dietary salt levels vary with age. Adults are meant to have no more than 6g of salt in their diet per day, while toddlers should have no more than 2g.
Salt levels in bread have fallen by about a third over the past decade, with some falling by up to 40%.
But Cash says levels are still too high, and warns there is wide variation in the amount found in loaves.
Most are within half a gram of the current target of 1.1g of salt per 100g of bread - about two thick slices. But Cash found some significantly exceeded it.
Cash says consumers should look at nutrition labels, where possible, to see how much salt bread contains.
But it warns fresh breads, from in-store or high-street bakeries have no nutritional labelling, meaning people cannot tell how much salt they contain.
And it said bakery breads often had higher levels than their packaged products.
Cash chairman Prof Graham MacGregor, of the Wolfson Institute of Preventative Medicine, said: "It is frankly outrageous that bread still contains so much salt.
"The Department of Health needs to ensure that all bread is clearly labelled and that all manufacturers reduce the salt of bread to less that the salt target of 1g per 100g.
"It is the very high levels of salt that is hidden in everyday food, such as bread, that puts up both adults' and children's blood pressure."
Victoria Taylor, senior dietician at the British Heart Foundation, said: "We know too many people are eating too much salt each day. Some manufacturers are working towards targets for salt reduction, but we need more action to cut the salt content in bread and make sure they provide colour-coded food labels to help their customers."
But Federation of Bakers director Gordon Polson said: "The majority of wrapped, sliced bread available already meets the 2012 targets and our members are continuing to endeavour to reduce salt by contributing to ongoing research to establish which other means are available to reduce salt in bread.
"The vast majority of breads singled out in the Cash report as higher in salt are not the mainstream products produced by our members; which do produce around 80% of the nation's bread in a £3bn industry."
A Department of Health spokesman said the government welcomed the "considerable" salt reductions that bread makers had already made, and it was "very pleasing" that around 60% of the products met salt targets for 2012.
"This is an important step in helping to reduce salt intake, as well as lowering the risk of high blood pressure and resulting strokes and heart disease. We look forward to seeing further reductions as more companies meet the targets," he added.
British Retail Consortium food director Andrew Opie said retailers and manufacturers are to fund independent research to look for ways of meeting the 2012 target - "while still making foods which consumers want to buy".
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.bbc.com/news/health-14754202
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| 0.974234 | 764 | 2.65625 | 3 |
created 2004 · complexity intermediate · author Raj Kiran Grandhi · version 6.0
You can use an expression as the replacement string in the substitute command (
:s). When the replacement string starts with \= it is evaluated as an expression. This opens whole new avenue of interesting possiblities. Here are a few examples:
- Number all the lines in a file (insert line number followed by a tab):
- Number a range of lines (from line 10 to line 20):
- Number a range of lines sequentially starting from 1:
:let counter=0|10,20g//let counter=counter+1|s/^/\=counter."\t"
- Number all the paragraphs in range starting from 1 (assuming the paragraphs are separated by one or more blank lines):
:let counter=0|1,20g/^$\n^\s*[^\s]/let counter=counter+1|+1s/^/\=counter."\t"
- Note: The above command does not work for the first paragraph in the file if there is no blank line above it.
- Create a file skeleton with dynamic content by using
eval()in the expression.
You can also substitute inside substitute!
:%s#.*#\='cp '.submatch(0).' all/'.substitute(submatch(0),'/','_','g')#
The substitute uses
# (not a slash) as the delimiter because
/ appears in the replacement text. The search pattern (
The replacement expression inserts "
cp " and "
all/" and changes any "
/" to "
_", for example changing line:
cp sub1/sub2/file1.html all/sub1_sub2_file1.html
See Best Vim Tips for a few more.
For incremented columns, see generating a column of increasing numbers: incremented, decremented, daynames, dates, etc.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://vim.wikia.com/wiki/Using_an_expression_in_substitute_command
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.796232 | 421 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The SCORE Programs
The South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (SCDNR) is responsible for managing the state's oyster resources. Appropriate management includes the planting of material to provide substrate, known as cultch, for recruitment of juvenile oysters. The best cultch material is oyster shell.
In order to increase oyster habitat at the minimum cost to taxpayers, SCDNR has initiated the South Carolina Oyster Restoration and Enhancement (SCORE) program. There are two major components to the SCORE program: oyster shell recycling and community-based restoration. By working together, community members and biologists can restore oyster populations while 1) enhancing habitat for fish, shrimp, and crabs, 2) improving water quality of estuarine areas, and 3) informing and educating children, industry, and the general public.
Oyster Shell Recycling
Immature oysters at the free-swimming larvae stage require a solid surface or substrate for attachment, which is called "setting." Once attached, oysters cannot relocate. Not surprisingly oysters have evolved a preference for setting on other oyster shell. Adult oysters and even shells of dead oysters emit chemicals that attract oyster larvae. By selecting oyster shells as a substrate, the larvae maximize the likelihood of setting near other oysters (a requirement for reproduction) and of setting in a suitable habitat.
Unfortunately, there is a nationwide shortage of oyster shell to be used as cultch. That which is available is often not readily accessible because it is spread out in many locations. SCDNR has initiated an effort to encourage the public to recycle oyster shell for use in resource management. Recycling centers have been established along the coast. To locate a center near you visit the oyster recycling web page.
Consumers are encouraged to deposit clean shell (i.e., no trash) at the recycling centers, which will be periodically emptied by SCDNR. The shell generated in this fashion will be used for restoration and enhancement of shellfish resources, reducing the costs of these activities. Community groups and youth organizations may want to recycle shell as a community service project. There is a lot of shell out there (restaurants, caterers, resorts), so it is important to make the effort to recapture it before it goes to the landfill!
The restoration part of the SCORE program works with local citizen groups to conduct actual habitat restoration projects and to monitor the success of those efforts. As of October 2014, more than 25,000 volunteers have used more than 1,100 tons of shell to build 225 reefs at 69 reef sites along the South Carolina coast. Projects involved building new reefs with recycled shells for recruitment of oyster larvae. Volunteers have ranged from 4th grade Girl Scouts to retired executives. As these pilot reefs begin to recruit new oysters and attract other critters of the estuary, they are being used as living classrooms and research platforms. Volunteer citizens are critical to monitoring the new reefs throughout the year to increase our understanding of how best to restore oyster habitats.
By involving citizens in the restoration process we hope to accomplish the following:
- Develop a citizen constituency for oysters
- Initiate a grass-roots effort to restore oysters
- Increase public awareness of the value of oysters to the ecosystem
- Influence public policy to provide greater protection for oyster habitats
- Influence lawmakers to provide adequate funding for proper management of oyster resources
- Expand the scope of our endeavors by utilizing volunteer labor.
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://score.dnr.sc.gov/deep.php?subject=1
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| 0.932486 | 716 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Some suspect that the Holy See has no interest in United Nations reform. To be sure, the Holy See is not a full member of the United Nations; it holds the status of special observer. This status does not diminish its interest in the reform of the United Nations. At the United Nations, observer states, like member states, have the right to speak, to take the floor to address different agenda items and to participate in shaping debate. What distinguishes them from members is that they are not directly involved in the U.N. electoral system, and they are not part of the rotating membership of the Security Council. Sitting on the Security Council and exercising the right to vote are, of course, expressions, if not tools, of power. Nevertheless, they do not exhaust the importance or the relevance of the United Nations.
The Holy See takes special interest in U.N. reform. This interest stems not only from a need to streamline some of its bodies and to adapt and update its working methods, but also from the context of global governance as a whole. As Pope John Paul II noted in his message for the 2003 World Day of Peace, there is a serious disorder in world affairs, requiring a “new constitutional organization” for the world community. So the question becomes: what kind of order can and should replace this disorder, so that men and women can live in freedom, justice and security?
The reasons for the reform of the United Nations do not come uniquely or even primarily from the convenience of sharing power across a wider group of countries, but from a real need for participatory ways of exercising political authority, as well as for transparency and accountability at every level of public life. In other words, the need for reform is found in global governance itself. It is global governance that badly needs reform and reorientation.
The question that comes up in international contexts, at national and local levels, and in various focus groups throughout the world, is whether or not the world is still really governable and, if so, according to what rules and using which models. Many agree that globalization needs governing, informed and channeled by democracy and solidarity—but how is this to be achieved? The United Nations is trying to give an answer by means of a fuller and more fruitful version of multilateralism.
The term “multilateralism” has usually meant interaction between governments. It used always to be governments that indicated priorities, conducted negotiations, arrived at consensus or majority decisions and then put them into practice with the collaboration of local and regional powers and others such as nongovernmental organizations. Today, however, with the clear emergence of many other actors in national and international public life—that is, civil society, public and private enterprise, national parliaments, N.G.O.’s—the new multilateralism must in some way take account of these new actors in all the phases just mentioned. The debate about human society’s most pressing questions will take place less and less in formal international settings. It will favor regional conferences or in any case those whose participants represent the interests being discussed.
The Duty to Protect
Another strand of reflection leading the United Nations to adopt new measures in order to confront today’s problems comes from the issue of collective security and the responsibility to protect, which is the duty of the state, but which must be exercised by the international community, using precise rules, when individual states are incapable, powerless or even unwilling to assume this duty. Criteria for the legality and legitimacy of the use of force have been re-examined in the light of an emerging conviction that there exists a responsibility to protect not only the stability of a country, but first and foremost the populations threatened by man-made catastrophes like genocide, mass killings, serious human rights violations, the starvation of entire populations and so on.
Security and Development
A third strand of thought inspiring U.N. reform singles out the two major preoccupations of our time, namely security and development, and then links them in a paradigm of collective security.
Linking these two things means that security can no longer hijack the place of development and concentrate just on repressive military replies; rather, it will be obliged to recognize that if we truly wish to construct lasting security, then development will have to come first and be conceived and promoted in all its aspects, so that the deep causes of insecurity that lead to terrorism are uprooted once and for all.
Linking development to security means recognizing the human potential of the world’s peoples. The symptoms of instability—insecurity, tensions; the global consequences of local difficulties like the outbreak of epidemics, corruption and organized crime; environmental degradation, the plundering of primary resources, exclusion and social injustice—these symptoms will not be neutralized just by force, bigger and better planning, legal conventions and vast sums of money. They must be defused at their source with the direct and primary collaboration of individual members of society; with the education that families give their children; with the spirit of initiative that exists everywhere, even among the poor, and that needs only encouragement to be released, and with the sense of responsibility that must be instilled into every citizen. This is why the reform of the United Nations has to start with the human and moral dimensions, and from the attention and appreciation paid—to use a little biblical language—to the smallest and the most humble people. It will not work if international organizations, government administrations and the various components of civil society always insist only on their own particular, politicized point of view of the “promotion of rights,” while ignoring the corresponding duties—that is, the personal and social responsibilities that go with them.
Sixty years ago the United Nations Charter, against the backdrop of two world wars and a cold war between the Soviet bloc and the West, spoke of security in terms of defense in response to an act of aggression by one or more states. Today that concept has become much broader. Threats now come not only from other states, but from non-state actors as well, which are much better organized, financed and operational than some states, in addition to the fact that they are often difficult to find and pin down. The origin of these threats is to be found in the everyday life of ordinary people: in the production and distribution of food, in access to local natural resources, in people’s health care, in the organization of social life and in the rapport between different cultures and religions.
Five years after the launch of the Millennium Development Goals, an “agenda reducing poverty and improving lives [of the poor] that world leaders agreed on at the Millennium Summit in September 2000,” the United Nations gave an update on whether these eight goals are being achieved or not, and the report’s conclusions are not at all encouraging. It is not a complete tale of woe—because the situation is generally under control in the world’s so-called developed countries, while in the most problematic parts of the world, some occasional success can be seen. The real problem is the inequality within individual countries and the inequality among states. Globalization does not appear to be bringing any harmonization between developing and developed countries, or a more equal distribution of wealth and income. It has not resulted in a more natural dialogue and cooperation between cultures and civilizations or a peaceful and fruitful sense of interdependence. On the contrary, the resentment generated by the continually increasing inequality gap could easily give way to a refusal of interdependence, which could turn into instability and downright revolt.
This means that the system of international solidarity has to be reviewed. We are a long way from reaching the goal of 0.7 percent of G.N.P., which, according to precise international agreements, including that of the Monterrey Conference of 2002, each country should be setting aside for official development assistance. Happily, the tendency now seems to be less to invest in grand infrastructure schemes that rely on astronomically large investments with big organizations and more to aim at things like microcredit and assisting the work of those who actually know the country, the local situations and the people. It is to invest with those who can assure that help starts from the bottom up, by aiming assistance at the real needs of the people and helping meet their aspirations. It should also be said that countries benefiting from such schemes, for their part, need to assure good governance and the serious policing of corruption.
It’s along these lines—participation, security and development, solidarity in a world of inequality—that the Holy See believes it can glimpse the efficacy of a reform that might be able to redirect and regulate global governance.
In its thinking during the 60 years of the United Nations’ existence, the Holy See has never wished to see the creation of a global super-government that would exercise international sovereignty, which might limit or even bypass national sovereignty. On the other hand, the thought of the popes during this period has constantly sustained the idea of an international institution with structures capable of intervening through appropriate arbitration in conflicts of various kinds—in military, economic, trade and cultural fields—conflicts that arise between nations, with each nation maintaining its own rights to reach just agreements and peaceful settlements, and always with respect for the rights of others.
When we speak of the reform of the United Nations, the really big question is: Can a formula be found so that all its resolutions are respected? Only in this way might we begin to glimpse a renewed and truly efficient United Nations. This current reform effort is intended to make the United Nations more efficient in its working methods, more rapid in responding to peacetime and development emergencies, and more authoritative in its decision-making. But the very real question of the implementation of its resolutions continues to be related to the political will of individual states and their desire to cooperate with one another. For this reason, when we speak of the reform of the United Nations, we mean above all the injection of a huge dose of bold political will on the part of the member states into global governance.
The Millennium Challenge Goals
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
Target for 2015: Halve the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day and those who suffer hunger.
2. Achieve universal primary education.
Target for 2015: Ensure that all boys and girls complete primary school.
3. Promote gender equality and empower women.
Targets for 2005 and 2015: Eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and at all levels by 2015.
4. Reduce child mortality.
Target for 2015: Reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate among children under five.
5. Improve maternal health.
Target for 2015: Reduce by three-quarters the ratio of women dying in childbirth.
6. Combat H.I.V./AIDS, malaria and other diseases.
Target for 2015: Halve and begin to reverse the spread of H.I.V./AIDS, malaria and other major diseases.
7. Ensure environmental sustainability.
Targets include: integrating sustainable development into government programming, supplying clean water and making improvements in living conditions for 100 million slum dwellers.
8. Develop a global partnership for development.
Multiple targets include: an open trading and financial system, addressing the needs of landlocked and island states, alleviating the debt of developing countries, youth employment, affordable drugs for poor countries and transfer of new technology.
Source: United Nations Development Program
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<urn:uuid:f5cd085d-72b6-427c-9822-8df78771c1d1>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://americamagazine.org/issue/535/article/hopes-un-reform
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en
| 0.948736 | 2,355 | 2.625 | 3 |
The health hazards of sitting
We know sitting too much is bad, and most of us intuitively feel a little guilty after a long TV binge. But what exactly goes wrong in our bodies when we park ourselves for nearly eight hours per day, the average for a U.S. adult? Many things, say four experts, who detailed a chain of problems from head to toe. Download a pdf poster of this graphic.
Itching to move? Here are some ways to workout at work and eat the right stuff.
Muscles burn less fat and blood flows more sluggishly during a long sit, allowing fatty acids to more easily clog the heart. Prolonged sitting has been linked to high blood pressure and elevated cholesterol, and people with the most sedentary time are more than twice as likely to have cardiovascular disease than those with the least.
The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that carries glucose to cells for energy. But cells in idle muscles don't respond as readily to insulin, so the pancreas produces more and more, which can lead to diabetes and other diseases. A 2011 study found a decline in insulin response after just one day of prolonged sitting.
Studies have linked sitting to a greater risk for colon, breast and endometrial cancers. The reason is unclear, but one theory is that excess insulin encourages cell growth. Another is that regular movement boosts natural antioxidants that kill cell-damaging
— and potentially cancer-causing — free radicals.
When you stand, move or even sit up straight, abdominal muscles keep you upright. But when you slump in a chair, they go unused. Tight back muscles and wimpy abs form a posture-wrecking alliance that can exaggerate the spine's natural arch, a condition called hyperlordosis, or swayback.
Flexible hips help keep you balanced, but chronic sitters so rarely extend the hip flexor muscles in front that they become short and tight, limiting range of motion and stride length. Studies have found that decreased hip mobility is a main reason elderly people tend to fall.
Sitting requires your glutes to do absolutely nothing, and they get used to it. Soft glutes hurt your stability, your ability to push off and your ability to maintain a powerful stride.
Poor circulation in legs
Sitting for long periods of time slows blood circulation, which causes fluid to pool in the legs. Problems range from swollen ankles and varicose veins to dangerous blood clots called deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Weight-bearing activities such as walking and running stimulate hip and lower-body bones to grow thicker, denser and stronger. Scientists partially attribute the recent surge in cases of osteoporosis to lack of activity.
Trouble at the top
Moving muscles pump fresh blood and oxygen through the brain and trigger the release of all sorts of brain- and mood-enhancing chemicals. When we are sedentary for a long time, everything slows, including brain function.
If most of your sitting occurs at a desk at work, craning your neck forward toward a keyboard or tilting your head to cradle a phone while typing can strain the cervical vertebrae and lead to permanent imbalances.
Sore shoulders and back
The neck doesn't slouch alone. Slumping forward overextends shoulder and back muscles as well, particularly the trapezius, which connects the neck and shoulders.
When we move, soft discs between vertebrae expand and contract like sponges, soaking up fresh blood and nutrients. But when we sit for a long time, discs are squashed unevenly. Collagen hardens around tendons and ligaments.
People who sit more are at greater risk for herniated lumbar disks. A muscle called the psoas travels through the abdominal cavity and, when it tightens, pulls the upper lumbar spine forward. Upper-body weight rests entirely on the ischial tuberosity (sitting bones) instead of being distributed along the arch of the spine.
Mortality of sitting
People who watched the most TV in an 8.5-year study had a 61 percent greater risk of dying than those who watched less than one hour per day.
Hours of TV per day
The right way to sit
If you have to sit often, try to do it correctly. As Mom always said, "Sit up straight."
• Not leaning forward
• Shoulders relaxed
• Arms close to sides
• Elbows bent 90°
• Lower back may
• Feet flat on floor
So what can we do? The experts recommend . . .
Sitting on something wobbly such as an exercise ball or even a backless stool to force your core muscles to work. Sit up straight and keep your feet flat on the floor in front of you so they support about a quarter of your weight.
Stretching the hip flexors for three minutes per side once a day.
Walking during commercials when you're watching TV. Even a snail-like pace of 1 mph would burn twice the calories of sitting, and more vigorous exercise would be even better.
Alternating between sitting and standing at your work station. If you can't do that, stand up every half hour or so and walk.
Trying yoga poses — the cow pose and the cat — to improve extension and flexion in your back.
| Scientists interviewed for this report
James A. Levine, inventor of the treadmill desk and director of Obesity Solutions at Mayo Clinic and Arizona State University.
Charles E. Matthews, National Cancer Institute investigator and author of several studies on sedentary behavior.
Jay Dicharry, director of the REP Biomechanics Lab in Bend, Ore., and author of "Anatomy for Runners."
Tal Amasay, biomechanist at Barry University's Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences.
Additional sources: "Amount of time spent in sedentary behaviors and cause-specific mortality in U.S. adults," by Charles E. Matthews, et al, of the National Cancer Institute; "Sedentary behavior and cardiovascular disease: A review of prospective studies," by Earl S. Ford and Carl J. Casperson of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Mayo Clinic.
Lumbar region bowed by shortened psoas
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| 0.919196 | 1,300 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The four segments in Struggling Societies reflect the nation's least affluent group. These households contain economically-challenged singles and divorced and widowed individuals living in isolated towns and cities. With modest educations and lower-echelon jobs, many struggle to make ends meet. Many of their communities face endemic problems associated with poverty and crime. As a group, the households are older (ages range from 45 to 75), ethnically-mixed, without children and transient. Half have lived at the same address for fewer than five years. Many of these unmarried and unattached singles have moved into these rundown communities with few resources other than a hope of starting over.
4.69 percent of U.S. households
|Mid-age singles||Ethnically diverse|
|Local activities||Low digital use|
With their low incomes and advancing ages, Struggling Societies have relatively little interest in digital technology. While a few have dial-up access to the Internet at home, most tend to go online using computers in libraries and local schools. They like Websites that offer games, lottery results, basketball scores and educational courses. Many of these single adults now frequent social media sites like myspace.com, mocospace.com and blackpeoplemeet.com. However, many also tell researchers that they're confused by computers and claim that the Internet has had no impact on their lives.
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| 0.95838 | 286 | 2.96875 | 3 |
They are nobody’s children.
You see them huddled in little groups at traffic signals. chatting, laughing, occasionally cajoling a motorist for some money. Standing in the rains, on a cold winter’s night, on a scorching hot day. Their presence makes me uncomfortable. At one level it is knowledge that giving money encourages more such behavior. At the other is the knowledge that the will starve if you don’t. So I have come to a compromise with myself – when i travel, it is with little bottles of water (the children have no access to clean portable water on the streets), packets of biscuits. But, it is never enough.
But the question here is why are these children on the streets ? The uncharitable answer is that each of them is an economic unit able to earn money for their ‘family’ unit. There is some vestigal remanents of the “desi ethos’ that says that a woman has a right to her motherhood – and i don’t mean reproductive rights, but the right to bring up a child with mamata. And then there is an overloaded system. In all this the kids are left on the streets to fend for themselves.
There are a plethora of laws that have come into place that may end up reducing the incidence of children on the streets. The first is The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012. It very clearly states that
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 defines a child as any person below the age of 18 years and provides protection to all children under the age of 18 years from the offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography. These offences have been clearly defined for the first time in law.
The second is the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2010It provides the
i) Right of children to free and compulsory education till completion of elementary education in a neighborhood school.(ii) It clarifies that ‘compulsory education’ means obligation of the appropriate government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission, attendance and completion of elementary education to every child in the six to fourteen age group. ‘Free’ means that no child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education.(iii) It makes provisions for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age appropriate class.
The Union Cabinet on Tuesday approved a proposal for amending the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, to ban employment of children aged up to 14 in any form of industry. It will be an offence to employ such children not only in factories or industries but also in homes or on farms, if their labour is meant to serve any commercial interest.
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| 0.950731 | 583 | 2.53125 | 3 |
What it does: Promotes good eyesight and normal functioning of the immune system.
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Food sources include: Enriched, fortified, or whole-grain products such as bread, pasta, and cereals
What it does: Helps the body process carbohydrates and some protein.
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Food sources include: Milk, breads, fortified cereals, almonds, asparagus, dark meat chicken, and cooked beef
What it does: Supports many body processes, such as turning food into energy. It also helps your body make red blood cells.
Food sources include: Poultry, fish, meat, whole grains, and fortified cereals
What it does: Helps with digestion and changing food into energy; helps make cholesterol.
Food sources include: Fortified cereals, fortified soy-based meat substitutes, baked potatoes with skin, bananas, light-meat chicken and turkey, eggs, and spinach
What it does: Supports your nervous system. Helps the body break down proteins. Helps the body break down stored sugar.
Food sources include: Beef, clams, mussels, crabs, salmon, poultry, soybeans, and fortified foods
What it does: Helps with cell division and helps make red blood cells.
Food sources include: Citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, red and green bell peppers, cabbage, and spinach
Food sources include: Fortified milk, cheese, and cereals; egg yolks; salmon
Food sources include: Leafy green vegetables, almonds, hazelnuts, and vegetable oils like sunflower, canola, and soybean
What it does: As an antioxidant, it helps protect cells from damage.
Folate (Folic Acid)
Food sources include: Fortified cereals and grain products; lima, lentil, and garbanzo beans; and dark leafy vegetables
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en
| 0.922858 | 412 | 3.140625 | 3 |
1. A murderer is condemned to death. He has to choose between three rooms. However, in one room, he will avoid death. The first is full of raging fires, the second is full of assassins with loaded guns, and the third is full of lions that haven't eaten in 3 years. Which room is safest for him?
2. A woman shoots her husband. Then she holds him under water for over five minutes. Finally, she hangs him. But five minutes later they both go out together and enjoy a wonderful dinner together. How can this be?
3. What is black when you buy it, red when you use it, and gray when you throw it away?
4. Name three consecutive days without using the words Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, or Sunday?
5. This is an unusual paragraph. I'm curious how quickly you can find out what is so unusual about it. It looks so plain you would think nothing was wrong with it. In fact, nothing is wrong with it! It is unusual though. Study it, and think about it, but you still may not find anything odd. But if you work at it a bit, you might find out. Try to do so without any coaching!
1. The third. Lions that haven't eaten in three years are dead.
2. The woman was a photographer. She shot a picture of her husband,
developed it, and hung it up to dry.
4. Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow.
5. The letter "e," which is the most common letter in the English language, does not appear once in the long paragraph.
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en
| 0.984574 | 340 | 2.5625 | 3 |
I. INTRODUCTION: OVERVIEW AND SCOPE OF ARTICLE A. Introduction B. Legal Framework for Unitization: Overview C. Scope and Methodology 1. The Countries in the Survey 2. Methodology: Twelve-Country Survey D. Definitions E. Unitization: A Primer 1. The Unit Concept 2. In the United States 3. Outside the United States II. SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF COUNTRY LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND MODEL CONTRACT PROVISIONS A. Summary Overview of the Twelve-Country Comparative Analysis B. Absence or Existence of Unitization Provisions C. Circumstances Triggering Unitization D. Voluntary or Compulsory Unitization E. Purposes of Unitization F. Oil versus Gas G. Area, Depth, and Number of Fields H. Factors Determining Unit Interests or Redetermination I. Recognition for Royalty and Fiscal Purposes J. Recognition for Purposes of Perpetuating the Contract K. Consequences of Failure to Unitize or Secure Approval of Unitization Plan L. Procedures and the Approval Authority M. Unique Provisions 1. Appointment of the Unit Operator 2. What the Unitization Agreement Must Contain 3. Joint Exploration and Drilling under a Service Contract 4. Provisions Dealing with International Boundaries N. Conclusions and Best Practices III. OTHER CONTRACTS RELEVANT TO THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF UNITIZATION A. Operating Agreements 1. Conduct of Petroleum Operations 2. Operator 3. Collective Decisionmaking B. Farmout and Acquisition Agreements C. Production Sales Contracts IV. DOCUMENTING THE UNITIZATION A. Pre-Unitization Agreements B. Unitization Agreements V. KEY ISSUES IN UNITIZATION AGREEMENTS A. Unit Area 1. Areal Extent 2. Depth 3. Changes in Unit Area B. Unitized Substances 1. Oil versus Gas 2. Other Substances Used for Enhanced Recovery 3. Diluent Used in Heavy Crude Oil Projects C. Effect of Unitization D. Determination of Tract Interests 1. Principal Basis for Tract Interests 2. Conversion Ratios Between Oil and Gas 3. Pre-Unitization Costs 4. Other Factors Affecting Tract Interests E. Determination of Unit Interests F. Redetermination of Tract Interests 1. Basis for Redetermination 2. Number of Redeterminations 3. Timing of Redeterminations 4. Data Used for Redetermination 5. Proposal and Approval of Redeterminations 6. Effects of Redetermination: Production 7. Effects of Redetermination: Costs 8. Effects on Host-Government Contracts 9. Trend Toward No Redetermination G. Unit Decisionmaking H. Nonunit Operations 1. Priorities 2. Drilling Through Unit Reservoirs 3. Joint Use of Infrastructure 4. Relationships with Unit Redeterminations and Expansions VI. CONCLUSIONS VII. APPENDIX I VIII. APPENDIX II I. INTRODUCTION: OVERVIEW AND SCOPE OF ARTICLE
Unitization is the joint, coordinated operation of a petroleum reservoir by all the owners of rights in the separate tracts overlying the reservoir. (2) Unitization of oil and gas fields is commonplace in the United States where private ownership of minerals has often resulted in fractionalized ownership of the oil and gas in a common reservoir, such that tens, hundreds, and even thousands, of private landowners (who have leased their tracts in exchange for royalty interests) and their lessees (working-interest owners) have interests in the same reservoir. Without unitized operation of the reservoir, the common law "rule of capture" results in competitive drilling and production with consequent economic and physical waste, as each separate owner attempts to secure his or her "fair share" of the underground resource by drilling more and pumping faster than his neighbor. (3) To conserve its petroleum resources, the United States became the "unitization capital" of the world as measured by the enactment and use of domestic (in international terms "municipal") unitization laws.
Outside of the United States, unitization has not been as prevalent simply because it has not been as necessary to the sound development of petroleum resources. Oil and gas resources in most countries are owned by the country, not by private individuals or entities. (4) When a country, as the single lessor or licensor, issues licenses or enters into production sharing agreements or similar contracts with enterprises to develop these resources, (5) the contracts awarded often cover large areas comprised of many thousands of acres. (6) In addition, government agencies may have used seismic surveys to define the license area to cover an entire geological structure or other trap, thus limiting the possibility of competitive drilling by rival licensees awarded adjacent acreage over a common reservoir. (7)
Nonetheless, interest in unitization outside of the United States has been growing in the past three decades for several reasons. First, the 1973 OPEC oil embargo imposed by Mideastern producing nations against many of the industrialized, oil-importing countries, led to a rapid rise in the price of oil. Western nations and their multinational oil companies sought to diversify their sources of oil imports. Exploration proceeded apace in many new areas of the world, such as the North Sea, South America, and Africa, and many new companies entered the international arena to compete for development rights against the major oil companies that had long dominated the global market. Additionally, state monopolies over exploration and production in host countries were loosened in the 1980s and 1990s, so more competitors could successfully enter to engage in resource development. (8) Second, over the years, exploration blocks offered by host governments have become smaller as host governments have sought to maximize revenue through a greater number of signing bonuses and more rapid development of reservoirs (more likely if there are fewer reservoirs per block). Third, relinquished areas from existing blocks have also increased the number of smaller blocks available. (9) As a result of all of these factors, increasing numbers of reservoirs are being discovered in locations outside the United States that underlie several license areas with different licensees on each area. Some of these reservoirs cross the borders between two or more countries. In addition, as offshore areas have become the new frontier promising the highest potential for large field discoveries, (10) licensees have moved into areas with undefined boundaries contested by rival coastal nations. For all these reasons, the development of petroleum resources between different licensees and different countries through cooperative rather than competitive mechanisms has assumed great importance globally.
Legal Framework for Unitization: Overview
Internationally, unitization takes place within a multilayered framework of law. When a reservoir straddles the boundaries of two or more sovereign countries, whether the boundaries are defined (often termed "delimited") or undefined, the layers look like this:
(i) international law--treaties, conventions, and international custom;
(ii) national laws and regulations of the host governments, and contracts between the host governments and the licensees, notably agreements authorizing development (such as a license agreement, concession, or production-sharing agreement). In some countries, the host-government contract has the force of law; and
(iii) private contracts among the licensees and interested third parties, such as operating agreements, farmout and acquisition agreements, and production sales contracts.
This Article examines this multi-layered legal framework from two different perspectives. Parts II and III analyze the unitization provisions of the national laws, regulations, and model contracts of a twelve-country survey (11) and describe the private framework of commonly used contracts that are affected by unitization. Parts IV and V review the unitization process, key issues addressed in a unitization agreement, and the typical treatment of those issues.
Scope and Methodology
1. The Countries in the Survey
The focus of the twelve-country survey in Part II of this Article is the legal framework for unitization in countries without a long history of unitization because those are largely the places where new sources of petroleum are being found and produced today. Twelve petroleum-producing countries were chosen for this comparative analysis, as follows:
The United Kingdom was selected for purposes of comparison as one country with an extensive history of unitization under a system of sovereign ownership of mineral rights common to most of the world, in contrast to the private ownership system that prevails in the United States. The United States is less useful as a model for comparison because regulatory jurisdiction over petroleum conservation and unitization there is largely the preserve of each separate state and its conservation commission rather than the federal government. (12)
2. Methodology: Twelve-Country Survey
Several sources were used to collect the legal provisions related to oil and gas unitization in the twelve countries discussed in Part II: (i) the Barrows collection of international petroleum materials, which includes laws, regulations, model contracts, and some unitization agreements that have been negotiated and signed; (ii) the PEPS database of laws, regulations, and model contract provisions from IHS Energy; and (iii) unitization agreements submitted to the authors by members of the Association of International Petroleum Negotiators (AIPN), generally in redacted form without the names of the companies involved. The relevant portions of the laws, regulations, and model contract provisions of these twelve countries are included in Appendix I of this Article.
To clarify the analysis that follows, the Authors adopted standardized definitions to use throughout this Article. The definitions, with commentary, are as follows:
Unitization: Unitization is the joint, coordinated operation of an oil or gas reservoir by all the owners of rights...
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| 0.927105 | 1,991 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Follow my instructions and you can then go out and catch animals like some sort of modern-day Buffalo Bill.
What you'll need:
- String or twine.
- A springy twig or sapling.
- Some bits of branch or wood.
- Some smaller twigs.
- A knife (for cutting)
- Human hands. (for doing stuff and scratching backside)
- Human brain. (for thinking)
- The patience to even bother.
Now, this snare we're gonna make (actually You are gonna make it and I am just gonna tell you what to do, bitch) is suitable for catching polar bears and rhinoceroses.
This snare is for catching small creatures and leprechauns.
What to do:
Lets make the trap-release system. That sounds very fancy, doesn't it? Well, this is the important part - fuck it up and you, well, fuck up your trap!
You need two similarly sized sticks (3 or 4 inches long) and about the circumference of a finger.
We'll call them Stick 'A' and Stick 'B'.
Well because it makes it easier to identify them, you arsehole!
Stick 'A' will be shoved into the ground and Stick 'B' will be tied to the string which will then be pulled apart from Stick 'B' when the snare is activated.
You need to carve two diagonal notches into both sticks about half-way down their length (on the side) so that they will link into place snugly and hold your lovely trap in place.
Cut an upwards facing notch in Stick 'A' and a downwards facing notch in Stick 'B' so that they are held in place by gravity.
When an animal (or baby) brushes against the snare, Stick 'B' will slide sideways (in the direction the animal/baby) is moving and release.
Shove Stick 'A' into the ground (not too hard).
Make a loose noose (aboot the hoose?) with the string.
The noose should be large enough so that your fist can fit through it.
The noose should tighten when the string is pulled.
If you don't know how to make a noose then you probably shouldn't be trying to make a snare because you are obviously stupid.
Tie the other end of the noose (the trailing end) to a sapling or springy piece of stick in the ground.
Make sure the stick/sapling is firmly anchored in the ground otherwise the animal you want to catch will get away,...and you don't wanna be like Elmer Fudd chasing Bugs Bunny, now do you?
Of course not.
The idea of using the sapling is that when the snare is activated, instead of simply catching the animal/baby in the noose, the sapling will spring upwards and rise the catch off the ground....dangling it in some form of morbid poetic ballet of pose that will bring to mind images of ....ok, ok you get the picture!
Tie Stick 'B' to the string about halfway along the length of the string.
Fit Stick 'B' into the notch you carved in Stick 'A'.
Make sure it is nice and secure and that there is tension on the line.
[I mean keep the line taut - not make the piece of string feel troubled with worries about it's safety.
The poor string has enough on its plate to be worrying about without a little bastard like you making his wooden life more miserable.]
Finally, you need to disguise the noose of the trap as much as possible.
Shake some leaves and dirt around so that it doesn't look like an obvious trap.
And then do a shit.
Shit will attract curious creatures.
DO NOT TAKE A SHIT.
Would you really want to come back to the trap in a day or two and have to check it while a steaming turd rots next to it?
I thought not....
When you have done all this you should test that the trap works.
See if you can set-off the snare as you move your hand through the noose loop.
If it works then you can go on with your business and check in later to see if you've caught anything.
If it doesn't work, then you should re-check everything and GET YOUR FUCKING ACT TOGETHER!
- Put your trap in areas regularly used by animals as trails.
- Its best to make a few traps close together so increase chance of catching something.
- If you do manage to snare some unfortunate animal/baby, you should not remove it immediately. Instead let it's cries of terror attract other animals/babies.
- If you don't want to catch animals/babies, don't make a snare trap.
Go down the shops and buy some frozen ones instead.
Well, that's my lot for today.
Enjoy yourslef, bee-atches!
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| 0.93361 | 1,055 | 2.609375 | 3 |
|The Age of Wilberforce|
Britain's Great Change
By Kim Moreland|Published Date: February 01, 2007
“I must awake to my dangerous state, and never be at rest till I have made my peace with God. My heart is so hard, my blindness so great, that I cannot get a due hatred of sin, though I see I am all corrupt, and blinded to the perception of spiritual things.” (Endnote #1)
So writes William Wilberforce a few months before his conversion.
Greek scholar Gilbert Murray writes in Religio Grammatici, “[T]he moving force in human progress is not widespread…the uplifting of man has ever been the work of a chosen few.”(Endnote #2) And we can certainly see how true his idea was during William Wilberforce’s lifetime (1759-1833). After living an extravagant lifestyle, Wilberforce converted to Christianity and God was able to use him help change a nation.
Not only was the trade and institution of slavery firmly entrenched in Britain, but the majority of the population lived in abject poverty in crime-laden areas, and were, as the Rev. Ernest Howse writes, “coarse, insolent, and cruel.” Furthermore, the church’s beacon of light was buried because there was a dearth of spiritual resources.
However, both the spiritual and moral darkness would soon become light in England because of William Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect.(Endnote 3) The Clapham Sect was populated by people who used their gifts of wealth and influence to ensure a moral and societal transformation. This little group, with Wilberforce as its leader, promoted a humanitarian movement via an evangelical revival in Britain that spread into most of Europe and positively affected “the life of three other continents.” The movement emphasized the worth of the “human soul and . . . the individual” and spawned a new responsibility to the underprivileged, including the reform of unjust sentencing practices and brutal prison conditions.(Endnote #4)
The members of the Clapham group would never have achieved as much, despite their talents and faithfulness, without the unifying influence of Wilberforce. Howse aptly describes this synergy: “[T]he other men would have been like little rivulets . . . but without Wilberforce the rivulets would never have been gathered into one mighty stream . . . harnessed for so many memorable enterprises.”(Endnote #5)
Wilberforce was short and sickly and had bad eyesight, but he was also a joyful, fun-loving and generous man. One of Wilberforce’s natural gifts was his “melodious” voice, and his incredible ability as an orator earned him the sobriquet “‘the nightingale of the House of Commons.’” (Endnote #6.) In the words of lawyer and essayist James Boswell, “I saw what seemed a mere shrimp mount upon the table; but, as I listened, he grew, until the shrimp became a whale.”( Endnote #7.)
At a young age of 27, that “whale” was already influencing England’s political and civil life. At Wilberforce’s urging, on June 1, 1787, King George III issued the Proclamation for the Encouragement of Piety and Virtue. The proclamation was intended to reverse the immorality of the age, and authorities were to start by punishing corrupt behavior such as drunkenness, vulgarity, and gambling, as well as those who printed immoral books. The proclamation directed the upper classes to set an example of behavior for the rest of society to follow. (Endnote #8)
It was an example that was sorely needed. Writing to a friend, Wilberforce said that it was not politicians’ battles that made him despair for his country, but “the universal corruption and [immorality] of the times, which taking its rise amongst the rich and luxurious has now extended its baneful influence and spread its destructive poison through the whole body of people.” There were two changes that needed to take place: They had to help “eliminate public corruption and promote religion in the hearts of the people.” (Endnote #9)
A brief glance at one crime in particular, occurring in and around London, displays the enormity of the problem. The streets were rife with prostitution. One study said that a quarter (50,000) of the unmarried females in London were prostitutes. Sadly, the average age for many of those prostitutes was sixteen. Boys, too, were creating chaos by stealing and perpetrating other crimes. Many of these juveniles were homeless. London, as John Newton said, was “a nursery for wickedness.”( Endnote #10)
So part of the cure and prevention of crime was to reform “criminal poor children” through charities in which Wilberforce was involved, including The Philanthropic Society. (Endnote #11) While the society was supported by many evangelicals, it wasn’t Evangelical in nature and dealt only with secondary “causes” of crime but did not, writes Brown, “attack the evil heart of man.”( Endnote #12)
Many young boys (starting at 4 years old) were either sold into or abducted by chimney masters and pressed into service as chimney sweeps. They were treated as property and regularly brutalized like slaves. Wilberforce, along with non-Christians, organized The Climbing Boy Society, which finally ended this practice fifty years later in 1875. (Endnote #13)
The Society for the Discharge and Relief of Persons Imprisoned for Small Debt started out with “marked Evangelical interest,” but as time went by the religious part became only a token “interest.” The number of people imprisoned for small debt was staggering—one advocate said that “more than three quarters of the persons now imprisoned in Scotland are for small debts.” Prison conditions were intolerable. There was anarchy behind the walls, no toilets, and frequently prisoners’ families would have to supply food.( Endnote #14)[i] These were some of the reasons that Wilberforce was involved with The Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline and also one for the Reformation of Juvenile Offenders, which were started in 1818.
The whole point to Wilberforce’s strategy was to work with all sorts of people through common grace to promote human justice and the reformation of manners. Wilberforce was the leader of what was known as “‘Wilberforce’s neutral party’” or the “Evangelical Party,” which averaged between twenty-five and thirty members who worked together politically on the moral issues of the day.
One way that Wilberforce achieved so much through politics was to spend a good deal of his time talking with people about their schemes to promote a reformation of manners. Sir James Stephen (1824-1894), a biographer of Wilberforce, commented that Wilberforce would meet with one person or group advancing a cause while people with other causes waited to see him. Tongue-in-cheek, Stephen writes, “In the ante-chamber, the advocates for an improved prison discipline were themselves undergoing a sort of temporary imprisonment.”
Furthermore, Wilberforce’s study was cluttered with “piles of subscription lists, plans, and reports from countless kindred associations.” In fact, for half a century, Wilberforce was involved with almost every plan of consequence that would advance “the religious, and intellectual, and social improvement, either of the rich or of the poor.” (Endnote #15) Besides being a member of the House of Commons, and pursuing the abolition of the slave trade, by one account Wilberforce was active in sixty-nine societies, of which he was the vice-president of twenty-nine, treasurer of one, governor of five, and on the committee of five others. (Endnote #16) Wilberforce was not stingy with his wealth either, giving away between a fourth and a third of his income.( Endnote #17)
The question becomes, how could one man have overseen all these “schemes”? He couldn’t. Stephens says that Wilberforce’s position was like a “minister of public charities,” and others did the “toilsome details.” (Endnote #18) By the middle of the Age of Wilberforce, the network of societies with which Wilberforce was involved grew so large that there were thousands of branches throughout the country.( Endnote #19) Perhaps the most inspirational part of Wilberforce’s work is that eventually so many societies existed throughout the country that they became the norm instead of the exception.
It is prudent to remember, however, that the Clapham group was comprised of redeemed sinners — and like all redeemed people they still made mistakes and sometimes egregious ones. One well documented instance was the case of printer Thomas Williams. He printed Age of Reason by Thomas Paine, which was certainly objectionable material at that time, and was imprisoned despite admitting wrongdoing and begging the group for mercy. He left his family destitute. (Endnote #20)
Yet the societies continued to do groundbreaking work. In a letter to friends on December 17, 1796, Wilberforce and two others briefly outlined the formation of a new charity called the Society for Bettering the Condition and Increasing the Comforts of the Poor. This charity would help raise the conditions of the poor in general, “correct the abuses of the workhouses,” and “assist the poor in placing out their children in the world.” However, its scope was even greater than just helping the poor; the Society was to strengthen the economy overall by, among other things, “its improvements and experiments [that would] be . . . applicable to farms, manufactories, private families, and to every situation of life.”( Endnote #21)
Intending not to change society’s class structure but to combat poverty and brutality by moral reformation, Wilberforce and the Clapham group encouraged Sunday schools to teach children how to read the Bible and other religious material so they could understand the Christian faith and virtue. Wilberforce said, “If people were destined to be free, they must be made fit to enjoy their freedom.” (Endnote #22.) Reading wasn’t the only thing accomplished during this time; teachers would also impart practical skills such as how to run an orderly household. (Endnote #23)
By far, Sunday schools and literacy were better crime prevention than the prisons and gallows. (Endnote #24) Yet, to illustrate the contentiousness of the idea of common people reading, one writer says there was talk that Prime Minister Pitt’s Cabinet almost used their power to suppress it. It was thought, and rightly so, that teaching lower classes to read would promote democracy in England. (Endnote #25)
Wilberforce’s concern wasn’t only for humans. During this time cruelty to animals was rife. Animal torture for sport was common, and cattle, horses, and sheep were treated inhumanely. Wilberforce along with Richard Martin (MP) and Reverend Arthur Broome led a group of reformers who worked to pass the 1822 Richard Martin’s Act to prevent cruelty to animals. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was founded in 1824.( Endnote #26)
It was a firm Christian conviction that led Wilberforce to become a powerful liberator of the oppressed. He, along with the other members of the Clapham group, changed every sphere of life in England and helped bring about more humane treatment of people around the world.
Articles on the BreakPoint website are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions of Chuck Colson or BreakPoint. Outside links are for informational purposes and do not necessarily imply endorsement of their content.
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I'm not sure if this has been answered before, but I figured this would be the right forum to find out. I'm not by any means an expert in physics, just someone who's interested in understanding more about the universe.
I've heard it stated that light behaves like both a particle and a wave. Something about that statement bothered me, and I started thinking about it. Whenever we describe light (or to generalize, any type of EMR) we use its wave properties (frequency and wavelength). So what if, for argument's sake, we say EMR is just a wave and we discard the notion of it also behaving like a particle?
A wave must travel through a medium. But we know light can travel through a vacuum, so what is the medium? Could the medium be spacetime itself? We know that spacetime can be warped and stretched by mass, so why couldn't it vibrate?
Consider a tank of water. Low-frequency waves you would make by disturbing the surface don't penetrate the walls of the tank. But higher-frequency waves like sound can be felt/heard through the glass. To me, this is analagous to certain wavelengths of EMR being able to penetrate certain densities of mass - the way visible light doesn't pass through your body but x-rays do.
We say that photons contribute energy to atoms when they strike them. Could it be that the atoms are being excited by the vibration of spacetime, the way the sand on a beach is moved when a wave reaches the shore? Think about radio waves - the wave travels easily through less-dense media (air, houses, us) but when it reaches a denser "shore" (the antenna) the particles on the shore become excited and translate that energy into a different form (the movement of electrons through the antenna).
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When many people think of Chicago, they think of deep dish pizzas, comedy, beaches and sports. Why wouldn't they? These are all some of the Windy City's best features, but there’s a little more to the story than just that.
This is a city full of history, and from the origin of the city's name to the reason behind the river's flow, there are quite a few things that even the people that call this city home don't know about it.
What's your favorite fun fact about Chicago? Here are a few things that might come up on the next round of trivia or just to add to your wealth of knowledge.
1. Chicago was home to the first Ferris Wheel ever, constructed in 1893 for a fair that celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’ New World arrival. How appropriate... This isn't the only of the firsts though. Chicago is also home to the:
- First Planetarium in the Western Hemisphere (Adler Planetarium)
- First Commercial air passenger - a female reporter for the Herald-Examinaer, who traveled from Chicago to San Fransisco on July 2, 1927. Chicago: The birthplace of air travel.
- The World's First Atomic Reaction (At the University of Chicago)
- First World Cup Soccer Championship game and opening ceremonies ever hosted in the US (1994)
- Softball originates in this city - although surprisingly not derived from baseball. The game actually derives from football and dates back to 1887, Thanksgiving Day. Find out more here.
- The first Daytime soap opera, Painted Dreams, debuted on Chicago's WGN radio network on October 20, 1930.
- First McDonalds Restaurant (Kind of, it actually opening in Des Plaines, Illinois, about half an hour from Chicago)
2. The Chicago River is one of the biggest attractions in the city, whether you’re there to see it flowing bright green on St. Patrick’s Day, taking a boat tour or walking alongside it. That river may seem like a normal body of water, but in fact, it’s pretty special because it actually flows backwards. The surface of the river flows east to west, away from Lake Michigan, like any normal river should. Deep below though, the water seasonally travels west to east and into Lake Michigan. This is no act of God though. The river was manually engineered to do this so that it would no longer be referred to as “the stinking river.” That might have really had a negative effect on the St. Patrick’s Day crowds...
3. Speaking of, that’s actually how the city got it’s name. “Chicago” originates from the word “shikaakwa” which means “land of stinky onions” in the Miami-Illinois language of a native American tribe. Basically, it’s a good thing they did something about that stinking water.
Lincoln Park is the second most visited park in America. Of course noone can beat the crowds at Central Park.
4. This is a city known for sports, and every summer people want to come see their baseball, every fall they want to watch Da Bears in action and every winter the Blackhawks are bringing the heat (when they aren’t on strike of course). Chicago is actually one in four cities in the United States that has teams from all the five major American professional team sports: Baseball (The Cubs and the White Sox), Football (Chicago Bears), Basketball (Chicago Bulls), Hockey (Chicago Blackhawks) and Soccer (the Chicago Fire).
5. Many people know the John Hancock Observatory provides you with one of the best views in Chicago, looking out over the beaches, the city skyline and out for 80 miles over four states. But did you also know that in 2011, this building also opened the world’s highest skating rink? Any travelers can skate 1,000 ft above street level on the 94th floor of the John Hancock Center every year from January to March. Head down a few levels, and on the 44th floor you’ll find the highest indoor swimming pool in America.
6. Lake Michigan is one of the five Great Lakes, and it’s the only one of them that America gets to call all its own. The others are tainted shared with our Canadian neighbors. In addition to that victory, Lake Michigan is also the fifth largest lake by both surface area (57,800 sq km) and volume (4,900 cubic km). The only other lake in North America to beat Lake Michigan in both categories is Lake Superior, so clearly it’s earned it’s name rightfully.
7. In addition to all of the pizza, hot dogs and breweries Chicago is known for, the city is home to several other popular foods. Nabisco, the world's largest cookie and cracker factory, and Keebler, the world's largest ice cream cone factory are both located in Chicago.
8. Chicago is home to the world’s largest (free) outdoor food festival. No surprise there, Chicagoans love their food. The Taste of Chicago is held every summer and hosts around over 400 different menu items from local restaurants and businesses.
9. In 1953, Hugh Hefner founded Playboy in this blessed town where he was born and raised. He published the first issue from 6052 South Harper Street, which featured the 1949 nude calendar shot of Marilyn Monroe. This first Playboy issue sold over 50,000 copies.
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NEGenWeb Project - Dawson County
Who's Who in Nebraska, 1940
Mrs. Lena B. Rickel
AWSON County, in the south central portion of Nebraska on the Platte river, was the scene of many transportation advances, each of them contributing toward its final organization. The Oregon Trail, which followed the south bank of the Platte, was a definite road by 1843. On April 3, 1860, the Pony Express was inaugurated and several of its stations were in what was later to be Dawson County. Three years later the Union Pacific railroad, also following the Platte, traversed Dawson County.
In 1871, four years after Nebraska became a state, Dawson County was officially organized by a proclamation of the governor, which authorized an election of county officers. It was named in honor of James Dawson, postmaster of the first postoffice in Lincoln. Daniel Freeman, who lived at the Plum Creek Pony Express station south of the river, had been active in obtaining the county's official organization. He was appointed by acting Governor William James as the first election judge. Forty persons were then living in the county, and thirteen men cast their ballots at Freeman's store in Plum Creek, which is now Lexington. The officers elected were J. W. Dalahunty, Joseph Smith and Otto Hanson, commissioners; Daniel Freeman, clerk and superintendent of schools; John Kehoe, sheriff and assessor; Richard O'Keef, probate judge; David Meek, surveyor; and Patrick Gaffney, coroner. The commissioners first met in 1871, and divided the county into three precincts.
The next year, 1872, a $2,000 bond issue to aid immigration into the county carried at a special election by a vote of eleven to ten. That same year the county's first public road was laid out north of the Union Pacific tracks. It completely crossed the county from east to west. A colony of sixty-five settlers from Pennsylvania also arrived that year, taking up land around the Union Pacific depot in Plum Creek. A windmill there served as a landmark for many early settlers. The year 1872 also saw the establishment of the county's first postoffice, in the same depot. A store box served as a container for both the incoming and outgoing mail. The county's residents were given a chance to get acquainted at a Fourth of July celebration that year.
There were few trees in the county in the early seventies, most of them around Buffalo creek. Homesteaders' sod houses and shacks dotted the prairie at infrequent intervals. The inhabitants often saw herds of antelope and deer near the foothills and an occasional elk or buffalo. Plum Creek was the trading point for all the surrounding Platte valley, as well as for the Republican valley region and the territory north of the Loup river.
In 1873 three new towns--Willow Island, Overton, Cozad--were established. Josiah Hoffman was the founder of Willow Island; James Patten and D. B. Worley laid out Overton; John J. Cozad brought a group of colonists from Ohio to start the town which bears his name. That same year witnessed construction of a Platte river bridge at Plum Creek--the first west of Columbus. Its opening on July 4 was celebrated with a dance in the Union Pacific coal shed. A bond election on May 1, 1873, resulted in a three to one approval of $30,000 for erection of a permanent courthouse to transact business of the ever growing county.
When the building was completed two years later, the county officers instructed the sheriff to furnish it with, "three stoves and fixtures, five lamps, twelve chairs, one pitcher, two buckets, two dippers, two brooms and ten spittoons." That structure was used until, the present courthouse was erected in 1914.
As is always true in pioneer life, early Dawson County settlers suffered their portion of hardship. In 1873, the first year when any extensive crops were raised, a grasshopper invasion occurred late in the season. All the corn which had not matured was destroyed. The next year, just before the wheat, oats and barley were ready for harvest, another cloud of grasshoppers descended. They left nothing but bare stalks.
These disasters drove out those settlers who had come to Dawson County on the promise of "easy money." Hundreds of covered wagons, bearing the notation, "Going back home to the wife's folks," began the long trek eastward. But the hardier persons, encouraged by financial help from more prosperous friends and relatives in the east, remained. Their confidence in their ultimate prosperity was unshaken. However, little was raised the next few years, because of grasshoppers, drouth and hot winds. Mr. Cozad instituted a sort of a "private WPA," by employing indigent persons to erect a number of buildings. Another of his projects was a sod bridge across the Platte. Although never completed, this bridge gave employment to many men.
After providing themselves with homes and a means of making a livelihood, the settlers next took care of their educational and religious needs. Father Ryan, a Catholic priest, conducted the first services in 1867 at the old Plum Creek station house which served as a church for several years. Five years later Rev. William Wilson organized the county's first Methodist society. In 1873-74 Presbyterians,
Missionary Baptists and Episcopalians organized churches.
Dawson County school district No. 1 was organized Feb. 17, 1871, even before the county was officially formed. Patrick Welch, superintendent of Buffalo County schools, was active in establishing the school, which was first held in a pioneer's home. Plum Creek's first schoolhouse, measuring 28 by 40 feet, was built in 1873. For a time this structure was used for practically all public gatherings--religious services, revival meetings and funerals. As the population swelled, other districts were organized and new buildings erected.
Pioneer fraternal orders to be established in Dawson County were the Sons of Temperance, Plum Creek, 1873; Patrons of Husbandry, Plum Creek and Overton, 1873; Masons, Plum Creek, 1876; Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Cozad, 1875.
For entertainment in the early days, Dawson County citizens depended on baseball games, revivals, dances and "Literary" meetings. There was intense rivalry between the ball teams of neighboring towns and settlements. In the spring and fall great herds of cattle were driven through the county by cowboys. These men stayed overnight with the farmers, paying for this hospitality with news, stories, and other entertainment.
Conditions began to improve in the early eighties, and a new tide of immigration entered the county. Increasing acres of land were put under cultivation, towns grew, many homes and business houses were erected.
Dawson County has had a goodly portion of Indian troubles, most notable of which were the Plum Creek massacres. In August of 1864 a wagon train from Sidney Iowa, was attacked without warning by several hundred Sioux as the party neared Plum Creek. The eleven men in the group were dead before they had a chance to fire a single shot. The one woman, wife of the man in charge, was captured. Help was summoned from Fort Kearny and a troop of soldiers came to the scene. A month later a similar massacre took place near the same place. This time seventeen men, were killed. In 1865 the government established a military post on Plum creek about twelve miles southeast of the present site of Lexington for the protection of immigrants, freighters and the stage company.
Irrigation has played a large part in the building of Dawson County's agriculture. The Dawson County Irrigation Company began digging a ditch north of the Platte in 1894. Today there are two other canals north of the Platte, one for the Gothenburg Power and Light Company, the other owned by the Cozad Co-operative. The three ditches on the south side of the river are the Thirty Mile Canal, the Six Mile Canal and the Orchard and Alfalfa Ditch, also known as the South Side Ditch. These six canals irrigate some 150,000 acres of Dawson County soil, and are a large factor in its productivity. During recent years of severe drouth, however, not enough water for all irrigators has been available. The Platte has been dry through the greater part of the summer. Several companies, therefore, have signed contracts for storage water from Sutherland reservoir of the Platte Valley Public Power and Irrigation district. This storage water will be used to supplement the natural stream flow. Water from this reservoir was first used in the summer of 1939. In addition to this type of irrigation, 30,000 acres are being pump irrigated from more than 400 wells scattered over the county.
Today one of Dawson County's principal crops is the sugar beet, to which 30,000 to 40,000 thousand acres are devoted. The greatest acreage, however, is planted to com, and next come wheat, beets, barley, oats and potatoes. Drouth-resistant crops such as sorghums, milo and cane are a recent development in Dawson County farming, and no figures as to their acreage are available.
There is a very small percentage of abandoned farms in Dawson County. Its people, with their heritage of courage from the pioneers, have weathered both drouth and depressions. And, like the original settlers, they have unbounded confidence in the future of their county.
Part 2 (EDWARDS - LABOUNTY) - Part 3 (LOUTZENHEISER - YOUNGS)
ADAMS, JAMES C: County Agricultural Extension Agent; b Marquette, Neb Mar 20, 1900; s of Charles A Adarns-Beulah Gorin; ed Marquette HS; Aurora HS, 1917; U of N, BSc in Agr 1923; pres Ag Club 1923; mbr U of N livestock judging team 1922; U of N band; Gamma Sigma Delta; Alpha Zeta; Farm House; m Helen M Jorgensen July 28, 1926 Minden; d Mary Janet, Marcia Jean, Barbara Joyce, Cynthia Lee; 1923-29 vocational agr tchr, Minden HS; 1929- with USDA as Dawson Co agrI extn agt, Lexington; 1926-27 dir Minden C of C, org jr fair in Minden, helped org Kearney Co for tuberculin testsmbr Neb St Agrl Agts Assn, pre; 1935; active in irrigation, livestock feeding, alfalfa Improvement, Dawson Co; Neb St Hist Soc; mbr bd of edn; during World War SATC; Amer Leg, past post comm & past co comm; AF&AM 61; Rotary; OES; Meth Ch, mbr choir, 2 years SS supt; hobbies, Indian archeology, sports, hunting, fishing; off Courthouse; res Lexington.
ALLEN, CHARLES E: Retired; b Lucas Co, Ia, Jan 8, 1865; s of Tandy Allen-Joan Van Nuys; ed Russell Ia HS; m Sue L Morrow Aug 29 1889 Gibbon (dec July 15, 1919); m Katherine Worley June 14, 1925; s Ralph M, Edgar Van Nuys, Frank P; d Edith I, Dorothy (Mrs D B Murphy), Hortense; 1886 came to Neb, Cheyenne Co, in emigrant wagon; 1887-1900 butter maker in creamery, Gibbon; 1900-25 owner & opr gen store, Cozad; 1925- ret; past mayor; past mbr city coun & bd of edn; 1905 org Cozad State Bank, pres until 1920; mbr state legislature 1923-31 & 1935; int in first irrigation projects of Dawson Co 1894, helped with first ditches at Gothenburg & Cozad; past pres Neb St Irrigation Assn; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 188, past master; Scot Rite, Hastings; York Rite, North Platte; IOOF, past noble grand; C of C, past pres; Rep; Presby Ch, elder; hobby, Irrigation; res Cozad.
ALLEN, JAMES H: Secretary Chamber of Commerce; b Bannock Co, Idaho Nov 12, 1905; s of William H Allen-Mary Henderson; ed Pocatello Idaho HS; Idaho Tech, Pocatello Idaho; Gate City Bus Coll. Pocatello Idaho; m Viola G Rauch Apr 19, 1926 Idaho Falls, Idaho; d Patricia Ann; 1923-24 with Hotel Bannock, Pocatello Idaho; 1925 steno, UP RR; 1926 in industrial dept of Ford Motor Co; 1926-30 traveling salesman for Liggett & Meyers Tobacco Co in Idaho; 1930-32 traveled for Pentz Jewelry Co in Idaho, Wyo, Mont, Ore & Utah; 1932- part owner Lex-
ington Hotel, also in ins bus, Lexington; 1939- exec secy C of C; Western Neb Ins Underwriters Assn; dir Lexington Baseball Club; mbr gen com Dawson Co Fair Assn; hobbies, golf, hunting, fishing; res Lexington.
ANDERSON, ARTHUR WESLEY: Physician & Surgeon; b Gothenburg, Neb Sept 23, 1890; s of Andrew E Anderson-Posey G Ristine; ed Gothenburg HS; Neb Wes, BA 1917; Northwestern U MD 1922; m Marguerite L Hansen Dec 29, 1922 Grand Rapids Mich; s Arthur W Jr, Robert Dale; 1921-22 Interne Grace Hosp, Detroit; 1922-26 phys & surg, Cumberland Ia; 1926- prac med, Lexington; staff mbr Lexington Com Hosp, Dawson Co Med Soc; Neb St & AMA; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 61, Scot Rite; Rotary; past pres Lexington Rod & Gun Club; C of C; dur World War enl in med reserve corps; Amer Leg; Meth Ch;. Rep; hobby, gardening; res Lexington.
ANDERSON, DELMER S: Farmer Stock Feeder; b on homestead in Dawson Co, Neb Oct 3, 1882; s of James Anderson-Mary Ellen Grafton; ed Dawson Co; Hastings Bus Coll; m Clara Gregory Nov 9, 1904 Dawson Co; d Frances (Mrs Lowell Sarnes), Zelda, Glenrose (Mrs Earle Slyder); 1878- farmer, stock feeder, Dawson Co; feeds cattle & hogs, owner approximately 3400 A in Dawson & Gosper Cos; sch bd mbr: 1928 Master Farmer; past pres Lexington Hog Shipping Assn; dir & past pres Lexington Co-op Gas & Oil Assn; past dir Dawson Co Fair Assn; past pres Farmers Elevator Assn; past dir Farm Bur; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 61; IOOF; Rotary; Meth Ch, past trustee; Rep; as Master Homemaker wife only Master Farmer's wife selected; father came to US at age 22; after short time in Ill spent 8 years in Wyo, came to Dawson Co 1878, farmer, stock grower, homesteader; res 5 mi SW Lexington.
ANDERSON, ERNEST OLIVER: Dentist; b Orleans, Neb ___ 1, 1898; s of Charles A Anderson-Lena B Wolf; ed Alma HS; Creighton U, DDS 1921; Delta Sigma Delta; m Gertrude H Sack Nov 1, 1922 Omaha; 1921- dentist, Gothenburg; past secy, past pres N W Dist Dental Soc; Neb St & ADA; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 249, past master, venerable master; Kiwanis, pres; C of C; Creighton U Alumni Club; during World War in SATC; Amer Leg, past adjt; Presby Ch; Rep; hobby, hunting; father dec) came from Wadstena Sweden to US 1876 to Neb 1880, farmed Harlan Co; mother sch tchr came to Neb 1875; res Gothenburg.
ANTHONY, GEORGE A: Farmer, Stockman; b Bureau Co, Ill Apr 1, 1872; s of Charles R Anthony-Josephine Carpenter: ed Lexington HS: Fremont Normal; m Alice R Fagot Apr 26, 1896 Lexington; s Charles M; d Ruth (Mrs John Pedersen), Josephine (Mrs Merlin Bryan); 1891-97 tchr, Dawson Co; 1896 began farming Dawson Co, tenant many years; 1903 pur 160 A farm, later adding more land, now has 480 A valley and, mostly irrigated, & with brother A S has 800 A pasture land; raises corn & alfalfa, also Duroc Jersey hogs, Hereford cattle and horses; mbr sch bd several years; chmn Dawson Co Agrl Conservation Assn since 1934, off in Lexington, spends most of his time in this work, stil lives on farm which son & son-in-law help opr; still active in livestock bus; Presby Ch, clk of session 40 years; hobby, horses; res 31/2 mi N Lexington.
AYERS, EARL: Machinist; b Sabetha, Kas Oct 30, 1896; s of S W Ayers-Addie Keim; ed Sabetha Kas HS; U of N; Pi Kappa Phi; m Dorothy Faragher Nov 12, 1924 Sabetha Kas; s John E; d Delphine L; 1914-16 tchr, Nemaha Co Kas: 1917-18 worked in Citizens State Bank, Sabetha Kas; 1918-36 in clothing bus, Broken Bow; 1936- owner & mgr Earl Ayers Clothing Co, Lexington; past pres Broken Bow C of C; past pres Broken Bow Rotary; dir Lexington C of C; AF&AM, R&SM; RAM, KT; Broken Bow; dir Rotary; res Lexington.
BACON, NOEL: County Commissioner; b Pawnee City, Neb Dec 18, 1883; s of Marshall Bacon-Laura Fisk; ed Pawnee Co; Pawnee City Acad; m Mae H Holselaw Dec 25, 1907 Pawnee City; s Lloyd A, Carl E, Harold N; d Laura C (Mrs R W Miller), Florence A (Mrs Harlan Anderson); 1908-10 farmer, stockman near Eddyville; 1910-27 farmer, stockman near Overton, owned 200 A farm which he sold 1927 & pur 240 A irrigated farm NE Lexington, farmed until Dec 1938, moved to Lexington; raised corn & alfalfa, also fed & raised stock; son Carl E now farming place; Jan 1939- Dawson Co commr; dir Dawson Co Livestock Shipping Assn; pres Dawson Co Water Users Assn; Cosmopolitan Club; C of C; Meth Ch, bd mbr; Rep; father was Civil War veteran, came to Pawnee Co 1870 was farmer & stockman; wife's parents came to Neb 1886 settled on homestead & tree claim near Valentine; res 1012 N Grant, Lexington.
BANNISTER, RUSSELL E: Attorney; b Minneapolis, Minn Oct 24, 1905; s of Arthur E Bannister-Ella Iverson; ed Lincoln HS; U of N, LLB 1930; Delta Theta Phi; m DeLoris Preston July 1934 Friend; s Paul Arthur; d Evelyn Jean; 1930 adm to bar; 1930-31 prac law with Fred C Foster, Lincoln; 1931- prac law, Cozad; city atty since 1935; secy First Fed S & L Assn of Dawson Co Dawson Co, Western Neb, Neb St & Amer Bar Assns; secy C of C; secy Cozad bd of pub works; AF&AM, Blue Lodge; Rotary, past pres; chmn Dawson Co Rep Central Com hobbies, fishing, hunting, reading; res Cozad.
BARBER, FRED E: Farmer; b Otterville, Ill June 24, 1876; s of George H Barber-Francis M Beck; ed Grand Island; Lincoln HS; m Kathryn Marie Kelly July 2, 1921 Elm Creek; s Fred K; 1893-1910 appr with CB& Q RR at Havelock, machinist for Burlington at Wymore, machinist for NP at Livingston Mont, with Great Northern at Spokane Wash & with SP, Salt Lake City, Ogden & Sacramento then roundhouse foreman at Lucan Ariz until 1902; worked in Mexico with Mexican Natl & Mexican Central RRs 1 year, 6 mos with SP at San Antonio Tex & with UP as round house foreman, Grand Island 7 years; 1910 came to Dawson Co, pur 160 A farm, added 80 A in 1930; started irrigation in 1929 & now entire farm irrigated, prin crops corn, alfalfa & beets, also raises, buys & feeds Hereford cattle & hogs & handles approximately 75 per year; Dawson Co Farm Bur; pres Buffalo Co Co-op Oil Assn; dir dist sch bd; hobby, stockraising & feeding; 1877 father came to Neb, farmed in Clay Co several years, then was mcht in Edgar, later emp in off of Lancaster Co treas, Lincoln 20 years; res 5 1/2 mi SE Overton.
BATES, MERTON 0: Attorney; b Springfield, Neb Dec 20, 1886; s of Dr Henry Y Bates-Alice E Kelley; ed Cedar Rapids HS; U of N, LLB 1911; Delta Chi; m Marion A Boynton May 16, 1925 Lexington; s William B, John D; d Beverly Jean; 1904-12 editor Boone Co Advance, St Edward, owner 1906-12; 1911 adm to bar; 1911-13 prac law, St Edward; 1913-16 atty for Lion Bonding & Surety Co, Omaha; 1917- atty, Lexington; 1925-33 Dawson Co judge; past secy Western Neb Bar Assn, Neb St Bar Assn; AF&AM; R&SM; RAM; Scot Rite, & Tehamah Shrine, Hastings; Lexington Rod & Gun Club; C of C; Uni Club Lincoln; during World War with 529th engineers in AEF 13 mos; Amer Leg, past post comm; Meth Ch; Rep; hobbies, fishing, hunting; res Lexington.
BATTLE, JOHN: Contractor; b Clinton, Ia, Aug 23, 1876; s of Frank Battle-Susan Welsh; ed Fillmore Co; m Carrie Hill Nov 25, 1904 Geneva; d Thelma, Theda (Mrs John Cameron), Frances (Mrs George Miller), Jene (Mrs Dut Taylor); reared on farm; 1896 in carp trade until 1907; 1907-22 bldg contr, Lexington; 1922-30, 1934-38 Dawson Co, commr; 1938- supt of construction of city bldgs; 1910-30 mbr city coun; 1930-36 mayor of Lexington; C of C; Dem; hobbies, baseball, sports; res Lexington.
BAUMAN, E F G: Retired; b Zwickau, Germany Aug 21, 1863; s of Hinrich Elias Bauman-Luise Vogel; ed Brand, Zwickau Germany; m Kate Hoffman Mar 14, 1889 Dawson Co; s Erwin (dec), Roy E, Emil K; d Pearl L (Mrs Otto Hinze), Edna E (Mrs Ben Gronewald), Katherine E (Mrs Don W Loutzenheiser); 1881 came to US, worked on Illinois farm 6 years; 1888 came to Custer Co, farmed indep until 1902; 1902-19 farmed near Gothenburg, raised corn, wheat, oats, barley, also raised hogs, cattle, horses; 1919- ret, resides in Gothenburg; has given each of 6 children 160 A farm, at one time owned 1910 A; J P in German pct of Dawson Co; mbr rural sch bd 15 years, 10 years mbr Gothenburg sch bd; 3 years dist potato inspector; mbr Dawson Co rehabilitation com; pres Dawson Co wheat allotment prog; mbr election bds; Rep, mbr Dawson Co Central Com; Luth Ch, mbr coun 30 years; res Gothenburg.
BENTHACK, EMIL: Hotel Owner & Manager; b Platte Center, Neb Feb 10, 1892; s of Peter L Benthack-Minnie Wegen; ed CSTC 1919; U of N, BSc 1923, MA 1928; m Gladys Grantham Aug 19, 1934 Kearney; 1919-20 supt Hershey schs; 1921-30 supt Arnold schs; 1930-36 supt Broken Bow schs; 1936- owner & mgr Cornland Hotel, & Coffee Shop, Lexington; NW Hotel Assn; AF&AM; RAM, Chadron; R&SM, KT, Broken Bow; Rotary; C of C; during World War in Co A, 355th inf; Amer Leg; Bapt Ch; hobby, reading; off & res Cornland Hotel.
BENTON, FRED GENTRY: Retired; b Clay Co, Mo June 8, 1874; s of Albert Benton-Mandy Gentry; ed Clay Co HS, MO; William Jewell
Coll, Liberty Mo: m Cora Lambson 1895 Plattsburg Mo; s Frederick Raymond; d Blanche (Mrs Fred Hofferber), Irma (Mrs George Hofferber); 1895-1909 farmed, Dawson Co: 1910-23 Dawson Co sheriff; 1923-28 dept state sheriff under Gov Bryan; 1934-36 state sheriff; 1936- ret; maintains farm ints in Dawson Co; past mbr sch bd; Dem; hobby, fishing; res Lexington.
BERQUIST, J T: County Judge; b Loomis, Neb July 30, 1901; s of Swan Gust Berquist-Sarah Elina Lindsten; ed Lincoln HS; U of N, LLB 1924; Pi Kappa Alpha; Phi Delta Phi; N Club, Vikings; mbr football team 1921-23; m Mary Louise Lesh Sept 25, 1925 Lincoln; s William J; d Alice Louise; 1924 adm to bar; 1924-33 in law prac in Lexington; 1933- Dawson Co judge; owner ranch & farm ints Dawson Co; Western Neb & Neb St Bar Assns; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 88; IOOF; C of C; Uni Club, Lincoln; Presby Ch, trustee; hobbies, hunting, agr; parents born in Sweden, came to Amer with children, father farmer & stockman in Phelps Co; off Courthouse; res 1105 N Wash, Lexington.
BLOOM, WILLIAM CLARK: County Superintendent of Schools; b Clay Co, Neb June 30, 1878; s of Peter B Bloom-Anna Francis Folk; ed Brady HS: Grand Island Bus Coll; Fremont Normal; KSTC; U of N, BSc 1909; m Eatha Folden July 3, 1903 Stockville (dec); s Kenneth W; d Velma J, Mildred L, Marguerite G (Mrs Van Miller); farmed with father until 1896; 1898-1902 tchr, Lincoln Co; 1902-10 supt schs, Moorefield & Farnam; 1912-14 Dawson Co dep treas; 1915- Dawson Co supt of schs, Lexington; past pres NSTA; NEA; IOOF, past master, past supreme monarch of Ancient Mystic Order Samaritans of US & Can; Rotary C of C; Lexington Gun Club; Dem; hobbies, hunting, fishing, lodge work; off Courthouse; res 500 W 7th, Lexington.
BRICK, JOHN P: Farmer, Stockman: b Buffalo Co, Neb Apr 14, 1882; s of Peter Brick-Sophia Meyers; ed Buffalo Co; Kearney Bus Coll; m Margeurette Richter July 16. 1901 Kearney; s Clarence, Phillip, Arthur; d Evelina (Mrs John Ourda), Lucille (Mrs Dale Chismore), Bernice; 1902-18 farmed in Buffalo Co, owner 160 A farm; 1918 moved to Dawson Co, pur 160 A near Overton, now owns 1280 A in Dawson Co, 240 A in Buffalo Co, 705 A in grazing land, remainder farm land of which 300 A are irrigated; corn & alfalfa prin crops also raises cattle & hogs; mbr sch bd; KC; Cath Ch; hobby, hunting; res 1 1/2 mi NW Overton.
BROWN, DELEON: Insurance Agent & Farmer; b Fisher, Ill Jan 11, 1886; s of Robert Brown-Leni L Tucker; ed Dawson Co; Grand Island Bus Coll; U of N, Sch of Agr; m Leona Jones Sept 1, 1915 Overton; s Chester M, Victor W; 1907-15 farmed, Dawson Co; 1915-37 mgr J F Grim Stock Farm N of Overton, 720 A ranch, farmed, raised Shorthorn cattle; 1936 pur 80 A farm 3 mi N Overton, built new home 1936; 1936- mgr of farm & agt for Farm Mutual Ins Co of Neb, handling fire ins & ins on farm bldgs; also assoc with Capital Fire Ins Co, auto ins; pres Comm Club; past pres Dawson Co Farm Bur; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 267; IOOF, past noble grand; Meth Ch, trustee & chmn finance com; Rep; Mrs Brown was sch tchr in Dawson Co & in Overton schs; active in Farm Bureau work, chmn home & comm dept dist 3 in Neb St Farm Bur Fedn; OES, past matron; past noble grand, Rebekah; Dawson Co Farm Woman's Chorus; Meth Ch, mbr choir, SS tchr, past pres Missionary Soc; res 3 mi N Overton.
BUDDENBERG, RAHL S: Farmer; b Dalton, Mo Jan 26, 1891; s of J H Buddenberg-Susanna Lehnhoff; ed Central HS Omaha; Central Wesleyan Coll, BSc 1911; U of N, 1911-13; U of Chicago 1914-15; m Ruth Cole Nov 15, 1916 Ottawa Kas; s Robert Cole, John William, Frank Dana; 1916-22 farmer, Stevens Co Kas; 1922-23 farmer in Ray Co Mo; 1924- farmer in Lincoln Co; Gothenburg Co-op Oil Assn; dir Gothenburg Co-op Creamery; AF&AM; choir dir Meth Ch; hobby, travel; res Gothenburg.
BURNS, I F: Machinist; b Winterset, Ia Nov 17, 1889; s of W O Burns-Nora Lauer; ed Creston Ia; Creston Ia Bus Coll; m Florence Nix June 1, 1910 Grand Junction Colo; s Benjamin L, Ralph 1; 1905-10 worked in groc, Creston Ia; 1910-15 ranched, worked in store, Clifton Colo; June 1, 1915- mcht, Overton, I F Burns & Co, gen mdse; owner & opr feed yard, buys, feeds & sells cattle & hogs; dir & VP Overton Natl Bank; past mbr bd of edn; past mbr town bd; past pres Lions; IOOF; Comm Club; Meth Ch; res Overton.
BYRD, FRANK JAMES: Attorney; b Avalon, Mo May 7, 1873; s of John M Byrd-Rheuhama Roberts; ed Avalon Mo; Avalon Coll; St Louis Law Sch, LLB 1896; m Eva Thomas Dec 23, 1923 Lexington; 1896 adm to Mo bar, 1913 to Neb bar, 1921 to Idaho bar; 1905 adm to prac in U S dist court; 1896-1913 prac law, Laclede Mo; 1913- prac law in Gothenburg except for short time in Emmett Idaho; city atty of Gothenburg since 1921; atty for HOLC of Dawson Co; mbr 13th & 17th Dist Bar Assns, past VP; Dawson Co & Neb St Bar Assns; C of C; Country Club; Preby Ch; Dem; hobby, hunting; is 2nd cousin of Admiral Byrd & of Sen Harris Byrd; res Gothenburg.
CARR, JAMES P: Farmer, Stockman; b Bradford Co, Penn Mar 8, 1852; s of John Carr-Polly Ann Poll; ed Penn; Neb; m Ada M Martin Oct 6, 1874; Lexington; s James M, John Claude; 1872 came to Lexington, homesteaded in Dawson Co & took tree claim; in groc bus in Lexington 30 years, later in ins & real est bus; VP Dawson Co Bank several years; cattle raiser & feeder, dealer in land & livestock; started son, James M in Carr & Neff Lbr Co in Scottsbluff, Mitchell & Bridgeport 1902; owns approximately 3,600 A Dawson Co land & winter home in Alhambra Cal; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 61, past master; KT, Kearney; Tangier Shrine; res Lexington.
CARTER, J L: Bank Cashier; b Nance Co, Neb Dec 7, 1894; s of Charles E Carter-Cynthia A Porterfield; ed Fullerton HS; Doane Coll, BA 1916; m Helen Miller Aug 14, 1919 Fairmont; d Barbara Beth; 1916-17 asst cash, Fullerton Natl Bank; 1919-26 cash First State Bank, St Edward; 1926-29 cash First Natl Bank, Seward, 4 mos as asst receiver for Neb state banking dept; 1930- cash Overton Natl Bank; during World War Dec 1917-Dec 1918 in 38th CAC; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 267; Comm Club; Amer Leg, past comm, St Edward; Meth Ch; res Overton.
CLARK, WILLIAM 0: Railway Agent; b Saltillo, Neb Nov 9, 1884; s of Joseph T Clark-Iva E Kinchlow; ed Firth; m Etta L Lohr Oct 1907 Omaha; s Howard L; d Dorothy L (Mrs L A Wickstrom), Lucille (Mrs William Hogsett); 1888-94 resided in Cortland; 1894-1911 resided in Firth; 1901-05 with UP RR, CB&Q RR & D&RGW RR; 1905- with UP RR, 1906-12 teleg opr at Columbus, 1912-19 agt at Spalding, 1919-25 agt at Osceola, since 1925 agt at Gothenburg; mbr Osceola sch bd 3 years, Gothenburg sch bd 3 years; mayor of Gothenburg 2 years; AF&AM, Gothenburg, past master at Osceola; C of C; Rep; hobbies, hunting, fishing; parents b W Va, came to Neb 1882, farmed in Lancaster Co; res Gothenburg.
CLOUSE, HENRY S: Bank Cashier; b New Enterprise, Penn Nov 22, 1880; s of William T Clouse-Sara Replogle; ed Dawson Co; m Mary Budin Aug 18, 1926 Omaha; d Harriet Marie, Delores Jessie; 1895-1905 worked on ranches in Neb; 1905-22 opr gen store, Georgetown, also star route mail carrier; 1909-28 owner & opr Sumner Merc Co; 1912-17 opr gen store, Cumro; 1917-22 opr store, Eddyvllle; 1924 became director of Security State Bank of Sumner; 1926-28 pres Security State Bank, not active until 1928; 1928- cash, mgr Security State Bank of Sumner; Neb St Bankers Assn; mbr village bd; IOOF: Rep; hobby, fishing; res Sumner.
COLLETT, CLINTON E: Real Estate, Loan & Insurance Agent; b Portland, Ind Jan 24, 1884; s of David W Collett-Mary Finch; ed Valentine HS; Neb Wes, BA 1908; U of N, MA 1917; grad work Columbia U; m Grace Wolvin Aug 14, 1912 Utica; 1902-04 tchr, Cherry Co; 1908-09 tchr, Friend HS; 1909-10 prin, David City HS; 1910-11 prin, Columbus HS; 1911-15 supt of schs, Fairmont; 1915-22 supt of schs, Gothenburg; 1922-35 supt of schs, Lexington; 1935- in real est, loan, ins bus Lexington; has farm ints in Dawson Co; past mbr exec com NSTA; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 61; Scot Rite; Rotary, past dir; C of C, past pres; Meth Ch, trustee; Rep; hobby, farming; res Lexington.
COOK, EDWARD A JR: Attorney; b Lexington, Neb Dec 7, 1893; s of Edward A Cook-Ella Maxwell; ed Lexington HS; U of Southern Cal; Sigma Tau; m Edythe Crandall Feb 24, 1918 St Paul; s Edward A III; d Barbara E, Janice S. Sharon B; 1919-27 worked in father's law off & studied law, Lexington; 1927 adm to bar; 1927- prac law, Lexington; 1928- city atty; Dawson Co, Western Neb, Neb St & Amer Bar Assns; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 61; Rotary; C of C; during World War in US army June 1916-Aug 1919, co E 5th Neb, became 134th inf; in Mex border service also, AEF, disch as 1st lt; res Lexington.
COOK, WILLIAM MAXWELL: Attorney; b Lexington, Neb Sept 21, 1887; s of Edward Addison Cook-Ella Max-
well; ed Lexington HS; U of N; Creighton U; studied law under Judge B O Hostetler, Kearney; m Anne Nelsen Dec 23, 1912 Lexington; s Wayne N; d Phyllis Claire (Mrs Roy Kennedy); 1910-12 secy to Sen Norris Brown at Washington DC; 1912-17 court reporter for 12th jud dist, Kearney; 1915 adm to bar; 1917 estab prac of law, ptr of father in Cook & Cook, brother Edward Addison Cook Jr now ptr in firm; 1923-30 Dawson Co atty; Western Neb, Neb St & Amer Bar Assns; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 61, past master; R&SM; RAM; BPOE, Kearney; C of C; during World War in hdqrs of 37th div AEF, 3 mos; Presby Ch; Rep; hobby, golf; res Lexington.
COOPER, ALEXANDER PORTER: Clergyman; b Fairhaven, O Feb 3, 1866; s of Rev James Henry Cooper-Martha Jane Porter; ed Mount Vernon Ia HS; Coe Coll, Cedar Rapids Ia; Maryville Coll, Maryville Tenn, BA 1889; Lane Theological Seminary Cincinnati 0; 1889-91 Princeton Theological Seminary, Princeton NJ; ED 1892; Alpha Nu; Alpha Sigma; m Nettie L Spence June 1, 1893 Cincinnati 0; s Leslie Carleton; 1892 ordained to Presbyterian ministry at Ripley 0; 1892-93 pastor at Hot Springs S D; 1893-1903 at Wyoming Ia; 1903-05 Lansing Ia; 1905-11 Mechanicsville Ia; 1911-17 Miller S D; 1917-22 Plankinton S D; 1922-28 Cozad, 15 mos at Wakefield & 8 mos at Park Forest Ch, Omaha; 1929-34 pastor Cozad; 1934- ret; past moderator several presbyteries; past pres Cozad Ministerial Assn; first minister elec to Cozad Rotary; built 1st Presby Ch in Cozad, dedicated 1926; att 50th anniversary Maryville Coll graduating class 1939; father, grandfather & great grandfather Presby ministers; hobbies, gardening, shrubbery, trees, athletics; res Cozad.
CORL, J D: Merchant; b Winnebago, Ill Feb 22, 1869; s of James O Corl-Frances Brown; ed Fairmoot HS; U of N; in Cora M Hannan Apr 19, 1912 Denver; s James A, Robert D; d Florence M; 1907-12 with Dolan Fruit Co, Grand Island; 1912-17 with UP RR, Denver; 1917-25 with Corl Bros Groc, Grand Island; 1925- owner & mgr Grange Groc Co, Lexington; dir C of C; mbr sch bd 6 years; IOOF; Lexington Rod & Gun Club; Cosmopolitan Club, past pres; trustee Chris Ch; hobbies, tennis, fishing; res Lexington.
COTTON, ORRIN HAMILTON: Merchant; b Oshkosh, Wis Aug 8, 1866; s of Charles Cotton-Myra G Hamilton; ed Friend HS; m Minnie G Bailey November 29, 1888 Idalia, Colo; d Vera G; 1885-88 oprd team in western Kas; 1888 homesteaded in Arapahoe Co Colo; 1889 came to Gothenburg, oprd teaming & hay bus & farmed until 1920; 1915- auto dlr, Buick agt 1915-25, Hudson agt since 1917; opr gas & oil bus since 1917; owns 2 farms in Dawson Co; Oct 2, 1939 completed 50 years bus in Gothenburg; C of C; Country Club; parents b in New England, father farmed in Wis, came to Neb 1873, homesteaded in Saline Co; res Gothenburg.
CUNDALL, CLAYTON C: Dentist; b Sutton, Neb Sept 7, 1890; s of Edwin Cundall-Lydia Benedict; ed Sutton HS; Lincoln Dental Coll, DDS 1917; Delta Sigma Delta; m Bertha Kinnamon June 30, 1925 Fairbury; d Virginia Mae; farmed 2 years in Clay Co; 1920- dentist, Gothenburg; during World War Sept 1917-Dec 1919, in dental corps, stationed Camp Funston & Fort Leavenworth; Amer Leg, past post comm; Neb St Dental Assn; mbr bd of edn; past pres C of C; dir Country Club; Meth Ch; Dem; hobbies, hunting, fishing, golf; father early settler in Clay Co, homesteaded; res Gothenburg.
DAVIS, EDGAR N: Mortician; b Plumville, Penn Jan 4, 1879; s of Albert L Davis-Cathorine Stiteler; ed Dawson Co; Los Angeles Coll of Embalming 1929; m Abbie Brooks Apr 10, 1907 Dawson Co (dec); m Sadie Halverstadt Feb 10, 1924 Cozad; s Howard L, Wayne A, Neil K; 1890 came with parents from Penn to Dawson Co; 1908 in pump & plumbing bus, Cozad; 1909 built 1st electric light plant in Cozad, opr several years; 1911 estab Davis Oil Co: 1915- opr Davis Funeral Home: 1929- funeral dir & mortician; 1919 built at Lexington first filling station in Dawson Co, serv as past dir & past pres Cozad Mutual Tele Co & while pres modernized equipment & service; installed several of first practical irrigation wells in Dawson Co; mbr sch bd 13 years; mbr city coun 10 years; Neb Funeral Dirs Assn; Neb Oil Men's Assn, past dir; AF&AM 188, KT, North Platte; Scot Rite, Hastings; Tehama Shrine; OES, assoc patron; C of C, dir; past mbr Bapt Ch, which family helped built S of Gothenburg; Meth Ch; bd mbr, trustee 30 years; hobbies, BSA work, mbr directory helped org 1st movement in Cozad; res Cozad.
DICKERSON, DELMER R: Merchant; b Sumner, Neb July 12, 1900; s of George W Dickerson-Clara L Clayton; ed Sumner HS; extn study; m Margaret L Trindle Aug 20, 1924 Norton Kas; s Duane D; d Betty Jane, Margaret Ellen, Barbara Ann; in merc bus since 1913; 1920-21 worked for Johnson Hdw Co, Sumner; 1921-31 asst cash Farmers & Mchts Bank; 1931-32 mgr groc dept of Johnson store; 1932 estab Dix Store, owner & mgr since; June 1939 installed Farmers Locker System, for meat storage; during World War Apr 1918-Sept 1919 Camp Harry A Jones, troop M of 1st US cavalry, Douglas Ariz; Amer Leg, adjt. 20 year mbr; Fern of Neb Retailers; mbr city coun; AF&AM, Blue Lodge 212, jr warden; IOOF, past grand; C of C; secy MWA; Bapt Ch; Dem; hobbies, fishing, hunting, Amer Leg work; father homesteader, early settler in co; res Sumner.
DICKERSON, JOHN F: County Commissioner; b Falls City, Neb Feb 13, 1878; s of Albert Dickerson-Anna Elizabeth Glick; ed Sherman Co; m Blanche Weaver Apr 21, 1909 Grand Island; s Merlyn C, Albert L, Carrol F; d Blanche Maurine (Mrs Charles J Reier); 1899-1922 farmed, Sherman Co; 1922-37 farmer, livestock feeder, Dawson Co; 1933- Dawson Co commr; mbr sch bd, Sherman & Dawson Cos; Kennebec pct assessor 6 years; AF&AM 212, master Litchfield 2 years; MWA; Dem; hobbies, fishing, hunting; res Sumner.
DICUS, FRANK P: Manager Fuel Co; b Edna, Kas June 1, 1901; s of Frank P Dicus-Nellie O'Brien; ed Edna Kas HS; Baker U, Baldwin Kas; Sigma Phi Epsilon; m Catherine E Eaton June 29, 1922 Owaneco Ill; s James William; d Martha Ann: 1919-22 bkkpr Bartlett State Bank, Bartlett Kas; 1922-24 with Empire Oil Co, Drumright Okla; 1924-28 cash, Eaton State Bank, Owaneco Ill; 1928-36 with Kas Light & Power Co, Salina; 1935- VP & gen mgr Neb Gas Fuel Co, Lexington; AF&AM 623, Owaneco Ill; Rotary; Lexington Rod & Gun Club, dir C of C; Presby Ch; Rep; hobbies, hunting, horseback riding; res; Lexington.
DOBSON, A L: District Superintendent Public Service Co; b Nova Scotia, Canada Mar 23, 1899; s of J Dobson-Emma Ross; ed Nova Scotia Can HS; Nova Scotia Tech Coll, 1923; Dalhousie U of Halifax, Nova Scotia; m Viola Johnson Sept 10, 1937 Oxford; 1923 student engineer for Stone & Webster Inc, Boston; 1924 engineer Paducah Electric Co at Paducah Ky, 6 mos engineer for Southern Ill Gas Co, Murphysboro Ill; 1925 engineer for Gulf States Utilities Co, Beaumont Tex; 1927-28 sales mgr Mo Service Co, Mound City Mo; 1928-30 dist supt Western Pub Service Co, Broken Bow; 1930-34 gen sales mgr Jamaica Pub Service Co, Ltd, Kingston, Jamaica, British West Indies; 1934-37 dist supt Western Pub Service Co, Holdrege; 1937- dist supt Western Pub Service Co, Lexington; UCT; secy Rotary; C of C; Presby Ch; hobbies, hunting, fishing; res Lexington.
DORWART, THOMAS YULE: Physician & Surgeon; b Seward Co, Neb Aug 16, 1900; s of Daniel Clinton Dorwart-Anna Reilly; ed Friend HS; Creighton U, BSc 1921, MD 1924; Frauen Krankenhause, Frankfort-on-Main, Germany 1932; U of Penn 1934; Comm Hosp, Long Beach Cal 1935; Phi Chi; m Virginia Florentine Greene June 27, 1928 Omaha (dec); s Thomas Henry, Jonathan Robert; d Susan Virginia; m Ellen Marie Vaughn Feb 14, 1939 Sidney; 1924-25 interne St Joseph Hosp, Omaha; 1926- prac med, Lexington,, past pres Dawson Co Med Soc,, Neb St & AMA; Rotary; C of C; Plum Creekers; Cath Ch; hobbies, boats, horses; grandfather Civil War veteran, homesteaded in Neb 1867; father cattle raiser, later dentist; res Lexington.
DUIS, JOHN H: Real Estate & Insurance Agent; b Milford, Ill Jan 28, 1878; s of Carson J Duis-Eliza Keiser; ed Gothenburg; m Anna Schram July 6, 1902; Council Bluffs Ia; s Herbert J; d Eda E, Gertrude M (Mrs Lester Larson), Carola B (Mrs William Gerdes); Margaret Ann; 1890-93 worked in father's mdse store, Gothenburg; after father's death farmed with mother until 1901; 1901-03 worked in Chicago Fair, gen mdse store, Gothenburg; 1903-05 mgr Farmers Co-op Store; 1905-15 dlr in cattle, hogs, horses; 1915- in real est & ins bus, son Herbert J ptr in bus since 1933, handles all types of ins, lic real est dlr; 15 years mbr sch bd; mbr city coun 2 years; C of C; Luth Ch, past trustee 17 years; Dem; hobbies, flowers, horses; parents b in Germany, father came to US when 2 years old, mother when 26 years old; father farmed in Ill, 1881 came to Gothenburg & was mcht; res Gothenburg.
Part 2 (EDWARDS - LABOUNTY) - Part 3 (LOUTZENHEISER - YOUNGS)
Dawson County NEGenWeb Project History Page
Who's Who in Nebraska Main Page
© 1999 site designed by Connie Snyder
Swept February, 2000
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Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom
Queen Regnant of the United Kingdom
Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent was born on May 24th 1819 to the parents Prince Edward the Duke of Kent and Strathearn and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. Her paternal grandparents were King George III and Queen Charlotte of the United Kingdom (Queen Charlotte did not live to see Victoria). Although her first name was Alexandrina, she was commonly known as Victoria and used the name Victoria when she became Queen. Victoria already had an elder half brother (Carl the 3rd Prince of Leinigen) and sister (Princess Feodora of Leinigen) from her mother's previous marriage to the late Emich Carl the 2nd Prince of Leinigen. Victoria's childhood was strictly controlled by her mother, which was called the "Kensington System".
At the time of her birth, Victoria was fifth in line to the succession of the throne, behind her uncles Prince George the Prince Regent (later George IV), Prince Frederick the Duke of York, Prince William (later William IV) and her father, Prince Edward. Victoria's uncle George the Prince Regent, acted as a Regent of the country from 1811-1820 while Victoria's grandfather King George III's mental heath was declining. In 1820 King George III died and the Prince Regent, George was now King George IV. King George IV had one daughter, Princess Charlotte of Wales, through his unhappy marriage with Princess Caroline the Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. Princess Charlotte was supposed to succeed George IV as Queen of the United Kingdom when he died, but Princess Charlotte died in 1817 while giving birth to a stillborn son. Prince Frederick the Duke of York, who was now second in line to the throne had died in 1827 and his marriage was childless and the next heir to the throne was George IV's third brother, Prince William. Prince William had 10 illegitimate children with Dorothea Bland and they could not inherit the throne since their father and mother were not married. In 1818, Prince William married Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. The marriage produced many miscarriages and two daughters, both of them which died at the age of under one. After King George IV died in 1830, Prince William became King William IV. The young Princess Victoria was now the heir to the throne, as her father Prince Edward died in 1820 a few short days before her grandfather King George III. In case King William died before Victoria turned 18, her mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld would have become Regent. In 1837, just after a month after Victoria's 18th birthday, King William IV died. Victoria was now Queen of the United Kingdom.
On February 10th 1840, Queen Victoria married her first cousin with whom she was deeply in love with, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in St. James Palace, London. Their marriage was a success and on November 21st 1840, Queen Victoria gave birth to her first child, Princess Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa. The new born daughter was heiress presumptive to the throne of the United Kingdom from 1840-1841. Princess Victoria was given the title of Princess Royal in 1841, a title which is given to the eldest or only daughter of a sovereign of the United Kingdom. There can be only one Princess Royal at a time and this title was last held by Princess Victoria's paternal great aunt, Charlotte the Princess Royal, Queen of Wurttemberg who died in 1828. The title was vacant for 12 years before Queen Victoria gave the title to Princess Victoria at the young age of almost 2 months. On November 9th 1841 Queen Victoria gave birth to her first son and second child, Albert Edward the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII). On April 25th 1843 Queen Victoria gave birth to her third child and second daughter, The Princess Alice Maud Mary. On August 6th 1844 The Prince Alfred Ernest Albert was born to Queen Victoria as her second son and fourth child. The Princess Helena Augusta Victoria was born on May 25th 1846 as Queen Victoria's third daughter and fifth child. The Princess Louise Caroline Alberta was born on March 18th 1848 as Queen Victoria's fourth daughter and sixth child. The Prince Arthur William Patrick Albert was born on May 1st 1850 as Queen Victoria's seventh child and third son. The Prince Leopold George Duncan Albert was born on April 7th 1853 as Queen Victoria's eighth child and fourth son. Finally, the last child out of nine and last daughter of five to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was born on April 14th 1857 as The Princess Beatrice Mary Feodore. Queen Victoria hated babies, being pregnant, thought breast feeding was a disgust, and thought new born babies were ugly. Yet, she had nine children.
Queen Victoria made Prince Albert her Prince Consort of the United Kingdom in 1857. In December of 1861, Albert died after years of sickness and Queen Victoria was devastated by the news and went into a intense stage of mourning that continued throughout the rest of her life. Victoria had rarely took on Royal Engagements or Appearances in the following years. She also wore black until the day she died. Queen Victoria's mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld had died in March of 1861 as well. Victoria was devastated that she had lost her beloved Consort, Albert and her mother, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld after she found out her mother deeply loved Victoria, even though she was harsh at raising her.
In January of 1858, Prince Albert and Queen Victoria's eldest child, Victoria the Princess Royal, married Prince William Frederick of Prussia, who was second in line to the German and Prussian throne. In 1961, after Prince William Frederick's father became King of Prussia and Emperor of Germany, Prince William Frederick became the Crown Prince of Prussia and therefore Princess Victoria became the Crown Princess. In 1859, Princess Victoria gave birth to Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's first grandchild, Frederick William Victor Albert of Prussia, who later became King William II of Prussia and Emperor of Germany until the monarchy was abolished after the First World War in 1918. In 1860, Princess Victoria gave birth to her second child, Princess Viktoria Elisabeth Auguste Charlotte of Prussia (Princess Charlotte of Prussia). In 1862, Prince Albert Wilhem Heinrich of Prussia (Prince Henry) was born to Princess Victoria as her third child. In 1864, Prince Franz Friedrich Sigismund of Prussia (Prince Sigismund) was born as Princess Victoria's fourth child. Prince Sigismund only lived one and a half years. In 1866, Princess Friederike Amalia Wilhelmine Viktoria of Prussia (Princess Viktoria) was born as Princess Victoria's fifth child. Prince Joachim Friedrich Ernst Waldemar of Prussia (Prince Waldemar) was born as Princess Victoria's sixth child. Prince Waldemar lived to the age of only eleven. Princess Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice of Prussia was born in 1870 as Princess Victoria's seventh child; she was popularly known as Queen Sophia of the Hellenes after her marriage. Princess Margarete Beatrice Feodoraof Prussia (Princess Margaret) was born in 1872 as Princess Victoria's eighth and last child. The Princess Royal became the German Empress and Queen Consort of Prussia in 1888 for 99 days before the death of her husband. Princess Victoria died in 1901 just months after her mother, Queen Victoria at the age of 60 of breast cancer.
Prince Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert's second child and first son married Princess Alexandra of Denmark in March of 1963. Princess Alexandra became the Princess of Wales. The marriage produced six children, five of which survived childhood. In 1864, Prince Albert Victor Christian Edward of Wales was born to the Prince and Princess of Wales as their first child. Prince Albert Victor was supposed to succeed his father to the throne after he died, but that was cut short when Prince Albert Victor died in 1892. Prince George Frederick Ernest Albert of Wales was born in 1865 as the Prince and Princess of Wales's second child. Prince George eventually succeeded his father as King George V in 1910. Princess Louise Victoria Alexandra Dagmar of Wales, the Princess Royal was born in 1867 as the Prince and Princess of Wales's third child and first daughter.
In 1868, Princess Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary of Wales was born as the Prince and Princess of Wales's fourth child and second daughter. Princess Maud Charlotte Mary Victoria of Wales was born in 1869 as the Prince and Princess of Wales's fifth child and third daughter. After Princess Maud's marriage, she became Queen Consort Maud of Norway. In 1871, the Prince and Princess of Wales had their last child, Prince Alexander John of Wales, who was born prematurely. Prince Alexander died the next day on April 7. In 1901 after Queen Victoria died, the old Prince Albert Edward, the Prince of Wales became King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. After a short reign, King Edward died in 1910 and his second son, who was at the time the eldest, became King George V. In the picture below, is King Edward VII and Queen Consort Alexandra of the United Kingdom with their surviving five children. King Edward and Queen Alexandra had been Prince and Princess of Wales for longer than any of their predecessors.
In 1862, Queen Victoria's third child and second daughter married Prince Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine. The couple had seven children. Princess Victoria Alberta Elisabeth Mathilde Marie of Hesse and by Rhine was born in 1863 as Princess Alice's first child. Princess Elisabeth Alexandra Louise Alice of Hesse and by Rhine was born in 1864 as Princess Alice's second child. Princess Irene Luise Maria Anna of Hesse and by Rhine was born in 1866 as Princess Alice's third child. Prince Ernest Louis Charles Albert William of Hesse and by Rhine (later Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine) was born in 1868 as Princess Alice's fourth child. Prince Friedrich Wilhelm August Victor Leopold Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine was born in 1870 as Princess Alice's fifth child. He survived until the age of two. Princess Alice Victoria Helena Louise Beatrice of Hesse and by Rhine (Empress Consort Alexandra Feodorovna Romanova of Russia) was born in 1872 as Princess Alice's sixth child. Princess Marie Viktoria Feodore Leopoldine of Hesse and by Rhine was born in 1874 as Princess Alice's seventh and last child. Princess Marie died at the age of four of diphtheria. Her mother, Princess Alice, died from the same disease a couple weeks later in 1878.
ranziska Josepha Louise Augusta Marie Christina Helena (known popularly as Princess Marie Louise) of Schleswig-Holstein in 1872. The Schleswig-Holstein's last two children were sons. Prince Frederick Harold was born in 1876, and died eight days after birth. An un-named stillborn son was born in 1877. Princess Helena died in 1923.
Princess Louise, sixth child of Queen Victoria married John Campbell the Duke of Argyll and Marquess of Lorne. Princess Louise became Duchess of Argyll and Marchioness of Lorne by marriage when she married John in 1871. The couple never had any children. Princess Louise did become Viceregal consort of Canada when the Duke of Argyll and Marquess of Lorne became the Governor General of Canada in 1878. The Country of Canada had a province named after the Viceregal Consort in 1905, as her full name was Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the province was named Alberta. There was also a lake in the province named Lake Louise, a village named Caroline, and a mount named Mount Alberta for Princess Louise. Princess Louise passed away in 1939, and is now buried in Frogmore, Windsor.
Prince Arthur the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, seventh child of Queen Victoria, married Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia in 1879. The couple bore three children, Princess Margaret Victoria Charlotte Augusta Norah of Connaught in 1882, who was known as the Crown Princess of Sweden by marriage. She did not live to reign as Queen Consort of Sweden with her husband. The second child of Princess Arthur and Princess Louise Margaret was Prince Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert of Connaught who was born in 1883. The couple's last child was Princess Victoria Patricia Helena Elizabeth of Connaught was born in 1886. Prince Arthur served as the 10th Governor General of Canada. The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn died in 1942.
Prince Leopold the Duke of Albany, Queen Victoria's eighth child married Princess Helene-Friederike of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1882. The marriage produced two children. The first of the two children was Princess Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline of Albany was born in 1883. The second child was a son, Prince Leopold Charles Edward George Albert of Albany, who was born in July of 1884, which Prince Leopold did not live to see, as he had haemophilia and died at the age of 30 in March of 1884.
Queen Victoria's last child, Princess Beatrice, married Prince Henry of Battenberg in 1885. The couple bore four children. The first to be born was Prince Alexander Albert of Battenberg in 1886. The second was Princess Victoria Eugenie Julia Ena of Battenberg in 1887, who became the Queen of Spain by marriage. The third child was Prince Leopold Arthur Louis of Battenberg in 1889, followed by the fourth and last child, Prince Maurice Victor Donald in 1891. Princess Beatrice died in 1944 at the age of 87.
In 1876, Queen Victoria was created Empress of India. Her Majesty celebrated her Golden Jubilee in 1887 and her Diamond Jubilee in 1897. No other Monarch of the United Kingdom has lived or reigned to celebrate their Diamond Jubilee, except for Queen Elizabeth II, who is celebrating her's this year of 2012. Queen Victoria had surpassed her grandfather, King George III as the longest reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Victoria still holds this title today, but if her great-great granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom is still reigning by 2015, she will have surpassed Queen Victoria as the longest reigning monarch of the United Kingdom. Queen Elizabeth II is already the eldest reigning monarch in the history of Great Britain. (Queen Elizabeth is the great-granddaughter of King Edward VII, eldest son of Queen Victoria, through his second son who became King George V, which was through his second son, who later became King George VI after his brother, King Edward VIII abdicated.)
In 1901, after 63 years on the throne as Queen Regnant of the United Kingdom, Queen Victoria passed away at the age of 81. Queen Victoria had a notorious reign, a golden age for the United Kingdom, which was named as the Victorian Era. Her legacy still lives on today, as she is still widely popular. Queen Victoria was nicknamed as the Grandmother of Europe, as her children and grandchildren married into other Royal and noble families across Europe. She truly was one of the greatest monarchs of the United Kingdom and will never be forgotten. Today, Queen Victoria lies beside her husband Albert, at Frogmore, Berkshire, England.
GOD SAVE THE QUEEN
(I do not own anything here!)
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Dramatic habitat loss by 2020 threatens the population of the planet's most endangered chimp subspecies, according to research published in BMC Evolutionary Biology. The work suggests that climate change could do more harm to chimpanzee populations than previously realised.
The Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) is the most endangered of all chimpanzee subspecies in the world, with only about 6,000 individuals estimated in the wild. While their habitats are already threatened by logging, agriculture and illegal hunting, few studies have looked at the possible effects of climate change.
First author Paul Sesink Clee, Graduate Research Fellow at Drexel University, USA, said: "The Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee is perhaps the least studied of all chimpanzee subspecies. This is the first time that their distribution and habitat has been studied in such detail, and the data used to predict how their habitats might alter under climate change. We were surprised to see that the Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees living in the savanna-woodland habitat of central Cameroon are under the most immediate threat of climate change, and may completely lose their habitat within our lifetime."
The research team, one of the few groups studying Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees in the wild, mapped their precise geographic locations using reports of sightings, evidence of activity including nests and tools, and fecal and hair samples collected for genetic analyses.
In the most detail to date, they mapped the distribution of two distinct populations of P. t. ellioti - those in the mountainous rainforests of western Cameroon, and those in central Cameroon where three distinct habitats converge to form a mosaic of forest-woodland-savanna. These fragile mosaics of ecosystems (or 'ecotones') are thought to be important in driving variation and diversification of species all over the world.
They combined this population data with the environmental characteristics of their locations (including climate, slope, vegetation and tree cover) to determine how habitat drives the distribution of the Nigeria-Cameroon Chimpanzee. They then predicted how these habitats would change under climate change scenarios for years 2020, 2050, and 2080. The scenarios were provided by the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and considered a varying range of factors including use of fossil and non-fossil fuels, human population growth, and environmental protection efforts.
While the team predicted little change in the mountainous rainforest habitat, the ecotone habitat of the second population was predicted to decline quickly under all scenarios by the year 2020 and could disappear almost entirely under the worst case scenario by 2080. With roughly half of the 6,000 Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees existing in the ecotone habitat of central Cameroon, the results suggest that this subspecies of chimpanzee is particularly vulnerable to climate change.
The authors note that their models do not take into account the potential for these chimpanzee populations to adapt to their changing habitats, or migrate to new areas with optimal conditions.
Related research papers from the team are also published in the same issue of BMC Evolutionary Biology, revealing more details on three genetically distinct populations of chimpanzees in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria (P. t. ellioti and P. t. troglodytes) and how natural selection and environmental variation play a role in shaping patterns of chimpanzee genetic diversity.
T: +44 (0)20 3192 2081
Notes to editor:
1. Study images available at: http://bit.
Please credit images as provided in the file names
2. Research article
Chimpanzee population structure in Cameroon and Nigeria is associated with habitat variation that may be lost under climate change
Paul R Sesink Clee, Ekwoge E Abwe, Ruffin D Ambahe, Nicola M Anthony, Roger Fotso, Sabrina Locatelli, Fiona Maisels, Matthew W Mitchell, Bethan J Morgan, Amy A Pokempner and Mary Katherine Gonder
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2015
To receive a copy of the research articles under embargo, please contact Joel Winston ([email protected])
After embargo, article available at journal website here: http://dx.
Please name the journal in any story you write. If you are writing for the web, please link to the article. All articles are available free of charge, according to BioMed Central's open access policy.
Related research articles in BMC Evolutionary Biology:
The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies
Matthew W Mitchell, Sabrina Locatelli, Lora Ghobrial, Amy A Pokempner, Paul R Sesink Clee, Ekwoge E Abwe, Aaron Nicholas, Louis Nkembi,
Nicola M Anthony, Bethan J Morgan, Roger Fotso, Martine Peeters, Beatrice H Hahn and Mary Katherine Gonder
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2015
Environmental variation and rivers govern the structure of chimpanzee genetic diversity in a biodiversity hotspot
Matthew W Mitchell, Sabrina Locatelli, Paul R Sesink Clee, Henri A Thomassen and Mary Katherine Gonder
BMC Evolutionary Biology 2015
3. BMC Evolutionary Biology is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of molecular and non-molecular evolution of all organisms, as well as phylogenetics and palaeontology.
BMC Evolutionary Biology is part of the BMC series which publishes subject-specific journals focused on the needs of individual research communities across all areas of biology and medicine. We offer an efficient, fair and friendly peer review service, and are committed to publishing all sound science, provided that there is some advance in knowledge presented by the work.
4. BioMed Central is an STM (Science, Technology and Medicine) publisher which has pioneered the open access publishing model. All peer-reviewed research articles published by BioMed Central are made immediately and freely accessible online, and are licensed to allow redistribution and reuse. BioMed Central is part of Springer Science+Business Media, a leading global publisher in the STM sector. http://www.
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Microsoft Takes Down A Large Botnet Called Rustock
Internet bots are software applications that run automated tasks over the web. Bots are useful because they perform simple and repetitive tasks at a much faster rate than human input. Unfortunately, as with many things in life, there are people who use bots with ill intentions. For example, spam bots can be used to collect e-mail addresses from internet forums. Bots can also be used for DDoS(Distributed Denial of Service) attacks, which flood the bandwidth of entire systems. There are also Botnets that work together to distribute malicious software.
Microsoft has taken down a very large and complex botnet, called Rustock. It has been estimated that this botnet consisted of approximately one million infected computers and is known to send billions of spam mails on a daily basis, including fake Microsoft lottery scams and fake prescription drugs.
Senior Attorney Richard Boscovich states that “The Rustock botnet was officially taken offline yesterday, after a months-long investigation by DCU and our partners, successful pleading before the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington and a coordinated seizure of command and control servers in multiple hosting locations escorted by the U.S. Marshals Service.”
How much of a threat was Rustock? Being one of the world’s largest spambots, Rustock was capable of sending 30 Billion spam e-mails per day. Researchers have seen a single Rustock-infected computer send 7,500 spam emails in 45 minutes, as well as advertising counterfeit pharmaceuticals.
If you think your computer might be infected, Microsoft urges you to visit support.microsoft.com/botnets for free information on malware and resources to clean your computer.
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During the 2000 presidential debates, then candidate George W. Bush announced his support for a federal "Teacher Protection Act," similar to a 1995 law he backed in Texas that immunizes teachers who hit students for disciplinary purposes. In his "Education Policy" statement, he said he would "[e]nact the `Teacher Protection Act' to shield teachers, principals, and school board members acting in their official capacity from federal liability arising out of their efforts to maintain discipline in the classroom, so long as they do not engage in reckless or criminal misconduct. In addition, plaintiffs who bring meritless claims in federal court challenging teacher and principal disciplinary actions would be liable for the legal expenses, including attorney's fees, incurred in the defense of the teachers and principals.”
The following Texas case shows how Bush's proposal would work: In May 1993, a Bruce Elementary School student was beaten with a piece of wood by his music teacher for being late to class. The attack caused the boy to defecate in his clothes and left bruises. The boy's mother sued the Houston Independent School District and the teacher, but the judge dismissed the case, slapping the mother with a $15,000 penalty for filing a frivolous lawsuit. Flynn, George, “Paddling dismissed by judge,” Houston Chronicle, August 10, 1996; Riak, Jordan, “Texas: No justice for schoolchildren,” found texas.htm.
Bush's endorsement of corporal punishment runs counter to the views of lawmakers in most states.
There is a strong correlation between states that immunize teachers for corporal punishment and the number of children that are hit.
- Twenty-seven states now ban corporal punishment outright. These are: Alaska, California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island (banned by every school board in the state), South Dakota (banned by law rescinding authorization to use), Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia and Wisconsin. National Coalition to Abolish Corporal Punishment in Schools, http://www.stophitting.com/NCACPS.
- Of the 23 states that do not ban corporal punishment, all but six leave the decision to allow it to the discretion of local school districts. In the following 10 states, more than half of all students are in districts with no corporal punishment: Arizona, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania and Wyoming. National Coalition to Abolish Corporal Punishment in Schools, www.stophitting.com/NCACPS.
Teachers say that the best way to restore discipline in classrooms is not to immunize them from lawsuits but to reduce class size.
- Teachers are immune from liability for using corporal punishment in the following six states: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, Texas and Wyoming. Except for Wyoming, each of these states ranks among the 10 worst states, by percentage, of students struck by educators during the 1997-1998 school year. The top three states were Mississippi, Arkansas and Alabama. Similarly, these states rank among the 6 worst states in terms of the most number of students hit. Texas ranks #1, with 81,373 children hit that year. National Coalition to Abolish Corporal Punishment in Schools, based on 1998 Elementary and Secondary School Civil Rights Compliance Reports compiled by the U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, www.stophitting.com/NCACPS.
- In a statement responding to Bush's proposal, Bob Chase, President of the National Education Association, said, “Our members tell us the single thing that they would like, to restore discipline and order to classrooms, is to lower class size. That's the proven way to improve discipline and learning. Governor Bush's proposal is simply a call for another piece of federal legislation. We'd rather the President of the United States focused on proven solutions such as class size.” Telephone interview with Becky Felischauer, NEA Senior Professional Associate, January 2, 2001, confirming quotation cited by Burns, Jim, “Bush wants Congress to pass teacher protection act,” October 18, 2000, CNSNews.com, found at http://childrenfirstamerica.org/DailyNews/00Oct/10180011.html.
- Jamie Horowitz, spokesperson for the American Federation of Teachers, said, “I question how much of an issue this really is.... Not only do we provide our members with million dollar liability insurance, but also the school districts provide them with liability coverage, generally....Even though we provide our members with million dollar coverage, we've never had a million dollar client. I don't think fear of lawsuits is keeping teachers from doing their jobs, and so I question the extent of the problem” (emphasis added). Telephone interview with Jamie Horowitz, January 2, 2001, confirming quotation cited by Burns, Jim, “Bush wants Congress to pass teacher protection act,” October 18, 2000, CNSNews.com, found at http://childrenfirstamerica.org/DailyNews/00Oct/10180011.html.
See "A VISIT TO GOODLAND: A Three-minute Lesson in Understanding Teacher Liability Protection", By Jordan Riak at www.nospank.net/tlp.htm
See "The Teacher Liability Protection Act: An Unwise and Unnecessary Federal Intrusion" at www.nospank.net/tlpa.htm
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|Birth: ||Dec., 1831|
|Death: ||1900, USA|
Virginia Reed Howell was born Dec 1831 in Conecuh County Alabama. Her parents were William and Sela Howell. They later moved to Copiah County Mississippi where Virginia met and married James K. Ragus. They had the following children: Amanda b 1856, Luther B 1857-1920, Wm. T b 1859, James Allen 1861-1890, Joseph Adolph 1864-1951, Nancy Lucinda 1867-1938, George Perry 1872-1948, & Robert Edward b 1879. During the Civil War, James served as a Private in Company F, 6th Mississippi Infantry Regiment. He was captured 4 July 1863 at Vicksburg MS & paroled. Sometime before 1870 he & his family moved to East Carroll Parish & farmed there on Hanna's Plantation(named Edgewood). He died sometime before 1880 & probably is buried there. Virginia was still living there in 1880, but in 1900 she lived with her daughter Nancy in Ashley County Arkansas. She died between 1900 and 1910 but the location is unknown. She may be buried with her husband in East Carroll Parish LA.
William H Howell (1797 - 1860)
Sela or Lela Howell (1806 - ____)
James K. Ragus (1827 - 1873)
James Allen Ragus (1861 - 1890)*
Joseph Adolphus Ragus (1864 - 1951)*
Nannie Ragus Morehead (1867 - 1938)*
George Perry Ragus (1872 - 1948)*
Body lost or destroyed
Specifically: Burial location unknown.
Created by: Brock Ragus
Record added: Apr 11, 2011
Find A Grave Memorial# 68244713
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Google's self-driving cars are now street smart for cities.
Up until recently, the autonomous vehicles from Mountain View were best suited to wide-open roads like highways (or as Californians would say, freeways). But they've now logged nearly 700,000 miles during testing, which has given Google the opportunity to hone its self-driving technology and software. And sometime last year, the company even started tackling city street driving.
"A mile of city driving is much more complex than a mile of freeway driving, with hundreds of different objects moving according to different rules of the road in a small area," explained Google in a blog post. "We’ve improved our software so it can detect hundreds of distinct objects simultaneously—pedestrians, buses, a stop sign held up by a crossing guard, or a cyclist making gestures that indicate a possible turn."
The video below provides a demonstration of how Google's self-driving cars can now pay attention to all the distractions on city streets in Mountain View. The vehicle's technology and software can predict what we view as random chaos - without getting tired or distracted like us. After learning and recognising "thousands of different situations," Google's cars can do things like pause for cyclists, yield at train tracks, and spot crossing pedestrians, etc.
"We still have lots of problems to solve, including teaching the car to drive more streets in Mountain View before we tackle another town, but thousands of situations on city streets that would have stumped us two years ago can now be navigated autonomously," Google added.
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Ava was capital of Burma from 1364-1841 founded by King Thadominbya on an artificial island at the confluence of the Ayeyarwady and the Myitnge created by digging a canal linking the two rivers
A Burman Ava Dynasty (1364-1527) was eventually established at the city of Ava by 1364. Pagan culture was revived and a great age of Burmese literature ensued.
Sights of interest
- Maha Aungmye Bonzan – A Buddhist monastery built by Nanmadaw Mè Nu, queen of Bagyidaw, in 1818, in traditional style except it was masonry instead of wood (popularly known as Mè Nu Ok Kyaung)
- Nanmyin Watch Tower – a 27 meter high masonry tower, all that is left of the Ava Palace
- Judson Memorial – a stone that marks the site of Let Ma Yun (lit. no pulling punches)prison where the American missionary Adoniram Judson was incarcerated during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-26)
- Htihlaing Shin Paya – a stupa built by King Kyanzittha of Bagan period (11th c.)
- Ava Bridge – a 16 span cantilever bridge built by the British in 1934, the only structure to span the Ayeyarwady River until recently when a new bridge has been built nearby.
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<urn:uuid:cd5e6d67-bdea-47db-8fcc-764830616696>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://word.myanmarupperland.com/interesting-place-tourist-attraction/ava/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.951427 | 306 | 3.296875 | 3 |
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