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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.symptoms swollen glands | Enlarged or swollen glands Enlarged or swollen glands Web MD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common symptom combinations and medical conditions related to enlarged or swollen glands. Click on the combination that matches your symptoms to find the conditions that may cause these problems. Or click on "See All Conditions" to see every condition related to enlarged or swollen glands. See All Conditions1 2 3 4 5Showing 1-200 of 4,148 results Enlarged or swollen glands Difficulty swallowing, Drainage or pus, Enlarged or swollen glands, Lump or bulge Enlarged or swollen glands, Lump or bulge Difficulty swallowing, Difficulty talking, Enlarged or swollen glands, Muffled voice Difficulty swallowing, Enlarged or swollen glands Difficulty swallowing, Enlarged or swollen glands, Tender glands Enlarged or swollen glands, Pain or discomfort Enlarged or swollen glands, Sore throat, Swollen tonsils Cough, Difficulty swallowing, Difficulty talking, Enlarged or swollen glands Enlarged or swollen glands, Hoarse voice, Sore throat Enlarged or swollen glands, Sore throat Enlarged or swollen glands, Throat tightness Difficulty swallowing, Enlarged or swollen glands, Pain or discomfort, Sore throat Enlarged or swollen glands, Pain or discomfort, Stiff neck Enlarged or swollen glands, Tender glands Enlarged or swollen glands, Lump or bulge, Numbness or tingling, Pain or discomfort 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glands, Post nasal drip Enlarged or swollen glands, Sore throat, Stiff neck Difficulty swallowing, Drainage or pus, Enlarged or swollen glands Difficulty swallowing, Enlarged or swollen glands, Food getting stuck (swallowing)Cough, Difficulty swallowing, Ear ache, Enlarged or swollen glands Enlarged or swollen glands, Pain or discomfort, Sore throat, Swollen tonsils Difficulty swallowing, Enlarged or swollen glands, Post nasal drip, Sore throat Dizziness, Enlarged or swollen glands, Fever, Headache Difficulty swallowing, Enlarged or swollen glands, Sore throat, Swollen tonsils Difficulty swallowing, Enlarged or swollen glands, Headache, Pain or discomfort Cough, Enlarged or swollen glands, Hoarse voice, Sore throat Cough, Difficulty breathing through nose, Enlarged or swollen glands, Nasal congestion Cough, Enlarged or swollen glands, Pain or discomfort, Sore throat Difficulty swallowing, Enlarged or swollen glands, Muffled voice, Pain or discomfort Cough, Enlarged or swollen glands, 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swollen glands1 2 3 4 5Showing 1-200 of 4,148 results | . 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.who made the first car | First German Car First German Car Germany is the cradle of modern day car industry. The first German car made in 1885 set the tone for automobile revolution world over. The German entrepreneurs gradually came up with impeccable engineering, style, luxury, and speed to define car transportation for years to come. The first German car shown in the picture is both the older and restored versions of the same vehicle. Now days, the Germans lead in manufacturing many of the world's top luxury vehicles. We think of BMW, Mercedes Benz and Audi whenever we talk about luxury cars. The auto industry in the country that began with production of the first German car continues to be popular world over. Motorwagen to Mercedes Karl Benz manufactured the first German car Motorwagen in 1885. Appearing like a horse carriage, it was also the first motor car in the world. He developed and patented his invention four-stroke internal combustion engine in 1886. The first German car model built in 1885 crashed during a public demonstration. Soon Benz developed a better model running on gasoline and went for its commercial production in 1887. The vehicle hit the market next year and was an instant hit. In 1988, Benz's wife travelled 65 mile in the car to see her ailing father. It drew public attention and soon Benz's car began to be sold in Germany and France. In the early 1900s, several German car makes came into existence. While Benz Sons dominated the market, Opel produced its first German car in 1906. It became the first German car manufacturer maker to set up a mass production assembly line. In 1935, Opel was the first German car manufacturer to cross 100,000 vehicle productions in a year. Volkswagen, founded in 1937 by the Nazi regime, was the first German car maker to produce family cars for common people, such as Thing, Amarok, and Beetle. In the post-war era, the company led the auto revolution in West Germany. Its engineering achievements are widely acclaimed. Audi, established in 1910, became the first German car company to exclusively focus on vehicles with powerful engines. Its earliest models Sport-Phaeton and Type B and subsequent six cylinder models had more powerful engines than their contemporaries. Audi was also the first German car maker to produce left-handed car the Audi Type K. BMW entered the car market in 1959 and was the first German car maker to go for ultra-luxury and sports car segment. It owns BMW, Rolls Royce, and Mini brands, among the costliest car brands in the world. Modern German Car Industry The first German car produced more than a century ago continues to be a trendsetter for the country's auto industry. Innovation still drives the car manufacturing industry in the country. Every car model has something new to showcase. Germany is the fourth biggest producer of cars in the world. The German car makers, such as Volkswagen, BMW, Daimler, Porsche, and Audi, produce six million cars at home and another 5.5 million abroad. Volkswagen is the third biggest auto company in the world. The museums in the country have dedicated auto galleries that have all symbolic cars, from the first German car made by Benz to the latest sedans, on display. | The Wright Brothers First Flight Wasn't the First Flight Gustave Whitehead** Gustave Whitehead**In a startling announcement a few days ago, Jane's All the World's Aircraft has named an August 1901 flight by Connecticut aviation pioneer Gustave Whitehead as the first successful powered flight in history, beating the Wright brothers' first flight by more than two years. Jane's, which calls itself the world's foremost authority on aviation history, with great authority, has traditionally backed the Wright Brothers as first in flight. Now they say the evidence for Whitehead's flight is strong enough for the publication to reverse course and recognize it as the first successful powered flight. Jane's Editor Paul Jackson describes what happened in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on August 14, 1901. "It was in the summer of 1901 that Whitehead flew his airplane, which he called the Condor. In the early hours of 14 August 1901, the Condor propelled itself along the darkened streets of Bridgeport, Connecticut, with Whitehead, his staff and an invited guest in attendance. In the still air of dawn, the Condor's wings were unfolded and it took off from open land at Fairfield, 15 miles from the city, and performed two demonstration sorties. The second was estimated as having covered 1½ miles at a height of 50 feet, during which slight turns in both directions were demonstrated." The length of flight and altitude reached make the Wright's first powered foray pale in comparison. Jackson credits the long work of aviation researcher John Brown for much of the recently uncovered evidence that Whitehead's flight was indeed number one. Brown's website, www.gustave-whitehead.com, is packed with evidence. The evidence that Jane's presents is compelling. There are multiple photographs, overwhelming evidence of Whitehead's preparation for the first flight — Condor was the 21st airplane he built — eyewitnesses, dozens of newspaper accounts of the story and ample evidence not only of an engine sufficient for the flight but one whose basic design was used on many subsequent successful airplanes by other designers, including Glenn Curtiss. Moreover, Whitehead made another successful powered flight in an airplane with three-axis controls in 1902, more than a year before the Wright brothers' first flight. The decision by Jane's is sure to fuel the most controversial discussion in aviation, perhaps ever, as aviation enthusiasts take sides, either with the Wright Brothers, who made history on the North Carolina dunes in December 1903, or Whitehead, who, the evidence now seems to indicate, did the same two-and-a-half years earlier on the quiet streets of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Look for more on this story, unfolding 112 years after the fact, in the coming days and weeks in Flying and on flyingmag.com. Tags: Pilots, Adventures & More Aviation News Pilot Proficiency Be the first to comment |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what are different colors of daisy flowers | Colors of Gerbera Daisies Related Articles Colors of Gerbera Daisy Flowers How to Grow Gerbera Daisy Outdoors Types of Gerber Daisies and Leaves When Do Gerberas Bloom? Gerbera daisies (Gerbera jamesonii) are large flowers from 2 to 4 inches in diameter. The flowers are flat with a center ring of short, small petals surrounded by rings of larger flat petals. The flowers are native to South Africa. Gerrondo gerbera daises have outer petals that bend downward giving a fuller ruffled look to the flower. Flowers are used in arrangements and bouquets, with a wire inserted into the hollow stem for stability. Gerbera daisies bloom in every color except blue and green. Colors Gerbera daisies bloom in blazing red, bright orange, sunny yellow and shocking pink. Pastel colors include pale to medium pink, soft yellows, peach and light purple. The white is more of an off-white than a bright white. Dark colors include purple, dark raspberry, maroon and bronze. Centers and Contrast Centers are flat and indented from the surrounding petals. It may be the same color as the petals, brown, yellow or green. A few varieties of Gerbera daisies have a contrasting band of color on the petals. Sometimes the shorter petals surrounding the center are a deeper color than the flat petals. No Matter What Color Gerbera daisies require full sun. They may stop blooming if temperatures are over 70 degrees Fahrenheit. In hot inland areas, they do best with morning sun and afternoon shade. They can be started from seed but take up to six months to become mature enough to bloom. Plants ready to bloom are available in nurseries and are sometimes sold as potted plants in grocery stores and florist shops. Feed and water on a regular basis. After the flowers have finished blooming, let the plants dry out a bit. Gerbera daisies are tender perennials and should do well in mild-winter areas such as U. S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 through 10. Uses In the garden, gerbera daisies are stunning as focal points. Pair yellow and orange daisies with an edging of purple lobelia. Play off white daisies by growing them in front of taller purple snapdragons. The round shape of the daisy is complemented by the tall stems of the snapdragons. Gerbera daisies do well in pots but have a tendency to overwhelm less vigorous growers. Assemble a spring bouquet with pink daisies, yellow daffodils and trailing white pansies. References (2)Sunset Western Garden Book; Editor Kathleen Norris Brenzel Bachman's: Gerbera Daisies About the Author Katie Jensen's first book was published in 2000. Since then she has written additional books as well as screenplays, website content and e-books. Rosehill holds a Master of Business Administration from Arizona State University. Her articles specialize in business and personal finance. Her passion includes cooking, eating and writing about food. Photo Credits Media Bank/Photos.com/Getty Images Cite this Article | . Community content for this product may not be appropriate for all ages, or may not be appropriate for viewing at work. Continue Cancel |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is the most expensive college in ohio | Ohio In State Tuition Ranking Most Expensive Colleges in Ohio by In State Tuition The highest priced four year colleges in Ohio are listed by one year's in state tuition list price for the 2016/2017 school year. What is the most expensive college in Ohio? Leading the colleges list is Oberlin College in Oberlin with an in state tuition of $51,324. Rating is a College Calc proprietary national percentile ranking of a college's overall difficulty and educational effectiveness. An average score is 50. Dollar value is a measure of a school's academic rating compared with the average net price paid. Colleges which are ranked "n/a" didn't report sufficient data to formulate a score. Learn more about our rating methodology. All price data are reprinted from the U. S. Department of Education's 2016-2017 IPEDS Survey and reflect reported costs for the 2016-2017 academic year.. Ohio's Most Expensive Colleges by In State Tuition In State Tuition College Rating $Value$51,324In State Tuition1) Oberlin College Oberlin, Private Not For Profit95 59$49,220In State Tuition2) Kenyon College Gambier, Private Not For Profit95 71$47,870In State Tuition3) Denison University Granville, Private Not For Profitn/a n/a$47,200In State Tuition4) Cleveland Institute of Music Cleveland, Private Not For Profitn/a n/a$46,430In State Tuition5) The College of Wooster Wooster, Private Not For Profit83 66$45,592In State Tuition6) Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Private Not For Profit93 68$43,770In State Tuition7) Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware, Private Not For Profitn/a n/a$40,940In State Tuition8) University of Dayton Dayton, Private Not For Profit80 58$37,230In State Tuition9) Wittenberg University Springfield, Private Not For Profitn/a n/a$37,190In State Tuition10) John Carroll University University Heights, Private Not For Profit61 62$36,980In State Tuition11) Cleveland Institute of Art Cleveland, Private Not For Profit65 50$35,920In State Tuition12) Xavier University Cincinnati, Private Not For Profit67 58$34,340In State Tuition13) Marietta College Marietta, Private Not For Profit57 59$33,282In State Tuition14) Capital University Columbus, Private Not For Profit64 65$32,400In State Tuition15) Columbus College of Art and Design Columbus, Private Not For Profitn/a n/a$31,440In State Tuition16) Hiram College Hiram, Private Not For Profit73 69$31,436In State Tuition17) The University of Findlay Findlay, Private Not For Profit48 54$31,424In State Tuition18) Otterbein University Westerville, Private Not For Profit60 56$30,980In State Tuition19) Defiance College Defiance, Private Not For Profit49 50$30,776In State Tuition20) Baldwin Wallace College Berea, Private Not For Profitn/a n/a View All 114 Next 20→ | . This site has been archived. Please visit blogs.adobe.com for the latest Adobe blog posts. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.benefits of saffron tea? | Benefits Of Saffron Tea Benefits Of Saffron Tea April 1, 2011 , Harri Daniel , Comments Off Benefits of Saffron Tea Saffron tea, an indigenous plant native to Asia and Europe, is harvested from its red stigmas. It was cherished by ancient Greeks, Romans and Egyptians for use in the treatment of a wide range of disease, as well as herbal and culinary delights. Recent clinical studies have shown its potential in the cure of many ailments.1. Menstruation relief Saffron was commonly used to help induce menstruation and hence was useful to women who had irregular periods. Regular consumption of saffron tea can reduce excessive bleeding and eases the discomfort instigated by menstruation. However, expectant women should steer away from this tea as it may cause abortion.2. Treats depression Saffron tea can also help to relieve depression. Historically, intake of saffron tea and spices was reported to uplift ones feeling of joy and happiness. In fact, one study showed that the tea has the same anti-depressant effects as taking over-the-counter drugs.3. Reduces cancer risk Saffron tea is high in carotenoids that have been shown to help destroy cancerous cells linked to leukemia and sarcoma. However, study is still ongoing to determine whether the tea has an impact on cancer.4. Cardiovascular health According to medical studies, saffron tea may help prevent build-up of cholesterol in the arterial wall, thereby reduce your risk to common heart disease such as atherosclerosis and hardening of the arteries. In addition to that, consumption of saffron tea can help treat severe stomach and abdominal pain as it enhances health of the colon.5. Lowers high blood pressure Regular consumption of saffron tea may also help lower high blood pressure. On the other hand, many folks use it to induce coughing and vomiting with the hopes of treating throat, chest or stomach ache. While there are no known side effects of drinking saffron tea, put in mind that too much consumption is harmful to your health. Share this: Related Benefits Of Saffron Benefits of Red tea Benefits Of Rosemary Tea Please help us improve. Please rate this article: Posted in Drinks. Tagged as culinary, herbal, plant, Saffron, tea Next Post →Benefits Of Smart Boards in the Classroom← Previous Post Benefits Of Rolled Oats Author Harri Daniel Related Posts Benefits of Acai tea May 12, 2015, subhasish, Comment Closed Benefits of cabbage juice January 2, 2015, subhasish, Comment Closed Benefits of hemp milk January 1, 2015, subhasish, Comment Closed | . This Account has been suspended. Contact your hosting provider for more information. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.excel function extract numbers from string | Quickly extract numbers from mixed text string with function in Excel Quickly extract numbers from mixed text string with function in Excel Kutools for Excel Overview Free Download Purchase now Feature Tutorials What's New? Let's say you need to extract numbers from a cell mixed with text string in Excel, apart from extracting every number one by one manually, there seems no directly function to get it done easily. But with Kutools for Excel 's EXTRACTNUMBERS function, you can extract all numbers from a text string cell quickly. Recommended Productivity Tools Office Tab: Bring handy tabs to Excel and other Office software, just like Chrome, Firefox and new Internet Explorer. Try now Kutools for Excel: 200 new features for Excel, make Excel much easy and powerful, increase productivity immediately. Try now Click Kutools > Kutools Functions > Text > EXTRACTNUMBERS. See screenshots: Extract numbers from cell of mixed text string with function in Excel Supposing there are cells mixed with text strings and numbers, and you need to extract numbers form the cells. You can get it done quickly with the EXTRACTNUMBERS function as the following steps:1. Select a blank cell besides original cells, for example Cell B1, and click Kutools > Kutools Functions > Text > EXTRACTNUMBERS.2. In the throwing out Function Arguments dialog box, you need to: (1) In the Txt box, click the button to specify the cell from which you want to extract numbers. Or you can directly enter the reference cell into the Txt box; (2) Keep the N box blank, or enter TRUE or FALSE based on your needs. Tip: If you want the function returns numbers which are formatted and stored as text, enter FALSE or nothing; if you want the function returns numerical numbers, enter TRUE.3. Click the OK button. Now you will see numbers are extracted into the selected cell at once.4. To apply this function to adjacent cells, select the Cell B1 and drag its Fill Handle to adjacent cells. Note : Actually, you can directly enter formula =EXTRACTNUMBERS (A1,TRUE) or =EXTRACTNUMBERS (A1) (A1 is the cell with numbers and text string mixing) in a blank cell, and drag the Fill Handle to the range you need. Demo: Quickly extract numbers from mixed text string with function in Excel Kutools for Excel: with more than 200 handy Excel add-ins, free to try with no limitation in 60 days. Download and free trial Now!Productivity Tools Recommended The following tools can greatly save your time and money, which one is right for you? Office Tab: Using handy tabs in your Office, as the way of Chrome, Firefox and New Internet Explorer. Kutools for Excel: More than 200 Advanced Functions for Excel 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007 and Office 365. Classic Menu for Office: Bring back familiar menus to Office 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 365, as if it were Office 2000 and 2003. Kutools for Excel The functionality described above is just one of 200 powerful functions of Kutools for Excel. Designed for Excel (Office) 2016, 2013, 2010, 2007 and Office 365. Free download and use for 60 days. Comment RSS Login Sort by Newest Say something here... Be the first to comment. | Extract text from alphanumeric value using Excel Formula Extract text from alphanumeric value using Excel Formula Deepanshu Bhalla Add Comment Advanced Excel Q : Mark asked if we can extract text from alphanumeric value using excel formula. Solution : Suppose alphanumeric value is placed in cell A2. Enter the following formula in cell B2.=SUBSTITUTE ( SUBSTITUTE ( SUBSTITUTE ( SUBSTITUTE (SUBSTITUTE ( SUBSTITUTE ( SUBSTITUTE ( SUBSTITUTE ( SUBSTITUTE (A2,"1",""),"2",""), "3",""),"4",""),"5",""), "6",""),"7",""),"8",""),"9","")How it works ? The Microsoft Excel SUBSTITUTE function replaces a set of characters with another. Trick : The above formula replaces 1 through 9 with blank value. Hence, all the numeric values are rubbed out from the alphanumeric string. Excel Tutorials : 100 Excel Tutorials Love this Post? Spread the Word About Author: Deepanshu founded Listen Data with a simple objective - Make analytics easy to understand and follow. He has over 7 years of experience in data science and predictive modeling. During his tenure, he has worked with global clients in various domains like banking, Telecom, HR and Health Insurance. While I love having friends who agree, I only learn from those who don't. Let's Get Connected: Email | Linked In Get Free Email Updates :*Please confirm your email address by clicking on the link sent to your Email*Related Posts: Count and Percentage in a Column Chart Excel : OFFSET Function with Examples Excel : Custom Number Formats Examples Excel Array Formulas Examples Excel : Goal Seek |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what does tivo service cost | How TiVo Works Ti Vo: The Service Prev NEXTImage courtesy © 2007 Ti Vo Inc. All Rights Reserved. Ti Vo's Now Playing Screen So you own a Ti Vo set and want to take advantage of its functions -- what do you do now? Ti Vo owners must subscribe to a Ti Vo service to use their sets. Otherwise, all they have is another box cluttering up their entertainment center. Ti Vo sells subscriptions by the month or by the year. At one time, Ti Vo offered a lifetime subscription deal (the lifetime of your Ti Vo set, not your own lifetime). Although Ti Vo no longer offers the lifetime subscription, it does honor the subscriptions already purchased by customers. Ti Vo does not actually provide the cable or satellite signal to your set, which means you still have to subscribe to a cable or satellite company for your television signal (unless you depend entirely upon antenna signals). Ti Vo's service acts as a liaison between your television signal provider and you. It interprets the signals from your provider and allows you to tell your Ti Vo what programs you want to record. You have to tell Ti Vo where your television signal comes from when you first set up your Ti Vo set. Older Ti Vo units require a phone line so that they can download the programming schedule your service uses, but newer models can either access this information through a phone line or your home network broadband connection. Without this information, Ti Vo wouldn't know how to tune in to the programs you want to watch and record. Ti Vo offers many package deals and specials on services, so prices change often. In general, Ti Vo service usually ranges from $12 to $16 a month, depending on the length of your service agreement. This fee is on top of the price you pay for cable or satellite service. Ti Vo Competitors Some cable and satellite companies are getting into the DVR game, either producing their own DVR units or partnering with a third party manufacturer. Many offer packages that have no purchase price for the DVR unit. Instead, customers pay more for their cable or satellite service, though most of the time these costs are lower than Ti Vo's fees. Major service providers that offer DVRs include: RCA-DVR2080Image courtesy Consumer Guide Products Adelphia Communications Cable One Comcast Cox Communications Direc TVDish Network Time Warner Cable How can Ti Vo compete against companies that offer similar services at lower fees? Loyal Ti Vo customers cite Ti Vo's simple user interface and network capabilities. As the market becomes more crowded with competitors, Ti Vo continues to evolve and offer more diverse options that other units can't yet replicate. In the next section, we'll look at some features that set Ti Vo apart from the competition. C-Band Satellite Customers Ti Vo service works with most cable and satellite providers. However, if you use a C-band satellite to receive television signals, you're out of luck. Ti Vo doesn't support C-band satellite feeds. C-band is one of many electromagnetic frequencies used in satellite broadcast and was the format most early satellite broadcasters used. Customers needed a large satellite dish to pick up the frequencies.1 2 3 4 5 NEXTPrint | Citation & Date | Reprint More to Explore Related Content Should you have your HDTV professionally installed? What were the first HDTVs? How Remote Controls Work | . Company About Us Editorial Policy Testimonials Wolters Kluwer Careers Support Contact Us Help & Training Citing Our Content News & Events What's New Clinical Podcasts Press Announcements In the News Events Resources Up To Date Login CME/CE/CPDMobile Apps Webinars EHR Integration Health Industry Podcasts Follow Us Sign up today to receive the latest news and updates from Up To Date. Sign Up When you have to be right Privacy Policy Trademarks Subscription & Licence Agreement© 2018 Up To Date, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Licensed to: Up To Date Marketing Professional Support Tag: [0603 - 40.77.179.23 - F706FD0C1F - PR14 - UPT - 20180402-11:05:29GMT] - LG |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.galadriel ring of power | What powers does Galadriel have? _Science Fiction & Fantasy Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for science fiction and fantasy enthusiasts. Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Here's how it works: Anybody can ask a question Anybody can answer The best answers are voted up and rise to the top What powers does Galadriel have?up vote42down votefavorite1In The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey movie Galadriel is able to speak telepathically with Gandalf, also doing so later with Frodo in The Fellowship of The Ring. Also she shows Frodo what she calls "elven magic" before she shows him the future. What are the full extent of her powers? She must be important to be able to counsel Gandalf.lord-of-the-rings tolkiens-legendarium movie the-hobbitshare improve this questionedited Mar 12 '17 at 4:55Creation Edge19.4k 11 85 155asked Jan 10 '13 at 17:04Lord Apricot1,561 4 15 241What powers you ask? How 'bout the power of flight? That do anything for ya? That's levitation, holmes. How 'bout the power to kill a yak from 200 yards away... with mind bullets! That's telekinesis, Kyle. How 'bout the power... to move you? – Wad Cheber Aug 4 '15 at 1:25add a comment6 Answers active oldest votesup vote20down voteaccepted It is said that Galadriel is the equal even if unlike endowments of Fëanor by Tolkien himself in the unfinished tales. We all know what is said of Fëanor, so she must be crazy powerful, we only rarely see it. There are some tidbits like throwing down walls and sending a mist to protect Eorl's host. Galadriel was the greatest of the Noldor, except Fëanor maybe, though she was wiser than he, and her wisdom increased with the long years. Her mother-name was Nerwen ("man-maiden"), and she grew to be tall beyond the measure even of the women of the Noldor; she was strong of body, mind, and will, a match for both the loremasters and the athletes of the Eldar in the days of their youth. Even among the Eldar she was accounted beautiful, and her hair was held a marvel unmatched. It was golden like the hair of her father and of her foremother Indis, but richer and more radiant, for its gold was touched by some memory of the starlike silver of her mother; and the Eldar said that the light of the Two Trees, Laurelin and Telperion, had been snared in her tresses. Many thought that this saying first gave to Fëanor the thought of imprisoning and blending the light of the Trees that later took shape in his hands as the Silmarils. For Fëanor beheld the hair of Galadriel with wonder and delight. He begged three times for a tress, but Galadriel would not give him even one hair. These two kinsfolk, the greatest of the Eldar of Valinor, were unfriends for ever. Galadriel was born in the bliss of Valinor, but it was not long, in the reckoning of the Blessed Realm, before that was dimmed; and thereafter she had no peace within. For in that testing time amid the strife of the Noldor she was drawn this way and that. She was proud, strong, and selfwilled, as were all the descendants of Finwë save Finarfin; and like her brother Finrod, of all her kin the nearest to her heart, she had dreams of far lands and dominions that might be her own to order as she would without tutelage. Yet deeper still there dwelt in her the noble and generous spirit of the Vanyar, and a reverence for the Valar that she could not forget. From her earliest years she had a marvellous gift of insight into the minds of others, but judged them with mercy and understanding, and she withheld her goodwill from none save only Fëanor. UTSo it seems she has an extraordinary ability to see the minds and intentions. In the fellowship of the ring she stated that she is able to read the mind of Sauron, at least all that what concerns the elves, but he can´t see hers, even if he tries. Furthermore with Nenya she is able too keep all evil out of Lorien, unless Sauron had come there himself. She was a strategist too, wanted to establish an easternmost outpost in Lorien, left Beleriant in the first age to unite wood elves and men and . All this is written in the unfinsihed tales. So, with Galadriel it´s not that obvious at the first sight, but if someone looks deeper in the text, one will recognize her powers. In my humble opinion, Galadriel is greater than Fëanor, Tolkien seems to be unsure regarding that matter, but I think she´s greater, being maybe even the inspiration for the Silmaril. The only elf being greater is Luthien.share improve this answeredited Jan 27 '13 at 21:54user11982answered Jan 11 '13 at 17:20Steffi547 1 4 51She's not greater than Feanor. There is a single quote saying they are equal, all others say Feanor is greater, and none says Galadriel is greater. – user8252 Jan 11 '13 at 17:412Quote: "For Fëanor was made the mightiest in all parts of body and mind: in valour, in endurance, in beauty, in understanding, in skill, in strength and subtlety alike: of all the Children of Ilúvatar, and a bright flame was in him." – user8252 Jan 12 '13 at 7:221Another Quote: "Feanor was the mightiest in skill of word and of hand, more learned than his brothers; his spirit burned as a flame. Fingolfin was the strongest, the most steadfast, and the most valiant. Finarfin was the fairest, and the most wisest of heart..." – Steffi Jan 12 '13 at 16:541Indeed. But it's not a real contradiction, as all those quotes were not written by the same author in-universe. So it's impossible to know who was right. And those quotes were written long after the death of Feanor, so they could be wrong: with time Feanor's legend gets exaggerated, or in reverse, Galadriel gaining prominence in the second and third age gets boosted. – user8252 Jan 13 '13 at 8:214The fact that Galadriel refused to grant Fëanor her hair makes her gift to Gimli all the more meaningful. – Matthew Piziak Dec 23 '14 at 23:37show 4 more commentsup vote35down vote Unlike some other story tellers, Tolkien lets his magicians be subtle in wielding their magic. When they do great deeds with magic, it is mostly in stories of old ages, which are told within the stories we read. Rarely a powerful being directly performs impressive magic. This is true for Galadriel as well. She is powerful (allegedly she destroys the walls of Sauron's stronghold Dol Guldur all by herself), but what we are shown directly in TLot R and TH is her scrying, foretelling, and handing out subtly magical items. Galadriel is a grandchild of the two kings of two of the great elvish dynasties (Finwë and Olwë), and closely related to the king of a third (Ingwë), and said to have inherited positive traits from all of her ancestors, making her the fairest and mightiest of all elves on Middle Earth (after Gil-galad's death). She is among the Noldor when they rebel against the Valar and leave Valinor, and is said to be the only one who — at the end of the Third Age — had her ban lifted and allowed to return. At that time, Galadriel is well over 7000 years old and has been on Middle Earth since the First Age, for thousands of years before Gandalf arrived there. Galadriel sends Gwaihir, lord of the eagles, to search for Gandalf after he defeated the Balrog, she healed him, and clothed him in white robe. She has always been admired both for her beauty and her ability to look into others' hearts and minds, and judge them (fairly, it is said) and was able to communicate telepathically. (She does so with Elrond, who is her son in law.) Due to her abilities, she (together with Gil-galad) distrusted the loremaster Annatar, who taught the elves to forge the rings of power, and was later unveiled as Sauron in disguise. Celebrimbor, who forged the rings, gave her the ring called Nenya. While the One Ring was lost (and thus Sauron could not use it against the other ring-bearers), Galadriel used Nenya to turn Lothlórien, where she and her husband Celeborn ruled, into a safe refuge for the Silvan Elves. Later it became somewhat of a center of the opposition against Sauron's schemes. Allegedly due to the ring, Lothlórien withstood several sieges by Sauron's armies, Galadriel later played an important part in the destruction of Dol Guldur, from where those armies came. When Frodo comes to Lothlórien and offers her the one ring, she is able to resist which is no small feat for a powerful being as she is. This is what makes the Valar lift the ban that prevented her from returning to Valinor. Thus, she departs to the West after several millenniums.share improve this answeredited Jan 27 '13 at 21:48user11982answered Jan 10 '13 at 20:21sbi1,109 1 10 192I do not have the sources rigth here but I do think that the Valar forgave and lifted the ban at the end of the first Age as reward for the long years of figthing against Morgoth. Galadriel simply refused to be pardoned. – Nuno Freitas Jan 11 '13 at 12:04Another show of her power was the fact that she alone managed to bring down the Fortress of Dol Guldur. Take from wikipedia Dol Guldur: "power of Nenya, Galadriel's Ring of Power, which only Sauron himself could have overcome. The elves, led by Thranduil of Mirkwood and Galadriel of Lorien led an assault on Dol Guldur and Galadriel herself threw down its walls, and laid its pits bare" – Team GB Jan 11 '13 at 12:49@Nuno Freitas: Oh, right, ISTR seeing this somewhere. I considered it besides the point here, though, and only mentioned the ban at all as a kind of explanation for her extended stay on Middle Earth (of 7 millenniums). – sbi Jan 11 '13 at 20:31@Team GB: "...allegedly she destroys the walls of Sauron's stronghold Dol Guldur all by herself..." – sbi Jan 11 '13 at 20:31sbi has the best story and since this whole thing is about storytelling, I like it. Tolkien is about narrative from perspective and that changes depending on who and when the story is told and what for. Just like our history. A list of facts doesn't make a truth; a conveyed understanding that brings wisdom and compassion is what Tolkien's after (and states it throu Gandalf many times). Galadriel is simply the incarnation of the best of High Elves altogether that those in the Third Age can experience. And she carries Tolkien's theme of cooperative effort, contributing not dominating. – Hebekiah Dec 17 '17 at 20:59add a commentup vote5down vote Galadriel is described by Tolkien as having the power to perceive the desires and motivations in the hearts of others. In the film this is interpreted as being telepathic. She had the power to heal, create, protect and preserve although some of these powers were either due to or greatly enhanced by her possession of the Elfstone and Nenya, a ring of power. After the War of the Ring, Galadriel is described as casting down the walls of Dol Guldur and cleansing the Mirkwood. Technically this would be after the destruction of the ring and so would be after Nenya's power failed and gives us a good idea of Galadriel's innate power. Tolkien also describes Galadriel as greatest of the Eldar save Feanor who was her equal and rival, although both had different skills and power. Galadriel also had the gift of forsight (rembracing/scrying) which she could concentrate in her mirror.share improve this answeranswered Feb 20 '14 at 23:08JJRobb51 1 1A good first post. You could improve this with some canon quotes or references. – Valorum Feb 20 '14 at 23:40add a commentup vote2down vote It was written that at the end of the First Age, after the defeat of Morgoth, the Valar lifted the ban of Mandos on all the Noldors except for those who played a leading role among the rebel elves . If it was phrased like that by the Valar, Galadriel had any reason to believe that the ban lifting basically excluded her being the sole surviving Noldorin leader of those who left Valinor and being proud she wouldn't ask for their forgiveness. As for the who was the most powerful, you must not forget the lifespan of each elf. Probably, during the first age Faenor (physically) and Luthien (magically) might have been the most powerful and Galadriel not far behind. But by the end of the third age, both were long dead and Galadriel probably far older,more powerful than she was during the First Age and with a magic ring on her finger. So it can be assumed that by the end of the third age she was more powerful that Faenor and Luthien were in the first age to an extent that Maiar like Gandalf and Saruman respected her power and Sauron feared her to an extent. Besides, it seems she alone of the elves acquired powers that Maiar like Melian or her daughter Luthien had (bringing down buildings, casting magic protection around her Kingdom, telepathy)share improve this answeranswered Jan 29 '13 at 20:57user1223721 1add a commentup vote2down vote Please reread Unfinished Tales. Christopher Tolkien writes that (paraphrasing) the character of Galadriel was a continuous work in progress. That is to say, the Galadriel of the Lord of the Rings was not the same as the Galadriel of the Silmarillion. As far as Tolkien contradicting himself, he says as much in "Letters". He admits that at times he could not remember things that he had written earlier, and so he does contradict himself on occasion. The point is, the later writings take precedence over the earlier ones, as his view of the history of Middle Earth changed over the decades.share improve this answeranswered Jun 17 '13 at 1:16user1527721 12Feel free to not paraphrase. Show us the commentary. – Solemnity Jun 17 '13 at 2:57add a commentup vote1down vote Personally I'd relate Galadriel to the Maia Melian in Doriath from whom she learned and in the 3rd Age acted in like manner.she remained in the Hidden Kingdom, and abode with Melian, and of her learned great lore and wisdom concerning Middle-earth. [Of the Return of the Noldor]Galadriel has also been compared to Manwë. Galadriel, the greatest of the Eldar surviving in Middle-earth, was potent mainly in wisdom and goodness, as a director or counsellor in the struggle, unconquerable in resistnace (especially in mind and spirit) but incapable of punitive action. In her scale she had become like Manwë with regard to the greater total action. [The Istari]Someone mentioned how Galadriel had a marvelous gift of insight which is true, but the darkness she saw in Fëanor she failed to see in herself:she did not perceive that the shadow of the same evil had fallen upon the minds of all the Noldor, and upon her own. [The History of Galadriel and Celeborn]Elven magic is innate and can be bettered with practice. The use of devices, like the Rings of Power, can impede the development of these innate abilities. Tolkien speaks about the use of these devicesfor power, for making the will more quickly effective, - and so to the machine (or Magic)... all use of external plans or devices (apparatus) instead of development of the inherent inner powers or talents - or even the use of these talents with the corrupted motive of dominating Such things "make the will more quickly effective" [Letter 131]. When she showed the Hobbits some her ability, which they understood as magic, she said:this, if you will, is the magic of Galadriel. Did you not say that you wished to see Elf-magic? [The Mirror of Galadriel]This is with her use of the Mirror to allow Frodo and Sam to see things. What she says about it is that: Many things I can command the Mirror to reveal... to some I can show what they desire to see... the Mirror will also show things unbidden, and those are often stranger and more profitable than things which we wish to behold. What you will see, if you leave the Mirror free to work, I cannot tell. For it shows things that were, and things that are, and things that yet may be. [The Mirror of Galadriel]According to Tolkien Elvish"magic" is Art, delivered from many of its human limitations: more effortless, more quick, more complete (product, and vision in unflawed correspondence)...the Elves (the representatives of sub-creation par excellence) [Letters of J. R. R. Tolkie, Letter 130]There is an example I think of what Tolkien refers to as "goetia" where the Elvish minstils are known to "make the things of which they sing appear before the eyes of those that listen." [Appendix A: Tale of Aragorn and Luthien] In Letter 155 Tolkien says the Elvishgoetic effects are entirely artistic and not intended to deceivewhereas with Sauron he usesgoetia to terrify and subjugate. In either case, with the Elves or with the Enemy Magic is used for "immediacy: speed, reduction of labour, and reduction also to a minimum (or vanishing point) of the gap between the idea or desire and the result or effect." [Letter 155]I think Galadriel has honed her talents and can use them as good as anyone. One more example of Galadriel perhaps using magic would be to look at her brother Felagund who dueled Sauron. When they fought Finrod's guilt weakened him before Sauron. He chanted a song of wizardry, Of piercing, opening, of treachery, Revealing, uncovering, betraying. Then suddenly Felagund there swaying Sang in answer a song of staying, Resisting, battling against power, Of secrets kept, strength like a tower, And trust unbroken, freedom, escape; Of changing and of shifting shape, Of snares eluded, broken traps, The prison opening, the chain that snaps. Backwards and forwards swayed their song. Reeling and foundering, as ever more strong The chanting swelled, Felagund fought, And all the magic and might he brought Of Elvenesse into his words. Softly in the gloom they heard the birds Singing afar in Nargothrond, The sighing of the Sea beyond, Beyond the western world, on sand, On sand of pearls in Elvenland. Then the gloom gathered; darkness growing In Valinor, the red blood flowing Beside the Sea, where the Noldor slew The foamriders, and stealing drew Their white ships with their white sails From lamplit havens. The wind wails, The wolf howls. The ravens flee. The ice mutters in the mouths of the Sea. The captives sad in Angband mourn. Thunder rumbles, the fires burn, And Finrod fell before the throne. [Beren and Luthien]Even against Sauron one on one he began to gain the upper hand before his guilt did him in. This might be an example of goetia in action. The extent of Galadriel's powers? I'd say her peak is quite high as she is often compared in terms of her gifts with the greatest of the Children of Illuvatar, Feanor. C. T. says of a late note his father wrote, "he emphasized the commanding stature of Galadriel already in Valinor, the equal if unlike endowments of Feanor" [the History of Galadriel and Celeborn].share improve this answeranswered Jul 31 '15 at 10:37Belegorn1,371 5 10add a comment Your Answer Sign up or log in Sign up using Google Sign up using Facebook Sign up using Email and Password Post as a guest Name Email By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged lord-of-the-rings tolkiens-legendarium moviethe-hobbit or ask your own question.asked5 years, 2 months agoviewed43,713 timesactive1 year ago Linked37 Why is Galadriel so awesome?7 What makes Galadriel so powerful? Related32 Why Were the Weapons in Middle-earth So Rudimentary?26 How were Gandalf, Elrond and Galadriel able to comunicate telepathically?83 What are Gandalf's powers?42 What did Bilbo Baggins do while the Fellowship of the Ring went on their quest?2 How long had it been since Gandalf and Galadriel last met?15 How did Gandalf and Mordor come to know about Gollum?19 What does Galadriel mean by “All shall love me and despair”?17 In the Jacksonverse, how does Gandalf come to learn Sméagol's story?3 What are the “Powers” quoted by Gandalf to Frodo in “The Shadows of the Past”?25 Why is Galadriel always barefoot? Hot Network Questions Bouncing lines in a corridor What was my reply? What is this green-ish thing inside the orange? 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what theories did the glomar challenger help to confirm | 6th Science Plate Tectonics 25 terms hollidayrdh PLUS6th Science Plate Tectonics Learn Flashcards Write Spell Test Match Gravity Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Like this study set? Create a free account to save it. Create a free account Maybe later Sort Who was Alfred Wegener? What did he do? He came up with the hypothesis that continental drift causes Pangaea to separate. He lectured about this in 1912. What evidence did he use to support this hypothesis? 1. The puzzle like fit of all the continents 2. Animal and plant fossils found on all continents 3. climate clues 4. rock types on the edges of the continents. Why wasn't Wegener's theory accepted? Although Wegener could support his hypothesis he couldn't explain how the continental drift occurred. What was the "super continent" called? Pangaea Who was Harry Hess? Core Drilling- He came up with the theory of seafloor spreading. He proposed that hot less dense material below the earth rises towards the surface at the mid-ocean ridges, then flows sideways. 1960Where are the youngest rocks found in the ocean? At the mid ocean ridge and older still further away from the ridge. This support seafloor spreading. What theory did the Glomar Challenger help prove? What was the Glomar Challenger? It was a research ship that helped prove seafloor spreading by proving the older rock was further from the mid-ocean ridge. * No rock on the seafloor was older than 180 million years old Why does seafloor spreading occur? because hot material in the earth rises to the mid-ocean ridge and new seafloor is created. What is the importance of alternating bands of magnetism found in the ocean floor rock? This proved that new rock was being formed at the mid-ocean ridges because the magnetic alignment in the rock reversed back and forth over time. What makes up the lithosphere of the earth? Crust and part of the upper mantle What is the plastic-like material below the lithosphere? The asthenosphere. Plates float on the _________________? the asthenosphere What breaks into parts and makes plates? part of the earth's crust and part of the upper mantle What are some ways plates can move? They can converge or collide or pull apart. Define divergent boundaries? Two plates pulling apart Give an example of divergent boundaries? great rift valley in africa Define convergent boundaries? When two plates collide What happens when a continental plate collides with a oceanic plate? What is this called? The denser oceanic plate sinks under the congenital plate. Subduction Give and example of a divergent boundaries? The Great Rift Valley in east africa What is the difference between continental crust and oceanic crust? Continental is under land, it is granitic, less dense Oceanic is under water, basaltic, more dense List three types of boundaries? 1. Divergent 2. Convergent 3. Transform What are the three convection currents? 1. motor 2. movement of fluid because of different densities 3. Hot magma rises at rift zones How old can continental rock be? How old can sea floor rock be? 4 billion years old 180 million years old Where is the water temperature the hottest? at the rift zone T/F Plates are always the same size? FAdvertisement Upgrade to remove ads Features Quizlet Live Quizlet Learn Diagrams Flashcards Mobile Help Sign up Help Center Honor Code Community Guidelines Students Teachers About Company Press Jobs Privacy Terms Follow us Language© 2018 Quizlet Inc. | OpenStudy is nowBrainly! Stacey Warren - Expert brainly.com Hey! We 've verified this expert answer for you, click below to unlock the details :)SOLVEDAt vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et expedita distinctio. Nam libero tempore, cum soluta nobis est eligendi optio cumque nihil impedit quo minus id quod maxime placeat facere possimus, omnis voluptas assumenda est, omnis dolor repellendus. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat. UNLOCK FULL ANSWER |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.does amortization get added back when calculating income | What Effect Does Amortization Expense Have on the Statement of Cash Flows? Related Articles1How to Present an Increase in Intangibles in Cash Flow Statement2How Does Amortization Affect a Balance Sheet?3Where Would Loss on Sale of Land Be on a Cash Flow Statement?4What Happens When Depreciation Is Not Added Back to Cash Flow? Amortization expense refers to the depletion of intangible assets and can be a major source of expenditure on the balance sheet of some companies. Amortization is always a non-cash expense. Therefore, like all non-cash expenses, it must be added back to net earnings while preparing the indirect statement of cash flow. Amortization As a company uses up resources, it must recognize the exhaustion of these resources as an expense. A truck, for example, will wear out with use, and its market value will decline. Such a tangible asset is depreciated; in other words, the value of the asset reflected on the balance sheet is reduced to reflect its lower value. Intangible assets, too, must be depreciated as they are used up. However the term used for the depreciation of these types of assets is amortization. If a company paid $1 million for the use of another brand's logo on its products for the next five years, it will have to amortize this asset of usage rights by $200,000 every year. Cash Flow Statement The cash flow statement is a powerful tool that allows the accountant and top management to keep track of the cash taken in vs. cash expanded over the course of a set period -- for example, a whole fiscal year. The most frequently used method of calculating cash flows is to add and subtract non-cash expenses and profits to the company's profit figures. This is referred to as the indirect method of calculating cash flow. For example, you would subtract non-cash sales on credit from the net income figure, since these boost the net income but do not result in extra cash. Thus, they should not be counted among cash-generating activities. Amortization and Cash Flow Amortization expense is a non-cash expense. Therefore, like all non-cash expenses, it will be added to the net income when drafting an indirect cash flow statement. The same applies to depreciation of physical assets, as well other non-cash expenditures, such as increases in payables and accumulated interest expenses. These numbers have all been subtracted from the net sales figure when arriving at the net income figure, even though the company did not pay cash while accruing these expenses. Therefore, the net income figure is that much less than the cash taken in. To arrive at the accurate cash flow number, you add these expenses back to net income. Direct Method When using the direct method of cash flows, your accountant considers only the cash outlays and expenses. He adds up all cash taken in from various sources, and subtracts all cash paid out from this total. The result is the net cash flow of the company. Since amortization is not a cash expenditure or inflow, it is not considered when using the direct method. While the direct method is more straightforward and simple, it lacks one major advantage of the indirect method: it does not show which specific reasons caused the net income and the cash flow to differ. When using the indirect method, your accountant can easily pinpoint the sources of the difference. References (2)About the Author Hunkar Ozyasar is the former high-yield bond strategist for Deutsche Bank. He has been quoted in publications including "Financial Times" and the "Wall Street Journal." His book, "When Time Management Fails," is published in 12 countries while Ozyasar’s finance articles are featured on Nikkei, Japan’s premier financial news service. He holds a Master of Business Administration from Kellogg Graduate School. Photo Credits Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images Cite this Article | . Search Refreshed Online Banking and New Money Management Experience! LEARN MORE XLogin to your account Enroll/Register | Forgot User ID? | Forgot Password? Personal Business Customer Resources About Bank Plus Locations Properties for Sale Statements on CDReceive all of your 2017 statements on one CD. Order Now!‹ ›Choose Your Background |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is the diameter of the oculus in the dome of the pantheon? | Pantheon Pantheon, building in Rome that was begun in 27 bc by the statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, probably as a building of the ordinary Classical temple type—rectangular with a gabled roof supported by a colonnade on all sides. It was completely rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian sometime between ad 118 and 128, and some alterations were made in the early 3rd century by the emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla. It is a circular building of concrete faced with brick, with a great concrete dome rising from the walls and with a front porch of Corinthian columns supporting a gabled roof with triangular pediment. Beneath the porch are huge bronze double doors, 24 feet (7 metres) high, the earliest known large examples of this type. Pantheon Exterior of the Pantheon, begun 27 bc, rebuilt c. ad 118–128, Rome.© Jeffrey S. Campbell Pantheon, Rome, begun by Agrippa in 27 bc, completely rebuilt by Hadrian c. ad 118– c. 128. Federico Arborio Mella Read More on This Topic Rome: Campus Martius…his works was the new Pantheon, one of the West’s great buildings, extraordinary as architecture and remarkable as a feat of engineering. This “Temple of All the Gods,” imperial property, survived because it became a church, the gift of the Byzantine emperor Phocas to Pope Boniface IV in 608. This…READ MOREThe Pantheon is remarkable for its size, its construction, and its design. Until modern times, the dome was the largest built, measuring about 142 feet (43 metres) in diameter and rising to a height of 71 feet (22 metres) above its base. There is no external evidence of brick arch support inside the dome, except in the lowest part, and the exact method of construction has never been determined. Two factors, however, are known to have contributed to its success: the excellent quality of the mortar used in the concrete and the careful selection and grading of the aggregate material, which ranges from heavy basalt in the foundations of the building and the lower part of the walls, through brick and tufa (a stone formed from volcanic dust), to the lightest of pumice toward the centre of the vault. In addition, the uppermost third of the drum of the walls, seen from the outside, coincides with the lower part of the dome, seen from the inside, and helps contain the thrust with internal brick arches. The drum itself is strengthened by huge brick arches and piers set above one another inside the walls, which are 20 feet (6 metres) thick. Pannini, Giovanni Paolo: painting of the interior of the Pantheon, Rome Interior of the Pantheon, Rome, oil on canvas by Giovanni Paolo Pannini, 1732. 119 × 98.4 cm. In a private collection The porch is conventional in design, but the body of the building, an immense circular space lit solely by the light that floods through the 27-foot (8-metre) “eye,” or oculus, opening at the centre of the dome, was revolutionary; possibly this was the first of several great buildings of antiquity that were designed to favour the interior rather than the exterior. In contrast to the plain appearance of the outside, the interior of the building is lined with coloured marble, and the walls are marked by seven deep recesses, screened by pairs of columns whose modest size gives scale to the immensity of the rotunda. Rectangular coffers, or indentations, were cut in the ceiling, probably under Severus, and decorated with bronze rosettes and molding. Pantheon: oculus The oculus in the Pantheon, Rome. The Pantheon was dedicated in ad 609 as the Church of Santa Maria Rotonda, or Santa Maria ad Martyres, which it remains today. The bronze rosettes and moldings of the ceiling and other bronze embellishments have disappeared over time, and a frieze of stucco decoration was applied to the interior directly beneath the dome in the late Renaissance. Otherwise, the building exists entirely in its original form. The structure has been an enduring source of inspiration to architects since the Renaissance. | How Big is the Sun? 1.3 Million Earths Visualised The Sun is large enough that approximately 1.3 million Earths could fit inside (if squashed in) or if the Earths retained their spherical shape then 960,000 would fit. But can you visualise that number of Earths? Get Started11001,000Jupiter’s volume is roughly equal to 1,321 Earths, though Jupiter’s mass is equal to just over 317 Earths. Next10,00020,00030,00040,00050,000100,000111,965 Earths laid end to end from the Sun would reach out as far as Saturn (based on average diameter and orbit distance). Next200,000300,000400,000The Sun’s mass is equal to 333,060 Earths, this alone makes up 99.86% of the solar system’s mass. Next500,000600,000700,000800,000900,000960,000This is how many Earths would fit inside the Sun while keeping their shape. Laid out end to end they would stretch 12.2 billion km, just 67% of the distance Voyager 1 has travelled. Next1,000,000One million Earths is comparable to just 0.00033% of the number of stars in the Milky Way (200-400 billion). Finish1,300,000Congratulations you made it all the way, every Earth above symbolises one that would fit inside the Sun if they were all squished in. It’s probably safe to say the Sun is pretty big!Back to top The Sun at the top of the page is to scale with every Earth after the first 1,000. They just under 6 pixels across and the Sun is 654 pixels across (about 109 times larger). Sun Stats Diameter: 1,392,684 kilometres Circumference: 4,370,006 kilometres Mass: 1.989 x 10 30 kilograms Volume: 1.41×10 18 cubic kilometres Earth Stats Diameter: 12,742 kilometres Circumference: 40,075 kilometres Mass: 5.972×10 24 kilograms Volume: 1.08×10 12 cubic kilometres Embed a preview using the code below:<a href="https://space-facts.com/how-big-is-the-sun-million-earths/"><img alt="How Big is the Sun - Space Facts" src="https://space-facts.com/wp-content/uploads/sun-preview.png"><a href="https://space-facts.com/how-big-is-the-sun-million-earths/">View the other 1,299,000 Earths</a>Earth image: https://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/4426654941/in/set-72157623639063326 Sun image: http://www.nasa.gov/topics/solarsystem/features/sun-brightness.html Post by Chris on Aug 12, 2014 |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is hydrated lime used for | What is Hydrated Lime? Hydrated lime is a type of dry powder made from limestone. It is created by adding water to quicklime in order to turn oxides into hydroxides. Combined with water and sand or cement, hydrated lime is most often used to make mortars and plasters. Its chemical name is calcium hydroxide, or Ca (OH) 2. When making hydrated lime, a manufacturer must first make quicklime. Quicklime is made directly from the calcination in raw limestone by the process of calcining and consists of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide. In this process, limestone is first broken up to reduce its size. Then it is washed and taken to kilns to be heated through a three step process: preheating, calcining, and cooling. Once cooled, the quicklime is crushed and then water is added. Depending on the production method, high-calcium or dolomite hydrated lime can be created. Dolomite hydrated lime may be created under normal atmospheric pressure or under high pressure. The different processes produce different percentages of water, calcium, and magnesium in the finished lime. In high-pressure procedures all the magnesium and calcium is hydrated, whereas in normal pressure processes only part of the magnesium and calcium is hydrated. Ad There are several classes of hydrated lime. Type S and Type SA denote special high-purity limes and are most often used in mortars. Types N and NA denote normal limes and are not cleared for use in building materials but may be used in asphalt and paper production. Type SA and NA are aerated limes, so their structure is more porous than their non-aerated counterparts. Hydrated limes are classified by the amount of water they retain and their maximum air content. S types retain 85 percent water, N types 75 percent. NA and SA types are classified as having a maximum air content of 14 percent, and N and S types have seven percent air content. Also called slaked lime, hydrated lime is a good bonding agent and is watertight. It is also strongly alkaline, having a p H of 12.4. For this reason, it can be used to neutralize acid, in water and sewage treatment, and to stabilize soil. This also means it will cause skin and eye irritation if it comes in contact with the body, and inhalation of dust may cause health problems. Gloves, eye protection, and masks should be worn at all times when working with these substances. Ad | Water Quality is Essential to Hydration, and Vitality Contents Reversing Dehydration, and Drinking Adequate Amounts of Water The Role of Clean Water in Detoxification Sometimes Bottled water is Tap Water Pharmaceuticals found in drinking water Introducing a highly effective water filtration system You're Not Demented, Just Dehydrated Is chlorinated city tap water completely safe? What is in your brand of bottled water? Demineralizing effect on the body by Reverse Osmosis Water Cancer Fighting Nutrients become Deadly when combined with Chlorinated Tap Water Water Fluoridation Alert!Reversing Dehydration, and Drinking Adequate Amounts of Water F. Batmanghelidj, M. D. "I have used water to cure people who were suffering from "incurable" diseases. I have cured people who suffered for 10 years, 20 years, even 30 years from painful conditions produced by dehydration. "It is easy to understand what water does in your body, but bear in mind there is more to it than just simply drinking water. You must learn to rehydrate your body gradually and carefully. You need to recognize your own particular early indicators of thirst. Not everyone is the same. You must learn what can happen to your own body when it becomes dehydrated. Not every body registers drought in the same way. Every function inside the body is regulated by and depends on water. Water must be available to carry vital elements, oxygen, hormones, and chemical messengers to all parts of the body. Without sufficient water to wet all parts equally, some more remote parts of the body will not receive the vital elements that water supplies. Water is also needed to carry toxic waste away from the cells. In fact, there are at least 50 reasons why the body needs sufficient water on a regular, everyday basis. Without sufficient water to constantly wet all parts, your body's drought-management system kicks into action. The histamine-directed chemical messenger systems are activated to arrange a new, lower quota of water for the drought-stricken areas. When histamine and its subordinate "drought managers" come across pain-sensing nerves, they cause pain. This is what I discovered in my research that I mentioned earlier. This is why dehydration produces pain as its first alarm signal. If the dehydration persists and is not corrected naturally with water, it becomes symptom-producing and, in time, develops into a disease condition. This is why people who take antacids to silence their bodies thirst pain become more vulnerable and eventually develop other serious complications of dehydration. Medical professionals have been educated to treat pain and disease with medications. They do not understand the problems associated with dehydration. Nowhere in their training as doctors are they taught what happens if one does not drink an adequate amount of water every day. The Role of Clean Water in Detoxification What you take out of your body is just as important for your health as what you put into it. With todays chemical laden water and food production techniques and our sedentary, over indulgent lifestyles, our bodies are, more than any generation before us, likely to be saturated with toxins that are ingested from what we eat and drink and also generated by our own bodies. The role of heavy metals and xenobiotics (pesticides, herbicides, and industrial wastes) are responsible for a wide variety of adverse health effects. These accumulating toxins are insidious and prevalent agents capable of interfering with physiologic functions of all human systems. One cannot expect the normal detoxification systems of the body to function optimally when these substances are constantly present. There are more than 3,800 chemicals in daily use, many of which make their way into our drinking water. It is essential to drink plenty of pure water to detoxify. Many health care professionals are encouraging patients to undergo detoxification regimes. These programs encourage the body to unload its stores of accumulated environmental toxins. As the body ingests foods, water contributes in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients and is a key element in the removal of wastes. During detoxification, wastes that have been stored in adipose tissues are dumped into the bloodstream and lymph, and then sent to the liver and kidneys for processing and elimination. Here is where water’s fifth function, that of electronegative enhancer, comes into play: by optimizing the natural space between red blood cells, which reduces the risk of heart disease by helping to avoid clotting; and by allowing the fat cell to detox by off-loading metabolic wastes and environmental toxins into the bloodstream for elimination. This also assists in weight loss and reduces water retention. Drinking sufficient quantities of water is a necessity for optimal physical functioning, but it can also play a major role in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Chronic fatigue, depression, eczema, rheumatism, gastric disorders, high or low blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and urinary infections are but a few of the many disorders that can result from not drinking enough water, and which can be treated by raising our intake of this vital liquid. Sometimes Bottled water is Tap Water In spite of the springs, mountains, and other bucolic scenes depicted on labels, some bottled water is nothing more than tap water, NRDC and Consumer Reports have found. The Aquafina brand, for example, is drawn from the municipal water supplies of Detroit, Fresno, and other cities. Coke and Pepsi - the main producers of bottled water (under different brand names) also use tap, not spring water. The most common plastic used in water bottle manufacturing is PET ( polyethylene terephthalate ), an environmentally unfriendly substance that actually requires 17.5 kilograms of water to produce only 1 kilogram of PET. In fact, more water is used to make PET bottles than is actually put into them. The production of the plastic also produces numerous byproducts that are extremely harmful to the environment. The Container Recycling Institute reported that 14 billion water bottles were sold in the U. S. in 2002, yet only 10 percent of these bottles were recycled - 90 percent ended up in the trash. That's an extra 12.6 billion plastic bottles for the landfills; bottles that contained water that was no more - and often less - healthy than tap water. There is a correlation between the consumption of soft water (purified water is extremely soft) and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Cells, tissues and organs do not like to be dipped in acid and will do anything to buffer this acidity including the removal of minerals from the skeleton and the manufacture of bicarbonate in the blood. The longer one drinks distilled water, the more likely the development of mineral deficiencies and an acid state. I have done well over 3000 mineral evaluations using a combination of blood, urine and hair tests in my practice. Almost without exception, people who consume purified water exclusively, eventually develop multiple mineral deficiencies. Those who supplement their purified or distilled water intake with trace minerals are not as deficient but still not as adequately nourished in minerals as their non-purified water drinking counterparts even after several years of mineral supplementation. Purified water tends to be acidic and can only be recommended as a way of drawing poisons out of the body. Once this is accomplished, the continued drinking of purified water is a bad idea. People in Canada and the USA are consuming more bottled water than coffee, tea, apple juice or even milk. But are they being duped by misleading promises that bottled water is healthier, purer and fresher than tap water? Pharmaceuticals found in drinking water"A vast array of pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, anti-convulsants, mood stabilizers, and sex hormones, have been found in the drinking water supplies of at least 41 million Americans, an Associated Press investigation shows. The presence of so many prescription drugs, and over-the-counter medicines like acetaminophen and ibuprofen — in so much of our drinking water is heightening worries among scientists of long-term consequences to human health. In the course of a five-month inquiry, the AP discovered that drugs have been detected in the drinking water supplies of 24 major metropolitan areas — from Southern California to Northern New Jersey, from Detroit to Louisville, Ky."How do the drugs get into the water? People take pills. Their bodies absorb some of the medication, but the rest of it passes through and is flushed down the toilet. The wastewater is treated before it is discharged into reservoirs, rivers or lakes. Then, some of the water is cleansed again at drinking water treatment plants and piped to consumers. But most treatments do not remove all drug residue. And while researchers do not yet understand the exact risks from decades of persistent exposure to random combinations of low levels of pharmaceuticals, recent studies which have gone virtually unnoticed by the general public, have found alarming effects on human cells and wildlife. The federal government doesn't require any testing and hasn't set safety limits for drugs in water. Of the 62 major water providers contacted, the drinking water for only 28 was tested. Among the 34 that haven't: Houston, Chicago, Miami, Baltimore, Phoenix, Boston and New York City's Department of Environmental Protection, which delivers water to 9 million people. Introducing a Highly Effective Water Filtration System This water filtration system is everything you would expect from quality, ease of use, and the removal of contaminants. You can have confidence that this is the very best water available, and if you are buying bottled water, you will save money!Enjoy great tasting, alkaline, ionized, mineralized and antioxidant rich water! The Ultra Water filtration technology in the ēlita non-electric counter top or under sink gives you the cleanest and healthiest water from any counter top or under sink filter - guaranteed!Independent, EPA certified, laboratory testing in the USA, confirms that 99.9% of virtually all tap water contaminants are removed. This next generation in filtration technology removes pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, pesticides, chlorine, chloramines, fluoride, and other chemicals. Ultra Water has up to 1000 times more acid neutralizing power than tap or bottled water, and more antioxidant potential. Plus, it's a delicious way to stay hydrated and more p H balanced. (Rated for 700 Gal per filter)You're Not Demented, Just Dehydrated Peter Ragnar"You don’t need to be stranded in a desert to feel the effects of dehydration. Almost all the people you see and meet on a daily basis are dehydrated. How many folks complain of a lack of energy? It’s the number one complaint in America. Insufficient energy is the first sign that the blood, tissues, and organs are not getting enough water, and your liver and brain are the least tolerant of a lack of water. This has led some medical researchers to conclude that Alzheimer’s disease is simply the result of long-term dehydration of the brain. The same loss of brain function that causes a lost and thirsty person to eat sand believing it to be water causes your wife, husband, mother, or father not to recognize you any longer. They are not demented, only thirsty.""... Every time you move any body part, even a finger or toe, water is required. That’s why dehydrated people have so many aches and pains. It’s also why people look so old; their dehydrated organs steal the water from their skin in order to function. Remember, under ordinary circumstances, you expel up to a gallon of water every twenty-four hours. What do you think happens when you don’t replenish that supply? Your body experiences a drought condition! A mere two percent drop in hydration will make your short-term memory so fuzzy that you’ll be unable to remember your friend's names, have trouble doing basic math, and forget where you put your keys. Since seventy-five percent of Americans are chronically dehydrated, it’s no wonder people are losing their minds. Yet, the solution is so simple: cool, clean water. Drink eight to ten eight-ounce glasses a day of pure water, and you’ll be amazed at how many ailments disappear. Don’t worry; you’re not demented—just dehydrated! "Is chlorinated city tap water is completely safe? "Most people never give the dangers of chlorine a thought. After all, our elected public officials keep assuring us that chlorinated city tap water is completely safe for human consumption. Numerous scientific studies report that chlorinated tap water is a skin irritant and can be associated with rashes like eczema. "Chlorinated water contains chemical compounds called trihalomethanes which are carcinogens resulting from the combination of chlorine with compounds in water. For many years, researchers thought that the “exposure” came only when chlorine was ingested. But, current studies are showing that drinking the water is not the only risk. And is likely not even the most severe. ">These chemicals, also known as organochlorides, do not degrade very well and are generally stored in the fatty tissues of the body (breast, other fatty areas, mother's milk, blood and semen). Organochlorides can cause mutations by altering DNA, suppress immune system function and interfere with the natural controls of cell growth. Chlorine has been documented to aggravate asthma. Several studies also link chlorine and chlorinated by-products to a greater incidence of bladder, breast and bowel cancer as well as malignant melanoma. One study even links the use of chlorinated tap water to congenital cardiac anomalies. Anything you can do to filter tap and shower water that eliminates or minimizes chlorine would certainly be helpful and possibly curative for some immune system problems. "In a 1992 study that made front-page headlines, and was reported on in the July issue of the American Journal of Public Health researchers at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee found that people who regularly drink tap water containing high levels of chlorine by-products have a greater risk of developing bladder and rectal cancers than people who drink unchlorinated water. The study estimates that about 9 percent of all bladder cancer and 18 percent of all rectal cancer cases are associated with long-term consumption of these by-products. This amounts to over 20,000 new cases each year. These concerns about cancer risks associated with chemical contamination from chlorination by-products have resulted in numerous epidemiological studies. These studies generally support the notion that by-products of chlorination are associated with increased cancer risks." "Chlorine is used to combat microbial contamination, but it can react with organic matter in the water and form dangerous, carcinogenic trihalomethanes. What is in your brand of bottled water? There is a perception among many people that bottled water is somehow more healthy or pure than water from their tap. This is simply an illusion of marketing. A four-year study by the National Resources Defense Council (NRDC), released in 1999, found that one-fifth of the sampled bottled waters contained known neurotoxins and carcinogens such as styrene, toluene and xylene. Another NRDC study found that, out of 103 brands of bottled water, one-third contained traces of arsenic and E. coli. This means that out of a sample of 1,000 bottles sold in the U. S., at least 300 would have some level of chemical contamination. A Suffolk County Study in the USA tested 88 bottled waters and what they found was horrifying. It was this study which discovered the cancer agent, benzene, in Perrier and caused it to be withdrawn, but they also found: Freon, kerosene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and xylene in a number of other bottled waters. Demineralizing effect on the body by Reverse Osmosis Water The "very clean waters" produced by reverse osmosis, (which also is use by most bottled companies) is called "hungry" or "death" water. It is so clean that nothing is left in it. The water is charged with positive ions instead of negative ions and is also acidic instead of alkaline. The water you drink is supposed to bring all nutrients to the destination and to flush out any free radicals. Free radicals are basically poisoned waste products produced by smoking, drinking, inhaling polluted air and even by eating and exercising. Your body is like a car engine, every time you turn it on, it burns fuel to move your car, but by doing so produces smoke, which is poisoned. If you take in this totally clean water then, instead of supplementing minerals to the body it does just the opposite - it takes them away. Can you see that? Can you see that if you would spill clean water over a dirty rock you would have some of the dirt being washed away with the clean water? That is what happens with hungry (totally clean water) - except it does not take away the dirt but it depletes the body of minerals, calcium and anything else, as it passes trough the body: Everything except the free radicals because they are charged positively. This is also the case with the reverse osmosis water and the bottled water. As you know from school to positive magnets push each other away. So the solution is to drink water, which has a range of minus 250 to minus 800 m V with a PH in the range of 8.5 to 9.5. Dehydration Facts75% of Americans are chronically dehydrated (likely applies to half the world's population). In 37% of Americans, the thirst mechanism is so weak that it is often mistaken for hunger. Even MILD dehydration will slow down one's metabolism as much as 3%. One glass of water shut down midnight hunger pangs for almost 100% of the dieters studied in a University of Washington study. Lack of water, the #1 trigger of daytime fatigue. Preliminary research indicates that 8-10 glasses of water a day could significantly ease back and joint pain for up to 80% of sufferers. A mere 2% drop in body water can trigger fuzzy short-term memory, trouble with basic math, and difficulty focusing on the computer screen or on a printed page. Drinking 5 glasses of water daily decreases the risk of colon cancer by 45%, plus it can slash the risk of breast cancer by 79%, and one is 50% less likely to develop bladder cancer. Are you drinking the amount of water you should every day? Your Body's Many Cries for Water: You Are Not Sick, You Are Thirsty!As a result of extensive research into the role of water in the body, the author, a medical doctor, believes that he has found chronic dehydration to be the cause of many conditions including asthma, allergies, arthritis, angina, migraine headaches, hypertension, raised cholesterol, chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, depression, and diabetes in the elderly. According to Dr. Batmanghelidj, the body possesses many different thirst signals. A dry mouth is not a reliable indicator of your body's water needs. He describes a variety of more reliable ones, and helps you learn to understand when your body is calling for water. In this way, he claims you can prevent, treat, and cure a variety of conditions of ill health, at no cost, with what he calls nature's miracle medicine: Water. The author explains how much water one needs to drink a day to stay healthy, and why tea, coffee, and sodas are not good substitutes for water. This book explains a new discovery that lack of water in the body--chronic dehydration--is the root cause of many painful degenerative diseases, asthma, allergies, hypertension, excess body weight, and some emotional problems including depression. Children need to drink enough water Water: How important is it for infants? For some readers the very idea of giving water to their nursing babies may be choking. Learn why some experts urge that breasted or bottle fed infants drink water in our chemically polluted environment Donald K. Brown, M. D. - "Many children don't drink enough water because they were raised on sugared beverages and juices. "According to Pediatrics magazine, many children don't drink enough water because they were raised on sugared beverages and juices. Substituting juices and sodas for water may subject children to potential obesity because kids become accustomed to sweet flavor. Unfortunately, this is not surprising. New soft drinks, sports drinks and powdered mixes that are targeted to children are frequently introduced. These drinks are not a healthy source of hydration and can cause damage to proper development. A 50-pound, active child, for example, needs about a quart of water each day to stay hydrated. Even infants are at risk. Babies often cry when they are thirsty. Weight Control Begins With Hydration Trying to lose weight is always a challenge, but water can be a valuable and easily adaptable component of a diet plan. Water acts as an appetite suppressant and is instrumental in breaking down and reducing fat deposits. The rate at which we burn calories (our metabolism) is a chemical process requiring water We need adequate water to ensure the smooth functioning of this process. Water helps to flush toxins out our system. The more toxins in our body the less capable it is of losing weight. If you are dieting, keep your system functioning properly and maximize weight loss by drinking plenty of water. Cancer fighting nutrients become deadly when combined with chlorinated tap water Some of nature’s most valuable and essential anti-cancer and anti-disease phytochemical nutrients which are commonly found in food have been discovered to form deadly cancer causing substances when consumed or combined with chlorinated tap water. This discovery includes familiar foods including soy, fruits, vegetables, tea, many health products, and even some vitamins. Research has proven that these essential nutrients are the exact same families of compounds, that even in infinitesimal amounts have been tormenting the water treatment and chlorine industries for years. It has been known by the water treatment and chemical industries for many years that chlorine reacts negatively with natural organic compounds. These industries call these compounds DBPs (disinfection by-products) which are known to cause cancer in populations whose drinking water contains them. THM, the most commonly known DBP, is known to cause a high incidence of bladder cancer and also to cause spontaneous abortion of fetuses. The Environmental Protection Agency has continually tightened their restrictions on THMs in drinking water, and even tighter restrictions are just around the bend. Yet it is interesting to note that the many government agencies and chlorine industries have conveniently neglected to take a serious look at food, health supplement, and pharmaceutical drug consumption, preparation, and production relating to use of chlorinated tap water. There is good reason for the public to seriously examine and question this entire issue. Many years ago laws were passed making chlorination of water mandatory. Now, the chlorine industry and government agencies must continue their existing policies, because if sudden or drastic changes are made, the legal liabilities would be staggering. Certainly some government or industry personnel have known or theorized about these problems and have been covering them up for many years. However, if anyone were to admit to it, the consequences could be disastrous. This predicament could make the tobacco industry scandal seem insignificant in comparison. Water Fluoridation Alert!Respected Medical Professionals and Scientists are warning that water fluoridation has dangerous long-term consequences to health. For over 50 years, the U. S. government and media have trumpeted fluoride as a safe and effective means of reducing cavities, especially in children. But fluoride is not the benevolent and innocuous substance the public has been led to believe. Many countries have banned or rejected water fluoridation98% Of Western Europe Has Rejected Water Fluoridation. This includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. The predominant reason for Europe's rejection is the belief that public drinking water is NOT the appropriate vehicle with which to deliver medication to a population. India, and Japan have either rejected or banned its use in recent years. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.difference between penicillin and amoxicillin and ampicillin | Top 30 Doctor insights on: Difference Between Penicillin Amoxicillin Top 30 Doctor insights on: Difference Between Penicillin Amoxicillin Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Howard Fox1 doctor agreed:1 What's the difference between penicillin and amoxicillin? Is one better than the other? Amoxicillin : Amoxicillin is a synthetic penicillin, and has a broader spectrum of anti-bacterial activity than penicillin. Penicillin has limited use these days, since so many bacteria have developed an immunity to plain penicillin. For most staph infections, Amoxicillin is combined with something called clavulanic acid, which ... Read more Dr. Ana Adelstein Amoxicillin (Definition)Amoxicillin is in the penicillin class of antibiotics. All penicillins are distinguished by the presence of a beta-lactam ring, and are known to kill bacteria by inhibiting synthesis (production) ... Read more Dr. Andrew Catanzaro Internal Medicine - Infectious Disease26 years in practice Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Richard Bensinger2 I accidentally took amoxicillin and I'm allergic to penicillin what should I do? Watch symptoms: There is sometimes cross allergic reactivity between penicillin and amoxcillin but frequently not. Many with penicillin allergy actually do not have it at all. Simply monitor your symptoms for the next 4-10 hours and if you do not experience coughing, throat tightening, wheeing or respiratory ... Read more Dr. ALICIA Almendral4 doctors agreed:3 If you are allergic to penicillin can you take amoxicillin?. No: Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic . Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. George Klauber4 Is it possible for me to take amoxicillin if i'm allergic to penicillin? No way: Amoxicillin is atype of penicillin. Thus you will be allergic to Amoxicillin if allergic to penicillin. ... Read more Dr. Martin Raff4 doctors agreed:5 If someone is allergic to amoxicillin, would it be safe to take penicillin? Absolutely not!!!! : These two drugs are essentially one and the same from an allergic standpoint. If you are truly allergic (some people are not sure) the risks of taking penicillin can be life-threatening. ... Read more Dr. Stephen Scholand Internal Medicine - Infectious Disease16 years in practice Get help from a specialist now Continue Dr. Tony Ho1 doctor agreed:6 If im allergic to penicillin does ir mean im allergic to amoxicillin as well? Likely: Both are very closely related, so that if you are truly allergic to penicillin, i would recommend avoiding any contact with amoxicillin, yes. ... Read more Dr. Martin Raff3 doctors agreed:7 If i'm allergic to Ceclor but not penicillin would it be alright to take amoxicillin? Cross-reactivity: Patients with true allergy to cephalosporins have less than a 3% chance of reaction to penicillins and less than 0.5% of those will have a serious reaction. The reality is that if you take Amoxicillin you should remain in the doctor's office for 30 mins. To insure that you will not have a serious reaction and if ... Read more Dr. Thomas Benda8 What are the side effects of amoxicillin clavinuate potassium (penicillin)? The runs: I'd say most common side effect of amox/clavulonate is loose stools. If severe, stop, if doesn't clear, call doctor. Allergy to this is generally a rash, could be throat swellling. Take afte food, all antibiotics can nauseate you or upset your stomach a bit. ... Read more Dr. Robert Killian9 Is it safe to take amoxicillin and penicillin at the same time? Antibiotics: No. Why would you take two of the same kind of medication at the same time? ... Read more Dr. Jason Beasley2 doctors agreed:10 Does amoxicillin or penicillin clear the blood system of a drug? NO: Amoxicillin and penicillin are antibiotics used to treat infections. They will not clear the bloodstream of other drugs. ... Read more Dr. Kristin Sokol2 doctors agreed:11 I am allergic to penicillin notatum, would I be allergic to penicillin or amoxicillin? Probably not: Penicillium notatum is a mold/ fungi that if allergic, can cause symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, worsening of asthma symptoms, etc. Penicillin antibiotics do not contain enough of the mold, and when ingested, would be a different reaction. To be safe, you could get tested for p ... Read more Dr. ALICIA Almendral2 doctors agreed:12 Supposing that i can take penicillin safely without problems can I take amoxicillin safely with no side effects too? Possibly: Amoxicillin is a penicillin-derivative. Side effects can be dose-related. ... Read more Dr. Thomas Josa13 I was allergic to penicillin as a baby. Now I am 34. Is it likely that if I take amoxicillin I could have a reaction? Yes: Amoxicillin is a form of penicillin and does carry the risk of an allergic (immediate hypersensitivity )reaction if that is indeed what you had. Unfortunately the actual symptoms of drug reactions are typically poorly documented. The good news : Penicillin allergy tends to fade with time so there is an excellent chance that ... Read more Dr. Martin Raff2 doctors agreed:14 I'm supposed to be allergic to penicillin but i take amoxicillin with no problems. Does this mean i'm not allergic anymore? Yes: Or never really were allergic. Many people get labelled as allergic who were never truly reacting to the drug in question. If you are taking Amoxicillin without a reaction you are not allergic to penicillin . ... Read more Dr. Nayla Mumneh1 doctor agreed:15 If a med. Says not to take if allergic to penicillin or any form of it and a dr. Gives to someone allergic to amoxicillin is ok? I want to know if its ok to take a medication that says not to take if allergic to penecillin or any form of it and I am aller Get tested: Amoxicillin is a close cousin to penicillin, ideally someone allergic to penicillin should not receive either. Best answer is to get a skin test for penicillin by an allergist and determine if you are truly allergic to penicillin. ... Read more Dr. Michael Rupp2 doctors agreed:16 What happens if I'm allergic to penicillin is it safe to take amoxicillin? No: Amoxicillin is a type of penicillin. You should not take it if you are sure that you are allergic to penicillin. Other pencillin drugs you need to avoid are ampicillin, ticaracillin, augmentin ( amoxicillin and clavulanate) (amoxicillin-clavulanate), piperacillin, and sometimes cephalosporin antibiotics. You should see an allergist ... Read more Dr. Paul Grin17 If I've taken amoxicillin that means no penicillin allergy right?? That's right: Amoxicillin is in a class of penicillin-like antibiotics that fights bacterial infection. ... Read more Dr. Dean Giannone1 doctor agreed:18 Is it possible to have a test to see if your allergic to penicillin? Had amoxicillin before no issue, penicillin for few days and slight rash Penicillin allergy. : An Allergist can test you for penicillin allergy and can also offer you desensitization if medically needed. ... Read more Dr. Victor Nwanguma19 Can I take penicillin and amoxicillin if I have a Long QT (cardiac)? Unusual combination: I am not sure why you need to take penicillin and amoxicillin. They are NOT indicated for treatment of Long QT. Besides that combination will be very unusual for any disease. ... Read more Dr. Michael Ein1 doctor agreed:20 If I do have strep. What antibiotics should I get? Penicillin right? Like amoxicillin? See below: For a strep throat treatment is usually 10 days of penvk or amoxicillin. In penicillin allergic patients with streptococcal pharyngitis the macrolides-erythromycin, biaxin ( clarithromycin) or zithromax as well as Clindamycin are effective. If the penicillin allergy was only a rash and not immediate hypersensiti ... Read more Dr. Bruce Jacobs2 doctors agreed:21 If I'm not allergic to amoxicillin 500mg, is it safe to say I won't be allergic to penicillin vk 500mg? Yes,it is safe to: say that. Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. Sandra Eleczko4 doctors agreed:22 Can you take zithromax if you are allergic to penicillin or amoxicillin or asprin? Yes: Yes, they are in different families. You can take zithromax if you have a allergy to penicillin and amoxicillin . ... Read more Dr. Linda Schwartz23 If I have to take amoxicillin with food (to avoid nausea), will I have to take penicillin with food as well? Same dosage as amoxicillin. PCN with food: Antibiotics can cause nausea and/or vomitiing. You can take penicillin with food if you experience nausea. ... Read more Dr. Scott Hacking3 doctors agreed:24 Dr switched my prescription from amoxicillin to penicillin. How long after taking amoxicillin can i take penicillin? And will side effects be the same Penicillin: You can start penicillin at the exact time you would have taken the amoxicillin dose. ... Read more Dr. Michael Ein3 doctors agreed:25 I had had an amoxicillin rash due to mono 6 years ago. Am I allergic to penicillin? No: A rash when taking Amoxicillin during mononucleosis is not an allergy and does not preclude future penicillin treatment. ... Read more Dr. LUIS IRIZARRY5 doctors agreed:26 Will cefdinir treat strep throat as well as penicillin or amoxicillin? Strep: Nothing is better than penicillin for strep pharyngitis. Is that simple. 2 penicillins: injection is the best (bicillin la), or oral pen vk is good as well. ... Read more Dr. Robert Uyeda1 doctor agreed:27 Diagnosed w/strep throat, took amoxicillin for 2 days,dvlp'd hives on face feet hands from penicillin reactions, how to make hives go away fast? Try otc: Benadryl ( diphenhydramine ). Consult with your doctor, because you might need stronger meds, such as steroids. You also need more antibiotics in order to complete treatment of strep throat . ... Read more Dr. Jessica Allan28 What can I substitute amoxicillin with if I'm allergic to penicillin? It will be used to treat swollen gum Clindamycin: Remember to consult with your treating doctor or dentist first before taking any medications suggested to you online. They know your full history, medications, allergies, family hx, social hx and have examined your swollen gums. Good luck! ... Read more Dr. Donald Alves6 doctors agreed:29 Two year old had allergic reaction to amoxicillin. Dr replaced it with cefprozil. Instruct on cefprozil say not to take it if allergic to penicillin? Old concern: The caution on cephalosporins if penicillin allergic dates back decades to how they were produced--there often was pcn in the cephalosporins as a byproduct. Even then, risk was rare and tiny. Now even smaller, and far better to not exclude two huge antibiotic categories at young age if don't need to ... Read more Dr. Doanh Nguyen, md, faaaai2 doctors agreed:30 If a child doesn t have penicillin allergy and when he took augmantin 400 he had skin redness on neck can he took amoxicillin 250? Might not: If it was true penicillin allergy and your child develops skin rashes to augmentin, ( amoxicillin and clavulanate) he should not take amoxicillin, a synthetic penicillin. Augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanate) contains Amoxicillin and clavulanate. However, most of the time, childhood penicillin allergy is not true ... Read more Dr. Philip Miller1,144 doctors shared insights Amoxil (Definition)Amoxil is a third generation penicillin which is a kind of penincillin type drug (anti-bacterial ... Read more | Boils - Treatment by Drugs What are Boils? These skin infections are caused by a bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteria infect a hair follicle resulting in the formation of a small swelling that goes on to form an abscess. The abscess usually drains out resulting in resolution of the furuncle. In some cases, however, the infection can spread through the skin and even to other parts of the body. Though boils can affect anybody, it occurs more often in people with reduced immunity like diabetes patients or patients on corticosteroid. Treatment A warm compress applied to the boil may help it heal. Some furuncles may require surgical draining. Drugs Local antibiotics: Local antibiotics like fusidic acid and retapamulin can be used to treat furunculosis. These are usually not associated with any major side effects. Oral antibiotics are necessary when the patient has multiple furuncles with fever or reduced immunity. Oral drugs used to treat furunculosis include: Penicillins: Penicillins are a group of commonly used antibiotics used in the treatment of furunculosis. Ampicillin is a commonly used penicillin used for skin infections. Unfortunately, the bacteria very often produce an enzyme called penicillinase that destroys penicillin. To prevent this, another drug clavulanic acid is given in the same formulation as ampicillin. Clavulanic acid inhibits the enzyme penicillinase produced by the bacteria and allows the ampicillin to act. Penicillinase-resistant penicillins like dicloxacillin: Another option to treat resistant infections is with the use of penicillin antibiotics that cannot be destroyed by penicillinase. These include drugs like dicloxacillin and Oxacillin. Cephalosporins: Cephalexin is a commonly used cephalosporin used in the treatment of furunculosis. It is a drug related to penicillin. Erythromycin or clindamycin: The most common problem associated with penicillin is the chance of developing an allergic reaction. The allergic reaction can vary from a simple rash to a life-threatening situation. In such situation, it is necessary to use an antibiotic that is not a penicillin or in any way related to penicillin like cephalosporin. Therefore, drugs like erythromycin or clindamycin are used in these cases. Drugs to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Some strains of Staphylococcus aureus called methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are highly resistant to penicillins and are treated with drugs from other groups. These drugs include: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole which is actually a combination of two drugs given together for better effect. Minocycline or doxycycline, which belongs to the tetracycline group of antibiotics. These antibiotics should not be administered in pregnancy. Very serious infections are treated in a hospital with intravenous drugs like vancomycin or linezolid. Staphylococcus aureus bacteria often remain on the skin and in the nostrils without causing infection. These could be the sources of recurrent furunculosis and should therefore be eliminated. Treatment of nasal carriers is done by using the following drugs: Mupirocin cream or fusidic acid ointment for 5 days of each month. These are applied to the nasal mucosa to eliminate the bacteria causing boils and thereby prevent recurrences. Mupirocin is a local antibiotic that is effective even against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Oral rifampicin for 10 days. Rifampicin is actually a drug that is used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Although it is effective against a wide range of bacteria, its use in all these infections is avoided to reduce the chances of developing resistance. However, it can be used in the treatment of nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. Health Tips Beside the nostrils, Staphylococcus aureus can also be found on the skin. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the skin clean with a good antibacterial soap especially if you tend to suffer from repeated infections. Get yourself checked for diabetes, anemia etc. to rule out any predisposing factor. Other family members should take extra hygiene methods to keep the skin clean. Do not share clothes and handkerchiefs. Skin and underclothes should be kept clean. Use the antibiotic for the prescribed number of days. A short duration or a too-long duration could lead to ineffectiveness. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is fierce | fierce Home Dictionary Definitions fiercefiercefierce Use fierce in a sentence A fierce dog. Licensed from i Stock Photoadjective The definition of fierce is cruel, violent or intense. An example of fierce is the nature of an angry bear. An example of fierce is storm with very high winds. Your Dictionary definition and usage example. Copyright © 2018 by Love To Know Corp Link/Citefierceadjectivefierc′er, fierc′estof a violently cruel nature; savage; wild: a fierce dogviolent; uncontrolled: a fierce stormintensely eager; intense; ardent: a fierce embrace Informal very distasteful, disagreeable, bad, etc. Origin of fierce Middle English fers from Old French fers, fier from Classical Latin ferus, wild, savage from Indo-European base an unverified form ?hwer-, wild animal from source Classical Greek th?r, animal Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citefierceadjectivefierc·er, fierc·esta. Hostile and violent, especially by nature or temperament; ferocious: The Huns were fierce warriors.b. Characterized by or showing hostility: gave us a fierce look. Extremely powerful or destructive: a fierce storm; a fierce flood. Intense in activity or feeling; vigorous or ardent: a fierce debate; fierce loyalty. Origin of fierce Middle English fiers from Old French from Latin ferus ; see ghwer- in Indo-European roots. Related Forms:fierce′lyadverbfierce′nessnoun THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FIFTH EDITION by the Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citefierce Adjective ( comparative fiercer, superlative fiercest)Extremely violent, severe, ferocious or savage. A fierce storm battered the coast. Resolute or strenuously active. We made a fierce attempt to escape. Threatening in appearance or demeanor. The lion gave a fierce roar. (slang, Ireland, rural) very, excellent. It was fierce cold. Q: "How was the party last night?" A: "Fierce!" (slang, US) Of exceptional quality, exhibiting boldness or chutzpah. Tyra said to strike a pose and make it fierce. Origin From Middle English, from Old French fers (“wild", "ferocious”), nominative of fer, from Latinferus (“wild", "untamed”)English Wiktionary. Available under CC-BY-SA license. Link/Cite Sentence Examples I do not love fierce animals. I read in my book about large, fierce animals. When the fear finally subsided, in its wake was a fierce determination. They entered, and she looked up at him, afraid to address the fierce warrior. Open-air conventicles were held in all parts of the provinces, and the fierce Calvinist preachers raised the religious excitement of their hearers to such aitch that it found vent in a furious outburst The lcono- P oasts.» more... Also Mentioned Infiercestfiercereffiercedenfiercedoverfierceferocious Vimytruculenthyperpartisanshipalbertosaurus Words near fierce in the dictionaryfiercefiendomfiendsfientivefierfiercelyfiercenessfiercenessesfiercerfiercesome | . It seems that the page you were looking for has been moved or is no longer there. Or maybe you just mistyped something. Please check to make sure you've typed the URL correctly. You could return to the , or return Back to the page. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.types of tetra fish | Tetra Fish Tetra Fish In this section of the articles library you will find information about the many different Tetra fish species. All the Tetras belong to the family Characidae in the order Characiformes and are small freshwater fishes. Many tropical Tetra fish species are popular among aquarists, especially the species that are brightly colored and easy to care for in captivity. The most famous of the Tetra species is of course the immensely popular Neon tetra ( Paracheirodon innesi ). This fish is found in both blackwater and clearwater streams in Brazil, Colombia and Peru. It is a peaceful fish that is commonly kept in community aquariums. It is not hard to care for and is suitable for novice aquarists. The Neon tetra grows no larger than 5 centimeters (2 inches). You should always keep at least 10 Neon tetra fishes together, since this is a schooling species that will feel very stressed if kept alone. Your Neon tetra will appreciate a well planted aquarium, but leave a space open for swimming. Floating plants that will dim the light a bit is recommended. A dark substrate will also help creating a less bright environment in the aquarium since it will not reflect the light. The colors of the Neon tetra will also look more vibrant against a dark substrate. Keep the water temperature between 22 and 25 degrees Celsius. The Neon tetra can live in acidic water as well as in a slightly alkaline environment, so anything from p H 5.5 to p H 7.5 will be okay. Getting a Neon tetra to eat in captivity is definitely not hard and you should strive to avoid over feeding. Choose a high-quality flake food. An example of a less well-known tropical Tetra fish species is the Congo tetra, Micralestes interruptus. This Tetra is not as sturdy as the Neon tetra and frequent water changes are very important since this species is sensitive to poor water conditions. The aquarium where you house your Congo tetra must also be equipped with sufficient circulation. The Congo tetra is peaceful but can be a little skittish and nervous. You can make your Congo tetra less shy and decrease the stress by decorating the aquarium in a way that creates plenty of hiding spots. The Congo tetra should be kept with at least five other Congo tetras, preferably even more. Aggressive and bullying fish can make the Congo tetra very stressed. The Congo tetra will stay stronger in slightly acidic water, but can tolerate anything from p H 6 to p H 7.5. Wild Congo tetra is found in the warm waters of the Zaire river basin on the African continent, and your Congo tetra will therefore appreciate a water temperature in the 23-26° C (73º -79º F) range. Soft water is best, but a healthy Congo tetra will usually adapt to harder conditions as well. A third example of an interesting tropical Tetra fish species is the Serpae tetra ( Hyphessobrycon eques ). This fish has a very beautiful red coloration and is therefore also known as Blood characin, Jewel tetra, Red serpa and an abundance of other names that all alludes to the decorative red color. The red shades vary from reddish brown to a vivid bright red. The main body is red, and so is the all the fins except for the dorsal fin which is black with a white fringe. Behind the gill cover, the body is decorated with a dark marking that is shaped like a comma. Tropical Tetra Fish Articles Keeping and breeding Astyanax bimaculatus - Breeding Astyanax bimaculatus Black Phantom Tetra - Information about keeping and breeding Black Phantom Tetras in aquariums. Black Skirt Tetra - Information about keeping and breeding Black Skirt Tetras in aquariums. Bloodfin Tetra - Information about keeping and breeding Bloodfin Tetras in aquariums. Breeding the Black Tetra - Breeding notes for Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Cardinal Tetra Fish - An introduction to Cardinal teras - Paracheirodon axelrodi. Cardinal Tetra - Information about all aspect of keeping and breeding Cardinal Tetras. Congo tetra - An introduction to Congo tetra - Micralestes interruptus. Glowlight Tetra - Information about keeping and breeding Glowlight Tetras in aquariums. Lemon Tetra - Information about keeping and breeding Lemon Tetras in aquariums. Swordtail Characins - Corynopoma riisei. And how to breed them. Neon Tetra Fish - An introduction to Neon tetras. Neon Tetra - An indepth article about Neon Tetras, their breeding and the dreaded Neon Tetra Disease. Serpae tetra - An introduction to the Serpae tetra. Spawning Hemigrammus pulcher - Pretty / Garnet tetra - The "Pretty" or "Garnet" Tetra breeds readily in soft acidic water. Tetra care - An article about how to keep and care for tetras in aquariums. Tetra Species - List of our Tetra/Characin species profiles. | . It appears you don't have PDF support in this web browser. Your document is downloading ... Click here if it does not download automatically. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where is lyon located in france | Lyon, France Lyon, Francehttps://youtu.be/YLOG8Un5DXw History The third largest city in France, Lyon is situated in the Rhone-Alpes region between Paris and Marseille. A UNESCO World Heritage site, the city is home to roughly 490,000 inhabitants and was prized in ancient times as a major centre for the production and sale of silk. During the Second World War, Lyon played an important role in the resistance movement after occupying German forces seized control of the town. Today, the city of Lyon is one of the country’s premiere tourist destinations thanks to its historic status and reputation for being one of the important gastronomy centres of France. Your River Cruise Ship Docks…Most river cruise ships will tie up along the Rhone or the Saone Rivers. The town itself is divided in two by the river, so you may want to get a map when you disembark to ensure you’re headed to the right side, though interesting walks and sights can be had on either. Four Metro lines ensure that almost every sight and attraction is within easy reach. When in Lyon…There’s truly no shortage of things to see and do here in Lyon: A River Runs Through It – literally! Lyon is separated by the Rhone river. Photo courtesy of Uniworld River Cruises Walk. Like many other river cruise ports of call, a stroll around the town and beautiful countryside is not only convenient but practical, and can be an excellent way to fully enjoy your time here. Rent a bike. Do as the locals do and head off on an exciting ride through the city of Lyon! Public bicycles can be rented from and returned to numerous points around the city. You’ll need your Visa or Master Card and a little patience (the system likes to reject cards without modern PIN chips, common in Europe but still appearing in North America), but the rewards are tremendous. Saint Jean Cathedral. Built between 1180 and 1480, the Cathedral is worth a visit if only to see the impressive astronomical clock that graces the interior. Built in the 14 th century, its bells toll on the hour between Noon and four every day. The rest of the cathedral remains a fascinating look at the conflicting building styles that managed to work their way into the structure, under construction for three hundred years. Fourvière. Located near the 2 nd arrondissement, this district is one of the oldest in Lyon, and the basis for its UNESCO World Heritage site designation. The Romans first settled here in 43 BC, and today visitors can explore the magnificently-preserved roman amphitheatre. Also of note is the Fourvière Basilica, which can be easily seen from the banks of the Saone River. River Cruisers Should Know!The currency in France is the Euro (€). Other currencies are not widely accepted, but can be changed at most major financial institutions. Take care when crossing the street, even in marked intersections. Like many European cities, cars can come fast and furious. Do not assume you have the right of way!While some English may be spoken in Lyon, knowledge of basic French will go a long way. Crime is generally not an issue in Lyon and its surroundings. Share This Post With Friends | . Awkward That page doesn't exist. Get it Together |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what does an echocardiogram test.. | Echocardiogram Echocardiogram Uses Types Risks Preparation Follow-up What is an echocardiogram? Echocardiography is a test that uses sound waves to produce live images of your heart. The image is an echocardiogram. This test allows your doctor to monitor how your heart and its valves are functioning. The images can help them spot:blood clots in the heartfluid in the sac around the heartproblems with the aorta, which is the main artery connected to the heart An echocardiogram is key in determining the health of the heart muscle, especially after a heart attack. It can also reveal heart defects in unborn babies. Taking an echocardiogram is painless. There are only risks in very rare cases with certain types of echocardiograms. Uses Uses Your doctor may order an echocardiogram for several reasons. For example, they may have discovered an abnormality from other testing or while listening to your heartbeat through a stethoscope. If you have an irregular heartbeat, your doctor may want to inspect the heart valves or chambers or check your heart’s ability to pump. They may also order one if you’re showing signs of heart problems, such as chest pain or shortness of breath. Types Types There are several different types of echocardiograms. Transthoracic echocardiography This is the most common type of echocardiography. It’s painless and noninvasive. A device called a transducer will be placed on your chest over your heart. The transduce r sends ultrasound waves through your chest toward your heart. A computer interprets the sound waves as they bounce back to the transducer. This produces the live images that are shown on a monitor. Transesophageal echocardiography If a transthoracic echocardiogram doesn’t produce definitive images, your doctor may recommend a transesophageal echocardiogram. In this procedure, the doctor guides a much smaller transducer down your throat through a thin, flexible tube in your mouth. They will numb your throat to make this procedure easier. This tube is guided through your esophagus, the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. With the transducer behind your heart, your doctor can get a better view of any problems. Stress echocardiogram A stress echocardiogram uses traditional transthoracic echocardiography. However, the procedure is done after you’ve exercised or taken medication to make your heart beat faster. This allows your doctor to test how your heart performs under stress. Three-dimensional echocardiography A three-dimensional (3-D) echocardiogram uses either transesophageal or transthoracic echocardiography to create a 3-D image of your heart. This involves multiple images from different angles. It’s used prior to heart valve surgery. It’s also used to diagnose heart problems in children. Fetal echocardiography Fetal echocardiography is used on expectant mothers sometime during weeks 18 to 22 of pregnancy. The transducer is placed over the woman’s belly to check for heart problems in the fetus. The test is considered safe for an unborn child because it doesn’t use radiation, unlike an X-ray. Risks Risks Echocardiograms are considered very safe. Unlike other imaging techniques, such as X-rays, echocardiograms don’t use radiation. A transthoracic echocardiogram carries no risk. There’s a chance for slight discomfort when the electrodes are removed from your skin. This may feel similar to pulling off a Band-Aid. There’s a rare chance the tube used in a transesophageal echocardiogram may scrape the side of your esophagus and cause irritation. The most common side effect is a sore throat. You may also feel a bit funny due to the sedative used in the procedure. The medication or exercise used to get your heart rate up in a stress echocardiogram could temporarily cause an irregular heartbeat. The risk of a serious reaction is reduced because the procedure is supervised. Preparation How to prepare for an echocardiogram A transthoracic echocardiogram requires no special preparation. However, if you undergo a transesophageal echocardiogram, your doctor may instruct you not to eat anything for a few hours before the test. This is to prevent you from vomiting during the test. You may also not be able to drive for a few hours afterward due to the sedatives. If your doctor has ordered a stress echocardiogram, wear clothes and shoes that are comfortable to exercise in. Follow-up After an echocardiogram Your doctor will review your results after the test. The results may reveal abnormalities such as:damage to the heart muscleheart defectsheart sizepumping strengthvalve problems If your doctor is concerned about your results, they may refer you to a cardiologist. This is a doctor who specializes in the heart. Your doctor may order more tests or physical exams before diagnosing you. If you’re diagnosed with a heart condition, your doctor will work with you to develop a treatment plan that works best for you. | echocardiogram echocardiogram [ek-oh- kahr -dee- uh -gram]Spell Syllables Word Originnoun1. a graphic record produced by an echocardiograph. Origin of echocardiogram Expand1975-1980First recorded in 1975-80; echo + cardiogram Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018. Cite This Source British Dictionary definitions for echocardiogram Expandechocardiogram/ ˌɛkəʊˈkɑːdɪəʊˌɡræm /noun1. a visual display or record produced using echocardiography Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © Harper Collins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Sourceechocardiogram in Medicine Expandechocardiogram ech·o·car·di·o·gram (ěk'ō-kär'dē-ə-grām') n. A visual record produced by echocardiography. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Cite This Sourceechocardiogram in Science Expandechocardiogram (ěk'ō-kär'dē-ə-grām') An ultrasound image of the heart that demonstrates the size, motion, and composition of cardiac structures and is used to diagnose various abnormalities of the heart, including valvular dysfunction, abnormal chamber size, congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathy. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. Cite This Source Discover our greatest slideshows Six words that can ruin your...10 Of The Saddest Words (Or... The Oldest Words In The English...10 Words That Will Show Your Age Browse more topics on our blog What Is the Difference Between Discreet and Discrete? Learn the correct uses of these two commonly confused homophones. What Character Was Removed from the Alphabet? What mistaken pronunciation gave this character its name? Apostrophes 101This small mark has two primary uses: to signify possession or omitted letters. 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.hfpef medical definition | HFpEF vs. HFrEF HFp EF vs. HFr EFJune 1, 2015Ejection fraction is an important measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. However, it is possible for patients with normal ejection fraction to have HF, and this form of the disease, HF with preserved ejection fraction, or HFp EF, is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. Moreover, women are disproportionately affected by HFp EF, outnumbering men 2:1. In HFp EF, the muscles of the heart contract normally and the heart may seem to pump a normal proportion of the blood that enters it. However, heart muscle thickening may cause the ventricle to hold an abnormally small volume of blood. Therefore, although the heart’s output may still appear to be in the normal range, its limited capacity is inadequate to meet the body’s requirements. In HF with reduced ejection fraction ( HFr EF ), also known as systolic HF, the heart muscle is not able to contract adequately and, therefore, expels less oxygen-rich blood into the body. Patients with this form of the disease will have lower-than-normal left ventricular ejection fraction on an echocardiogram. An LVEF of 50% to 75% indicates a normal pumping ability, whereas a range of 36% to 49% is considered below normal, and 35% or lower is considered low pumping ability. Fatigue and shortness of breath are common symptoms of both HFp EF and HFr EF. Patients with HFr EF can take steps to manage their low ejection fraction, notably by limiting salt consumption, managing fluid intake and exercising regularly. Those whose HFr EF becomes severe or unmanageable may benefit from an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, which regulates heart rhythm. For patients with HFp EF, there is not yet an optimal treatment modality. Recent studies have suggested some utility for aldosterone agonists and metalloproteinase inhibitors. However, additional research is warranted to find future treatments for HFp EF. | Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Abstract and Introduction Abstract Objective: To provide an overview of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF), as well as its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical evidence regarding its pharmacologic management. Data Sources: Peer-reviewed articles were identified from MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and Current Contents (all 1966-August 2010) using the search terms heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, diastolic dysfunction, diastolic heart failure, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), digoxin, β-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and vasodilators. Citations from available articles were also reviewed for additional references. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Fourteen published manuscripts relating to pharmacologic management of HFPEF were identified. Data Synthesis: The prevalence of HFPEF has continued to increase. Compared to heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, HFPEF has been largely understudied. Unlike in the management of heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, β-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists did not demonstrate mortality benefit in HFPEF, with the exception of one small study evaluating the use of propranolol. However, this study enrolled a small number of patients with recent history of myocardial infarction, which limited the generalizability of the results. Most of the current evidence centers on morbidity benefits and symptom reduction. One study showed that treatment with candesartan reduced hospital admissions in this population of patients. Management of HFPEF still focuses on optimally managing underlying diseases (eg, hypertension). Conclusions: Much remains to be learned about the appropriate pharmacologic management of patients with HFPEF. Hypertension is in most cases the predominant contributor to its development and progression. For this reason, antihypertensive treatment, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, β-blockers, and calcium-channel blockers, has been evaluated and is recommended to control the disease in this patient population, although these agents have not demonstrated significant benefit beyond blood pressure control. Further research into the pathophysiology of HFPEF may contribute to identifying the most optimal agent in managing this disease. Introduction Heart failure is caused primarily by systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Systolic dysfunction is defined as an abnormality in systolic contraction leading to a low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Diastolic dysfunction is defined as an abnormality of diastolic distentability, filling, or relaxation of the left ventricle, regardless of whether the LVEF is preserved. [ 1] However, since diastolic dysfunction is difficult to measure, the distinction between these patient groups is characterized in terms of their LVEF. Patients with heart failure are divided into those with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Operationally, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) has been defined, according to the Framingham criteria, as LVEF >45% and the absence of mitral stenosis, pericardial disease, or noncardiac causes of dyspnea, edema, and fatigue. [ 2] However, clinical studies that evaluated pharmacologic management for HFPEF have used LVEFs of ≥35%, ≥40%, ≥45%, or ≥50% as the definition of HFPEF. The prevalence of HFPEF has increased over time, from approximately 37% in the 1980s to over 50% in the 2000s, among all patients presenting with acute decompensated heart failure. [ 3] HFPEF carries a significant morbidity and mortality burden (5-year mortality rate 65%). [ 3] Impaired renal function, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class III or IV, male sex, and older age are important predictors of mortality. [ 4] Compared to patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, patients with HFPEF have better survival rates (mortality rate 68% vs 65%). [ 2, 3] However, in the past 2 decades, the prognosis has improved for patients with systolic heart failure but not with HFPEF. [ 3] Management of HFPEF has been largely understudied. The most updated guidelines developed by the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) stated that in patients with HFPEF, physicians should be vigilant in controlling blood pressure, providing optimal coronary artery disease treatment, and controlling ventricular rate. Diuretics are recommended for controlling pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema. [ 2] Unlike in systolic ventricular dysfunction, besides managing underlying risk factors, there are no specific pharmacotherapeutic recommendations for management of the disease itself, especially regarding improvement in mortality. On the other hand, the most recent Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) guidelines recommend that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may be considered in HFPEF in the absence of other specific indications. [ 5] The strength of evidence for this recommendation, however, is only C, indicating that it is based on expert opinions. The guidelines also recommend the use of β-blockers in patients with prior myocardial infarction (strength of evidence A [based on randomized controlled trials]), hypertension (strength of evidence B [based on cohort or case control studies]), and atrial fibrillation (strength of evidence B). [ 5] Calcium-channel blockers are also recommended for patients with atrial fibrillation (strength of evidence C), angina (strength of evidence A), and hypertension (strength of evidence C). [ 5]This article provides an overview of HFPEF, its pathophysiology, diagnosis, and pharmacologic management. Clinical trials on the use of pharmacologic agents in managing the disease will be evaluated. Future perspectives for managing this disease state are also discussed. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what foods are a good source of zinc and thiamin | Thiamin Consumer Datos en español Health Professional Other Resources Thiamin Fact Sheet for Health Professionals Have a question? Ask ODS: ods.od.nih.gov/contact Table of Contents Introduction Recommended Intakes Sources of Thiamin Thiamin Intakes and Status Thiamin Deficiency Groups at Risk of Thiamin Inadequacy Thiamin and Health Health Risks from Excessive Thiamin Interactions with Medications Thiamin and Healthful Diets References Disclaimer Introduction Thiamin (or thiamine) is one of the water-soluble B vitamins. It is also known as vitamin B1. Thiamin is naturally present in some foods, added to some food products, and available as a dietary supplement. This vitamin plays a critical role in energy metabolism and, therefore, in the growth, development, and function of cells [ 1 ]. Ingested thiamin from food and dietary supplements is absorbed by the small intestine through active transport at nutritional doses and by passive diffusion at pharmacologic doses [ 1 ]. Most dietary thiamin is in phosphorylated forms, and intestinal phosphatases hydrolyze them to free thiamin before the vitamin is absorbed [ 1 ]. The remaining dietary thiamin is in free (absorbable) form [ 1, 2 ]. Humans store thiamin primarily in the liver, but in very small amounts [ 3 ]. The vitamin has a short half-life, so people require a continuous supply of it from the diet. About 80% of the approximately 25–30 mg of thiamin in the adult human body is in the form of thiamin diphosphate (TDP; also known as thiamin pyrophosphate), the main metabolically active form of thiamin. Bacteria in the large intestine also synthesize free thiamin and TDP, but their contribution, if any, to thiamin nutrition is currently unknown [ 4 ]. TDP serves as an essential cofactor for five enzymes involved in glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism [ 1, 3 ]. Levels of thiamin in the blood are not reliable indicators of thiamin status. Thiamin status is often measured indirectly by assaying the activity of the transketolase enzyme, which depends on TDP, in erythrocyte hemolysates in the presence and absence of added TDP [ 3 ]. The result, known as the “TDP effect,” reflects the extent of unsaturation of transketolase with TDP. The result is typically 0%–15% in healthy people, 15%–25% in those with marginal deficiency, and higher than 25% in people with deficiency. Another commonly used measure of thiamin status is urinary thiamin excretion, which provides data on dietary intakes but not tissue stores [ 5 ]. For adults, excretion of less than 100 mcg/day thiamin in urine suggests insufficient thiamin intake, and less than 40 mcg/day indicates an extremely low intake [ 6 ]. Recommended Intakes Intake recommendations for thiamin and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) [ 7 ]. DRI is the general term for a set of reference values used for planning and assessing nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and sex, include: Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): Average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%–98%) healthy individuals; often used to plan nutritionally adequate diets for individuals. Adequate Intake (AI): Intake at this level is assumed to ensure nutritional adequacy; established when evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA. Estimated Average Requirement (EAR): Average daily level of intake estimated to meet the requirements of 50% of healthy individuals; usually used to assess the nutrient intakes of groups of people and to plan nutritionally adequate diets for them; can also be used to assess the nutrient intakes of individuals. Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): Maximum daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Table 1 lists the current RDAs for thiamin [ 7 ]. For infants from birth to 12 months, the FNB established an AI for thiamin that is equivalent to the mean intake of thiamin in healthy, breastfed infants. Table 1: Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Thiamin [ 7]Age Male Female Pregnancy Lactation Birth to 6 months* 0.2 mg 0.2 mg7–12 months* 0.3 mg 0.3 mg1–3 years 0.5 mg 0.5 mg4–8 years 0.6 mg 0.6 mg9–13 years 0.9 mg 0.9 mg14–18 years 1.2 mg 1.0 mg 1.4 mg 1.4 mg19-50 years 1.2 mg 1.1 mg 1.4 mg 1.4 mg51+ years 1.2 mg 1.1 mg*AISources of Thiamin Food Food sources of thiamin include whole grains, meat, and fish [ 2 ]. Breads, cereals, and infant formulas in the United States and many other countries are fortified with thiamin [ 2 ]. The most common sources of thiamin in the U. S. diet are cereals and bread [ 8 ]. Pork is another major source of the vitamin. Dairy products and most fruits contain little thiamin [ 3 ]. About half of the thiamin in the U. S. diet comes from foods that naturally contain thiamin; the remainder comes from foods to which thiamin has been added [ 9 ]. Heating foods containing thiamin can reduce their thiamin content. For example, bread has 20%–30% less thiamin than its raw ingredients, and pasteurization reduces thiamin content (which is very small to begin with) in milk by up to 20% [ 3 ]. Because thiamin dissolves in water, a significant amount of the vitamin is lost when cooking water is thrown out [ 3 ]. Processing also alters thiamin levels in foods; for example, unless white rice is enriched with thiamin, it has one tenth the amount of thiamin in unenriched brown rice [ 10 ]. Data on the bioavailability of thiamin from food are very limited [ 7 ]. Some studies do show, however, that thiamin absorption increases when intakes are low [ 1 ]. Several food sources of thiamin are listed in Table 2. Table 2: Selected Food Sources of Thiamin [ 10]Food Milligrams (mg) per serving Percent DV*Breakfast cereals, fortified with 100% of the DV for thiamin, 1 serving 1.5 100Rice, white, long grain, enriched, parboiled, ½ cup 1.4 73Egg noodles, enriched, cooked, 1 cup 0.5 33Pork chop, bone-in, broiled, 3 ounces 0.4 27Trout, cooked, dry heat, 3 ounces 0.4 27Black beans, boiled, ½ cup 0.4 27English muffin, plain, enriched, 1 muffin 0.3 20Mussels, blue, cooked, moist heat, 3 ounces 0.3 20Tuna, Bluefin, cooked, dry heat, 3 ounces 0.2 13Macaroni, whole wheat, cooked, 1 cup 0.2 13Acorn squash, cubed, baked, ½ cup 0.2 13Rice, brown, long grain, not enriched, cooked, ½ cup 0.1 7Bread, whole wheat, 1 slice 0.1 7Orange juice, prepared from concentrate, 1 cup 0.1 7Sunflower seeds, toasted, 1 ounce 0.1 7Beef steak, bottom round, trimmed of fat, braised, 3 ounces 0.1 7Yogurt, plain, low fat, 1 cup 0.1 7Oatmeal, regular and quick, unenriched, cooked with water, ½ cup 0.1 7Corn, yellow, boiled, 1 medium ear 0.1 7Milk, 2%, 1 cup 0.1 7Barley, pearled, cooked, 1 cup 0.1 7Cheddar cheese, 1½ ounces 0 0Chicken, meat and skin, roasted, 3 ounces 0 0Apple, sliced, 1 cup 0 0*DV = Daily Value. DVs were developed by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to help consumers compare the nutrient contents of products within the context of a total diet. The DV for thiamin is 1.5 mg for adults and children age 4 and older. Foods providing 20% or more of the DV are considered to be high sources of a nutrient. The U. S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Nutrient Database website [ 10] lists the nutrient content of many foods and provides a comprehensive list of foods containing thiamin arranged by nutrient content and by food name. Dietary supplements Thiamin is available in many dietary supplements. Multivitamin/multimineral supplements with thiamin typically provide about 1.5 mg thiamin (100% of the DV) and sometimes more [ 11 ]. Supplements containing B-complex vitamins (including thiamin) or thiamin only are also available. The most commonly used forms of thiamin in supplements are thiamin mononitrate and thiamin hydrochloride, which are stable and water soluble [ 1, 11 ]. Benfotiamine is a synthetic thiamin derivative that is used in some dietary supplements. Benfotiamine is not water soluble and is converted to thiamin in the body [ 12 ]. Thiamin Intakes and Status Most people in the United States consume the recommended amounts of thiamin. An analysis of data from the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that only 6% of the U. S. population has a usual intake below the EAR [ 9 ]. Among children and teens, the average daily thiamin intake from foods is 1.27 mg for ages 2–5 years, 1.54 mg for ages 6–11 years, and 1.68 mg for ages 12–19 years [ 13 ]. In adults aged 20 and older, the average daily thiamin intake from foods is 1.95 mg in men and 1.39 mg in women. The average daily thiamin intake from foods and supplements in children and teens is 1.51 mg for ages 2–5 years, 1.76 mg for ages 6–11 years, and 1.95 mg for ages 12–19 years. In adults aged 20 and older, the average daily thiamin intake from foods and supplements is 4.89 mg in men and 4.90 mg in women. No current data on rates of thiamin deficiency in the U. S. population are available. Thiamin Deficiency In addition to insufficient intakes of thiamin from the diet, the causes of thiamin deficiency include lower absorption or higher excretion rates than normal due, for example, to certain conditions (such as alcohol dependence or HIV/AIDS) or use of some medications [ 3 ]. In its early stage, thiamin deficiency can cause weight loss and anorexia, confusion, short-term memory loss, and other mental signs and symptoms; muscle weakness; and cardiovascular symptoms (such as an enlarged heart) [ 7 ]. The most common effect of thiamin deficiency is beriberi, which is characterized mainly by peripheral neuropathy and wasting [ 1-3 ]. People with this condition have impaired sensory, motor, and reflex functions. In rare cases, beriberi causes congestive heart failure that leads to edema in the lower limbs and, occasionally, death [ 1, 3 ]. Although beriberi is rare in the United States and other developed countries, people in these countries do occasionally develop the condition [ 14-17 ]. Administration of supplemental thiamin, often parenterally, quickly cures beriberi [ 2, 3 ]. A more common manifestation of thiamin deficiency in the United States is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome [ 2 ]. This disorder is about 8–10 times more common in people with chronic alcoholism than in the general population, but it can also develop in patients who have severe gastrointestinal disorders, rapidly progressing hematologic malignancies, drug use disorders, or AIDS [ 2 ]. In many patients, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome has two phases. The first, acute, and life-threatening stage, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, is usually characterized by peripheral neuropathy [ 3, 18 ]. Without treatment, up to 20% of people with Wernicke’s encephalopathy die; those who survive develop Korsakoff’s psychosis, although some people with Korsakoff’s psychosis have not previously had Wernicke’s encephalopathy [ 19, 20 ]. Korsakoff’s psychosis, an effect of chronic thiamin deficiency, is associated with severe short-term memory loss, disorientation, and confabulation (confusion between real and imagined memories) [ 1-3 ]. At this chronic state of the disorder, parenteral thiamin treatment does not lead to recovery in about one-quarter of patients [ 21 ]. The World Health Organization recommends daily oral doses of 10 mg thiamin for a week, followed by 3–5 mg/daily for at least 6 weeks, to treat mild thiamin deficiency [ 22 ]. The recommended treatment for severe deficiency consists of 25–30 mg intravenously in infants and 50–100 mg in adults, then 10 mg daily administered intramuscularly for approximately one week, followed by 3–5 mg/day oral thiamin for at least 6 weeks. Groups at Risk of Thiamin Inadequacy The following groups are among those most likely to have inadequate thiamin status. People with alcohol dependence In highly industrialized countries, chronic alcohol use disorders appear to be the most common cause of thiamin deficiency [ 1 ]. Up to 80% of people with chronic alcoholism develop thiamin deficiency because ethanol reduces gastrointestinal absorption of thiamin, thiamin stores in the liver, and thiamin phosphorylation [ 3, 18 ]. Also, people with alcoholism tend to have inadequate intakes of essential nutrients, including thiamin. Older adults Up to 20%–30% of older adults have laboratory indicators that suggest some degree of thiamin deficiency [ 2, 7 ]. Possible reasons include low dietary intakes, a combination of chronic diseases, concomitant use of multiple medications, and low absorption of thiamin as a natural result of aging [ 23, 24 ]. Some small studies have found that the risk of deficiency is particularly high in elderly people who reside in an institution [ 25, 26 ]. People with HIV/AIDSPeople with HIV infection have an increased risk of thiamin deficiency and its sequelae, including beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome [ 1, 27 ]. Autopsies of 380 people with AIDS found that almost 10% had Wernicke’s encephalopathy [ 28 ], and some experts believe that thiamin deficiency is underdiagnosed in this population [ 29 ]. The association between thiamin deficiency and HIV/AIDS is probably due to malnutrition as a result of the catabolic state associated with AIDS. People with diabetes Some small studies have found that thiamin levels in plasma are up to 76% lower in people with type 1 diabetes than in healthy volunteers and 50%–75% lower in people with type 2 diabetes [ 30, 31 ]. Other studies have shown a higher risk of thiamin deficiency in people with type 1 and/or type 2 diabetes based on tests of erythrocyte transketolase activity [ 32, 33 ]. These lower thiamin levels might be due to increases in clearance of thiamin by the kidneys. The relevance of these effects to clinical prognosis or outcomes is not known. People who have undergone bariatric surgery Bariatric surgery for weight loss is associated with some risks, including severe thiamin deficiency due to malabsorption that can lead to beriberi or Wernicke’s encephalopathy. A 2008 literature review identified 84 cases of Wernicke’s encephalopathy after bariatric surgery (primarily gastric bypass surgery) between 1991 and 2008 [ 34 ]. About half of these patients experienced long-lasting neurologic impairments. Micronutrient supplements that include thiamin are almost always recommended for patients following bariatric surgery to avoid deficiencies [ 35 ]. Thiamin and Health This section focuses on four diseases or disorders in which thiamin does or might play a role: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, diabetes, heart failure, and Alzheimer’s disease. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is one of the most severe neuropsychiatric sequelae of alcohol abuse [ 36 ]. The authors of a 2013 Cochrane review of thiamin to treat or prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome found only two studies that met their inclusion criteria, and one of these studies has not been published [ 36 ]. These randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials compared 5 mg/day by mouth for 2 weeks or daily intramuscular doses of 5 to 200 mg/day thiamin over 2 consecutive days in a total of 177 people with a history of chronic alcohol use. The Cochrane review authors concluded that the evidence from randomized clinical trials is insufficient to guide healthcare providers in selecting the appropriate dose, frequency, duration, or route of thiamin supplementation to treat or prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in patients with alcohol abuse. The authors of the European Federation of Neurological Societies guidelines for diagnosing, preventing, and treating Wernicke’s encephalopathy note that even high doses of oral thiamin supplements might not be effective in raising blood thiamin levels or curing Wernicke’s encephalopathy [ 37 ]. They recommend 200 mg thiamin, preferably intravenously, three times daily (total of 600 mg/day) until the signs and symptoms stop, along with a balanced diet. In its guidelines for managing Wernicke’s encephalopathy in emergency departments, the Royal College of Physicians in London supports the administration of oral thiamin hydrochloride (100 mg three times a day) in patients with adequate dietary intakes of thiamin and no signs or symptoms of Wernicke’s encephalopathy [ 38 ]. However, the authors recommend parenteral thiamin supplementation for patients at high risk, such as those with ataxia, confusion, and a history of chronic alcohol misuse, because oral supplementation is unlikely to produce adequate blood levels. Diabetes The proportion of people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who have poor thiamin status based on erythrocyte transketolase activity ranges from 17% to 79% in studies conducted to date [ 39 ]. In a study of 76 consecutive patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, for example, 8% had mild thiamin deficiency and 32% had moderate deficiency based on assays of the transketolase enzyme [ 32 ]. Some small studies have shown that oral supplementation with 150–300 mg/day thiamin can decrease glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance [ 40, 41 ]. However, the authors of these studies did not assess the potential clinical significance of these findings. A few small randomized studies have assessed the effects of benfotiamine supplements on diabetic neuropathy. Three studies found that, compared to placebo, 120–900 mg/day benfotiamine with or without other B-vitamins decreased the severity of neuropathy symptoms and lowered urinary albumin excretion (a marker of early-stage diabetic nephropathy) [ 42-44 ]. However, another study found no effect of 900 mg/day benfotiamine on urinary excretion of albumin or kidney injury molecule-1, a marker of kidney injury [ 45 ]. Well-designed studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are required to determine whether thiamin supplements can reduce glucose levels in patients with diabetes or decrease diabetic compications. Heart failure The rates of poor thiamin status in patients with heart failure have ranged in studies from 21% to 98% [ 46 ]. Explanations for this association include older age, comorbidities, insufficient dietary intake, treatment with diuretics, and frequent hospitalizations [ 47 ]. The authors of one study reported that 33% of 100 patients with chronic heart failure had thiamin deficiency compared to 12% of 50 healthy volunteers [ 48 ]. Rates of deficiency were even higher when the investigators excluded those who used thiamin supplements. The different rates of thiamin deficiency in patients with heart failure in these and other studies are probably due to differences in nutrition status, comorbidities, medications and dietary supplements used, and techniques used to measure thiamin status [ 47 ]. The authors of a systematic literature review and meta-analysis found two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of thiamin supplementation in people with heart failure that met their eligibility criteria [ 49 ]. In these trials, thiamin supplements significantly improved net change in left ventricular ejection fraction. The authors did not assess the clinical significance of this finding, however. More research is needed to determine whether thiamin supplements might benefit people with heart failure, even if they have normal thiamin status. Alzheimer’s disease According to animal model studies, thiamin deficiency might play a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease [ 50 ]. For example, thiamin deficiency produces oxidative stress in neurons, death of neurons, loss of memory, plaque formation, and changes in glucose metabolism—all markers of Alzheimer’s disease. Autopsy studies have shown that transketolase and other thiamin-dependent enzymes have decreased activity in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease [ 51, 52 ]. Few studies have assessed the prevalence of thiamin deficiency in people with Alzheimer’s disease. One of these studies found that 13% of 150 patients with cognitive impairment and acute-onset behavioral disturbances were considered thiamin deficient based on plasma levels [ 23 ]. The authors of a 2001 Cochrane review assessed three double-blind, randomized trials (including two crossover trials) that compared the effects of 3 g/day oral thiamin to placebo on cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer’s type dementia [ 53 ]. The three studies randomly assigned fewer than 20 patients each, and the two crossover studies did not include a washout period [ 54-56 ]. The review authors stated that it was not possible to draw any conclusions from these three studies because they were small and the publications describing them did not provide enough detail to combine these data in a meta-analysis. Larger, well-designed studies are needed to determine whether thiamin supplements are beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease. Health Risks from Excessive Thiamin The body excretes excess amounts of thiamin in the urine [ 2 ]. Because of the lack of reports of adverse effects from high thiamin intakes (50 mg/day or more) from food or supplements, the FNB did not establish ULs for thiamin [ 7 ]. They hypothesize that the apparent lack of toxicity may be explained by the rapid decline in absorption of thiamin at intakes above 5 mg. However, the FNB noted that in spite of the lack of reported adverse events, excessive intakes of thiamin could have adverse effects. Interactions with Medications Although thiamin is not known to interact with any medications, certain medications can have an adverse effect on thiamin levels. Some examples are provided below. Individuals taking these and other medications on a regular basis should discuss their thiamin status with their healthcare providers. Furosemide Furosemide (Lasix®) is a loop diuretic used to treat edema and hypertension by increasing urinary output. Research has linked the use of furosemide to decreases in thiamin concentrations, possibly to deficient levels, as a result of urinary thiamin loss [ 48, 57, 58 ]. Whether thiamin supplements are effective for preventing thiamin deficiency in patients taking loop diuretics needs to be determined in clinical studies. Chemotherapy with Fluorouracil Fluorouracil (also known as 5-fluorouracil; Adrucil®) is a chemotherapy drug that is commonly used to treat colorectal and other solid cancers. The published literature includes several cases of beriberi or Wernicke’s encephalopathy resulting from treatment with this drug, possibly because the drug might increase thiamin metabolism and block the formation of TDP, the active form of thiamin [ 59-62 ]. Thiamin supplements might reverse some of these effects. Thiamin and Healthful Diets The federal government’s 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans notes that “Nutritional needs should be met primarily from foods. … Foods in nutrient-dense forms contain essential vitamins and minerals and also dietary fiber and other naturally occurring substances that may have positive health effects. In some cases, fortified foods and dietary supplements may be useful in providing one or more nutrients that otherwise may be consumed in less-than-recommended amounts.”For more information about building a healthy diet, refer to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the U. S. Department of Agriculture’s My Plate. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans describes a healthy eating pattern as one that: Includes a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products, and oils. Many whole grains are good sources of thiamin, and yogurt contains thiamin. Includes a variety of protein foods, including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, and soy products. Pork, fish, and seafood are good or high sources of thiamin. Beef, beans, and seeds contain thiamin. Limits saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and sodium. Stays within your daily calorie needs. References Said HM. Thiamin. 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Reduced activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes in the brains and peripheral tissues of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol 1988;45:836-40. [ Pub Med abstract]Butterworth RF, Besnard AM. Thiamine-dependent enzyme changes in temporal cortex of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Metab Brain Dis 1990;5:179-84. [ Pub Med abstract]Rodriguez-Martin JL, Qizilbash N, Lopez-Arrieta JM. Thiamine for Alzheimer’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001: CD001498. [ Pub Med abstract]Blass JP, Gleason P, Brush D, Di Ponte P, Thaler H. Thiamine and Alzheimer’s disease. A pilot study. Arch Neurol 1988;45:833-5. [ Pub Med abstract]Nolan KA, Black RS, Sheu KF, Langberg J, Blass JP. A trial of thiamine in Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Neurol 1991;48:81-3. [ Pub Med abstract]Meador K, Loring D, Nichols M, Zamrini E, Rivner M, Posas H, et al. Preliminary findings of high-dose thiamine in dementia of Alzheimer’s type. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1993;6:222-9. [ Pub Med abstract]Seligmann H, Halkin H, Rauchfleisch S, Kaufmann N, Motro M, Vered Z, et al. Thiamine deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure receiving long-term furosemide therapy: a pilot study. Am J Med 1991;91:151-5. [ Pub Med abstract]Zenuk C, Healey J, Donnelly J, Vaillancourt R, Almalki Y, Smith S. Thiamine deficiency in congestive heart failure patients receiving long term furosemide therapy. Can J Clin Pharmacol 2003;10:184-8. [ Pub Med abstract]Cho IJ, Chang HJ, Lee KE, Won HS, Choi MY, Nam EM, et al. A case of Wernicke’s encephalopathy following fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. J Korean Med Sci 2009;24:747-50. [ Pub Med abstract]Kondo K, Fujiwara M, Murase M, Kodera Y, Akiyama S, Ito K, et al. Severe acute metabolic acidosis and Wernicke’s encephalopathy following chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin: case report and review of the literature. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1996;26:234-6. [ Pub Med abstract]Papila B, Yildiz O, Tural D, Delil S, Hasiloglu ZI, Ayan F, et al. Wernicke’s Encephalopathy in Colon Cancer. Case Rep Oncol 2010;3:362-7. [ Pub Med abstract]Rosen A, van Kuilenburg A, Assmann B, Kuhlen M, Borkhardt A. Severe encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, vegetative instability and neuropathy with 5-Fluorouracil treatment - pyrimidine degradation defect or beriberi? Case Rep Oncol 2011;4:371-6. [ Pub Med abstract]U. S. Department of Agriculture, US DHHS. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office; 2010. Disclaimer This fact sheet by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) provides information that should not take the place of medical advice. We encourage you to talk to your healthcare providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Updated: March 2, 2018 History of changes to this fact sheet Find ODS on: Contact Us | Accessibility | Site Policies | Disclaimer | FOIA |Información en español | List of Indigestible Carbohydrates Related Articles What Are Indigestible Carbohydrates? What Forms of Carbohydrates Can't the Body Digest? What Is the Indigestible Food That Helps to Stimulate the Digestive System Called? Soluble & Insoluble Carbohydrates Carbohydrates in your diet supply you with energy and provide structure to many molecules in your cells. They also play a role in maintaining the health of your digestive tract and can even help lower your chances of developing certain diseases. Their difference in functions depends on whether your gastrointestinal system can digest the carbohydrate in question. Indigestible carbohydrates are the ones that impact your digestive health and your disease risk. Resistant Starch Resistant starch consists of the same type of starch molecules that can normally undergo digestion in your gut but instead remain resistant to the action of your digestive enzymes. Foods containing resistant starches include carbohydrate-rich vegetables and grains, such as potatoes or pasta, that have been allowed to cool after cooking. Raw cornstarch, sourdough bread and some unripe fruits also supply resistant starch to your diet. Because they don’t react to digestive enzymes, these carbohydrates don’t break down into simpler sugars for absorption. Rather, they travel to your large intestine undigested, where they mimic the effects of dietary fiber. Soluble Fiber The gums, pectins and mucilages found in barley, oats, beans and fruits are not digestible by your gastrointestinal tract because you lack the enzymes necessary to break them down. These soluble fibers take on a gummy consistency when they attract water while passing through your gut, and, as they do this, they slow down the transport of food through your gut. This reduced speed helps regulate how quickly your bloodstream absorbs nutrients like glucose and cholesterol, which may help reduce your likelihood of developing diabetes and heart disease or may help you manage these health issues if you already experience them. The soluble fiber you consume each day should be balanced with insoluble fiber in your diet to maximize the health benefits of both. Insoluble Fiber Similar to soluble fiber, your body does not make the enzymes required to digest insoluble fiber. These carbohydrates – from hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in whole grains and vegetables – add bulk to the foods passing through your gut and stimulate the passage of waste products out of your large intestine. In this way, insoluble fiber helps regulate your bowel movements and can reduce instances of constipation and hemorrhoids. In addition, moving waste out of your bowels more quickly can lower your chances of digestive disease, such as colon cancer. The increased bulk associated with insoluble fiber can also help you feel satisfied and full from the foods you eat, which can assist with preventing overeating and weight gain. Sugars Some of the carbohydrates you eat are indigestible by the enzymes you produce but can be digested by bacteria that naturally live in your gut. In lactose intolerance, for example, your body produces insufficient enzymes to break down this milk sugar, and it can pass undigested into your large intestine. Other sugars, like raffinose in cabbage and broccoli, or sorbitol in apples and pears, can likewise pass through your gut undigested. When bacteria digest these sugars, they can produce gas that causes mild to severe abdominal distress. Reducing or eliminating these foods from your diet may be the only way to avoid intestinal problems if eating them causes you trouble. References (5)Collin County Community College: The Macronutrients Nutrition Diva: What Are Resistant Starches University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension: Dietary Fiber National Digestive Diseases Information Clearing House: Gas in the Digestive Tract National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Lactose Intolerance About the Author A writer since 1985, Jan Annigan is published in "Plant Physiology," "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences," "Journal of Biological Chemistry" and on various websites. She holds a sports medicine and human performance certificate from the University of Washington, as well as a Bachelor of Science in animal sciences from Purdue University. Photo Credits Sourdough Bread on Cutting Board image by Andy Dean from Fotolia.com Cite this Article |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.most expensive thing ever stolen | The Most Valuable Works of Stolen Art No One Can Find Home > U. S. The Most Valuable Works of Stolen Art No One Can Find Font Sizes Print View All By COLLEEN CURRYApril 14, 2012< < 1 of 8"The Concert" by Johannes Vermeer>Wikipedia While the art industry celebrates the return of the stolen Cezanne masterpiece "Boy in a Red Waistcoat," recovered this week in Serbia, thousands of other famous stolen works of art continue to be traded on the black market or collect dust in storage. According to the Art Loss Register, an international index of stolen works, there are 350,000 stolen works of art in the world. Once thieves realize they can't sell the paintings at auction or get paid a ransom fee without getting caught, many try to obtain cash or collaterall illegally, said Chris Marinello, general counsel for the Register. "The next thing is the art goes underground to the black market and trades among criminals at about 5 to 10 percent of its true value. We've seen art being traded for drugs, weapons, involved in the international terrorism trade, traded for antiquities,'" Marinello said. When criminals run out of options for making money off the art, they often put them in storage or hang them in private homes where they can stay for years without anyone realizing, Marinello said. The world's most wanted stolen paintings are valued at more than $1 billion and can be seen here:< < 1 of 8"The Concert" by Johannes Vermeer>Font Sizes Print View All$131M Cezanne Masterpiece Recovered Sophisticated Jewel Heist Stumps Cops Picasso Works Stolen From Greece's Largest Art Museum Join the Discussion Sorry, the browser you are using is not currently supported. Disqus actively supports the following browsers: Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11+Safari Ronnie Daelemans • 4 years ago Ronnie Daelemans and the members of the Abex-team working on the database of Artbooksexplorer, under construction, have downloaded this very interesting article written by Colleen Curry in the ABC News. They thank and greet sincerely, the author, the editor and all collaborators of ABC News as well as all the Art-lovers around the world. | . This Account Has Been Suspended. Please contact the billing/support department as soon as possible. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.when and how far back should you cut knockout roses | How to Prune Knockout Roses Reader Approved How to Prune Knockout Roses Four Methods: Before You Begin: Pruning Technique Winter and Early Spring Pruning Late Spring and Summer Pruning Autumn Pruning Community Q&AKnockout roses are a relatively low-fuss rose variety, but they still need regular pruning in order to maintain their beauty and health. You need to prune the plants once in the early spring and, to a lesser degree, throughout the entire growing season. Give them one final pruning before they return to dormancy and your knockout roses will be good to go for next year. Keep reading to learn more. | Normal Temperature, Heart, and Respiratory Rates in Dogs Dog Health & Wellness Normal Temperature, Heart, and Respiratory Rates in Dogs Know What's Normal for Your Dog By Janet Tobiassen Crosby, DVMUpdated 09/11/17Share Pin Email LWA / Getty Images Getting a new dog is an exciting chapter in your families life. You'll want to learn everything you can about your dog which includes health information. Being aware of what is normal for your dog will help you recognize when your pet is sick and needs to seek veterinary attention. Many illnesses have a better prognosis (and lower expenses) with prompt veterinary care. Here Body Temperature Canine "normal" body temperature range is 100.5–102.5 Fahrenheit (38–39.2 Celsius). A body temperature below 100 F or above 103 F warrants a call to your veterinarian. Body temperature in dogs is most often measured rectally, ear thermometers can also be used, but it can be difficult to get an accurate reading. Gauging body temperature by the moistness of the nose or how warm the ears feel is not reliable. Learn how to assess your dog's body temperature. Dogs can overheat just like humans can. It's very dangerous to leave dogs in parked cars in the summer. The interior temperature of the car can rise dramatically higher than the temperature outside. If you need to leave your dog in the car make sure the air condition is on or the windows are open. You should also leave water for your dog to drink. Respiratory Rate The standard respiratory rate for dogs is 10–34 breaths per minute unless panting. Respiratory rate is the number of breaths per minute. Normal respiratory rates are assessed when the dog is resting. A dog that is in pain, having heart or respiratory problems, suffering from heatstroke, or simply excited will usually have increased respiratory rates. It is important to gauge the overall situation and condition of the animal to assess the respiratory rate. Panting is how dogs release heat so don't be concerned if you see Fido panting on a hot summer day. Heart Rate The standard heart rate in dogs is 60–100 beats per minute for large breeds, and 100–140 for small breeds. Larger dogs have slower rates than small dogs, and dogs that are in good physical shape will have lower heart rates than dogs of similar age and size who are not physically fit. Puppies typically have higher heart rates, up to 180 beats per minute is normal up to one year of age. Duration of Pregnancy On average, canine pregnancy lasts 63 days but can vary from 58 to 68 days. You'll want to learn more about pregnancy in dogs and the canine estrus (heat) cycle especially if you plan to breed your dogs. If you don't plan on breeding you should consider spay surgery. Most vets recommend that you spay or neuter your pets to cut down on unwanted litters. Number of Teeth Puppies have 28 teeth, where as adult dogs have 42 teeth. Puppies usually lose their deciduous (baby) teeth by 6 months of age, which are replaced by the adult teeth. Look here for more Tips and tools for home dental care for pets. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how much do movers charge to pack | How Much Do Movers Cost? How Much Do Movers Cost? Posted on January 18, 2013 by Jae Burnham Would you agree that cost of the move is the largest factor in choosing a moving company? But should it be? What if I were to tell you that choosing a mover because of cost is the most dangerous decision you could make? It’s not the most dangerous decision. But it could be if you don’t know the finer points of how movers charge. In this tutorial I will explain to you how movers charge and what are the hidden costs. You should come away after reading this with a decent knowledge as to ask the pertinent questions. How much do movers cost? To answer the question of “ How much do movers charge ?” we have to know that there are four types of moves. And each one of them will charge differently. The moves are: Local moves Long distance moves Out of state moves Commercial moves Moving companies charge according to their tariff (a fancy word meaning “price list”). Or by the hour if it is a local move. There are varieties of charges depending on the type of your move. This is just an overview of the charges. You’ll need to contact potential moving companies for their actual costs. Asking, “How much do movers cost?” is a vague question. Because the cost of your move will differ depending on the type. Especially for out of state and long distance moves. Local moves are straight forward as they’re charged hourly. Long distance moves are 30+,40+ or 50+ miles – depending on state. Commercial moves price like residential moves. But not always. Tip: Hiring movers because they charge less can cost you a lot in long run. YOU GET WHAT YOU PAY FOR!How Much Do Movers Cost Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 24:20Hiring movers from Craigslist. There is nothing wrong with hiring Craigslist movers. There are some great movers that use Craigslist. Many newer movers with limited budgets use Craigslist. I did when I started out. It doesn’t make them bad movers. Just do your due diligence. Craigslist Moving.net that has a lot of great information. Teaching you on how to hire reputable movers from Craigslist. It’s well worth the read. How much does local moving cost? A local move is usually defined by how far you are moving. If you move less than 40 miles it’s considered a local move. (Some states have a different radius. )A local move is less expensive than a long distance or commercial moves. Local movers charge an hourly rate. But some may charge a flat rate depending on the different sizes of home or office you have. I have found that most flat-rate movers are not legal movers. Licensed and insured movers charge between $75 to $120/hr for a 2 man crew with truck. Some will have higher weekend and holiday rates. Movers that charge less than $75/hr aren’t normally licensed and insured. You want to be leery of these movers. The movers that charge less than $75/hr are found advertising on Craigslist. I have not found rogue movers spending money to advertise. More charges may apply. Extra charges may be: Packing and materials Long carry Oversized item Stairs Heavy items Just ask your mover about extra fees. Less reputable movers fail to inform about extra fees. They hide it in the small fine print of the contract. Be sure to read the Bill of Lading (contract agreement) and ask the mover about extra fees before you sign. This is paramount. How much does it cost to move a 1 bedroom apartment? To answer your question can be difficult. The better question is how long does it take to move a 1 bedroom apartment locally or long distance. Once you have the mover’s hourly rate it will be easy to calculate how much it will cost you to move a 1 br apt. To move long distance the price will based on weight and mileage. Van line moving companies will charge less than dedicated services like U-me. Long distance rates will be regulated by a tariff which is a fancy word that means rates. It’s like a menu of rates that movers will charge. To move a one bedroom apt should only take on average about 2 to 3 hours. Realize that different cities could make that a longer move like New York or Chicago, where the buildings are narrow and the traffic clogged. How Much Do Movers Cost For A One Bedroom Apartment? Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 4:05How much does it cost to move a 2 bedroom apartment. Ever wondered how much do movers cost to move a 2 bedroom apartment? Of course you have…that’s why you are watching this video LOL. In this quick video I explain what the average cost of moving a 2 bedroom apartment is. I also detail how to determine this figure for yourself. Just in case you have more or less than the average bear (Yogi Bear joke just in case you may have missed it. )I’d love to hear how much your 2 bedroom move cost. Also if you have moving questions I’d love to answer them. Ask your question in the comments section below and I’ll be glad to answer them to the best of my ability. How Much Do Movers Cost For A 2 Bedroom Apartment Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 2:26How Much Does Long Distance Moving Cost? Have you wondered how much do long distance movers cost? Well you would if you are moving a long distance or out of state. Long distance moving charged by weight and mileage. You can find movers that will charge you a flat rate. These movers are you pack type of movers or rogue movers (which are in fact illegal movers. )I have estimated moves to Los Angeles to be over $25,000 due to their high weight. But a 1 or 2 bedroom apartment move could get away with just a couple of thousand dollars depending on it’s weight. It’s hard to say how much your move will be exactly with out knowing how much your stuff weighs. Or how far you are traveling. That said, you could use PODs or ABF which are more of a DIY kind of move. Or you could hire some schmuck off Craigslist that’ll do it on the cheap. It all comes down to you. How Much Do Long Distance Movers Cost? Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 6:42How Much Does It Cost to Pack? How much do movers charge to pack? Based on the moving company, the things you need wrapped and how much you are willing to do for yourself. Packing could be as little as a few $100 or as much as a couple of $1000. Packing charges consist of materials such as tapes, packing paper and boxes. Plus the labor to pack the boxes. Unpacking will cost a little too. I have found that movers charge for packing two ways: Per hour. Per box packed. Packing per hour. Some movers charge packing by the hour which includes all the materials. This was the method that I used when I first began my moving business. Some states frown on this, so be sure to check your state’s guide lines. Per box. The movers that I know charge for packing based on a per box system. They charge for the box and materials then a charge to pack that box. I have found there is not much difference between per hour and per box cost. How To Pack For A Move Across Town Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 5:10Moving Labor Services: Another aspect of local moving for many movers is doing what’s called “labor only”. Labor only moves usually comes into play when you wish to do the move on your own. Also called “do it yourself moving.”Many customers are think that they can do a move cheaper than having a professional moving company do it. This is often a mistake and wrong. The intention isn’t going into the pros and cons of DIY moving. But to give you an idea of labor costs to either load or unload your moving truck or trailer. When you hire a licensed company for labor services their prices are the same as their full rates. If you are hiring laborers off of Craigslist, or from a moving labor site prices go as low as $40/hr. Most movers have a minimum and a travel charge so you need to ask about those when getting a quote. Reducing overall moving costs Some of you may choose to go with a cheap moving company, but sometimes the final costs may be double because of a moving scam. You can also consider self moving, but never forget that moving your entire house is not an easy task and you will need help. Now that you have a better idea of how much moving companies charge get a few estimates and see for yourself. Always keep in mind that moving charges depend on the moving company category, the area you live (of course it’s more expensive to hire New York city movers, than Minneapolis movers), the type of your move – local or cross-country – and your moving requirements. Therefore, when ready to move and hire a moving company consider all the factors and then choose a moving company wisely. I do believe that this may help in finding out how much do mover cost. Related20 Questions That Guarantee Moving Day Sucess January 26, 2009 In "Moving Advice & Tips"Full Service Relocation March 7, 2013 In "Moving Advice & Tips"Costs You Can Expect When Moving March 13, 2016 In "Moving Advice & Tips"‹ Bekins Moving official pleads guilty in tax case Michigan Moving | Michigan Movers | U-Save Moving and Storage ›Posted in Moving Advice & Tips Tagged with: Average moving weight, average weight of household furniture, average weight of household goods, estimated weight of household goods, how much do movers charge, how much do movers cost, how much does a box full of books weight, how much does a couch weight, how much does a mattress weight, how much does an long distance move cost, how much does my stuff weight, moving weight estimate, much do movers charge for moves 40 miles | Relocating? Find out What is the Average Cost of Moving Relocating? Find out What is the Average Cost of Movingwritten by: Dorothy Bland•edited by: Elizabeth Wistrom•updated: 5/19/2011Plan a move or get a root canal? When it comes to dealing with the moving process, almost any other task is preferred! Not only is moving a physically and emotionally draining process – most individuals are not prepared for the price. Find out the average cost of moving and get prepared. How Moving Costs are Calculated Shifting your household from point A to point B is probably more complicated than you realize. Most individuals prepare for cost of moving expenses such as boxes and tape. The cost of a moving company is also typically included in the moving budget. These expenses, however, are just the beginning. To understand what is the average cost of moving, you have to dig a little deeper into your personal situation. Moving is a two-step process, that requires packing all belongings at point A then transporting to point B. For some this process can take weeks or months and the financial upheaval can be severe. A look at moving industry statistics; shows that moving costs only continue to rise. Moving companies usually charge on one of two different scales. Local or intrastate movers may set a basic price depending on the number of movers required, the number of vehicles needed and the number of hours it takes to pack and transport belongings. An interstate move, one that moves you from one state to another is based on the weight of your belongings and the distance being shipped. The final costs can vary by hundreds of even thousands of dollars depending on your area of the country and the moving company you choose. See the complete Bright Hub Guide to Relocating for Your Career »The Cost at Point AEstimates from around the country, show that moving companies charge about $25 an hour, for each mover on the job. To get an accurate idea of average moving costs let us use the following scenario. A family relocates from a 3-bedroom home in Los Angeles to New York City. The average weight of their belongings is around 10,000 lbs. Using moving calculators, price estimates typically place the cost of moving at greater than $10,000. These estimates account for packing, unpacking and total driving time; the final price however, may be even larger. Moving exceptionally large items such as pianos, dealing with antiques or having to move items down flights of stairs will mean dealing with a higher final price. Have to transport a vehicle? It could tack on hundreds of dollars to your total. Though cheaper than using a professional moving company, even the do-it-yourself mover may not be fully prepared for the cost. According to U-Haul, a 26-foot rental truck (the biggest available) is capable of moving a 4-bedroom home. Using the above scenario, it would cost over $3,000 to rent the truck for up to 10 days to transport your household from the west coast to the east coast. This price is just the beginning however. Movers can choose to buy boxes and rent other supplies directly from the moving company. For a 26-foot rental truck, U-Haul recommends around 50 boxes ranging in a variety of sizes including small, extra-large and wardrobe boxes. The price for small boxes starts around $2. Renters are also encouraged to buy several furniture pads to protect furniture from being damaged at a price tag of $8 each. A box of bubble wrap will cost $20. In all, these items can add over $200 to the final moving cost. Box sealing tape, furniture dollies, moving labels, twine and other moving accessories will also increase the cost of your move. A major influencer on the price of moving, is gas prices. Loaded at full capacity the 26-foot U-Haul truck will average about 8 miles per gallon of gas. According to the AAA Fuel Cost Calculator, this will mean using about 345 gallons of gas and tacks on another $1200 to the total moving average, when relocating to New York City from Los Angeles. Unless your move is within the same area, your total moving tally should also reflect the cost of meals on the road and overnight accommodations for the family. The Cost at Point BOnce you arrive at point B, the cost of your move is still being calculated. You will have to pay to have the utilities turned on, buy groceries, stock up on cleaning supplies and re-key the locks. To fill up all that empty space, you might have to buy new appliances, new furniture, closet organizers, blinds, rugs, decorations and other miscellaneous items to make the space livable. If moving to a smaller space you may also need to rent a storage facility to hold your excess belongings. If your new home is still undergoing construction, temporary lodgings should be included in the cost. Have you calculated the cost of your mortgage? With a slow moving economy, you will likely end up paying higher mortgage rates for your new home. The cost of living in your new city should also be reviewed based on your circumstances. A higher salary may not go very far in a city with higher transportation, food, energy, housing and health care costs. Remember, every situation is different and knowing what is the average cost of moving, is only the start to planning a successful move. To save money, get several estimates from movers and get a referral from the American Moving & Storage Association. If moving for a new job, check and see if your employer will cover part of the expense. Some moving expenses may also be tax deductible - consult with a tax accountant for professional guidance. References Before You Get an Estimate: "http://www.moving.org/content.asp?contentid=15"U-Haul: "http://www.uhaul.com/guide/index.aspx?equipment=truck-26"AAA Fuel Cost Calculator: "http://www.fuelcostcalculator.com/Trip Gasprice.aspx" |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.meaning of the name sapphira | Sapphira Parenting / Baby Names / S / Girl / Sapphira Sapphira The name Sapphira is a baby girl name. Meaning Greek Meaning: The name Sapphira is a Greek baby name. In Greek the meaning of the name Sapphira is: Jewel. Biblical Meaning: The name Sapphira is a Biblical baby name. In Biblical the meaning of the name Sapphira is: That relates or tells. Hebrew Meaning: The name Sapphira is a Hebrew baby name. In Hebrew the meaning of the name Sapphira is: Sapphire (gem); beautiful. Numerology Soul Urge Number: 11People with this name have a deep inner desire to inspire others in a higher cause, and to share their own strongly held views on spiritual matters. Expression Number: 7People with this name are excellent at analyzing, understanding, and learning. They tend to be mystics, philosophers, scholars, and teachers. Because they live so much in the mind, they tend to be quiet and introspective, and are usually introverts. When presented with issues, they will see the larger picture. Their solitary thoughtfulness and analysis of people and world events may make them seem aloof, and sometimes even melancholy. | . Name Meanings > Meaning of Persia Names > What does Sohrab mean? Meaning of Sohrab - History and Origin Etymology Web Sites Meaning of "Sohrab"Persian name The name Sohrab originated as an Persian name. The name Sohrab is most often used as a boy name or male name. In Persian, the name Sohrab means - name of a hero. Persian Name Meaning - name of a hero Origin - Persia Star Registery - Name a star after someone special!Meaning Submitted by: Anonymous Origin Submitted by: Anonymous |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what are herring gulls eyes like | Herring Gull © Jeff Poklen Hover over to view. Click to enlarge. Herring Gull Larus argentatus Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae Status: Fairly common winter resident. Listen Source of Bird Audio Click to View Click to View Description Life History Status Find in WA Maps General Description The Herring Gull is a large gull that can easily be confused with almost any of the other large gull species. The adult wears the typical gull-like plumage of slate-gray back and wings, a white body and head, and black wingtips spotted with white. The legs of the Herring Gull are pink, and the eyes are yellow. The beak is yellow with a red spot on the lower mandible, as in most large gulls. In breeding plumage, the eye has a narrow, fleshy, red ring. Juvenile plumage has a varying degree of mottled brown and white. Herring Gulls reach maturity when they are four years old. Family Members Laughing Gull Larus atricilla Franklin's Gull Larus pipixcan Little Gull Larus minutus Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus Bonaparte's Gull Larus philadelphia Heermann's Gull Larus heermanni Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris Mew Gull Larus canus Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis California Gull Larus californicus Herring Gull Larus argentatus Thayer's Gull Larus thayeri Iceland Gull Larus glaucoides Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus Slaty-backed Gull Larus schistisagus Western Gull Larus occidentalis Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus Sabine's Gull Xema sabini Black-legged Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla Red-legged Kittiwake Rissa brevirostris Ross's Gull Rhodostethia rosea Ivory Gull Pagophila eburnea Least Tern Sternula antillarum Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Black Tern Chlidonias niger Common Tern Sterna hirundo Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri Elegant Tern Thalasseus elegans | Ooops!! Looks like we can't find the page you are looking for! Ooops!! Looks like we can't find the page you are looking for!Try visiting our homepage to continue shopping. Or click on one of the following if you know what you are looking for: Shop By Latest Offers Stationery Bags Food & Drink Time & Tech Fun & Games Accessoriesjewellery Gift Shop Sale Stores Catalogue If you arrived here from a link on our site please contact us and tell us what went wrong so we make sure it doesn't happen again! |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.who is the commissioner of education florida | . Meet Our Commissioners Commissioner Scott Thomas, Chairman Term Expires: January 5, 2019Chairman Thomas was appointed to the Commission in 2015. He is a Partner with Burr & Forman LLP in the firm’s Jacksonville office and is a member of the General Commercial Litigation practice group. His practice includes complex commercial matters, contract disputes, business torts, and real estate litigation. Prior to joining Burr & Forman LLP he was a member of Rogers Towers’ Litigation Department, in the firm’s Ponte Vedra Beach and St. Augustine offices. Commissioner Thomas graduated with honors from the Levin College of Law at the University of Florida in 1993. He also earned his Bachelor of Science, also from the University of Florida, in 1990. Commissioner Thomas has served on the Florida Public Service Commission Nominating Council, the St. Johns County Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors, and the Florida Bar Student Education and Admissions to the Bar Committee. Commissioner Sean Hall Term Expires: December 31, 2015Sean was appointed to the Commission in 2012. He works for Dell Technologies as a Client Sales Group Outside Sales Specialist supporting Federal System Integrator (sell-to) and US Army businesses. Sean joined Dell on May 2, 2016, after spending 13 years at Panasonic where he led the US Army Team and also developed a strong background across the public space. Prior to his career at Panasonic, Sean served in the US Army as an Infantry and Finance Officer. In 1993, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Public Relations from the University of North Florida. Commissioner Hall lives in Jacksonville with his wife Kerri, and his fantastic daughter, Emily. In his downtime, Sean is an avid wing shooter and supporter of local sports teams. Until recently, Sean also enjoyed riding his motorcycle, but it's for sale now, after a nasty accident. Commissioner Barbra Stern Term Expires: December 31, 2019Barbra was appointed to the Commission in 2012 and reappointed in 2016. Commissioner Stern is a Partner at the Dwyer Law Group. She is experienced in labor and employment law and first party property damage claims. Commissioner Stern also handles all aspects of insurance defense including premises liability, security, personal injury, coverage disputes and commercial litigation. She has been a member of the Broward County Bar Association, the National Association of Professional Women and currently serves as a Board Member for the Performing Arts Center Authority, the Chair of Riverwalk Fort Lauderdale, Inc., and the Vice Chair of the Fort Lauderdale Community Appearance Board. She earned her Juris Doctor degree from Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center and her Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from the University of Florida. Commissioner Stern currently resides in Broward County. Commissioner Patricia Hollarn Term Expires: December 31, 2016Pat joined the Commission in 2013. She was the Supervisor of Elections in Okaloosa County, Florida for twenty years until her retirement January 5, 2009. During that time she brought her office to both statewide and national stature through outstanding election administration and innovative programs, making as much use of technology as resources permitted. Her K-12 Kids Vote Too/Teens Vote Too program, a diverse program culminating in 35,000 students voting by internet in all general elections, has won state and national awards. As Pat was herself an overseas military voter during her husband’s Air Force career and Okaloosa County home to multiple military bases and thousands of UOCAVA voters world-wide, she has worked tirelessly to improve registration and voting for this constituency. In November 2008, the success of her overseas secure electronic voting pilot project was not only the first of its kind in the country, but is now the foundation of her continuing work in Operation BRAVO Foundation and her consulting services in Integrity Unlimited LLC. Pat has her BA from the University of New Hampshire, has done extensive graduate work at several universities during her Air Force travels, has earned the Election Center’s CERA certification, as well as FSU’s Center for Public Management certification and has had an extensive career in business and as a teacher prior to being an election official. Her community service includes board membership in Institute for Senior Professionals at Northwest Florida State College, Emerald Coast Military Affairs Council, Catholic Charities of Northwest Florida, Crestview Rotary, Main Street Crestview, among others. Commissioner Joni Poitier Term Expires: December 31, 2019Joni was appointed to the Commission in 2016. Commissioner Poitier is an associate with the Jacksonville law firm of Mosley Prichard Parrish Knight & Jones, where she defends the firm’s clients in civil actions ranging from automobile negligence actions to complex class action litigation. Ms. Poitier currently serves on the board of directors for Family Foundations of Northeast Florida, Inc., and she is active in her church and many local civic and charitable organizations. She earned her law degree from Vanderbilt University School of Law and graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Spelman College. Ms. Poitier is a native Floridian who grew up in Miami. Commissioner J. Alex Kelly Term Expires: December 31, 2019Alex was appointed to the Commission in 2016. Commissioner Kelly is the vice president of advocacy at the Foundation for Excellence in Education. He received his bachelor’s degree from York College of Pennsylvania and his master’s degree from the University of Florida. Commissioner Kymberlee Curry Smith Term Expires: December 31, 2016Kymberlee joined the Commission in 2016. She is a proud graduate of Boston College Law School and Florida State University. Ms. Smith began her career as an associate with Adorno & Yoss LLP, focusing on real estate and land use/zoning matters. She then became an assistant city attorney with the City of Miami, where she focused on land use/zoning, environmental, code enforcement, community development and general transactional matters and served on the following boards: Code Enforcement; Plat and Street; Bayfront Park Management Trust; and Arts and Entertainment. She is a past president of the Gwen S. Cherry Black Women Lawyers Association. Ms. Smith serves as the association’s representative to the Legal Services of Greater Miami, Inc., as a board member. She is also a proud member of The Florida Bar’s Wm. Reece Smith, Jr. Leadership Academy, as well as a member of the Law Related Education Committee. | Famous Cowboy Characters on Screen Linger and Look Carnival of Names Thoughts, etc. Fun with Word Sci Fi Story Pictures Famous Cowboy Characters on Screen Notable characters of western movies and TV series Sorted by popular name (Also see Famous Cowboy Actors and Legends of the Old West)Sort list by: [Character] [Role or Title] [Actor] [Years]skip down > last >>Adam Cartwright (Horse: Beauty)• Son in the TV series Bonanza Portrayed by: Pernell Roberts Years: 1959-1973 — 430 episodes → ( more)Adam Mac Lean• Newpaperman in the TV series Man Without a Gun Portrayed by: Rex Reason Years: 1957-1959 — 39 episodes → ( more)Allan "Rocky" Lane (Horse: Blackjack)• Cowboy hero in movies such as The Wild Frontier Portrayed by: Allan “Rocky” Lane Years: 1947-1953 — 38 movies → ( more)Annie Oakley (Horse: Target)• Rancher in the TV series Annie Oakley Portrayed by: Gail Davis Years: 1954-1956 — 83 episodes → ( more)Bart Maverick• Gambler in the TV series Maverick Portrayed by: Jack Kelly Years: 1957-1962 — 124 episodes → ( more)Bat Masterson (Horse: Stardust)• Lawman in the TV series Bat Masterson Portrayed by: Gene Barry Years: 1959-1961 — 108 episodes → ( more)Ben Calhoun (Horse: Hannibal)• Gambler, railroader in TV series The Iron Horse Portrayed by: Dale Robertson Years: 1966-1968 — 47 episodes → ( more)Ben Cartwright (Horse: Buck)• Patriarch in the TV series Bonanza Portrayed by: Lorne Greene Years: 1959-1973 — 430 episodes → ( more)Ben January (Horse: )• Marshal in the TV series Two Faces West Portrayed by: Charles Bateman Years: 1960-1961 — 39 episodes → ( more)Ben Maverick• Son of Bret's first cousin Beau Maveric in the TV series Young Maverick Portrayed by: Charles Frank Years: 1957 — 8 episodes, → ( more)Benjamin Pride• Patriarch of a pioneer family in Kansas in the TV series The Road West Portrayed by: Barry Sullivan Years: 1966-1967 — 29 episodes, → ( more)Big John Cannon• A rancher in the TV series The High Chaparral Portrayed by: Leif Erickson Years: 1967-1971 — 98 episodes → ( more)Bill Baxter• Frontier physician in the TV series Frontier Doctor Portrayed by: Rex Allen Years: 1958-1959 — 39 episodes, → ( more)Bill Winter• Marshall in the TV series The Cowboys Portrayed by: Jim Davis Years: 1974 — 13 episodes → ( more)Brave Eagle (Horse: King)• A Sioux Indian in the TV series Brave Eagle Portrayed by: Keith Larsen Years: 1955-1956 — 26 episodes → ( more)Brett Clark• A roving investigator in the TV series Pony Express Portrayed by: Grant Sullivan Years: 1959-1960 — 35 episodes, → ( more)Bret Maverick• Gambler reluctant to risk his life, in the TV series Maverick Portrayed by: James Garner Years: 1957-1962 — 124 episodes → ( more)Brisco County, Jr. (Horse: Comet)• Lawyer and son of the slain U. S. Marshal, in the TV series The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. Portrayed by: Bruce Campbell Years: 1993-1994 — 27 episodes, → ( more)Bronco Layne• Former Confederate officer in the TV series Bronco Portrayed by: Ty Hardin Years: 1958-1962 — 68 episodes → ( more)Buck Jones (Horse: Silver)• U. S. Marshal in movies such as Down Texas Way Portrayed by: Buck Jones Years: 1941-1942 — 8 movies → ( more)Buffalo Bill, Jr.• The marshal of Wileyville in the TV series Buffalo Bill, Jr. Portrayed by: Dickie Jones Years: 1955-1956 — 42 episodes, → ( more)Buffalo Bob Smith• Host in the TV children's show The Howdy Doody Show Portrayed by: Robert Emil Schmidt Years: 1947-1960 → ( more)Cat (Catherine) Ballou• Woman hired gunman in the movie Cat Ballou Portrayed by: Jane Fonda Years: 1965 → ( more)Chester Goode• Deputy in the TV series Gunsmoke Portrayed by: Dennis Weaver Years: 1955-1964 — in about 110 episodes → ( more)Cheyenne Bodie (Horse: Brandy)• Drifter in the TV series Cheyenne Portrayed by: Clint Walker Years: 1955-1963 — 108 episodes → ( more)Christopher Colt• Government agent in the TV series Colt .45Portrayed by: Wayde Preston Years: 1957-1960 — 67 episodes → ( more)Cisco Kid, the (Horse: Diablo)• Mexican hero in the TV series The Cisco Kid and in eight movies Portrayed by: Duncan Renaldo. (In the 1940s movies, Cisco was played by Cesar Romero and Gilbert Roland . )Years: 1950-1956 — 165 episodes → ( more)Clay Culhane (Horse: Mormon)• Gunfighter turned lawyer in the TV series Black Saddle Portrayed by: Peter Breck Years: 1959-1960 — 44 episodes → ( more)Clay Hollister (Horse: Mormon)• Sheriff in the TV series Tombstone Territory Portrayed by: Pat Conway Years: 1957-1958 — 91 episodes → ( more)Clay Mc Cord• Deputy in the TV series The Deputy Portrayed by: Allen Case Years: 1959-1961 — 76 episodes → ( more)Cochise• Indian chief in the TV series Broken Arrow Portrayed by: Michael Ansara Years: 1956-1960 — 73 episodes → ( more)Cord• Fast gun working undercover for the U. S. Army in the TV series Gunslinger Portrayed by: Tony Young Years: 1961 — 12 episodes → ( more)Cordell Walker• Lawman in the TV series Walker, Texas Ranger Portrayed by: Chuck Norris Years: 1993-2001 — 203 episodes → ( more)Dan Troop• Marshal in the TV series Lawman Portrayed by: John Russell Years: 1958-1962 — 156 episodes → ( more)David 'Rep' Hepner• A wandering cowboy in several movies such as Rough Ridin' Red, 1928. Portrayed by: Buzz Barton Years: 1927-1929 — 13 movies → ( more)Dave Blassingame• A basically decent, ordinary, illiterate man who was handy with a gun in the TV series The Westener Portrayed by: Brian Keith Years: 1960 — 13 episodes → ( more)Dave Hart• Dude ranch owner in the TV series Harts of the West Portrayed by: Beau Bridges Years: 1993-1994 — 15 TV episodes → ( more)Dirty Sally• Cantankerous hard-drinking old woman in the TV series Dirty Sally Portrayed by: Jeanette Nolan Years: 1974 — 13 TV episodes → ( more)Doc Holliday• Gambler, gunfighter, dentist, and good friend of Wyatt Earp in the TV series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp Portrayed by: Douglas Fowley Years: 1955-1961 — 229 TV episodes → ( more)<< first < back up skip down > last >>Durango Kid (Horse: Raider)• Alter-ego of deputy Bill Lowry in 65 movies such as The Durango Kid Portrayed by: Charles Starrett Years: 1940-1952 → ( more)Earl Corey• Ex-Confederate officer in the TV series The Outcasts Portrayed by: Don Murray Years: 1968-1969 — 26 episodes, → ( more)Ethan Allen Cord• Former gunslinger turned family man in the TV series Paradise Portrayed by: Lee Horsley Years: 1988-1991 — 56 episodes → ( more)Festus Hagen (Horse: Ruth)• Deputy in the TV series Gunsmoke Portrayed by: Ken Curtis Years: 1964-1975 — in about 120 episodes → ( more)Frank "Flip" Flippen (Horse: Buckskin)• Sidekick in the TV series Overland Trail Portrayed by: Doug Mc Clure Years: 1957-1959 — 78 episodes → ( more)Frank Caine• U. S. marshal in the TV series Outlaws Portrayed by: Barton Mac Lane Years: 1960-1962 — 59 episodes → ( more)Frank Morgan• Sheriff, then marshal in the TV series Sheriff of Cochise (later known as U. S. Marshal)Portrayed by: John Bromfield Years: 1956-1960 — 78 episodes as sheriff, 64 as marshal → ( more)Fred Kelly• Businessman in the TV series Overland Trail Portrayed by: William Bendix Years: 1960 — 17 episodes → ( more)Gene Autry (Horse: Champion)• Singing cowboy in such movies as Tumbling Tumbleweeds and in the TV series The Gene Autry Show Portrayed by: Gene Autry Years: 1934-1956 — 93 movies and 91 TV episodes → ( more)Gil Favor• Cowboy in the TV series Rawhide Portrayed by: Eric Fleming Years: 1959-1966 — 217 episodes → ( more)Hadley Chisholm• Patriach in the TV series Chisholms, The Portrayed by: Robert Preston Years: 1979-1980 — 13 TV episodes → ( more)Harrison Destry• Ex-prisoner wandered the West looking for the people that framed him in the TV series Destry Portrayed by: John Gavin Years: 1964 — 13 episodes → ( more)Heath Barkley (Horse: Charger)• Illegitimate son of Victoria's late husband and rancher in the TV series The Big Valley Portrayed by: Lee Majors Years: 1965-1969 — 112 episodes → ( more)Hec Ramsey• Gunfighter/lawman who used in the then-emerging field of forensics in the TV series Hec Ramsey Portrayed by: Richard Boone Years: 1972-1974 — 10 episodes → ( more)Hoby Gilman• Texas Ranger in the TV series Trackdown Portrayed by: Robert Culp Years: 1957-1959 — 70 episodes → ( more)Hondo Lane• A former Confederate cavalry officer who fights bad guys in the TV series Hondo Portrayed by: Ralph Taeger Years: 1967 — 17 episodes → ( more)Hopalong Cassidy (Horse: Topper)• All-around hero in such movies as Hopalong Cassidy Returns Portrayed by: William Boyd Years: 1935-1952 — in 66 movies and 52 TV episodes → ( more)Hoss Cartwright (Horse: Chub)• Son in the TV series Bonanza Portrayed by: Dan Blocker Years: 1959-1973 — 430 episodes → ( more)Jack Craddock• U. S. Marshal and former Texas Ranger in the TV series Bordertown Portrayed by: Richard Comar Years: 1989-1991 — 78 episodes → ( more)Jake Terrel• Dude ranch owner in the TV series Harts of the West Portrayed by: Lloyd Bridges Years: 1993-1994 — 15 TV episodes → ( more)James West (Horse: Hobby)• Secret agent in the TV series Wild, Wild West Portrayed by: Robert Conrad Years: 1965-1969 — 104 episodes → ( more)Jared Stone• Deputy United States Marshal in the TV series Peacemakers Portrayed by: Tom Berenger Years: 2003 — 9 episodes, → ( more)Jason Mc Cord (Horse: Domino)• Undercover gunfighter in the TV series Branded Portrayed by: Chuck Connors Years: 1965-1966 — 48 episodes → ( more)Jeff Cable• Government agent in the TV series Barbary Coast Portrayed by: William Shatner Years: 1975-1976 — 14 episodes → ( more)Jeff Sonnet (Horse: Marauder)• With his grandfather, a gunfighter looking for his father in the TV series The Guns of Will Sonnett Portrayed by: Dack Rambo Years: 1967-1969 — 50 episodes → ( more)Jefferson Drum• A crusading newspaper editor in the TV series Jefferson Drum Portrayed by: Jeff Richards Years: 1958 — 26 episodes → ( more)Jemal David• Ex-union soldier in the TV series The Outcasts Portrayed by: Otis Young Years: 1968-1969 — 26 episodes, → ( more)Jess Harper (Horse: Traveler)• Drifter in the TV series Laramie Portrayed by: Robert Fuller Years: 1959-1963 — 124 episodes → ( more)Jesse James (Horse: Stonewall? )• Famous outlaw portrayed as a nice guy in the TV series The Legend of Jesse James Portrayed by: Christopher Jones Years: 1965-1966 — 34 episodes → ( more)Jim Bowie• Frontiersman in the TV series The Adventures of Jim Bowie Portrayed by: Scott Forbes Years: 1956-1958 — 76 episodes → ( more)Jim Crown• U. S. Marshall in the TV series Cimarron Strip Portrayed by: Stuart Whitman Years: 1967-1968 — 23 episodes, → ( more)Jim Hardie (Horse: Jubilee)• Agent, rancher in the TV series Tales of Wells Fargo Portrayed by: Dale Robertson Years: 1957-1962 — 200 episodes → ( more)Jim Newton• Operated the Broken Wheel Ranch in the TV series Fury Portrayed by: Peter Graves Years: 1955-1960 — 116 episodes → ( more)Jim Redigo• General manager of the fictitious Garrett ranch in the TV series Empire Portrayed by: Richard Egan Years: 1962-1963 — 32 episodes → ( more)Jingles (Horse: Joker)• Sidelick in the TV series The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok Portrayed by: Andy Devine Years: 1951-1958 — 113 episodes → ( more)Joe Riley (Horse: Buttermilk)• Texas ranger in the TV series Laredo Portrayed by: William Smith Years: 1965-1967 — 56 episodes → ( more)Johnny Madrid Lancer• Gunslinger in the TV series Lancer Portrayed by: James Stacy Years: 1968-1970 — 51 episodes → ( more)Johnny Ringo (Horse: Bingo)• Lawman in the TV series Johnny Ringo Portrayed by: Don Durant Years: 1959-1960 — 38 episodes → ( more)Johnny Yuma• Confederate Army veteran in the TV series The Rebel Portrayed by: Nick Adams Years: 1959-1961 — 76 episodes → ( more)<< first < back up skip down > last >>Josey Wales (Horse: Midnight)• Avenging farmer in the movie The Outlaw, Josey Wales Portrayed by: Clint Eastwood Years: 1976 → ( more)Josh Randall (Horse: Ringo)• Bounty hunter in the TV series Wanted: Dead or Alive Portrayed by: Steve Mc Queen Years: 1958-1961 — 94 episodes → ( more)Joshua Smith, alias Hannibal Heyes• Reformed outlaw in the TV series Alias Smith and Jones Portrayed by: Pete Duel ,then Roger Davis Years: 1971-1973 — 50 episodes, 33 with Pete Duel, the last 17 with Roger Davis → ( more)Kit Carson (Horse: Apache)• Drifter in the TV series The Adventures of Kit Carson Portrayed by: Bill Williams Years: 1951-1955 — 103 episodes → ( more)Lash La Rue (Horse: Black Diamond)• U. S. marshal in such movies as Mark of the Lash Portrayed by: Alfred "Lash" La Rue Years: 1948-1952 — 11 movies → ( more)Little Joe Cartwright (Horse: Cochise)• Son in the TV series Bonanza Portrayed by: Michael Landon Years: 1959-1973 — 430 episodes → ( more)Lone Ranger, the (Real name was John Reid) (Horse: Silver)• Masked good guy in the TV series The Lone Ranger Portrayed by: Clayton Moore (From 1952-1953, played by John Hart)Years: 1949-1957 — 221 episodes → ( more)Lone Rider, the (Real name was Tom Cameron) (Horse: Shamrock)• Gunfighter in such movies as The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury Portrayed by: George F. Houston Years: 1941-1942 — 11 movies with various titles → ( more)Lucas Mc Cain (Horse: Blue Boy, Razor)• Rancher in the TV series The Rifleman Portrayed by: Chuck Connors Years: 1958-1963 — 168 episodes → ( more)Lucky Luke (Horse: Jolly Jumper)• Cowboy character in the Belgian TV series Lucky Luke as well as in comic books Portrayed by: Lucky Luke Years: 1992 (movie), 1946 originated → ( more)Luke Perry• Stagecoach owner in the TV series Stagecoach West Portrayed by: Wayne Rogers Years: 1960-1961 — 38 TV episodes → ( more)Manolito Montoya (Horse: Makadoo)• Buck Cannon's best friend in the TV series The High Chaparral Portrayed by: Henry Darrow Years: 1967-1971 — 98 episodes → ( more)Matt Dillon (Horse: Buck)• U. S. marshal in the TV series Gunsmoke Portrayed by: James Arness Years: 1955-1975 — 633 episodes → ( more)Matthew Rockford• Mayor in the TV series Cimarron City Portrayed by: George Montgomery Years: 1958-1959 — 26 episodes, → ( more)Matthew Wayne• Sheriff and then marshal in TV series The Californians Portrayed by: Richard Coogan Years: 1957-1959 — 54 episodes, → ( more)Mc Lintock, George Washington (Horse: Beau)• Cattle baron in the movie Mc Lintock!Portrayed by: John Wayne Years: 1963 → ( more)Michaela Quinn• Medical doctor in the TV series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman Portrayed by: Jane Seymour Years: 1993-1998 — 150 episodes → ( more)Mike Dunbar (Horse: Outlaw)• Marshal in the TV series Wichita Town Portrayed by: Joel Mc Crea Years: 1959-1960 — 26 episodes → ( more)Mitch Guthrie• Traveling rodeo competitor with his younger brother in the TV series The Wide Country Portrayed by: Earl Holliman Years: 1962-1963 — 28 episodes → ( more)Nichols, Jim• Sheriff in the TV series Nichols Portrayed by: James Garner Years: 1971-1972 — 24 episodes → ( more)Nick Barkley (Horse: Coco)• Rancher in the TV series The Big Valley Portrayed by: Peter Breck Years: 1965-1969 — 112 episodes → ( more)Paladin (Horse: Rafter)• Hired gunfighter in the TV series Have Gun - Will Travel Portrayed by: Richard Boone Years: 1957-1963 — 225 episodes → ( more)Pancho (Horse: Loco)• Side-kick to the masked Mexican hero in the TV series The Cisco Kid Portrayed by: Leo Carrillo Years: 1950-1956 — 156 episodes → ( more)Pat Gallagher• Government agent in the TV series Cowboy G-Men Portrayed by: Russell Hayden Years: 1952-1953 — 39 TV episodes → ( more)Pat Garrett• Deputy sheriff in the TV series The Tall Man Portrayed by: Barry Sullivan Years: 1960-1962 — 75 TV episodes → ( more)Pecos Bill (Horse: Widow Maker)• Fictional cowboy cartoon character featured in a 1948 Disney cartoon Pecos Bill Portrayed by: Edward O'Reilly probable creator, narrated by Roy Rogers Years: 1948 → ( more)Pitcairn• A horse handler in the TV series Wrangler Portrayed by: Jason Evers Years: 1960 — 6 episodes, → ( more)Ranald S. Mac Kenzie• Colonel in the TV series Mac Kenzies Raiders Portrayed by: Richard Carlson Years: 1958-1959 — 39 episodes → ( more)Red Ryder (Horse: Thunder)• Gunfighter in movies such as Adventures of Red Ryder, The Portrayed by: Bill Elliott 16 movies, Allan Lane 7, Jim Bannon 4, Don "Red" Barry 1st movie Years: 1940-1950 — 28 movies → ( more)Reese Bennett (Horse: Cactus)• Lawman in the TV series Laredo Portrayed by: Neville Brand Years: 1965-1967 — 56 episodes → ( more)Reuben J. "Rooster" Cogburn (Horse: Bo)• U. S. marshal in the movie Rooster Cogburn Portrayed by: John Wayne Years: 1975 → ( more)"Rip" Masters• U. S. cavalry lieutenant and Rusty's friend in the TV series The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin Portrayed by: James Brown Years: 1954-1959 — 164 episodes → ( more)Rowdy Yates (Horse: Midnight)• Cowboy in the TV series Rawhide Portrayed by: Clint Eastwood Years: 1959-1966 — 217 TV episodes → ( more)Roy Bean, Judge• Storekeeper turned judge in the TV series Judge Roy Bean Portrayed by: Edgar Buchanan Years: 1955-1956 — 39 TV episodes → ( more)Roy Rogers (Horse: Trigger)• Various plots in movies including his first, Red River Valley Portrayed by: Roy Rogers, alias Leonard Franklin Slye Years: 1938-1951 — 60 movies → ( more)Roy Rogers (Horse: Trigger)• Singing cowboy in the TV series The Roy Rogers Show Portrayed by: Roy Rogers, alias Leonard Franklin Slye Years: 1951-1957 — 100 episodes → ( more)Sam Best• Marshal in the Old West in the TV comedy series Best of the West Portrayed by: Joel Higgins Years: 1981-1982 — 22 episodes → ( more)Sam Buckhart• Marshal in the TV series Law of the Plainsman Portrayed by: Michael Ansara Years: 1959-1960 — 30 episodes → ( more)Sam Logan• An insurance investigator in the TV series The Man from Blackhawk Portrayed by: Robert Rockwell Years: 1959-1960 — 37 episodes → ( more)<< first < back up skip down > last >>Sam Mc Cloud• Detective in the TV series Mc Cloud Portrayed by: Dennis Weaver Years: 1955 — 20 episodes → ( more)Sandy North• Rancher in the TV series The Adventure of Champion Portrayed by: Jim Bannon Years: 1955-1956 — 26 TV episodes → ( more)Schuyler "Sky" King• Rancher with a plane in the TV series Sky King Portrayed by: Kirby Grant Years: 1951-1959 — 72 episodes → ( more)Seth Adams• Wagonmaster in the TV series Wagon Train Portrayed by: Ward Bond Years: 1957-1965 — 284 TV episodes → ( more)Seth Bullock• Sheriff and co-owner of "Star & Bullock Hardware" in the TV series Deadwood Portrayed by: Timothy Olyphant Years: 2004-2006 — 36 episodes, → ( more)Shane• Drifter, gunfighter in the movie Shane Portrayed by: Alan Ladd Years: 1953 → ( more)Shane (Horse: Candy)• Drifter, gunfighter in the TV series Shane Portrayed by: David Carradine Years: 1966 — 17 episiodes → ( more)Shank Adams, Captain• Captain in the U. S. cavalry in the TV series Boots and Saddles Portrayed by: John Pickard Years: 1957-1958 — 39 TV episodes → ( more)Shenanoah (Horse: Little Buck, Stormy Night)• An amnesiac who searches for clues to his identity in the TV series A Man Called Shenandoah Portrayed by: Robert Horton Years: 1965-1966 — 34 TV episodes → ( more)Shotgun Slade• Private detective in the TV series Shotgun Slade Portrayed by: Scott Brady Years: 1959-1961 — 78 episodes → ( more)Simon Fry• Marshal in the TV series The Deputy Portrayed by: Henry Fonda Years: 1959-1961 — 76 episodes → ( more)Slim Sherman (Horse: Alamo)• Rancher and Stage Coach Station operator with his brother in the TV series Laramie Portrayed by: John Smith Years: 1959-1963 — 124 episodes → ( more)Steve Donovan• Marshal in the TV series Steve Donovan, Western Marshal Portrayed by: Douglas Kennedy Years: 1955-1956 — 39 episodes → ( more)Stony Crockett• Government agent in the TV series Cowboy G-Men Portrayed by: Jackie Coogan Years: 1952-1953 — 39 TV episodes → ( more)Stoney Burke• A rodeo rider in the TV series Stoney Burke Portrayed by: Jack Lord Years: 1962-1963 — 32 episodes → ( more)Stony Brooke (Horse: Shamrock)• One of the Three Mesquiteers in the several movies including The Three Mesquiteers Portrayed by: Bob Livingston Years: 1936-1941 — 29 movies → ( more)Sundance• Part owner of a hotel in Colorado in the TV series Hotel de Paree Portrayed by: Earl Holliman Years: 1959-1960 — 32 episodes → ( more)Tagg Oakley (Horse: Pixie)• Annie's brother in the TV series Annie Oakley Portrayed by: Jimmy Hawkins Years: 1954-1957 — 81 episodes → ( more)Tate• One armed gunfighter in the TV series Tate Portrayed by: David Mc Lean Years: 1960 — 13 episodes → ( more)Temple Houston• Son of the legendary Sam Houston, traveled the circuit courts in the Southwest in the TV series Temple Houston Portrayed by: Jeffrey Hunter Years: 1963-64 — 27 episodes → ( more)Texan, the (Real name was Bill Longley) (Horse: Domino)• Gunslinger in the TV series The Texan Portrayed by: Rory Calhoun Years: 1958-1960 — 79 episodes → ( more)Texas John Slaughter• Biographic chapters of the actual man in the TV series Texas John Slaughter Portrayed by: Tom Tryon Years: 1958-1961 — 17 episodes as part of the Wonderful World of Disney → ( more)Thaddeus Jones, alias Jed 'Kid' Curry• Reformed outlaw in the TV series Alias Smith and Jones Portrayed by: Ben Murphy Years: 1971-1973 — 50 episodes → ( more)The Range Rider (Real name was unknown) (Horse: Rawhide)• Principled and tough cowboy in the TV series The Range Rider Portrayed by: Jock Mahoney Years: 1951-1953 — 79 TV episodes → ( more)Thomas H. Rynning• Captain in the Arizona Rangers in the TV series 26 Men Portrayed by: Tris Coffin Years: 1957-1959 — 78 episodes → ( more)Tom "Whispering" Smith• A railroad dectective in the TV series Whispering Smith Portrayed by: Audie Murphy Years: 1961 — 26 episodes → ( more)Tom "Sugarfoot" Brewster (Horse: Penny)• Want-to-be lawyer and have-to-be cowboy in the TV series Sugarfoot Portrayed by: Will Hutchins Years: 1957-1961 — 69 episodes → ( more)Tom Jeffords• Indian agent in the TV series Broken Arrow Portrayed by: John Lupton Years: 1956-1960 — 73 episodes → ( more)Tonto (Horse: Scout)• Sidekick in the TV series The Lone Ranger Portrayed by: Jay Silverheels (His real name was Harold J. Smith)Years: 1949-1957 — 221 episodes → ( more)Victoria Barkley• Matron of a wealthy and influential ranching family in the TV series The Big Valley Portrayed by: Barbara Stanwyck Years: 1965-1969 — 112 episodes → ( more)Vint Bonner (Horse: Scar)• Drifter and skilled gunman in the TV series The Restless Gun Portrayed by: John Payne Years: 1957-1959 — 78 episodes → ( more)Virginian, the (His real name was a mystery) (Horses: Joe, Easter, Ute)• Gunslinger and tough foreman of the Shiloh Ranch in the TV series The Virginian Portrayed by: James Drury Years: 1962-1971 — 249 episodes → ( more)Wild Bill Hickok (Horse: Buckshot)• Legendary lawman in the TV series Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok Portrayed by: Guy Madison Years: 1951-1958 — 113 TV episodes → ( more)Will Foreman• Deputy Sheriff, then sheriff in the TV series Outlaws Portrayed by: Don Collier Years: 1960-1962 — 50 episodes → ( more)Will Kane• Small Kansas town marshal in movie High Noon Portrayed by: Gary Cooper Years: 1952 → ( more)Will Sonnet• Fatherly gunfighter looking for his son in the TV series The Guns of Will Sonnett Portrayed by: Walter Brennan Years: 1967-1969 — 50 episodes → ( more)William Colton (Horse: Rex)• Former Union cavalry captain and drifter in the TV series The Loner Portrayed by: Lloyd Bridges Years: 1965-1966 — 26 episodes → ( more)Woody (Horse: Bullseye)• Cowboy doll in the animated movie Toy Story Portrayed by: Voiced by Tom Hanks Years: 1995 → ( more)Wyatt Earp (Horse: Candy)• Frontier marshal in the TV series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp Portrayed by: Hugh O'Brian Years: 1955-1961 — 229 episodes → ( more)Yancy Derringer• Gentleman gambler and adventurer in the TV series Yancy Derringer Portrayed by: Jock Mahoney Years: 1958-1959 — 34 episodes → ( more)Zebulon Macahan• Mountain man, trapper, trader and scout in the TV series How the West Was Won Portrayed by: James Arness Years: 1978-1979 — 24 TV episodes → ( more)<< first < back up Sources for much of this information is from Wikipedia, and IMDb movie database. 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how old is richard boone | Richard Boone - America's Paladin Richard Boone - America's Paladin He was born Richard Allen Boone on June, 18th, 1917 in Los Angeles, California. He passed away from throat cancer on January 10th, 1981, at the age of 63 in St. Augustine, Florida. He was married three times, his first being Jane H. Hopper from 1937 to 1940, his second to Mimi Kelly from 1949 to 1950, both ended in divorce. His last marriage was to Claire Mc Aloon for 30 years, from 1951 to 1981 at the time of his death. They had one child together, their son is Peter Boone. Richard Boone was an actor who starred in over 50 films, but will forever be linked to his most famous character of Paladin in the Golden Age of TV Westerns the series " Have Gun – Will Travel ." Richard Boone was the middle child of Cecile (née Beckerman) and Kirk E. Boone, a well-to-do corporate lawyer. His father was a descendant of Squire Boone who was the younger brother of frontiersman Daniel Boone. His mother was Jewish, the daughter of immigrants from Russia. "I was born with a lot of horsepower. There was a lot cooking inside me, a lot of energy, and Dad was a strong man by will and by intelligence, and the combination of us was almost bound to result in periodic explosions. He and I disagreed politically, very violently, and things would get hectic around the house." - Richard Boone, 1961 Although rumored throughout the entertainment industry, Richard Boone was not related to singer Pat Boone. Richard graduated from Hoover High School in Glendale, California. In his youth, Boone also attended the San Diego Army and Navy Academy in Carlsbad, California, near Oceanside. It was there that Boone was introduced to theater under the tutelage of Virginia Atkinson, who spawned theater interest in many who eventually found their way to Hollywood. Robert Walker, another Academy graduate and member of the school’s theater club, Masque & Wig, became a close acquaintance of Boone's. He attended Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, where he was a member of Theta Xi Fraternity. For reasons that I could fin, he left prior to graduation. It was the Great Depression of the 1930s and he worked at several jobs. Folks back then took what there was so in addition to working as an oil rig laborer, he tried house painting, bartending, writing, and even boxing. In fact, at 6 foot one inch tall, he was built rugged and that was an advantage in the boxing ring. He went into the service just before the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. He did in fact join the United States Navy in the summer of 1941. In the Navy, during World War II, he served on three ships in the Pacific and saw combat as an aviation ordnanceman and gunner on TBM Avenger torpedo bombers. Yes, Richard Boone was an aerial gunner in the Navy during World War II. "Richard Boone was bombed while serving on the USS Enterprise, torpedoed on the USS Intrepid, and attacked by kamikaze planes on the USS Hancock. 'We began to think somebody was trying to kill us,' he says." - writer Richard Gehman, 1961 After the World War II, he used the G. I. Bill to attend acting school at the prestigious Actor's Studio in New York. His classmates included such then unknowns as Marlon Brando, Karl Malden, Eva Marie Saint and Julie Harris. Serious and methodical, Boone debuted on Broadway in 1947 in the play Medea and appeared in Macbeth (1948) and The Man (1950). Elia Kazan used Boone to feed lines to an actress for a screen test for Lewis Milestone. Milestone was not impressed with the actress, but he was impressed enough with Boone's voice to summon him to Hollywood where he was given a seven-year contract with Fox. In 1950, Boone made his screen debut when he was signed to a contract with 20th Century Fox and was cast as Lt. Col. Gilfillan in the Lewis Milestone film Halls of Montezuma. In 1953, he played Pontius Pilate in the first released Cinemascope film, The Robe. He had only one scene in the film, in which he gives instructions to Richard Burton, who plays the centurion ordered to crucify Christ. When he was ordered to appear in another film for Fox made at the same time as The Robe, he ended his contract with the studio. During the filming of Halls of Montezuma, he befriended Jack Webb who was then producing and starring in Dragnet. The writer of Dragnet was preparing a series about a doctor for NBC. That's how Richard Boone became a familiar face in the lead role of that medical drama, Medic from 1954 to 1956, and received an Emmy nomination for Best Actor Starring in a Regular Series in 1955. While on Medic, he also guest starred as the character Everett Brayer on NBC's television anthology series Frontier in the episode " The Salt War ." "I was a father figure. I used to get letters by the hundreds. Many of them asked me to diagnose some illnesses; those that didn't said I had an interesting face. Fortunately, Paladin came along soon, so I could trade my stethoscope for a six-gun," said Richard Boone in 1960. In 1957, Richard Boone started his second television series. It was called Have Gun Will Travel. And yes, along with his famous holster adorned with a Chess Knight, his role as Paladin would make Richard Boone a national star. The silver-knighted Paladin rig on Have Gun Will Travel opened Richard Boone’s monologue every week. Pictured above to the right is a replica by Alfonso’s of North Hollywood. The original was made by Ojala. Paladin was a different type of 50's Western Hero. He was sophisticated, well read, quoted Shakespeare, and yet he was tough as nails. Some say he was a mercenary, yet his gun for hire in the late 19th century American West was only used for right and against wrong. The show was first offered to film star Randolph Scott, but he turned it down and gave the script to Richard Boone to read while they were making the Western film Ten Wanted Men. To say Have Gun Will Travel was a big hit would be an understatement. "Paladin is a character people seem to like. He's an intriguing sort of guy with an air of mystery about him." - Richard Boone, 1958 "I give out lots of the calling cards Paladin uses in the stories, which are lettered 'Have Gun Will Travel' and say underneath, 'Wire Paladin, San Francisco.' At the last count I had disposed of around 84,000 of them. Naturally, lots of people do wire me. Once I received a telegram signed 'Georgia football fans' which read, 'DEAR PAL: PLEASE KILL COACH TUBBS IMMEDIATELY.' At New Year's, when I rode my horse in the Tournament of Roses parade, one of the spectators yelled, 'Hey Paladin, I've got a job for you'--but I never found out what. Just then, the woman with him conked him with her handbag," said Richard Boone in 1959. "A high school teacher wrote Boone, 'Yours is the only Western I recommend to my students. You speak English'." wrote L. Edson in 1960. "Few actors are so perfectly cast for their roles. Paladin of Have Gun Will Travel is a cultured, sophisticated and sensitive man who is also a man of action. So is Boone,." said writer Richard Gehman in 1961. Have Gun Will Travel ran from 1957 to 1963, with him receiving two more Emmy nominations, in 1959 and 1960. A magnificently ruined face! "I guess Paladin is so attractive to women because he's so formidable, yet so gentle at the same time," said Richard Boone in 1962. As for looking like a Hollywood "leading man"? Well, take a look at what the entertainment industry thought of his looks, and remember he was one of the top three television shows in the nation. "Not a handsome man by Hollywood standards, Boone has a nose faintly reminiscent of the late W. C. Fields and pale blue eyes that cannot be described as deep or burning or penetrating. He has had to crash Hollywood on the strength of his craftsmanship and abundant energy," wrote TV Guide in 1958. "Boone's face, of which a girl I once knew said, 'It's so ugly, it's beautiful,' could be that of a medieval seignuer about to exercise his droit. A medieval seignuer, I might add, recently stung by hunting wasps, for the face is pocked and puffy, and, in Boone's words, more 'interesting' than handsome." this from writer Richard Gehman in 1961 "A magnificently ruined face!" said wrtier Richard Schickel in 1961. "His frown, a magnificently savage front of arched eyebrow and tight lip, can cower a badman at twenty paces," wrote L. Edson in 1960 All this praise, yet during the 1960s, Boone appeared regularly on other television programs. He was an occasional guest panelist and also a mystery guest on What's My Line?, the Sunday Night CBS-TV quiz show. On that show, he talked with host John Charles Daly about their days working together on the TV show The Front Page. Boone also had his own television anthology, The Richard Boone Show. Even though it aired only from 1963 to 1964, he received his fourth Emmy nomination for it in 1964. Along with The Danny Kaye Show and The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Richard Boone Show won a Golden Globe for Best Show in 1964. After cancellation of his weekly show, Boone and his family moved to Honolulu, Hawaii. While living on Oahu, it was actually Richard Boone who helped persuade Leonard Freeman to film Hawaii Five-O exclusively in the state of Hawaii. Prior to that, Freeman had planned to do "establishing" location shots in Hawaii but principal production in southern California. Boone and others convinced Freeman that the islands could offer all necessary support for a major TV series and would provide an authenticity otherwise unobtainable. Leonard Freeman was so impressed by Boone's love of Hawaii that he actually offered him the role of Steve Mc Garrett. Boone turned it down, and the role went to Jack Lord who also shared Boone's enthusiasm for Hawaii -- something which Freeman considered vital to the success of the series. Boone at that time had shot a pilot for CBS called Kona Coast, that he hoped CBS would adopt it as a series, but sorry to say they went with Hawaii Five-0 instead. By the way, Jack Lord had appeared with Boone in the first episode of Have Gun Will Travel, entitled " Three Bells to Perdido ." They were friends for life. Boone has appeared in a lot of movies. And yes, he has typically played the villain or a heavy. These include: The Raid (1954), Man Without a Star (1955), The Tall T (1957), The War Lord (1965), Hombre (1967), The Arrangement (1969), The Kremlin Letter (1970), Big Jake (1971), and The Shootist (1976). Paul Newman starred with Boone in the film Hombre, and Stuart Whitman worked with Boone in Rio Conchos. In one of my favorite Westerns, Big Jake, Richard Boone portrayed vicious gang leader John Fain who demanded $1,000,000 for the return of Jake Mc Candles' grandson. Above as John Fain from Big Jake. During his career, he starred in three movies with John Wayne: Big Jake, The Shootis where Mr. Boone had the role of Mike Sweeney, and The Alamo as Sam Houston. Yes, Mr. Boone played General Sam Houston in John Wayne's film The Alamo. Of course The Shootist was John Wayne's final film. John Wayne directed the 1960 epic and portrayed Davey Crockett. Richard Widmark played Jim Bowie and Laurence Harvey was Jim Travis. The movie was nominated for six Oscars but only won for Best Sound. I read that Richard Boone was aware of the financial problems that the film was having, so he refused a salary for his part as General Sam Houston. Its said that a grateful John Wayne gave him a Rolls-Royce as well as the buckskin coat he wore in the film as compensation. It's a little known fact that Richard Boone dubbed the voice of the minister in the final scenes of the original Ocean's Eleven. Hec Ramsey So now let's talk about one of my absolute favorite Westerns. In the early 1970s, Boone starred in the short-lived TV Western Hec Ramsey. If you've never heard of Hec Ramsey or remember it as I do, that's a shame because it was a wonderful Western television series. Jack Webb produced Hec Ramsey. Boone first met Webb in 1954 when he played a police captain on an episode of Dragnet. Frankly, this series was really way ahead of its time. Imagine this for a moment, a CSI Western! Yes, that's what it was. It was about a turn-of-the-20th-century Western-style police officer, a detective, a man who preferred to use his brain and criminal forensic skills instead of his gun. Though that was the case, he had quite the reputation as a gunman in his own right. At the time, there were all sorts of revolutionary things taking place in the world of Police Science -- including a new technology called "finger printing," firearm "ballistic" identification, physical evidence gathering was in in infancy, all new to the late 1800s and early 1900s during the when Hec Ramsey was supposed to be taking place. As for the character Hec Ramsey's background, he was frontier lawman and gunfighter in his younger days. Now older, Ramsey is the Deputy Chief of Police of a small Oklahoma city. He is still a skilled shooter. But instead of carrying his custom made long barrel Colt as he did in Have Gun Will Travel as Palidin, Hec Ramsey carried a short barreled Colt Single Action Army snub more suited for concealed carry. As he says in the first episode, it was a short barreled pistol more suited for law enforcement and the close in work that job entails. As he says, a rifle can be used for anything farther. Hec Ramsey had embraced the science of criminal forensics and was a skilled "criminalist" using crime scene evidence and science to solve crimes. Yes, imagine an older weathered Paladin doing an Old West version of CSI. That's really what Hec Ramsey was about. And by the way, Mr. Boone himself once noted to an interviewer in 1972, "You know, Hec Ramsey is a lot like Paladin, only fatter." In 1974, Richard Boone said, "I like this Hec Ramsey. He's dead honest. He walks right through all the ridiculous standards of Victorian America. He's Paladin, from Have Gun Will Travel, grown older. If Paladin had lived all those years, he would have run out of patience with the idiots and would've gotten as grumpy as Hec. He would have said to the dame, 'Lady, you're not in distress. You're just stupid.'" And yes, as I'm sure you can tell, I really liked Hec Ramsey! It was a great show. And after Hec Ramsey, Richard Boone returned to The Neighborhood Playhouse in New York, where he had once studied acting, to teach it in the mid 1970s. In the 1960s and 1970s, Mr. Boone assisted the Israeli film industry, at its inception. He appeared in the first Israeli film set outside Israel, the Western Madron (1970), set in the American West in the 1800s. In 1979, he received an award from Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, for his contribution to Israeli cinema. Back in 1965, he came third in the Laurel Award for Best Action Performance; Sean Connery won first place with Goldfinger and Burt Lancaster won second place with The Train. Mr. Boone was also the voice actor for the mighty dragon Smaug in the 1977 animated film of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit". His voice acting in this role was very powerful and well received. As for his family? Back in 1959, when Have Gun Will Travel was going strong, Richard Boone said this about his role as Paladin and as a father: "What Paladin does to viewers, other than to entertain them, is not my business. What he does to my son is my business. So here's how I handle it: First I make no effort in Peter's presence to demean my work or knock Paladin. But I never let the importance of this fictional character overshadow the importance of Peter to me." Mr. Boone's son with Claire Mc Aloon, Peter, worked as a child actor in several of his father's Have Gun Will Travel television shows. Today Peter Boone resides in Virginia. In 1997, Peter Boone, said this about his dad, "Dad never made me feel I had to live up to him. He always said he wanted me to be better than he was, and he meant it. I've tried to encourage my children the same way." Richard Boone moved to St. Augustine, Florida, from Hawaii in 1970 and worked with the production of Cross and Sword, when he was not acting on television or in movies, until his death in 1981. He loved Directing "It's the director who has all the fun. Any time a camera is involved it's the director who tells the story, more than the writer, producer or anybody else. And that's what I want to do." - Richard Boone, 1960 "When I direct, I have only one request: 'Please, God, let the actor I'm directing put it all out there!' I'll take care of the excess. I'll trim it. But, don't give me an actor I have to light a fire under. Let him bite the scenery and I'll cut away the excess!" - Richard Boone, 1972 In the last year of his life, Mr Richard Boone was appointed Florida's cultural ambassador. During the 1970s, he wrote a newspaper column for the St. Augustine Record called "It Seems To Me." He also gave acting lectures at Flagler College in 1972–1973. In his final role, Mr Boone played Commodore Matthew Perry in Bushido Blade. He died soon afterward in St. Augustine of pneumonia while suffering from throat cancer. His ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean off of his beloved Hawaii. His Filmography: Halls of Montezuma (1951), Call Me Mister (1951), The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel (1951), Red Skies of Montana (1952), Return of the Texan (1952), Kangaroo (1952), Way of a Gaucho (1952), Pony Soldier (1952), Man on a Tightrope (1953), Vicki (1953), The Robe (1953), City of Bad Men (1953), Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953), Dragnet (1954), The Siege at Red River (1954), The Raid (1954), Ten Wanted Men (1955), Man Without a Star (1955), Robbers' Roost (1955), The Big Knife (1955), Battle Stations (1956), Star in the Dust (1956), Away All Boats (1956), The Tall T (1957), I Bury the Living (1957), Lizzie (1957), The Garment Jungle (1957), I Bury The Living (1958), Ocean's 11 (1960), The Alamo (1960), A Thunder of Drums (1961), Rio Conchos (1964), The War Lord (1965), Hombre (1967), Kona Coast (film) (1968), The Night of the Following Day (1968), The Arrangement (1969), The Kremlin Letter (1970), Madron (1970), Big Jake (1971), Against a Crooked Sky (1975), Diamante Lobo (1976), God's Gun (1976), The Shootist (1976), The Last Dinosaur (1977), The Big Sleep (1978), Winter Kills (1979), The Bushido Blade (1981) His TV credits include: The Front Page (1949), Dragnet (1954), Medic (1954), Have Gun – Will Travel (1957–1963), The Richard Boone Show (1963–1964), Cimarron Strip – The Roarer (1967), The Mark Waters Story (1969), In Broad Daylight (1971), Deadly Harvest (1972), Hec Ramsey (1972), Goodnight, My Love (1972), The Great Niagara (1974), The Last Dinosaur (1977), The Hobbit (1977) Yes, I've always been a big fan of his. And really, how could he not be one of my eternal heroes, he was Paladin, and like Maverick and Zorro, he was my youth -- my formative years when I was learning right versus wrong. As for watching Have Gun Will Travel on the Western Channel these days? Well, I still love it. Though I have to admit that I now enjoy it with the eye of someone having a lot of lifetime under my belt. I can honestly say that I really understand now what Richard Boone meant when he talked about his Hec Ramsey character back in 1973 when he said, "Ramsey is a cantankerous SOB, so I felt qualified to play him. He's a rough old bear. He doesn't like pretense and the word 'compromise' isn't in his vocabulary. He's my kind of guy and I like playing him." He was right when he said, "You know, Hec Ramsey is a lot like Paladin, only fatter." I have to say that I really respect that sort of honesty. And really, I feel more akin to Richard Boone's honesty about his character Hec Ramsey. You see, besides also having "a magnificently ruined face," I can sometimes be a cantankerous SOB. And yes, that's the point about Richard Boone. Whatever role he played, he played it with everything he had to give. Sophisticated or cantankerous, good guy or bad, he seemed to be a man who worked hard and was honest with what he wanted and what he left us. As for what he wanted? Well, he once said, "what I want, in a word, is to do the best work I can under the best possible conditions." Because he achieved what he wanted, he left us great work from a great American actor, a wonderful Cowboy. He was a man who helped teach the difference between right and wrong to generations of Americans in a time when the good guy won and did right. Because of his ideals which he demanded be present on screen, he will always be America's immortal Paladin. That's just the way I see it. Tom Correa Posted by Tom Correa at 12:43 AMReactions: funny ( 0) interesting ( 0) cool ( 0)Email This Blog This! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest | Richard Boone Richard Boone Highest Rated: 100% The Night of the Following Day (1968)Lowest Rated: 14% The Arrangement (1969)Birthday: Jun 18, 1917Birthplace: Not Available Rough-hewn American leading man Richard Boone was thrust into the cold cruel world when he was expelled from Stanford University, for a minor infraction. He worked as a oil-field laborer, boxer, painter and free-lance writer before settling upon acting as a profession. After serving in World War II, Boone used his GI Bill to finance his theatrical training at the Actors' Studio, making his belated Broadway debut at age 31, playing Jason in Judith Anderson's production of Medea. Signed to a 20th Century-Fox contract in 1951, Boone was given good billing in his first feature, Halls of Montezuma; among his Fox assignments was the brief but telling role of Pontius Pilate in The Robe (1953). Boone launched the TV-star phase of his career in the weekly semi-anthology Medic, playing Dr. Konrad Steiner. From 1957 through 1963, Boone portrayed Paladin, erudite western soldier of fortune, on the popular western series Have Gun, Will Travel. He directed several episodes of this series. Boone tackled a daring TV assignment in 1963, when in collaboration with playwright Clifford Odets, he appeared in the TV anthology series The Richard Boone Show. Unique among filmed dramatic programs, Boone's series featured a cast of eleven regulars (including Harry Morgan, Robert Blake, Jeanette Nolan, Bethel Leslie and Boone himself), who appeared in repertory, essaying different parts of varying sizes each week. The Richard Boone Show failed to catch on, and Boone went back to films. In 1972 he starred in another western series, this one produced by his old friend Jack Webb: Hec Ramsey, the saga of an old-fashioned sheriff coping with an increasingly industrialized West. In the last year of his life, Boone was appointed Florida's cultural ambassador. Richard Boone died at age 65 of throat cancer. More Photos View All Photos (1)Highest Rated Movies The Night of the Following Day100%Hombre100%The Tall T100%The Shootist90%Filmography MOVIESRATING TITLE CREDITBOX OFFICE YEARNo Score Yet Way Of A Gaucho Actor— 201163% Cabin Fever Fenster$21.2M 2002No Score Yet The Bushido Blade Commodore Matthew Perry— 197987% Winter Kills Keifitz— 197967% The Hobbit Smaug— 1978No Score Yet The Big Sleep Lash Canino— 1978No Score Yet God's Gun (A Bullet from God) (Diamante Lobo)The Sheriff— 1977No Score Yet The Last Dinosaur (Kyokutei tankensen Pora-Bora)Masten Thrust Jr.— 197790% The Shootist Sweeney— 1976No Score Yet Against a Crooked Sky Russian— 1975No Score Yet Big Jake John Fain— 1971No Score Yet Madron Madron— 1970No Score Yet The Kremlin Letter Ward— 197014% The Arrangement Sam— 1969100% The Night of the Following Day Leer— 1968No Score Yet Kona Coast Capt. Sam Moran Executive Producer— 1968No Score Yet Count Basie & His Orchestra: Live in Berlin & Stockholm 1968Actor— 1968100% Hombre Cicero Grimes— 196767% The War Lord Bors— 196540% Rio Conchos Major James "Jim" Lassiter— 1964No Score Yet A Thunder of Drums (1961)Actor— 196150% The Alamo Gen. Sam Houston— 1960No Score Yet Lizzie Dr. Neal Wright— 195864% I Bury the Living Robert Kraft— 1958No Score Yet The Garment Jungle Artie Ravidge— 1957100% The Tall TFrank Usher— 1957No Score Yet Away All Boats Lt. Fraser— 1956No Score Yet Star in the Dust Sam Hall— 1956No Score Yet Dragnet Capt. Hamilton— 195683% The Big Knife Narrator— 1955No Score Yet Ten Wanted Men Wick Campbell— 1955No Score Yet Man Without a Star Steve Miles— 1955No Score Yet Siege at Red River Brett Manning— 1954No Score Yet The Raid Capt. Foster— 1954No Score Yet Beneath the 12-Mile Reef Thomas Rhys— 195333% The Robe Pilate— 1953No Score Yet Vicki Lt. Ed Cornell— 1953No Score Yet Man on a Tightrope Krofta— 1953No Score Yet Kangaroo John W. Gamble— 1952No Score Yet Red Skies of Montana Richard 'Dick' Dryer— 195271% The Desert Fox Aldinger— 195183% Halls of Montezuma Lt. Col. Gilfilan— 1950Quotes from Richard Boone's Characters John Russell: Hey, I got a question for you. Cicero Grimes: What's that? John Russell: How are you going to get down that hill? Cicero Grimes: Well now, what'ya suppose hell's gonna look like? John Russell: We all die, just a question of when. Smaug: I am Smaug! I kill what I wish! I am strong, strong, STRONG! My armour is like templed shields, my teeth are like swords, my claws spears! A shock of my tail, a thunderbolt! My wings, a hurricane! And my breath... DEATH! (breathes fire)Smaug: I am Smaug! I kill what I wish! I am strong, strong, STRONG! My armour is like templed shields, my teeth are like swords, my claws spears! A shock of my tail, a thunderbolt! My wings, a hurricane! And my breath... DEATH! [breathes fire]Dennis: Pancakes....pancakes!Dennis: Pancakes, pancakes!Bert: No, no pancakes. Dennis: PANCAAAAAAAAAKES!Dennis: PANCAKES!Fenster: NO PANCAKES! |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.do i get temporary teeth if all my own removed at hospital | . Temporary Dentures are ideal for those people who are waiting to get their permanent dentures, but do not want to have holes in their mouth for that time being. Temporary Dentures are not very expensive, and the results are immediate and short-term. Temporary Dentures are made before the natural teeth are removed so that they can immediately be installed after tooth extraction. A mold is taken of the teeth and gums, and the mold is then sent away to be made into Temporary Dentures. This should not take more than two visits to your dentist. When the Temporary Dentures are ready, you can make an appointment with your dentist to get your teeth extracted. After the natural tooth is extracted, the prefabricated tooth is put into the socket. This is painless since the area is still numb from extraction. Because the gum is swollen from the extraction, the denture should fit well in the mouth. As the swelling goes down, the gum and bone shrink and even change shape, which then keeps the denture in place. These Temporary Dentures only last for about three to six months, at which time the more permanent set of dentures will be put in place of the temporary ones. Doctor Spiller.com is a website that offers a wide variety of information on numerous different medical procedures. The website features an article about different kinds of dentures, more specifically, temporary dentures. The information is very educating and useful. It also includes visuals of what temporary dentures look like. If you are interested in temporary dentures, visit the website here: doctorspiller.com Medical News Today.com is a website that provides articles on numerous different topics. One article featured on the site has to do with temporary dentures improving smiles and overall health of patients. The article provides in depth information to the great benefits of temporary dentures. If you would like to learn more, visit the site here: medicalnewstoday.com Medical-Dictionary.com is a website that is able to provide you with reliable and accurate information about any medical terms you have questions about. The site offers information about temporary dentures, what they are, and the components that go into them. The site also provides a visual, which can be helpful. To learn more, visit the site here: medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Science Direct.com is a database that is filled with articles regarding countless different categories. One article in the database focuses on emergency temporary dentures. If you have, or are need to get emergency temporary dentures, this might be an article that could be helpful to you. View the full article here: sciencedirect.com | . Error. Page cannot be displayed. Please contact your service provider for more details. (11) |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is aloe vera latex | What is Aloe Vera Latex? What is Aloe Vera Latex? Health benefits of Aloe Vera gel are enormous. The Aloe Vera plant is rich in vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, C, E, and B complex. In addition, the plant extracts contain more than 20 minerals. The extracts of Aloe plant also contain 18-20 amino acids, including the all 8 essential amino acids necessary for human body. Furthermore, the plant also contains essential fatty acids, which can help lower cholesterol in the human body. No wonder, this evergreen perennial is known as a Miracle plant all over the world. Learn about Aloe Vera Latex. A number of scientific studies reveal that the gel derived from aloe plant has a number of positive effects on human health. Both Aloe Vera gel and Aloe Vera latex are extracted from the leaves of an aloe plant. While the gel is a clear translucent substance, the yellowish fluid found beneath the inner lining of the leaves is known as aloe latex. Studies show that both gel and the aloe latex have potential healing properties. A number of medical tests prove that consumption of aloe latex orally can relieve constipation problems in a person. Therefore, most pharmaceuticals sell aloe latex dietary supplements in the form of laxatives. The laxatives sold in the market are filtered aloe latex extract. Limited dose of aloe latex can relieve from constipation and irritable bowel syndrome in human beings. What part of the Aloe Plant does it come from? Aloe Vera is a plant of the Lily family. This plant has dark green leaves that somewhat appear like a small cactus plant. However, leaves of aloe plant are soft and supple, unlike the cactus family plants. Both gel and latex comes from the aloe leaf. To extract the aloe latex, you can look just under the plant’s skin. Unlike the translucent gel, the latex appears sticky and mild yellow in color. Some dietary supplements and juices include the whole crushed leaf, including both latex and gel. However, many aloe supplements only contain gel or latex. What is Aloe Vera Latex used for? The yellow fluid-like substance under the aloe plant leaf skin is known as latex. The aloe latex has laxative properties, so it is used as a laxative. People with digestive disorders such as constipation, piles, and hemorrhoids often consume aloe latex. Many people consume raw aloe latex orally to get relief from constipation. In short, the maximum use of aloe latex is for constipation and digestive disorders. Studies claim that it takes 10 hours for aloe latex to positively affect human digestive system and cause bowel movement. To remove aloe latex, you should peel the thin layer of leaf first. After extracting the gel like substance, you will find the latex fluid under the leaf. If you are unsure how to extract aloe latex safely, you can always use the readily available packed aloe latex product found in the market. Many stores and medicinal brands sell aloe latex as a form of ready-to-use laxatives. These products contain filtered aloe latex, free of chemicals. Commercial aloe latex products are filtered thoroughly to remove aloe latex from the aloe leaf pulp. This finished product is usually used for making laxatives and cosmetic products. What are the side effects of Aloe Latex? Although aloe latex is highly used for treating digestive disorders and constipation, reports claim that overdose of aloe latex can cause severe diarrhea. Concentrated aloe products containing latex and gel are sold as a laxative in the market. FDA later banned this laxative due to a harmful substance found in aloe latex, known as anthraquinone. This ingredient can cause diarrhea and stomach cramps after repeated oral consumption. Studies by medical experts also claim that oral consumption of aloe latex can affect the glucose levels in blood. If a person has diabetes, he should consult with his healthcare provider before taking aloe latex orally. Health officials from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center also confirmed that aloe latex has possible drug interactions, so it can reduce the effectiveness of specific drugs in the human body. Increasing the dosage of aloe latex can cause dangerous side effects as well. Apart from severe diarrhea, aloe latex overdose can lead to severe dehydration, cramping, and stomach pain. It is always advised to consult with your nutritionist before consuming those aloe latex products that are not produced for oral consumption. Why should you take care while taking Aloe Latex? Studies on aloe tolerance show that a person develops a kind of tolerance to Aloe Vera latex, if he consumes it regularly. In course of time, the laxative effects of aloe latex on the person’s system decreases. To get a laxative effect, he has to increase the dosage of aloe latex. Overdose of aloe latex has many possible side effects. This matter became a concern to the FDA a few years ago. FDA then requested a safety data from all the manufacturers who sell laxatives with aloe latex. As the manufacturers were unable to produce the safety data, the FDA instructed all manufacturers to remove all latex based products from the over-the counter medicine isle. Many reports on aloe latex side effects also reveal that people with diabetes and intestinal disorders should avoid consuming aloe latex. Safety guidelines of aloe latex consumption allow a person to use the product for internal usage no longer than 10 days. Reports on the drug interaction of aloe latex include a list of drugs such as diuretics, steroids, and digoxin. In addition, aloe latex has proven to be affecting the effectiveness of blood pressure drugs, potassium sparing drugs, and drugs used in diabetes. Based on these facts and data, it is always advised to follow the safety guidelines of using the aloe latex products in the form of a laxative. Those already on any prescription medication should consult with their physician and nutritionist before taking aloe latex based product orally. Overdose of aloe latex may lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. This may also cause red urine and severe diarrhea. In case of overdose, contact your local healthcare practitioner immediately. We recommend using Aloe Vera products mainly made from pure Aloe Vera Gel and not the latex compound of the plant. If you would like to leave us a comment or query below, we would love to hear from you. Stay Healthy Folks Related posts: Aloe Vera Plant Aloe Vera Benefits Digestion Aloe Vera Side Effects Benefits Of Aloe Vera Juice | . 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is fusible fleece used for | Fuse Fleece to Fabric Fuse Fleece to Fabric September 13, 2013Fusible fleece is a good choice when you want to add body and softness to fabric, especially those used for pillows, bags, and totes. Fusible polyester fleece has adhesive on one side (or occasionally both sides) eliminating the need for basting. Fusible fleece is available by the yard or packaged to fit standard bed sizes. To use one-sided fusible fleece, follow these steps. Lay the fusible fleece adhesive-side up on an ironing surface. (The adhesive side feels a bit stiffer and tackier than the non-adhesive side. )Lay the fabric you want to fuse right side up atop the fusible fleece. Following manufacturer’s instructions, use your iron to create a stable, even bond between fabric and fleece. Sew with the fused fabric as if it were a single layer of fabric. Sew a Simple Double-Fold Hem 5 Times Washi Tape Made Sewing Easier Binding Your Project We Love... Making It Fun Moda Bake Shop Swatch and Stitch Totally Stitchin' | . The website you were trying to reach is temporarily unavailable. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is a hotbox | . Top definitionhotbox drugs A hotbox is an air-tight room or vehicle that contains one or more pot-smokers smoking one or more joints. The exhaled smoke and the smoke coming from the joint, unable to escape, circulates and thus is breathed in and is not wasted. Smokers in a hotbox may find themselves totally fucked beyond the point of speech after about 30 minutes. Hotboxing is an event that requires some amount of planning, but ensures optimal weed usage. Guy 1: " Dude, my parents are on hliday and we're gonna hotbox my bathroom!!" Guy 2: "SWEEET! "by Rep August 24, 20043214 846The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the mug | Hotel Directory Hotel Directory5313 Hotels Worldwide United States Africa Asia Australia & Pacific Islands Canada Caribbean Central America Europe Mexico Middle East South America822421Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here. Sorry, we have no imagery here.13316651074182481Map Data Terms of Use Filter United States (4184) Close United States Alabama (73)Alaska (8)Arizona (91)Arkansas (29)California (376)Colorado (110)Connecticut (40)Delaware (12)District Of Columbia (25)Florida (350)Georgia (163)Hawaii (22)Idaho (21)Illinois (121)Indiana (80)Iowa (41)Kansas (41)Kentucky (59)Louisiana (76)Maine (16)Maryland (86)Massachusetts (97)Michigan (108)Minnesota (66)Mississippi (34)Missouri (72)Montana (16)Nebraska (28)Nevada (27)New Hampshire (23)New Jersey (86)New Mexico (34)New York (163)North Carolina (160)North Dakota (12)Ohio (155)Oklahoma (57)Oregon (40)Pennsylvania (161)Rhode Island (12)South Carolina (86)South Dakota (13)Tennessee (100)Texas (421)Utah (54)Vermont (9)Virginia (166)Washington (65)West Virginia (23)Wisconsin (43)Wyoming (13)View all hotels in the United States Africa (103) Details Africa Asia (284) Details Asia Australia & Pacific Islands (8) Details Australia & Pacific Islands Canada (157) Details Canada Caribbean (39) Details Caribbean Central America (21) Details Central America Europe (361) Details Europe Mexico (48) Details Mexico Middle East (63) Details Middle East South America (33) Details South America Explore Our Destinations US Destinations Atlantic City hotels Cambridge hotels Detroit hotels Fort Myers hotels Fort Worth hotels Galveston hotels Hilton Head hotels Panama City Beach hotels Pensacola hotels Providence hotels International Destinations Beijing hotels Bogota hotels Cancun hotels Cape Town hotels Istanbul hotels Italy hotels Johannesburg hotels Mumbai hotels United Arab Emirates hotels Zurich hotels Travel By Interest Adventure Airport Hotels Business Couples Honeymoon International Leisure Port Romance Connect with us Share & like us on Tweet |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how long is a prescription for norco good for | How Long Are My Prescriptions Valid For? How Long Are My Prescriptions Valid For? Massachusetts enforces limitations on how long your prescriptions are elegible for filling. Here is an outline of these limitations: Control Number Valid/Expiration II 30 DAYS from DATE WRITTEN; are limited to a 30 day supply unless for exempt diagnosis; and your pharmacy needs a hard/written prescription III-IV Valid 180 DAYS from DATE WRITTEN or 5 refills, whichever comes first; C III are limited to a 30 day supply unless for exempt diagnosis V Valid 180 DAYS from DATE WRITTEN or 5 refills, whichever comes first Non-Controlled VIValid for ONE YEAR from the DATE WRITTEN (Shattuck Pharmacy enforced policy)Medications that are non-controlled prescriptions (C VI) are valid for ONE year from the date they are written (Enforced by Shattuck Pharmacy policy). Prescriptions of control three through five (C III, IV, V) are valid for SIX months or FIVE refills, whichever comes first, and C III are subjected to a limit of a thirty day supply per dispense. Narcotic prescriptions of control two (C II) are valid for ONE month from the date they are written. There are exceptions for some medications for diagnosis of narcolepsy and other medical exceptions. These prescriptions may be filled with a maximum of 60 days per dispense. It is important to note that some insurance plans will not cover a 60 day supply even with diagnosis. Examples of Controlled Substances and Medications: Control Number Valid/Expiration IIRitalin (methylphenidate), Concerta, Adderall (mixed dextroamphetamine and amphetamine salts), Percocet (oxycodone and Acetaminophen), Oxycontin, etc. III-VVicodin (Hydrocodone Bitartate and Acetaminophen), Tylenol #3 (Acetaminophen and Codeine 300-30mg), Provigil, Ambien (zolpidem), Lyrica, Fiorinal, Xanax (alprazolam), Ativan (lorazepam), etc. Non-Controlled VIZestril (lisinopril), Zyprexa (olanzapine), Tenormin (atenolol), Prozac (fluoxetine), Cymbalta, Neurontin (gabapentin), Lipitor, etc. On our prescription labels you will find in the bottom left corner a marking labeled: QTY REM. The number next to this identifier is the Quantity Remaining. The next area of the label has the Original Date of the prescription and the Date of Fill. These are distinguished by ORIG and DATE respectively. Your prescription is valid for the time period described in the table above from the ORIG date on your label. At Shatuck Pharmacy we strive to place reminder labels on each vial that is on its last refill so that we can notify you that for next time we will need a new prescription. On your behalf we can request a refill from the prescribing physician. By: Jeremy KW Spiewak, CPh T, MA RPh T, BA Chemistry, Doctor of Pharmacy Candidate at Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences In The News Levoxyl® Voluntarily Recalled at the Pharmacy Level Pfizer has conducted a careful risk assessment and has determined that there is little to no risk of any adverse health events due to this packaging defect. Regardless, Pfizer, King, and the FDA have worked together and decided to voluntarily recall at the pharmacy level, all Levoxyl strengths. Click Here to Read More | Description and Brand Names Description and Brand Names Drug information provided by: Micromedex US Brand Name Revia Descriptions Naltrexone is used to help narcotic dependents who have stopped taking narcotics to stay drug-free. It is also used to help alcoholics stay alcohol-free. The medicine is not a cure for addiction. It is used as part of an overall program that may include counseling, attending support group meetings, and other treatment recommended by your doctor. Naltrexone is not a narcotic. It works by blocking the effects of narcotics, especially the "high'' feeling that makes you want to use them. It also may block the "high'' feeling that may make you want to use alcohol. It will not produce any narcotic-like effects or cause mental or physical dependence. It will not prevent you from becoming impaired while drinking alcohol. Naltrexone will cause withdrawal symptoms in people who are physically dependent on narcotics. Naltrexone treatment is started after you are no longer dependent on narcotics. The length of time this takes may depend on which narcotic you took, the amount you took, and how long you took it. Before you start taking this medicine, be sure to tell your doctor if you think you are still having withdrawal symptoms. This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription. This product is available in the following dosage forms: Tablet Before Using Portions of this document last updated: March 01, 2017Copyright © 2018 Truven Health Analytics Inc. All rights reserved. Information is for End User's use only and may not be sold, redistributed or otherwise used for commercial purposes. Share Tweet |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.who was lincoln,s mom | . NANCY HANKS LINCOLN, birth mother of Abraham Lincoln, was born on February 5, 1784, in Hampshire County, (West) Virginia. The birth occurred in a cabin along Mike's Run at the foot of New Creek Mountain in what is now Mineral County, West Virginia. Noted historian Louis Warren, an expert on Abraham Lincoln, stated in his writings that Nancy's mother was Lucinda Lucy Shipley Hanks, daughter of Robert Shipley, Jr., but nothing is really known for certain about Nancy's father. However, he was said to be James Hanks, son of Joseph Hanks. According to Louis Warren, James Hanks passed away in 1785. Lucinda Shipley Hanks was often confused by biographers with Lucy Hanks, the daughter of Joseph Hanks, but they were two different people. According to Abraham Lincoln's law partner, William Herndon, Abraham once said that his maternal grandfather was "a well-bred Virginia farmer or planter." During the same conversation, Abraham said of his mother, "God bless my mother; all that I am or ever hope to be I owe to her." (It should be noted that this statement has never been verified other than having Herndon’s word for it. )Little is known of Nancy's early life. As a child Nancy was taken by her mother along the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. Young Nancy went to live with Lucy’s sister, Rachel Shipley Berry, and her husband Richard Berry, Jr., in Beechland, Kentucky, in Washington County. She lived with the Berrys until she married Thomas Lincoln. Why she didn’t go to live with her mother after Lucy remarried is not known. As Nancy grew up, she became skilled in the art of needlework, and she became an excellent seamstress. She was hired to sew anything from wedding gowns to funeral attire. Nancy became known for her work ethic, neatness, cheerfulness, and intelligence. She was deeply religious. Her cousin, John Hanks, described Nancy as having dark hair, hazel eyes, 5-7 in height, a delicate frame, weighing 120 pounds, and "was loved and revered by all who knew her." No photographs of Nancy exist. Nancy sometimes lived briefly with families she was sewing for; her services were in demand in Hardin, Mercer, and Washington counties. During the time Nancy was working as a seamstress she met Thomas Lincoln, a carpenter from Elizabethtown. A romance developed, and the two decided to be married. On June 12, 1806, Nancy Hanks and Thomas Lincoln were married; presiding over the ceremony was the Reverend Jesse Head. The couple moved to a cabin in Elizabethtown where Thomas worked as a carpenter making cabinets, door frames, even coffins. The Lincolns joined the Little Mount Separate Baptist Church. A daughter, Sarah, was born to the couple on February 10, 1807. Later the Lincolns moved to the Sinking Spring Farm on Nolin Creek about three miles from Hodgenville. There, on the morning of Sunday, February 12, 1809, Nancy gave birth to a boy. He was born on a bed of poles covered with corn husks. Peggy Walters, a neighbor who was only 20 years old, assisted with the birth and said "Nancy had about as hard a time as most women, I reckon, easier than some and maybe harder than a few. It came along kind of slow, but everything was regular and all right. The baby was born just about sunup on Sunday morning." The boy was named Abraham after his paternal grandfather who had been killed by a Native American in 1786. In 1811 the Lincolns moved to another cabin on Knob Creek. Soon, Nancy had another boy, Thomas, who died in infancy. Nancy cried as Dr. Daniel B. Potter, an Elizabethtown physician, tried in vain to save little Tommy. Original oil painting of Nancy Hanks by Lloyd Ostendorf. Mr. Ostendorf was a famous author, artist, and collector of Lincolniana. The painting in not in the public domain; copyright 1963 by Lloyd Ostendorf, used with permission. In the autumn of 1816 the Lincolns moved to southern Indiana. They settled in the wilderness on Little Pigeon Creek in Perry (later Spencer) County. Not long thereafter, Nancy's aunt and uncle, Thomas and Elizabeth Sparrow, moved and (after living in the Lincolns' cabin for awhile) built their own cabin on a nearby lot. Nancy was a good and loving mother to her children. She was very ambitious for them and hoped they could have the opportunities in life that she and Thomas had missed. She read to Sarah and Abraham from the Lincoln family Bible. In 1818 an attack of milk sickness struck the Little Pigeon Creek community. This is a disease contracted by drinking milk from cows which have grazed on poisonous white snakeroot. Both of the Sparrows died, and Thomas Lincoln made the coffins for them. Nancy took ill also. For a week she struggled, but she knew she was failing. Dennis Hanks, Nancy's cousin, recalled that she called the children to her bedside and asked them to be good and kind to their father, to each other, and to the world. On October 5, 1818, Nancy Hanks Lincoln passed away at the age of 34. In later years, Abraham would recall helping to carve pegs for his mother's coffin. Thomas Lincoln hauled the coffin, which was made of green pine, on a sled to the top of a thickly wooded hill and buried Nancy without a formal funeral service. Several months later, the Reverend David Elkins preached a funeral sermon above Nancy's grave. THE FUNERAL OF NANCY HANKS LINCOLN Source: Page 60 of The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln by Francis Fisher Browne The grave of Nancy Hanks Lincoln is located within the Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial in Lincoln City, Indiana. If you are interested in Hanks' genealogy, please Click Here. | 'Hit That Bit For The Gram' Rapper Mighty Mike Arrested For Murder Mac Author "Mighty Mike" Johnson, who had a hit this winter with 'Hit That Bit For The Gram,' is facing murder charges. Court documents state that 20-year-old Richard Devon Phillips and Walter Williams Jr were walking to a store in Baker, Louisiana yesterday when Mighty Mike and Charmaine Wilson rolled up in their vehicle. Phillips then approached Mighty Mike, who was sitting in the passenger seat. They exchanged words and Mighty Mike shot and killed Phillips. Williams told the authorities the confrontation that left his friend dead had to do with the distribution of party flyers in the neighborhood. Police found Mighty Mike and Wilson's car in Baton Rogue today, and spotted damage to its passenger side window. Mighty Mike and Wilson surrendered to Baker police later in the afternoon. Mighty Mike has been charged with second-degree murder, illegal use of a weapon, and obstruction of justice. Wilson is charged with accessory after the fact to second-degree murder and obstruction of justice. RIP Richard Devon Phillips. Suddenly the mini dance craze 'Hit The Bit For A Gram' sparked isn't so entertaining. Hit That Bit For The Gram - @Mighty Mike Twin Version Dance Cover #Hit Dhat Bit4The Gram Challenge Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:33Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:00Posted In: News |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what does aerodynamic mean in an adjective | aerodynamics aerodynamics [air-oh-dahy- nam -iks]Spell Syllables Examples Word Origin See more synonyms on Thesaurus.comnoun, ( used with a singular verb)1. the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases and with the effects of such motion on bodies in the medium. Compare aerostatics (def 1). Origin of aerodynamics Expand1830-1840First recorded in 1830-40; aero- + dynamics Related forms Expandaerodynamic, aerodynamical, adjectiveaerodynamically, adverb Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2018. Cite This Source Examples from the Web for aerodynamics Expand Contemporary Examples Spoiler: it has something to do with the aerodynamics of the ball. Can You Answer These 10 Oddball Job Interview Questions Asked at America’s Top Tech Companies? Brian Ries January 17, 2014Americans built a fighter, the P-51, with aerodynamics that seemed to defy the laws of physics. The Nerds Who Won World War IIMarc Wortman February 7, 2013After all, aerodynamics and electrodynamics are just theories, too. Ask the Big Questions Deepak Chopra, Leonard Mlodinow October 26, 2011Historical Examples It was about this time that he began his experiments in " aerodynamics . "The Age of Invention Holland Thompson We had classes everyday on engines, aerodynamics, and air craft identification. The Biography of a Rabbit Roy Benson The development of a new forage harvester based on principles of aerodynamics uncovered by missile engineers is another example. The Practical Values of Space Exploration Committee on Science and Astronautics He knew very little about the laws of aerodynamics, about stress and strain and factors of safety. The Romance of Aircraft Lawrence Yard Smith British Dictionary definitions for aerodynamics Expandaerodynamics/ ˌɛərəʊdaɪˈnæmɪks /noun1. ( functioning as sing) the study of the dynamics of gases, esp of the forces acting on a body passing through air Compare aerostatics (sense 1)Derived Formsaerodynamic, adjectiveaerodynamically, adverbaerodynamicist, noun Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © Harper Collins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Cite This Source Word Origin and History for aerodynamics Expandn.1837, from aero- "air" + dynamics. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Cite This Sourceaerodynamics in Science Expandaerodynamics (âr'ō-dī-nām'ĭks) The study of the movement of air and other gases. Aerodynamics includes the study of the interactions of air with moving objects, such as airplanes, and of the effects of moving air on stationary objects, such as buildings. Our Living Language: The two primary forces in aerodynamics are lift and drag. Lift refers to (usually upward) forces perpendicular to the direction of motion of an object traveling through the air. For example, airplane wings are designed so that their movement through the air creates an area of low pressure above the wing and an area of high pressure beneath it; the pressure difference produces the lift needed for flight. This effect is typical of airfoil design. Drag forces are parallel and opposite to the object's direction of motion and are caused largely by friction. Large wings can create a significant amount of lift, but they do so with the expense of generating a great deal of drag. Spoilers that are extended on airplane wings upon the vehicle's landing exploit this tradeoff by making the wings capable of high lift even at low speeds; low landing speeds then still provide enough lift for a gentle touchdown. Aeronautical engineers need to take into account such factors as the speed and altitude at which their designs will fly (lower air pressures at high altitudes reduce both lift and drag) in order to optimally balance lift and drag in varying conditions. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. Cite This Sourceaerodynamics in Culture Expandaerodynamics definition The branch of science devoted to the study of the flow of gas es around solid objects. It is especially important in the design of cars and airplanes, which move through the air. Note: A vehicle that has been built to minimize friction with the air is said to be aerodynamically designed. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Cite This Source | 4 Lift, Thrust, Weight, and Drag [ Previous ] [ Contents ] [ Next ] [ Marketing Needed -- Can You Help?] Copyright © 1996-2005 jsd4 Lift, Thrust, Weight, and Drag It is better to be on the ground wishing you were flying, rather than up in the air wishing you were on the ground.— Aviation proverb.4.1 Definitions The main purpose of this chapter is to clarify the concepts of lift, drag, thrust, and weight. Pilot books call these the four forces. It is not necessary for pilots to have a super-precise understanding of the four forces. The concept of energy (discussed in chapter 1) is considerably more important. In the cockpit (especially in critical situations like final approach) I think about the energy budget a lot, and think about forces hardly at all. Still, there are a few situations that can be usefully discussed in terms of forces, so we might as well learn the terminology. The relative wind acting on the airplane produces a certain amount of force which is called (unsurprisingly) the total aerodynamic force. This force can be resolved into components, called lift and drag, as shown in figure 4.1. Figure 4.1: Total Aerodynamic Force = Lift + Drag Here are the official, conventional definitions of the so-called four forces: Drag is a component of the aerodynamic force, namely the projection onto the direction parallel to the relative wind. Lift is another component of the aerodynamic force, namely the projection onto the two directions perpendicular to the relative wind. Weight is the force of gravity. It is equal to the mass of the airplane times the local gravitational acceleration, i.e. the local gravitational field. You can measure the acceleration of gravity by observing the motion – relative to your chosen reference frame – of a freely falling object. This defines what we mean by “downward”. For present purposes, it is convenient to choose a reference frame attached to a nearby point on the earth’s surface, in which case the downward direction points approximately toward the center of the earth. In later chapters we will sometimes find it convenient to choose a frame comoving with the airplane, in which case our notions of “gravity” and and “downward” are heavily modified. That’s because these notions are totally dependent on the choice of reference frame. For details on this, see section 19.6. Thrust is the force produced by the engine. It is directed forward along the axis of the engine. It is ironic that according to convention, the total aerodynamic force is not listed among the four forces. In general, the lift is a vector in two dimensions, i.e. a vector in the plane perpendicular to the relative wind; this plane is shown in yellow in figure 4.1. In general, you get to specify the magnitude and direction of this vector. However, in normal coordinated flight, to a good approximation, the lift is perpendicular to the wingspan (as well as perpendicular to the relative wind). Therefore, when people speak of the lift in one-dimensional terms, they are probably talking about the component of lift in the direction perpendicular to the wingspan (unless context demands otherwise). Figure 4.2: The Four Forces — Low Speed Descent Figure 4.2 shows the orientation of the four forces when the airplane is in “slow flight”, i.e. descending with a nose-high attitude, with the engine producing some power. Similarly, figure 4.3 shows the four forces when airplane in a high-speed descent. The angle of attack is much lower, which is consistent with the higher airspeed. Finally, figure 4.4 shows the four forces when the airplane is in a climb. I have chosen the angle of attack, the lift, and the drag to have the same magnitude as in figure 4.3. Figure 4.3: The Four Forces — High Speed Dive Figure 4.4: The Four Forces — Climb Note that the four forces are defined with respect to three different coordinate systems: lift and drag are defined relative to the wind, gravity is sometimes defined relative to the earth, and thrust is defined relative to the orientation of the engine. This makes things complicated. For example, in figure 4.2 you can see that thrust, lift and drag all have vertical components that combine to oppose the weight. Meanwhile the thrust and lift both have forward horizontal components.4.2 Balance of Forces Let’s temporarily imagine you are flying straight and level, maintaining constant speed and constant attitude, through still air. We further imagine that the axis of the engine happens to be aligned with the straight-ahead direction, for this chosen attitude. Then all three coordinate systems coincide, in which case thrust is opposite to drag, and lift is opposite to weight. In reality, it isn’t safe to assume that lift always matches weight, or thrust exactly matches drag. Consider a bomb falling straight down ( figure 4.5) – it has no lift and no thrust; when it reaches terminal velocity its weight is supported purely by drag. Another interesting case is a moon lander hovering on its rocket plume ( figure 4.6) — it has no lift and no drag; its weight is supported by its thrust. Figure 4.5: Bomb (Weight = Drag) Figure 4.6: Moon Lander (Weight = Thrust)You may think lift, thrust, weight, and drag are defined in a crazy way, but the definitions aren’t going to change anytime soon. They have too much history behind them, and they actually have advantages when analyzing complex situations. The good news is that these subtleties usually don’t bother you. First of all, the angles in figure 4.2 are greatly exaggerated. In ordinary transportation (as opposed to aerobatics), even in climbs and descents, the pitch angle is always rather small, so thrust is always nearly horizontal. Also, the relative wind differs from horizontal by only a few degrees, so drag is always nearly horizontal, and lift is nearly vertical except in turns. If we don’t like the technical definitions of lift, drag, thrust and weight, we are free to use other terms. For example, we can make the following sweeping statement: in unaccelerated flight, the upward forces balance the downward forces, and the forward forces balance the rearward forces. This statement is true whether or not we calculate separately the contributions of lift, drag, thrust and weight. This statement is simple because it expresses all the forces in terms of the horizontal and vertical components, without reference to the direction of flight. Alternatively, we can choose, if we want, express all the forces relative to the direction of flight, with minimal references to horizontal and vertical. An example of this is shown in figure 4.7. We resolve the weight into two components: The parallel component of weight is parallel to the direction of flight, while the perpendicular component of weight is at right angles to the direction of flight. These two components added together are equal to the total weight. (The total weight is directly downward, but we don’t care about that in figure 4.7, because we are using the components instead.) Figure 4.7: Force Resolved into Components This description is nice because it shows things from the pilot’s point of view, which is consistent with the general spirit of this book. Note that in figure 4.7 the parallel component of weight is pulling the aircraft forward along the path of flight. Indeed, in this situation, this component of weight is a larger contribution than engine thrust. Before going on, let me mention a couple of petty paradoxes. (1) In a steady, low-speed, high-power, nose-up climb, lift is less than weight. That’s possible because thrust is supporting part of the weight. It sounds crazy to say that lift is less than weight during climb, but it is technically true. (2) In a steady, low-power, high-speed, nose-down descent, lift is once again less than weight. That’s possible because drag is supporting part of the weight. These paradoxes are pure technicalities, consequences of the peculiar definitions of the four forces. They have no impact on pilot technique. There is some additional discussion of the balance of forces in section 19.1.4.3 Forces During a Turn The most important non-aerobatic situation where you have to worry about the forces on the airplane is during a turn. In a steeply-banked turn, the lift vector is inclined quite a bit to the left or right of vertical. In order to support the weight of the airplane and pull the airplane around the turn, the lift must be significantly greater than the weight. This leads us to the notion of load factor, which is discussed in section 6.2.3. The bottom line is that thrust is usually nearly equal (and opposite) to drag, and lift is usually nearly equal (and opposite) to weight times load factor. In a turn, it is sometimes useful to express the total lift as a sum of two components. The vertical component of lift, as usual, is what opposes weight, so there is no net vertical force, so that the airplane does not accelerate upwards or downward. The horizontal component of lift is what provides a horizontal force that changes which way the airplane is going. 1In a steeply-banked turn, the horizontal component of lift is quite large. In the pilot’s frame of reference, that means the airplane is subject to very significant centrifugal forces. This important and interesting topic will be discussed in section 6.2.4.4 Types of Drag We have seen that the total force on the airplane can be divided into lift and drag. We now explore various ways of subdividing and classifying the drag. When a force acts on a surface, it is often useful to distinguish processes that act perpendicular to the surface (pressure against the surface) versus forces that act parallel to the surface (friction along the surface). Figure 4.8: Pressure Drag Figure 4.9: Friction Drag Figure 4.8 illustrates the idea of pressure drag. If the tea table is moving from right to left, you can oppose its motion by putting your hand against the front vertical surface and pushing horizontally. Figure 4.9 illustrates the idea of friction drag. Another way to oppose the motion of the tea-table is to put your hand in the middle of the horizontal surface and use friction to create a force along the surface. This might not work too well if your hand is wet and slippery. Figure 4.10 shows a situation where air flowing along a surface will create lots of friction drag. There is a large area where fast-moving air is next to the non-moving surface. In contrast, there will be very little pressure drag because there is very little frontal area for anything to push against. Figure 4.10: Friction Drag Airflow Orientation Friction drag is proportional to viscosity (roughly, the “stickiness” of the fluid). Fortunately, air has a rather low viscosity, so in most situations friction drag is small compared to pressure drag. In contrast, pressure drag depends on the mass density (not viscosity) of the air. Friction drag and pressure drag both create a force in proportion to the area involved, and to the square of the airspeed. Part of the pressure drag that a wing produces depends on the amount of lift it is producing. This part of the drag is called induced drag. The rest of the drag — everything except induced drag — is called parasite drag. The various categories of drag are summarized in figure 4.11. Figure 4.11: Categories of Drag The part of the parasite drag that is not due to friction is called form drag . That is because it is extremely sensitive to the detailed form and shape of airplane, as we now discuss. A non-streamlined object (such as the flat plate in figure 4.12 ) can have ten times more form drag than a streamlined object of comparable frontal area (such as the one shown in figure 4.13 ). The peak pressure in front of the two shapes will be the same, but (1) the streamlined shape causes the air to accelerate, so the region of highest pressure is smaller, and more importantly, (2) the streamlined shape cultivates high pressure behind the object that pushes it forward, canceling most of the pressure drag, as shown in figure 4.13. This is called pressure recovery. Figure 4.12: Form Drag Figure 4.13: Pressure Recovery Any object moving through the air will have a high-pressure region in front, but a properly streamlined object will have a high-pressure region in back as well, resulting in pressure recovery. The flow pattern 2 near a non-streamlined object is not symmetric fore-and-aft because the stream lines separate from the object as they go around the sharp corners of the plate. Separation is discussed at more length in chapter 18. Streamlining is never perfect; there is always at least some net pressure drag. Induced drag also contributes to the pressure drag whenever lift is being produced (even for perfectly streamlined objects in the absence of separation). Except for very small objects and/or very low speeds, pressure drag is larger than friction drag (even for well-streamlined objects). The pressure drag of a non-streamlined object is much larger still. This is why on high-performance aircraft, people go to so much trouble to ensure that even the smallest things (e.g. fuel-cap handles) are perfectly aligned with the airflow. An important exception involves the air that has to flow through the engine compartment to cool the engine. A lot of air has to flow through narrow channels. The resulting friction drag — called cooling drag — amounts to 30% of the total drag of some airplanes. Unlike pressure drag, friction drag cannot possibly be canceled, even partially. Friction drag causes energy to be thrown overboard. The energy gets carried away by the relative wind, and there is no practical way for the airplane to recover that energy. The way to reduce induced drag (while maintaining the same amount of lift) is to have a longer wingspan and/or to fly faster. The way to minimize friction drag is to minimize the total wetted area (i.e. the total area that has high-speed air flowing along it). The way to reduce form drag is to minimize separation, by making everything streamlined.4.5 Coefficients, Forces, and Power The word “drag”, by itself, usually refers to a force (the force of drag). Similarly, the word “lift”, by itself, usually refers to a force. However, there are other ways of looking at things. * Coefficients It is often convenient to write the drag force as a dimensionless number (the coefficient of drag) times a bunch of factors that characterize the situation:drag force = ½ρ V 2 × coefficient of drag × area ( 4.1)where ρ (the Greek letter “rho”) is the density of the air, V is your true airspeed, and the relevant area is typically taken to be the wing area (excluding the surface area of the fuselage, et cetera). Similarly, there is a coefficient of lift :lift force = ½ρ V 2 × coefficient of lift × area ( 4.2)We used these equations back in section 2.13 to explain why the airspeed indicator is a good source of information about angle of attack. One nice thing about these equations is that the coefficient of lift and the coefficient of drag depend on the angle of attack and not much else. If you could (by magic) hold the angle of attack constant, the coefficient of lift and the coefficient of drag would be remarkably independent of airspeed, density, temperature, or whatever. The coefficient of lift is a ratio 3 that basically measures how effectively the wing turns the available dynamic pressure into useful average suction over the wing. A typical airfoil can achieve a coefficient of lift around 1.5 without flaps; even with flaps it is hard to achieve a coefficient of lift bigger than 2.5 or so. For data on real airfoils, see figure 3.16 and/or reference 26. Figure 4.14 shows how the various coefficients depend on angle of attack. The left side of the figure corresponds to the highest airspeeds (lowest angles of attack). Note that the coefficient-of-lift curve has been scaled down by a factor of ten to make it fit on the same graph as the other curves. Airplanes are really good at making lots of lift with little drag. In the range corresponding to normal flight (say 10 degrees angle of attack or less) we can use the basic lift/drag model. The details of this model are explored in section 7.6.3 , but in most piloting situations all you need to know are the following approximations, which are the conceptual basis of the model:the coefficient of lift is proportional to the angle of attack,the coefficient of induced drag is proportional to the square of the angle of attack, andthe coefficient of parasite drag is essentially constant. Figure 4.14: Coefficients versus Angle of Attack In flight, we are not free to make any amount of lift we want. The lift is nearly always equal to the weight times the load factor. This leads us to rearrange the lift equation as follows:coefficient of lift = (weight × load factor) / (½ρ V 2 × area) ( 4.3)On the right-hand side of this equation, the only factors that are likely to change from moment to moment are airspeed and load factor. (Weight can change, too, but usually only slowly. Extending the flaps can change the area somewhat.) Because of the factor of airspeed squared, the airplane must fly at a very high coefficient of lift in order to support its weight at low airspeeds. These ideas can be used to explain the shape of the power curve, as shown in figure 4.15 (which is a copy of figure 1.13 ). Figure 4.15: Power Curve — Three Regimes As you can see from the green curve in figure 4.14, at high angles of attack, beyond the critical angle of attack, the coefficient of lift is a decreasing function of angle of attack. The lower coefficient of lift means the airspeed must be higher, in order to support the weight of the airplane. This explains why the stalled regime of the power curve lies to the right of the critical point, as you can see in figure 4.15. Meanwhile, at high angles of attack, the drag is very high, as shown by the red curve in figure 4.14. This explains why the the stalled regime of the power curve lies below the critical point. For more on this, see section 5.3. Figure 4.16 is related to figure 4.14. It plots the same four curves against airspeed (rather than angle of attack). Now the left side of the plot corresponds to the lowest airspeeds (highest angles of attack). Figure 4.16: Coefficients versus Airspeed At higher angles of attack (approaching or exceeding the critical angle of attack) the basic-model approximations break down. The coefficient of parasite drag will rapidly become quite large, and the induced drag will probably be quite large also. There will be no simple proportionality relationships. The details aren’t of much interest to most pilots, for the following reason: Typically you recover from a stall as soon as you notice it, so you don’t spend much time in the stalled regime. If you do happen to be interested in stalled flight and spins, see chapter 18. * Forces Figure 4.17 shows the corresponding forces. We see that whereas the coefficient of parasite drag was more or less constant, the force of parasite drag increases with airspeed. If somebody says “the drag is a ... function of airspeed” you have to ask whether “drag” refers to the drag coefficient, the drag force, or (as discussed below) the drag power. Figure 4.17: Forces versus Airspeed We can also see in the figure that the lift force curve is perfectly constant, which is reassuring, since the figure was constructed using the principle that the lift force must equal the weight of the airplane; this is how I converted angle of attack to airspeed. The lowest point in the total drag force curve corresponds to V L/D, and gives the best lift-to-drag ratio. Using the standard lift/drag model and a little calculus, it can be shown that this occurs right at the point where the induced drag force curve crosses the parasite drag force curve. * Powers Figure 4.18 shows the amount of dissipation due to drag, for the various types of drag. Dissipation is a form of power, i.e. energy per unit time. Figure 4.18: Powers versus Airspeed Dissipation is related to force by the simple rule:power = force · velocity ( 4.4)In this equation, we are multiplying two vectors using the dot product (·), 4 which means that only the velocity component in the direction of the force counts. In the case of drag, we have specifically:dissipation = force of drag · airspeed ( 4.5)The lowest point in the curve for total drag power corresponds to V Y, and gives the best rate of climb. Using the standard lift/drag model and a little calculus, it can be shown that at this speed, the minimum occurs right at the point where the induced drag power is 3/4ths of the total, and the parasite drag power is 1/4th of the total. Actually, in the airplane represented in these figures, V Y is so close to the stalling speed that the standard lift/drag model is starting to break down, and the 3:1 ratio is not exactly accurate. In the case of lift, the lift force is (by its definition) perpendicular to the relative wind, so there is no such thing as dissipation due to lift. (Of course the physical process that produces lift also produces induced drag, but the part of the force properly called lift isn’t the part that contributes to the power budget. )4.6 Induced vs. Parasite Drag There are several useful conclusions we can draw from these curves. For starters, we see that the curve of total power required to overcome dissipation has a familiar shape; it is just an upside-down version of the power curve that appears in section 1.2.5 and elsewhere throughout this book. We can also see why the distinction between induced drag and parasite drag is significant to pilots: In the mushing regime, most of the drag is induced drag. As you go slower and slower, induced drag increases dramatically and parasite drag becomes almost negligible. At high airspeeds, parasite drag is dominant and induced drag becomes almost negligible. In the high-speed regime (which includes normal cruise), the power required increases rapidly with increasing airspeed. Eventually it grows almost like the cube of the airspeed. The reason is easy to see: parasite drag is the dominant contribution to the coefficient of drag in this regime, and is more-or-less independent of airspeed. 5 We pick up two factors of V from equation 4.1 and one from equation 4.4 . Knowing this cube law is useful for figuring out the shape of your airplane’s power curve ( section 7.6.2 ), and for figuring out how big an engine you need as a function of speed ( section 7.6.4) and altitude ( section 7.6.5 ).1For a discussion of related issues, see section 8.2.2Figure 4.12 is not as precise as the other airflow diagrams in the book. My flow software is not capable of properly modeling the wake of the flat plate, so I had to take some liberties.3It is a dimensionless number, not measured in pounds or seconds or anything, just a pure number.4Contrast this with the wedge product used in section 19.8.5Induced drag decreases as the airspeed increases, but this is a relatively minor contribution in this regime. [ Previous ] [ Contents ] [ Next ] [ Marketing Needed -- Can You Help?] Copyright © 1996-2005 jsd |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how to botox parties work? | BOTOX WITH YOUR BESTIES BOTOX WITH YOUR BESTIESBotox parties are a great way to get your friends together to enjoy wine, lite bites and great company while learning about Concierge Medical Spa. With a minimum of 5 confirmed guests, all attendees will receive special pricing on Botox and select dermal fillers at our facility or, our medical staff will visit your residence or place of business for the ultimate concierge service. Hosting a Botox Party is a great way for you and your friends to save money on Botox and have a great time in the process! The party hostess will enjoy FREE botox and additional discounts per number of guests. Our injector specialists and consultant will bring everything needed to assure your guests a safe, sterile and enjoyable experience with Botox and dermal fillers. All injections are performed by NP, RN or doctor. All attendees will receive an in-depth complimentary consultation prior to receiving their treatment. Call us today at 630-715-2853 to speak with your personal Concierge and to request additional details on how to host a VIP Botox party and receive free Botox! | . Error. Page cannot be displayed. Please contact your service provider for more details. (5) |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how heavy is a male lion | What is a male lion? David Bäckman 370,340 Contributions Knowledge is a thing you can both share and keep What is a male lion? A male lion is a lion. A female lion is a lioness. Edit How big and how heavy do lions get to be? Male lions weigh between 320 and 530 pounds. They reach a height of 4ft. They have a 9ft long body, with a 3ft long tail. Females are the same, but they weigh 250 pounds. :) …Etkld 106 Contributions How big and heavy do lions get to be? Male Lions are normally between 179-192Kg, however at Tsavo they reach 225Kg quite often. And at the Ngorongoro crater They reach 225-235Kg much more often. But the largest li …Blion 237 Contributions How heavy is a lion? A male lion is about 250 kgs (550lbs)Edit Big cat fan How heavy can lions get? It matters to region and prey around. Some lions were just 182kg Others are as heavy as 280kg. But real monsters living in captivity can be heavier than 350kg!Edit Anand Vijayakumar 363,997 Contributions How big and heavy do lions get? Weights for adult African lions range between 150-250 kg for males and 120-182 kg for females. Females are much smaller than males both in size and weight. Their Asian count …Anand Vijayakumar 363,997 Contributions What does the male lion do? It defends the pride and mates with the lionesses in heat. Edit Fatima198 16 Contributions How heavy is the lion? Large males can weigh up to 500 pounds!Edit What is the male of lion? The male lion does not have a special name. Male lions have a large territory they have to defend and several females and lion cubs they take care of. Edit How heavy is a lion fish? This question is answered in these facts. Diet: Carnivore Average lifespan in the wild: Up to 15 years Size: 11.8 to 15 in (30 to 38 cm) ***Weight: Up to 2.6 lbs (1.2 kg)*** …Jake Wayne 40,904 Contributions How heavy is a male adult lion? The normal weight of an adult male lion it s about 250kg but the big male lion can weight over 280kg.the babarian adult male lion can weight over 300kg The average adult male …How heavy is a grown up male lion?25kg (550lb)Edit | . This Account has been suspended. Contact your hosting provider for more information. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how is math used in computer engineering | Math for Computer Science Math for Computer Science Whether working in computer programming, system analysis, or other areas of the field, computer science careers require a solid understanding of discrete math. To find out more about education and career options in this field of study, continue reading. Inside Math for Computer Science For students who enjoy computers and have strong math and problem-solving skills, a career in computer science could be worth exploring. Discrete math is sometimes referred to as the math for computer science. Topics in discrete math that are used in computer science include graphs, recursive formulas, counting, logic, probability and matrices. Discrete math methods may be used in designing algorithms and computer systems, as well as in software engineering. Education Information A Bachelor of Science degree in computational mathematics draws from both mathematics and computer science. Courses may include discrete math, differential equations, vector calculus, scientific programming, algorithm design and data structures. This type of degree program may be suitable for students interested in working in a math, engineering or scientific setting doing development and analysis of software systems. Specific careers may include cryptologist, data analyst, system analyst, researcher or engineer in data mining. Students with a background in discrete math who want to work in computer science may work on the basic problems involved in the designing and implementation of new algorithms. Other areas may include computer graphics and audio and video compression. Both of these areas require individuals who are very proficient in math. Although a bachelor's degree may suffice for some jobs within the computer science industry, the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that many positions in computer science require a Ph. D. ( www.bls.gov)Check out the following Study.com articles to get info on math and computer science degree programs. Bachelor's Degree in Math Applied Math Degree Math and Statistics Degree Associate's Degree in Computer Science Computer Science Doctorate Degree Distance Learning Options A number of computer science and math courses and programs are available online. Take a look at these articles to get an idea of the possible distance learning options. Free Online Computer Science Courses Online Computer Science Classes Online Undergraduate Math Degrees Online Math Degrees Career Options Computers are everywhere in the world today. Are you eager to be part of a team that helps keep the company networks running? Take a look at a few of the career options below. Systems Analyst Database Administrator Computer Programmer Computer Systems Administrator Employment Information According to the BLS, the mean annual wage for mathematicians in May 2013 was $103,310. The BLS also reported that scientists working in information and computer research had a mean yearly income of $109,260; and computer systems analysts, $85,320 in May 2013. Of these career options, computer systems analysts and mathematicians are expected to experience the strongest job outlook in 2012-2022. Data from the BLS suggests a faster-than-average job growth of 23% for mathematicians and 25% for analysts. | . This site has been archived. Please visit blogs.adobe.com for the latest Adobe blog posts. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.alfalfa disease symptoms | . Alfalfa in Oklahoma is subject to many different disease organisms. Even in the driest areas of the state, diseases attack alfalfa and reduce yield, stand longevity, and sometimes forage quality. A few diseases are restricted to areas with high rainfall. The most important alfalfa diseases statewide in Oklahoma include: Phytophthora root rot. The most common disease in Oklahoma is associated with wet, warm soils. It is important as a seedling disease and throughout the life of an alfalfa stand. (see " Root and Crown Diseases " in this chapter)Bacterial wilt. The most widespread disease of alfalfa in the nation. (see " Root and Crown Diseases " in this chapter)Fusarium wilt. A disease associated with warm production environments. (see " Root and Crown Diseases " in this chapter)Anthracnose. A stem disease present throughout Oklahoma. It requires mild temperatures and high humidity. (see " Leaf and Stem Diseases " in this chapter)Verticillium wilt. The most recently discovered, important crown-rotting alfalfa disease. It is not the same fungus that attacks cotton, peanuts, etc. (see " Root and Crown Diseases " in this chapter)Aphanomyces . Like phytophthora root rot, it is a wet soil disease. (see " Root and Crown Diseases " in this chapter)Leaf and stem spots. Caused by several different fungi. (see " Leaf and Stem Diseases " in this chapter)Nematodes. Symptoms of stem nematodes are frequently noted in 2- to 4-year old stands. Other species are present, but their severity in Oklahoma is unknown. (see " Nematodes " in this chapter)Viruses . Several viruses cause variable symptoms in Oklahoma alfalfa and reduce plant vigor. (see " Viruses " in this chapter)Damping off . A complex of fungi that debilitate and kill seedlings growing in cool, damp conditions. (see " Root and Crown Diseases " in this chapter)Sclerotinia. A fungal disease rarely seen in Oklahoma, but one that can devastate fall plantings. (see " Root and Crown Diseases " in this chapter)Texas root rot. Also called cotton root rot, it is found in extreme southern Oklahoma in fields with a history of cotton production. This fungus can remain alive in the soil for decades. (see " Root and Crown Diseases " in this chapter)Back to Alfalfa Diseases Alfalfa Diseases Images Diseases can be a limiting factor in alfalfa production. In both hay and seed production, diseases can cause serious losses in yield, quality, and stand persistence. Death of plants is sometimes quick and obvious, but more often plant-kill by diseases is not so obvious. Diseases can kill 5-10 percent of the plants in a stand each year. In many cases, alfalfa plants live for several years after becoming infected by diseases. This reduces the vigor and competitiveness of infected plants; thus, weeds are better able to compete. The combined stress of diseases, weeds, and insects decreases productivity and eventually results in the death of infected plants. Mortality of plants results from diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses. The most effective means of controlling the first six diseases listed above is the use of multiple-pest resistant varieties. All varieties released in the last decade possess adequate resistance to these diseases for most conditions in Oklahoma. It is important to note that much of the alfalfa known as Oklahoma common or VNS (variety not stated) lacks resistance to any of these important diseases. Maintaining good drainage, harvesting in a timely fashion, and using adapted, multiple-pest resistant varieties combine to provide an excellent management approach to control these diseases. While research continues on the last six diseases listed above, varieties with effective resistance are lacking, and proper cultural practices (including crop rotation, site selection, and seed bed refinement) are the only control options available. More progress has been made in the development of disease resistance in alfalfa than from directly breeding for increased forage yield or persistence. Identifying pathogens that cause symptoms on plants can be difficult. Producers are encouraged to consult the County Extension Office or the Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory at OSU for assistance in determining the causal agents. The following discussion gives a brief description of diseases that have been most frequently found on alfalfa in Oklahoma in recent years. Additional information on diseases, including photographs, can be obtained through the Oklahoma Alfalfa Calendar at Oklahoma Alfalfa . Back to Alfalfa Diseases Alfalfa Diseases Images Leaf and Stem Diseases Leaf and stem diseases that commonly infect alfalfa cause losses by reducing plant vigor, yield, and hay quality (primarily by causing leaves to drop). The effects of these diseases can range from slight to severe, even to the point of killing enough plants so that an alfalfa stand is no longer profitable. Losses from individual leaf spot diseases are difficult to measure since they are seldom found separately. Anthracnose. (See Photo 53 .) A stem disease that normally infects alfalfa during the warmest periods of the year. Only planting resistant varieties effectively controls it. Symptoms vary from a few irregularly shaped blackened areas to large sunken, oval to diamond shaped lesions on the stems. These lesions are bleached with grayish-white centers. Black fruiting bodies of the fungus develop in the lesions. The lesions may enlarge, coalesce, girdle, and kill one to several stems on a plant. A conspicuous symptom is straw-colored to pearly white stems scattered through the field in summer and fall. Dead shoots may droop to form a "shepherd's crook" appearance as a result of rapid wilting of the stem. Although it is typical of anthracnose, this symptom may also be caused by other conditions. The anthracnose fungus causes a crown rot, producing black or bluish-black discoloration of invaded tissues. This symptom is often observed when stems are broken off at the crown. The fungus survives in infected stems and crows in fields and in harvested hay. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Downy Mildew. (See Photo 54 ). Appears as light grayish-green areas on the leaves, giving the field a light green appearance. Other fungus leaf diseases of alfalfa generally start on lower leaves and progress up the plant, but downy mildew symptoms appear first on younger leaves near the top of the plant. Infected leaves may be somewhat curled and distorted. Under severe infection, entire stems may be thickened and shortened. In high humidity, the lower surface of infected leaves shows patches of gray to slightly purplish downy growth, which represent the spore-producing of the fungus. Spores are disseminated by wind and splashing rain. Optimum conditions for downy mildew infections exist with near 100 percent relative humidity and temperatures between 50 o and 65 o F. In Oklahoma, this disease is most serious in the spring during the growth of the first crop. Newly seeded alfalfa is most severely affected. Susceptible seedlings may be killed or weakened so that they cannot survive any environmental stresses, such as a drought period. When downy mildew becomes severe, the alfalfa should be cut to stop disease development. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Alfalfa Diseases Images Lepto leaf spot. (See Photo 55 .) Also called pepperspot. Can be found in alfalfa fields at almost any time in the growing season, but it is more prevalent during cool, wet weather. This is the first leaf spot to develop on regrowth after cutting. The leaf spots are variable from small (pinpoint) to large (1/8 inch) diameter spots with light tan centers and dark margins surrounded by a yellow halo. When conditions favoring infection and disease development coincide with rapid regrowth, lesions appear as large light tan to almost white areas that coalesce and kill entire leaves. Early cutting of hay is of little value in preventing this disease, since it builds up soon after harvest and older leaves become more resistant. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Spring black stem. (See Photo 56. ) Can infect all aboveground parts of alfalfa, appearing as small black spots on lower leaves, petioles and stems. The infection may extend to the crown and upper roots. Blackened spots on stems are irregularly shaped. In a cool, wet spring, entire shoots are blackened, and stems become brittle and break. Cutting in the late bud to early bloom stage reduces losses from spring black stem because the disease builds up most rapidly after the growth is tall enough to shade lower leaves. Summer black stem. (See Photo 57. ) Recognized by loss of leaves and blackened stems. Also shows up as gray-brown leaf spots with irregular margins. The spots may be as large as 1/4 inch in diameter. Tissue around these spots soon turns yellow. One spot on a leaflet causes it to yellow and drop within a few days. Summer black stem generally appears after the first cutting of hay. The fungus develops most rapidly at temperatures of 80° to 90°F and near 100 percent humidity. Cutting the hay crop at bud stage is consistent with making high-quality hay and reduces losses from summer black stem. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Alfalfa Diseases Images Root and Crown Diseases Root and crown rots are usually caused by a number of common soil-borne fungi. These fungi weaken infected plants and reduce forage yield and stand longevity. Phytophthora root rot. (See Photo 58. ) Causes damping-off of alfalfa seedlings and root rot in older plants. Seedlings are often killed within a few weeks after emergence or in spring after fall planting. Entire stands are sometimes killed. Young plants rapidly turn yellow or red, then wilt, and die. Infected taproots have brown to black lesions, and when severe, the lower end of the taproot is black and rotted off 1-6 inches below the soil surface. P hytophthora root rot occurs in wet, poorly drained soils during extended periods of rainfall or excessive irrigation. It can be detected by digging surviving plants in areas where stands have been thinned. If the soil dries out during disease development, some plants may recover by growing new lateral roots above the rotted area, but the resulting shallow root system limits drought tolerance and reduces yield. This is the most important alfalfa disease in Oklahoma. Essentially all soils have the fungus that causes this disease. The fungus can be dormant in the soil for many years and become active when the soil remains saturated for several days and the soil temperature is above 60 ° F. When the soil temperature is below 60 ° F, alfalfa can tolerate extended periods of flooding. All varieties for Oklahoma released in the last 20 years have adequate levels of resistance to this disease. Other than resistant varieties, the only form of control is assuring good internal and surface drainage before stand establishment. In poorly drained sites, Phytophthora root rot and other diseases can kill most alfalfa plants after 1-2 years. Weedy grasses frequently invade these wet areas, as there are not enough alfalfa plants to dominate the area. Sowing white clover (Ladino) in these low areas can reduce the weed infestation; however, white clover dries more slowly in the windrow than alfalfa. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Aphanomyces root rot. (See Photo 59.) An important disease of wet soils. It stunts and kills seedlings rapidly and causes a chronic root disease in established plants. Infected seedlings develop yellow cotyledons followed by chlorosis of other leaflets. Roots and stems initially appear gray and water soaked, and then turn light to dark brown. Seedlings become stunted but remain upright. Aphanomyces reduces root mass on established plants. Nodules are frequently absent or decayed. Infected plants exhibit symptoms similar to nitrogen deficiency and are slow to regrow following winter dormancy or harvest. For best results, select varieties with high levels of resistance to both Aphanomyces and Phytophthora root rot. Damping off. A germination and seedling disease. It is associated with less-than-ideal germination conditions, usually prolonged wet and cool periods. During germination, seeds may be infected and contents reduced to a brown gelatinous mass in the seed coat, or the radicle and cotyledons may become brown and soft after emergence. Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani are normally the causal agents for damping off. Phytophthora and Aphanomyces may cause somewhat similar symptoms. Seed protectant fungicides are usually effective in reducing the degree of damping off. Planting in conditions that are conductive to rapid growth of seedlings will reduce seedling loss. Damping off is more likely to be a problem with spring planting or planting after early October. Fusarium root and crown rots. (See Photo 60. ) Caused by several species of the Fusarium fungus. External symptoms are first evident when the leaves curl at the edges, then wilt. When the taproot is cut lengthwise, it is discolored light brown to black. Damage varies from irregular brown rotted areas to complete disintegration of the root and crown. Such rots usually occur after injury from freezing, harvesting, or insect feeding. The disease generally progresses slowly and becomes most noticeable following periods of stress caused by insufficient moisture, severe heat, or mismanagement. All adapted multiple-pest resistant varieties have good levels of resistance, which is the only known control for this disease. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Texas root rot. ( See Photo 61 .) Also known as Phymatotrichum root rot and cotton root rot. In Oklahoma, this disease occurs only along the southern border. The Phymatotrichum fungus does not survive cold winter temperatures. This root rot causes rapid death of plants, often after excellent growth. The disease kills plants in somewhat circular areas within fields ranging from a few square yards to an acre or more in size. Death occurs within a few days of the first wilting of the plants. The whole root system of affected plants decays, and the plants can be pulled from the soil with little effort. Affected plant roots show a covering of fine brownish strands of the fungus. These strands are called rhizomorphs and are a distinguishing characteristic of the disease. Cereal crops and sorghum are resistant to Phymatotrichum root rot, but because this organism persists for long periods, traditional 3-6 year crop rotation of alfalfa and cereals is ineffective as a control measure. There are no known resistant varieties to Texas root rot. Bacterial wilt. Symptoms begin to appear in the second and third year and may cause serious stand losses in 3- to 5-year old stands. Affected plants turn yellow, become stunted, and in early stages of disease, are scattered throughout the stand. Severely infected plants are stunted with many spindly stems and small, distorted leaves. Diseased plants are most evident in regrowth after clipping. Cross sections of the taproot show a ring of yellowish brown discoloration near the outer edge. All adapted multiple-pest resistant varieties are resistant to this disease. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Alfalfa Diseases Images Verticillium wilt. Can reduce yields up to 50 percent beginning the second harvest year and can severely shorten stand life. Early symptoms include v-shaped yellowing on leaflet tips, sometimes with leaflets rolling along their length. The disease progresses until all leaves are dead. Initially, not all stems of a plant are affected. The disease slowly invades the crown, and the plant dies over a period of months. Root vascular tissues may or may not show internal browning. Many alfalfa varieties are resistant to this disease. The following measures minimize the chances of introducing this fungus and spreading the disease between and within fields: Plant disease resistant varieties.. Practice crop rotation. Deep plow Verticillium infested fields and do not plant alfalfa for at least three years. Corn and small grains are important non-hosts. These crops should fit well into a rotation with alfalfa. Harvest non infested fields first. Then harvest infested fields at late bud or early flower stage. Early harvest can limit some yield and quality losses caused by Verticillium wilt and can slow the spread of the fungus throughout fields. Sclerotinia crown and stem rot. Caused by the same fungus that causes Sclerotinia blight in peanuts. Consequently, alfalfa should not follow peanuts when Sclerotinia blight has been a problem. The Sclerotinia fungus can kill alfalfa seedlings rapidly. Symptoms first appear in the fall as small brown spots on the leaves and stems. Then the plant tops wilt and die. In early spring, crowns of infected plants become soft with a brown white fluffy mass of fungus mycelium. Hard, black fruiting bodies (sclerotia) form in this fungus mass and may adhere to the surface or be embedded in the stem or crown area. These hard, black fruiting bodies are the survival stage of the fungus. Sclerotinia can survive in the soil for up to four years. This disease in not known to occur in Oklahoma alfalfa. In areas of the nation where this fungus is severe, fall-planted stands are frequently devastated; consequently, late summer and fall stand establishment is avoided. The disease is rarely important in spring-planted stands. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Viruses A number of viral diseases of alfalfa have been described, but relatively little is known about their distribution and importance in alfalfa, with the exceptions of alfalfa mosaic virus, alfalfa enation virus, and lucerne transient streak virus. Often, viruses are carried by aphids, leafhoppers, and other plant-sucking insects. There is no effective control of viruses, but minimizing the various plant-sucking insects by scouting, timely treatment, and using resistant varieties may offer a degree of control. Nematodes Plant-parasitic nematodes are microscopic roundworms that cannot be seen with the unaided eye. Stem nematodes, root lesion nematodes, and rootknot nematodes are the most damaging plant parasitic nematodes found in Oklahoma alfalfa fields. Their importance is a result of their pathogenic effects on alfalfa and their ability to become involved with other pathogens in disease complexes, thereby increasing disease severity. The only way to know for certain if nematodes are present is to collect soil and roots, or in the case of stem nematodes, above-ground plant parts, and send a sample to a laboratory equipped for extracting and identifying nematodes. For details on sampling for nematode analysis, consult the County Extension Office or the Plant Disease and Insect Diagnostic Laboratory at OSU. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Alfalfa Diseases Images Alfalfa stem nematode. One of the few nematodes that feed on plant foliage, it can cause severe stunting of alfalfa. Infected plants have a bushy appearance and usually possess thickened stems and shortened internodes (See Photo 62 ). Leaves of infected plants often appear crinkled. High populations of stem nematodes cause stunting and can kill alfalfa plants. A stand of alfalfa may decline quite rapidly after stem nematodes become established, sometimes reducing alfalfa production enough to be unprofitable one year after infection is detected. Symptoms of alfalfa stem nematodes are normally noticed in the second or third production year. The first symptoms may be limited to small areas during late March or early April. The symptoms may disappear as temperatures rise, but they will return in following years over larger areas until most of the alfalfa plants in the field have symptoms of damage. Stand thinning accelerates when the stem nematode is present. Resistant varieties are available but do not seem to be effective in Oklahoma. The best control for stem nematodes is to prevent their spread by cleaning any remaining alfalfa hay, plant parts, and soil from haying equipment before moving from an infested area. The nematodes are carried in plant debris on equipment from one field to another. Rotation to crops such as small grains, sorghum or corn for 2-3 years will reduce alfalfa stem nematode and rootknot nematode populations; however, crop rotation is an ineffective control of root lesion nematodes because of their wide host range. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Root lesion nematodes. Widespread in their distribution, occurring frequently throughout temperate regions, they attack a wide range of crop and weed plants. High infestations of root lesion nematodes can reduce forage yields, decrease cold tolerance, and increase infections by soil-inhabiting fungi. Damage caused to alfalfa plants is enhanced by root lesion nematodes predisposing roots to soil microorganisms. Aboveground symptoms of root lesion nematodes are difficult to assess since other pathogens may produce similar symptoms. No visual symptom develops when nematode numbers are low, but when numbers are high, even when plant growing conditions are ideal, infected plants become stunted. Feeding by root lesion nematodes generally causes dark lesions, overall browning of roots, and reduced growth. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Rootknot nematodes. Probably the most widely disseminated plant parasitic nematodes in the world, they rank high in economic importance as plant pathogens. Rootknot nematodes may build up large populations on alfalfa and are a major alfalfa production problem in many states. In Oklahoma, however, they appear to be less frequently encountered on alfalfa and are probably less important than stem and root lesion nematodes. Like the root lesion nematode, root-knot nematodes may be involved in disease complexes with other alfalfa pathogens. Alfalfa plants infected by rootknot nematodes may become stunted, and the stand may be reduced. Infected roots branch excessively and have small galls. Rootknot galls are swelling of the tissue of the root itself, frequently involving the total diameter of the root, and should not be confused with Rhizobium bacterial nodules which usually appear to be appendages attached to the root. MAMMALIAN PESTSMammalian pests that occasional reduce alfalfa production or persistence and interfere with normal operations include rabbits, moles, gophers, voles, mice, rats, and deer. Cultural practices, combined with baiting, are the only practical control options. Back to Alfalfa Diseases Alfalfa Diseases Images | AlfalfaMedicago Sativa Alfalfa Medicago Sativa Nutritionally some modern herbalists call alfalfa the "Big Daddy of them all" because alfalfa is so well rounded in the vitamins and minerals that it can supply to the body. The vitamin and mineral rich juice that is extracted from alfalfa is called Chlorophyll; chlorophyll is almost identical to human hemoglobin and has been used by Naturopaths and some religious groups before, during and after operations. Alfalfa is a legume found at the edges of fields, in low valleys and is widely cultivated for livestock feed. Alfalfa has an erect, smooth stem grows from an elongated taproot to a height of a foot or more. The flowers are blue-to-purple during the summer months and later produce spirally coiled seedpods. The seeds produce an excellent sprout that can be grown at home or purchased at most grocery and health food stores. Alfalfa is loaded with beta-carotene, which supports the immune system, skin and internal mucous membranes. Alfalfa is so high in calcium that the ashes from its leaves are 99% calcium. When the calcium content of alfalfa is compared to milk 1 oz of powdered milk contained 38% of RDA, while 1 oz of powdered alfalfa contained 75% RDA. That same 1 oz of alfalfa also has 83% more iron, 36% more magnesium, 12% more potassium, and 4% less sodium than milk. Highly nutritional alfalfa contains vitamins A, B-1, B-6, B-12, C, E and K-1 (a remedy for morning sickness), niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acids and 15 to 25% proteins. Alfalfa can be used therapeutically for treating: Arthritis Intestinal disorders Liver problems Skin disorders Cancers (use chlorophyll, capsules, and sprouts) Ulcers (contains U factor found to cure ulcers in test animals) Nausea Kidney cleanser Jaundice Rheumatism Lupus Pituitary Gland (Cushing"s disease) Gout Fatigue (mental and physical) Tooth decay (alfalfa contains natural fluoride, unlike the fluoride that is a by-product of aluminum manufacturing that is poisonous)Sources: Little Herb Encyclopedia, by Jack Ritchason; N. D., Woodland Publishing Incorporated, 1995Nutritional Herbology, by Mark Pedersen, Wendell W. Whitman Company, 1998Rodale's Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs, Rodale Press, Emmaus, Pennsylvania 1987The Ultimate Healing System, Course Manual, Copyright 1985, Don Lepore |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is thigh | Thigh For other uses, see Thigh (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Thigh Cross-section of the thigh showing muscles and bone ( latin terminology ). Details Identifiers Latin femur Me SH D013848TA A01.1.00.035FMA 24967Anatomical terminology [ edit on Wikidata]In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip ( pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. [1]The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of bone tissue ), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a modified hinge joint at the knee. Contents [ hide ]1 Structure1.1 Bones1.2 Muscular compartments1.3 Blood supply2 Clinical significance3 Additional images4 References Structure [ edit]Bones [ edit]Main article: Femur The femur is the only bone in the thigh and serves for an attachment site for all muscles in the thigh. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with the tibia and kneecap forming the knee. By most measures the femur is the strongest bone in the body. The femur is also the longest bone in the body. The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis, the shaft (or body) and two epiphysis or extremities that articulate with adjacent bones in the hip and knee. [2]Muscular compartments [ edit]Main article: Fascial compartments of thigh In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate compartments, divided by fascia, each containing muscles. These compartments use the femur as an axis, and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes (or septa ). Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply, and contains a different group of muscles. Medial fascial compartment of thigh, adductor Posterior fascial compartment of thigh, flexion, hamstring Anterior fascial compartment of thigh, extension Anterior compartment muscles of the thigh include pectineus, sartorius, and the four muscles that comprise the quadriceps muscles - rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius and vastus lateralis. Posterior compartment muscles of the thigh are the hamstring muscles, which include semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris. Medial compartment muscles are adductor magnus, adductor longus and adductor brevis, and also gracilis. Because the major muscles of the thigh are the largest muscles of the body, resistance exercises (strength training) of them stimulate blood flow more than any other localized activity. [3]Blood supply [ edit]The arterial supply is by the femoral artery and the obturator artery. The lymphatic drainage closely follows the arterial supply and drains to the lumbar lymphatic trunks on the corresponding side, which in turn drains to the cisterna chyli. The deep venous system of the thigh consists of the femoral vein, the proximal part of the popliteal vein, and various smaller vessels; these are the site of proximal deep venous thrombosis. The venae perfortantes connect the deep and the superficial system, which consists of the saphenous veins (the site of varicose veins ). Clinical significance [ edit]Thigh weakness can result in a positive Gowers' sign on physical examination. Additional images [ edit]Front of thigh muscles from Gray's Anatomy of the human body from 1918. Back thigh muscles of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions from Gray's Anatomy of the human body from 1918. Cross-section through the middle of the thigh. Cross-section through the middle of the thigh. The Obturator externus References [ edit]Look up thigh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thigh.^ " thigh " at Dorland's Medical Dictionary^ Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Bevægeapparatets anatomi [ Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 239–241. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.^ Cespedes, Andrea. "How Important Are Leg Workouts for Muscle Gain?". [ show]v t e Human regional anatomy [ show]v t e Muscles of the hip and human leg | : -Now Playing My StationsSign Up Log InInternal Server ErrorSomething has gone wrong. We're working on this issue, and we'll have things back to normal soon.Keep enjoying Pandora for free.Sign up for a free Pandora account now to keep the music playing.Sign UpAlready have a Pandora account? Log In Internal Server Error Something has gone wrong. We're working on this issue, and we'll have things back to normal soon. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is voltaren eye drops | Voltaren Ophtha Eye Drops (Single dose units) Voltaren Ophtha Eye Drops (Single dose units)Diclofenac sodium Consumer medicine info rmation Share Brand Information Brand name Voltaren Ophtha Eye Drops (Single dose units)Active ingredient Diclofenac sodium Schedule S4Consumer medicine information (CMI) leaflet Please read this leaflet carefully before you start using Voltaren Ophtha Eye Drops (Single dose units). Download CMI (PDF) Download large text CMI (PDF)What is in this leaflet Please read this leaflet carefully before you use Voltaren Ophtha Eye Drops. This leaflet answers some common questions about Voltaren Ophtha. It does not contain all of the available information. It does not take the place of talking to your doctor or pharmacist. The information in this leaflet was last updated on the date listed on the final page. More recent information on the medicine may be available. You should ensure that you speak to your pharmacist or doctor to obtain the most up to date information on the medicine. You can also download the most up to date leaflet from www.novartis.com.au The updates may contain important information about the medicine and its use of which you should be aware. All medicines have risks and benefits. Your doctor has weighed the expected benefits of you using Voltaren Ophtha against the risks this medicine could have for you. If you have any concerns about using this medicine, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Keep this leaflet with the medicine. You may need to read it again. What Voltaren Ophtha is used for This medicine is used to treat inflammation of the eye e.g. inflammation which occurs as a result of surgery. It belongs to a group of medicines called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs relieve pain and reduce inflammation (i.e. swelling, redness and throbbing). Ask your doctor if you have any questions about why this medicine has been prescribed for you. Your doctor may have prescribed it for another reason. This medicine is not addictive. It is available only with a doctor's prescription. Use in Children There is not enough information to recommend the use of this medicine for children. Before you use Voltaren Ophtha When you must not use it Do not use Voltaren Ophtha if you have ever had an allergic reaction or attack of asthma after taking or using:any medicine containing diclofenac sodium, including Voltaren tablets or suppositoriesany similar medicine such as Voltaren Rapid tablets (diclofenac potassium), Voltaren Emulgel (diclofenac diethylammonium), aspirin or any other NSAID, or any other medicine to relieve pain or reduce swellingany of the ingredients listed at the end of this leaflet. Some of the symptoms of an allergic reaction may include:shortness of breathwheezing or difficulty breathingswelling of the face, lips, tongue or other parts of the bodyrash, itching or hives on the skin. Do not use this medicine if the expiry date has passed, the packaging is torn or the safety seal around the closure and neck area is broken. If it has expired or is damaged, return it to your pharmacist for disposal. If you are not sure whether you should start using Voltaren Ophtha talk to your doctor. Before you start to use it Tell your doctor if you have allergies to any other medicines, foods, preservatives or dyes. Tell your doctor if you have or have had any of the following medical conditions:stomach ulcer, severe attacks of indigestion or other stomach or bowel troubleknown bleeding tendencyasthmaan eye infection that is not being treated. Tell your doctor if: You are pregnant, or intend to become pregnant Your doctor will discuss the possible risks and benefits of using Voltaren Ophtha during pregnancy. Voltaren Ophtha eye drops should not be used in early pregnancy or during the third trimester of pregnancy. You are breast-feeding or intend to breast-feed Your doctor will discuss the possible risks and benefits of using Voltaren Ophtha when you are breast-feeding. If you have not told your doctor about any of the above, tell him/her before you start using Voltaren Ophtha. Taking other medicines Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking any other medicines, including any that you get without a prescription from your pharmacy, supermarket or health food shop. Some medicines and Voltaren Ophtha may interfere with each other. These include:medicines used to thin the blood or prevent blood clots such as warfarinsteroid eye drops or eye ointment used to treat inflammationvoriconazole, a medication used to treat fungal infections. These medicines may be affected by Voltaren Ophtha or may affect how well it works. You may need different amounts of your medicines, or you may need to take different medicines. Your doctor and pharmacist have more information on medicines to be careful with or avoid while using this medicine. How to use Voltaren Ophtha Follow all directions given to you by your doctor or pharmacist carefully. They may differ from the information contained in this leaflet. If you do not understand the instructions on the label, ask your doctor or pharmacist for help. How much to use The usual dose of Voltaren Ophtha is: Before surgery Use up to 5 drops during the 3 hours before surgery. After surgery Use one (1) drop 3 times on the day of surgery followed by one (1) drop 3 to 5 times daily. How to use it This medicine is available in a multidose bottle and in single dose units. If you are using the multidose bottle and you wear soft contact lenses, remove your contact lenses before using this medicine. Wait for 15 minutes after using it before reinserting your contact lenses into your eyes. Wearing your lenses is discouraged during treatment of inflammation. One of the ingredients in Voltaren Ophtha multidose bottle (benzalkonium chloride) can affect contact lenses. Follow these steps if you are using the multidose bottle: Wash your hands before using the drops. Open the multidose bottle. Make sure the tip of the dropper does not touch anything as this may contaminate the solution. Hold the bottle in one hand between the thumb and middle finger. With your head tilted back, use the forefinger of your other hand to pull down the lower lid of the eye to be treated. Place the dropper close to your eye, but without touching your eye or eyelid, and gently squeeze so that one drop falls into the pouch between your lower eyelid and your eye, and then release your lower eyelid. Close your eye and gently press the inner corner of your eye with your forefinger for one minute. Treat your other eye in the same way if your doctor has told you to do this. Replace the lid on the multidose bottle. Discard the multidose bottle and remaining solution four weeks after opening. Follow these steps if you are using the single dose units: Wash your hands before using the drops. Open the blister pack of single dose units. Remove the strip of single dose units and tear off one single dose unit from the strip. Hold it by the tab with the nozzle pointing downwards and tap gently until all the air bubbles are above the solution. Twist the tab off the single dose unit. Make sure the tip of the single dose unit does not touch anything as this may contaminate the solution. Hold the single dose unit in one hand between the thumb and forefinger. With your head tilted back, use the forefinger of your other hand to pull down the lower lid of the eye to be treated. Place the single dose unit tip close to your eye, but without touching your eye or eyelid, and gently squeeze so that one drop falls into the pouch between your lower eyelid and your eye, and then release your lower eyelid. Close your eye and gently press the inner corner of your eye with your forefinger for one minute. Treat your other eye in the same way if your doctor has told you to do this. Discard each single dose unit immediately after use. If you are using any other eye drops at the same time as Voltaren Ophtha, leave an interval of at least 5 minutes between each eye drop to stop the drops being washed out of the eye. How long to use it Continue using your medicine for as long as your doctor tells you. If you forget to use it If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you missed and use your next dose when you are meant to. Otherwise, use it as soon as you remember, and then go back to using your medicine as you would normally. Do not use a double dose to make up for the dose that you missed. This may increase the chance of you getting an unwanted side effect. If you are not sure what to do, ask your doctor or pharmacist. If you have trouble remembering to use your medicine, ask your pharmacist for some hints. If you use too much (overdose)Immediately telephone your doctor, the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 or go to Accident and Emergency at the nearest hospital if you think that you or anyone else may have accidentally swallowed the contents of the multidose bottle or single dose unit of Voltaren Ophtha. Do this even if there are no signs of discomfort or poisoning. While you are using Voltaren Ophtha Things you must do Tell your doctor if you have any crusty discharge from your eyes while using Voltaren Ophtha. This may mean your eyes are infected and you may need additional treatment. Tell your doctor if your symptoms persist, worsen or recur. If you become pregnant while using this medicine, tell your doctor immediately. If you are about to be started on any new medicine, remind your doctor and pharmacist that you are using Voltaren Ophtha. Tell any other doctors, dentists and pharmacists who treat you that you are using this medicine. Things you must not do Do not use Voltaren Ophtha to treat any other complaints unless your doctor tells you to. Do not give this medicine to anyone else, even if they have the same condition as you. Do not stop using your medicine or lower the dosage without checking with your doctor. Things to be careful of Be careful driving or operating machinery until you know how Voltaren Ophtha affects you. This medicine may cause blurred vision in some people. If you get blurred vision when you use it, do not drive, operate machinery or do anything else that could be dangerous until this effect has worn off. Side Effects Tell your doctor or pharmacist as soon as possible if you do not feel well while you are using Voltaren Ophtha. This medicine helps most people with inflammation of the eye, but it may have unwanted side effects in a few people. All medicines can have side effects. Sometimes they are serious, most of the time they are not. You may need medical attention if you get some of the side effects. Do not be alarmed by the following lists of side effects. You may not experience any of them. Ask your doctor or pharmacist to answer any questions you may have. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you notice any of the following and they worry you:pain, itching, redness, discomfort or irritation of your eyeblurred vision immediately after using the dropsgritty foreign body sensation in your eyeunusual sensitivity of your eyes to light. The above list includes the more common side effects of your medicine. They also occur with many other eye drops and are usually mild and short-lived. Additional side effects that are noticed less often include:allergic conditions such as swollen, runny eyes, itching or rash elsewhere on your body, cough, sneezing, runny or blocked nose, facial pressure or pain.discharge from the eyecrusty or irritated eyelidseye and eyelid swellingeyelid redness or itchinesswatery eyesdamage, scarring, thinning or cloudiness of eye surfaceincrease in eye pressureimpaired wound healing. Tell your doctor as soon as possible if you notice any of the following:changes in your vision other than temporary blurringwheezing or difficulty breathing. The above list includes more serious side effects which may require medical attention. Serious side effects are rare. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you notice anything else that is making you feel unwell. Other side effects not listed above may also occur in some people. Some of these side effects can only be found when your doctor checks your eyes from time to time to check your progress. After using Voltaren Ophtha Storage Multidose Bottle Keep your eye drops in a cool dry place where the temperature stays below 25°C. Protect your eye drops from light and do not freeze them. Discard any remaining contents four weeks after opening. Single Dose Units Keep your eye drops in the refrigerator (2-8°C) until it is time to use them. Once the inner blister or pouch is open, keep the eye drops in a cool dry place where the temperature stays below 25 degrees C for up to one month. Do not use the eye drops after more than one month when stored below 25 degrees C. Discard each single dose unit and any remaining solution in it immediately after use. Do not save unused contents. Do not store Voltaren Ophtha or any other medicine in the bathroom or near a sink. Do not leave it on a window sill or in the car. Heat and dampness can destroy some medicines. Keep your eye drops in a safe place away from the sight and reach of children. A locked cupboard at least one-and-a half metres above the ground is a good place to store medicines. Disposal If your doctor tells you to stop using this medicine or the expiry date has passed, ask your pharmacist what to do with any medicine that is left over. Product Description What is looks like Voltaren Ophtha is a slightly, yellowish sterile eye drop solution. It comes in in a multidose bottle or in *strips of 5 single dose units. Each strip of 5 single dose units is sealed in a blister or pouch to protect it from light, air and water. Each bottle contains 5 m L and each single dose unit contains 0.3 m L.*A box of single dose units contains 6 x 5 i.e. 30 single dose units. Ingredients Voltaren Ophtha contains 1 mg/m L of diclofenac sodium as the active ingredient. Voltaren Ophtha multidose bottle also contains:benzalkonium chloride (as a preservative)disodium edetatehydroxypropyl gammacyclodextrinhydrochloric acidpropylene glycoltrometamoltyloxapolwater for injections. *Voltaren Ophtha single dose units contain: PEG-35 castor oilboric acidtrometamolwater for injections. This medicine does not contain lactose, sucrose, gluten, tartrazine or any other azo dyes. Supplier These products are supplied in Australia by: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Limited ABN 18 004 244 160 54 Waterloo Road Macquarie Park NSW 2113 Telephone: 1-800-671-203 Web site: www.novartis.com.au Australian registration numbers Multidose Bottle: AUST R 96654*Single Unit Dose: AUST R 51527Date of preparation This leaflet was prepared in October 2017.™ a trademark of Novartis© Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia Pty Limited 2017*This dosage form is currently not available. Internal document code: (vlo241017c) based on PI (vlo241017i)CMI provided by MIMS Australia, December 2017 | . T-mobile.com Españolaccount Coverage Deals Devices Plans & Services Support Ask a question Log in / Register |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.in what time zone is miami fl | TIMEBIE Home » Time Zone » United States » Florida Time Zones Time Zones in Florida Florida is generally in the Eastern Time Zone , with its north west border region in the Central Time Zone. Cities in Eastern Standard Time Zone include Miami-dade, Quincy, Tallahasse, Crawfordville, Jacksonville, Lake City, Gainesville, Daytona Beach, Orlando, Tampa, Fort Myers and Key West. Cities in Central Standard Time Zone include Pensacola, Panama City, Marianna, Chipley, Defuniak Springs, Valparaiso, Fort Walton Beach and Crestview. Daylight Saving Times are used in Florida time zones during summer. Currently most regions observe Eastern Daylight Time, the north west tip region observes Central Daylight Time . Florida Time Zones Map Time Zone and Current Time of Kentucky Counties/Cities County/City Current Time Time Observed Alachua 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Baker 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Bay 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Bradford 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Brevard 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Broward 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Calhoun 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Charlotte 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Chipley 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Citrus 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Clay 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Collier 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Columbia 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Crawfordville 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Crestview 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Daytona Beach 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Defuniak Springs 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Desoto 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Dixie 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Duval 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Escambia 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Flagler 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Fort Myers 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Fort Walton Beach 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Franklin 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Gadsden 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Gainesville 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Gilchrist 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Glades 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Gulf Co. (north) 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Gulf Co. (south) 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Hamilton 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Hardee 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Hendry 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Hernando 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Highlands 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Hillsborough 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Holmes 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Indian River 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Jackson 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Jacksonville 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Jefferson 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Key West 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Lafayette 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Lake 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Lake City 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Lee 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Leon 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Levy 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Liberty 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Madison 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Manatee 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Marianna 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Marion 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Martin 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Miami-dade 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Monroe 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Okaloosa 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Okeechobee 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Orange 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Orlando 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Osceola 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Palm Beach 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Panama City 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Pasco 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Pensacola 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Pinellas 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Polk 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Putnam 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Quincy 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Santa Rosa 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Sarasota 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Seminole 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time St. Johns 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time St. Lucie 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Sumter 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Suwannee 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Tallahasse 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Tampa 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Taylor 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Union 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Valparaiso 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Volusia 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Wakulla 12:05:02 AM PDT Eastern Daylight Time Walton 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time Washington 11:05:02 PM PDT Central Daylight Time»Moon Rise and Set Time of Miami, Florida»Sun Rise and Set Time of Miami, Florida | Miami Beach Weather and When to Go Miami Beach Traveler Article: Miami Beach Weather and When to Go Save Article More Traveler Articlesadvice from real travelers Background A Hurricane Guide Architecture Culture Health & Safety History Recommended Reading Tourist Board Info Transportation Getting Around Parking Things to Do Family Travel Haulover Beach Park Lincoln Road Nightlife Off the Beaten Path Shopping Top Hotel Spas Weddings for Foreigners Read more about Miami Beach Topics include Dining Scene, United States: For Foreign Visitors & more!View All Articles This article contains a discussion by Trip Advisor members concerning the above topic. Please note that the discussion was closed to any additional postings as of Nov 1, 2016 and, as such, some of the information contained herein may be outdated and cannot be commented on by travelers at this time. Please take this into account when making your travel plans. Miami Beach weather essentials C° | F° Monthly Averages Month High Low Precip Apr 77°F 64°F 2 in May 81°F 68°F 4 in Jun 83°F 70°F 8 in Jul 85°F 71°F 7 in Aug 85°F 73°F 7 in Sep 84°F 72°F 9 in More weather for Miami Beach Powered by Weather Underground Share your knowledge Article History (19)Comments (1)Miami Beach, Florida has great weather year-round with warm and sunny days and breezy tropical nights. Miami boasts the warmest ocean temperature in the United States mainland - making it the perfect spot for a beach vacation 12 months a year. Bring your sunglasses, bathing suite, and beach towel and you’re ready to relax and enjoy the tropical climate of Miami. November through mid April is the most popular time to visit Miami, as this is the cold season in the rest of the United States. The warm, dry, and sunny winter climate of Miami is the playground for the rich and famous. Miami has the warmest winter temperatures on the United States mainland. High temperatures average from 75 F to 77 F from December through March (though many days see temps over 80 F) and warm nights average near 60 F. In the winter months Miami sees the most tourists, and beaches, hotels and roads are the most crowed. While sidewalk cafes and outdoor venues are common 12 months a year in Miami, they can be the most crowed in the winter months. The summer months (June – September) see hotter temps and the rainy season, so the crowds are smaller. Pack light weight and light colored clothing if traveling to Miami in most months ( this is a tropical climate ). Sandals are the preferred casual footwear in Miami – heavy shoes and socks will be uncomfortable for daily activities. If you plan on heading to the trendy South Beach cafes and restaurants, pack the lightest weight dress clothes and shoes you have. If traveling in the coldest winter months (December through February), pack a few pars of long pants and long sleeve shirts (even a light sweat jacket) just in case a cool winter morning appears (below 60 F). Typical winter dress is Bermuda shorts, light shirts, and sandals in Miami. There are shows and events in Miami 12 months a year, from the PGA Tour, to top ranked tennis events, and world class fashion shows, to the Annual Miami Taste of Brickell Food & Wine Festival in March…Miami is home to dance shows, theater, film festivals, and food and wine events every week of the year. Share your knowledge Article History (19)Comments (1)Help Report inappropriate content |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how many pokemon are all together | How Many Pokemon Are There How Many Pokemon Are There Posted by: admin Posted date: September 10, 2012 In: Television Comment : 0 37,209 views There are 754 Pokemon. There are many more pokemon to come in the future. Because there is the fifth generation of Pokemon (take a look at the black and white pokedox)Season 1: Indigo League (82 episodes, 1999)Season 2: The Adventures in the Orange Islands (36 episodes, 2000)Season 3: The Johto Journeys (41 episodes, 2001)Season 4: Johto League Champions (52 episodes, 2002)Season 5: Master Quest (65 episodes, 2003)Season 6: Advanced (40 episodes, 2004)Season 7: Advanced Challenge (51 episodes, 2005)Season 8: Advanced Battle (53 episodes, 2006)Season 9: Battle Frontier (55 episodes, 2007)Season 10: Diamond and Pearl (51 episodes, 2008)Season 11: Diamond and Pearl: Battle Dimension (51 episodes, 2009)Season 12: Diamond and Pearl: Galactic Battles (52 episodes, 2010)Season 13: Diamond and Pearl: Sinnoh League Victors (33 episodes, 2011)Season 14: Black & White (47 episodes, 2011)Season 15: Black & White: Rival Destinies (35 episodes, 2012)Season 16: Best Wishes! (10 episodes, Japan: June 21, 2012)Total: 754 Pokemon. How many types of Pokemon are there? There are 18 different types of Pokémon. In Kanto, there were only 16, but the Johto region Pokémon saw an introduction of two new types. These are now commonly seen in Pokémon nowadays. Many Pokémon also have dual types (having more than one), but they still take them from the 18 types listed above and make no new types. Tags: Related posts Bakugan LED TVSponge Bob Square Pants How Many Seasons of Sons of Anarchy Related Tags: how many pokemon are there , pokemon cards , how many pokemon are there as of 2014 , How many pokemon are there? , how many pokemon are there as of 2013 , how many pokemon are there in all , how many pokemons are there , how many pokemon are there 2014 , How Many Pokemon Exist , how many pokemon are there now , how many pokemon are there in total , pokémon karty , how many different pokemon are there , how many pokemon is there , how many pokemon episodes are there , How Many Pokemon in All , how many types of pokemon are there , how many pokemon 2014 , how many pokemon are there total , how much pokemon are there ,Leave a Comment Name*Email*Website Submit Commentthree + 4 = | How many Pokemon game are there out all together? Games & Recreation Video & Online Games How many Pokemon game are there out all together?im just wondering is all3 following 7 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: To my knowledge there are about twenty different Pokemon games: Red, blue, yellow, gold, silver, crystal, ruby, sapphire, emerald, Fire Red, Leaf Green, Blue Mystery Dungeon, Red Mystery Dungeon, Pokemon Colleseum (64), and there are more I just can't rememer thier names. Josh · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Asker's rating14brian_music_football · 1 decade ago0 0 Commentthere are 20 3 old red blue yellow there silver gold Cristal ruby saphire emerald fire redy the new blue puzzle card colloseum 2 of em and a cuople otherdarion t · 1 decade ago0 0 Commentpokemon snap, pokemon stadium 1 and 2, pokemon red, yellow, blue, gold, silver, crystal, sapphire, ruby, emerald, pokemon colloseum, red rescue team and blue rescue team, and finally two new ones are coming out soon - diamond and pearl so 17 i thinkrayvon :-) · 1 decade ago0 0 Commentsorry not to give you a good answer, but with new releases coming out all of the time, i have absolutely no idea! Well over 12.micky45 · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment1.9 million versions of the gayest show on TV after something on Adult Swim. Neji Hyuuga · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment41 and that aint no joke heres the site for proof ............... http://www.gamefaqs.com/search/index.html?game=pokemon&platform=0Angel · 1 decade ago0 0 Comment Perhaps you would like to learn more about one of these? VPN options for your computer Need debt consolidation loans? Look For Franchises For Sale Masters of marketing online |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how many total points can be scored in a game of volleyball | Volleyball Scoring Rules Volleyball Scoring Rulesby A. G. MOODY Sept. 11, 2017There are two scoring methods used for volleyball. The first is known as sideout scoring, which basically means the only team that can score is the team that is serving. If the non-serving team hits the ball in the opponents' court or their opponents make an error, they earn the right to serve only. With rally scoring, either team can score regardless of who the serving team is. Games typically must be won by a minimum of two points with both scoring systems. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Rally Scoring With rally scoring, teams score a point when the other team fails to return the ball over the net, hits the ball out of bounds, commits an infraction or makes a service error. Sideout Scoring In sideout scoring, the serving team scores a point when the opponents fail to return the ball over the net, hit the ball out of bounds or commit an infraction. The non-serving team will earn the right to serve when the opponents fail to return the ball over the net, hit the ball out of bounds, commit an infraction or make a service error. Rally Game Parameters In rally scoring, games are played until a team scores 25 points, provided there is at least a two-point margin of victory. Matches are typically decided by the best three-out-of-five games format. If a fifth game is played, the team that scores 15 points first is the winner, provided there is a two-point margin of victory. Sideout Game Parameters With sideout scoring, all games are played to 15, provided there is at least a two-point margin of victory. Some organizations will put a cap on sideout scoring, so that the first team to reach 17 points is the winner of a game, even if the two-point margin is not present. Lose Weight. Feel Great!Change your life with My Plate by LIVE STRONG . COMGOALGENDER AGEWEIGHT HEIGHTGET MY CALORIE GOALYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKEBasic Football Rules For Kids Does the Ball Have to Be All the Way Across the Goal Line to Score in Soccer? How to Dip Shoot a Football Softball Scoring Rules Funny Facts About the Sport of Cricket Description of the Game of Soccer The Average Score of College Basketball Games How to Hold a Cricket Bat Half Court Basketball Rules Volleyball Rules for High School Girls Scoring System of Basketball Rules & Strategies of Softball Rules of Speedball How to Become a Better Defender in Football & Soccer Volleyball Serve Receive Drills Definition of Fielding Error in Baseball Fun Rugby Games What Is the Difference Between the Frontcourt & the Backcourt in Basketball? Things to Do Before a Rugby Game How to Attack a 1-2-2 Trap in Basketball | Club Volleyball Winning Junior Olympic Competition Club Volleyball Winning Junior Olympic Competition Club volleyball is a sport that's growing very fast in the United States. Junior Olympic Volleyball USA Volleyball provides an opportunity for girls and boys ages 10-18 of varying abilities to develop their volleyball skills through practice and competition. Often referred to as Junior Olympic Volleyball, hundreds of thousands of girls and boys each year participate in volleyball tournaments sanctioned through USA Volleyball. Club Setting Top Reasons to Play Club Volleyball1. You love volleyball and have a great time playing. Since there are so many opportunities to play club, there's no pressure to succeed and make the team. There are tons of teams to choose from and just play the sport for fun. 2. Club gives you the experience you need to play in high school or college. As you probably know, volleyball is a very technical sport when it comes to developing sport specific skills. The more experience you get playing volleyball, the more successful you'll be. It takes a lot of practice to become good at volleyball. Club provides an opportunity to improve your skills all year round. How to Hit in Boys Volleyball3. You're more likely to make the high school team if you play club. High school coaches want their players to play club. Players that play club will get much needed experience and improve their volleyball skills. High school coaches know how much you'll improve by playing club, so if you do play club, your chances of making the high school team will be much greater. 4. Club will prepare you to play in college. If you play club, you have an opportunity to play volleyball at a high level. There are all different levels of club teams. Play on a great club team and you'll likely become good enough to play in college. 5. You're more likely to get recruited to play in college if you play club. Club is another opportunity for college coaches to see you play. The more you are seen, the better your chances are of playing in college. College coaches like to recruit players from great club teams. If you play on a winning team, you're more likely to be recruited because college coaches want to recruit winners. Top Reasons Club Volleyball isn't for You1. Too expensive. Just like most club sports, club volleyball can be very expensive. It can cost as much as $800 a year to play on a team that doesn't travel. Most traveling teams cost at least $1,200. This is includes 1 or 2 national qualifiers. The most expensive clubs will cost between $2,000 and $3,000. However, a good thing about many top level clubs is that they will guarantee a college scholarship. How to Pass in Girls Volleyball2. Club takes up a lot of time. Most club teams will play in 8 to 10 tournaments a year including a national qualifier. Most teams are practicing 2 to 3 times a week with tournaments on the weekends. Volleyball will take up a lot of time, especially if you must travel a great distance to and from practice. 3. You're just not that into volleyball. Playing club takes a real commitment. If you decide to play club, you're going to be playing a lot of volleyball. If you're not really that into playing volleyball, club may not be for you. Club Volleyball Related Pages Club Tryouts Tips to help you prepare for tryouts. What coaches look for and specific training drills for practice. Plans... Club Names Club names for Junior Olympic Volleyball teams. Are you looking for unique suggestions and ideas for club team names? Some clubs have funny and clever names while others sound intimidating and exciting... Tryout Tips Would you like advice on how to make your middle school or high school volleyball team? These strategies will help prepare you for school tryouts. Volleyball› Club Volleyball Share this page: What’s this? Facebook Twitter Google Pinterest Tumblr Reddit |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what airport is hpn | Airports Westchester County Airport (HPN) – White Plains, NYUdpated June 11, 2007NBAA Statement on Proposed Changes to HPN Policy In HR 2328June 11, 2007 NBAA President and CEO Ed Bolen recently sent letters to four members of Congress expressing concern about creating a "patchwork quilt" of aviation rules by mandating nighttime flight curfews at Westchester County Airport (HPN) that are currently voluntary. Bolen's letters were sent to the sponsor of HR 2328, Rep. Nita M. Lowey (D-18-NY), and the bill's three cosponsors: Reps. Eliot L. Engel (D-17-NY), John Hall (D-19-NY) and Christopher Shays (R-4-CT). The bill, Bolen wrote, "would represent an unraveling of a well-established national system of airports." While NBAA opposes any exemptions to federal aviation law, it does work with local airports and communities to develop programs to address local concerns. Review NBAA's letter to Rep. Nita M. Lowey (D-18-NY)Review NBAA's letter to Rep. Eliot L. Engel (D-17-NY)Review NBAA's letter to Rep. John Hall (D-19-NY)Review NBAA's letter to Rep. Christopher Shays (R-4-CT) | Houston Airport Info Houston Airport Info Traveling to Houston has never been easier. As the country's fourth largest airport system, the Houston Airport System serves over 180 cities worldwide, with Bush Intercontinental Airport ranking third in the United States among airports with scheduled non-stop domestic and international service. Quick Links: Bush Intercontinental Airport Transportation Bush Intercontinental Airport Facts William P. Hobby Airport William P. Hobby Airport Transportation William P. Hobby Airport Facts Houston's Top Five Carriers Flight Times to Houston Houston Airport System4th largest multi-airport system in the country20 airlines serve Bush and Hobby airports55 million passengers traveled through the three airports in 201580 million passengers traveling through HAS are projected by 2020Serves 121 U. S. and 69 international destinations Houston is the primary gateway to Latin America—No. 1 in the nation in the number of weekly nonstop flights to Mexico. Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH)With more than 700 daily departures and 43 million domestic passengers passing through its gates in 2015, Bush Intercontinental is the largest airport in Houston. All five terminals are connected by an automated people-mover and underground train. WI-FI internet, retail stores, and more than 50 food and beverage outlets ensure a pleasant visit. Visitor information centers, a currency exchange booth, as well as ADA amenities are also available. Airlines serving Bush Intercontinental Airport include Aero Mexico, Air Canada, Air France, Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, British Airways, Delta Air Lines, Emirates, KLM, Lufthansa, Qatar Aiways, Singapore Airlines, TACA, United Airlines, US Airways, and Viva Aerobus. Transportation In order to bridge the 20 miles between the airport and Downtown Houston, visitors have multiple transport options. Taxis All destinations within Houston city limits are charged according to the zone or meter rate, whichever is less. Approximate fares from IAH are$52 to downtown area$60 to Galleria/Medical Center area$65 to NRG Park$73 to Hobby Airport$105 to NASA Space Center There is a late night surcharge of $1 per trip (8pm-6am)Rental cars The following rental car agencies have counters at IAH: Advantage Alamo Avis Budget Dollar Enterprise Hertz National Thrifty Uber Uber services both of the city's main airports at designated pick up spots. Super Shuttle Super Shuttle transports travelers to and from their private address, office, or hotel. Choose between a shared-ride shuttle with fellow passengers headed in the same direction or book a non-stop shuttle just for you and your party. The shared-ride option may take a bit more time to arrive at your destination, but is often more affordable than a taxi, especially if traveling alone. Private limousines and black car service are also available. For fare quotes and reservations, go to www.supershuttle.com or use the handy app. Courtesy vans Various hotels and lodgings offer courtesy vans to their properties. You can use the courtesy telephones in the baggage claim area to request a pick-up. Public METRO buses The public bus route 102 serves IAH and downtown locations. Service runs Monday through Sunday, from approximately 5 a.m. until midnight. To check schedules and plan your trip, go to ridemetro.org.- top -Airport Facts20 miles from Downtown Houston Nonstop service to 116 domestic destinations Nonstop or direct service to 70 international destinations Houston is the largest hub for the newly merged United Airlines, measured by daily departing seats available. More 700 daily departures Ranked No. 3 in the country for most scheduled nonstop destinations Ranked 8th in the U. S. for total passenger traffic Ranked 8th in the U. S. for international passenger traffic Ranked 18th in the world for total passenger traffic17 passenger airlines With nearly 30 destinations in Mexico, IAH offers service to more Mexican destinations than any other US airport16 passenger airlines More than 11,000 acres More than 24,500 parking spaces New $440 million Terminal E and Federal Inspection Services (FIS) with 84 primary inspection booths that can process more than 4,500 passengers per hour One of 20 airports in the nation to deploy a Global Entry kiosk that can turn an hour wait in the customs line into an average of 40 seconds.- top -William P. Hobby Airport (HOU)Hobby Airport serves domestic destinations and has seen significant increases in passenger numbers in recent years, hitting 12 million travelers in 2015. WI-FI internet, retail stores, and more than 15 food and beverage outlets ensure a pleasant visit. Visitor information centers as well as ADA amenities are also available. Airlines serving Hobby Airport include Air Tran Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Frontier Airlines, Jet Blue Airways, and Southwest Airlines.- top -Transportation Hobby Airport is located about 11 miles south of Downtown and offers various transport options. Taxis Taxis are available at Curb Zone 3 outside of the baggage claim area in the lower level. All destinations within Houston city limits are charged according to the zone or meter rate, whichever is less. Approximate fares from HOU are:$26 to downtown area$32 to Medical Center/Reliant Park$55 to Galleria$71 to Bush Intercontinental Airport There is a late night surcharge of $1 per trip (8pm-6am)Rental Cars The following rental car agencies have counters at Hobby Airport: Alamo Avis Budget Dollar Enterprise Hertz National Thrifty Uber Uber services both of the city's main airports at designated pick up spots. Super Shuttle This shared-ride service transports travelers to and from their private address, office or hotel. It takes longer than a taxi due to more frequent stops but may be more affordable, especially if travelling alone. Private limousines are also available. For fare quotes and reservations go to www.supershuttle.com Courtesy vans Various hotels and motels offer courtesy vans to their properties. You can use the courtesy telephones in the baggage claim area to request a pick-up. Public METRO buses The public bus route 88 serves HOU and downtown locations. Service runs Monday through Saturday, from approximately 6 a.m. until 11 p.m. To check schedules and plan your trip, go to tripplanner.ridemetro.org- top -Airport Facts11 miles from Downtown Houston One of Southwest Airlines' largest hubs Nonstop service to more than 50 destinations throughout the U. S. and Latin America Ranked 40th in the U. S. for total passenger traffic Ranked 150th in the world in total passenger traffic (out of 1336 ranked airports or in the top 11.2% range by total airport rankings)Acquired by the City of Houston in 1937Houston's Top five carriers and number of flights The new United - 4,238 weekly departures Southwest - 890 weekly departures Delta - 220 weekly departures American - 137 weekly departures US Airways - 93 weekly departures- top -Flight Times to Houston From Key Destinations Atlanta 1:50 hrs. New Orleans 1:00 hrs. Boston 3:40 hrs. New York City 3:20 hrs. Chicago 2:25 hrs. Philadelphia 3:10 hrs. Cleveland 2:35 hrs. Phoenix 2:40 hrs. Dallas/Ft. Worth 30 min. San Diego 3:20 hrs. Denver 2:20 hrs. San Francisco 4:10 hrs. Los Angeles 3:30 hrs. Seattle 4:30 hrs. Miami 2:20 hrs. Washington, D. C. 2:50 hrs.- top - |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.who was the lost battalion | The Lost Battalion Paperback â May 1, 2000 Share Buy New $14.63List Price: $19.95Save: $5.32 (27%)Qty: FREE Shipping on orders over $25—or get FREE Two-Day Shipping with Amazon Prime In Stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Gift-wrap available. Add to Cart Turn on 1-Click ordering for this browser Other Sellers on Amazon Add to Cart$18.73+ Free Shipping Sold by: bargainbookstores-Add to Cart$18.94+ Free Shipping Sold by: Prison Publications, Inc. Add to Cart$15.32+ $3.99 shipping Sold by: indoobestsellers Have one to sell? Sell on Amazon See all 3 images The Lost Battalion Paperback – May 1, 2000by Thomas M. Johnson (Author), Fletcher Pratt (Author), Edward M. Coffman (Introduction)4.5 out of 5 stars 13 customer reviews See all 4 formats and editions Hardcoverfrom $47.258 Used from $47.252 Collectible from $65.00Paperback$14.6330 Used from $1.9727 New from $9.241 Collectible from $68.00Read more The Amazon Book Review Author interviews, book reviews, editors picks, and more. Read it now Frequently bought together+Total price: $19.63Add both to Cart Add both to List This item: The Lost Battalion by Thomas M. Johnson Paperback $14.63The Lost Battalion by Rick Schroder DVD $5.00 Add-on Item Customers who bought this item also bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. The Lost Battalion Rick Schroder4.6 out of 5 stars 418DVD$5.00Finding the Lost Battalion: Beyond the Rumors, Myths and Legends of America's Famous WW1 Epic Robert Laplander4.3 out of 5 stars 37Paperback$39.95The Lost Battalion John W. Nell3.9 out of 5 stars 6Paperback$14.95Blood in the Argonne: The "Lost Battalion" of World War I (Campaigns and Commanders Series)Alan D. Gaff3.4 out of 5 stars 8Hardcover$26.95To Conquer Hell: The Meuse-Argonne, 1918 The Epic Battle That Ended the First World War Edward G. Lengel4.3 out of 5 stars 42Paperback$14.63To Hell and Back Audie Murphy4.7 out of 5 stars 779Paperback$9.86Customers who viewed this item also viewed Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. The Lost Battalion Rick Schroder4.6 out of 5 stars 418DVD$5.00Finding the Lost Battalion: Beyond the Rumors, Myths and Legends of America's Famous WW1 Epic Robert Laplander4.3 out of 5 stars 37Paperback$39.95The Lost Battalion John W. Nell3.9 out of 5 stars 6Paperback$14.95Blood in the Argonne: The "Lost Battalion" of World War I (Campaigns and Commanders Series)Alan D. Gaff3.4 out of 5 stars 8Hardcover$26.95The Lost Battalion and the Meuse-Argonne, 1918: America's Deadliest Battle Micheal Clodfelter4.5 out of 5 stars 2Paperback$29.95The Lost Battalion: Return to the Charlevaux Robert Laplander5.0 out of 5 stars 3Paperback$27.50Special offers and product promotions Your cost could be $0.00 instead of $14.63! Get a $50 Amazon.com Gift Card instantly upon approval for the Amazon Rewards Visa Card Apply now Editorial Reviews Review“ [In October 1918] the Seventy-seventh American Division attacked in the Argonne. One mixed battalion of companies from two regiments got as far as it could. Germans closed in the rear, surrounding 600 men. Six days later, after incredible hardships, the wounded and an unharmed 194 were relieved. . . . [The authors] have reconstructed every dramatic hour of the six-day siege. . . . Correcting myths, cleaning up official whitewashes, Johnson and Pratt succeed in telling a more dramatic story than all the myths and official embroideries put together.”— New York Times ( New York Times ) Read more About the Author Thomas M. Johnson was a newspaperman and author who covered World War I. Fletcher Pratt was a historian and prolific author. Edward M. Coffman is a professor emeritus of history at the University of Wisconsin at Madison and the author of several books, including The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I. Read more Product details Paperback: 338 pages Publisher: Bison Books; 1st Printing edition (May 1, 2000)Language: English ISBN-10: 0803276133ISBN-13: 978-0803276130Product Dimensions: 5.2 x 0.8 x 8 inches Shipping Weight: 1.1 pounds ( View shipping rates and policies)Average Customer Review: 4.5 out of 5 stars 13 customer reviews Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #238,475 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books )#313 in Books > History > Military > World War I#477 in Books > History > Europe > France#2433 in Books > History > Military > United States Would you like to tell us about a lower price? If you are a seller for this product, would you like to suggest updates through seller support? Tell the Publisher!I'd like to read this book on Kindle Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here, or download a FREEKindle Reading App . The Amazon Book Review Author interviews, book reviews, editors picks, and more. Read it now Customer Reviews4.5 out of 5 stars 134.5 out of 5 stars5 star 62%4 star 15%3 star 23%2 star2 star (0%)0%1 star1 star (0%)0%Share your thoughts with other customers Write a customer review See all 13 customer reviews Rated by customers interested in What's this? European History3.0 out of 5 stars3.0 out of 5 stars Military History Books4.3 out of 5 stars4.3 out of 5 stars Sports Books4.3 out of 5 stars4.3 out of 5 stars Is this feature helpful? Yes No Top customer reviews Richard Sibley5.0 out of 5 stars World War One's "Bastogne"June 3, 2014Format: Paperback Verified Purchase The "Lost Battalion" (a journalist's term that caught on) were 554, or so, American soldiers who held out against German forces surrounding them for five days -- deep in the Argonne Forest -- in 1918. They ran out of food after two days, but they refused to surrender. By the end, 360 had been killed, wounded, taken sick from living unsheltered in the October rain, or captured. Johnson and Pratt superbly researched this from military records and from the recollections of American and German survivors, publishing it 20 years after the event. The writing is such that the reader can easily place himself in the conflict. Some of the soldiers seem real: Whittlesey, Mc Murtry, Hollingshead, Krotoshinsky, Kozlowski, Cullen, Larney, Newcom, Cepeglia were survivors. Others, who died -- Schenck, Peabody, Cavello, Baedeke -- are equally easy to recall. The descriptions of the Lost Battalion's movements, and those of various units trying to make contact with them, are so well described (with the help of maps) that a senior high school student or young collegiate could give the episode a good military analysis for a history class. The book covers the questions raised at the time about the choices that officers made that led to the Battalion's isolation deep in the forest. In a nutshell: the orders to advance were unusual in that they reminded this reader of General Ulysses S. Grant's orders in the early summer of 1864: push onward regardless of losses. Major Whittlesey followed them and reached his goal; other commanders had doubts and held back. The book ends with descriptions of what many of the survivors did in civilian life after the war. The only drawback, to me, was that fifteen or so German expressions were not translated in the book. I did it online. Hardest was translating one American's bad German. Read more Comment 4 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Sandra J. Hudnor3.0 out of 5 stars Three Stars March 6, 2018Format: Paperback Verified Purchase Great Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Stymie265.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars August 3, 2017Format: Paperback Verified Purchase Great Book! Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse TB5.0 out of 5 stars Interesting. May 8, 2017Format: Paperback Verified Purchase Interesting book. It's a different style, jumping around to perspectives; but reads smoothly. I would suggest this book to anyone interested in the topic. Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Da Von lauder5.0 out of 5 stars Thomas M Johnson has done a lot of research in the day by day action of this incident in WWI~! !October 19, 2013Format: Paperback Verified Purchase My father was in the lost battalion. He was there on his birthday Oct 8th. He was from Idaho with all those New York Boys~! Thank goodness he was one of the 200 Plus that survived and able to walk out, from the initial 555 that were in the pocket. Da Von Lauder Read more Comment 3 people found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Phillip J Materi5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars July 19, 2016Format: Paperback Verified Purchasegood Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Joseph M. Logan5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars July 18, 2014Format: Paperback Verified Purchase Good book on this forgotten history. Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Stephen T Powers5.0 out of 5 stars Still valuable June 3, 2016Format: Paperback Verified Purchase Although published in 1938, this is still a valuable account on the "Lost Battalion" in WWI. Read more Comment Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse See all 13 reviews Write a customer review Most recent customer reviews Kevin O'Connell5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars Great story about a forgotten group of courageous soldiers. Published on January 30, 2016Sampson4.0 out of 5 stars Lost.... What a awe inspiring true event! An event that deserves much more credit than it has received. A phenomenal 'history' of actual events, but an incredibly difficult read. Read more Published on February 15, 2010Arkansaw Traveler3.0 out of 5 stars Dated Account, Authoritative, Interesting, Needs More Analysis and Research Mr Forczyk's review is definitive and excellent, and rather than going over the same ground, I would like to add only a few points, all of them critical. Read more Published on September 21, 2008R. A Forczyk3.0 out of 5 stars The Power of Passive Resistance The Lost Battalion was originally written in 1938 and has been re-issued with minor editing in 2000. Read more Published on March 28, 2002Grant Fritchey4.0 out of 5 stars Great Read - Less Than Perfect History If you are at all interested in WWI or the US Army and it's traditions, read this book. It was written in the 30's based on documentation and interviews with the living... Read more Published on September 13, 2000Search customer reviews Search Set up an Amazon Giveaway Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers. Learn more about Amazon Giveaway This item: The Lost Battalion Set up a giveaway What other items do customers buy after viewing this item? The Lost Battalion DVDRick Schroder4.6 out of 5 stars 418$5.00Finding the Lost Battalion: Beyond the Rumors, Myths and Legends of America's Famous WW1 Epic Paperback Robert Laplander4.3 out of 5 stars 37$39.95The Lost Battalion Paperback John W. Nell3.9 out of 5 stars 6$14.95The Lost Battalion: A Saga of American Courage in World War I Hardcover Irving Werstein5.0 out of 5 stars 26 offers from $9.95Pages with related products. See and discover other items: french stuff, ww1 artillery | Stockard Channing Stockard Channing Played Abbey Bartlet Seasons1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7Birthplace New York City, New York Born: February 13, 1944IMDBimdb Stockard Channing (born Susan Antonia Williams Stockard on February 13, 1944) is an award-winning American actress. She is best known for her portrayal of First Lady Abbey Bartlet in the NBC television series The West Wing, as well as the part of Rizzo in the film Grease . Contents [ show]Early life Edit Stockard Channing was born in New York City, New York, to Lester Napier Stockard, a shipping magnate, [1] and Mary Alice English. She grew up on the Upper East Side and inherited her father's fortune when he died in 1950. [2]. She is an alumna of The Chapin School, a prestigious girls school in Manhattan, and The Madeira School, a Virginia boarding school for girls. Channing then studied history and literature at Radcliffe College, and graduated in 1965. She married her first husband, Walter Channing, when she was 19, and kept the amalgamated name, "Stockard Channing," after they divorced. [3]Career Edit Starting out Edit Channing started her acting career with the experimental Theatre Company of Boston and eventually performed in the group's off-Broadway production of Adaptation/Next. In 1971, she made her Broadway debut in Two Gentlemen of Verona -- The Musical, working with playwright John Guare. [2]Channing made her television debut on Sesame Street in the role of the The Number Painter's victim. She landed her first lead role in the 1973 television movie The Girl Most Likely To..., a black comedy written by Joan Rivers. [4]After a few small parts in feature films, Channing co-starred with Warren Beatty and Jack Nicholson in Mike Nichols ' The Fortune (1975). In 1978, at the age of 33, she took on the role of high school teenager Betty Rizzo in the hit musical Grease. Her performance earned her the People's Choice Awards for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress. That year, she also played Peter Falk's unpretentious but determined secretary in Neil Simon's film, The Cheap Detective . The 1980s Edit Channing starred in two short-lived sitcoms on CBS in 1979 and 1980: Stockard Channing in Just Friends and The Stockard Channing Show. Her Hollywood career faltered after these failures, so Channing returned to her theater roots. After a run as the female lead in the Broadway show, They're Playing Our Song (1980-81), she landed the part of the mother in the 1982 New Haven production of Peter Nichols ' A Day in the Death of Joe Egg. She reprised the role on Broadway and won the 1985 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play. [2]Channing continued her successful return to the stage by teaming up again with playwright John Guare. She received Tony nominations for her performances in his plays, The House of Blue Leaves (1986) and Six Degrees of Separation (1990) (for which she also won an Obie ). Channing also garnered recognition for her work in television during this time. She was nominated for an Emmy for the CBS miniseries Echoes in the Darkness (1987) and won a Cable ACE Award for the Harvey Fierstein -scripted Tidy Endings ( HBO, 1988). [2]The 1990s Edit Channing's film career was re-energized in 1993 when she reprised her lead role as an Upper East Side matron in the film version of Six Degrees of Separation. She was nominated for an Oscar and a Golden Globe Award for her performance. She then made several films in quick succession: To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything, Julie Newmar (with Patrick Swayze) and Smoke (with Harvey Keitel) (both 1995); a wordless cameo in The First Wives Club, Up Close and Personal (with Robert Redford and Michelle Pfeiffer ), and Moll Flanders (all 1996). Channing kept busy with film, television and stage roles throughout the late 1990s. [2] She starred in the USA Network film An Unexpected Family in 1996 and in its sequel, "An Unexpected Life," in 1998. She was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award as Best Supporting Female for her performance as one-half of an infertile couple in "The Baby Dance" (also 1998). On stage, she performed at Lincoln Center in Tom Stoppard 's Hapgood (1995) and in the 1997 revival of Lillian Hellman 's The Little Foxes. During this period, Channing even dabbled in voice-over work, voicing the character Barbara Gordon in the animated series, Batman Beyond, and appearing on an episode of King of the Hill . Channing was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress three times in the 1990s: in 1991, for Six Degrees of Separation; in 1992, for Four Baboons Adoring the Sun; and in 1999, for The Lion in Winter . The West Wing and beyond Edit File: Westwing2.jpg In 1999, Stockard Channing took on the role of First Lady Abbey Bartlet in the NBC television series The West Wing. She was a recurring guest star for the show's first two seasons; she become a regular cast member in 2001. In the seventh and final season of The West Wing (2005-2006), Channing appeared in only six episodes (including the series finale) because she was co-starring (with Henry Winkler) in the CBS sitcom, Out of Practice, at the same time. Out of Practice was cancelled by CBS after one season. Channing received several awards in 2002. She won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her work on The West Wing. That same year, she also won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress in a Television Movie or Miniseries for her portrayal of "Judy Sheppard" in The Matthew Shepard Story, a docudrama about an openly gay college student who is killed in an act of senseless violence and cruelty. Finally, Channing received the 2002 London Film Critics Circle Award (ALFS) for Best Actress of the Year for her role in the film The Business of Strangers . In 2005, Channing won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children/Youth/Family Special for Jack, a Showtime television movie about a young man struggling to understand why his father left the family for another man. Personal life Edit Channing has been married and divorced four times; she has no children. [5] She has been in a long-term relationship with cinematographer Daniel Gillham for more than 20 years. [6] They met on the set of A Time of Destiny. [2] The couple reside in Maine when not working. [5]Filmography Edit Features: The Hospital ( 1971 )Up the Sandbox ( 1972 )The Fortune (1975)Sweet Revenge ( 1976 )The Big Bus (1976)Grease ( 1978 )The Cheap Detective (1978)The Fish That Saved Pittsburgh ( 1979 )Safari 3000 ( 1982 )Without a Trace ( 1983 )Heartburn ( 1986 )The Men's Club (1986)A Time of Destiny ( 1988 )Staying Together ( 1989 )Meet the Applegates ( 1991 )Married to It (1991)Bitter Moon ( 1992 )Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 )Smoke ( 1995 )To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar (1995)Up Close & Personal ( 1996 )Edie & Pen (1996)Moll Flanders (1996)The First Wives Club (1996)Twilight ( 1998 )Lulu on the Bridge (1998)Practical Magic (1998)The Venice Project ( 1999 )Other Voices ( 2000 )Isn't She Great (2000)Where the Heart Is (2000)The Business of Strangers ( 2001 )Life or Something Like It ( 2002 )Behind the Red Door (2002)Hitler: The Rise of Evil ( 2003 )Bright Young Things (2003)The Piano Man's Daughter (2003)Le Divorce (2003)Anything Else (2003)Abby Singer (2003) (Cameo)Home of the Brave ( 2004) (documentary) (narrator)Red Mercury ( 2005 )Must Love Dogs (2005)3 Needles (2005)Upcoming: Sparkle ( 2007 )Short Subjects: The Lion Roars Again ( 1975 )A Different Approach ( 1978 )From the Bottom Up ( 2004 )Notes and references Edit↑ Stockard Channing at Biography.com.↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Stockard Channing at Yahoo! Movies.↑ Zoe Williams. "Lousy with dignity," The Guardian, May 11, 2002.↑ Review, The Girl Most Likely To..., The New York Times.↑ 5.0 5.1 Clare Rudebeck, " One Tough Cookie ," The Independent (London), February 16, 2005.↑ Polly Vernon, " What I know about men... ," The Observer, April 29, 2006. Categories: Cast Main Cast Add category |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.words to describe smell | smell Synonyms for smellnoun odoraroma starbouquet starflavor starperfume starscent starstench starstink startrace star Explore Dictionary.com Insults We Should Bring Back 20 Words That Will Show Your Age Avoid these words. Seriously. The Oldest Words in English Antonyms for smellodorperfumestinksweetnessblandnessdullness Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition Copyright © 2013 by the Philip Lief Group. Cite This Source | . Your theme is not currently active. If you are the site owner, go to this link to activate it. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what happens to options in a buyout | . all 7 comments sorted by: best Want to add to the discussion? Post a comment!Create an account [–] Eeepers 3 points 1 year ago Congrats on a sick trade. If the buyout happens before the options expiration, you can exercise your options for stock, purchase the stock at $28.00, and sell the shares for $40.00 and make $12.00 per share (less the price of the options). Realistically, the value of the call option will go up to $12.00+ and you can just sell the option. That's assuming the deal is at $40 and the stock price goes up to around $40.permalink embed save give gold [–] texas_hedge 2 points 1 year ago Nothing different from usual. You will have the opportunity to buy at 28 at maturity or can close out now for a profit.permalink embed save give gold [–] unclefire 2 points 1 year ago *Before it closes, I don't think anything changes really. If they make an offer for $40, chances are the stock price will shoot to around that value. After the acquisition closes, it'll depend on the deal. So if you held stock, you could get bought out or issued equal VALUE stock in the new/acquiring company (e.g. you get Elon stock to replace your Solarcity stock and potentially cash in lieu of fractional shares). I think the same holds true for options-- You could be given replacement options in the new company. Ultimately you have to read the terms of the deal that get published if there's an actual acquisition. EDIT: read some stuff, and corrected stuff. The article I found says that Musk is considering taking the company private. That's a new ball game. If I'm not mistaken, in that case they'd do a tender offer for the shares and the options would have to get settled at whatever the final price is to buy all the outstanding stock.permalink embed save give gold [–] roundqube 2 points 1 year ago Will watch this closely but not too invested. Just 1 contract sold call @22 and bought @23 vertical spread. I may want to close the short leg and hold the long if this thing skyrockets.permalink embed save parent give gold [–] dky001 [ S] 1 point 1 year ago I'm gonna see how it plays out tomorrow. If there's another 10%+ increase im gonna hold on to it over the weekend. I'm already up about %170. It's hard not to be greedy lolpermalink embed save parent give gold [–] millertime3227790 2 points 1 year agoered earlier. I'm on mobile and couldn't find anything about it in the sub. On Monday I bought some July call options for Solarcity. Now there's a talk about Elon buying the company. What would happen to my option contracts if, let's say he Congrats. Happened to me once. It isn't a lot, but remember to limit out of your position. Market makers will still try and nickel and dime you to make a profit by undervaluing your options +$0.10 usually.permalink embed save parent give gold [–] [deleted] 2 points 1 year ago Short term calls will increase in value if below the deal price. Far otm calls may decrease in value. Also longer dated options lose a lot of their time value as IV comes in a lot if it's a cash dealpermalink embed save | What Effect Would Decreased CO2 Levels in the Atmosphere Have on the Climate? Written by Amy Harris Related Articles1What Effect Does Geography Have on Climate?2What Gases Are Found in Outer Space?3Carbon Dioxide Increase in the Ocean4How Does the Release of Car Exhaust Fumes Cause Global Warming? The amount of atmospheric CO2, or carbon dioxide, is inextricably linked to climate. Average global carbon dioxide levels and average global temperatures go hand in hand, and temperature changes cause changes in precipitation. Concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere tend to fluctuate in a cyclical pattern over tens of thousands of years, as do worldwide periods of cold -- including Ice Ages -- and warmth. The Greenhouse Effect Carbon dioxide is the single most important temperature-regulating gas in the Earth’s atmosphere. It is a type of greenhouse gas, and is tied to temperature through a process known as the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases -- including, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide -- accumulate in the upper atmosphere, where they prevent heat from dissipating into space. This heat-entrapment mechanism acts as thermal blanket, warming the Earth. Carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases are necessary to maintain the delicate balance that enables life on Earth; without them, the entire planet would freeze, and with too much of them, Earth’s temperatures could soar above the boiling point of water. Decreased Temperatures Because carbon dioxide traps heat in the atmosphere, a lessening of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations would mean that more heat could escape into space. This would result in a net decrease in the Earth’s average temperature, assuming other factors remain the same. This phenomenon is demonstrated by ice core samples from Antarctic, which show that over the last 650,000 years, carbon dioxide concentrations have been at their lowest when the extent of ice sheets were at their highest, indicating a colder Earth during these times. Specifically, during the periods of maximum glaciation -- Ice Ages -- the atmosphere held approximately 30 percent less carbon dioxide than the baseline norm, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. However, in a world with decreased atmospheric CO2, cooler temperatures wouldn’t necessarily be spread evenly throughout the year, or in all regions -- for instance, winters may be particularly bitter in certain areas, while other areas may experience normal winters but cooler summers. And these patterns could shift from year to year. Precipitation Modifications Changes in temperature give rise to changes in precipitation amounts, patterns, intensities and durations. The warmer the temperature, the greater the rate of evaporation; conversely, the cooler the temperature, the slower the rate of evaporation. And since evaporation fuels precipitation, cooler temperatures correlate with less overall precipitation. However, as with temperature, the decreases in precipitation wouldn’t be evenly distributed throughout the globe. Some regions could experience periodic extreme droughts, while others would just see fewer summer thunderstorms, and yet others may experience little to no alterations. It is worth noting, however, that in a cooler world, snow is likely to fall more frequently in regions where it is otherwise quite rare. Anthropogenic Effect and Time Lag Since the Industrial Revolution, the amount of CO2 is the atmosphere has been increasing due to human activities, reaching levels likely much higher than any time in approximately the last half-million years. Similarly, global average temperatures have jetted upward. By converting to renewable energy sources and clean-burning fuels, this trend could be reversed, and the proportion of atmospheric carbon dioxide -- and therefore temperatures -- could decrease back toward their natural level. However, even if humans were to completely cease carbon emissions tomorrow, it would probably take thousands of years for the excess carbon dioxide to clear out of the atmosphere, according to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It, therefore, remains unlikely that atmospheric CO2 levels will decrease significantly in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, the carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere means that the climate would continue warming until the Earth restores itself to its natural equilibrium. References U. S. Environmental Protection Agency: The Earth's Climate in the Past National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Effects of Changing the Carbon Cycle University of California Riverside: Global Climate Change: Evidence and Causes The Annenberg Foundation Unit 12: Earth's Changing Climate // Section 5: Global Cooling: The Pleistocene Epoch National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Low Carbon Dioxide Levels in Atmosphere During Glacial Periods May Be Caused By Antarctic Sea-Ice U. S. Geological Survey: The Water Cycle: Evaporation The American Institute of Physics: The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect Resources Wheeling Jesuit University: Carbon Dioxide: Temperature GRID-Arendal: Temperature and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere over the past 400,000 years About the Author Based in western New York, Amy Harris began writing for Demand Media and Great Lakes Brewing News in 2010. Harris holds a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from Penn State University; she taught high school math for several years and has also worked in the field of instructional design. Photo Credits Thomas Northcut/Photodisc/Getty Images |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how long before i turn over unclaimed property to state of oklahoma | Unclaimed Property Rules and Time Limits for Oklahoma Unclaimed Property Rules and Time Limits for Oklahoma Filed under Finance. Learn the unclaimed property rules and their time limits for the state of Oklahoma. In Oklahoma, all things relating to unclaimed property are handled by the Unclaimed Property Section of the Oklahoma State Treasurer. As a business owner, this will be the agency to contact if you possess unclaimed property (unpaid wages, for example). Remember that you are subject to both reporting requirements and the obligation to turn over abandoned property to the state. It is also the point of contact if you believe that you may have knowingly, or unknowingly, abandoned property (for example, failing to get back a security deposit, didn't receive a tax refund). Oklahoma businesses have a number of responsibilities concerning unclaimed property. Initially, written notice must be sent to the apparent owner of the unclaimed property, if known. If the property remains unclaimed, businesses have a number of filing and reporting requirements to fulfill. Most importantly, businesses are required to turn over any and all unclaimed property to the state. Stiff penalties apply to businesses who fail to comply with any of these requirements. Individuals should know that Oklahoma property is generally presumed abandoned if it has remained unclaimed by the owner for more than five years after it becomes payable or distributable. However, this time limit varies depending on the type of property involved. Once abandoned property is turned over to the state by a business, an individual then has the burden of reclaiming from the state. Reporting Unclaimed Property in Oklahoma In Oklahoma, a holder of abandoned property valued at $50 or more must file a verified annual report containing information concerning the property required by the Oklahoma State Treasurer. The report must be filed before November 1 for property reportable as of September 1, except that for life insurance companies, the report must be filed before May 1 for property reportable as of March 1. The filing date may be postponed upon written request. Financial institutions holding unclaimed property in a safe deposit box or a similar safekeeping repository must report the contents of the box to the Treasurer. The report must include a description of the property and the location of where it is held, and any offsets, including rent, drilling costs, or replacement lock costs, owed to the holder. However, private documents only need to be sufficiently described to enable the treasurer to determine its value. Additionally, the contents of the safe deposit box may be inspected by the Treasurer. The State Treasurer may require any person who has not filed a report to submit a report stating whether he or she is holding any reportable or deliverable unclaimed property. If the demand is made by certified mail, the report must be filed within 60 days after receipt of such demand. Prior notice to owner. Not more than 120 days before filing the report, the holder of unclaimed property valued at $50 or more must send written notice to the apparent owner at the owner's last known address informing the owner that the holder is in possession of such property. A life insurance company that is obligated by law or by the policy contract to give notice that an automatic premium loan or other nonforfeiture provision has been exercised has a special due diligence obligation if its notice has been returned undeliverable: it must make a reasonable search to ascertain the policyholder's correct address. Further, if the company learns of the death of the insured or annuitant and the beneficiary has not communicated with the company within four months after the death, the company must take reasonable steps to pay the proceeds to the beneficiary. Delivery. The abandoned property must be paid or delivered to the State Treasurer within six months after the final date for filing the report, except in the case of stocks and other intangible ownership interest enrolled in an automatic dividend reinvestment plan, where the holder has the option to either retain the property or deliver it to the State Treasurer. The State Treasurer may opt to decline to receive property of insubstantial value. Recordkeeping. A business must generally maintain related records 10 years after the unclaimed property becomes reportable. However, the period is three years for traveler's checks, money orders, and similar financial instruments sold in Oklahoma. Penalties. a person who fails to pay or deliver abandoned property on time is liable for interest at the annual rate of 10 percent on the value of the property from the date the property should have been paid or delivered. Claiming Unclaimed Property in Oklahoma In Oklahoma, property is generally presumed abandoned if it has remained unclaimed by the owner for more than five years after it becomes payable or distributable. However, this time limit varies depending on the type of property involved. Once abandoned property is turned over to the state by a business, an individual then has the burden of reclaiming from the state. Locating abandoned property held by the state. Unclaimed property held by the state may be found by searching the state's website ( https://www.ok.gov/unclaimed/index.php ). To find out if other states may be holding your unclaimed property, search the national database established by the National Association of Unclaimed Property Administrators (NAUPA). Filing a claim. A person, excluding another state, claiming an interest in any property valued at $50 or more that was paid or delivered as abandoned property may file a claim with the State Treasurer, which must consider and decide on such claim within 90 days after it is filed. The procedure is essentially the same where the claimant is another state, except that the claim will be allowed only in those circumstances where the other state has some basis for claiming a custodial relationship with the property as enumerated in the statute. Any person claiming an interest in property delivered to the Treasurer may begin the process by filling out a claim form online ( https://www.ok.gov/unclaimed/index.php) after performing a successful online search. The State Treasurer may hold a hearing and receive evidence before rendering a decision on the claim. A person dissatisfied with a decision of the State Treasurer or whose claim was not acted upon within 90 days after the filing date may, within 90 days after the decision of the State Treasurer or 180 days after filing the claim not acted upon, bring an action to establish a claim against the State Treasurer in the district court of the county of the person's residence or the District Court of Oklahoma County. Oklahoma Unclaimed Property Resources If you're looking for additional information on unclaimed property, we recommend contacting your state's governmental agency that oversees the administration of this area of the law. For help in answering a specific unclaimed property question in Oklahoma, contact the following: Oklahoma State Treasurer Unclaimed Property Division 4545 North Lincoln Boulevard Suite 106 Oklahoma City, OK 73105-3413 Phone: (405) 521-4273 Fax: (405) 522-0130 E-mail: [email protected] Website: https://www.ok.gov/unclaimed/index.php Oklahoma Abandoned Property Time Limits Property Type Presumed Abandoned After Bank account demand, savings, and time deposit accounts: five years. Automatic renewal deposits: 15 years. Checks or drafts five years Demutualization proceeds two years Gift certificates, gift cards, and credit memos Credit memos over $50: five years Insurance policies Life or annuity policies: five years. The presumed maturity of an insurance policy is two years. IRAs or retirement funds no specific provision Money orders seven years Other intangible personal property not otherwise specified Property originated or issued by an entity in the state: three years. Other property: five years. Proceeds from class action suits no specific provision Property distributable by a business association in the course of dissolution one year Property held by courts or public agencies one year Property held by fiduciaries seven years Safe deposit boxes five years Shares in a financial institution five years Stocks, dividends, and distributions Automatic dividend reinvestment plans: 15 years. Other stocks, dividends and distributions: three years. Traveler's checks 15 years Deposits and advances owed utility company customer one year Wages or salaries one year | . Dear Mr Breakfast, When do eggs go bad? How long do they last after the date on the package?- Michael K. Eggs, like bread, have a freshness period Michael. As they age, the whites become thinner and the yolks become flatter. Generally speaking, eggs remain edible for several weeks after they are laid. But for my money, I try to use all my eggs within a week after purchase and I make a point to keep the little guys refrigerated. Eggs lose quality much sooner when stored at room temperature. I strongly suggest that you not use any eggs after the date on the package, regardless if it's expressed as "EXP", "Sell By" or "Best if Used Before". Old-timers will tell you an egg is bad when you crack it and it smells funny. I think that kind of advice smells funny. Granted, only a small percentage of eggs in the U. S. run the risk of being contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis. To me, it's more a matter of happiness than health, and fresh-tasting eggs always make me happy (say, isn't that a line from a John Denver song?) Sad to say, neither one of us lives on a farm. Can you imagine getting up in the morning and lifting your favorite hen to get a farm-fresh egg? Well since we cannot have that kind of freshness, let's do the next best thing. Use your eggs the week you buy them Poach them, boil them, cook or fry them Throw them out when they expire And to the store more eggs acquire There are a few more verses to that poem but you'll have to wait for my book. Thanks for the question. Have a great (and fresh) breakfast tomorrow! Your pal, Mr Breakfast Update! There's another method for determining if an egg has gone bad: Put it in a pot of water. If it floats at the top with part of the shell breaking the surface, it's bad. Watch Mr Breakfast demonstrate this principle on The Food Network's Secret Life Of... Breakfast: Mr Breakfast: Secret Life Of Breakfast Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 2:54This article was written by Mr Breakfast (aka Eddy Chavey). |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.bermuda average temperature | Average Temperatures in Bermuda, Bermuda Countries A-Z: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | ZAdd Bookmark Bright Future Dir. Climate & Temperature > Bermuda > Bermuda Climate > Average Temperatures Temperatures Precipitation Sun/ Daylight Humidity Graphs Map January February March April May June July August September October November December Average Temperatures in Bermuda, Bermuda The annual mean temperature in Bermuda, Bermuda is really warm at 21.8 degrees Celsius (71.2 degrees Fahrenheit). The range of mean monthly temperatures is 9.5 °C (17.1°F) which is a very low range. The range/ variation of diurnal average temperatures is 3.7 °C (6.6 °F). The warmest month ( August) is hot with an average temperature of 27 degrees Celsius (80.6 degrees Fahrenheit). January is the coolest month (very mild) having a mean temperature of 17.5 degrees Celsius (63.5 degrees Fahrenheit). The mean annual sea temperature is 22.5 °C (72.5 °F). Average Temperatures Table for Bermuda Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Average Max Temperature °C ( °F) 19 (66.2) 19 (66.2) 19 (66.2) 21 (69.8) 23 (73.4) 26 (78.8) 28 (82.4) 29 (84.2) 28 (82.4) 26 (78.8) 24 (75.2) 21 (69.8) 23.6 (74.5)Average Temperature °C ( °F) 17.5 (63.5) 17.5 (63.5) 17.5 (63.5) 19 (66.2) 21 (69.8) 24 (75.2) 26.5 (79.7) 27 (80.6) 26.5 (79.7) 24 (75.2) 21.5 (70.7) 19 (66.2) 21.8 (71.2)Average Min Temperature °C ( °F) 16 (60.8) 16 (60.8) 16 (60.8) 17 (62.6) 19 (66.2) 22 (71.6) 25 (77) 25 (77) 25 (77) 22 (71.6) 19 (66.2) 17 (62.6) 19.9 (67.9)Average Sea or Water Temp °C ( °F) 18 (64) 17 (63) 18 (64) 20 (68) 23 (73) 25 (77) 28 (82) 29 (84) 27 (81) 25 (77) 21 (70) 19 (66) 23 (73)Bermuda Average Temperatures Chart The average temperature charts use a fixed scale so that you can easily compare temperatures between two or more locations. Simply line up the charts in separate tabs in your browser and toggle between tabs to visualise the differences. The charts have major grid lines at intervals of 10 °C on the left axis corresponding with intervals of 18 °F on the right axis. Minor gridlines mark intervals of 2.5 °C and 4.5 °F. The charts show the relationship between the Celsius and Fahrenheit measuring scales. Locations in the northern hemisphere run from January to December and in the southern hemisphere from July to June so that the middle of the chart always corresponds with the high sun period (for the hemisphere). Average Temperatures Nearby Bermuda Plymouth, Ma, Usa - 1188 kms (738.3 miles) NNWGroton, Ct, Usa - 1159.7 kms (720.6 miles) NNWTuckerton, Nj, Usa - 1182.9 kms (735.1 miles) NWAtlantic City, New Jersey, Usa - 1187.2 kms (737.7 miles) NWMilford, De, Usa - 1187 kms (737.6 miles) NWNorfolk, Va, Usa - 1166.9 kms (725.1 miles) WNWCape Hatteras, North Carolina, Usa - 1053.7 kms (654.8 miles) WNWMorehead City, Nc, Usa - 1175.8 kms (730.6 miles) WNWCountries A-Z: A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | ZBright Future Dir. Go up | . King's Wharf, Bermuda King's Wharf, Bermuda King's Wharf, Bermuda Information Contributed by Nancy Norris Nancy@Singles Cruise Center.com Language and Currency What is King's Wharf Like? What is the Weather Like? Where Does the Ship Dock? Where is the Shopping? What is There to Buy? What is There To Do? Is There Anything of a “Don’t Miss Quality? Are There Any Great Restaurants or Bars? King's Wharf, Bermuda Port Reviews Language and Currency English is spoken throughout Bermuda and the currency is the Bermudian Dollar, which is equivalent to a US$. US Currency is readily accepted anywhere on the island. What is King's Wharf like? King's Wharf King’s Wharf, better known as the Royal Naval Dockyard, is located on Ireland Island, on the western most tip of Bermuda. Work began on this massive complex in 1809, shortly after the Napoleonic War. Built by slave and convict labor, it was to be a strategic British military outpost, but closed its gates in 1951 when the US military had established a military presence on the island with 2 bases. Since then, the 75 acre site has been renovated to accommodate shops, restaurants, museums, a movie theatre, The Arts Center and the Bermuda Craft Market. What is the weather like? Bermuda enjoys a mild subtropical climate. Temperatures range from the low 80’s to upper 80’s (Fahrenheit) from June through October. November – March temperature drops and ranges from the 70’s – mid 50’s, but never freezes. Where does the ship dock? The ships dock at King’s Wharf and everything that encompasses the Royal Naval Dockyard is within walking distance and easily accessible from the pier. If you decide to venture further out on the island, metered taxis are readily available. Be aware, however, that taxis in Bermuda are very expensive (as are many things), and a cab to Hamilton will run about $35. You can hire taxis by the hour, at an hourly rate of $30-$42 per taxi. Your best bet while in Bermuda is the public bus/ferry transportation system. Ferries run to and from Dockyard, Paget, Warwick, Somerset, Hamilton (all year) and to St. George’s (April to October) as do buses. A one day pass ($13) or 3 day pass ($23) can be purchased which allows unlimited use of both buses and ferries. Rental cars are not available on the island (only residents are permitted to drive cars). Where is the shopping? The Dockyard Clocktower Shopping Mall is a charming covered mall that houses a collection of boutiques and branch stores located on Clocktower Parade, a 5 minute stroll from the cruise dock. Local crafts can be purchased at the Craft Market in the Old Cooperage, between Dockyard Terrace and Maritime Lane. The Bermuda Arts Center, featuring 4 studios housing working artists that change every few weeks is next door. What is there to buy? The Dockyard Clocktower In the Clocktower Shopping Mall you will find British goods, such as, porcelain, fine china and crystal, silverware and fine tableware, imports from Great Britain and Ireland, such as, Shetland and cashmere sweaters, Harris Tweed jackets and Scottish woolen goods. The Craft Market features Bermuda cedar-work, candle making, jewelry-making, pottery, straw bags, banana dolls and many other crafts. An extensive array of artistic goods is on sale at the Bermuda Arts Center. What is there to do? Once you have visited the Bermuda Maritime Museum, containing exhibits of Bermuda’s rich nautical history, make sure you check out Dolphin Quest. Located in the maritime museum, Dolphin Quest provides a unique opportunity to interact with dolphins, both in and out of the water. Then, there is the shopping, shopping, shopping! There really isn’t much else to do at the Royal Naval Dockyards except shop and eat (or take in a movie). You will need to venture off the premises to do anything else. While on this very western tip of the island you can check out the Royal Naval Cemetery, or Scaur Hill Fort and Park. Built in 1860, the fort offers excellent views of the Great Sound and the Royal Naval Dockyard. If you are a golfer, I might suggest that you take a ride across the Somerset Bridge, the smallest drawbridge in the world, and play a round at Port Royal Golf Course, an excellent public course. If you haven’t taken the ferry yet, a trip to Hamilton or St. George’s is an excellent way to see the island and leisurely wile away an afternoon As some ships spend their entire time docked at King's Wharf, make sure you take advantage of the easy accessibility of the rest of the island and explore the treasures to be found in the central and eastern sections of Bermuda. Read the St. George's and Hamilton reviews for other suggestions about what to do on this lovely island. Is there anything of “Don’t Miss” quality? Dolphin Quest is probably the highlight on this tip of the island. Are there any great restaurants or bars? Yes, on this end of the island I would recommend the Frog & Onion Pub at the Dockyard for good traditional British fare. They have good fish & chips and a healthy sampling of bangers and mash Hotels Reviews in Bermuda Port Reviews Roberta Saunier,When we were forced to dock at the Royal Navel Dockyard because all the other ports were filled, lots of people on our ship were very unhappy. They felt we were too... read more1965 users found this review helpful. (1-1 of 1) |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what does long term care mean | Long-term care From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about a type of health and social care service. For specific information on providers of such services, see for example Unlicensed assistive personnel and Geriatric care management. Elderly man at a nursing home in Norway Long-term care ( LTC) is a variety of services which help meet both the medical and non-medical needs of people with a chronic illness or disability who cannot care for themselves for long periods. Long term care is focused on individualized and coordinated services that promote independence, maximize patients’ quality of life, and meet patients’ needs over a period of time. [1]It is common for long-term care to provide custodial and non-skilled care, such as assisting with normal daily tasks like dressing, feeding, using the bathroom. [2] Increasingly, long-term care involves providing a level of medical care that requires the expertise of skilled practitioners to address the multiple chronic conditions associated with older populations. Long-term care can be provided at home, in the community, in assisted living facilities or in nursing homes. Long-term care may be needed by people of any age, although it is a more common need for senior citizens. [3]Contents [ hide ]1 Types of long-term care2 Long-term services and supports3 Needs for long-term care4 Long-term care costs5 Long-term care funding5.1 Europe5.2 North America5.2.1 Canada5.2.2 United States6 See also7 References8 External links Types of long-term care [ edit]Long-term care can be provided formally or informally. Facilities that offer formal LTC services typically provide living accommodation for people who require on-site delivery of around-the-clock supervised care, including professional health services, personal care, and services such as meals, laundry and housekeeping. [4] These facilities may go under various names, such as nursing home, personal care facility, residential continuing care facility, etc. and are operated by different providers. While the US government has been asked by the LTC (long-term care) industry not to bundle health, personal care, and services (e.g., meal, laundry, housekeeping) into large facilities, the government continues to approve that as the primary use of taxpayers' funds instead (e.g., new assisted living). Greater success has been achieved in areas such as supported housing which may still utilize older housing complexes or buildings, or may have been part of new federal-state initiatives in the 2000s. [5]Long-term care provided formally in the home, also known as home health care, can incorporate a wide range of clinical services (e.g. nursing, drug therapy, physical therapy) and other activities such as physical construction (e.g. installing hydraulic lifts, renovating bathrooms and kitchens). These services are usually ordered by a physician or other professional. Depending on the country and nature of the health and social care system, some of the costs of these services may be covered by health insurance or long-term care insurance. Modernized forms of long term services and supports (LTSS), reimbursable by the government, are user-directed personal services, family-directed options, independent living services, benefits counseling, mental health companion services, family education, and even self-advocacy and employment, among others. In home services can be provided by personnel other than nurses and therapists, who do not install lifts, and belong to the long-term services and supports (LTSS) systems of the US. Informal long-term home care is care and support provided by family members, friends and other unpaid volunteers. It is estimated that 90% of all home care is provided informally by a loved one without compensation [6] and in 2015, families are seeking compensation from their government for caregiving. Long-term services and supports [ edit]"Long-term services and supports" (LTSS) is the modernized term for community services, which may obtain health care financing (e.g., home and community-based Medicaid waiver services), [7] [8] and may or may not be operated by the traditional hospital-medical system (e.g., physicians, nurses, nurse's aides). [9]The Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities (CCD) [10] which works with the U. S. Congress, has indicated that while hospitals offer acute care, many non-acute, long-term services are provided to assist individuals to live and participate in the community. An example is the group home international emblem of community living and deinstitutionalization, [11] and the variety of supportive services (e.g., supported housing, supported employment, supported living, family support ). The term is also common with aging groups, such as the American Association of Retired Persons ( AARP ), which annually surveys the US states on services for elders (e.g., intermediate care facilities, assisted living, home-delivered meals). Long term services and supports are discussed in depth in the forthcoming, Public Administration and Disability: Community Services Administration in the US (Racino, in press, 2014) [12] The new US Support Workforce includes the Direct Support Professional, which is largely non or for-profit, and the governmental workforces, often unionized, in the communities in US states. Needs for long-term care [ edit]Nurse at a nursing home in Norway Life expectancy is going up in most countries, meaning more people are living longer and entering an age when they may need care. Meanwhile, birth rates are generally falling. Globally, 70 percent of all older people now live in low or middle-income countries. [13] Countries and health care systems need to find innovative and sustainable ways to cope with the demographic shift. As reported by John Beard, director of the World Health Organization 's Department of Ageing and Life Course, "With the rapid ageing of populations, finding the right model for long-term care becomes more and more urgent." [3]The demographic shift is also being accompanied by changing social patterns, including smaller families, different residential patterns, and increased female labour force participation. These factors often contribute to an increased need for paid care. [14]In many countries, the largest percentages of older persons needing LTC services still rely on informal home care, or services provided by unpaid caregivers (usually nonprofessional family members, friends or other volunteers). Estimates from the OECD of these figures often are in the 80 to 90 percent range; for example, in Austria, 80 percent of all older citizens. [15] The similar figure for dependent elders in Spain is 82.2 percent. [16]The US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services estimates that about 9 million American men and women over the age of 65 needed long-term care in 2006, with the number expected to jump to 27 million by 2050. [17] It is anticipated that most will be cared for at home; family and friends are the sole caregivers for 70 percent of the elderly. A study by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services says that four out of every ten people who reach age 65 will enter a nursing home at some point in their lives. [18] Roughly 10 percent of the people who enter a nursing home will stay there five years or more. [19]Long-term care costs [ edit]A recent analysis indicates that Americans spent $219.9 billion on long-term care services for the elderly in 2012. [20] Nursing home spending accounts for the majority of long-term care expenditures, but the proportion of home and community based care expenditures has increased over the past 25 years. [21]In 2012, the average annual cost of nursing home care in the United States was $81,030 for a semi-private room. The average annual cost for assisted living was $42,600. Home health aides were paid on average $12 per hour and homemaker services averaged about $20 per hour. [22] The average cost of a nursing home for one year is more than the typical family has saved for retirement in a 401 (k) or an IRA. [23] As of 2014, 26 states have contracts with managed care organizations (MCO) to deliver long-term care for the elderly and individuals with disabilities. The states pay a monthly capitated rate per member to the MCOs that provide comprehensive care and accept the risk of managing total costs. [24]When the percentage of elderly individuals in the population rises to nearly 14% in 2040 as predicted, a huge strain will be put on caregivers' finances as well as continuing care retirement facilities and nursing homes because demand will increase dramatically. [25]Long-term care funding [ edit]Governments around the world have responded to growing long-term care needs to different degrees and at different levels. Europe [ edit]Most Western European countries have put in place a mechanism to fund formal care and, in a number of Northern and Continental European countries, arrangements exist to at least partially fund informal care as well. Some countries have had publicly organized funding arrangements in place for many years: the Netherlands adopted the Exceptional Medical Expenses Act (ABWZ) in 1967, and in 1988 Norway established a framework for municipal payments to informal caregivers (in certain instances making them municipal employees). Other countries have only recently put in place comprehensive national programs: in 2004, for example, France set up a specific insurance fund for dependent older people and in 2006, Portugal created a public funded national network for long-term care. Some countries ( Spain and Italy in Southern Europe, Poland and Hungary in Central Europe) have not yet established comprehensive national programs, relying on informal caregivers combined with a fragmented mix of formal services that varies in quality and by location. [6]In the 1980s, some Nordic countries began making payments to informal caregivers, with Norway and Denmark allowing relatives and neighbors who were providing regular home care to become municipal employees, complete with regular pension benefits. In Finland, informal caregivers received a fixed fee from municipalities as well as pension payments. In the 1990s, a number of countries with social health insurance ( Austria in 1994, Germany in 1996, Luxembourg in 1999) began providing a cash payment to service recipients, who could then use those funds to pay informal caregivers. [6]In Germany, funding for long-term care is covered through a mandatory insurance scheme (or Pflegeversicherung ), with contributions divided equally between the insured and their employers. The scheme covers the care needs of people who as a consequence of illness or disability are unable to live independently for a period of at least six months. Most beneficiaries stay at home (69%). [3] The country's LTC fund may also make pension contributions if an informal caregiver works more than 14 hours per week. [6]North America [ edit]Canada [ edit]In Canada, facility-based long-term care is not publicly insured under the Canada Health Act in the same way as hospital and physician services. Funding for LTC facilities is governed by the provinces and territories, which varies across the country in terms of the range of services offered and the cost coverage. [4] In Canada, from April 1, 2013 to March 31, 2014, there were 1,519 long-term care facilities housing 149,488 residents. [26]United States [ edit]Long-term care is typically funded using a combination of sources including but not limited to family members, Medicaid, long-term care insurance and Medicare. One of these includes out-of-pocket spending, which often becomes exhausted once an individual requires more medical attention throughout the aging process and might need in-home care or be admitted into a nursing home. For many people, out-of-pocket spending for long-term care is a transitional state before eventually needing Medicaid coverage. [27] Personal savings can be difficult to manage and budget and often deplete rapidly. In addition to personal savings, individuals can also rely on an Individual retirement account, Roth IRA, Pension, Severance package or the funds of family members. These are essentially retirement packages that become available to the individual once certain requirements have been met. In 2008, Medicaid and Medicare accounted for approximately 71% of national long-term care spending in the United States. [28] Out-of-pocket spending accounted for 18% of national long-term care spending, private long-term care insurance accounted for 7%, and other organizations and agencies accounted for the remaining expenses. Moreover, 67% of all nursing home residents used Medicaid as their primary source of payment. [29]Medicaid is one of the dominant players in the nation’s long-term care market because there is a failure of private insurance and Medicare to pay for expensive long-term care services, such as nursing homes. For instance, 34% of Medicaid was spent on long-term care services in 2002. [30]Medicaid operates as distinct programs which involve home and community-based (Medicaid) waivers designed for special population groups during deinstitutionalization then to community, direct medical services for individuals who meet low income guidelines (held stable with the new Affordable Care Act Health Care Exchanges), facility development programs (e.g., intermediate care facilities for intellectual and developmental disabilities populations), and additional reimbursements for specified services or beds in facilities (e.g., over 63% beds in nursing facilities). Medicaid also fund traditional home health services and is payor of adult day care services. Currently, the US Centers for Medicaid and Medicare also have a user-directed option of services previously part of grey market industry. In the US, Medicaid is a government program that will pay for certain health services and nursing home care for older people (once their assets are depleted). In most states, Medicaid also pays for some long-term care services at home and in the community. Eligibility and covered services vary from state to state. Most often, eligibility is based on income and personal resources. Individuals eligible for Medicaid are eligible for community services, such as home health, but governments have not adequately funded this option for elders who wish to remain in their homes after extended illness aging in place, and Medicaid's expenses are primarily concentrated on nursing home care operated by the hospital-nursing industry in the US. [31]Generally, Medicare does not pay for long-term care. Medicare pays only for medically necessary skilled nursing facility or home health care. However, certain conditions must be met for Medicare to pay for even those types of care. The services must be ordered by a doctor and tend to be rehabilatative in nature. Medicare specifically will not pay for custodial and non-skilled care. Medicare will typically cover only 100 skilled nursing days following a 3-day admission to a hospital. A 2006 study conducted by AARP found that most Americans are unaware of the costs associated with long-term care and overestimate the amount that government programs such as Medicare will pay. [32] The US government plans for individuals to have care from family, similar to Depression days; however, AARP reports annually on the Long-term services and supports (LTSS) [33] for aging in the US including home-delivered meals (from senior center sites) and its advocacy for caregiving payments to family caregivers. Long-term care insurance protects individuals from asset depletion and includes a range of benefits with varying lengths of time. This type of insurance is designed to protect policyholders from the costs of long-term care services, and policies are determined using an "experience rating" and charge higher premiums for higher-risk individuals who have a greater chance of becoming ill. [34]There are now a number of different types of long term care insurance plans including traditional tax-qualified, partnership plans (providing additional dollar-for-dollar asset protect offered by most states), short-term extended care policies and hybrid plans (life or annuity policies with riders to pay for long term care). [35]Residents of LTC facilities may have certain legal rights, including a Red Cross ombudsperson, depending on the location of the facility. [36]Unfortunately, government funded aid meant for long-term care recipients are sometimes misused. The New York Times explains how some of the businesses offering long-term care are misusing the loopholes in the newly redesigned New York Medicaid program. [37] Government resists progressive oversight which involves continuing education requirements, community services administration with quality of life indicators, evidence-based services, and leadership in use of federal and state funds for the benefit of individual and their family. For those that are poor and elderly, long term care becomes even more challenging. Often, these individuals are categorized as " dual eligibles " and they qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid. These individuals accounted for 319.5 billion in health care spending in 2011. [38]See also [ edit]Activities of daily living AMDA – The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine Assisted living Caring for people with dementia Chronic condition Dynamic treatment regime Geriatric care management Home care List of companies operating nursing homes in the United States Long-term care insurance Options counseling Transgenerational design References [ edit]^ Leiyu Shi and Douglas Singh (December 8, 2015). Essentials of the U. S. Health Care System. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 4 edition. ISBN 1284100553.^ Kernisan, Leslie. "Activities of Daily Living: What Are ADLs and IADLs?". Caring. Retrieved 16 October 2015.^ a b c "Defusing the demographic "time-bomb" in Germany." Bull World Health Organ 2012;90:6–7 | doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.020112^ a b Health Canada. Long-Term Facilities-Based Care. Accessed 3 January 2012.^ O'Keefe, J. & Wiener, J. (2004). Public funding for long term care services for older people with residential care settings. In: J. Pynoos, P. Hollander-Feldman, & J. Ahers, Linking Housing and Services for Older Adults: Obstacles, Options and Opportunities, pp. 51-80. NY, NY: The Haworth Press.^ a b c d Saltman, R. B., Dubois, H. F. W. and Chawla, M. (2006). The impact of aging on long-term care in Europe and some potential policy responses, International Journal of Health Services, 36 (4): 719-746.^ Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2011, May 5). HCBS waivers-Section 1915c. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved in May 2011 from: https://sunknowledge.com/skilled-nursing-facility-medicare-billing/^ Kane, R. (2012). Thirty years of home and community-based services: Getting closer and cloer to home. Generations: Journal of the American Society for Aging, 1-5. Retrieved in August 2012 from: http://www.asaging.org/Blog/thirty-years-home-and-community-based [ permanent dead link]^ Braddock, D. (2011). Long term care spending for disability. Disability Spending in States: 1997-2008. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado, Department of Psychiatry.^ Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities. (2014). Long-Term Services and Supports Taskforce. Washington, DC: Author.^ Johnson, K. & Traustadottir, R. (2005). Deinstitutionalization and People with Intellectual Disabilities. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.^ Racino, J. (2014) ""Public Administration and Disability: Community Services Administration in the US."" NY, NY: CRC Press, Francis and Taylor.^ World Health Organization. Ageing and Life Course. Accessed 3 January 2012.^ London School of Economics and Political Science. Ageing and long-term care. Eurohealth 2011, 17 (2–3).^ OECD (2005). Long Term Care for Older People. Paris: OECD.^ Costa-Font, J., and Patxot, C. (2005). The design of the long-term care system in Spain: Policy and financial constraints. Soc. Society 4:1, 11–20.^ "Growing Demand for Long-Term Care in the U. S. (Updated)" (PDF). The Scan Foundation. Retrieved 16 October 2015.^ U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. AHCPR Research on Long-term Care Archived 2009-07-14 at the Wayback Machine.^ "Long Term Care". Colorado Gerontological Society. Retrieved 16 October 2015.^ National Health Policy Forum (2014) The Basics: National Spending for Long-Term Services and Supports. Retrieved (January 2015) from www.nhpf.org/library/the-basics/Basics_LTSS_03-27-14.pdf^ Stone, R. I., & Benson, W. F., Financing and organizing health and long term care services. In Prohaska, T. R., Anderson, L. A., & Binstock, R. H. (Eds.). (2012). Public Health for an Aging Society. Boston. Johns Hopkins University Press.^ 2012 Met Life Market Survey of Nursing Home, Assisted Living, Adult Day Services, and Home Care Costs, Metlife Mature Market Institute^ George Washington University. (2004). Retirement saving and long-term care needs: An overview. The Retirement Security Project.^ "States Turn to Managed Care To Constrain Medicaid Long-Term Care Costs". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2014-04-09. Retrieved 2014-04-14.^ Waters, R. (2009, 07 20). Elerly to Double to 14% of Global Population by 2040. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ax V6K65Qo Ag8.^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "The Daily — Long-term Care Facilities Survey, 2013". www.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-19.^ Gale, W. G., Iwry, M., Orszag, P., Ahlstrom, A., Clements, E., Lambrew, J., Yumlinson, A. (2004) Retirement Saving and Long-Term Care Needs: An Overview.^ Lewin Group. (2010). Individuals living in the community with chronic conditions and functional limitations: A closer look. Report prepared under contract #HHS-100-95-0046 for the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation.^ Gregory, S. R., & Gibson, M. J. (2002). Across the States: Profiles of Long-Term Services and Supports (5th ed.). Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute.^ O'Brien, E., & Elias, R. (2004). Medicaid and long-term care. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.^ Mulvey, J., & Li, A. (2002). Long Term Care Financing: Options for the Future. Benefits Quarterly, 18 (2), 7-14.^ AARP Press Center. Long-term care report^ AARP. (2012). Long-Term Services and Supports in the US. Washington, DC: Author.^ Amaradio, L. (1998). Financing Long-Term Care for Elderly Persons: What Are the Options? Journal of Health Care Finance, 25 (2). 75-84.^ http://longtermcareplanningnews.com/articles/new-ltc-policy-options-available-hybrid-long-term-care-and-short-term-care^ "Requirements for States and Long Term Care Facilities". ELECTRONIC CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS. U. S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 15 May 2014.^ Bernstein, Nina (8 May 2014). "Medicaid Shift Fuels Rush for Profitable Clients". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 May 2014.^ Meyer, Harris (June 2012). "The Coming Experiments in Integrating and Coordinating Care for 'Dual Eligibles ' ". Health Affairs. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0505. External links [ edit]California Partnership for Long-Term Care Long Term Care Medical Directors Association of Canada Canadian-based association of medical directors in the Long Term Care setting Cost of care calculator for UK residents American Association for Long Term Care Insurance Categories: Health care Elderly care Medical terminology Medicare and Medicaid (United States) | nan Cost of Care Find the cost of long term care in your area. Self-Funding Tool Determine if you can pay for long term care yourself.⚙Premium Calculator Calculate premiums for the FLTCIP's plans. Personalized Summary Review a summary of your results. Cost of Care Tool The three most common care options are home health care, assisted living, and nursing home care. To find the average costs in your area for each of these care options, select your state and nearest city below. Then, click the "Find the Cost of Care" button. All costs are based on the John Hancock 2016 Cost of Care Survey. Where will you receive care? Now, select the nearest city: |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.most popular jamaican tours | 16 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Jamaica - The 2018 Guide 16 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Jamaica - The 2018 Guide Written by Karen Hastings Known as the "birthplace of reggae," Jamaica boasts a treasure trove of natural jewels and a colorful African vibe. Golden beaches; lush, green mountains; turquoise seas; coral reefs; rainforests; and rivers are just some of the island's enviable assets. Nature lovers will find plenty of things to do, from hiking and birding in the jungle to diving or snorkeling the fringing reefs. Jamaica is also renowned for its many historic plantations, where you can sample tropical fruits and tour the grand great houses, and you'll also find some of the the Caribbean's most luxurious all-inclusive resorts here. Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Negril, and Port Antonio are the main tourist hubs. Lively Montego Bay is one of the most popular resort towns, Ocho Rios is the island's major port of call for cruise ships, and Negril is famous for its long and lazy beach lined with clear waters and coconut palms. Ecotourists love peaceful Port Antonio, thanks to its proximity to the spectacular Blue Mountains. In Kingston, Jamaica's edgy capital, you can tour reggae legend Bob Marley's former home and explore the city's museums and historic sites. Jam-packed with diverse attractions, no wonder Jamaica enjoys a reputation as a Caribbean hotspot.1 Negril Beach & the Negril Cliffs Negril Beach & the Negril Cliffs Share: Also known as Seven Mile Beach, Negril Beach is one of Jamaica's most beautiful stretches of white sand and aqua sea and graces the list of the Caribbean's best beaches. The beach extends from Bloody Bay to Long Bay and the Negril Cliffs south of town. Tucked within groves of coconut palms, resorts fringe the shore here, from large all-inclusive resorts to smaller boutique properties. Water sports abound, and snorkelers will find schools of fish swimming in the clear waters. Be prepared for persistent hawkers prowling the beach. South of the beach, the Negril Cliffs rise above the coral-fringed coast and provide a popular perch for sunset views and cliff jumping. Some of Negril's most luxurious resorts lie along the cliffs, including The Caves and The Cliff Hotel. Accommodation: Where to Stay in Negril Read More:8 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Negril2 Editor's Pick Rafting the Martha Brae River Rafting the Martha Brae River Share: Rafting the Martha Brae is one of the most popular things to do in Jamaica. At Martha Brae Rafter's Village, you can glide down a picturesque stretch of the river on bamboo rafts poled by local guides. This relaxing trip is a great way to soak up some of the tropical scenery, and some of the guides will entertain you along the way, singing or sharing information about the flora and fauna.3 Dunn's River Falls Dunn's River Falls Share: Encompassing 180 meters of gently terraced waterfalls, Dunn's River Falls is one of Jamaica's most famous natural attractions. The falls tumble over rocks and limestone ledges into the sea. You can climb the natural tiers to the top of the falls with the aid of a guide and cool off in the refreshing pools at the base. It's a good idea to wear water shoes and clothing that you don't mind getting wet. Also, try to plan your visit around the cruise ship crowds. For a fun, full day outing, try a Jamaica Combo Tour: Dunn's River Falls and Bob Marley's Nine Mile. This tour stops by the village of Nine Mile, birthplace of Bob Marley, and then heads over to the Dunn's River Falls, for a guided hike up to the falls and a slide or swim in the natural pools. Hotel pickup and drop-off, entrance fees, lunch, and a guide are included. Alternatively, take a Jamaica Catamaran Cruise to Dunn's River Falls from Ocho Rios or Montego Bay. Snorkel over coral reefs, enjoy an ocean cruise, and relax and play in the water at the falls. Hotel pickup and drop-off is included. Read More:11 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Ocho Rios4 Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park Share: In 2015, the spectacular Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park was inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites for its rich natural and cultural heritage. Once a refuge for former slaves and the indigenous Taino, who fled here to escape slavery, this unspoiled preserve offers breathtaking scenery. Within its borders, you can explore jungle-clad mountains; waterfalls; lush rainforests; coffee plantations; and exotic plants and animals, including 800 species of endemic plants, more than 200 species of birds, and the world's second largest butterfly. The roads and tracks are rough - especially after rain - so 4WD vehicles and/or experienced guides are highly recommended. A highlight of a visit here is the hike (or mule ride) up Jamaica's highest peak, 2,256-meter-high Blue Mountain Peak. This two-day trip offers thrilling views, and on a clear day, you can see all the way to Cuba. Official site: http://www.jcdt.org.jm/5 Port Antonio Port Antonio Share: Set between mountains and a double harbor, Port Antonio exudes the relaxed charm of a sleepy fishing village. Once a center for banana export, the area is distinctly less commercial than the other resort towns. Popular things to do here include hiking jungle trails, rafting the Rio Grande, taking a tour to Reach Falls, and snorkeling and diving the coral reefs. A favorite swimming spot is the beautiful 60-meter-deep Blue Lagoon, fed by freshwater springs. Other highlights of the area include the 18th-century British stronghold of Fort George and beautiful Frenchman's Cove, where a fish-filled river flows into the sea. The beaches here are a wonderful mix of white sand, shallow waters, and lush outcroppings of land. Nearby, Daniel's River plunges through a gorge of natural rock in a series of cascades and pools known as Somerset Falls. Set between Port Antonio's two harbors and reached by ferry, Navy Island was once owned by movie swashbuckler Errol Flynn. Today, the island is a favorite for picnics and day trips. Jamaica's spicy "jerk-style" of cooking originated in the region and some of the best can be found at Boston Beach east of Port Antonio.6 Doctor's Cave Beach, Montego Bay Doctor's Cave Beach, Montego Bay Share: One of the best beaches in Montego Bay, Doctor's Cave Beach is an alluring strip of white sand fringed by clear waters that helped shape the fate of this popular tourist town. In the early 1920s, a famous British osteopath declared that the water had curative powers after swimming here, a claim which began to lure visitors from around the world. Hotels sprouted up, and the area became a popular tourist destination. The cave for which the beach is named was destroyed by a hurricane in 1932, but the beach is as popular as ever and is often crowded with cruise ship passengers. Accommodation: Where to Stay in Montego Bay Read More:11 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Montego Bay7 Blue Hole, Ocho Rios Blue Hole, Ocho Rios Share: High in the rainforest-cloaked mountains outside Ocho Rios, the Blue Hole (also called Island Gully Falls or the Irie Blue Hole) is a series of picturesque waterholes fed by gushing cascades. Guides lead you around the area where you can explore the falls and jump off cliffs into the refreshing pools below. The adventure involves clambering over slippery rocks, so appropriate water shoes are recommended.8 Rose Hall Great House, Montego Bay Rose Hall Great House, Montego Bay Loren Sztajer / photo modified Share: Built in 1770, Rose Hall is a restored plantation house with beautiful ocean views. Legendary Annie Palmer (the White Witch) ruled here with cruelty and met a violent death. Today, her home is adorned with period furniture, and you can choose between a day tour or a spooky candlelit evening tour topped off with tales of ghost sightings. Read More:11 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Montego Bay9 Rio Grande River Rio Grande River monika.monika / photo modified Share: Expert guides pole bamboo rafts through an impressive stretch of tropical rainforest along the Rio Grande River during a two-and-a-half-hour tour. Rafting here dates back to around 1911, when banana farmers in the Rio Grande Valley used to transport their bananas along the river. The Rio Grande tends to be less crowded than the Martha Brae River and offers beautiful scenery and gentle rapids.10 Black River Safari Boat Tour and YS Falls Black River Safari Boat Tour and YS Falls Share: Crocodiles and more than 100 species of birds, including herons and snowy egrets, are among the critters that make their home along the mangrove-fringed Black River - the longest in Jamaica. You can tour the river on guided boats and enjoy a running commentary on the area's ecology and history. A short drive away and often combined with the Black River for tours, the beautiful YS Falls are Jamaica's largest and least commercial cascades. Some of the seven waterfalls flow into peaceful natural pools, which are lovely for a dip on a hot day. You can also play Tarzan on the rope swing and plunge into a wading pool below fed by natural springs. Ziplining and river tubing are also available. Official site: http://ysfalls.com11 Reach Falls Reach Falls Share: Tucked in the Montane Forest of the John Crow Mountain Range, Reach Falls are among Jamaica's prettiest and most peaceful falls. A gentle hike through tropical rainforest takes you to the top of the falls where a lifeguard patrols. You can stand under the streaming cascades, explore underwater caves, and swim in the fern-fringed waters surrounded by rainforest. Water shoes are recommended. Official site: http://www.visitjamaica.com/reach-falls12 Mayfield Falls Mayfield Falls Share: Nestled in the mountains, about an hour's drive from Negril through rainforest villages, Mayfield Falls & Mineral Springs is a haven for nature lovers. Here, you'll find two beautiful waterfalls; 21 natural pools; and a profusion of ferns, tropical flowers, and other rainforest flora. Butterflies and birds flit through the lush foliage, and thatched riverside gazebos beckon for pit stops. You can choose between a guided hike along the river or you can wade through the cool waters, clambering over slick boulders, jumping off cliffs, and relaxing under the cascades. Be sure to bring a camera and wear water shoes and swimwear.13 Falmouth Falmouth nathanmac87 / photo modified Share: Surrounded by sugar estates and cattle land, Falmouth is one of the Caribbean's best-preserved Georgian towns. Once a leading port, the town offers excellent examples of 19th-century Georgian architecture, including a faithful restoration of the courthouse. Greenwood Great House is a major tourist attraction in the area. Built in 1790 by Richard Barrett, a relative of poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, the Great House is now a museum with period furniture and a rare collection of musical instruments and Wedgwood china. Other popular things to do include exploring Good Hope Plantation, an old-established coconut and sugar plantation built in 1755, and basking on Red Stripe and Burwood Beach. East of Falmouth is the Luminous Lagoon, named for its marine phosphorescence. Location: Falmouth, Trelawny Parish Accommodation: Where to Stay in Falmouth14 Rainforest Adventures Mystic Mountain, Ocho Rios Rainforest Adventures Mystic Mountain, Ocho Rios Chris Short / photo modified Share: At Rainforest Adventures Mystic Mountain, you can enjoy panoramic views of the town and sea on the Sky Explorer, a chairlift ascending the mountain. The more adventurous can zoom down the mountain on Bobsled Jamaica, a single-person roller coaster ride through the forest, or glide through the treetops on ziplines. Other attractions here include guided nature walks, butterfly and hummingbird gardens, and an infinity pool and waterslide. Book a Bobsledding Tour at Mystic Mountain in advance. For visitors arriving by cruise ship, free pickup from the port is included with this tour. Accommodation: Where to Stay in Ocho Rios Read More:11 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Ocho Rios15 Zipline Adventure Tours Zipline Adventure Tours Chris Short / photo modified Share: Outdoor enthusiasts and adventurers can test their skills kayaking and ziplining as they explore the Great River. Two-hour guided tours take guests kayaking through rolling rapids and calm waters or ziplining above the river for a little adrenaline-infused adventure. A tour guide gives a safety and equipment briefing and offers insight into the wildlife and vegetation along the river. The Jamaica Zipline and Kayak Adventure Tour, which departs from hotels in Negril and Montego Bay, includes hotel pickup and drop-off, lunch, equipment, guide, and basic instruction. Participants must be at least six years of age. Read More:11 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in Montego Bay16 Kingston Kingston Katie Thebeau / photo modified Share: At the foot of the Blue Mountains, Jamaica's busy capital city offers a cosmopolitan contrast to the island's relaxed pace. Gritty and rough around the edges, Kingston can be intimidating, but you can view some of the town's top tourist attractions on organized tours. The Bob Marley Museum, at the reggae superstar's former home, is one of Kingston's most-visited attractions, and reggae fans can also visit the Trench Town Culture Yard Museum in the ghetto where reggae music was born. Tours will also take you to explore mansions like historic Devon House, as well as museums such as the excellent National Gallery and the Natural History Museum. Music concerts are often staged at Emancipation Park, a palm-studded green space in the middle of the city, and National Heroes Park features statues of leading players of Jamaican history and independence. At the tip of the peninsula surrounding Kingston Harbor lies the community of Port Royal, the focus of British fortification in the late 17th century. Accommodation: Where to Stay in Kingston Must-See Destinations in Jamaica For more information on the top tourist attractions and things to do near each of Jamaica's main resort towns, see our pages on Montego Bay and Ocho Rios. These towns offer easy access to lush mountains; waterfalls; plantations; and a host of exciting tropical adventures, from ziplining to rafting and river tubing. If you're looking for a more low-key Jamaican vacation, see our page on the relaxed resort town of Negril and find out about its stunning palm-lined beach, one of the best beaches in the Caribbean. Some of Jamaica's resorts also grace the list of top luxury all-inclusive resorts in the Caribbean. For inspiration on the hottest beach vacation spots, see our page on the Best Tropical Vacations. Hotels Where to Stay in Negril Best Hotels in Jamaica More on Jamaica Jamaica Travel Guide | . ×This browser is not supported. To ensure the best possible user experience, please use one of the following browsers: Chrome | Firefox | Internet Explorer | Safari | Opera Sign In Forgot Your Password?- or -Activate Account Resend Activation Email |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is a polyp | What Are the Symptoms, Types, and Treatments for Polyps? What Are the Symptoms, Types, and Treatments for Polyps? Symptoms Causes Risk factors Diagnosis Treatment Outlook Prevention Next steps What are polyps? Polyps are abnormal tissue growths that most often look like small, flat bumps or tiny mushroomlike stalks. Most polyps are small and less than half an inch wide. Polyps in the colon are the most common, but it’s also possible to develop polyps in places that include:ear canalcervixstomachnoseuterusthroat Most polyps are benign, meaning they’re noncancerous. But because they are due to abnormal cell growth, they can eventually become malignant, or cancerous. Your doctor can help determine if the growth is a polyp by performing a biopsy. This involves taking a small sample of tissue and testing it for the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment for polyps depends on their location, size, and whether they’re benign or malignant. Read more about colonic polyps and colon cancer »Symptoms What are the symptoms of polyps? Each type of polyp can cause unique symptoms based on location. Below are some common polyp types, their locations, and symptoms. Type of polyps Location Symptomsaural ear canal loss of hearing and blood drainage from the earcervical cervix, where the uterus connects to the vagina typically no symptoms, but can include bleeding during menstruation (heavier) or sex, or an unusual dischargecolorectal (colon) large intestine, colon, and rectum blood in stool, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrheanasal nose or near sinuses similar to the common cold such as headache, nose pain, loss of smellgastric (stomach) stomach and stomach lining nausea, pain, tenderness, vomiting, bleedingendometrial (uterine) uterus, usually uterine lining infertility, irregular menstrual bleeding, vaginal bleedingvocal cord (throat) vocal cords hoarse and breathy voice that develops over a few days to several weeksbladder bladder lining blood in urine, painful urination, frequent urination Most colon polyps are noncancerous and do not often cause symptoms until they are in their later stages. But like gastric polyps, they can develop into cancer. Causes What causes polyps? The causes of polyps can vary based on their location. For example, throat polyps are usually a result of an injury from shouting loudly or damage from a breathing tube. And sometimes doctors can’t determine the cause of polyps. Some known causes include:inflammationa foreign objecta cysta tumormutation in the genes of colon cellschronic stomach inflammationexcess estrogen Polyps grow through rapidly dividing cells, which is similar to how cancer cells grow. This is why they can become cancerous, even though most polyps are benign. Risk factors What are the risk factors of polyps? Men and people who smoke have a higher risk for bladder polyps. Women over 40 years of age and women who have had children are more likely to develop polyps in the uterus. For cervical polyps, the risk increases in women over 20 years or age and women who are premenopausal. People who habitually stress their vocal cords or have acid reflux have a higher risk for throat polyps. But there are no known risk factors for aural polyps. Talk to your doctor about your individual risks for polyps if you are concerned about a specific type. Risks for colon polyps For colon polyps, the risk factors include:eating a high-fat, low-fiber dietbeing over 50 years of agehaving a family history of colon polyps and cancerusing tobacco and alcoholhaving an intestinal inflammation disorder like Crohn’s diseasebeing obesenot getting enough exercisehaving type 2 diabetes that isn’t well-managed African-Americans are also at a higher risk of developing colon polyps. Risks for stomach polyps The risk for stomach polyps increases with the following:age — more common in middle to old agebacterial stomach infectionsfamilial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a rare genetic syndromeregular use of proton pump inhibitors like Nexium, Prilosec, and Protonix Risks for nasal polyps Nasal polyps are more likely to develop in people who experience the following conditions:ongoing sinus infectionsallergiesasthmacystic fibrosissensitivity to aspirin Diagnosis How are polyps diagnosed? Your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your symptoms and medical history. If your doctor suspects polyps, they will typically use imaging like X-rays, ultrasound, or a CT scan to see the affected area, which can help confirm a polyp’s presence and size. When you have a polyp, your doctor may want to perform a biopsy to find out if it is cancerous. What are the risks of a polyp biopsy? »Depending on where the polyp or polyps are located, various procedures are used to obtain a sample. These includes:a Pap test to check for polyps in the vagina or cervixan esophagogastroduodenoscopy or endoscopy for the small bowel and stomachbiopsy of areas that are easy to reach so a sample can be taken and analyzed under a microscopea colonoscopy for polyps located in the large bowelholding a mirror in the back of your mouth to check your vocal cords Treatment How are polyps treated? Some polyps won’t require treatment, especially if your doctor says they aren’t harmful. Throat polyps typically go away on their own with rest and voice therapy. Others may be surgically removed as a precaution against the future development of cancer. Treatment for polyps depends on a number of factors, including:whether or not the polyps are canceroushow many polyps are foundwhere they are locatedtheir size In the case of colorectal polyps, a doctor may remove the polyps during a colonoscopy. A colonoscopy is when your doctor uses a thin tube with a camera attached to look at the insides of your rectum and large intestine. Your doctor may prescribe progestin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for hormone-related polyps, like cervical and uterine polyps. These drugs will tell your body to create more hormones to shrink or reduce the polyps. Nasal steroids or corticosteroid treatments may help to treat nasal polyps. Your doctor will use the least invasive treatment before opting for surgical interventions. Outlook What is the outlook for someone with polyps? Your doctor will discuss the outlook for your particular diagnosis. The outlook for polyps depends upon the type of polyps, if they are cancerous, and your overall health. Most benign polyps are normally nothing to worry about, but your doctor may suggest removing them as a precaution. It’s possible for benign polyps to develop into cancerous ones, or interfere with your life by causing infertility from uterine polyps or persistent stuffiness from nasal polyps. The chance that polyps will reappear is slim, but colon polyps recur in 30 percent of people who have had them removed. Your doctor will recommend follow-up procedures, usually within 3 to 5 years. Prevention How are polyps prevented? Polyps can’t always be prevented. This is the case for some polyp types such as nasal and uterine polyps. But a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of developing colon polyps and minimize your risk of colorectal cancer. Preventive steps include:eating a healthy diet full of fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain cerealslimiting your consumption of alcoholrefraining from using tobacco.exercising regularly to maintain a healthy body weight Talk to your doctor about additional steps you can take to prevent polyps, especially if you have a family history of polyps. Next steps What are the next steps for someone with polyps? Noncancerous polyps and polyps with no symptoms usually don’t require any intervention, unless they interfere with your day to day activities. Your doctor may recommend “watchful waiting” by monitoring the polyps to ensure they don’t develop further. They’ll also be able to tell you when or if you should have surgery to remove the polyps. If you’re concerned about polyps, you can: Find out more about your family history of polyps and discuss them with your doctor. Keep updated medical records of any previous tests and imaging studies regarding your diagnosis. Follow up with your doctor if you’ve had the polyps removed to make sure you’re clear. Be aware of the symptoms of polyps and seek treatment when they appear. | . Stomach Polyps Definition: Stomach polyps are rare, occurring in less than 1 percent of people undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy — a procedure in which the lining of the stomach is examined. Stomach polyps usually don't cause symptoms. As a result, doctors often discover stomach polyps only while they're examining you for other reasons. The three most common types of stomach polyps are : Hyperplastic stomach polyps. Hyperplastic stomach polyps account for more than half of all diagnosed stomach polyps. Hyperplastic polyps are usually less than a centimeter in size, but may grow much larger. These polyps develop into cancer in less than 3 percent of cases. The risk of cancer is highest in polyps greater than 2 centimeters in size. Hyperplastic polyps are associated with a condition called gastritis, which is inflammation of the stomach lining. Fundic gland stomach polyps. Doctors recognize that these polyps, found in the top portion of the stomach (fundus), are more common than once thought. They were previously often misidentified or simply overlooked. Fundic gland stomach polyps are less of a concern because they don't turn into cancer, except rarely in people with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome. Fundic gland polyps have also been associated with long-term use of the drug omeprazole (Prilosec) — which is used to treat ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and infections of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria in the stomach. Adenomas. These growths arise from the stomach's glandular tissue and account for only about 10 percent of stomach polyps, but they present a greatest health concern. These polyps can become cancerous, especially when they grow larger than 2 centimeters. These polyps are also more common in people with stomach inflammation (gastritis). Adenomas need to be removed. Removal is usually done by endoscopy, although surgery is sometimes necessary. Causes: Experts aren't sure why fundic gland polyps develop. However, several problems can cause the gastritis that contributes to hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. The most common cause of chronic gastritis is infection by H. pylori bacteria, which can also cause ulcers. About 35 percent of American adults carry these bacteria in their stomachs. Although H. pylori doesn't always cause problems, it can infect and inflame the stomach lining. The resulting damage can set the stage for polyps. One study found H. pylori in 45 percent of people diagnosed with hyperplastic polyps. Another cause of chronic gastritis is an autoimmune reaction, in which your body forms antibodies that attack cells in the stomach and a protein needed for absorbing vitamin B-12. This process may cause vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia in many people with stomach polyps. Anemia is a condition in which you don't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your tissues. Risk Factor : Factors that increase your chances of developing stomach polyps are : Age. Most people with hyperplastic polyps and adenomas are in their 60s or older. H. pylori infection. This is a common cause of the gastritis that contributes to hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. Experts aren't sure how people become infected with these bacteria, but H. pylori may be carried in food and water. H. pylori infection is also more common in older people. Familial adenomatous polyposis. This condition is hereditary and is caused by genetic mutations that occur in about one in 30,000 people. Medication use. Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole (Prilosec) — which is used to treat ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and H. pylori infection — has been linked to fundic gland polyps. If you have any signs or symptoms of problems that could indicate stomach polyps or the conditions leading up to them, including bleeding or persistent pain or discomfort, talk to your doctor. Symptoms: Small polyps usually don't cause any symptoms. However, as stomach polyps grow larger, ulcers may develop on their surface, or, rarely, the polyp may block the opening between your stomach and your small intestine. Complications of stomach polyps may include : Abdominal pain, or tenderness when you press your abdomen Bleeding Nausea and vomiting A sense of fullness too quickly while you're eating Signs and symptoms of inflammation of the stomach (gastritis), which may contribute to hyperplastic polyps and adenomas, also include abdominal pain, as well as belching, bloating, nausea and bleeding signaled by blood in the vomit or black stools. People with familial adenomatous polyposis, which is associated with fundic gland polyps, may also develop hundreds of colorectal polyps at a young age. Signs and symptoms of colorectal polyps include bleeding and fatigue. Diagnosis: If you have a stomach polyp, odds are good that your doctor detected it while looking at your stomach to seek out other problems — not necessarily polyps — that may have been causing symptoms. Imaging procedures — such as X-ray and computerized tomography — are used to diagnose polyps. More commonly, polyps are found by an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a procedure in which a flexible, lighted tube is used to allow your doctor to view your esophagus, stomach, and the first part of your small intestine. The device also inflates your stomach with air, allowing the doctor to look at the stomach's folds. This procedure will reveal growths, red spots, bleeding and inflammation in the stomach. You should avoid eating or drinking for at least six hours before endoscopy. Before putting the endoscope down your esophagus, your doctor will spray your throat with a numbing medicine or give you a sedative to relax you. The procedure should take 20 to 30 minutes, and shouldn't cause more than mild discomfort. If your doctor finds polyps during the endoscopy, he or she may take samples (biopsy) or remove the entire growth, using special tools inserted through the endoscope. These include a small cutting device or a wire loop that burns tissue then snares it. A doctor can determine which type of polyp you have by examining its cells under a microscope. Possible side effects from endoscopy include bleeding from the biopsy site, a sore throat, and bloating, which results from the air put into your stomach. Depending on the type of polyp you have, your doctor may recommend a follow-up endoscopy in a year or two to see if more polyps have developed. Treatment: The most common treatment for polyps is to remove them endoscopically. When undergoing an endoscopy, polyps found are automtically removed and biopsied. If you have gastritis caused by H. pylori bacteria in your stomach, eradicating the bacteria with antibiotics can reduce the likelihood that your polyps will return. Your doctor can determine whether you have H. pylori through a blood test. Another test requires you to drink a special liquid, then a machine analyzes your breath for signs that the bacteria are present in your stomach. Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics — probably more than one type — for you to take for several weeks to kill the H. pylori bacteria. Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what type of hay for rabbits | Types of Rabbit Hay & Grass Types of Rabbit Hay & Grass Rabbit's Diet ~ Online Shopping - Supplies - Housing - Food - Hay & Grass - Rabbit Hay Not all rabbit hay is the same Hay & Grass for Optimum Rabbit Health The main diet ingredient for every single rabbit ever born is fresh grass and hay, (dried grass). The high fibre content in grass is essential and the single most important thing in maintaining optimum intestinal and dental health in all rabbits. Without this crucial fibre, a rabbit's digestive system will not function properly. The movement of food through the gut will slow down, causing all manor of illnesses and, more often than not, can lead to an early death. The crucial fibre in hay/grass is also essential for the dental health of rabbits. Rabbit's teeth grow all the time, and need the chewing action of course substances to wear down teeth to stop them becoming painfully long. If teeth do get too long it can inhibit a rabbit's ability to eat, swallow and groom themselves, all of which are essential functions for any rabbit. A Closer Look at Grass Hay is just dry grass, so why not just feed rabbits grass? The large quantity of grass a rabbit needs to eat every day, to meet all of their needs, is not usually practical in a domestic environment. There could be a few reasons for this. Some rabbit owners...don't let their rabbit's outside for safety reasons, (high predator risk, dangerous terrain etc).don't have a garden or yard, (live in a high rise or flat etc).have other pets that prevent a rabbit going outside without getting stressed.supervised outside grazing for long lengths of time is not always possible.their garden or yard is not secure.plants within the garden are not rabbit safe. The solution to these issues (and others), is to supplement or entirely substitute, fresh grass with hay. The benefits of hay are tenfold including the fact that hay is always available from good stores and is very easily stored. Rabbits Eat A Lot of Grass!Grass is more nutritious than hay as hay is dried, causing some of the beneficial vitamins & minerals to fade over time. Just as their wild counterpart, a domestic rabbit will always opt to eat fresh grass over hay, and eat it with fervour too!Please Note: If a rabbit is not used to eating grass, you should introduce it into their diet slowly. Rabbits Love Fresh Grass!Get the Revolutionary i Rabbit READY System... Get the Complete i Rabbit Ready System right now... Your bunnies deserve it!Get all the Steps, Guides, Bonuses & Infographics together!Find out more about the amazing i Rabbit READY System... Rabbit Hay & Grass There are many different varieties of hay suitable for rabbits, and as described on the rabbit diet page, hay is a vital ingredient for keeping healthy, happy rabbits. Types of Hay Timothy Hay Meadow Hay Orchard Hay/Grass Oat Hay Herbal Hay (Herbage)There are many different hays available and popular varieties include meadow, Timothy, and orchard hay/grass. Any of these types of hay will provide an excellent base or foundation for your rabbit's diet. Types of Grass Oat Grass Wheat Grass Barley Hay Bromegrass Bemudagrass Barn Dried Hay / Dried Grass Oat, wheat and barley are all types of grass which are usually grown for their cereal grain. Grasses are harvested before the seed heads have ripened they can also be fed as any other grass hay. However, once the grain has ripened and the plant has turned from green to a gold-brown colour, the stems loose their nutritional value and it becomes straw, which is used for bedding rather than food. Take a look at these top 10 Best Rabbit Hay products. We analysed all the nutritional data on the popular hay supplies and narrowed down the list to these top ten... If you think we should change the list or add to it, why not drop us a line at the bottom of this page... Specialised Hay & Grass Alfalfa Hay Alfalfa (Lucerne), is actually neither hay nor grass! It is in fact a legume and is also grown as a richer type of animal feed. Alfalfa hay has a much higher protein level than grass / hay, which makes it very fattening to feed as a main ingredient for an average adult rabbit. However it is very good for growing youngsters (kits) for helping them put on weight. It is also good for helping a post-op, sick or poorly or underweight rabbit as it is a very good source of rich proteins needed to boost a rabbit's immune system. Please Note: Alfalfa hay is also much higher in calcium (1.5% compared to 0.5% in grass hay), so it is best avoided for any rabbit with a history of problems related to excess calcium, for example bladder sludge. Oxbow Alfalfa Hay 425g from £5.47When Alfalfa is Perfect!Alfalfa on its own can be too rich but mixed with meadow hay, it makes a lovely tasty treat. Here is a fun and challenging, swinging hay ring made from the finest meadow hay and alfalfa. Great for Growing Baby Rabbits... The Naturals Alfalfa ring is also great for growing rabbit kits or for poorly bunnies needing a protein boost. Provides hours of good fun for rabbits and is packed full of nutritious vitamins and minerals too. Get the Naturals delicious Alfalfa ring here... Your bunnies will be happy with this one!Naturals Alfalfa Ring £4.29Dried Grasses When fresh grass is cut and dried very quickly, the nutrients that would otherwise be lost if it is left to dry naturally, are preserved, giving dried grasses more nutritional value than hay. This type of grass is sometimes called;barn dried haydried grass Readigrass The quick drying process tends to leave it greener looking and also has a slightly higher protein content (12-14%) than hay, making it much more equal to grass in nutrient value. Please Note: If your rabbit is very sensitive to diet changes (and most are), then please introduce any changes or additions of this kind, very gradually. Most rabbits find dried grasses very tasty, so it's a good choice if your rabbit's a reluctant hay eater. However, it is best to monitor intake if a rabbit is particularly overweight. Rabbit's that are heavier should have a higher mix of Timothy Hay to balance calorie intake, especially if their exercise regime is restricted for any reason. Different Types of Rabbit Hay Popular Hay & Grass for Rabbits Popular types of rabbit hay include meadow, Timothy, and orchard grass and any of these hays will provide a suitable foundation for your rabbit's diet, but don't feel like you have to limited to one type. Mix it Up! Mixing several different kinds of hay will give your rabbits a wider variety of flavours making them more appealing. You will also create a more even mix of nutritional content too, as some hay as more vitamins and minerals than another. Nutritional Value of Rabbit Hay & Grass The Best Choice of Rabbit Hay Timothy Hay Timothy Hay is by far the most popular and probably the best kind you can give your rabbit as their basic hay source. Timothy hay is a good all-around choice for unlimited offering to your rabbit. Timothy hay is a mix of leaves and stems from Timothy grass, which is a perennial bunch grass. Timothy grass is a cool-season grass and it works well for bunnies with delicate digestive systems. It provides very good fibre content and is a thick, coarse hay. Timothy Hay is high in fibre and low in protein which is a combination critical to the health of rabbits and other small animals. The protein and fibre levels help to keep the gastrointestinal tract functioning properly. Timothy Hay should be fed as 'free-choice' food daily, meaning it should be available at ALL TIMES. Timothy hay is the better choice of hay as it comes straight from the farm, sun-dried naturally and in most cases free from pesticides. This makes it more fragrant, greener and more palatable. Note: Timothy Hay is more suitable for adult rabbits due to the low calcium content. Oxbow Western Timothy Hay is high in fibre, low in protein and calcium and is a good, basic grass hay with high quality nutrition. Oxbow Timothy Hay 1.1g from £21Bigger Bag: Buying in bulk cuts down on shipping costs and is always more cost effective in the long run. Providing you store your hay in a dark, dry, and relatively cool place, it's always best to go for a larger amount of Timothy hay. Orchard Hay/Grass Orchard grass is another cool-season grass; it grows in tufts and is more drought tolerant than Timothy hay. Orchard grass has a soft texture and is high in fibre and low in protein. Mixing this in with Timothy hay is another way to tempt the fussy eater and keep non-fussy eaters from becoming 'set in their ways'. Orchard Grass Hay is packed full of long strand fibre and is relatively low in protein. This combination keeps the digestive system working properly. Orchard Grass has a sweet smell and taste to stimulate the senses of any herbivore!High in fibre Low in protein and calcium Sweet smell and taste Orchard Grass Hay 1.13g from £11.85You can find lots of rabbit hay and hay productsin the Just Rabbits Store!Meadow Grass Hay Meadow grass (also known as ‘meadow grass hay’ is a mixture naturally occurring grass hays which create a nice combination of textures and flavours for your rabbits. It is not actually true hay, as such, but rather several different types of grasses which are mixed and specially kiln dried. The protein and calcium content in meadow grass can vary quite a lot, depending upon the type of grasses are contained within it, and it is rare that farmers analyse each crop. So unless you know the farmer, the land and area the crop is usually made up of (and thereby know what the bale mix is) you might not want to feed this in 'unlimited' quantities, as recommended for Timothy Hay. This is not because it is unsafe but rather because it may be richer in protein than normal Timothy hay and therefore more 'fattening'. Just Rabbits recommends... Norfolk Bale Hay It is generally soft hay, and quite tempting for fussy eaters. Norfolk Pastures Dust Extracted Hay (Bulk Bale) (approx 5+kg)Norfolk Bale Hay 5+kg from £9.92Oat Hay Oat hay is rich in vitamins, minerals and fibre, and is generally harvested just before the oat head develops into a seed, leaving lots of crunchy husks for your bunny to enjoy. It is high in fibre and low in protein, and can also be blended with other grass hays. Burns Green Oat Hay 900g Bromegrass or Readigrass Bromegrass is a perennial bunch-grass which is high in fibre and great for the dental and intestinal health of an adult rabbit. It is a tender, sweet hay and an excellent choice for your rabbit. Another good grass source is Readigrass which is also high in fibre and is tender and sweet. Readigrass Friendly Readi Grass 100% natural 1kg Herbal Hay Herbal Hay is any kind of hay (usually Timothy) to which some type of herbs such as chamomile, marigold or dandelion have been added. This type of hay mix is very popular with rabbit owners that cannot give their rabbits lots of foraging time outside. If you do have access to a garden or place to grow plants, it would be less expensive to grow your own herbs for your rabbit and either feed them the fresh herbs in season, or dry them for the winter. Naturals Herbs Plus is great for mixing with Timothy hay and provides a delicious tasty alternative for indoor and outdoor rabbits, especially in the winter when natural supplies have long since gone!The Naturals treat bag is a wonderful mix of healthy, aromatic herbs including green oat, balm, peppermint, nettle and camomile. Rich in roughage, vitamins, oils and minerals. Recommended Herbage Naturals Herbs Plus 500g £3.99Give your rabbits a little taste of herbal heaven. They'll love you for it!Browse all herbage in the Just Rabbit's Store Popular Rabbit Hay Questions & Answers Should I Only Give One Type Of Hay to My Bunnies? While Timothy Hay is a good 'all-rounder', it's best to vary the different types of rabbit hay for three main reasons: Variation encourages fussy rabbits to eat more. Variation discourages non-fussy rabbits from becoming ‘set in their ways’ and only accepting of one type of hay. Variation allows for nutritional values to be more balanced. Variety is the spice of life after all!What's the Key to Good Rabbit Hay? There are three main factors when it comes to choosing a good rabbit hay, no matter what variation it may be: It must be fresh and sweet-smelling with no musty odour. It must be free from excessive dust. It must have been stored out of direct sunlight, in a dry location, in a container that is NOT airtight. (Sealing hay in an airtight container encourages the growth of potentially deadly mould toxins). Did You Know About Hay Cutting Times?... The time of cutting also plays a part in how much fibre & protein content there is too!Read more about rabbit hay cutting times here... (Jumps down the page)How Much Hay Do I Give My Rabbit? You can give rabbits an unlimited supply of hay. Timothy Hay or Oat Hay are good sources of fibre. The only hay that should be limited or even completely eliminated from the diet of an adult rabbit is alfalfa hay. Alfalfa is a perennial legume which is high in vitamins and minerals but is also high in calcium and can run as high as 20% protein, which is far too much for a rabbit over a year old. However, a small amount of alfalfa mixed in with other hay can encourage a fussy eater to eat more. The Top 8 Most Asked Questions About Rabbit Hay Not all rabbit owners can get their rabbit to eat the recommended daily amount of hay every day. In fact, some struggle to get their fussy bunny to eat any hay at all. Some of the many hay related questions, asked by rabbit owners on the Just Rabbits Community Website, and social media portals, are answered in The Just Rabbits New 'Get Started Kit'. Hay, Hay, Hay!There are detailed answers to many questions including: My Rabbits Say 'No' to Hay, What Can I Do? What Kind of Hay is Best for My Rabbits? Where Can I Buy Good Hay? How Much Hay Should I Give My Rabbits & How Often? Is All Hay the Same? My Rabbit Won't Eat Hay, But Why? Do You Have Any Tips On How I Can Get My Rabbit to Eat More Hay? Plus get 11 Awesome tips to get your rabbit to eat more hay!Get your limited edition kit, plus loads of awesome extras right here... One Great Idea to Get Your Rabbit to Eat More Hay Here's a high quality customer favourite... Handy & Compact, and very easy to keep and use. The handy box of Naturals Meadow Hay Cookies fits neatly onto shelves for storage too!Click here for Naturals Meadow Hay Cookies. (opens in a new window)Made from 20 different nutritious grasses and meadow plants, these hay cookies come from managed meadows to ensure the highest quality. Each cookie will make sure that your rabbits get sufficient hay each day, which is important for their dental health, digestion and overall well-being.20 different species of grass and plants High in antioxidants and flavonoids Naturals Meadow Hay Cookies £3.99Quality & Quantity Rabbit Hay for Healthy Digestion The following article is taken from The House Rabbit Journal and I have included it in completeness as it has some valuable insights in to rabbit hay, it's components and why it is a vital part of a rabbit's diet. Quality and Quantities for Healthy Digestion Linda Sterett-Fogarty From House Rabbit Journal Vol. 4, Nr. 7 - Summer 2002Related Articles The Basics of a Good Rabbit Diet CONTRARY TO BELIEF, hay is not grown year round. Forage cannot be grown during a major portion of the year due to cold temperatures. Since animals need a continuous supply of food, the storing of hay is critical. The haying process allows us to harvest and store hay grown during favourable weather conditions for use during less favourable conditions. The process starts in the spring when the days become sufficiently warm and the length of daylight hours increases . This stimulates the plants that have been lying dormant over the winter to begin their growing process. Where our ranch is in Lincoln County, WA , this growing process usually begins in April. There are many variables that can affect this process, not the least of which is the temperature of the nights. April nights in this area can be in the 30s which causes a longer growing period. In order for good growth to begin, not only do the days need to have warm temperatures, but the nights need to have temperatures ranging above 40 degrees Fahrenheit. Grass will grow slightly faster in cooler weather than the legumes, such as alfalfa. Alfalfa grows best when the temperatures are hot. It typically takes approximately 60 days for new growth of alfalfa, 60 for mix hay, 60 for orchard grass, and 75-80 for Timothy in Lincoln County . Alfalfa, which is a herbaceous perennial legume, originated near Iran . It has a high mineral content and contains at least 10 different vitamins. Alfalfa, if cut when all things are ideal, can run as high as 20% protein in the pre-bloom state to as low as 11% at the end of bloom. Timothy grass, a perennial bunchgrass, is a cool-season forage grass. It is slow growing and has a low yield in the field. It has been our experience that 1st and 2nd cutting Timothy grass hay works well for animals with a delicate digestive system, skin problems, issues with diarrhoea and weight problems. Timothy can, however, go as high as 18% protein just before bloom (we've never had one test this high) and can fall as low as 4-6% protein in the late bloom state. Orchardgrass (also known as "cocksfoot" in Europe, New Zealand , and Australia ) is native to Europe, North Africa , and parts of Asia but has been grown in North America for more than 200 years. It is a cool season grass that grows in clumps or tufts and has a fibrous root system. It starts growth early in spring, develops rapidly, and flowers during late May or early June, depending upon length of days and the temperature. Orchardgrass is more heat and drought tolerant than Timothy grass. Orchardgrass grows rapidly at cool temperatures, is very productive in early spring and recovers quickly after cutting. Orchardgrass, in our experience, usually runs a bit higher on the protein scale than Timothy. Researchers say it can run as high as 18.4% in early vegetative state, down to 8.4% in late bloom, but typically we find it runs approximately 12-14%. Mix hay is a mixture of alfalfa and some type of grass, typically orchardgrass. The percentages can vary from as little as 5% alfalfa vs. 95% grass to the complete opposite of 95% alfalfa vs. 5% grass, all dependent upon the percentages of the seed mixture that is ordered from the seed company and planted by the farmer. In some cases, a farmer will go into a field and over plant in an existing stand of either a legume or grass with the opposing seed and achieve somewhat of a mix. The downside of this method is that there is less consistency in percentage of legume vs. grass when comparing the bales, as wide fluctuations can occur over the course of the field . Our two most popular mixes are: 1) A l f a l f a , 30% Orchardgrass-brome grass mix, 70% 2) A l f a l f a , 40% Orchardgrass-brome grass mix, 60%Rabbit Hay Cutting Times & What They Mean CUTTINGS OF HAY Where our ranch is located in Eastern Washington , we get a 1st cutting (the fir s t crop taken off a field in any given year), a second cutting (the second crop taken off that same field in that given year), and possibly a third cutting (the third crop taken off that same field in that given year), provided Mother Nature complies and gives us enough sunshine, dry days, and warm nights. Mother Nature is, however, very unpredictable! You learn to make hay while the sun shines, as the old saying goes. First Cutting: The first growth off of a field for the year is the "first cutting." Many people erroneously feel that first cutting hay is not to be considered as good feed. We tend to disagree, provided it is of good quality and was cut when relatively immature (pre-bloom stage), before the plant is allowed to mature to the point where the stem becomes larger and coarser. This is when the lignin (an indigestible part of the fibre component associated with cellulose and hemicellulose in the cell wall) content has become sufficiently high so as to make the hay more unpalatable and indigestible and the nutritive value has declined greatly. This can happen with 1st, 2nd, or any cutting of hay if left growing too long. Second Cutting: Depending upon the temperatures of the days and nights, it typically takes 40-45 days for regrowth of alfalfa, mix hay, and orchard grass , and 55- 60 days for regrowth of Timothy. This is termed the "second cutting," which usually has a larger percentage of leaves to stems, has a finer and softer stem, has increased percentages of crude protein and crude fat, and has a lower crude fibre percentage (depending upon the stage of maturity at which it was cut) . More non-structural carbohydrates (starches and sugars) and protein are in the leaves than in the stems. These starches and sugars are very digestible and make the hay higher quality. Third Cutting: If the growing season is long enough on any given year, it may be possible to secure a third cutting. In regions that lie south of our location, the growing season is longer and hotter, making alfalfa the prime hay crop, and often as many as four or five cuttings may be taken from a single field. The third cutting is typically very soft hay that is primarily leaves with very few small stems. While beautiful to look at, it can be "rich" (high in nutrients, having a high Relative Feed Value or RFV, and low in fibre). It is our opinion that third cutting hay does not contain sufficient fibre content to be the only hay in the diet of most rabbits. It can, however, be used in conjunction with a higher fibre, good quality, relatively immature 1st or 2nd cutting hay, and creates greater variety and interest in the chewing experience. We suggest that you feed the different hays at different meals so as to eliminate waste. FORAGE QUALITY The stage of maturity at which forages are cut (whether it be 1st, 2nd, or 3rd) has a major influence on the quality of that forage. Forage crops generally decline in nutritive value as they mature. As forage plants mature, it is typical for an increase in Acid Detergent Fibre or ADF to occur. ADF is the percentage of highly indigestible plant material in a forage comprised of cellulose and lignin. A low ADF value indicates greater digestibility and therefore "better quality" hay. ADF values are important because they reflect the ability of an animal to digest the forage. As ADF increases, digestibility usually decreases. Neutral Detergent Fibre or NDF is the percentage of cell wall material in the hay that is partially available to the animal and is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. As the NDF percentages increase, the dry matter intake will generally decline (meaning the animal will consume less). NDF is very important because it estimates that fraction of forage that, if it is to be used by the animal, must first be broken down by gastrointestinal microorganisms. Lignin is a non-carbohydrate substance that is the main factor influencing the digestibility of plant cell wall material. As lignin increases, digestibility, intake and animal performance usually decrease, and the percentage of ADF and NDF increases. Simultaneously there is a decline in the Crude Protein (the total amount of nitrogen in a forage indicative of its ability to meet an animal's protein needs). Thus, Relative Feed Value ( an index that ranks forages relative to the digestible dry-matter intake) declines with maturity. The complex carbohydrates that are in hay include hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, forming the cell wall of the plant. Note added by Just Rabbits: Lignin is a class of complex organic polymers. Lignins are one of the main classes of structural materials in the support tissues of vascular plants and some algae. Lignins are particularly important in the formation of cell walls, especially in wood and bark, because they lend rigidity and do not rot easily. These complex carbohydrates provide fibre in the animal's diet and is important to a healthy gastrointestinal system. The soluble or digestible part of the hay is primarily the cell contents. As the plant matures, the hemicellulose changes to cellulose and is not as digestible, which leads back to the timing of the cutting being a critical factor in the quality of the hay. It is not so much the cutting but the maturity of the plant at the time it is harvested. If the hay is cut when relatively immature it is higher in nutrients and darker green in colour, but given more growing time, that same hay will be more mature, larger and coarser, have a higher cellulose content and will not be as digestible nor as nutritious; it's all a matter of timing and what Mother Nature allows you to do. Leaves of both grasses and legumes contain a much greater concentration of digestible nutrients than do stems. Therefore, as the proportion of leaves to stems becomes higher with each successive cutting, it is easy to understand how the nutritive quality of the successive cuttings (1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd) becomes higher. The only way in which a 1st cutting could be higher in nutrition would be if the 2nd and 3rd cutting forage being compared were both allowed to become far too mature so as to decrease digestibility, nutrition, and intake, compared to a pre continued on next page bloom 1st-cutting forage of the same type (alfalfa, Timothy, orchard-grass,etc.). THE DIGESTIBILITY FACTOR Let's say for the sake of comparison, that you are feeding your rabbit a portion of a 2nd cutting hay that was cut when the plant was relatively immature, the nutrition and digestibility are high, and the cellulose content is low. Your rabbit would be able to digest more of the nutrients out of this hay and would achieve maintenance or weight gain depending upon the size of the servings and the dynamics of this particular animal and his environment/ work load. If this same field of hay had been allowed to grow for another week, for example, the indigestible portion of the plant would have increased, making the hay less nutritious and less palatable, and the amount of digestible energy that the animal is able to extract from that hay is decreased. It would now become necessary to feed a larger size portion of this more mature hay to achieve the same maintenance. This digestibility factor is the determining factor as to how much "good" your rabbit will get out of a particular type of hay. You can feed a large volume of hay that is low on the digestibility scale and keep the rabbit at his ideal body weight, but if feeding a highly digestible hay (hay that has a high RFD and is high in nutrients) one would obviously need to feed a smaller amount to maintain the rabbit at his ideal body weight. Within the confines of each cutting (1st, 2nd, 3rd) it is possible to have varying percentages of "digestibility" depending upon the stage of maturity of the plant at the time of harvesting. Therefore, we take issue with those that out-of-hand discount a 1st cutting of hay, stating it will always be too "stemmy or coarse." Nothing could be further from the truth, in fact, it is our belief that many animal owners could benefit from feeding a good quality, relatively immature 1st cutting hay. The nutritional level is usually more consistent with the needs of the typical pet animal, and the added benefit to the rabbit's gastrointestinal and digestive tract of this higher fib e r percentage can be invaluable. If you have fed a beautiful, dark green, leafy 2nd or 3rd cutting hay and your rabbit has experienced diarrhoea, there is a good chance that your rabbit could benefit from the binding qualities of the higher fibre content of the 1st cutting hay, as long as it was cut before it became too mature. SELECTING HAY Many pet owners with whom we deal buy hay based on its visual appeal-dark green, leafy, soft. This equates to hay that is very high in nutrients, high in protein, possibly high in fat, high in calories, and definitely low in fibre. The consumer driven hay market has continued to demand ever more "beautiful" premium hay, and it is our belief that we now have on a consistent basis, hay that is almost "too rich" for the normal house pet. In addition to this "premium" hay, many owners feel that more is better and are feeding ever increasing amounts of treats, vitamins, minerals, and supplements, whether the rabbit really needs them or not! In fact, one might say, we are killing them with kindness. If you choose to feed premium hay, then cut down on the treats and supplements. We recommend that you look at the hay choices available in any given year, buy samples of the types you think are most likely to work, and go feed them out. This ensures a successful outcome in providing a menu that your rabbit will eat and one that will be good for him. Most importantly, observe your rabbit's appearance frequently. You can develop an "eye" for the current body condition of your rabbit and adjust the size of portions up or down as needed. THE HAYING PROCESSSwathing: The hay is harvested with a piece of equipment called a "Swather." This is a self-propelled mowing machine with a set of rubber rolls that the hay passes through. This roller crimps the stems at intervals of 2 1/2 - 3 inches which allows quick evaporation of stem moisture and decreases drying (curing) time. The shorter the drying time, the higher the nutritive value of the hay. The swather then shoots the hay out the back end of the machine in a continuous row called a "windrow. "Curing: The curing process is a drying out of the moisture in the hay to 14%. This occurs by a combination of air (wind) and sun. The shorter the cure-time, the less top-bleaching can occur from the sun. This process, if everything is ideal, typically takes 4 days in our fields. Usually the conditions are less than ideal and the process can take 7 days. Hay Turning: As hay dries in the field, the top of the swath dries more rapidly than the bottom. Hay-turning is a process of flipping the windrow upside down (moving the wetter material to the upper surface) to increase the speed of the drying process and to make the hay uniform in dryness to ensure no slugs (small, wet clumps of twisted hay). This turning process is only done when nature has provided a less than ideal curing period. Hay Baling: The hay baler is a piece of equipment that picks up the hay and lifts the windrow from the field surface, going next into a compression chamber where the hay is packed and formed into a bale, and a tying mechanism that completes the bale. Typical DM ( Dry Matter) losses during hay baling vary between 2% and 5% of the yield, with the loss equally divided between pick-up and baler chamber losses. Pick-up loss is highest when the baler is being pulled too fast. Chamber loss is greatly affected by crop moisture content, with drier material having greater loss. When hay is baled at night, leaf moisture is higher, similar to stem moisture, and chamber loss can be cut by 50%. We typically bale hay during the middle of the night when the days become too hot to bale during the daylight hours and achieve the proper moisture percentage. This moisture content, if it can be achieved, allows for a more beautiful and more nicely packed bale that allows for "peeling off" of a flake. If it is not possible to achieve this moisture content during the baling process, the bale, while having the same nutritive value, will fall apart more easily when the strings are cut and will be messier to feed. There is also a greater chance for this dry-matter loss (shatter quality) to exist in this drier hay. We always strive for this proper moisture content, but Mother Nature does not consistently provide the right circumstances, so we do the best we can. Our 2-string bales typically weigh 90-110 lbs. We use no drying agents or preservatives on any of our hay. Bale Wagon: The bales are removed from the field by means of a bale wagon. This machine is self-propelled and picks up the bales on a platform and then through a series of hydraulic manoeuvrers stacks them on the bed of the wagon. Once the correct number of bales is "on-board", the wagon can be driven to the stacking area at the edge of the field. The wagon can automatically stack the hay by raising the bed of the wagon into an upright position, and driving out from underneath the "s tack" while hydraulic "feet" push against the stack, holding it in place. PURCHASE AND STORAGEPurchasing Your Hay: At our barn, August through November are the best months for hay purchases. The supply is normally ample at that time of the year as the crops are being harvested for the current year, the price is the best of the season, and the choice range is widest. Once a particular type of hay has been sold out, that type of hay will not be available again until the next year's crops are grown. Hay is only grown during a portion of the year so if you are purchasing hay during a time other than the growing season, the hay you are purchasing is being stored at a storage location. Large amounts of hay (hundreds of thousands of tons) are stored either in covered barns or in professionally covered stacks in Eastern Washington , where humidity is low. Storage at Your Location: Hay that has been properly harvested and baled, and has been stored properly will last for several years in the bale. Bales that have been opened are best stored at room temperature or cooler in a dry location out of sunlight (which can leach nutrients). A garbage can or similar container that is not air tight works well. Your hay needs to breathe, as it naturally has a moisture content that, when enclosed in a sealed bag or container, can cause the growth of mould. Do not store your hay in sealed plastic bags. Properly stored, carefully selected high fibre hay can provide your rabbit with a healthy diet year round. Knowledge of hay will help you to feed your rabbit the right kinds and right amounts. Share your thoughts about this page below... Social Media Commenting Share your views, points, tit-bits and tales! (Remember, you don't have to have a Facebook account to make a comment. )All input is good, no matter how small ;-) Thank-you. New! 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.example of bacterial disease | Bacterial infections Bacterial infectionsbackground Some microscopic organisms called bacteria can cause diseases in humans. When this occurs, it is called a bacterial infection. There are thousands of different types of bacteria that live around the world. Only a few types of bacteria cause disease in humans. Some bacteria are actually beneficial for humans. For examples, bacteria help humans digest certain types of food and keep infectious organisms at bay. Bacteria may be found in the environment, on the skin, in the airways, in the mouth, in the vagina, and in the digestive tract. Disease-causing bacteria can cause an illness in humans when they enter the body. The bacteria may enter the body through the skin, nose, eyes, vagina, or mouth. Once the invading bacteria start to multiply and harm the body, it is called an infection. Infections can develop in any area of the body. In some cases, the bacteria in the digestive tract, called the intestinal flora, can cause a severe infection if they move into the bloodstream. This process, called bacterial translocation, is most likely to occur during surgery on the digestive tract. When the bacteria enter the body, they begin multiplying. If the infection is not treated, it may spread to other areas of the body. Bacteria cause different diseases depending on the specific type of bacteria and where they are in the body. Examples of bacterial infections include cellulitis, cholera, Fournier's gangrene, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), trachoma, and tuberculosis. If left untreated, some bacterial infections may lead to death. However, if diagnosed and treated quickly, most patients with bacterial infections experience a complete recovery. Bacterial infections are treated with medications called antibiotics. Depending on the type and severity of the infection, as well as the patient's overall health, antibiotics may be taken by mouth, applied to the skin, or injected into the vein. Related Terms Amebiasis, aminoglycosides, antibiotic resistant bacteria, antibiotics, bacteria, bacterium, cellulitis, cephalosporins, chlamydia, food poisoning, Fournier's gangrene, gastrointestinal infection, intestinal flora, lung infection, macrolides, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, penicillin, pulmonary infection, quinolones, skin bacteria, tetracyclins, trachoma, tuberculosis.examples of infections Cellulitis: Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin. The bacteria that cause the infection may enter the skin through a cut, scrape, scratch, or other wound. The infected area may become red, hot, swollen, irritated, and painful. Other symptoms may include fever, chills, and muscle aches. Over time, the infection may expand over a larger area of the skin. In rare cases, fluid-filled blisters may develop on the affected area of skin. Cellulitis can be deadly if not treated. Patients typically take antibiotics, such as cephalexin (Keflex®), by mouth for about ten days. Cholera: Cholera is a bacterial infection of the small intestine that causes diarrhea. Bacteria called Vibrio cholerae cause the infection. Cholera usually spreads through contaminated water and it is most common in underdeveloped areas of the world that have poor sanitation, such as sub-Saharan Africa. In addition to diarrhea, patients may experience dehydration, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Most patients with cholera only require treatment with hydration. Severe infections may be treated with antibiotics, such as azithromycin (Zithromax® or Zmax®). Fournier's gangrene: Fournier's gangrene is a serious infection of the skin that affects the genitals and perineum. The infection develops when a combination of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and yeasts, enter the body. Fournier's gangrene is usually caused by an injury, which may occur as a result of surgical procedures or urinary tract disease. The infection spreads quickly, destroying the skin, tissue under the skin, and muscle. Symptoms may include fever, drowsiness, reddening of the skin, dead and discolored skin, odor, pain, swelling, and skin that is spongy to the touch. Patients typically take a combination of antibiotics to treat the infection. Surgery may also be needed to remove dead tissue. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is a type of bacteria that does not respond to treatment with certain antibiotics, including ampicillin (Principen®) and other penicillins. Individuals can become infected with the bacteria through airborne droplets. It can be transmitted when an individual inhales particles of infected sputum from the air. The bacteria become airborne when an infected person expels saliva (when they cough, sneeze, talk, spit, etc.). Symptoms of an MRSA infection are the same as non-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, and they may include red and swollen skin, fever, and headache. Patients infected with MRSA are treated with antibiotics, such as sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim®) or vancomycin (Vancocine®). In some patients, the MRSA become colonized. This means that the bacteria are growing and multiply in the patient, but the patient does not experience any signs of symptoms of an infection. These patients do not require treatment. Trachoma (chlamydia eye infection): Trachoma is a bacterial infection of the eyes that is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Trachoma is spread through direct contact with infected eye, nose, or throat secretions or by contact with contaminated objects, such as towels or clothes. In addition, certain flies can spread the bacteria. The eye becomes red and irritated. If left untreated, the condition may cause scarring. If the eyelids are severely irritated, the eyelashes may turn in and rub against the cornea. This can cause eye ulcers, further scarring, vision loss, and even blindness. Patients typically receive antibiotics, such as erythromycin (ERYC®, Ery-Tab®, Erythromycin Base Filmtab®, PCE®, or Dispertab®) or doxycycline (e.g. Doryx®). In some cases, eyelid surgery may be needed to prevent long-term scarring. Scarring may eventually lead to permanent blindness, if not properly treated. Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection of the lungs that is caused by the microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Symptoms may include cough, shortness of breath, pleurisy (inflamed membranes around the lungs), fever, weight loss, night sweats, chills, and loss of appetite. The disease can cause serious respiratory problems, which can be life threatening, especially if left untreated. Tuberculosis is transmitted through airborne droplets. People become infected with TB when they inhale particles of infected sputum from the air. The bacteria become airborne when an infected person expels saliva (when they cough, sneeze, talk, spit, etc.). Patients typically receive a combination of antibiotics for several months to treat the infection. Commonly prescribed antibiotics include isoniazid/rifampin (Rifamate®), ethambutol (Myambutol®), and pyrazinamide. | List of maize diseases List of maize diseases From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Contents [ hide ]1 Bacterial diseases2 Fungal diseases3 Nematodes, Parasitic4 Virus and virus-like diseases5 See also6 References Bacterial diseases [ edit]Bacterial diseases Bacterial leaf blight and stalk rot Pseudomonas avenae subsp. avenae Bacterial leaf spot Xanthomonas campestris pv. holcicola Bacterial stalk rot Enterobacter dissolvens = Erwinia dissolvens Bacterial stalk and top rot Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae Bacterial stripe Pseudomonas andropogonis Chocolate spot Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens Goss's bacterial wilt and blight (leaf freckles and wilt)Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis = Corynebacterium michiganense pv. nebraskense Holcus spot Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall Purple leaf sheath Hemiparasitic bacteria Seed rot-seedling blight Bacillus subtilis Stewart's disease (bacterial wilt)Erwinia stewartii Corn stunt (achapparramiento, maize stunt, Mesa Central or Rio Grande maize stunt)Spiroplasma kunkelii Fungal diseases [ edit]Fungal diseases Anthracnose leaf blight Anthracnose stalk rot Colletotrichum graminicola Glomerella graminicola [teleomorph] Glomerella tucumanensis Glomerella falcatum [anamorph]Aspergillus ear and kernel rot Aspergillus flavus Banded leaf and sheath spot Rhizoctonia solani = Rhizoctonia microsclerotia Thanatephorus cucumeris [teleomorph]Black bundle disease Acremonium strictum = Cephalosporium acremonium Black kernel rot Lasiodiplodia theobromae = Botryodiplodia theobromae Borde blanco Marasmiellus sp. Brown spot Black spot Stalk rot Physoderma maydis Cephalosporium kernel rot Acremonium strictum = Cephalosporium acremonium Charcoal rot Macrophomina phaseolina Corticium ear rot Thanatephorus cucumeris = Corticium sasakii Curvularia leaf spot Curvularia clavata Curvularia eragrostidis = Curvularia maculans Cochliobolus eragrostidis [teleomorph] Curvularia inaequalis Curvularia intermedia Cochliobolus intermedius [teleomorph] Curvularia lunata Cochliobolus lunatus [teleomorph] Curvularia pallescens Cochliobolus pallescens [teleomorph] Curvularia senegalensis Curvularia tuberculata Cochliobolus tuberculatus [teleomorph]Didymella leaf spot Didymella exitalis Diplodia ear rot and stalk rot Diplodia frumenti Botryosphaeria festucae [teleomorph]Diplodia ear rot Stalk rot Seed rot Seedling blight Diplodia maydis Diplodia leaf spot or leaf streak Stenocarpella macrospora = Diplodia macrospora Downy mildews Brown stripe downy mildew Sclerophthora rayssiae Crazy top downy mildew Sclerophthora macrospora = Sclerospora macrospora Green ear downy mildew Graminicola downy mildew Sclerospora graminicola Java downy mildew Peronosclerospora maydis = Sclerospora maydis Philippine downy mildew Peronosclerospora philippinensis = Sclerospora philippinensis Sorghum downy mildew Peronosclerospora sorghi = Sclerospora sorghi Spontaneum downy mildew Peronosclerospora spontanea = Sclerospora spontanea Sugarcane downy mildew Peronosclerospora sacchari = Sclerospora sacchari... Dry ear rot Cob, kernel and stalk rot Nigrospora oryzae Khuskia oryzae [teleomorph]Ear rots, minor Alternaria alternata = Alternaria tenuis Aspergillus glaucus Aspergillus niger Aspergillus spp. Botrytis cinerea Botryotinia fuckeliana [teleomorph] Cunninghamella sp. Curvularia pallescens Doratomyces stemonitis = Cephalotrichum stemonitis Fusarium culmorum Gonatobotrys simplex Pithomyces maydicus Rhizopus microsporus Rhizopus stolonifer = Rhizopus nigricans Scopulariopsis brumptii Ergot Horse's tooth Claviceps gigantea Sphacelia sp. [anamorph]Eyespot Aureobasidium zeae = Kabatiella zeae Fusarium ear and stalk rot Fusarium subglutinans = Fusarium moniliforme Fusarium kernel, root and stalk rot, seed rot and seedling blight Fusarium moniliforme Gibberella fujikuroi [teleomorph]Fusarium stalk rot Seedling root rot Fusarium avenaceum Gibberella avenacea [teleomorph]Gibberella ear and stalk rot Gibberella zeae Fusarium graminearum [anamorph]Gray ear rot Botryosphaeria zeae = Physalospora zeae Macrophoma zeae [anamorph]Gray leaf spot Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora sorghi = Cercospora sorghi Cercospora zeae-maydis Helminthosporium root rot Exserohilum pedicellatum = Helminthosporium pedicellatum Setosphaeria pedicellata [teleomorph]Hormodendrum ear rot Cladosporium rot Cladosporium cladosporioides = Hormodendrum cladosporioides Cladosporium herbarum Mycosphaerella tassiana [teleomorph]Hyalothyridium leaf spot Hyalothyridium maydis Late wilt Cephalosporium maydis Leaf spots, minor Alternaria alternata Ascochyta maydis Ascochyta tritici Ascochyta zeicola Bipolaris victoriae = Helminthosporium victoriae Cochliobolus victoriae [teleomorph] Cochliobolus sativus Bipolaris sorokiniana [anamorph] = Helminthosporium sorokinianum = H. sativum Epicoccum nigrum Exserohilum prolatum = Drechslera prolata Setosphaeria prolata [teleomorph] Graphium penicillioides Leptosphaeria maydis Leptothyrium zeae Ophiosphaerella herpotricha Scolecosporiella sp. [anamorph] Paraphaeosphaeria michotii Phoma sp. Septoria zeae Septoria zeicola Septoria zeina Northern corn leaf blight White blast Crown stalk rot Stripe Setosphaeria turcica Exserohilum turcicum [anamorph] = Helminthosporium turcicum Northern corn leaf spot Helminthosporium ear rot (race 1)Cochliobolus carbonum Bipolaris zeicola [anamorph] = Helminthosporium carbonum Penicillium ear rot Blue eye Blue mold Penicillium spp. Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillium expansum Penicillium oxalicum Phaeocytostroma stalk rot and root rot Phaeocytostroma ambiguum = Phaeocytosporella zeae Phaeosphaeria leaf spot Phaeosphaeria maydis = Sphaerulina maydis Physalospora ear rot Botryosphaeria ear rot Botryosphaeria festucae = Physalospora zeicola Diplodia frumenti [anamorph]Purple leaf sheath Hemiparasitic bacteria and fungi Pyrenochaeta stalk rot and root rot Phoma terrestris = Pyrenochaeta terrestris Pythium root rot Pythium spp. Pythium arrhenomanes Pythium graminicola Pythium stalk rot Pythium aphanidermatum = Pythium butleri Red kernel disease Ear mold, leaf and seed rot Epicoccum nigrum Rhizoctonia ear rot Sclerotial rot Rhizoctonia zeae Waitea circinata [teleomorph]Rhizoctonia root rot and stalk rot Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia zeae Root rots, minor Alternaria alternata Cercospora sorghi Dictochaeta fertilis Fusarium acuminatum Gibberella acuminata [teleomorph] Fusarium equiseti Gibberella intricans [teleomorph] Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium pallidoroseum Fusarium poae Fusarium roseum Gibberella cyanogena Fusarium sulphureum [anamorph] Microdochium bolleyi Mucor sp. Periconia circinata Phytophthora cactorum Phytophthora drechsleri Phytophthora nicotianae Rhizopus arrhizus Rostratum leaf spot Helminthosporium leaf disease, ear and stalk rot Setosphaeria rostrata = Helminthosporium rostratum Rust, common corn Puccinia sorghi Rust, southern corn Puccinia polysora Rust, tropical corn Physopella pallescens Physopella zeae = Angiopsora zeae Sclerotium ear rot Southern blight Sclerotium rolfsii Athelia rolfsii [teleomorph]Seed rot-seedling blight Bipolaris sorokiniana Bipolaris zeicola = Helminthosporium carbonum Diplodia maydis Exserohilum pedicillatum Exserohilum turcicum = Helminthosporium turcicum Fusarium avenaceum Fusarium culmorum Fusarium moniliforme Gibberella zeae Fusarium graminearum [anamorph] Macrophomina phaseolina Penicillium spp. Phomopsis spp. Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia solani Rhizoctonia zeae Sclerotium rolfsii Spicaria spp. Selenophoma leaf spot Selenophoma sp. Sheath rot Gaeumannomyces graminis Shuck rot Myrothecium gramineum Silage mold Monascus purpureus Monascus ruber Smut, common Ustilago zeae = Ustilago maydis Smut, false Ustilaginoidea virens Smut, head Sphacelotheca reiliana = Sporisorium holci-sorghi Southern corn leaf blight and stalk rot Cochliobolus heterostrophus Bipolaris maydis [anamorph] = Helminthosporium maydis Southern leaf spot Stenocarpella macrospora = Diplodia macrospora Stalk rots, minor Cercospora sorghi Fusarium episphaeria Fusarium merismoides Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium poae Fusarium roseum Fusarium solani Nectria haematococca [teleomorph] Fusarium tricinctum Mariannaea elegans Mucor spp. Rhopographus zeae Spicaria spp. Storage rots Aspergillus spp. Penicillium spp. and other fungi Tar spot Phyllachora maydis Monographella maydis Coniothyrium phyllachorae [1] [2]Trichoderma ear rot and root rot Trichoderma viride = Trichoderma lignorum Hypocrea sp. [teleomorph]White ear rot, root and stalk rot Stenocarpella maydis = Diplodia zeae Yellow leaf blight Ascochyta ischaemi Phyllosticta maydis Mycosphaerella zeae-maydis [teleomorph]Zonate leaf spot Gloeocercospora sorghi Nematodes, Parasitic [ edit]Nematodes, Parasitic Awl Dolichodorus spp. D. heterocephalus Bulb and stem Ditylenchus dipsaci Burrowing Radopholus similis Cyst Heterodera avenae H. zeae Punctodera chalcoensis Dagger Xiphinema spp. X. americanum X. mediterraneum False root-knot Nacobbus dorsalis Lance, Columbia Hoplolaimus columbus Lance Hoplolaimus spp. H. galeatus Lesion Pratylenchus spp. P. brachyurus P. crenatus P. hexincisus P. neglectus P. penetrans P. scribneri P. thornei P. zeae Needle Longidorus spp. L. breviannulatus Ring Criconemella spp. C. ornata Root-knot Meloidogyne spp. M. chitwoodi M. incognita M. javanica Spiral Helicotylenchus spp. Sting Belonolaimus spp. B. longicaudatus Stubby-root Paratrichodorus spp. P. christiei P. minor Quinisulcius acutus Trichodorus spp. Stunt Tylenchorhynchus dubius Virus and virus-like diseases [ edit]Virus and virus-like diseases American wheat striate (wheat striate mosaic)American wheat striate mosaic virus mosaic (AWSMV)Barley stripe mosaic Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)Barley yellow dwarf Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)Brome mosaic Brome mosaic virus (BMV)Cereal chlorotic mottle Cereal chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV)Corn lethal necrosis ( Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease) Virus complex ( Maize chlorotic mottle virus [MCMV] and Maize dwarf mosaic virus [MDMV] A or B or Wheat streak mosaic virus [WSMV])Cucumber mosaic Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)Johnsongrass mosaic Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV)Maize bushy stunt Mycoplasmalike organism (MLO), assoc. Maize chlorotic dwarf Maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV)Maize chlorotic mottle Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV)Maize dwarf mosaic Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) strains A, D, E and FMaize leaf fleck Maize leaf fleck virus (MLFV)Maize line* Maize line virus (MLV)Maize mosaic (corn leaf stripe, enanismo rayado)Maize mosaic virus (MMV)Maize pellucid ringspot Maize pellucid ringspot virus (MPRV)Maize rayado fino (fine striping disease)Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV)Maize red leaf and red stripe Mollicute? Maize red stripe (now known as Wheat mosaic virus Wheat mosaic virus (WMo V)Maize ring mottle Maize ring mottle virus (MRMV)Maize rough dwarf (nanismo ruvido)Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV)Maize sterile stunt Maize sterile stunt virus (strains of barley yellow striate virus)Maize streak Maize streak virus (MSV)Maize stripe (maize chlorotic stripe, maize hoja blanca)Maize stripe virus Maize tassel abortion Maize tassel abortion virus (MTAV)Maize vein enation Maize vein enation virus (MVEV)Maize wallaby ear Maize wallaby ear virus (MWEV)Maize white leaf Maize white leaf virus Maize white line mosaic Maize white line mosaic virus (MWLMV)Millet red leaf Millet red leaf virus (MRLV)Northern cereal mosaic Northern cereal mosaic virus (NCMV)Oat pseudorosette (zakuklivanie) Oat pseudorosette virus Oat sterile dwarf Oat sterile dwarf virus (OSDV)Rice black-streaked dwarf Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV)Rice stripe Rice stripe virus (RSV)Sorghum mosaic Sorghum mosaic virus (Sr MV), formerly sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) strains H, I and MSugarcane Fiji disease Sugarcane Fiji disease virus (FDV)Sugarcane mosaic Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) strains A, B, D, E, SC, BC, Sabi and MB (formerly MDMV-B)Wheat mosaic Wheat mosaic virus (WMo V)See also [ edit]Agriculture and Agronomy portal References [ edit]^ Hock, J; Kranz, J (1995). "Studies on the epidemiology of the tar spot disease complex of maize in Mexico". Plant Pathology. British Society for Plant Pathology. 44 (3): 490–502. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3059.1995.tb01671.x.^ Chalkley, D. "Invasive fungi. Tar spot of corn - Phyllachora maydis". Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society [ hide]v t e Maize and corn Varieties Baby Blue Dent Field Flint Flour MON 810 MON 863 Quality Protein Maize Shoepeg Sweet Genetically modified maize Waxy Bolivia varieties Ecuador varieties Italian varieties Sweetcorn varieties Parts Cob Kernel Stover Processing Amylomaize Corn construction Maize milling Nixtamalization Wet-milling Popcorn maker Pathology BBCH-scale Corn allergy Maize streak virus Maize production Raw materials Cornmeal Masa Mielie-meal Oil Samp Starch Steep liquor Syrup Beverages Atole Bourbon Champurrado Chicha Colada morada Pinolillo Pozol Tejate Tejuino Tesgüino Dishes Arepa Bread Conkies Cookie Corn flakes Corn on the cob Cou-cou Fufu Grits Hallaca Hominy Humita Johnnycake Kačamak Kuymak List of maize dishes Mazamorra Mămăligă Milho Frito Mush Nachos Nshima Pamonha Pap Pashofa Piki Polenta Popcorn Pudding corn Pupusa Sadza Sagamite Taco Tamale Tortilla Ugali Corn syrup Glucose syrup High-fructose corn syrup Public relations High-maltose corn syrup Non-food Biofuel Cornstalk fiddle Misc. List of popcorn brands Categories: Maize diseases Lists of plant diseases |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.horsetail powder benefits | 11 Impressive Benefits of Horsetail The impressive benefits of horsetail include its ability to prevent certain types of cancer, boost immunity, reduce inflammation, increase cognitive function, relieve respiratory issues, soothe the skin, protect bones, promote oral health, detoxify the body, treat diabetes, and promote hair care. What is Horsetail? It’s not often that you come across a living fossil, but in effect, that is precisely what horsetail is. This is, of course, the common name [ 1] of Equisetum, which is the last remaining species of the genus of that name. The remaining members of that genus have gone extinct, so this is truly a blast from the past, and has some unique characteristics to go with that great backstory! They are defined by a singular vascular shoot that forms the main stem and the leaves are largely non-photosynthetic. Furthermore, they reproduce via spores, not seeds – a very unusual quality for a plant. Historical records include mentions of horsetail being used for myriad health issues dating back to Greek and Roman times. Like some other rare and valuable plants on our planet, horsetail is able to absorb and store valuable and rare minerals that our bodies require. This means that when horsetail is consumed, those minerals and unique organic compounds [ 2] are passed on to us, resulting in a wide variety of health benefits. Some of the active ingredients that make horsetail potent include antioxidant compounds, silica, and other phytochemicals that can have dramatic effects on the body. You can consume horsetail as a supplement, in capsule form, or it can be brewed directly into a tea, but this is a powerful compound and therefore, should only be used moderately. Now, let’s take a closer look at the miraculous, ancient health benefits of horsetail. Health Benefits of Horsetail Horsetail has many amazing health benefits. Let us discuss them in detail below. Prevents Cancer One of the most exciting areas of research concerning horsetail is related to cancer, as the antioxidants found in horsetail extract [ 3] show significant effects against free radicals, the dangerous byproducts of cellular respiration that can cause inflammation, pain, wearing out of the organs, and degenerative diseases. The presence of antioxidants also prevents free radicals from causing healthy cells to mutate into cancerous ones. This research is in its early stages, but the results thus far are promising. Boosts Immunity Some of the other properties of horsetail include antibacterial and antiseptic, meaning that the extract can protect against the invasion of foreign pathogens and substances that can compromise [ 4] our immune system. This is particularly effective when you have been wounded or are recovering from an illness, as infections can be much more severe when they attack an already weakened immune system. Inflammation Relief If you regularly [ 5] experience painful swelling and inflammation in parts of your body, whether due to injury, arthritis, gout, or any other condition, adding horsetail tea or supplements to your health regimen can be of great use. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds found in horsetail can quickly alleviate those symptoms and get you back on your feet. Strengthens Bones Silicon is one of the rarest minerals needed by our body and there are very few accessible sources of it in our diet, which is why you so often find it in supplement form. However, horsetail has naturally high [ 6] concentrations of silicon, which is a key element in protecting bone mineral density and integrity as we age. If you are at high risk of osteoporosis or already suffer from bone degradation, then adding horsetail to your diet is an easy solution to slow the decline, and even reverse it in some cases!Increases Cognition The idea of our mind ‘starting to go’ can be a frightening thought, so it is important to protect your powers of cognition [ 7] as well as possible. Horsetail’s antioxidant effects have been linked to higher cognitive abilities in laboratory studies, probably owing to the increase in neural pathway efficiency when free radicals are eliminated from the system. This means that horsetail is not only a brain-boosting herb, but it may protect you from cognitive disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and dementia as we age. Respiratory Issues If you suffer from respiratory issues, such as congestion or frequent colds [ 8], drinking horsetail tea can be a wonderful solution. It acts as an expectorant, clearing out mucus and phlegm where bacteria can lodge and grow, while also helping to strengthen the immune system and relieve inflammation, resulting in respiratory relief. Skin Care Horsetail extract is commonly found in various creams and organic beauty products, as the unique and complex mixture of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, silica, and other compounds, which are powerful [ 9] skin care agents. If you want to reduce the redness of boils or acne, eliminate eczema or psoriasis, or prevent premature aging, horsetail extract contains all of the necessary components to do that. Treats Diabetes Research has connected the use of horsetail supplements and tea to more balanced [ 10] insulin levels in the body, namely in the rapid lowering of blood sugar when necessary. While this is an effective method of diabetes management, it should only be used for a short time, or when absolutely necessary. It can have serious long-term impacts if consumed for longer than two months in succession. Kidney Health Regulating urination and the elimination of toxins is crucial to overall health, and horsetail extract can help to achieve that. Connections have been made between increased uric acid elimination and horsetail consumption. Uric acid is what creates painful [ 11] kidney stones, which can cause the kidneys to work inefficiently. Therefore, by increasing the natural excretion of this acid, there is no build-up and your kidney health is protected. Hair Care The rich mixture of minerals and organic compounds in horsetail have also made it a popular element in hair care products, namely to increase the strength [ 12] of the hair and improve its health. You can reduce hair loss, strengthen hair follicles, and even boost the luster and shine of your hair by using horsetail extracts in your hair care products. Also see Top 10 Benefits of Baptisia 8 Surprising Benefits of Sarsaparilla Word of Caution There are some negative side effects to horsetail, but they generally only manifest after taking the herb for more than two months straight. The effects on your body can be very powerful and beneficial, as we have seen above, but care must be taken. If you are pregnant or lactating, don’t consume this herb, and for everyone else, speak to a trained medical professional or your physician before adding this high-impact herb to your health regimen. | Chestnuts nutrition facts Chestnuts nutrition facts Starchy, sweet, rich in flavor, chestnuts are popular edible nuts of the northern hemisphere origin. The nuts are native to the mountainous forests of China, Japan, Europe, and North America. Botanically, they belong to the beech or Fagaceae family, in the genus: Castanea . Scientific name: Castanea sativa. Castanea species are large deciduous trees. They are monoecious; bearing both male and female flowers (“catkins”) on the same tree. They have a remarkable survival history to narrate. Early in the 20th century, the once mighty American-chestnut tree was almost wiped out by pathogenic fungus chestnut blight ( Cryphonectria parasitica ). A renewed interest has been growing since then to revive native chestnut trees throughout of the USA. Castanea sativa. Note for flowers (catkins) with immature fruits (burrs). Photo courtesy: selkovjr Chestnuts-Japanese variety, ( C. crenata ). Photo: courtesy: kanko |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how long did nehemiah take to rebuild the wall | What was the length of the Jerusalem walls Nehemiah had to rebuild? Crossesandeagles 2 Contributions What was the length of the Jerusalem walls Nehemiah had to rebuild? Answer The best answer is actually from a quote by Josephus which states the circumference of Jerusalem in his day as 33 stadia, which equals 4.5 English miles. That would ma …Dan Galilee 70,934 Contributions A Jewish-American Rabbi living in Israel, studying, teaching and writing on Judaism. What are the walls rebuild by Nehemiah? The walls surrounding the old city of Jerusalem. What was the circumference of Jerusalem when Nehemiah rebuilt the wall? Just returned from exile in Babylon after 70 years. Crossesandeagles 2 Contributions What was the size of the Jerusalem wall when Nehemiah rebuilt it? The best answer is actually from a quote by Josephus which states the circumference of Jerusalem in his day as 33 stadia, which equals 4.5 English miles. That would make the a …Who was in charge of rebuilding the walls of jerusalem? Nehemiah Grevillea 143,980 Contributions What materials did Nehemiah use to rebuild the wall and gates of Jerusalem? The walls were rebuilt using the materials from the rubble of the former walls, with some wooden beams in parts. How big was the wall around Jerusalem when Nehemiah rebuilt it?feet high. feet high Softballbecka05 23 Contributions How long did it take Nehemiah to build the wall?according to the bible, 52 days Jazzie54321 21 Contributions When did Nehemiah rebuild the walls of Jerusalem? I was researching this to for Awana and I found out in my History Book (Mystory of History) that Nehemiah rebuilt his wall in 454 B. C. I hope this helps your questions : D Jasp …How long was the Jerusalem wall down before Nehemiah rebuilt it? The wall of Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians about 586BC. The people returned to Jerusalem to rebuild the wall about 70years later. Dick Harfield 107,398 Contributions How did Nehemiah assume responsibility for rebuilding the wall? Nehemiah arrived from Persia to become the governor of Judah in 445 BCE. As governor, he was responsible for any civil constructions that took place. As the Persian king appea …After the rebuilding of Jerusalem did Nehemiah return to Persia? Yes. . "But while all this was going on, I was not in Jerusalem, for in the thirty-second year of Artaxerxes king of Babylon I had returned to the king. Some time later I ask … | . Festivals of the LORD reveal Bible Prophecy about End Times. | The History of Hanukkah Foreshadows the Reign of Antichrist! | Asteroids in Bible Prophecy Reveal End Times and the Rapture | Why is it so Important to Study "Bible Prophecy"? | Bible Study rule #1: Study Bible prophecy in proper context! | Resurrection and the Rapture | Interpreting "Revelation" | The Day of Trumpets: The 7th Trumpet or Last Trumpet Sounds! | End Times Prophecy Must Be Studied with a "Hebraic-Mind Set" | Before Wheat is Gathered into the Barn, it Must be Threshed! | Who Are the Twenty-Four Elders of Revelation? | To Him Who Overcomes | Can Jesus Christ return at any moment to rapture the church? | Is there Evidence that Proves the Bible is Divinely Inspired? | Blasphemy of the Holy Spirit and The Day of Atonement | Sit at My Right Hand Until I Make Your Enemies a Footstool! | The seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD, assembly and rest | Gideon - A Prophetic Picture | The Prayer of Jabez | 1,000 Year Renewal of the Garden of Eden | Missing Bees, Cell Phones and Fulfillment of Bible Prophecy! | Those Who Were Sealed:144,000 from All the Tribes of Israel | All of Creation Bears the Image and Likeness of Our Creator! | The joy of the LORD is our strength, how can we know His joy? | Messianic prophecies fulfilled by Messiah Yeshua (Jesus Christ) | Christ Who Was Born King of the Jews is Both Savior and Lord. | What Do Jews Believe About Hell? | The Messiah is the Son of David | Until the Rebellion Occurs | Who Is Mystery Babylon The Great Mother of Prostitutes? | DO YOU KNOW? | Now I Know | Sharing the Gospel with a Rabbinical Student | Fasting and Prayer: Spiritual Power to Set the Oppressed Free | Just Pray No! Ltd. "Weekend of Prayer" | The Testimony of Author Steven L. Sherman | THE REVELATION OF JESUS CHRIST: Understanding the Apocalypse | Christianity versus Cults and Counterfeits - Defining Cults | Church of the Latter-Day Saints, Joseph Smith & the Mormons | Is Catholicism True Orthodox Christianity or a Christian Cult? | Is this the Dawn of a New Age or just Old Fashioned Paganism? | Is Seventh-Day Adventism Christianity or is SDA Cultism? | Islam: The Religion of "Peace" Bent on Conquest | The Claims of Freemasons vs. the Hidden Truth of Freemasonry | The Jehovah’s Witnesses: True Christianity or Christian Cult? | The True History and Practices of the Church of Scientology! | Yes, In the Beginning God Created the Heavens and the Earth! | "Looking Back to Day Six of Creation and the Garden of Eden" | The Fall of Man, the Curse of Sin, and the Promised Redeemer | The Account of Cain, Abel and Seth: the Sons of Adam and Eve | From Adam to Noah - Man’s Wickedness, Nephilim and the Flood | The LORD Told Noah and HIs Family to Go into the Ark | But God Remembered Noah & All the Wild Animals and Livestock | God’s Blessing, God’s Covenant with Noah, and Canaan’s Curse | "Genesis Chapter 10" - The Account of Shem, Ham and Japheth | The Tower of Babel & the Ancient Babylonian Mystery Religion | The Blessing of Abram & God’s Promised Land to His Offspring | Genesis Chapter 13 - "Abram Called on the Name of the LORD" | Genesis 14 - Abram Rescues Lot & Pays a Tithe to Melchizedek | Genesis 15: God’s Covenant with Abram Who Believed the LORD | Hagar Will Bear Abram a Son and the LORD Named Him Ishmael | The Covenant of Circumcision between El Shaddai and Abraham | The LORD Appeared to Abraham and Abraham Pleaded for Sodom | Genesis Chapter 19 - Sodom and Gomorrah Destroyed by Angels! | Genesis Chapter 20 - Abraham and Sarah Deceive Abimelech | Genesis Ch. 21 - Sarah Bore Isaac to Abraham in Her Old Age | Genesis Ch.22 - Abraham is Told to Sacrifice Isaac as a Burnt Offering | Sarah Dies so Abraham Purchases a Field & a Cave in Hebron | The Servant of Abraham Was Sent Back to Get a Wife for Isaac (Genesis 24) | Genesis 25 – Abraham Left Everything that He Owned to Isaac! | Genesis 26 - Isaac Settles in Gerar & He Deceives Abimelech! | Genesis 27 – Jacob Deceives Isaac and Steals Esau’s Blessing | Traveling to Get a Wife, Jacob Dreams of a Stairway to Heaven | Genesis 29: Jacob is Deceived by Laban so He Will Marry Leah | Genesis 30 - Jacob is Blessed with Many Children and Flocks! | Genesis 31 - Jacob Flees from Laban then Laban Pursues Jacob | Genesis 32 - Jacob Prepares for Esau; then Wrestles with God | Genesis 33 - After Twenty Years, Jacob Reconciles with Esau | Simeon and Levi, Dinah’s Brothers, take Vengeance on Shechem | Genesis 35 - Jacob Builds an Altar to God Almighty at Bethel | Rejected by His Own Brothers, Joseph is a Type of the Messiah | Judah, his Daughter-in-law Tamar, and the Levirate Marriage | Joseph and the Wife of Potiphar, Captain of Pharaoh’s Guard | Joseph Interprets the Dreams of Pharaoh’s Cupbearer and Baker | Genesis 41 - Pharaoh Sends for Joseph to Interpret His Dreams | Genesis 42 - Joseph’s Brothers Went Down to Egypt to Buy Grain | Genesis 43 & 44 - Joseph’s Brothers Bring Benjamin to Egypt | Genesis 45 - When Joseph Made Himself Known to His Brothers! | Genesis 46 - Jacob and the Sons of Israel Go Down to Egypt | Genesis 47 - Joseph’s Father and Brothers Now Dwell in Goshen | Genesis 48: Jacob Blesses Manasseh and Ephraim Joseph’s Sons | Genesis 49 - Jacob Calls for His Sons to Assemble Before Him | Genesis 50 - The Egyptians and Jacob’s Family Mourn for Jacob | Introduction to the Book of Daniel | Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael and Azariah are Captive in Babylon | Daniel Interprets Nebuchadnezzar’s Dream of a Dazzling Statue | King Nebuchadnezzar Made an Image of Gold Sixty Cubits High! | Daniel Chapter 4 - King Nebuchadnezzar Has a Fearful Dream! | Daniel 5 - King Belshazzar Quakes at the Writing on the Wall | Daniel 6 - The Scheme of the Administrators and the Satraps | Daniel 7 - Daniel Had a Dream and Saw Visions of Four Beasts | Daniel 8 - Daniel Has a Vision of a Ram with Two Long Horns | Daniel 9 -The Desolation of Jerusalem Would Last Seventy Years | Daniel 10 - A Revelation Was Revealed to Daniel in a Vision | Daniel 11 - The Kings of the North and South and the Antichrist | Daniel 12-Michael Will Arise and There Will Be Great Distress | An Introduction to the Book of Judges when Israel had no King | After Joshua Died, Israelites Fight the Remaining Canaanites | Judges 2 - The Israelites Disobeyed the Angel of the LORD! | Judges Chapter 3 - The Israelites Lived Among the Canaanites | Judges Chapter 4 - Deborah led Israel now that Ehud was Dead | The Israelites were given into the Hands of the Midianites! | Judges 7 - The LORD said to Gideon, "You Have too Many Men." | Judges Chapter 8 - Gideon Captures the Two Kings of Midian | Judges Chapter 9 - Abimelech Murdered His Seventy Brothers! | Judges Chapter 10 and Chapter 11 - Tola, Jair and Jephthah | Judges Chapter 13 - The Birth of Samson Who was a Nazarite | Judges Chapter 14 - Samson Wants a Philistine Woman as a Wife | Judges Chapter 15 - Samson Takes Vengeance on the Philistines | Judges Chapter 16 - The Secret of Samson’s Strength Revealed | Judges Chapter 17 - Micah from the Hill Country of Ephraim | Judges Chapter 18 - In Those Days the Danites Had No King |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.is waterford a name | How to Identify Waterford Crystal Reader Approved How to Identify Waterford Crystal Three Methods: Identifying by Acid Stamps Identifying by Stickers Identifying Crystal in General Community Q&AWaterford Crystal is the brand name of beautiful crystal glassware and other crystal items. Its roots go back to Waterford, Ireland, beginning in the year 1793. Today, Waterford crystal is still produced and the company is a part of WWRD Holdings Ltd. (bought in 2015 by Fiskars Corp.) that also produces products by Wedgwood and Royal Doulton. Waterford crystal remains a very collectible brand and being able to distinguish it is a valuable skill in the crystal business. | . This Domain Name Has Expired - Renewal Instructions. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is the medical term for belching | Burping Burping From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"Burp" redirects here. For other uses, see Burp (disambiguation). "Belch" redirects here. For the fictional character, see Toby Belch. Burp Classification and external resources ICD - 10 R14ICD - 9-CM 787.3Diseases DB 30089Medline Plus 003080 [ edit on Wikidata]Burping Burping (also known as belching, ructus, eruptus or eructation) is the release of gas from the digestive tract (mainly esophagus and stomach) through the mouth. Contents [ hide ]1 Physiology2 Infants3 Cultural acceptance4 "Burped" speech5 In other animals6 References Physiology [ edit]Burping is generally caused by swallowing air when eating or drinking and subsequently expelling it, so in this case the expelled gas is mainly a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. Burps can also be caused by drinking carbonated beverages, such as beer and soft drinks in which case the expelled gas is primarily carbon dioxide from the drink itself. Common diabetes drugs metformin [1] and Byetta [2] can cause burping, especially at higher doses. This often resolves in a few weeks. Burping combined with other symptoms such as dyspepsia, nausea and heartburn may be a sign of an ulcer or hiatal hernia, and should be reviewed by a physician. [3] Other causes of burping include: food allergy, gallbladder problems, acid reflux disease, H. pylori, and gastritis. The current Guinness world record for the loudest burp is 109.9 d B, set by Paul Hunn on 23 August 2009. [4] This is louder than a jackhammer at a distance of 1 m (3 ft 3 in). In microgravity environments burping is normally associated with regurgitation. The valve at the top of the stomach (the gastroesophageal junction) does not produce a tight seal, and in the absence of gravity, the stomach contents tend to float near this loose seal, making them likely to come up along with the expelled air. [5]Inability to burp is uncommon, and chest pain caused by dysfunction of the belch reflex is rare. [6]Infants [ edit]Babies are particularly subject to accumulation of gas in the stomach while feeding, and this can cause considerable discomfort and agitation unless the child is burped. The act of burping an infant involves placing the child in a position conducive to gas expulsion (for example holding the infant up to the adult's shoulder, with the infant's stomach resting on the adult's chest) and then lightly patting the lower back so that the child burps. Because burping can cause vomiting in infants, a "burp cloth" or "burp pad" is sometimes employed on the shoulder to protect the adult's clothing from stains. [7]Cultural acceptance [ edit]Some cultures, notably Chinese and Indian, [8] regard burping as acceptable in certain situations. In Japan, burping during a meal is considered bad manners. [9] In others, particularly Western cultures, such as North American and European cultures, burping is also deemed socially inappropriate. [8] In Middle Eastern countries it is not acceptable to burp out loud, and one should silence one's burp, or at least pretend to do so. [ citation needed]"Burped" speech [ edit]It is possible to voluntarily induce burping through swallowing air and then expelling it, and by manipulation of the vocal tract produce burped speech. While this is often employed as a means of entertainment or competition, it can also act as an alternative means of vocalisation for people who have undergone a laryngectomy, with the burp replacing laryngeal phonation. This is known as esophageal speech. In other animals [ edit]Many other mammals, such as cows, dogs, and sheep also burp. In the case of ruminants, much of the gas (wind) expelled is produced as a byproduct of the animal's digestive process. These gasses notably include a large volume of methane, produced exclusively by a narrow cohort of methanogenic archaea in the animal's gut; Escherichia coli ( E. coli) and other bacteria lack the enzymes and cofactors required for methane production. A lactating cow produces about 322g of methane per day [10], i.e. more than 117kg per year through burping and exhalation, making commercially farmed cows a major (37%) [11] contributor to anthropogenic methane emissions, and hence to the greenhouse effect. 95% of this gas (wind) is emitted through burping. [12] This has led scientists at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation of Perth, Australia, to develop an anti-methanogen vaccine to minimize methane in cow burps. [13]One reason why cows burp so much is that they are often fed foods that their digestive systems cannot fully process, such as corn and soy. Some farmers have reduced burping in their cows by feeding them alfalfa and flaxseed, which are closer to the grasses that they had eaten in the wild before they were domesticated. [14]In some animals, a failure to burp successfully can be fatal. This is particularly common among domesticated ruminants that are allowed to gorge themselves on very rich [ clarification needed] spring clover or alfalfa. The condition, known as ruminal tympany, is a high pressure buildup of gas in the stomach (s) and requires immediate treatment to expel the gas, usually the insertion of a flexible rubber hose down the esophagus, or in extreme cases the lancing of the animal's side with a trochar and cannula. [ citation needed]There is no documented evidence that birds burp, though ornithologists believe that there is nothing which physiologically prevents them from doing so. However, since the microbiota of bird does not include the same set of gas-producing bacteria that mammals have to aid in digestion, gas rarely builds up in the gastrointestinal tracts of birds. [15]Some fish are also known to expel air from their gills; here the burp is produced by gas being expelled from the gas bladder. [ citation needed]References [ edit]^ "Daily Med: About Daily Med". Retrieved 4 October 2014.^ "Daily Med: About Daily Med". Retrieved 4 October 2014.^ "Eructation (Professional Guide to Signs & Symptoms (Fifth Edition)) - Wrong Diagnosis.com". Better Medicine. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2014.^ "Loudest burp, male". Guinness World Records. 23 August 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2016.^ Vickie Kloeris (1 May 2001). Eating on the ISS. Interview with Lori Keith. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved 2011-11-12.^ Kahrilas, PJ; Dodds, WJ; Hogan, WJ (October 1987). "Dysfunction of the belch reflex. A cause of incapacitating chest pain". Gastroenterology. 93 (4): 818–22. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085 (87)90445-8. PMID 3623025.^ "Burping a Baby - Topic Overview". Web MD. 18 February 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2015.^ a b Mehrotra, Shirin (10 October 2011). "To burp or not to burp". BURRP!. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2013-10-30.^ "Dining Etiquette in Japan | articles | cultural services". Kwintessential.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-01-22.^ Grainger, C.; Clarke, T.; Mc Ginn, S. M.; Auldist, M. J.; Beauchemin, K. A.; Hannah, M. C.; Waghorn, G. C.; Clark, H.; Eckard, R. J. "Methane Emissions from Dairy Cows Measured Using the Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Tracer and Chamber Techniques". Journal of Dairy Science. 90 (6): 2755–2766. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-697.^ Gerber, Pierre. "Livestock's Long Shadow" (PDF).^ Polakovic, Gary (13 July 2003). "Bovine belching called udderly serious gas problem: Global warming concerns spur effort to cut methane". Archived from the original on 13 August 2004.^ Nowak, R. (5 September 2004). "Burp vaccine cuts greenhouse gas emissions". New Scientist.^ "Greening the Herds: A New Diet to Cap Gas". New York Times. 4 June 2009.^ Schwanke, Catherine (4 June 2009). "Is It True That Birds Can't Fart?". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016. [ hide]v t e Symptoms and signs: digestive system and abdomen ( R10–R19, 787,789)Upper Nausea Vomiting Heartburn Aerophagia Dysphagiaoropharyngeal esophageal Odynophagia Halitosis Xerostomia Hypersalivation Burping Wet burp Defaecation Flatulence Fecal incontinence Encopresis Blood: Fecal occult blood Rectal tenesmus Constipation Obstructed defecation Diarrhea Rectal discharge Psoas sign Obturator sign Rovsing's sign Hamburger sign Heel tap sign Aure-Rozanova's sign Dunphy sign Alder's sign Lockwood's sign Rosenstein's sign Abdomen Abdominal pain Acute abdomen Colic Baby colic Abdominal guarding Rebound tenderness Abdominal distension Bloating Ascites Tympanites Shifting dullness Bulging flanks Fluid wave test Abdominal mass Hepatosplenomegaly Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Jaundice Mallet-Guy sign Puddle sign Categories: Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen | . Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode (Jump to: Lecture | Video )Central Tendency Central tendency refers to the measure used to determine the center of a distribution of data. It is used to find a single score that is most representative of an entire data set.1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5If we could pick a single value to represent the above sample data set, what ways could we do it? Mean To find the mean, add up all values, then divide by the total number of values you have. Figure 1. Our mean is 2.8. Median To find the median, first put all the values in order (this has been done already). Next, find out what value lies in the middle. Figure 2. What happens when there are two values in the middle? Find the median by calculating the mean of the two values. Here, the median is (2 + 3) / 2 = 2.5Mode The mode is simply the most frequently occurring value. For our data set, 2 is the mode because it occurs the most frequently. If two values occur the most often, the distribution is said to be bi-modal. If more than two values occur the most often, the distribution is said to be multi-modal. What should you use? The mean will be used for almost all occasions. However, outliers can sometimes interfere with usage of the mean. Outlier An outlier is a value that is very different from the other data in your data set. This can skew your results. In situations with many outliers, the mean is not a good measure of central tendency. The median or mode should be used instead, depending on the type of information you�re dealing with. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.when to switch to heat on injury | Treating Sports Injuries with Ice and Heat Treating Sports Injuries with Ice and Heat Ice and heat are often used in treating injuries. General comments Icing may be used along with compression, elevation, bracing, and/or support when treating acute injuries. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can produce a similar effect to icing. However, they may delay healing with acute injuries (like sprains, strains, and fractures). If your doctor recommends medicine, make sure you are aware of the right dosage and when to take it, and if there are any side effects. The use of ice and heat is just one part of a treatment program. Even if symptoms are relieved, there is usually a need for exercises to restore flexibility and joint motion, strength, general fitness, and sport-specific skills. Use of ice Effects of ice: Decreases circulation, metabolic activity, and inflammation and numbs the skin. Benefits of ice: Decreases pain, swelling, inflammation, and muscle spasm/cramping. Best used after exercise or after pain-producing activity. Risks of ice: Prolonged use can cause frostbite. Methods for applying cold therapy: Ice packs, ice bath/ice whirlpool, ice massage. (See “Options for applying ice.”)When not to use ice Immediately before physical activity If area of icing is numb When the pain or swelling involves a nerve (such as the ulnar nerve or “funny bone”)If the athlete has sympathetic dysfunction (an abnormality of nerves that control blood flow and sweat gland activity)If the athlete has vascular disease (such as poor circulation due to blood loss, blood vessel injury, compartment syndrome, vasculitis, blood clots, or Raynaud disease)If there is skin compromise (such as an open wound; a wound that has not healed; skin that is stretched, blistered, burned, or thin)If the athlete has cold hypersensitivity, including cold-induced urticaria (hives from cold)How long to use ice Two to 3 times per day (minimum); up to once per hour. Duration varies with technique; usually 20 to 30 minutes per session. (See “Options for applying ice.”)Ice may continue to be useful in treatment as long as there is pain, swelling, inflammation, or spasm. There is no need to switch to heat after 48 hours or alternate between ice and heat. Options for applying ice1. Ice packs are best for icing larger areas of pain, swelling, or spasm (like a swollen knee, deep thigh bruise, muscle strain, shoulder tendonitis, or neck or back spasm). Materials Small cubes or crushed ice in plastic bag. Bag of frozen vegetables (such as frozen peas). Reusable commercial ice pack or circulating “cryocuff” (made specifically for therapeutic icing). Do not use blue ice packs directly on the skin; they are colder than frozen water and can cause frostbite Method Place on the affected area for at least 20 minutes per session. Hold in place with a towel, elastic wrap, or shrink-wrap.2. Ice bath/ice whirlpool is used to reduce swelling in peripheral joints (such as with ankle sprain, wrist sprain, or severe shin splints). Materials Bucket or tub with mixture of ice and water Method Immerse affected area for 20 to 30 minutes per session. Do not use an ice bath if there is an open wound, bleeding, or a skin infection.3. Ice massage is used to reduce superficial, well-localized inflammation (for example, tendonitis of the hand, wrist, or elbow; heel or elbow bursitis; ganglion cyst; apophysitis; or irritation of a growth plate). Materials Ice cube or frozen ice cup (made by freezing water in a paper or Styrofoam cup)Method Rub ice in a circular pattern over the affected region for 8 to 10 minutes per session. Use of heat Effects of heat: Increases circulation, metabolic activity, and inflammation. Benefits of heat: Improves compliance of soft tissues; relieves pain and spasm. Heat is most useful in warming up stiff or scarred soft tissues before stretching or exercise; heat may also be useful in relieving pain or spasm associated with neck or back injuries. Risks of heat: May increase swelling and inflammation; using heat for too long or at temperatures that are too high can cause burns. Methods for applying heat: Hot packs, hydrocollator; hot bath/whirlpool. When not to use heat After physical activity If the area is numb If there is an open wound or burn Immediately after an acute injury If body temperature is elevated from fever or heat stress Last Updated 11/21/2015Source Care of the Young Athlete Patient Education Handouts (Copyright © 2010 American Academy of Pediatrics)The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances. | . Home About Trending Topics Support urban Mamas Guest Posts Childcare Contact |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.sustainability definition epa | Environmental Sustainability Environmental Sustainability To define environmental sustainability we must first define sustainability. Sustainability is the ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely. To define what environmental sustainability is we turn to the experts. Herman Daly, one of the early pioneers of ecological sustainability, looked at the problem from a maintenance of natural capital viewpoint. In 1990 he proposed that: 11. For renewable resources, the rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration (sustainable yield);2. [For pollution] The rates of waste generation from projects should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment (sustainable waste disposal); and3. For nonrenewable resources the depletion of the nonrenewable resources should require comparable development of renewable substitutes for that resource. This list has been widely accepted. It's an elegant abstraction, one that made me pause and read it three times when I first encountered it. The list can be shortened into a tight definition. Environmental sustainability is the rates of renewable resource harvest, pollution creation, and non-renewable resource depletion that can be continued indefinitely. If they cannot be continued indefinitely then they are not sustainable. Why this particular definition is important This is discussed on the glossary page for sustainability. Basically the world's standard definition of environmental sustainability is sustainable development, which means sustainable economic growth, which is an oxymoron. No form of economic growth can be continued indefinitely. Furthermore, all economic growth today is terribly environmentally degrading. Thus it's impossible to be sustainable and achieve economic growth at the same time, now and for at least the next 50 years or so. That's why definitions like the one on this page must replace the world's standard definition of sustainability. The flaw The Daly definition, even the shortened version, omits the level of quality of life that a sustainable system can support. It's generally implied it should be high. Who wants to live in a degraded world full of pollution, dead oceans, and suffocating heat? It appears we need a new term that includes that extra dimension. But then again, we don't. We already have that term. It's The Three Pillars of Sustainability. When all three pillars are strong, people live in a system where high quality life is the norm. They have a clean healthy environment, a satisfactory level of economic well-being, and a robust level of social fulfillment. What more could you ask for? How to get there is another question. (1) From Daly, H. E. 1990. Toward some operational principles of sustainable development. Ecological Economics 2:1–6. The recycle logo in the environmental sustainability icon is from Xavier University. This is the same logo we've got on our recycling bins. | Sustainability marketing myopia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (July 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Sustainability marketing myopia is a term used in sustainability marketing referring to a distortion stemming from the overlooking of socio-environmental attributes of a sustainable product or service at the expenses of customer benefits and values. [1] The idea of sustainability marketing myopia is rooted into conventional marketing myopia theory, as well as green marketing myopia. Contents [ hide ]1 Background1.1 Marketing myopia1.2 Green marketing myopia2 Towards sustainability2.1 Sustainability marketing myopia2.2 Avoiding sustainability marketing myopia3 Case studies3.1 Myopia of sustainable services3.1.1 Electrolux washing machines3.2 Myopia of sustainable products3.2.1 Fairtrade coffee3.2.2 Green buildings4 Notes5 References Background [ edit]Marketing myopia [ edit]The marketing myopia theory was originally proposed in 1960 by American economist Theodore Levitt. According to Levitt marketers should not overlook the importance of company potential and product attributes at the expenses of market needs; catering for market needs should receive first priority. [2]A company, besides being technically sound and product oriented, also needs to be customer oriented in order to successfully cater for a market. Knowledge of customer needs and of innovations that can be implemented to maintain customer interest, as well as of how to adapt to the changing business market is crucial. Marketing myopia has been highly influential in the formation of modern marketing theory, and was heeded by marketers to such an extent that some authors now speak of a “new marketing myopia” stemming from too narrow a focus on customer to the exclusion of other stakeholders. [3]Green marketing myopia [ edit]Green marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. [4] In order to be successful, green marketing must fulfill two objectives: improved environmental quality and customer satisfaction. Misjudging either or overemphasizing the former at the expense of the latter can be defined as green marketing myopia. [5]The marketing discipline has long argued that innovation must consider an intimate understanding of the customer [2] and a close look at green marketing practices over time reveals that green products must be positioned on a consumer value sought by targeted consumers. [5]As such, successful green products are able to appeal to mainstream consumers or lucrative market niches and frequently command price premiums by offering “non-green” consumer value (such as convenience and performance). When consumers are convinced of the desirable “non-green” benefits of environmental products, they are more inclined to adopt them. Aside from offering environmental benefits that do not meet consumer preferences, green marketing myopia can also occur when green products fail to provide credible, substantive environmental benefits. [6]Towards sustainability [ edit]Sustainability marketing myopia [ edit]Sustainability marketing aims at marketing sustainable products and services which “satisfy customer needs and significantly improve the social and environmental performance along the whole life cycle”, [7] while increasing customer value and achieving the company's objectives. In turns, sustainability marketing myopia is an exaggerated focus on the socio-ecological attributes of the product over the core consumer values, a distortion of the marketing process which is likely to lead to the product failing on the market or remaining confined in a small alternative niche. [8]Just as an excessive focus on product attributes generates marketing myopia, and just as a single-minded focus on customers results in “new marketing myopia”, in both green and sustainability marketing an unbalanced strategy neglecting one aspect (namely, product attributes) is detrimental to the effectiveness of the marketing process. However, it is important to note that sustainability marketing myopia differs from green marketing myopia in that the former follows a broader approach to the marketing myopia issue, taking into account the social attributes of a product, as well as the environmental ones. At the same time, sustainability marketing myopia encompasses sustainable services and product-related services, [9] not products alone. Avoiding sustainability marketing myopia [ edit]Generally, sustainability marketing myopia can be avoided in two ways:by identifying and stressing the inherent consumer’s values (efficiency and cost-effectiveness, health and safety, convenience, symbolism and status) of the socio-ecological features of the product. In other words, companies should highlight the personal customer benefits stemming from the socio-ecological features of the product;by aligning socio-ecological attributes with core benefits of the product to create “motive alliances”. [10] Core benefits of the product can comprise functionality, performance, design, durability, taste, freshness, uniqueness, aesthetics, fashion. Motive alliances are the connections of such core benefits with the relevant socio-ecological attributes embedded in the product, an operation also known as bundling. [11]Ottman et al. [12] provides examples of successful marketing communications based on the highlighting of inherent consumer’s values of the socio-ecological features of products, and on bundling: Value Message and business product Efficiency and cost effectiveness“The only thing our washer will shrink is your water bill.” - ASKO“Did you know that between 80 and 85 percent of the energy used to wash clothes comes from heating the water? Tide Coldwater—The Coolest Way to Clean." - Tide Coldwater Laundry Detergent"mpg:” - Toyota Prius Health and safety“20 years of refusing to farm with toxic pesticides. Stubborn, perhaps. Healthy, most definitely.” - Earthbound Farm Organic“Safer for You and the Environment.” - Seventh Generation Household Cleaners Performance“Environmentally friendly stain removal. It’s as simple as H2O.” - Mohawk Ever Set Fibers Carpet“Fueled by light so it runs forever. It’s unstoppable. Just like the people who wear it.” - Citizen Eco-Drive Sport Watch Symbolism“Think is the chair with a brain and a conscience.” - Steelcase’s Think Chair“Make up your mind, not just your face.” - The Body Shop Convenience“Long life for hard-to-reach places.” - General Electric’s CFL Flood Lights Bundling“Performance and luxury fueled by innovative technology.” - Lexus RX400h Hybrid Sports Utility Vehicle Besides striking a right balance of focus between product attributes and consumers’ benefits, sustainability marketers should also avoid employing unsubstantive claims about the socio-environmental benefits of their products. [13] This particular form of marketing myopia is best avoided by building an image of credibility for the brand through effective sustainability communication, so that consumers can easily associate their products with sound socio-environmental performances. [14]Case studies [ edit]Myopia of sustainable services [ edit]Electrolux washing machines [ edit]According to the authors of Natural Capitalism “product dematerialisation” is one of the prerequisites for a more sustainable business model. In order to become more sustainable the future economy will transform from “sale of goods” to the “sale of services”. [15] Belz and Peattie also stress the role of services as a part of sustainable solution, talking of product-related, use-oriented and result-oriented services. Product-related services are offered additionally and they optimize the product use, e.g. automobile companies offering courses on a more ecological and safe driving manner. In the case of use-oriented services, a service and not a product is sold to the consumer e.g. car-sharing. As for result-oriented services, consumers neither own nor operate a product e. g. public transportation, with consumers only enjoying the outcome of the product, the transportation services. [16]“Product dematerialisation” is, too, at risk of incurring in sustainability marketing myopia. In 1999 Electrolux piloted an use-oriented sustainable “pay-per-wash” service in Sweden, failing to succeed because of a myopic marketing approach. New energy and water efficient washing machines were distributed by Electrolux among consumers. Electrolux supplied customers with maintenance services through a central database via the Internet and took care of the disposal and upgrading of the machines. Consumers did not pay for the machines themselves; they were only charged with a small installation fee at the beginning, and through a pay-per-wash charging system (10 Swedish kronor (about 1 $) per wash). However, an excessive emphasis on the green component in the marketing of this service, achieved at the expenses of other consumer benefits and values, failed to convince the consumers. [17] According to A. Ottmann et al. not only environmental but also other inherent consumer values should have been better marketed by Electrolux: convenience of pay-per-wash, including easy trade-ins for upgrades, free service and saved money of a new washing machine. In addition, the sustainable service might have been successful if pay-per-wash convenience would have been bundled with more desirable features. [15]Myopia of sustainable products [ edit]Fairtrade coffee [ edit]The initial idea of introducing the Fairtrade coffee certification was to abolish poverty among coffee farmers and their workers by supporting better working conditions and enabling growers to compete in the global market. [18] For this reason, Fairtrade coffee started to be acquired directly from the farmers for a higher price than standard coffee. A minimum price for coffee is guaranteed and if the market prices outreach the minimum, growers receive a premium. [19] In compliance with rising consumers´ demand for environmentally and social beneficial products the Fairtrade certification appears to be an evident indicator. Products marked with the label have to meet standards ensuring that strict social and environmental measures are taken. [18]The first generation of Fairtrade coffee suffered from sustainability marketing myopia. First, due to the exaggerated focus on the socio-ecological aspects the quality and the taste of the coffee were put into the background. Most coffee farmers used to sell their coffee to both Fairtrade and open markets. As the price in the open market is entirely defined by quality, farmers sold their better quality beans in that market and then squandered their poorer beans into the Fairtrade market, where they were nonetheless ensured a good price. Furthermore, the certainty that Fairtrade buyers would mix supplies together discouraged farmers to improve the quality of their own beans without having any financial reward for that. [20]Furthermore, Fairtrade coffee failed to guarantee the social and environmental benefits to the consumer as covenant. [21] Moreover, Fairtrade has been accused of misleading consumers about its ability to monitor production practices, with particular regards to salary conditions of temporary workers. [22]The first generation Fairtrade coffee with a worse quality and bitter taste failed to satisfy all customers´ needs and supposedly to improve the social performance along the whole life cycle of the product. Green buildings [ edit]As well as Electrolux and Fairtrade coffee suppliers, the producers of green buildings in Western Europe suffered from sustainability marketing myopia in the experimental stages of energy-efficient houses. Companies focussed on the energy-efficient attributes of the houses at the expenses of cost-effectiveness and affordability, marketing their products on the basis of intergenerational equity, ecology and energy-savings. [23] In addition, further inherent consumer values as comfort and design were also ignored at these early stages. [24]Nevertheless, since the beginning of the twenty-first century marketers from construction companies have improved their strategies. Successful sustainability marketing concepts have been progressively adopted, including motive alliances and the use of a new marketing mix based on so-called 4 Cs: consumer solution, consumer cost, communication and convenience. [25] [23] This new approach has fostered a rise in the market share of energy-efficient houses. [24]81Fünf Holzbau is an example of such a company applying successful marketing strategies. It is a fast expanding German company which focuses on energy-efficient wooden houses. Conventional criteria as high-quality levels and comfort are aligned with sustainable components in the company marketing communication: healthy indoor environment created by using natural woods, energy savings and security from future oil price rises are among the arguments used. [23] Their interactive online toolkit “ Energy Comfort House ” allows to easily calculate the life cycle cost and savings compared to conventional houses and acts, therefore, as a credibility tool. [23] In order to offer the broadest choice in terms of consumer solutions, different house models are provided to various customer target groups according to their environmental consciousness and affordability. Notes [ edit]^ Belz 2010.^ a b Levitt 1960.^ Smith et al. 2009.^ GMI.^ a b Ottman et al. 2006, p. 24.^ Ottman et al. 2006, p. 25.^ Belz, Pettie 2009, p. 154.^ Belz, Pettie 2009, p. 153.^ Belz, Pettie 2009, p. 159.^ Belz, Pettie 2009, pp. 164-167.^ Ottman et al. 2006, p. 30.^ Ottman et al. 2006, p. 32.^ Ottman et al. 2006, p. 31.^ Belz, Pettie 2009, p. 189.^ a b Ottman et al. 2006, p. 35.^ Belz, Pettie 2009, pp. 159-161.^ Makower 2005.^ a b Belz, Pettie 2009, p. 155.^ Hulm 2006.^ Singleton 2008.^ Belz, Pettie 2009, p. 164.^ Weitzman 2006.^ a b c d Belz, Pettie 2010.^ a b Belz, Pettie 2009, p. 166.^ Belz, Pettie 2009, p. 33. References [ edit]Belz, F-M., Peattie, K. (2009). Sustainability marketing: A Global Perspective. Chichester: Wiley. Belz, F-M., Peattie, K. (2010). The Eight Cs of Sustainability Branding. Accessed on 12/06/2011 http://www.sustainability-marketing.com/2010/08/eight-cs-of-sustainability-branding.html. External link in |publisher= ( help)Green Markets International. Green Trade & Development. Accessed on 20/6/2011 http://www.green-markets.org/context.htm. External link in |publisher= ( help)Hulm, P. (2006). Fair Trade. Accessed on 23/06/2011 http://www.tradeforum.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/1031/Fair_Trade_.html. External link in |publisher= ( help)Levitt, T. (1960). Marketing Myopia. In Harvard Business Review. Accessed on 12/6/2011 http://www.casadogalo.com/marketingmyopia.pdf. External link in |publisher= ( help)Makower, J. (2005). Green Marketing: Lessons from Leaders. Accessed on 25/06/2011 http://makower.typepad.com/joel_makower/2005/09/green_marketing.html. External link in |publisher= ( help)Ottman, J., Stafford, E, Hartman, C. (2006). Avoiding Green Marketing Myopia. In Environment, 48 (5), 22-36. Singleton, A. (2008). The Poverty of Fair Trade Coffee. Accessed on 23/06/2011 http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/alexsingleton/4019311/The_poverty_of_Fairtrade_coffee/. External link in |publisher= ( help)Smith, N., Drumwright, M., Gentile, M. C. (2009). The New Marketing Myopia. INSEAD Working Paper No. 2009/08/Insead Social Innovation Centre. Accessed on 12/6/2011 http://ssrn.com/abstract=1336886. External link in |publisher= ( help)Weitzman, H. (2006). The Bitter Taste of 'Fair Trade' Coffee. Accessed on 23/06/2011 http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/d191adbc-3f4d-11db-a37c-0000779e2340.html#axzz1QUkp MCzj. External link in |publisher= ( help) [ hide]v t e Sustainability Principles Anthropocene Earth system governance Ecological modernization Environmental governance Environmentalism Global catastrophic risk Human impact on the environment Planetary boundaries Social sustainability Stewardship Sustainable development Consumption Anthropization Anti-consumerism Earth Overshoot Day Ecological footprint Ethical Over-consumption Simple living Sustainability advertising Sustainability brand Sustainability marketing myopia Sustainable Systemic change resistance Tragedy of the commons Population Birth control Family planning Control Overpopulation Zero growth Technology Appropriate Environmental Sustainable Biodiversity Biosecurity Biosphere Conservation biology Deep ecology Endangered species Holocene extinction Invasive species Energy Carbon footprint Climate change mitigation Conservation Descent Efficiency Emissions trading Fossil-fuel phase-out Peak oil Renewable Energy poverty Food Forest gardening Local Permaculture Security Sustainable agriculture Sustainable fishery Urban horticulture Water Conservation Crisis Efficiency Footprint Reclaimed Accountability Sustainability accounting Sustainability measurement Sustainability metrics and indices Sustainability reporting Standards and certification Sustainable yield Applications Advertising Architecture Art Business City College programs Community Design Ecovillage Education for Sustainable Development Fashion Gardening Geopark Green marketing Industries Landscape architecture Living Low-impact development Sustainable market Organizations Packaging Practices Procurement Tourism Transport Urban drainage systems Urban infrastructure Urbanism Management Environmental Fisheries Forest Materials Natural resource Planetary Waste Agreements UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972) Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)Our Common Future (1987) Earth Summit (1992) Rio Declaration on Environment and Development Agenda 21 (1992) Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) ICPD Programme of Action (1994) Earth Charter Lisbon Principles UN Millennium Declaration (2000) Earth Summit 2002 (Rio+10, Johannesburg)United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20, 2012) Sustainable Development Goals Category Lists Outline Portal Science Studies Degrees Categories: Marketing Sustainable business |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.who was bob woodward | Bob Woodward Latest Nixon fired the man investigating him. Will Trump? Woodward and Bernstein: Are we watching the lead-up to another Saturday Night Massacre? Feb 9, 2018At the Pentagon, overpriced fuel sparks allegations — and denials — of a slush fund A $6 billion surplus was tapped to train Syrian rebels and shore up a fraud-riddled pharmacy program. May 20, 2017Pentagon buries evidence of $125 billion in bureaucratic waste The military feared Congress would use the confidential data as an excuse to slash defense spending. Dec 5, 2016President-elect Donald Trump is about to learn the nation’s ‘deep secrets’A series of intelligence briefings will deal with covert actions, contingency plans for using nuclear weapons and even the names of major foreign agents. Nov 12, 2016Trump revela cómo obligará a México a pagar por el muro de la frontera Donald Trump dice que de ser elegido presidente forzará a México a pagar por un muro fronterizo amenazando con bloquear los miles de millones de dólares en remesas que envían los inmigrantes a ese país. Apr 5, 2016Trump reveals how he would force Mexico to pay for border wall In a memo, the GOP front-runner provides the most details yet about his border plans. Apr 5, 2016Transcript: Donald Trump interview with Bob Woodward and Robert Costa In an interview, the Republican front-runner discussed trade, the stock market and his rivals. Apr 2, 2016In a revealing interview, Trump predicts a ‘massive recession’ but intends to eliminate the national debt in 8 years The GOP front-runner paints himself as a ‘Lone Ranger’ in controversial stances on the economy as well as his plans for the White House. Apr 2, 2016The Ben Bradlee we knew: Friend, fierce editor and a truth-seeker above all APPRECIATION | The Watergate duo remembers the man who transformed The Washington Post and journalism. Oct 28, 2014Bob Woodward reviews ‘The Nixon Defense,’ by John W. Dean New tapes reveal Nixon admitting criminality again and again. Jul 31, 2014Load More | The First 5 African-Americans to be Featured on U.S. Stamps The First 5 African-Americans to be Featured on U. S. Stampsby Jonathan Hailey February 5, 2013Page: 1 2*BACK TO BLACK HISTORY MONTH HOMEPAGE > CLICK HEREIt’s no secret that African-Americans have contributed to the development of the United States; more than we are given credit for. However, most of the ones who have been acknowledged for their work in America have been honored with their very on U. S., postage stamp. While we know Harriett Tubman and other famous African-Americans have their pictures on stamps, many wonder who were the first group of African-Americans to get their own stamp. Check out the list below to find out:1. Booker T. Washington Born of slaves, Booker T. Washington worked his way through Hampton Institute and Wayland Seminary. By the age of 25, he was named the president of the Tuskegee Institute. Washington was known for being one of the best orators of his time who used his oration skills to be the voice for African-Americans. He also helped develop 5,000 small schools to educate African-Americans throughout the south. Washington was awarded with a 10 cent stamp in 1940. The U. S. Postal Service invited the pubic for recommendations and Booker T. Washington’s name was repeatedly submitted. Him receiving a 10 cent stamp was an honor in itself because most of the other African-Americans featured were relegated to the stamps worth a penny or two.2. George Washington Carver As one of the most famous African-Americans of his time, George Washington Carver became known as “The Peanut Man” due to his extensive work trying to explain the positive effect peanuts could have on the southern farming industry. After being invited by Booker T. Washington to become the Director of Agriculture at Tuskegee Institute, Carver continued his work in botany and agriculture until the day he died in 1934. George Washington Carver was commemorated with a three cent stamp in 1948. He was picked to receive a stamp for his work in science and how his work with the peanut and sweet potato industry helped farming continue to succeed when most thought the farming industry was on its last legs.3. Paul Laurence Dunbar The son of an escaped slave, Paul Laurence Dunbar’s poetry and prose helped foster a better understanding of what African-Americans were going through at the time. Dunbar had been the only African-American to attend his high school and therefore was able to tap into a very emotional side to convey the hardships of his people. Page: 1 2Join the Conversation MORE ON Black Enterprise.com Entrepreneurship Focusing on Black Ownership in the Beauty Supply Business Featured Stories Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Names Kenneth Kelly To Its Advisory Council Entrepreneurship How This Publicity Powerhouse Attracts High-End Clients |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what county is mccall in | McCall, Idaho Mc Call, Idaho From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Mc Call, Idaho Town Payette Lake at Mc Call in July 2010Location of Mc Call in Valley County, Idaho. Mc Call, Idaho Location in the United States Coordinates: 44°54′39″N 116°6′11″WCoordinates: 44°54′39″N 116°6′11″WCountry United States State Idaho County Valley Village 1917Government• Type council-manager• Mayor Jackie Aymon• City Manager Anette Spickard Area [1]• Total 9.88 sq mi (25.60 km 2)• Land 9.03 sq mi (23.40 km 2)• Water 0.85 sq mi (2.21 km 2)Elevation 5,013 ft (1,528 m)Population ( 2010) [2]• Total 2,991• Estimate (2016) [3] 3,278• Density 362.89/sq mi (140.11/km 2)Time zone Mountain (MST) ( UTC-7)• Summer ( DST) MDT ( UTC-6)ZIP codes 83635, 83638Area code (s) 208FIPS code 16-48790GNIS feature ID 0396862Website www .mccall .id .us Mc Call is a resort town on the western edge of Valley County, Idaho, United States. Named after its founder, Tom Mc Call, it is situated on the southern shore of Payette Lake, near the center of the Payette National Forest. The population was 2,991 as of the 2010 census, up from 2,084 in 2000. [4]Originally a logging community whose last sawmill closed in 1977, [5] [6] Mc Call is now an all-season tourist destination for outdoor recreation. The resort town is known for its Winter Carnival, extended winters, and one of the highest average snowfalls in the state. Contents [ hide ]1 Geography2 Transportation3 History4 Alpine skiing5 Demographics5.1 2010 census5.2 2000 census5.3 Population history6 Government7 Media8 Climate9 Area information10 Notable people11 References12 Further reading13 External links Geography [ edit]Mc Call is located at 44°54′39″N 116°6′11″W (44.910906, -116.103087), [7] at an elevation of 5,013 feet (1,528 m) above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.09 square miles (26.13 km 2 ), of which, 9.23 square miles (23.91 km 2) is land and 0.86 square miles (2.23 km 2) is water. [8]Transportation [ edit]Mc Call is approximately 100 miles (160 km) north of Boise, about a 2-hour drive, accessed via State Highway 55, the Payette River Scenic Byway, a designated national scenic byway. It heads north from Eagle in Ada County to Horseshoe Bend in Boise County, and climbs the whitewater of the Payette River to Cascade and Mc Call. The route turns west at Payette Lake in Mc Call and ends at New Meadows in Adams County, at the junction with US-95. [9]SH 55 - Payette River Scenic Byway The Mc Call Municipal Airport is on the south edge of town, at an elevation of 5,021 feet (1,530 m) above sea level. West of Highway 55, it is home to a U. S. Forest Service smokejumper base. History [ edit]Native Americans were the first inhabitants of the land in and around Mc Call. Three tribes, the Tukudika (a sub-band of the Shoshone known as the " Sheepeaters "), the Shoshone, and the Nez Perce inhabited the land primarily in the summer and migrated during the harsh winter months. In the early 19th century, the nomadic French Canadian fur trapper, François Payette, roamed the area alongside other mountain men including Jim Bridger, Peter Skene Ogden, and Jedediah Smith. During the 1860s, miners temporarily named the settlement "Lake City", but only alluvial gold was discovered, so the temporary establishment was abandoned as most mining activity moved fifty miles (80 km) north to the town of Warren. The settlement of Mc Call was established by Thomas and Louisa Mc Call circa 1889-91. For a cabin and assumed rights to the 160 acres (0.65 km 2) of land, they traded a team of horses with Sam Dever, who held the squatter rights. Tom, his wife, four sons and a daughter lived in the cabin located on the shore of the lake, near present-day Hotel Mc Call. He established a school, hotel, saloon, and post office, and named himself postmaster. Mc Call purchased a sawmill from the Warren Dredging company and later sold it to the Hoff & Brown Lumber Company, which would become a major employer until its closure in 1977. During this time Anneas "Jews Harp Jack" Wyatte provided the first recreational sailboat rides around the lake for tourists and advertised in Boise's Idaho Statesman a "30-foot sailing yacht for the use of parties who might visit the lake". The Statesman referred to Mc Call as a "pleasure resort. "Tourism continued in the early 20th century. In June 1902, the Boydstun Hotel in nearby Lardo opened as a "place to stay and camp on Payette Lake". In 1906, Charlie Nelson opened a tented camping area known as Sylvan Beach Resort along the west side of Payette Lake. In 1907, Lardo Inn opened for business. The arrival of the Oregon Short Line Railroad (a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad) in 1914 secured Mc Call as a viable community and tourist destination. Three years later Mc Call was incorporated as a village. In the 1920s, the state land board started leasing homesites along the lake. Panorama of Payette Lake The town's annual winter carnival started in 1923-24. Reports vary between hundreds to thousands of tourists visiting the festivities. The beauty of Mc Call and Payette Lake drew attention from Hollywood in 1938 when it was selected as the filming location for the Academy Award -nominated Northwest Passage, starring Spencer Tracy, Robert Young, and Walter Brennan. The film, released in 1940, was about the French and Indian War of 1755–63 in eastern North America; the forests of Idaho standing in for the woods of New England and the Upper Midwest. In 1943, the U. S. Forest Service opened the Mc Call smokejumper base, one of eight smokejumper training bases in the nation. The site includes a smokejumper training unit, paraloft, dispatch office, and the Mc Call air tanker base at the airport. After World War II, a consortium of businessmen and doctors from Lewiston, 150 miles (240 km) to the north, decided that Mc Call and the lake were an ideal recreation site and thus the town was transformed from lumber to tourism. The iconic Shore Lodge opened in 1948 on July 3, along Shellworth Beach on Payette Lake. The lodge became Mc Call's centerpiece for the next 51 years. Shore Lodge management and shareholders intentionally created a resort-style lodge that was a cozy and intimate place for locals and tourists, contrasting with the glamor and glitz of the other famous Idaho lodge in Sun Valley. A private club for nearly a decade, it re-opened to the public in 2008. One of Shore Lodge's first summer employees was University of Idaho student John Ascuaga of Notus, who worked as a bellhop learning the business from the bottom up and was to go on to found the Nugget hotel, convention center, and casino in Sparks, Nevada, one of the largest and most successful in the Reno area. [10] [11] [12] [13]In 1965, a 1,000 acres (4.0 km 2) peninsula 2 miles (3 km) outside of Mc Call became Ponderosa State Park, home to some of the largest old-growth trees in the western United States. [ citation needed]Alpine skiing [ edit]Mc Call's Little Ski Hill, formerly the "Payette Lakes Ski Area," is two miles (3 km) west of town on Highway 55, just over the county line in Adams County. Opened in 1937 as a diversion for local forest workers, its 76 acres (310,000 m 2) were donated by Carl Brown. The Little Ski Hill was the second ski area in Idaho, after Sun Valley, which opened a year earlier. It currently operates a T-bar surface lift and has a vertical drop of 405 feet (123 m), with a summit of 5,600 feet (1,710 m) above sea level, and its slopes face north and west. The aging Nordic ski jump on the lower north slope, overlooking the bend in Highway 55, was removed in the 1990s. Brundage Mountain, northwest of Mc Call, opened in November 1961. With the addition of two new lifts in summer 2007, it currently has five chairlifts. Brundage has a summit elevation of 7,640 feet (2,330 m) above sea level, and a vertical drop of 1,800 feet (550 m). The slopes on Brundage Mountain are primarily west-facing and the mountain's average snowfall exceeds 300 inches (760 cm). The resort operates a backcountry snowcat skiing operation which provides guided access to 13,000 acres (53 km 2) of untracked powder in the Payette National Forest north of the ski area. Brundage is a family-owned resort, operated by the De Boer family, descendants of early Mc Call pioneers. Until April 2006, it was co-owned by J. R. Simplot. Tamarack Resort (2004–09) is southwest of Mc Call, on the west side of Cascade Reservoir. Originally conceived as "Valbois" in the early 1980s, the project was revived as "West Rock" in the late 1990s and ultimately renamed "Tamarack" in 2002. Tamarack opened for lift-served skiing on December 15, 2004 with a summit elevation of 7,660 feet (2,330 m) on West Mountain, up Rock Creek. Its vertical drop was over 2,700 feet (820 m); it used five chairlifts and a poma lift. The slopes on Tamarack faced east, overlooking the Cascade Reservoir and Long Valley. The resort went into bank receivership in February 2008 and ceased operations a year later, on the evening of Wednesday, March 4, 2009. The ski area was closed for the 2009–10 season, but re-opened in December 2010 with limited operations. Demographics [ edit]Historical population Census Pop. %±1920 307 —1930 651 112.1%1940 875 34.4%1950 1,173 34.1%1960 1,423 21.3%1970 1,758 23.5%1980 2,188 24.5%1990 2,005 −8.4%2000 2,084 3.9%2010 2,991 43.5%Est. 2016 3,278 [3] 9.6%U. S. Decennial Census [14]2010 census [ edit]As of the census [2] of 2010, there were 2,991 people, 1,348 households, and 769 families residing in the city. The population density was 324.1 inhabitants per square mile (125.1/km 2 ). There were 3,581 housing units at an average density of 388.0 per square mile (149.8/km 2 ). The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 0.1% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 3.6% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.9% of the population. There were 1,348 households of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.0% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 40.7 years. 21% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.5% were from 25 to 44; 31.1% were from 45 to 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.7% male and 48.3% female.2000 census [ edit]As of the census [15] of 2000, there were 2,084 people, 902 households, and 549 families residing in the town. The population density was 352.4 people per square mile (136.1/km²). There were 2,247 housing units at an average density of 379.9 per square mile (146.8/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.83% White, 0.05% African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 1.34% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. 2.59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.2% were of German, 17.3% English, 10.6% Irish and 8.2% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 98.3% spoke English and 1.7% Spanish as their first language. There were 902 households out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.86. In the town the population was spread out with 24.3% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 30.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.9 males. The median income for a household in the town was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $46,420. Males had a median income of $27,955 versus $26,932 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,479. 12.2% of the population and 7.0% of families were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under the age of 18 and 7.2% of those 65 and older. Population history [ edit]Lardo (now western Mc Call) had a population of 300 at the 1910 census, its only census entry. [16]Government [ edit]The town has a council-manager form of government with a city manager nominated by the mayor and elected by the city council. The Mc Call City Council is made up of 4 council members and a mayor elected in an at-large election. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all 5 members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no veto powers. Mc Call is located in Idaho's 1st congressional district. On the state level, Mc Call is located in district 8 of the Idaho Legislature. Despite the largest population in Valley County, Mc Call lost the bid for county seat in 1917 to the more centrally located town of Cascade, nearly thirty miles (50 km) south on Highway 55. Media [ edit]Mc Call is served by two four-color glossy magazines; Mc Call Magazine and Mc Call Home, both of which are published semi-annually. Mc Call is also served by a weekly newspaper The Star News, published on Thursdays. Two radio stations, KDZY (98.3 FM Country), and Star 95.5 are based in the town. Climate [ edit]Mc Call experiences a dry-summer continental climate ( Köppen Dsb) with cold, snowy winters and warm, relatively dry summers. The town has slightly less snow cover than the surrounding area, which is snow covered from around November 20 until early April, with 3-3.5 feet of snow by early February. [ hide] Climate data for Mc Call (1971–2000)Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °F (°C) 31.2 (−0.4) 36.6 (2.6) 42.9 (6.1) 51.4 (10.8) 61.1 (16.2) 70.0 (21.1) 79.7 (26.5) 80.1 (26.7) 70.0 (21.1) 57.8 (14.3) 39.7 (4.3) 31.2 (−0.4) 54.3 (12.4)Average low °F (°C) 12.6 (−10.8) 14.9 (−9.5) 20.6 (−6.3) 27.0 (−2.8) 33.8 (1) 39.4 (4.1) 42.9 (6.1) 41.0 (5) 33.2 (0.7) 26.5 (−3.1) 21.9 (−5.6) 14.1 (−9.9) 27.3 (−2.6)Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.28 (83.3) 2.92 (74.2) 2.55 (64.8) 2.07 (52.6) 2.35 (59.7) 2.08 (52.8) 1.03 (26.2) 1.05 (26.7) 1.45 (36.8) 1.78 (45.2) 3.20 (81.3) 3.45 (87.6) 27.21 (691.2)Average snowfall inches (cm) 35.5 (90.2) 23.9 (60.7) 18.2 (46.2) 5.7 (14.5) .8 (2) 0.1 (0.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) .1 (0.3) 1.9 (4.8) 15.9 (40.4) 32.1 (81.5) 134.2 (340.9)Source #1: NOAA (normals, 1971–2000) [17]Source #2: Western Regional Climate Center [18]Area information [ edit]Ponderosa State Park and the community of Mc Call hosted the 2008 Masters World Cup. The Harshman Skate Park is Idaho's largest. The park was commemorated in August 2006 by Tony Hawk. The first annual Mc Call Ultra Sleddog Challenge race was held in January 2018. The race was developed by nearby resident Jerry Wortley, who had experience as a pilot for the Iditarod dogsled race in Alaska. Wortley wanted to commemorate the area's rich dog mushing tradition. Well-known musher Jessie Royer won the inaugural race. [1]Notable people [ edit]Helen Markley Miller, writer of historical and biographical fiction for children about the Western United States [19] [20]Mack Miller, Olympic cross-country skier and trainer Barbara Morgan, first teacher in space Patty Boydstun-Hovdey - World Cup and Olympic alpine ski racer - U. S. champion - Mc Call HS class of 1970 [21] [22] [23]Torrie Wilson, Former WWE Wrestler Corey Engen, captain of the U. S. Nordic ski team at the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, and co-founder of Brundage Mountain Ski Resort References [ edit]^ "2016 U. S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 26, 2017.^ a b "American Fact Finder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-18.^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ Spokesman-Review - 2010 census - Mc Call, Idaho - accessed 26 December 2011^ Sharpe, Gary (August 20, 1976). "The city of Mc Call takes a slug in the gut". Lewiston Morning Tribune. p. 1A.^ "Idaho hearing Friday". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Associated Press. May 31, 1977. p. 15.^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-18.^ Idaho Byways - Payette River Scenic Byway Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine. - accessed 18 May 2009^ "John Ascuaga". Nevada Business Hall of Fame. Retrieved August 16, 2014.^ Schreiber, Colleen (September 18, 1997). "Hard work and family key to John Ascuaga's Nugget". Livestock Weekly. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 16, 2014.^ "John Ascuaga". University of Nevada. Basque oral history project. 1992. Retrieved August 16, 2014.^ "John Ascuaga doesn't look back". Reno Gazette-Journal. October 10, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2014.^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.^ "American Fact Finder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved 2008-01-31.^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U. S. Cities & Towns, 1850-1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 95.^ "Climatography of the United States NO.81" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 13 January 2011.^ "Mc Call, Idaho". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved 2014-12-05.^ School libraries: 29. 1964. A superb story-teller who makes the pioneer life of the American frontier leap into being, Helen Markley Miller has written many books ... Missing or empty |title= ( help)^ The Idaho Librarian: 116. 1969. ...guest speaker, Mrs. Helen Markley Miller, a Mc Call author. Missing or empty |title= ( help)^ Spokesman-Review - National alpine ski titles to Palmer, Patty Boydstun - Associated Press - 15 March 1970 - p. 3-sports^ FIS-ski.com - Patty Boydstun - accessed 24 March 2012^ idahoptv.org - Hometown Hills - Little Ski Hill - accessed 24 March 2012Further reading [ edit]Bowman, Bill C. The Legacy: The Legacy of Military Records in the History of Valley County, Idaho. Brown, Warren Harrington Brown (1999). It's Fun to Remember: A King's Pine Autobiography. ISBN 0-9676957-0-8Ingraham, Beverly (1992). Looking Back: Sketches of Early Days in Idaho's High Country. Maverick Publications. Rutledge, Sally and Elliott, Craig (2005). Sylvan Beach: Mc Call, Idaho. Its History, Myths, and Memories. Valley County History Project (2002). Valley County Idaho: Prehistory to 1920. Action Publishing. ISBN 0-9716671-0-1Williamson, Darcy and Wilcomb, Marlee (2007). Mc Call's Historic Shore Lodge 1948 - 1989. Meadow Cottage Industries. ISBN 0-9785282-0-4External links [ edit]Official website Mc Call Chamber of Commerce Mc Call Star News local newspaper Mc Call-Donnelly Joint School District University of Idaho Mc Call Outdoor Science School [ show]v t e Municipalities and communities of Valley County, Idaho, United States Categories: Cities in Idaho Cities in Valley County, Idaho | . Credio Find The Company Health Grove Inside Gov Moose Roots Pet Breeds Software Insider Start Class© 2017 Graphiq LLC All Rights Reserved. Terms Privacy Ad Choices and Cookie Policy |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.misogamy meaning | misogamy misogamy Definitionmisogamy rate (Adult / Slang) A morbid hatred of marriage, by either women or men. Link to this page: Add or improve a definition Word: *Part of speech: Definition: *Sample sentence: All definitions are approved by humans before publishing. Any promotional content will be deleted. HTML tags are not allowed and will be encoded. Use square brackets to link a word. For example, [abc] will render as abc. External links will be removed | Alicia Keysâ Net Worth: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know Alicia Keys’ Net Worth: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know185 Views 0 Shares 0 Comments By Daniel S. Levine Sep 1, 2016 at 10:50am Alicia Keys performing at the Democratic National Convention in July 2016. (Getty)Alicia Keys burst onto the music scene in 2001 with Songs In A Minor, an album fueled by critical praise and hits like “Fallin'” and “A Woman’s Worth.” It was the perfect launch pad for a career that has included a string of hits that she continues to build on. In 2012, she released Girl On Fire and this fall, she stars on season 11 of NBC’s The Voice. The 35-year-old Keys has also built a fortune along the way. Here’s a look at Keys’ wealth, how she’s earned it and what she does with it.1. Keys’ Net Worth is Estimated at $60 Million & Husband Swizz Beatz’s Wealth is Estimated at $65 Million Alicia Keys and Swizz Beatz at the 2016 MTV VMAs. (Getty)Keys, who first entered the entertainment industry by appearing on The Cosby Show at age four, has an estimated net worth of $60 million, Celebrity Net Worth estimates. The same site estimates that her husband, Swizz Beatz, has a net worth of $65 million. However, The Richest estimates that Keys’ net worth is even higher, at an estimated $130 million. Keys and Beatz, whose real name is Kasseem Dean, married in 2010. He’s produced hit singles with Jay Z, T. I., DMX, Busta Rhymes and many more. He’s also worked with Keys and the couple have two children. Their first son, Egypt Daoud Dean, was born in October 2010 and their second, Genesis Ali Dean, was born in December 2014. Read More From Heavy Alicia Keys, ‘Empire’ Guest Star: The Pictures You Need to See2. Keys & Beatz Had to Sell Their New Jersey Mansion Because It Was Too Small for Their Art Collection Alicia Keys at the Democratic National Convention in July 2016. (Getty)Beatz has a massive art collection, including works by Keith Haring, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Andy Warhol and others. They had the collection housed at their Englewood, New Jersey home, but in August 2015, TMZ reported that it was outgrowing their 25,000 square-foot home. The two bought the home in 2013 from Eddie Murphy and listed it for $14.9 million. It includes eight bedrooms, a movie theater, indoor pool and their own recording studio. TMZ reported that the couple planned to build a completely new house for the collection. In December 2015, pieces from Beatz’s collection went on display at Art Basel Miami Beach and KEys performed at the opening. Keys told the Associated Press at the time, “ (Art is) some of the real strong foundation of our relationship,” adding that he loves to introduce people to new artists.“As artists we understand the plight of an artist, what it is to get your creativity out there, what it is to be heard and what it is to be taken advantage of and what it is to be appreciated,” Keys said. Read More From Heavy Instagram Snapshot: Alicia Keys’ Hottest Instagram Photos3. All but 1 of Keys’ Studio Albums Have Debuted at the Top of the Billboard 200 Album Chart Keys performing at the UEFA Champions League Final in Milan, Italy in May 2016. (Getty)Keys’ career couldn’t have gotten off to a better start. Her first album, Songs in A Minor (2001), was an indisputable success. In 2003, the RIAA certified the album 6X Platinum, meaning that it sold at least 6 million copies in the U. S. The album debuted at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart with 236,000 copies sold. She started her career with four consecutive No. 1 albums, after The Diary of Alicia Keys (2003), Unplugged (2005) and As I Am (2007) also debuted at the top of the Billboard 200. The streak ended with The Element of Freedom (2009), which still sold 417,000 copies in its first week. In December 2012, KEys returned to the top of the chart with Girl On Fire. However, the album had her worst debut week, selling only 159,000 copies even though it includes the hit title track. Read More From Heavy WATCH: John Legend & Alicia Keys Sing ‘Let It Be’ for The Beatles Anniversary4. Keys Earned Her First Fragrance Contract in 2014 & Was Blackberry’s Creative Director in 2013Alicia Keys for Dahlia Divin, the New Fragrance from Givenchy | Sephora Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:31In January 2013, the struggling Blackberry smartphone brand enlisted Keys to be a creative director, Forbes reported at the time.“I was in a long-term relationship with Black Berry and I started to notice some new hotter devices at the gym. I was playing the field. Now we’re back together,” she said when the partnership was announced. Unfortunately, the deal didn’t prove fruitful. In January 2014, Keys stepped down. The move came after Blackberry had a $4.4 billion loss during its third fiscal quarter of 2014. That experience didn’t sour Keys on endorsement deals. In May 2014, WWD reported that she signed a deal with Parfums Givenchy to be the face of the fragrance.“I’m honored to introduce the world to the newest scent by Givenchy,” she said at the time. “Givenchy has long been one of the world’s most iconic luxury fashion houses, and a personal favorite of mine.”Read More From Heavy‘The Voice’ Season 11 Coaches5. Keys Co-Founded Keep A Child Alive & Has Raised $28.7 Million to Fight AIDS From the Black Ball Event Alicia Keys performed at the Starbus Annual Shareholders meeting in Seattle in March 2016. (Getty)On October 19, 2016, Keys will host the 13th annual Black Ball at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York, where music mogul Clive Davis will be honored with a humanitarian award. The Black Ball is part of Keep A Child Alive, a charity organization that aims to stop AIDS. Keys co-founded the charity with Leigh Blake. Peter Twyman was named CEO in 2012. The Black Ball event alone has raised $28.7 million, with last year’s ball raising $3.8 million. Performers for the 2016 ball so far include Keys, Patti Smith and A$AP Rocky. Keys also hosts the event.“It’s our job to bang the drum, force the conversation and keep shining a spotlight on the issue,” Keys said of the AIDS epidemic in a 2014 MSNBC interview. “This isn’t ‘their’ problem – it’s all of ours collectively. Humanity has a responsibility to the world’s children and to those who are in need. We need to continue to make people aware of what’s at stake here and put pressure on our governments to increase funding levels for HIV programs.”Keys has also shown support for other charitable causes. In 2014, she posed nude while pregnant for the We Are Here Movement. Keys has also been the face of the “no makeup movement.” She doesn’t plan on wearing any makeup while on The Voice and explained why she isn’t wearing makeup in a Lenny Letter essay. Y'all, me choosing to be makeup free doesn't mean I'm anti-makeup. Do you! pic.twitter.com/Mg0Ug9YA9q— Alicia Keys (@aliciakeys) August 29, 2016Read More From Heavy Swizz Beatz: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know Read More5 Fast Facts, Alicia Keys, Music, Net worth, The Voice No Comments Discuss on Facebook |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what can i use on my face to reduce scarring | How to Reduce the Appearance of Scars from Your Face Expert Reviewed How to Reduce the Appearance of Scars from Your Face Two Methods: Reducing Scars at Home Reducing Scars with Help from Your Dermatologist Community Q&AFacial scars can be be raised, sunken, or darkly pigmented. They may be itchy or painful. They can result from acne, injury, or surgery. There are many methods that can help you heal, diminish, and cover your scars. No matter what method you choose, keep your skin clean and moisturized. Wear sunscreen every day, as sun can slow the healing of your skin, and can cause hyperpigmentation of scars. Opt for proven at-home methods such as silicone gel treatments, or visit a well respected dermatologist for injections or resurfacing. | . Products Hair Skin Nails The Science Reviews FAQs Blog Christie Brinkley on Bio Sil, Beauty and Collagen Where to Buy |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.atelectasis define | Definition of 'atelectasis' Definition of 'atelectasis'English: atelectasis American: atelectasis Trendsatelectasisin British ( ˌætəˈlɛktəsɪs)noun1. failure of the lungs to expand fully at birth2. collapse of the lung or a part of the lung, usually caused by bronchialobstruction Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © Harper Collins Publishers Word origin of 'atelectasis' C19: New Latin, from Greek atelēs imperfect + ektasis extensionatelectasisin American ( ˌætəˈlɛktəsɪs; atˌəlekˈtəsis)noun Word forms: plural ˌateˈlectaˌses ( ˌætəˈlɛktəˌsiz; atˌəlekˈtəsēzˌ)the collapse of all or part of a lung Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th Edition. Copyright © 2010 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. All rights reserved. Word origin of 'atelectasis' Mod L < Gr atelēs, incomplete ( < a-, without + telos, end: see wheel) + ektasis, a stretching out < ek-, out + teinein, to stretch: see thin Trends of 'atelectasis'Used Occasionally. atelectasis is one of the 30000 most commonly used words in the Collins dictionary View usage for: Years Frequency:1846 0.021847184818491850185118521853185418551856185718581859 01860 01861 0.011862 0.0118631864 0.0118651866186718681869 018701871 0.0318721873 0.031874 0.0318751876 0.0118771878 0.011879 0.0118801881 0.011882 0.031883 0.031884 0.011885 0.021886 0.011887 0.011888 0.021889 0.041890 0.011891 0.011892 0.011893 0.011894 0.011895 0.011896 0.011897 0.011898 0.011899 0.0119001901 0.011902 0.021903 0.011904 0.011905 0.011906 0.011907 0.011908 0.011909 0.011910 0.061911 0.021912 0.031913 0.021914 0.011915 0.011916 0.011917 0.021918 0.011919 0.021920 0.021921 0.011922 0.011923 01924 019251926 019271928 0.0119291930 01931 0.0319321933 0.01193419351936 0.011937 0.031938 0.031939 0.031940 0.01194119421943 0.0119441945 0.021946 01947 0.011948 0.051949 0.041950 0.021951 0.031952 0.081953 0.071954 0.041955 0.031956 0.031957 0.081958 0.031959 0.11960 0.181961 0.11962 0.111963 0.071964 0.041965 0.151966 0.051967 0.071968 0.091969 0.091970 0.071971 0.21972 0.21973 0.141974 0.121975 0.161976 0.081977 0.061978 0.11979 0.071980 0.071981 0.091982 0.061983 0.041984 0.091985 0.121986 0.071987 0.071988 0.061989 0.061990 0.061991 0.041992 0.071993 0.061994 0.121995 0.081996 0.11997 0.081998 0.081999 0.12000 0.122001 0.172002 0.232003 0.112004 0.112005 0.072006 0.112007 0.092008 0.13Nearby words of 'atelectasis'-ate Atebrinatechnicatelectasisatelectaticateleiosisatelic All ENGLISH words that begin with 'A'Source Definition of atelectasis from the Collins English Dictionary | . The website you were trying to reach is temporarily unavailable. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what test is used to diagnose osteoporosis | How do you test for Osteoporosis? How do you test for Osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a condition of low bone density that can progress silently over a long period of time. If diagnosed early, the fractures associated with the disease can often be prevented. Unfortunately, osteoporosis frequently remains undiagnosed until a fracture occurs. An examination to diagnose osteoporosis can involve several steps that predict your chances of future fracture, diagnose osteoporosis, or both. It might include:an initial physical examvarious x rays that detect skeletal problemslaboratory tests that reveal important information about the metabolic process of bone breakdown and formationa bone density test to detect low bone density. Before performing any tests, your doctor will record information about your medical history and lifestyle and will ask questions related to:risk factors, including information about any fractures you have hadyour family history of disease, including osteoporosismedication historygeneral intake of calcium and vitamin Dexercise patternfor women, menstrual history. In addition, the doctor will note medical problems and medications you may be taking that can contribute to bone loss (including glucocorticoids, such as cortisone). He or she will also check your height for changes and your posture to note any curvature of the spine from vertebral fractures, which is known as kyphosis. For most women, your doctor will be able to diagnose your condition without additional tests. However, where appropriate, your doctor may use special equipment to conduct a bone mineral density test (BMD). DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry)The most common test for diagnosing osteoporosis is called dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). In this procedure, x-rays are used to take a picture of the insides of your bone and to determine if they have become porous due to osteoporosis. The DXA test measures your bone mineral density and compares it to an establish benchmark / norm level. The most common comparison is to the peek or ideal bone mineral density in a health 30 year old adult. The result of this comparison is something called a t-score. This is just a statistical measure that tells your doctor how your bone density compares to the normal population. T-Score Outcomes (World Health Organization)Normal T-score between -1.0 to +1.0. A normal adult is considered to have a t-score of 0.0. Low Bone Mass (Osteopenia)T-score between -1.0 and -2.5Osteoporosis T-score of -2.5 or lower Severe (established) osteoporosis T-score of -2.5 or lower and there have been one or more osteoporotic fractures Other tests used to measure bone density mass include conventional x-rays, and quantitative computed tomography (QCT), quantitative ultrasound, and measurement of bone thickness in the peripheral skeleton (i.e. away from the spine, like your wrist, heel, or finger). Most doctors recommend that individuals aged 65 or older should have a bone density test. Individuals aged 60 – 64 with low weight (< 154 lbs.) and not on hormone replacement therapy (estrogen supplementation) are also recommended to get a bone density test. Bone Scans For some people, a bone scan may be ordered. A bone scan is different from the BMD test just described, although the term “bone scan” often is used incorrectly to describe a bone density test. A bone scan can tell the doctor whether there are changes that may indicate cancer, bone lesions, inflammation, or new fractures. In a bone scan, the person being tested is injected with a dye that allows a scanner to identify differences in the conditions of various areas of bone tissue. Laboratory Tests A number of laboratory tests may be performed on blood and urine samples. The results of these tests can help your doctor identify conditions that may be contributing to your bone loss. The most common blood tests evaluate:blood calcium levelsblood vitamin D levelsthyroid functionparathyroid hormone levelsestradiol levels to measure estrogen (in women)follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) test to establish menopause statustestosterone levels (in men)osteocalcin levels to measure bone formation. The most common urine tests are:24-hour urine collection to measure calcium metabolismtests to measure the rate at which a person is breaking down or resorbing bone. | New .COMs just $9.99 *Reg. $14.99Search Welcome toscitestlabs.com Learn how you can get this domain »|See more domains like this »|. COMs just $9.99* »This Web page is parked FREE, courtesy of Go Daddy.com Award-winning, 24/7 support We're here to help, day or night. Call (480) 505-8877. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how long is appropriate to give a wedding gift | How Long Do I Have to Send a Wedding Gift? THE BLOG 07/22/2014 03:49 pm ET Updated Dec 06, 2017How Long Do I Have to Send a Wedding Gift? By Cheryl Seidel Some of the most often asked etiquette questions are centered on the wedding gift; and one of the main questions is: How long do I have to send a gift? Giving gifts to the wedding couple is a longstanding tradition. The gift serves as a tangible representation of your affection and support of the marriage. The #1 gift etiquette rule is: If you’re invited to a wedding, you should send a gift, whether or not you are able to attend. With that established, “When should I send a gift?” is the next question. It’s traditional and the best practice to send the wedding gift before the wedding. The gift is typically sent to the bride’s home, whether she lives with her parents, on her own, or with her fiancé. If you purchase from the couple’s wedding gift registry, the gift will be sent to the address the couple provides, so you don’t have to give it a second thought. In some areas it may still be the tradition to take a gift to the wedding reception, but I strongly discourage this practice. It creates extra work for the family, attached cards can be lost, and it’s sad to say, but there have been reports of gifts being stolen. Now the wedding date has come and gone, but you didn’t get around to sending the gift before the wedding. Maybe you were busy, maybe you were strapped for cash, maybe you weren’t sure what to buy so you put it off. Whatever the reason, the question is: “If you aren’t able, or don’t send a gift before the wedding, how long after the wedding do you have to send the gift? There is a popular myth that you have up to one year to send the couple a gift. But think about it; if you got married and didn’t receive a gift after a few months, wouldn’t you assume it wasn’t coming? So the correct answer is: It’s best to send the gift within one month after the wedding, two months at the most. With online gift registries and mobile shopping, there is really no reason, other than finances, not to send your friend a wedding gift before or shortly after the wedding. Peggy Post, Director of the Emily Post Institute says, “One year is actually really long. Try sending the gift as close to the wedding as possible. It’s good manners.”Of course, there are always extenuating circumstances. For example, if you spent more money than anticipated on attending the wedding and find yourself in a situation where you need some time to save up for a wedding gift, it’s understandable. “Better late than never” perfectly applies to this situation. The answer is always - send your gift as soon as you can!Do you have questions or comments about gift-giving or wedding etiquette? Please email me at Ask Cheryl@Registry Finder.com. Ask Cheryl is a regular etiquette column on the Registry Finder.com blog. Readers can submit their questions and we will personally respond. Your question may also be used as the subject of a future blog. Registry Finder.com is an online search engine that helps gift givers quickly and easily find online registries for weddings, baby showers, graduations and more. Follow Cheryl Seidel on Twitter: www.twitter.com/Registry Finder Cheryl Seidel Etiquette expert, Founder and President of Registry Finder.com MORE: Wedding Gifts Etiquette Wedding Gift Etiquette Wedding Etiquette Gifts | . Community content for this product may not be appropriate for all ages, or may not be appropriate for viewing at work. Continue Cancel |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what causes depression biology | Medical Causes of Depression Course Overview Depression Information Understanding Depression Treating Depression Medical Causes of Depression Tweet As we have seen, depression is not primarily a physical disorder, although it is often described as a 'disease'. (If you have completed the rest of the Learning Path so far, you must excuse us for repetition, it's essential that this idea is dealt with, otherwise as a sufferer you can feel helpless, and assume that drugs are the only answer. )"Depression, we are saying, is not a disease; it is a natural response to certain types of emotional introspection that result in excessive dreaming." - Human Givens, 2003, J. Griffin & I. Tyrrell Overcoming depression is made much harder by the many half truths that are commonly aired, on the news, in magazines, or by well-meaning friends. These often make it seem inevitable you'll get depression, or that once you suffer from depression you'll have it for life. It's essential to understand that depression is much more than simply a disease or a chemical imbalance. The more we understand about the cycle of depression, that affects our mind and body, the better prepared we are to treat it. Throwing some light on some of commonly claimed 'medical' causes of depression, gives us a better understanding of depression, and therefore a better chance of overcoming it. Depression as a disease Depression can not be said to be a disease, because it is not primarily a biological disorder - that is, the root cause of the symptoms are not usually physical. How do we know? Well, here's one way: People born since 1945 are 10 times more likely to suffer from depression than those born before. That is an astounding figure, and it cannot be explained away by people going to their doctor more, or depression being diagnosed more easily, as these were taken into account in the study. Human biology doesn't change that quickly. What it does show clearly is that most depression is non-biological. Depression has biological effects, but studies now show that less than 10% of depression is biologically caused. The most widely accepted explanation for this sort of phenomenon is that society has changed. Over the past 5 decades, there has been:a breakdown in the extended familya dispersal of communitiesan increased focus on material wealthan overwhelming prevalence of news mediaand an increase in focus on 'the self'. All of which, and more besides, add up to a potent recipe for depression. Changes to levels of neurochemicals Clinical Depression is often said to be caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain, and this is what most drug treatments are based on. Certainly in many cases, there is a reduction in the amount of certain neurotransmitters found (monoamines such as serotonin and norepinephrine) in depressed people. However, low serotonin levels are simply another symtom of depression, not a cause. The more negative introspection you carry out, and the fewer pleasure-giving activities you participate in, the lower your serotonin levels become. "Regarding depression as "just" a chemical imbalance wildly misconstrues the disorder." - Psychology Today, March 1999Drug therapies that work on this imbalance lift depression completely in a third of those who take them and partially in another third. For a third of people, antidepressants don't work at all, and many who do get positive results stop taking them because the side effects are worse than the depression symptoms they are supposed to be treating. Antidepressants are also much worse at preventing relapse than appropriate psychotherapy (which is obvious, when you consider they are treating a symptom, not the cause of depression.) (1, 2)Depression can lead to chemical changes in the brain, which return to normal once your depression lifts. Also, we are fully aware that clinical depression is far more than a prolonged sadness, or period of grieving. Yet these chemical imbalances can be found on occasion in all of these situations. Hormonal imbalances One 'medical' cause of depression often given is the overproduction of stress hormones. The hormonal imbalances related to depression are to do with our natural reactions to stress, and stress and depression are certainly linked. But does this hormonal imbalance actually cause depression? It is true that depressed people often have increased levels of stress hormones in their bloodstream (3), but again, this is a symptom, not a cause. When you ruminate, or introspect in a negative way, you create emotional arousal that causes the release of stress hormones. That night, in REM (dream sleep), you become emotionally aroused again as dreaming 'flushes out' the emotional arousal from your brain. That is why depressed people have higher levels of stress hormones, and also why you can wake up feeling exhausted. More on this later. How can stress cause depression? Although stress is a fairly "modern" concept in terms of our biology, the body deals with stress by viewing it as a traditional threat, for example being attacked. To deal with stress, the body's natural "flight or fight" reactions kick in. Namely:shutting down nonessential or distracting activitiesenhancing delivery of "fuel" to the main musclessuppressing appetite for food and sexheightens alertnessincreasing levels of stress hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol Obviously this state is not healthy for prolonged periods of time. The actual link connecting depression and stress concerns our thinking styles, namely the "All or Nothing" thinking our mind uses when it feels we feel threatened. When you are stressed, your brain works differently. You are more likely to resort to 'All or Nothing' thinking, which causes catastrophising, and difficulties in solving complex problems. In turn, this creates more arousal, or stress, and so continues the 'loop', increasing the amount you dream, and so exhausting you. This has an additional effect in the way it changes your sleep patterns, as you will see later in the Learning Path. As we continue to discuss this, remember that statistics only give a general picture. Your own case is totally individual and you should not rule out any line of treatment. For now, your best weapon against depression is knowledge. Next article: Medical Causes of Depression (cont. )Next in the Learning Path, more on the myths surrounding the causes of depression ...« Previous Article Continue the Learning Path »Teasdale, J. D. et al. (2000) Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major clinical depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 4, 615–23. Psychotherapy Versus Medication for Depression: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom With Data – David O. Antonuccio and William G. Danton, University of Nevada School Nemeroff, C. B. (1998) The neurobiology of depression. Scientific American, 278, 6, 28–35. About the authors Mark Tyrrell Roger Elliott The Depression Learning Path was created by Mark Tyrrell and Roger Elliott of Uncommon Knowledge. Mark and Roger have also written and recorded over 800 hypnosis sessions at Hypnosis Downloads, the web's busiest hypnosis site where you can get a cutting-edge hypnosis session for almost any situation. | What Damage Do Tsunamis Cause? Home »Nature What Damage Do Tsunamis Cause? By Chris Deziel; Updated January 30, 2018The Japanese word "tsunami" means "big wave," and it's the preferred way to refer to the phenomena that used to be known as tidal waves. Tsunamis don't have much to do with ocean tides -- they are created by seismic events, such as earthquakes and landslides on the ocean floor. When it comes ashore, a tsunami creates a physical catastrophe, and in its aftermath it leaves environmental and health problems that are equally destructive. TL;DR (Too Long; Didn't Read)The force of a tsunami causes massive damage and loss of life. And the push of saltwater into freshwater sources nearby can disrupt farming. Flooding can also carry sewage and toxic substances around an environment, posing a health risk. A Wave of Destruction Many tsunamis are too small to notice, but some can have a leading wave as tall as 30 meters or more. As powerful as a wave this size is, however, it's the mass of water behind it that is responsible for most of the physical destruction. The wave crashes against objects near the shore and destroys them, but the water behind it can move much farther inland, lifting buildings off their foundations and creating a swirling pool of debris. Loss of Life The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that the bulk of deaths that result from a tsunami are drownings, but, due to the destruction of public health and sanitation infrastructure, health conditions deteriorate so badly when the tsunami recedes that many more people die in the days after the event. Adverse conditions include contaminated water and food supplies, lack of shelter and lack of access for medical personnel. Diseases can spread rapidly, and minor infections can quickly turn into major ones. People who can't leave the area quickly enough can die of exposure if they can't find shelter. Environmental Impact A tsunami fills fresh water sources, such as streams, lakes, aquifers and reservoirs with saltwater while also contaminating the soil. Salt inhibits plant growth and can render farmland sterile for several years. The entire contents of commercial and industrial buildings can be washed out by the mass of water, and as a result, chemicals can get mixed together in dangerous combinations and may be washed out to sea or deposited on the ground. This mix includes raw sewage, which adds to the potential for disease. The rush of water can also undermine cliffs, hills and raised roadways that don't crumble immediately but become unstable and dangerous. The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami The 2011 tsunami in Japan created an exceptional environmental hazard by wiping out four reactors at the Fukushima nuclear facility. The event contaminated an area almost as large as the state of Connecticut with radiation, forcing mass long-term evacuations. This tsunami, caused by a massive earthquake that measured 9.0 on the Richter scale, reached a maximum height of 40.5 meters (133 feet), traveled as much as 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) inland and was responsible for 20,000 deaths, as well as the widespread release of radiation. The reactor cooling systems apparently functioned normally during the event, but the facility's protective seawall was too low to shield the backup generators from the advancing wave. References American Association for the Advancement of Science: Underwater Landslide May Have Doubled 2011 Japanese Tsunami SMS Tsunami Warning: Tsunamis: the Effects Physicians for Social Responsibility: Costs and Consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi Disaster SMS Tsunami Warning: Tsunami Japan 2011, Miyagi Prefecture Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Health Effects of Tsunamis About the Author Chris Deziel has a bachelor's degree in physics and a master's degree in humanities. Besides having an abiding interest in popular science, Deziel has been active in the building and home design trades since 1975. As a landscape builder, he helped establish two gardening companies. More Articles What Is a Swell in the Ocean? What Are the Negative Effects of Natural Disasters? Effects of a Tsunami on the Marine Ecosystem Volcanoes That Have Erupted in the Last 100 Years What Kind of Damage Has Mauna Loa Caused? What Effects Does Oil Drilling Have on the Ocean? Cite this Article Choose Citation Style MLAAPAChicago (B)Deziel, Chris. "What Damage Do Tsunamis Cause?" Sciencing, http://sciencing.com/damages-do-tsunamis-cause-7551542.html. 30 January 2018. Deziel, Chris. (2018, January 30). What Damage Do Tsunamis Cause? Sciencing. Retrieved from http://sciencing.com/damages-do-tsunamis-cause-7551542.html Deziel, Chris. "What Damage Do Tsunamis Cause?" last modified January 30, 2018. http://sciencing.com/damages-do-tsunamis-cause-7551542.html Copy Citation Note: Depending on which text editor you're pasting into, you might have to add the italics to the site name. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.calories one tablespoon of butter | Calories in a Tablespoon of Peanut Butter Calories in a Tablespoon of Peanut Butterby ALANDRA GREENLEE Oct. 03, 2017From crunchy to creamy and from unsalted to flavored, seemingly endless variations exist for this classic nut spread. First developed in the 1890s, peanut butter has become a dietary staple of most school-aged children, and is found in many snacks and desserts. Keep in mind that the caloric density of peanut butter will enable you to incorporate this tasty spread into your diet without overshooting your daily calorie needs. Video of the Day Error loading player: Flash plugin failed to load Calories in Peanut Butter The calories in one tablespoon of peanut butter vary by variety and brand. Creamy and crunchy varieties are the common types of unflavored peanut butter. One tablespoon of creamy or crunchy peanut butter ranges from 70 to 100 calories. Keep in mind that the nutrition label for peanut butter declares one serving of peanut butter to be two tablespoons, so you must divide the nutrition label numbers by two to calculate the nutrition of one tablespoon. Peanut Butter Is High in Calories The high-caloric density of peanut butter is because of its high fat content. Although peanuts are classified as a legume, most sources group them with other nuts such as almonds, walnuts and cashews, because of their similar characteristics, including fat content. Depending upon the brand, a tablespoon of peanut butter may contain between 6 and 8 grams of total fat. Peanut butter contains a combination of “unhealthy” saturated fat, as well as “healthy” poly- and mono-unsaturated fats, depending upon the type of peanut butter. Peanut Butter 2.0Peanut butter companies have developed flavored peanut butters, incorporating popular combinations of flavors into one jar, and the companies also offer enhanced peanut butters. Flavored peanut butters available in grocery stores include hazelnut, chocolate and honey. Additional enhancements of peanut butters include adding omega-3 fatty acids or removing sugar and sodium. These enhancements minimally alter the calorie content. Diet Peanut Butter To accommodate calorie counters, peanut butter companies have developed more diet-friendly peanut butters by decreasing the fat or carbohydrate content. Unfortunately, to maintain flavor, calories are typically reincorporated in the form of carbohydrates or fats, depending on which type the company removed to decrease the calories, with the overall result being a minimal reduction in total calories. Lose Weight. Feel Great!Change your life with My Plate by LIVE STRONG . COMGOALGENDER AGEWEIGHT HEIGHTGET MY CALORIE GOALYOU MIGHT ALSO LIKEHow to Make Your Own Low-Fat Peanut Butter How Many Calories in a Peanut Butter & Jam Sandwich? 13 Types of Nut and Seed Butters and Their Benefits (Plus, Our Top Picks!) The Calories in Toast With Peanut Butter Peanuts Vs. Peanut Butter in a Diabetic Diet Fiber Content of Peanut Butter Does Eating Celery With Peanut Butter Help You Lose Weight? The Benefits of Almond Butter Vs. Peanut Butter What Is the Healthiest Nut Butter? Healthy Brands of Peanut Butter Foods Soy Nut Butter vs. Peanut Butter Peanut Butter and Jelly Diet In Weight Watchers, Is Peanut Butter Classified As a Healthy Fat? Beyond Bread: 6 Ways to Eat Peanut and Other Nut Butters Health Benefits of Peanut Butter Calories in a Peanut Butter & Honey Sandwich How to Introduce Peanut Butter to a Toddler Is Organic Peanut Butter Healthy? Sunflower Seed Butter Health Benefits Adam's Peanut Butter Nutrition | Healthy Eating Healthy Eating Request an appointment If you are trying to make heart-healthy changes to your diet, it is helpful to know some basics about nutrition, starting with the components of food. Many vascular conditions can be improved by changing certain lifestyle factors. Maintaining a healthy weight is one of many factors. If you are trying to make heart-healthy changes to your diet, it is helpful to know some basics about nutrition, starting with the components of food. Check nutrition labels and ingredients for information regarding what is contained in a particular food product. Facts About Calories You need enough calories to maintain your energy level, but no more than you can burn off. This is called an energy balance If you take in more calories than you burn, you gain weight If you take in fewer calories than you burn, you lose weight If you balance the two, you maintain your weight Even when you are dieting, however, calories should not be cut back so much that your energy needs are not met. The number of calories you need depends primarily on age, gender, and activity level Facts About Dietary Cholesterol Remember: "cholesterol-free" does not mean "fat-free"Dietary cholesterol is a fat-like substance found in all foods of animal origin: egg yolks, meat, poultry, fish, milk, and milk products Because our bodies make cholesterol, it is not required in our diets. However, because most people eat foods that contain cholesterol, it is important to avoid excessive amounts. The amount of cholesterol you consume can affect your blood cholesterol levels Types of Fats Fatty acids are the basic chemical units in fat. They may be saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, or trans fats. These fatty acids differ in their chemical compositions and structures, and in the way in which they affect your blood cholesterol levels, according to the following: Saturated Fat Is used by the liver to manufacture cholesterol Is considered the most dangerous kind of fat because it has been shown to raise blood cholesterol levels, particularly the LDLShould comprise no more than 10 percent of your daily calorie intake Examples include: meats, butter, cocoa butter, coconut and palm oils Polyunsaturated Fats Do not appear to raise blood cholesterol levels Examples: safflower, sunflower, corn, and vegetable oils, margarines, and soybean oils Monounsaturated Fats Do not seem to have any affect on blood cholesterol Examples: olive and canola oils Trans Fats By-products of hydrogenation, a chemical process used to change liquid unsaturated fat to a more solid fat. Structurally similar to saturated fat, trans fatty acids may have a great impact on raising total and LDL cholesterol levels Examples: stick margarine and fats found in commercially prepared cakes, cookies, and snack foods Total fat intake should be no more than 30 percent of your daily calorie intake Facts About Fats All fats contain about the same number of calories - teaspoon for teaspoon Fat is the most concentrated source of calories, supplying more than twice as many calories per gram as either carbohydrates or proteins Most people tend to get far too much fat in their diets, which contributes to health problems such as obesity, high blood cholesterol, and heart disease While coconut and palm oils contain no cholesterol, they are high in saturated fat and should be avoided Facts About Fiber Fiber is the indigestible portion of food There are two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble Soluble fiber - found in such foods as oat bran and dried beans, can lower blood cholesterol in some people Insoluble fiber - found in foods such as wheat bran and is known to have many benefits. While this type of fiber has not been found to lower cholesterol, it is useful in weight control because it creates a feeling of fullness Facts About Sodium Although salt is the major contributor of sodium in our diets, sodium and salt are not the same, contrary to popular belief. A teaspoon of table salt contains 2,300 milligrams of sodium Sodium is a mineral needed to maintain body fluids and proper nerve function. It occurs naturally in some foods, but most of the sodium in our diets comes from seasonings and food additives Too much dietary sodium can cause the blood pressure to rise, putting one at risk for heart disease or stroke Back to Top |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is largest fire kindle | This is what Amazon's 10-inch Kindle Fire tablet likely looks like must read What's new in Windows 10 version 1803, the Spring Creators Update This is what Amazon's 10-inch Kindle Fire tablet likely looks like How will a larger -- and presumably more expensive -- Amazon Kindle Fire help the company? It's a tough sell when all competing tablets have access to Amazon's shopping and content services. By Kevin Tofel | September 16, 2015 -- 15:12 GMT (08:12 PDT) | Topic: Amazon | What Is the Second-Largest Planet in the Solar System? Science Astronomy Planets Q: What Is the Second-Largest Planet in the Solar System? A: Quick Answer Saturn is the second-largest planet in the solar system by both volume and mass. It is 95 times the mass of the Earth, and it occupies 760 times the Earth's volume, according to Space.com. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Is the Heaviest Planet in the Solar System? What Are the Names of the Nine Planets in the Solar System? How Many Planets in the Solar System Have Rings Around Them? Full Answer Like Jupiter, the largest planet, Saturn is a gas giant that lacks a solid surface. The planet is made up almost entirely of hydrogen and helium with some trace elements present in small quantities. Space.com reports that Saturn has 53 moons, which is the highest number known for any planet, and rings made predominantly of dirty ice. It is also the second-fastest spinning planet, with Jupiter being the fastest. Learn more about Planets Sources: space.com Related Questions Q: What Are the Names of the Planets in This Solar System in Order From the Biggest to the Smallest? A: From largest to smallest, based on total circumference, the planets that make up this solar system are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars... Full Answer >Filed Under: Planets Q: Which Is the Largest Planet in Our Solar System? A: Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It is approximately 1,120 percent larger than planet Earth and has an estimated radius of 43,441 miles. Full Answer >Filed Under: Planets Q: What Is the Largest Planet in the Solar System? A: Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, with a radius of 43,441 miles. That is more than 10 times Earth's 3,359-mile radius, but it is also abou... Full Answer >Filed Under: Planets Q: What Is the Coldest Planet in Our Solar System? A: Neptune is the coldest planet in the solar system. As the planet furthest away from the Sun, Neptune receives less light than the other planets. Full Answer >Filed Under: Planets You May Also Like Q: What Are Some Interesting or Unique Features of Neptune? Q: Can Jupiter Support Life? Q: How Long Is a Day on Venus ? Q: What Is the Revolution Period of Mars? Q: What Is It Called When the Earth Makes a Complete Orbit Around the Sun? Q: What Is the Only Planet in the Solar System That Is Not Named After a Greek or Roman God? |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what temperature to bake a potato | How to Cook a Baked Potato In Oven Up Next Potatoes grow through vegetative production. That is, potatoes grow from other potatoes. You plant a whole, small potato or a piece from a larger potato to get a new plant. The whole potato or the cut piece, has slightly recessed dormant buds called "eyes." When the conditions are right, these buds will sprout tubers to produce new potatoes. The western states of the United States, such as Idaho and Washington, account for most of the potato production in the United States. The three main types of potatoes grown in the United States are white, red and russet. White potatoes are considered all purpose, which means you can use them for cooking, mashing and frying. Red potatoes which have a reddish skin are best for steaming, boiling and roasting. Russets have a brown skin, are oblong in shape and are best for baking and for frying [source: Garden-Robinson, Thompson, Preston, USDA ]. Now we are ready to learn how to cook a baked russet potato in the oven. Choose your potatoes. When baking more than one potato, choose potatoes that are the same size, so they finish baking at the same time. Preheat the oven (see table below). You can bake your potatoes at different temperatures, ranging from 400 degrees Fahrenheit (204.4 degrees Celsius) to 325 degrees Fahrenheit (162.7 degrees Celsius). The higher the temperature, the quicker your potatoes will bake. Scrub the potatoes under cold water. Since you will be eating the skin, make sure the potatoes are clean. Pierce each potato several times with a fork or pointy knife. This will allow the steam to escape during baking. If you don't pierce the potatoes, they may explode while baking in the oven and make a real mess. Roll the potatoes in olive oil and sprinkle it with coarse salt or herbs, for flavor. Put the potatoes directly on the oven rack and bake. Don't wrap the potatoes in aluminum foil if you want crispy potatoes. Wrapping it will make the skin soft and soggy. Your potatoes will be done when you can pierce it easily with a fork [source: Bhide ]. Episode currently unavailable. Try refreshing the page. Copyright © 2017 Panoply Media, LLC. All rights reserved Stuff Mom Never Told You Are organic foods healthier? Organic foods have been touted as more nutritious for you, but they're also more expensive. Are they really healthier? Are they worth the cost? Mol...00:16:56Share Subscribe Print | Citation & Date | Reprint More to Explore Related Content How the Food Industry Made 'Artisan' Meaningless How to Bake a Cake How to Make the Perfect Pie Crust | . Domain ideal-refrigerator.com has been temporary suspended. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.gb is how many kb | How Many KB Make a GB? Technology Computers & Hardware Q: How Many KB Make a GB? A: Quick Answer A gigabyte contains 1,048,576 kilobytes. Some manufacturers and developers that do not use binary base 2 consider a GB to contain 1,000,000 KB. GB and KB indicate the amount of disk space or storage space in computers and other electronic devices. Continue Reading Keep Learning What Is the Difference Between KB, MB and GB? How Many GB Are in 1 TB? How Many KB Are in a MB? Credit: Solomon203 CC-BY-SA 3.0Full Answer The smallest measurement of storage is a bit. It contains 1 binary digit, which is either 1 or 0. Eight bits equal 1 byte, and 1024 bytes make 1 KB. There are 1024 KB in a megabyte and 1024 MB in a GB. Larger terms of storage measurement include the terabyte, petabyte, exabyte, zettabyte and yottabyte. Users of technology find it helpful to understand these measurements of storage to determine how much disk space a file occupies on their hard drives and how much space is left before additional storage space is necessary. Devices with larger amounts of storage space cost more money and are present in newer versions of technology. GB is the most common measurement of disk space and drive storage. Two CD-ROMs equal approximately 1 GB. One hundred GB can hold an entire floor of library information. As technology advances, the TB will replace the GB as the most common measurement of disk space, allowing users additional storage on smaller devices. Learn more about Computers & Hardware Sources: computerhope.com whatsabyte.com Related Questions Q: Is a KB Bigger Than a MB? A: A kilobyte is smaller than a megabyte, since one megabyte contains 1,024 kilobytes. In digital storage, 1 kilobyte can hold two to three paragraphs of text... Full Answer >Filed Under: Digital Storage Q: What Is 1 Gb Equal To? A: A gigabyte is equal to 1,024 megabytes, 1,048,576 kilobytes and 1,073,741,824 bytes. Since the early 2,000s, most manufacturers of hard drives defined hard... Full Answer >Filed Under: Digital Storage Q: How Many Kilobytes Are in a Gigabyte? A: There are about one million kilobytes in a single gigabyte. Decimal and binary are the two systems of measurement commonly used to describe bytes. In the d... Full Answer >Filed Under: Digital Storage Q: How Many MB Are in 1 GB? A: There are 1,024 MB (megabytes) in a GB (gigabyte). All storage medium is measured in bytes, with a megabyte being 1,024 kilobytes or 1,048,576 bytes. Full Answer >Filed Under: Digital Storage You May Also Like Q: What Are the Four Primary Functions of Hardware? Q: How Do You Perform a BIOS Update on an Asus Computer? Q: What Is the Meaning of Computer Memory? Q: How Do You Right Click on a Mac Book? Q: What Is a Computer Peripheral Equipment? Q: What Websites Have a Large Selection of Samsung Chromebook Cases? | gigabyte gigabyte Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Financial, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to gigabyte: megabytegig·a·byte (gĭg′ə-bīt′, jĭg′-)n.1. A unit of computer memory or data storage capacity equal to 1,024 megabytes (2 30bytes).2. One billion bytes. Usage Note: The usual meaning of the prefix giga- is one billion, so one would expect theterm gigabyte to refer to one billion bytes. However, in describing the capacity of an electronicdevice that stores digital data, it often has a special meaning, referring to the power of 2 closest to one billion, which is 2 30, or 1,073,741,824 bytes. This special meaning comesabout because storage devices use binary numbers to keep track of storage locations, and so are often designed with a number of storage locations that is a power of 2. Nonetheless,for reasons of convenience manufacturers of hard drives generally use gigabyte when theymean a rounded off sum of 1 billion bytes. In other aspects of technology, such as datatransmission, where powers of 2 are less relevant, a gigabyte normally means exactly 1 billion bytes. Other prefixes, such as mega- and tera-, show a similar pattern in use. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.gigabyte ( ˈɡɪɡəˌbaɪt; ˈɡaɪɡəˌbaɪt) n (Computer Science) computing one thousand and twenty-four megabytes. See also giga- 2Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014gig•a•byte (ˈgɪg əˌbaɪt, ˈdʒɪg-)n. Computers.1. 2 30 (1,073,741,824) bytes; 1024 megabytes.2. 10 9, or one billion (1,000,000,000), bytes; 1000 megabytes. Abbr. : GB [1970–75]Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.gig·a·byte (gĭg′ə-bīt′)1. A unit of computer memory or data storage capacity equal to 1,024 megabytes (2 30bytes).2. One billion bytes. See Note at megabyte. The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition. Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. gigabyte - a unit of information equal to 1000 megabytes or 10^9 (1,000,000,000) bytes GB, Gcomputer memory unit - a unit for measuring computer memorymegabyte, MB, M - a unit of information equal to 1000 kilobytes or 10^6 (1,000,000)bytesterabyte, TB - a unit of information equal to 1000 gigabytes or 10^12 (1,000,000,000,000) bytes2. gigabyte - a unit of information equal to 1024 mebibytes or 2^30 (1,073,741,824) bytes Gi B, gibibyte, GB, Gcomputer memory unit - a unit for measuring computer memorymebibyte, Mi B, megabyte, MB, M - a unit of information equal to 1024 kibibytes or 2^20 (1,048,576) bytestebibyte, Ti B, terabyte, TB - a unit of information equal to 1024 gibibytes or 2^40 (1,099,511,627,776) bytes Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. Translations Select a language:gigabyte [ˈdʒɪgəˌbaɪt] N → gigabyte m Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © Harper Collins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how much tylenol per day during pregnancy | Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy - Topic Overview Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy - Topic Overview Articles On Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy Topic Overview Related Information Credits While you are pregnant, you may also have other common problems, like a cold, mild headache, backache, mild fever, or the flu, that are not caused by your pregnancy. These minor symptoms generally do not cause problems or hurt your baby. In general, doctors say it is usually safe to take acetaminophen ( Tylenol) for fever and pain. Acetaminophen dosage: The usual dose is 650 mg. Take every 4 hours, as needed, up to 4 times in a 24-hour period. Do not take more than 4,000 mg in a 24-hour period. Continue Reading Belowyou might like WEBMDTeens and Mental Health What to know when yours goes to college. Be sure to follow these nonprescription medicine precautions. Use, but do not exceed, the maximum recommended doses. Carefully read and follow all labels on the medicine bottle and box. Do not use other nonprescription medicines, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), until you have talked with your health professional. Web MD Medical Reference from Healthwise This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information. © 1995-2015 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Next In Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy Related Information | November 2011 Babies Archived Discussion This discussion is archived and locked for posting See active discussions on November 2011 Babies NTylenol extra strength during pregnancy Jun 14, 2011 at 5:34 PMNPBaby wrote: Is it safe to have a Tylenol extra strength during pregnancy? I had one due to my heavy headache. I can only call my Ob Gyn tomorrow morning. Any advice? Sort by: Oldest Newest 13 Posts M Jun 14, 2011 at 5:36 PMMomma Fain@NPBaby You are fine. That is basically all we can take. :)k Jun 14, 2011 at 5:37 PMkristalmc I was told yes by my doctor.m Jun 14, 2011 at 5:37 PMmeganmckinney88I was told no more than 2000 mil in one dayj Jun 14, 2011 at 5:38 PMjessdpryor1982@NPBaby It is on the safe list :-)T Jun 14, 2011 at 5:38 PMTRUDYLYNN@NPBaby The papers that my OB gave me said you can take it as prescribed on the bottle. I take 2 at a time when I take them. L Jun 14, 2011 at 5:40 PMLindsey Bear B@NPBabywhen i was sick and had a fever a couple months ago my OB told me only regular strength tylenol to bring down fever. i didn't ask why, but she was very specific to only take regular strength. i think it depends on the doctor and what you are comfortable taking -- obviously the lighter the dose of any medication the better but when you are suffering so is baby. you'll hear a variety of answers i'm sure, just letting you know what i was told. hth!c Jun 14, 2011 at 5:49 PMcaseynicole88@NPBabymy doctors list said 2 regular strength (which i cant find anywhere...) or 1 extra strength tylenol every 8 hours as needed :) i think youer good..i take it at least twice a week..c Jun 14, 2011 at 7:14 PMcoley1023@NPBaby My doctor said any form of Tylanol is okay, but no more than 6 in 24 hours. :)m Jun 14, 2011 at 7:39 PMmokay@NPBaby My doctor says it's fine. She told me that women forget that their blood volume increases by 40% during pregnancy, so we need more medication to see the results. N Jun 15, 2011 at 12:17 PMNPBaby Thanks Ladies!!!!!!! I spoke to my doc,and she said its ok too. Sometimes due to our hormones we worry for everything. H&H pregnancy to all! !h Jun 15, 2011 at 9:39 PMhardcorehababy@NPBaby Yes, it's safe! My rheumatologist, ob and midwife said it's fine! I have psoriatic arthristis and can no longer take naproxen so this is my substitute!b Jun 15, 2011 at 10:35 PMbek302711Yes it is just fine. I have taken it with all of my pregnancies and it's been fine. I take the Tylenol extra strength rapid release. Those are the only pills that help my migraines. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.is therapeutic communication effective? | therapeutic communication Correct all you're your grammar errors instantly. Try it now.therapeutic communication Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia .therapeutic communicationa process in which the nurse consciously influences a client or helps the client to a betterunderstanding through verbal or nonverbal communication. Therapeutic communication involvesthe use of specific strategies that encourage the patient to express feelings and ideas and thatconvey acceptance and respect. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 9th edition. © 2009, Elsevier.therapeutic communication An interaction between a health care professional and a patient that aims to enhance the patient'scomfort, safety, trust, or health and well-being. See also: communication Medical Dictionary, © 2009 Farlex and Partners Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page:<a href="https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/therapeutic+communication">therapeutic communication</a>Facebook Twitter Finally, Farlex brings you all the rules of English grammar, all in one place, explained in simple terms. The Farlex Grammar Bookis available now in paperback and e Book formats. | . Company About Us Editorial Policy Testimonials Wolters Kluwer Careers Support Contact Us Help & Training Citing Our Content News & Events What's New Clinical Podcasts Press Announcements In the News Events Resources Up To Date Login CME/CE/CPDMobile Apps Webinars EHR Integration Health Industry Podcasts Follow Us Sign up today to receive the latest news and updates from Up To Date. Sign Up When you have to be right Privacy Policy Trademarks Subscription & Licence Agreement© 2018 Up To Date, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Licensed to: Up To Date Marketing Professional Support Tag: [0503 - 40.77.178.96 - EB443E2D36 - PR14 - UPT - 20180407-11:14:05GMT] - LG |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how long does it take to boil fresh string bean | How should I boil green beans to keep them crisp? _Seasoned Advice is a question and answer site for professional and amateur chefs. Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Here's how it works: Anybody can ask a question Anybody can answer The best answers are voted up and rise to the top How should I boil green beans to keep them crisp?up vote6down votefavorite I just pulled fresh Blue Lake Bush green beans from my garden, snapped the ends and wanted to boil them, while keeping then crisp. How should I boil them so they are cooked through, but not limp?vegetables cooking-time boiling freshshare improve this questionedited Sep 21 '11 at 14:13mfg9,356 7 41 105asked Jun 19 '11 at 21:36Austin133 1 1 5add a comment5 Answers active oldest votesup vote12down voteaccepted You shouldn't cook more than a few minutes, and should cool them as quickly as possible afterwards. Ideally, you'll be blanching them, and here's how: Bring a pot of water with a pinch of salt in it to a roiling boil Dump beans in, and cook for a few minutes Check that beans are fully cooked (time will vary by variety and ripeness of beans)Strain beans, and IMMEDIATELY transfer to an prepared ice water bath to cool as fast as possible This ensures beans are precisely cooked, but do not have a chance to over-cook, and using the ice water helps them retain color and flavor. It's how we get deliciously crisp haricot vert (French green beans) at the restaurant I work for. Note that cooking times and crispness will also vary based on the variety and age at which the beans were picked.share improve this answeranswered Jun 20 '11 at 0:40Bob Mc Gee16.2k 4 47 88To speed up the process you can boil the water in an electric kettle. – Elendil The Tall Jun 20 '11 at 8:01And for extra zing, don't just use plain water, use some good stock and a little raw sugar in it – TFD Jun 21 '11 at 3:001... and if you are using plain water, at least salt it. – derobert Sep 21 '11 at 21:55If you place the beans in iced water doesn't that mean you will be serving them cold? – Petras Mar 12 '14 at 1:501You can warm them back up for service @Petras. Shocking them in ice water to halt the cooking process is a fantastic way to cook veggies to a desired doneness. Veggies like brocolli will even become more vibrantly green than they were in their raw form due to some chlorophyll voodoo. – Preston Oct 15 '14 at 5:30add a commentup vote5down vote Bob Mcgee's answer (the accepted one) is great (as far as it goes), as well as all of the comments. Absolutely salt the water, use stock or add flavorings if you like. You can blanch the beans way in advance of the meal, even the day before. Remove the beans from the ice water, shake to remove excess water, roll them in a paper towel and put them in your vegetable drawer in your fridge (or in a plastic bag, NOT sealed). When it is time to eat, give the now dry beans a quick, hot saute in whatever you want! Olive oil, butter, sesame oil, garlic, shallots - whatever floats your boat. That method works great for a lot of vegetables.share improve this answeredited Oct 15 '14 at 5:52answered Oct 13 '14 at 21:29Jolenealaska ♦48.9k 16 144 2612Com'on now. You're just blatantly trying to make me hungry. – Preston Oct 15 '14 at 5:32add a commentup vote1down vote I don't know if Blue Lake Bush green beans are different, but UK green beans reliably take just 8 mins steaming.share improve this answeranswered Sep 18 '11 at 16:03Stuart683 4 78 minutes?!? Blimey. I steam mine for 3 minutes max. I do like them on the crunchy side, though. – Vicky Sep 21 '11 at 14:51add a commentup vote0down vote The cooking time of green beans can vary quite a bit. It will be at least 10-15 min, sometimes it can go up to 30 minutes. I advise you to cook them for about 10 minutes and taste one. Do so every two-three minutes until you have them a tiny bit too hard for your taste. After that, you will fry the beans (for example with oil/butter and onion) which will make them a bit softer, as you like them.share improve this answeranswered Jun 19 '11 at 21:57Mien9,347 30 75 1291-1 Anything past five minutes and they are mush. Steam them for 2 to 3 minutes and they'll be fine – TFDJun 19 '11 at 22:463I ended up cooking them around 10-12 minutes and they were crisp and delicious. I think they take longer because they are a thicker variety. – Austin Jun 20 '11 at 11:281There are two things that get commonly referred to as "green beans" in the UK: the 4" - 6" pencil-thick things, and the fat, flat, bumpy things with broad bean-like things in. I think that's where this confusion has come from. – Gary Jun 20 '11 at 11:561@Mien: Nope, there are definitely flat green beans. Have a look at the varieties at Cook's Thesaurus, for example - they're a third along with common green beans and haricot verts. – Cascabel ♦ Jun 20 '11 at 15:211Yes there are flat green beans, round green beans, giant green beans etc. None of then take more than a few minutes to cook properly. Anything more and you are destroying them! See @Bob Mc Gee answer – TFD Jun 21 '11 at 2:58show 5 more commentsup vote0down vote Every green bean is different. Sometimes even from the same vine picked at different times the bean will be more tender and sweet than at other times requiring less cooking time. The beans will release certain chemicals into the water which will turn them a dark green so use a very high water to bean ratio and salted water also helps keep the beans bright green. Because each batch of beans are different it's hard to say how long it will take, but if cooked too long they become mushy and a little too waxy. The general rule is when the bean is no longer squeaky on the teeth when bit into it's done. Chew on a partially cooked green bean and you will understand. The Blue Lake require far more cooking than a snap pea or snow pea and shouldn't be expected to have the same crunch when cooked properly. The squeak needs to go away.share improve this answeranswered Jun 20 '11 at 1:09Adam S1,096 5 10add a comment Your Answer Sign up or log in Sign up using Google Sign up using Facebook Sign up using Email and Password Post as a guest Name Email By posting your answer, you agree to the privacy policy and terms of service. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged vegetables cooking-time boiling fresh or ask your own question.asked6 years, 9 months agoviewed61,762 timesactive3 years, 5 months ago Related9 Is there an easy way to trim the ends off green beans quickly?2 How can I impart bacon flavor into collard greens without losing crispness?2 How to get dried split peas to be equivalent to fresh peas2 How to get fresh green peas?4 How long to steam eggs for? 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"Save I Made It Print Pin Share Ingredients10 m 4 74On Sale What's on sale near you. We're showing stores near Seattle Update Location (uses your location)1 1/2 tablespoons olive oil3/4 pound fresh green beans, trimmed1/2 teaspoon onion salt1/2 teaspoon garlic salt1/2 teaspoon garlic powderfreshly ground pepper to taste Add all ingredients to list Directions Prep5 m Cook5 m Ready In10 m Heat olive oil in a skillet over medium heat; cook and stir green beans, onion salt, garlic salt, garlic powder, and black pepper together until desired tenderness is reached, 5 to 10 minutes. Nutrition Facts Per Serving: 74 calories; 5.2 g fat; 6.6 g carbohydrates; 1.7 g protein; 0 mg cholesterol; 458 mg sodium. Full nutrition I made it!Share Similar: Recipes Videos Categories Articles Buttery Garlic Green Beans179Roasted Green Beans124Easy Garden Green Beans89Pan Fried Green Beans51Grilled Green Beans23Simple and Tasty Green Beans19Fresh Green Beans with Heaven Sauce17Fresh Oregano and Blackberry Green Be...7Green Beans with Feta and Walnuts9Grilled Fresh Green Beans0Get the magazine Get a full year for $10!Cook 5-star weekday dinners every time. Reviews32Rate and review37 Ratings Most helpful positive review Jeannine82911/21/2015I really liked how quick this was! I had fresh organic green beans with which to make a simple side dish. Came across this recipe and poured a swirl of extra virgin olive oil in the skillet an... Read more Most helpful critical review Candace1K1110/28/2015The seasoning stuck to the pan instead of the green beans. Had to put the lid on for a bit of steaming effect otherwise these never would have cooked - looked nice and roasted but were still raw... Read more Reviews: Most helpful Jeannine82911/21/2015I really liked how quick this was! I had fresh organic green beans with which to make a simple side dish. Came across this recipe and poured a swirl of extra virgin olive oil in the skillet an... Read moredmr2000361764/30/2016I steamed the string beans first for 7 minutes and then sauteed them in the olive oil and seasoning. Quite delicious!Read more Candace1K1110/28/2015The seasoning stuck to the pan instead of the green beans. Had to put the lid on for a bit of steaming effect otherwise these never would have cooked - looked nice and roasted but were still raw... Read more Gina245258/19/2016Wow. All I can say is WOW! The last time I had green beans they either came in a frozen square or a casserole! This is my first time making fresh green beans. They were delicious! I followed the... Read more Dixorobe51410/18/2015Very basic, and very delicious. I've tried several green bean recipes that were a lot of work, and honestly were not that great. Every single member of my family loved these - from the picky e... Read morelutzflcat Allstar6K2K9/12/2015I think often we get caught up in making something basic "fancy." Well, at least I have! No need to always do that. Yes, this recipe is basic, but it's also VERY good. Just doesn't get any e... Read more Magnolia Blossom Allstar2K1409/19/2015SImple, but tasty. I added garlic, shallots, and fresh mushrooms. Read more KSKENNYS411161/31/2016As others have commented, this is a great basic recipe. It's a 5-star recipe as-is, but it it also very adaptable. For tonight's version, I added bacon and green onions. Read more Bev19019/20/2016Very basic & tasty . Didn't need bacon. I keep a jar of chopped onion in fridge and threw a handful on the beans . Yum!Read more More Reviews |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.population of cumberland va | Cumberland County, Virginia Cumberland County, Virginia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Cumberland County, Virginia Cumberland County Courthouse Seal Location in the U. S. state of Virginia Virginia's location in the U. S. Founded 1749Named for William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland Seat Cumberland Largest town Farmville Area• Total 300 sq mi (777 km 2)• Land 297 sq mi (769 km 2)• Water 2.3 sq mi (6 km 2 ), 0.8%Population (est. )• ( 2015) 9,719• Density 32/sq mi (12/km 2)Congressional district 5th Time zone Eastern: UTC−5 / −4Website cumberlandcounty .virginia.gov Cumberland County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,052. [1] Its county seat is Cumberland. [2]Contents [ hide ]1 History2 Geography2.1 Adjacent Counties2.2 Major highways3 Demographics4 Government4.1 Board of Supervisors4.2 Constitutional Officers5 Communities5.1 Town5.2 Unincorporated communities6 Attractions and events7 Notable people8 See also9 References10 External links History [ edit]Cumberland County was established in 1749 from Goochland County. The county is named for William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, second son of King George II of Great Britain. Cumberland County was also home to the Fleming family, which included Judge John Fleming and his son Judge William Fleming. From 1749 until the eastern portion was detached to form Powhatan County in 1777, Mosby Tavern served as the county courthouse. The tavern subsequently became known as "Old Cumberland Courthouse." In 1778 the narrow triangular area bordering the southern bank of the James River was annexed from Buckingham County. Geography [ edit]According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 300 square miles (780 km 2 ), of which 297 sq mi (770 km 2) is land and 2.3 sq mi (6.0 km 2) (0.8%) is water. [3]Adjacent Counties [ edit]Goochland County – northeast Powhatan County – east Amelia County – southeast Prince Edward County – south Buckingham County – west Fluvanna County – northwest Major highways [ edit]US 60SR 13SR 45Demographics [ edit]This rural county suffered a long decline in population from 1880 to 1970, as the number of workers needed for agriculture was reduced through mechanization. Since then its population has grown, reaching a peak in 2010 nearly equal to its 19th-century high. Historical population Census Pop. %±1790 8,153 —1800 9,839 20.7%1810 9,992 1.6%1820 11,023 10.3%1830 11,690 6.1%1840 10,399 −11.0%1850 9,751 −6.2%1860 9,961 2.2%1870 8,142 −18.3%1880 10,540 29.5%1890 9,482 −10.0%1900 8,996 −5.1%1910 9,195 2.2%1920 9,111 −0.9%1930 7,535 −17.3%1940 7,505 −0.4%1950 7,252 −3.4%1960 6,360 −12.3%1970 6,179 −2.8%1980 7,881 27.5%1990 7,825 −0.7%2000 9,017 15.2%2010 10,052 11.5%Est. 2016 9,652 [4] −4.0%U. S. Decennial Census [5] 1790-1960 [6] 1900-1990 [7] 1990-2000 [8] 2010-2012 [1]As of the census [9] of 2000, there were 9,017 people, 3,528 households, and 2,487 families residing in the county. The population density was 30 people per square mile (12/km²). There were 4,085 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (5/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 60.37% White, 37.44% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.59% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. 1.66% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 3,528 households out of which 30.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.60% were married couples living together, 14.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.50% were non-families. 24.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.03. In the county, the population was spread out with 24.70% under the age of 18, 7.30% from 18 to 24, 28.00% from 25 to 44, 25.10% from 45 to 64, and 14.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 91.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.20 males. The median income for a household in the county was $31,816, and the median income for a family was $37,965. Males had a median income of $28,846 versus $22,521 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,103. 15.10% of the population and 11.90% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 19.60% are under the age of 18 and 16.10% are 65 or older. Government [ edit]Presidential Elections Results [10]Year Republican Democratic Third Parties2016 55.0% 2,697 41.5% 2,036 3.5% 1732012 50.3% 2,538 48.0% 2,422 1.7% 882008 51.2% 2,418 47.7% 2,255 1.1% 512004 57.6% 2,377 41.7% 1,721 0.7% 282000 56.3% 1,974 40.1% 1,405 3.7% 1281996 48.4% 1,544 40.9% 1,303 10.8% 3431992 48.6% 1,643 37.9% 1,284 13.5% 4571988 62.6% 1,978 35.8% 1,132 1.6% 491984 60.9% 2,027 37.2% 1,237 2.0% 651980 50.1% 1,515 44.8% 1,355 5.1% 1541976 46.6% 1,284 47.2% 1,302 6.2% 1711972 57.8% 1,371 40.8% 969 1.4% 341968 34.7% 844 40.2% 978 25.1% 6101964 55.6% 1,099 44.1% 871 0.4% 71960 54.8% 691 44.3% 559 1.0% 121956 42.9% 566 25.1% 331 32.0% 4221952 54.4% 695 45.0% 574 0.6% 81948 26.9% 219 52.2% 424 20.9% 1701944 31.8% 218 67.6% 463 0.6% 41940 28.1% 157 70.8% 396 1.1% 61936 22.1% 136 77.3% 476 0.7% 41932 13.8% 84 84.1% 511 2.1% 131928 32.5% 213 67.5% 4421924 12.5% 61 81.7% 398 5.8% 281920 21.5% 114 77.8% 413 0.8% 41916 14.1% 73 85.9% 4461912 2.5% 10 89.6% 362 7.9% 32Board of Supervisors [ edit]District 1: William F. Osl, Jr. (R)District 2: Lloyd Banks, Jr., Chairman (I)District 3: Kevin Ingle (I)District 4: David Meinhard (R)District 5: Parker Wheeler (I)Constitutional Officers [ edit]Clerk of the Circuit Court: Sarah A. "Kate" Spry (I)Commissioner of the Revenue: Julie A. Phillips (I)Commonwealth's Attorney: Patricia Scales (D)Sheriff: Darrell Hodges (I)Treasurer: L. O. Pfeiffer, Jr. (I)Cumberland County is represented by Republican Mark Peake in the Virginia Senate, Republican Thomas C. Wright, Jr. in the Virginia House of Delegates, and Republican Tom A. Garrett, Jr. in the U. S. House of Representatives. Communities [ edit]Town [ edit]Farmville Unincorporated communities [ edit]Cartersville Cumberland (a census-designated place)Tamworth Attractions and events [ edit]Bear Creek Lake State Park is located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northwest of the town of Cumberland. Bear Creek Lake features overnight cabins, a lodge, permanent camp sites, and picnic shelters. Swimming and boating are allowed at the lake, and boat rentals are available. The park also has trails for hiking and running. The 16,233-acre (65.69 km 2) Cumberland State Forest is north of U. S. Route 60, west of State Route 45 and bordered on the west by the Willis River. The Forest has multiple purposes, including watershed protection, recreation, timber production, hunting, fishing, and applied forest research. There are two self-guided trails at Cumberland State Forest that are open for walking, hiking, horses, and mountain bikes. These are the Cumberland Multi-Use Trail (14 miles) and the Willis River Hiking Trail (16 miles). White-tailed deer, wild turkey, and bobcats are common residents of this natural area. The State forest also features five lakes which may be fished from with a Virginia State fishing license, including: Oak Hill Lake, Bear Creek Lake, Winston Lake, Arrowhead Lake, and Bonbrook Lake. Notable people [ edit]Justice Paul Carrington (1733–1818), second member appointed of the Virginia Supreme Court. Born at "Boston Hill". See also [ edit]National Register of Historic Places listings in Cumberland County, Virginia References [ edit]^ a b "State & County Quick Facts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 1, 2014.^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ "U. S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2014.^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 1, 2014.^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 1, 2014.^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 1, 2014.^ "American Fact Finder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2011-05-14.^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTSExternal links [ edit]Cumberland County's Official Websitehttp://www.cucps.k12.va.us/ (Cumberland County Public Schools)http://www.cumberlandva.com/ [ show]Places adjacent to Cumberland County, Virginia [ show]v t e City of Richmond [ show]v t e Municipalities and communities of Cumberland County, Virginia, United States [ show]v t e Commonwealth of Virginia Coordinates: 37.51°N 78.24°WCategories: Virginia counties Cumberland County, Virginia 1749 establishments in Virginia Counties on the James River (Virginia) | Population of Canada Population of Canada Population of Canadawikipedia Canada is a unique country with a diverse population of native Canadians and immigrants from around the world. Its sprawling landscape covers the northernmost part of North America and has a beautiful terrain, from lakes and rivers to mountains and island regions. Canada spans from the Atlantic Ocean in the east, to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and touches the Artic Ocean to the direct north. Canada consists of ten provinces; Alberta, ontario, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Manitoba and Quebec. There are also three territories, Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon that make up Canada’s geography. With a population of 34 million and a land area of 3,855,100 square miles, Canada is mostly wilderness, with concentrations of cities that house most of its residents. Canada is far larger than its neighbor to the south, The United States, with about only 10% of the US population. The highest concentration of Canadians live in the provinces located nearest to the Canada-United States border, with the majority of Canadians living in ontario. ontario is home to Canada’s most sprawling metropolis, Toronto. Toronto is home to a diverse demographic of people, and is known for its open policies on immigration. Toronto’s citizens are made up of immigrants from China, Japan, Nigeria, Senegal, Germany, Italy, Ukraine the Caribbean and Russia. The second largest metro area in Canada is Montreal, with a population of roughly 400,000. Montreal, which is located in Quebec, is largely associated with its Francophone, or French-speaking residents. Other large metropolitan cities include Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. Canada is a rich land with a storied history, a beautiful landscape and a diverse population. It has held its own with its unique culture, booming industry and strong political system. Visitors traveling to this wonderland of mountains, lakes and oceans will find that Canada is a country like no other. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.director salary for daycare | Summary Summary Quick Facts: Preschool and Childcare Center Directors2016 Median Pay$45,790 per year $22.01 per hour Typical Entry-Level Education Bachelor's degree Work Experience in a Related Occupation Less than 5 years On-the-job Training None Number of Jobs, 2016 61,800Job Outlook, 2016-26 11% (Faster than average)Employment Change, 2016-26 6,700What Preschool and Childcare Center Directors Do Preschool and childcare center directors supervise and lead their staffs, design program plans, oversee daily activities, and prepare budgets. They are responsible for all aspects of their center’s program. Work Environment Preschool and childcare center directors work primarily in child daycare services. They generally work full time. How to Become a Preschool or Childcare Center Director A bachelor’s degree and experience in early childhood education are typically required to become a preschool and childcare center director. However, the educational requirements can vary by state. Some states or employers require them to have a nationally recognized credential, such as the Child Development Associate (CDA). Pay The median annual wage for preschool and childcare center directors was $45,790 in May 2016. Job Outlook Employment of preschool and childcare center directors is projected to grow 11 percent from 2016 to 2026, faster than the average for all occupations. Overall job opportunities for preschool and childcare center directors are expected to be favorable. State & Area Data Explore resources for employment and wages by state and area for preschool and childcare center directors. Similar Occupations Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of preschool and childcare center directors with similar occupations. More Information, Including Links to O*NETLearn more about preschool and childcare center directors by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations. | . Credio Find The Company Health Grove Inside Gov Moose Roots Pet Breeds Software Insider Start Class© 2017 Graphiq LLC All Rights Reserved. Terms Privacy Ad Choices and Cookie Policy |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.veto definition president | veto vetove·to Use veto in a sentenceverb Veto is defined as to refuse to sign a bill passed by Congress or reject a proposed act. An example of to veto is President George W. Bush refusing to sign the State Children's Health Insurance bill. Your Dictionary definition and usage example. Copyright © 2018 by Love To Know Corp Link/Citevetonounpl. -·toesan order prohibiting some proposed or intended act; prohibition, esp. by a person in authoritythe power to prevent action by such prohibitionthe constitutional right or power of a ruler or legislature to reject bills passed by another branch of the governmentin the U. S.,the power of the President to refuse to sign a bill passed by Congress, preventing it from becoming law unless it is passed again (with a two-thirds majority) by both housesa similar power held by the governors of statesthe exercise of this powera document or message giving the reasons of the executive for rejecting a bill also veto messagethe power of any of the five permanent members of the Security Council of the United Nations to cast a negative vote, affirmative votes of all five being required to take action on other than procedural matters Origin of veto L, I forbid from vetare, to forbidtransitive verb-·toed, -·to·ingto prevent (a bill) from becoming law by a vetoto forbid; prohibit; refuse consent to Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fifth Edition Copyright © 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citevetonounpl. ve·toesa. The constitutional power of the chief executive of a state or nation to prevent or delay the enactment of legislation passed by the legislature: The president has the veto and will use it.b. An instance in which this right is exercised: the governor's veto of the bill.c. An official document or message from a chief executive stating the reasons for rejection of a bill. The power of one party or entity to forbid the actions or decisions of another party or entity: The producer has a veto over which songs get put on the album. A prohibition or rejection of a proposed or intended act: Her plans to go away for the weekend were met with a parental veto.transitive verbve·toed, ve·to·ing, ve·toes To prevent or delay (a legislative bill) from becoming law by exercising the power of veto. To forbid, prohibit, or decide against: “She considered having another [drink] but vetoed the idea as unwise” ( Stewart O'Nan )Origin of veto From Latin vetō first person sing. present tense of vetāre to forbid Related Forms:ve′to·ernoun THE AMERICAN HERITAGE® DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, FIFTH EDITION by the Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries. Copyright © 2016, 2011 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Link/Citeveto Noun ( plural vetoes or vetos)A political right to disapprove of (thereby stop) the process of a decision, a law etc. An invocation of that right. An authoritative prohibition or negative; a forbidding; an interdiction. Verb ( third-person singular simple present vetoes, present participle vetoing, simple past and past participle vetoed)To use a veto against. Origin From Latin vetÅ (“I forbid")English Wiktionary. Available under CC-BY-SA license. Link/Citeveto - Legal Definitionnv The power of one branch of government to prohibit a certain action by another; for example, the chief executive’s right to refuse to sign a legislature-passed bill into law. The act of refusing or canceling the act of another or the passage of a law.pocket veto As to a chief executive of a governmental body, such as the President of the United States, the failure to approve a proposed legislative act, thereby resulting in the proposed law not being passed, and therefore “vetoed.”Webster's New World Law Dictionary Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Link/Cite | . We're sorry, we're unable to process your request. Please try again. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is dating someone | What is the difference between "seeing someone," "dating someone," and "having a girlfriend/boyfriend"? I think that the differences between the three phrases are milestones that an individual achieves through the course of their relationship: Seeing someone: This is in the early stage of a relationship where you are getting acquainted with your partner. Based on your personality you may or may not be sexually involved with your opposite. Often times you have not introduced your opposite number to your circle of friends and have not met your partner's friends either. Also this is subjective, but you may/may not be exclusive. Dating someone: This is a later stage of a relationship in which you are fairly committed to each other. Your initial primal attraction is now augmented with compatible personalities, shared interest, common belief systems etc. You develop emotional ties with this person. Most of your friends have been introduced to your partner. Based on your personality, by this stage you may be sexually committed and also exclusive. Having a boyfriend/girlfriend: If your relationship with your partner survives for a considerable amount of time then I would say that you have reached this stage. Not only do you introduce your partner to your friends but your social circle includes your opposite as one of them. At this stage you may/may not be thinking of inviting your boyfriend/girlfriend to meet your parents. You are secure in the knowledge that your relationship is solid and that you now want to label it. Based on your personality, you are almost certainly sexually active and are also exclusive. At best the above are labels that we are forced to apply to ourselves. I would use personal judgment and institution to fully understand how secure I feel in a relationship and whether it is actually useful to label it or not.54.2k Views · View Upvoters Your response is private. Is this answer still relevant and up to date? | . The website you were trying to reach is temporarily unavailable. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.when bonds are broken is energy released | . Bonds and energy changes During a chemical reaction: Bonds in the reactants are broken New bonds are made in the products Energy is absorbed to break bonds. Bond-breaking is an endothermic process. Energy is released when new bonds form. Bond-making is an exothermic process. Whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic depends on the difference between the energy needed to break bonds and the energy released when new bonds form. If more heat energy is released when making the bonds than was taken in when they broke, the reaction is exothermic. The differences between types of reactions Type of reaction Explanation Endothermic Energy absorbed is more than the energy released Exothermic Energy released is more than the energy absorbed Calculating energy transferred What is the energy transferred to 100 cm 3 of water to raise its temperature by 20ºC? It is useful to remember that 1cm 3 of water has a mass of 1g. So 100 cm 3 of water has a mass of 100 g. Energy transferred = mass of water heated × specific heat capacity of water × temperature rise= 100 × 4.2 × 20 = 8,400 JIt is also useful to remember that 1 kilojoule, 1 k J, equals 1,000 J. So the energy transferred is 8.4 k J. If 0.5 g of fuel was used, the energy output of the fuel would be:8.4 ÷ 0.5 = 16.8 k J/g Now try a Test Bite. Read on if you're taking the higher paper. | Heartburn, Labored breathing and Pain or discomfort Heartburn, Labored breathing and Pain or discomfort Web MD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common medical conditions indicated by the symptoms heartburn, labored breathing and pain or discomfort including Asthma (teen and adult), Heartburn/GERD, and Esophagitis. There are 48 conditions associated with heartburn, labored breathing and pain or discomfort. The links below will provide you with more detailed information on these medical conditions from the Web MD Symptom Checker and help provide a better understanding of causes and treatment of these related conditions. Asthma (teen and adult)Asthma is a lung condition that makes it hard to breathe, an asthma attack can be life threatening. Heartburn/GERDSymptoms of heartburn and GERD are a burning feeling in the chest, throat, or mouth, nausea, and more. Esophagitis Esophagitis, an inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, causes chest pain, nausea, and more. Hiatal hernia When hiatal hernia symptoms do occur, they include chest pain and burning, sweating, a bitter taste and more. Pulmonary embolism A pulmonary embolism, a blood clot lodged in the lung, causes shortness of breath, chest pain, and more. Broken (fractured) rib (s)A broken rib causes a sore, swollen spot on your chest and pain that worsens when breathing deeply. Costochondritis CCostochondritis symptoms include sharp pain in the front of the chest, then migrating to the back or abdomen. Heart rhythm disorder Some heart rhythm disorders can cause a fluttering in the chest, shortness of breath, chest pain or dizziness. Panic attack When someone has a panic attack, that person feels a sudden, intense fear that can't be controlled. Peptic ulcer Peptic ulcers, sores in the lining of the stomach or upper intestine, cause abdominal pain, gas, and more. Muscle strain Muscle strain occurs when muscles are stressed, overworked, or injured due to physical activity or labor. Generalized anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition in which a person has nearly constant anxiety. Overeating Overeating is eating when you're not hungry or to the point of feeling uncomfortably full or bloated. Pleurisy Pleurisy, an inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest, causes sharp pain when you breathe. Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease and causes fever, joint pain, abdominal pain, rash, and more. Barrett esophagus Barrett's esophagus occurs when the lining of the esophagus is damaged, usually by acid reflux. Exercise or physical activity Exercise is vital for good health, but overdoing it can lead to muscle aches, dehydration, headache, and more. Upper airway obstruction Symptoms of upper airway obstruction include difficulty breathing, wheezing, agitation, gasping, and more. Mastitis (infectious)Mastitis, an infection of the breast, causes pain or swelling of the breast, fever, and flu-like symptoms. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis usually infects the lungs, causing a bad cough with blood, chest pain, fever, chills, and fatigue. Congestive heart failure People with congestive heart failure can have shortness of breath, fatigue, irregular heartbeat and more. Drug overdose A drug overdose can be fatal and causes sleepiness, confusion, coma, vomiting, and other symptoms. Pericarditis Pericarditis, inflammation of the sac around the heart, causes pain, fever, weakness, palpitations, and more. Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary fibrosis is a serious chronic lung condition where the lungs become scarred and stiff. Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary hypertension can cause shortness of breath, a fast heart rate, or lightheadedness. Osteomyelitis (bone infection)Osteomyelitis is an infection of a bone that causes pain, swelling, and redness. Dermatomyositis Dermatomyositis is a condition that causes muscle swelling and weakness, and a rash on the face and joints. Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation is a heart condition that causes heart palpitations, confusion, dizziness and more. Porphyria Porphyria is a condition that can affect the nerves and skin, making the skin extremely sensitive to sunlight. Lung cancer (non small cell)Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer and can cause a cough, chest pain, and more. Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus)Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease marked by swollen painful joints, a rash, swollen lymph nodes, and more. Supraventricular tachycardia Supraventricular tachycardia is fast heart rhythm starting in one of the upper chambers of the heart. Thyroid storm A thyroid storm, dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone, causes fever, racing heartbeat, sweating, and more Vertebral compression fracture (thoracic)A vertebral compression fracture can cause pain and weakness in the lower back, upper back, neck, or hip. Anemia Anemia, a lack of red blood cells, can cause fatigue, pale skin, weakness, dizziness, headache and more. Lung cancer (small cell)Small cell lung cancer is the least common type of lung cancer and can cause a cough, chest pain, and more. Thalassemia Thalassemia is a rare group of genetic blood disorders effecting red blood cells and leading to anemia. Aortic regurgitation Aortic regurgitation, when the aortic valve doesn't close completely, can cause severe heart symptoms. Pleural effusion Pleural effusion is buildup of fluid in the pleura and can cause difficulty breathing or chest pain. Aortic stenosis Aortic stenosis is a condition of the heart causing shortness of breath, dizziness, or chest pain. Atrial flutter Atrial flutter is an abnormality of the heart's rhythm that causes rapid and sometimes irregular heartbeats. Bronchial adenoma Bronchial adenomas are cancers of the respiratory tract causing a cough, fever, or shortness of breath. Cryptococcosis Cryptococcosis is a lung disease causing a wide range of digestive, respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms. Histoplasmosis Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection of the lungs causing muscle aches, fever, chest pain, cough, and more. Aortic aneurysm (chest)Thoracic aortic aneurysm is the swelling of the chest aorta and can cause chest or back pain. Radiation sickness Radiation sickness is caused by a high dose of radiation, and causes vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, and more. Aortic dissection (chest)An aortic dissection in the chest is a medical emergency and causes abrupt, tearing chest. Shingles (herpes zoster)Shingles is a painful, blistering, skin rash typically found on the back and sides of the chest. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.trunk dent repair cost | How Much Does Car Dent Repair Cost? Transportation Costs > Vehicle Repair and Maintenance > How Much Does Car Dent Repair Cost? How Much Does Car Dent Repair Cost? When it comes to removing a car dent, there are several ways to remove it. For minor dents and dings, a technique, known as paintless dent removal, is often performed, but for larger dents, the dent will be restored and then a series of painting techniques will be applied to cover the spot where the dent used to be. If you fail to fix a dent, it can often corrode or even rust as time goes on.“ car accident ” ( CC BY 2.0 ) by shrff14How much is it? The cost of removing a dent will depend on the process being used, the size of the dent and the technician being hired. On average, smaller dents that are less than seven inches in diameter, using the PDR method, can cost anywhere from $50 to $300, but larger dents on the door, bumper or hood can cost anywhere from $500 to more than $2,000 if it has to be re-painted. This is the price per dent; however, if the dents are closer to each other or are done during the same job, the costs will be much less per dent. In the end, if the dent is less than seven inches in diameter, the costs should be less than $250 on average. Autos.com recommends budgeting at least $25 per inch. Most of the time, larger dents may require that the entire panel is replaced as it will be cheaper to do so. The pricing can be dependent upon how long the job is going to take. For example, Dent Kraft.com offers paintless dent removal services and charges $85 to $200 for dents measuring one to two and a half inches in size. Another company — Fast Car Repair.com — charges about $79 to $179 for one to seven-inch dents. Insurance.com says a dented bumper is one of the most common repairs done, and to have it replaced, it can cost $900, while having it repaired can be $450. What is going to be included? There are three common places to get dents taken out professionally: the dealership, a larger franchise or a small collision shop. The dealership will often be a good choice if you’re still under warranty or you have a higher-end vehicle since some will require special tools to take out the dent. Larger franchises, such a MAACO, are known to be able to take out any sized dent with the latest technology on the market. Lastly, a smaller mom and pop collision shop will be the least expensive option and will be able to work with just about any repair. There are two ways to remove a dent: either via the conventional method or via the paintless dent removal method. The conventional method will prep the area, fill the dent, paint the area, apply a smooth finish and will dry for the day. This process, depending on the complexity, can take a few hours. The paintless dent removal method will use specilaized tools to help sculpt the metal back into the original form. As long as the technician has access to the back of the panel, the job can be done. What are the extra costs? If the area has to be buffed or repainted, this can be an additional cost to considered. Paint chip repair can cost $50 to $350, depending on the amount of paint needed and the type. Tips to know Compared to a traditional dent repair, paintless dent removal, often referred to as PDR, won’t damage the paint finish since there’s no sanding, filler or repainting involve.d How can I save money? For smaller jobs, it may be easier to remove the dents yourself. Car dent removal tools online can cost anywhere from $10 to $50. If you have a car insurance policy with a deductible, check with them to see if they will cover the removal process. Look for any special coupons or discounts online before booking an appointment. These can often be found on Yelp, Facebook and/or their official website. Advertising Disclosure: This content may include referral links. Please read our disclosure policy for more info. Average Reported Cost: $00 %0 %Map data ©2018 Google, INEGI Terms of Use Map Satellite Less Expensive$1 $1.5K $3K $5K $6.5KMore Expensive$8k How much did you spend? Was it worth it? | . Credio Find The Company Health Grove Inside Gov Moose Roots Pet Breeds Software Insider Start Class© 2017 Graphiq LLC All Rights Reserved. Terms Privacy Ad Choices and Cookie Policy |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.davis county iowa population | Davis County, Iowa (IA) Davis County, Iowa (IA)Follow city-data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur County population in 2016: 8,847 (all rural); it was 8,541 in 2000County owner-occupied with a mortgage or a loan houses and condos in 2010: 1,399 County owner-occupied free and clear houses and condos in 2010: 1,164 County owner-occupied houses and condos in 2000: 2,558 Renter-occupied apartments: 638 (it was 649 in 2000)% of renters here: 20%State: 28%Land area: 503 sq. mi. Water area: 1.6 sq. mi. Population density: 18 people per square mile (low). Mar. 2016 cost of living index in Davis County: 84.1 (less than average, U. S. average is 100)We are giving away a $200 prize - enter simply by sending us your own pictures of this county! Click here to upload your Davis County photos (outside city limits)Industries providing employment: Agriculture,forestry,fishing and hunting, and mining (32.1%), Manufacturing (23.4%), Educational, health and social services (11.5%). Type of workers: Private wage or salary: 54%Government: 0%Self-employed, not incorporated: 46%Unpaid family work: 0%Davis County, Iowa business data: stores, dealers, real estate agents, wholesalers, restaurants... OSM Map General Map Google Map MSN Map+-Leaflet | Data, imagery and map information provided by Carto DB, Open Street Map and contributors, CC-BY-SAOptions XUser-defined colors Preset color patterns Most recent value% change since 2k Data: Options Get link Loading data... Based on 2000-2016 data Loading data...123Hide US histogram Races in Davis County, Iowa: White Non-Hispanic Alone (97.2%)Hispanic or Latino (1.3%)Two or more races (1.0%)Median resident age: 37.6 years Iowa median age: 38.0 years Males: 4,363 (49.3%)Females: 4,484 (50.7%)Recent posts about Davis County, Iowa on our local forum with over 2,000,000 registered users: County Courthouses (8 replies)Would love to hear your views on Council Bluffs (45 replies)Where is farmland near Iowa Amish settlements? (7 replies)Average household size: Davis County: 2.0 people Iowa: 2 people Estimated median household income in 2016: $51,223 ($32,864 in 1999)This county: $51,223Iowa: $56,247Median contract rent in 2016 for apartments: $434 ( lower quartile is $367, upper quartile is $527)This county: $434State: $611Estimated median house or condo value in 2016: $111,976 ( it was $60,900 in 2000 )Davis: $111,976Iowa: $142,300Lower value quartile - upper value quartile: $68,449 - $181,786Mean price in 2016: Detached houses: $158,634Here: $158,634State: $179,425Townhouses or other attached units: $132,729Here: $132,729State: $194,502Mobile homes: $31,509Here: $31,509State: $49,582Median monthly housing costs for homes and condos with a mortgage: $1,089 Median monthly housing costs for units without a mortgage: $429 Institutionalized population: 124Crime in 2005 (reported by the sheriff's office or county police, not the county total): Murders: 0Rapes: 2Robberies: 0Assaults: 6Burglaries: 12Thefts: 20Auto thefts: 1Crime in 2004 (reported by the sheriff's office or county police, not the county total): Murders: 0Rapes: 0Robberies: 0Assaults: 2Burglaries: 5Thefts: 14Auto thefts: 1Single-family new house construction building permits:2007: 10 buildings, average cost: $123,8002008: 3 buildings, average cost: $62,1002009: 3 buildings, average cost: $129,2002010: 3 buildings, average cost: $101,9002011: 1 building, cost: $26,7002012: 2 buildings, average cost: $125,8002013: 3 buildings, average cost: $178,9002014: 4 buildings, average cost: $87,900Number of permits per 10,000 residents Average cost (in $1000s)Presidential Elections Results1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 20161996 Presidential Elections Results2000 Presidential Elections Results2004 Presidential Elections Results2008 Presidential Elections Results2012 Presidential Elections Results2016 Presidential Elections Results Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2016: $1,794 (1.6%) Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2016: $1,681 (1.5%)Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2016: 17.9%Davis County: 17.9%Iowa: 11.8% (17.7% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 19.5% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 90.0% for American Indian residents, 12.9% for two or more races residents) Median age of residents in 2016: 37.6 years old ( Males: 36.9 years old, Females: 38.2 years old) ( Median age for: White residents: 38.0 years old, Black residents: 12.9 years old, American Indian residents: 72.5 years old, Asian residents: 38.5 years old, Hispanic or Latino residents: 14.9 years old, Other race residents: 14.0 years old)Fair market rent in 2006 for a 1-bedroom apartment in Davis County is $379 a month. Fair market rent for a 2-bedroom apartment is $498 a month. Fair market rent for a 3-bedroom apartment is $608 a month. Cities in this county include: Bloomfield, Pulaski, Drakesville, Floris. Davis County has a predicted average indoor radon screening level greater than 4 p Ci/L (pico curies per liter) - Highest Potential Click to draw/clear Davis County borders Notable locations in this county outside city limits: Notable locations in Davis County: Triple S Exotic Animal Park (A), Mount Ayr Golf and Country Club (B), Ringgold (C), Clipper (D), Thomas (E), Bloomington (F), Lesan (G), Prairie View (H), Kew (I), Marena (J), Kokesh County Recreation Area (K), Mount Ayr State Fish Hatchery (L), Diagonal First Response Team (M). Display/hide their locations on the map Churches in Davis County include: Franklin Church (A), Middle Fork Church (B), Pleasant Hill Church (C), Hickory Grove Church (D), Tent Chapel (E), Wishard Chapel (F). Display/hide their locations on the map Cemeteries: Tent Chapel Cemetery (1), Middle Fork Cemetery (2), Hickory Grove Cemetery (3), Dead Man's Curve Cemetery (4), Ringgold Cemetery (5), Bear Cemetery (6), Mortimor Cemetery (7). Display/hide their locations on the map Reservoirs: Old Reservoir (A), Sun Valley Lake (B), Walnut Creek Lake (C), Loch Ayr (D). Display/hide their locations on the map Streams, rivers, and creeks: Crooked Creek (A), Squaw Creek (B), Indian Creek (C), South Creek (D), Bealls Creek (E), Tuckers Creek (F), Mitchells Run (G), Fiddlers Creek (H), Hackberry Creek (I). Display/hide their locations on the map Parks in Davis County include: Poe Hollow County Park (1), Fifes Grove County Park (2), Ringgold State Wildlife Area (3). Display/hide their locations on the map Neighboring counties: Adams County, Utah County, Utah, Jay County, Indiana, Montgomery County, Ringgold County, Van Buren County, Wapello County. Unemployment in September 2015: Here: 4.9%Iowa: 3.3%Unemployment by year (%)County total employment by year County average yearly wages by year ($)Current college students: 263 People 25 years of age or older with a high school degree or higher: 86.0% People 25 years of age or older with a bachelor's degree or higher: 17.3%Number of foreign born residents: 43 (83.1% naturalized citizens)Davis County: 0.5%Whole state: 5.1%Year of entry for the foreign-born population2010 or later: 02000 to 2009: 181990 to 1999: 31980 to 1989: 61970 to 1979: 2Before 1970: 23Note: State values scaled to Davis County population Mean travel time to work (commute): 24.9 minutes Percentage of county residents living and working in this county: 62.1%Housing units in structures: One, detached: 3,144One, attached: 69Two: 393 or 4: 665 to 9: 5110 to 19: 4020 or more: 2Mobile homes: 215Housing units in Davis County with a mortgage: 1,281 (15 second mortgage, 79 home equity loan, 0 both second mortgage and home equity loan) Houses without a mortgage: 1,279Here: 50.0% with mortgage State: 60.6% with mortgage Religion statistics for Davis County Religion Adherents Congregations Evangelical Protestant 2,092 19Mainline Protestant 2,030 6Catholic 111 1None 4,520 -Davis County Religion Details Source: Clifford Grammich, Kirk Hadaway, Richard Houseal, Dale E. Jones, Alexei Krindatch, Richie Stanley and Richard H. Taylor. 2012. 2010 U. S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study. Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. Jones, Dale E., et al. 2002. Congregations and Membership in the United States 2000. Nashville, TN: Glenmary Research Center. Food Environment Statistics: Number of grocery stores: 1Davis County: 1.17 / 10,000 pop. State: 2.14 / 10,000 pop. Number of convenience stores (with gas): 5Davis County: 5.84 / 10,000 pop. Iowa: 5.55 / 10,000 pop. Number of full-service restaurants: 8This county: 9.35 / 10,000 pop. State: 8.01 / 10,000 pop. Adult diabetes rate: Davis County: 7.9%Iowa: 7.8%Adult obesity rate: Davis County: 26.7%State: 27.3%Low-income preschool obesity rate: Here: 16.7%State: 14.5%Agriculture in Davis County: Average size of farms: 289 acres Average value of agricultural products sold per farm: $49,293 Average value of crops sold per acre for harvested cropland: $159.35 The value of nursery, greenhouse, floriculture, and sod as a percentage of the total market value of agricultural products sold: 0.31% The value of livestock, poultry, and their products as a percentage of the total market value of agricultural products sold: 58.62% Average total farm production expenses per farm: $46,774 Harvested cropland as a percentage of land in farms: 44.31% Irrigated harvested cropland as a percentage of land in farms: 0.01% Average market value of all machinery and equipment per farm: $44,614 The percentage of farms operated by a family or individual: 91.86% Average age of principal farm operators: 54 years Average number of cattle and calves per 100 acres of all land in farms: 16.46 Milk cows as a percentage of all cattle and calves: 4.49% Corn for grain: 39467 harvested acres All wheat for grain: 424 harvested acres Soybeans for beans: 45282 harvested acres Vegetables: 14 harvested acres Land in orchards: 13 acres Tornado activity: Davis County historical area-adjusted tornado activity is significantly below Iowa state average. It is 2083437.9 times below overall U. S. average. Tornadoes in this county have caused one fatality and 7 injuries recorded between 1950 and 2004. On 6/7/1984, a category 2 (max. wind speeds 113-157 mph) tornado killed one person and injured 3 people and caused between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in damages. Earthquake activity: Davis County-area historical earthquake activity is near Iowa state average. It is 82% smaller than the overall U. S. average. On 4/18/2008 at 09:36:59, a magnitude 5.4 (5.1 MB, 4.8 MS, 5.4 MW, 5.2 MW, Depth: 8.9 mi, Class: Moderate, Intensity: VI - VII) earthquake occurred 289.1 miles away from Davis County center On 6/10/1987 at 23:48:54, a magnitude 5.1 (4.9 MB, 4.4 MS, 4.6 MS, 5.1 LG) earthquake occurred 275.4 miles away from the county center On 9/26/1990 at 13:18:51, a magnitude 5.0 (4.7 MB, 4.8 LG, 5.0 LG, Depth: 7.7 mi) earthquake occurred 292.2 miles away from the county center On 6/18/2002 at 17:37:15, a magnitude 5.0 (4.3 MB, 4.6 MW, 5.0 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 313.0 miles away from the county center On 5/4/1991 at 01:18:54, a magnitude 5.0 (4.4 MB, 4.6 LG, 5.0 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 321.5 miles away from Davis County center On 4/18/2008 at 15:14:16, a magnitude 4.8 (4.5 MB, 4.8 MW, 4.6 MW, Depth: 6.2 mi, Class: Light, Intensity: IV - V) earthquake occurred 289.9 miles away from the county center Magnitude types: regional Lg-wave magnitude (LG), body-wave magnitude (MB), surface-wave magnitude (MS), moment magnitude (MW)Most recent natural disasters: Iowa Severe Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-line Winds, and Flooding, Incident Period: June 20, 2015 to June 25, 2015, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-4234: July 31, 2015, FEMA Id: 4234, Natural disaster type: Storm, Tornado, Flood, Wind Iowa Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding, Incident Period: May 19, 2013 to June 15, 2013, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-4126: July 02, 2013, FEMA Id: 4126, Natural disaster type: Storm, Tornado, Flood Iowa Severe Storms, Straight-line Winds, and Flooding, Incident Period: April 17, 2013 to April 30, 2013, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-4119: May 31, 2013, FEMA Id: 4119, Natural disaster type: Storm, Flood, Wind Iowa Severe Storms, Flooding, and Tornadoes, Incident Period: June 01, 2010 to August 31, 2010, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1930: July 29, 2010, FEMA Id: 1930, Natural disaster type: Storm, Tornado, Flood Iowa Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding, Incident Period: May 25, 2008 to August 13, 2008, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1763: May 27, 2008, FEMA Id: 1763, Natural disaster type: Storm, Tornado, Flood Iowa Severe Winter Storm, Incident Period: December 10, 2007 to December 11, 2007, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1737: January 04, 2008, FEMA Id: 1737, Natural disaster type: Winter Storm Iowa Severe Storms and Flooding, Incident Period: August 17, 2007 to September 05, 2007, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1727: September 14, 2007, FEMA Id: 1727, Natural disaster type: Storm, Flood Iowa Hurricane Katrina Evacuation, Incident Period: August 29, 2005 to October 01, 2005, Emergency Declared EM-3239: September 10, 2005, FEMA Id: 3239, Natural disaster type: Hurricane Iowa Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding, Incident Period: May 19, 2004 to June 24, 2004, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1518: May 25, 2004, FEMA Id: 1518, Natural disaster type: Storm, Tornado, Flood Iowa Severe Weather, Tornadoes and Flooding, Incident Period: June 13, 1998 to July 15, 1998, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1230: July 02, 1998, FEMA Id: 1230, Natural disaster type: Tornado, Flood3 other natural disasters have been reported since 1953. The number of natural disasters in Davis County (13) is near the US average (13). Major Disasters (Presidential) Declared: 12 Emergencies Declared: 1 Causes of natural disasters: Floods: 11, Storms: 9, Tornadoes: 6, Winds: 2, Heavy Rain: 1, Hurricane: 1, Winter Storm: 1 (Note: Some incidents may be assigned to more than one category). Class of Workers in 2016 (%)Most common industries in 2016 (%)Males Females Health care and social assistance (19%)Educational services (14%)Retail trade (13%)Manufacturing (5%)Other services, except public administration (4%)Finance and insurance (3%)Accommodation and food services (3%)Health care and social assistance (25%)Educational services (19%)Retail trade (18%)Manufacturing (7%)Other services, except public administration (5%)Finance and insurance (5%)Accommodation and food services (4%)Most common occupations in 2016 (%)Males Females Management occupations (18%)Production occupations (18%)Construction and extraction occupations (14%)Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (9%)Transportation occupations (6%)Sales and related occupations (6%)Office and administrative support occupations (6%)Office and administrative support occupations (16%)Sales and related occupations (14%)Education, training, and library occupations (12%)Food preparation and serving related occupations (10%)Health diagnosing and treating practitioners and other technical occupations (7%)Management occupations (7%)Personal care and service occupations (5%)Most common places of birth for the foreign-born residents (%): Philippines (37%)Canada (21%)Mexico (14%)Korea (12%)Other Eastern Africa (5%)England (2%)Japan (2%)Most common first ancestries reported in Davis County (%): German (33%)American (22%)English (8%)European (5%)Irish (5%)Pennsylvania German (3%)Dutch (2%)Means of transportation to work: Drove a car alone: 2,262 (70.7%)Carpooled: 326 (10.2%)Bus or trolley bus: 1 (0.0%)Taxicab, motorcycle, or other means: 171 (5.3%)Bicycle: 3 (0.1%)Walked: 179 (5.6%)Worked at home: 238 (7.4%)Breakdown of mean house values by ages of householders ($)People in group quarters in Davis County, Iowa in 2000:164 people in nursing homes11 people in local jails and other confinement facilities (including police lockups)9 people in other nonhousehold living situations124 people in nursing facilities/skilled-nursing facilities Average gross adjusted income of non-migrant taxpayers in this county in 2010 was $42,091.4.63% of this county's 2011 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2010 ( $30,603 average adjusted gross income)Here: 4.63%Iowa average: 5.75%10 or fewer of this county's residents moved from foreign countries. 3.10% relocated from other counties in Iowa ($22,147 average AGI) 1.53% relocated from other states ($8,456 average AGI)Davis County: 1.53%Iowa average: 2.41%Percentage of residents relocating from other counties or countries Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2010 and 2011:from Wapello County, IA 1.46% ($32,395 average AGI)5.21% of this county's 2010 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2011 ( $35,169 average adjusted gross income)Here: 5.21%Iowa average: 5.94%10 or fewer of this county's residents moved to foreign countries. 3.38% relocated to other counties in Iowa ($25,688 average AGI) 1.83% relocated to other states ($9,481 average AGI)Davis County: 1.83%Iowa average: 2.60%Percentage of residents relocating to other counties or countries Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2010 and 2011:to Wapello County, IA 1.56% ($29,130 average AGI)to Polk County, IA 0.34% ($109,400)Births per 1000 population from 1990 to 1999: 13.7 Births per 1000 population from 2000 to 2006: 14.8Births per 1000 population in Davis County Deaths per 1000 population from 1990 to 1999: 11.7 Deaths per 1000 population from 2000 to 2006: 10.7 Deaths per 1000 population from 2007 to 2014: 9.7Deaths per 1000 population in Davis County Infant deaths per 1000 live births from 1990 to 1999: 2.4 Infant deaths per 1000 live births from 2000 to 2006: 5.7Infant deaths per 1000 live births in Davis County Population without health insurance coverage in 2013: 17.2% Persons under 19 years old without health insurance coverage in 2013: 9.0% Percentage of population without health insurance coverage in Davis County All 18-64 40-64 50-64 Under 19Percentage of population without health insurance coverage in Davis County Persons enrolled in hospital insurance and/or supplemental medical insurance (Medicare) in July 1, 2007: 1,538 (1,358 aged, 180 disabled) Children under 18 without health insurance coverage in 2007: 283 (12%)Persons enrolled in hospital insurance and/or supplemental medical insurance (Medicare)Aged persons enrolled in hospital insurance and/or supplemental medical insurance (Medicare)Disabled persons enrolled in hospital insurance and/or supplemental medical insurance (Medicare)Most common underlying causes of death in Davis County, Iowa in 1999 - 2014: Acute myocardial infarction, unspecified (145)Atherosclerotic heart disease (99)Pneumonia, unspecified (89)Bronchus or lung, unspecified - Malignant neoplasms (67)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified (61)Stroke, not specified as haemorrhage or infarction (44)Cardiovascular disease, unspecified (33)Colon, unspecified - Malignant neoplasms (28)Sequelae of other and unspecified cerebrovascular diseases (28)Unspecified dementia (27)Population without health insurance coverage in 2000: 16% Children under 18 without health insurance coverage in 2000: 15%Short term general hospitals per 100,000 population in 2004: 11.49 Short term general hospital admissions per 100,000 population in 2004: 8,101 Short term general hospital beds per 100,000 population in 2004: 655 Emergency room visits per 100,000 population in 2004: 27,611 General practice office based MDs per 100,000 population in 2005: 1,420 Medical specialist MDs per 100,000 population in 2005: 993 Total births per 100,000 population, July 2005 - July 2006: 36 Total deaths per 100,000 population, July 2005 - July 2006: 35 Limited-service eating places per 100,000 population in 2005 : 23Household type by relationship: Households: 8,847In family households: 7,648 (1,341 male householders, 983 female householders ) 1,990 spouses, 3,132 children (2,952 natural, 29 adopted, 155 stepchildren ), 32 grandchildren, 3 brothers or sisters, 11 parents, 35 other relatives, 90 non-relatives In nonfamily households: 1,077 (358 male householders (264 living alone )), 545 female householders (508 living alone )), 174 nonrelatives In group quarters: 111Size of family households: 1,035 2-persons, 562 3-persons, 307 4-persons, 167 5-persons, 96 6-persons, 174 7-or-more-persons. Size of nonfamily households: 772 1-person, 80 2-persons, 55 3-persons.1,831 married couples with children. 644 single-parent households (195 men, 449 women ).82.3% of residents of Davis speak English at home. 0.3% of residents speak Spanish at home (92% speak English very well, 8% speak English not well ). 16.9% of residents speak other Indo-European language at home (84% speak English very well, 14% speak English well, 2% speak English not well ). 0.2% of residents speak Asian or Pacific Island language at home (86% speak English very well, 14% speak English well ). In fiscal year 2004: Federal Government expenditure: $48,278,000 ($5,547 per capita) Department of Defense expenditure: $400,000 Federal direct payments to individuals for retirement and disability: $19,888,000 Federal other direct payments to individuals: $9,348,000 Federal direct payments not to individuals: $8,070,000 Federal grants: $8,634,000 Federal procurement contracts: $431,000 ($0,000 Department of Defense) Federal salaries and wages: $1,908,000 ($0,000 Department of Defense) Federal Government direct loans: $1,101,000 Federal guaranteed/insured loans: $574,000 Federal Government insurance: $15,383,000Population change from April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005: Births: 672Here: 78 per 1000 residents State: 66 per 1000 residents Deaths: 503Here: 58 per 1000 residents State: 48 per 1000 residents Net international migration: +2Here: +0 per 1000 residents State: +10 per 1000 residents Net internal migration: -38Here : -4 per 1000 residents State : -14 per 1000 residents Population growth in Davis County Total withdrawal of fresh water for public supply: 0.25 millions of gallons per day (all from surface)Median number of rooms in houses and condos: Here: 6.7State: 6.7Median number of rooms in apartments: Here: 4.7State: 4.2Year house built2014 or later: 602010 to 2013: 1962000 to 2009: 4081990 to 1999: 3391980 to 1989: 2601970 to 1979: 5301960 to 1969: 2161950 to 1959: 2961940 to 1949: 1441939 or earlier: 1,199Note: State values scaled to Davis population Rooms in houses/apartments in Davis County, Iowa Owner-occupied Renter-occupied Note: State values scaled to Davis County population1 room: 222 rooms: 03 rooms: 364 rooms: 2335 rooms: 4366 rooms: 4777 rooms: 4148 rooms: 2709+ rooms: 6761 room: 02 rooms: 603 rooms: 754 rooms: 1695 rooms: 1266 rooms: 1007 rooms: 508 rooms: 489+ rooms: 52Bedrooms in houses/apartments in Davis County, Iowa Owner-occupied Renter-occupied Note: State values scaled to Davis County populationno bedroom: 181 bedroom: 582 bedrooms: 5863 bedrooms: 1,2374 bedrooms: 4075+ bedrooms: 241no bedroom: 01 bedroom: 1582 bedrooms: 2353 bedrooms: 1934 bedrooms: 625+ bedrooms: 34Cars and other vehicles available in Davis County, Iowa in houses/condos/apartments Owner-occupied Renter-occupied Note: State values scaled to Davis County populationno vehicle: 2671 vehicle: 3782 vehicles: 8933 vehicles: 5694 vehicles: 2415+ vehicles: 214no vehicle: 1191 vehicle: 2312 vehicles: 2013 vehicles: 1134 vehicles: 05+ vehicles: 2290% of Davis County residents lived in the same house 1 years ago. Out of people who lived in different houses, 32% lived in this county. Out of people who lived in different counties, 54% lived in Iowa. Davis County: 89.7%State average: 84.7%Place of birth for U. S.-born residents: This state: 6,571Other state: 2,155Northeast: 109Midwest: 1,678South: 161West: 204Year Householders Moved Into Unit Most commonly used house heating fuel in Davis County Houses and condos Apartments Bottled, tank, or LP gas (39.9%)Utility gas (24.1%)Wood (15.9%)Electricity (14.3%)Coal or coke (1.9%)Other fuel (0.9%)No fuel used (0.8%)Solar energy (0.5%)Utility gas (36.5%)Electricity (25.0%)Bottled, tank, or LP gas (18.1%)Wood (17.2%)No fuel used (0.9%)Other fuel (0.6%)Private vs. public school enrollment: Students in private schools in grades 1 to 8 (elementary and middle school): 377Here: 32.5%Iowa: 9.6%Students in private schools in grades 9 to 12 (high school): 0Here: 0.0%Iowa: 6.9%Students in private undergraduate colleges: 22Here: 14.6%Iowa: 23.8%Educational Attainment (%)School Enrollment by Level of School (%)Age and Sex of Sensory-Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Physically-Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Mentally-Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Self-Care Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Go-Outside-Home Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Residents with Employment Disability (Noninstitutionalized)Expenditure Revenue Hospitals Regular Highways Financial Administration Police Protection Central Staff Services Health - Other Correctional Institutions Judicial and Legal Services Parks and Recreation General Public Buildings Solid Waste Management General - Other Public Welfare - Other.................. ... Current Operations General Total Salaries and Wages Total Salaries and Wages Davis County government finances - Expenditure in 2006 (Click on an item to get a detailed view for the given category)Davis County government finances - Expenditure in 2006: Current Operations - Hospitals: $11,705,000 Regular Highways: $3,157,000Financial Administration: $836,000Police Protection: $490,000Central Staff Services: $230,000Health - Other: $151,000Correctional Institutions: $129,000Judicial and Legal Services: $109,000Parks and Recreation: $93,000General Public Buildings: $89,000Solid Waste Management: $89,000General - Other: $66,000Public Welfare - Other: $60,000Housing and Community Development: $38,000Natural Resources - Other: $36,000Protective Inspection and Regulation, NEC: $7,000Local Fire Protection: $2,000Transit Utilities: $2,000Public Welfare, Vendor Payments for Medical Care: $1,000Public Welfare, Vendor Payments for Other Purposes: $1,000General - Interest on Debt: $390,000Total Salaries and Wages: $8,207,000Davis County government finances - Revenue in 2006: Charges - Hospital Public: $12,201,000 All Other: $58,000Local Intergovernmental - All Other: $360,000 Public Welfare: $7,000Highways: $5,000Miscellaneous - General Revenue, NEC: $134,000 Interest Earnings: $96,000Rents: $93,000Sale of Property: $19,000Fines and Forfeits: $10,000Donations From Private Sources: $3,000State Intergovernmental - Highways: $2,184,000 General Local Government Support: $276,000Public Welfare: $24,000Health and Hospitals: $12,000All Other: $4,000Tax - Property: $8,036,000 General Sales and Gross Receipts: $354,000Motor Vehicle License: $65,000Documentary and Stock Transfer: $49,000Other License: $11,000Davis County government finances - Debt in 2006: Long Term Debt - Beginning Outstanding - Unspecified Public Purpose: $6,977,000 Outstanding Unspecified Public Purpose: $6,710,000Retired Unspecified Public Purpose: $267,000Davis County government finances - Cash and Securities in 2006: Other Funds - Cash and Securities: $2,976,000Supplemental Security Income (SSI) in 2006: Total number of recipients: 153Number of aged recipients: 20Number of blind and disabled recipients: 133Number of recipients under 18: 18Number of recipients between 18 and 64: 99Number of recipients older than 64: 36Number of recipients also receiving OASDI: 70Amount of payments (thousands of dollars): 60Davis County Fatal accident statistics for 1975 - 1994Count Vehicles DUI Fatalities Persons Fatal accident count (per 100,000 population)Davis County Fatal accident statistics for 1995 - 2014Count Vehicles DUI Fatalities Persons Pedestrians Fatal accident count (per 100,000 population)Most common first names in Davis County, IA among deceased individuals Name Count Lived (average)Mary 63 81.8 years William 53 75.5 years John 50 77.8 years Charles 47 78.3 years Robert 43 72.6 years James 39 76.5 years Helen 33 80.3 years Carl 24 79.1 years Earl 24 78.6 years Ralph 23 77.6 years Most common last names in Davis County, IA among deceased individuals Last name Count Lived (average)Jones 40 80.0 years Miller 36 80.2 years Smith 29 80.4 years White 25 76.4 years Johnson 25 82.1 years Brown 21 78.3 years Martin 20 81.6 years Augspurger 18 81.3 years Thompson 17 82.0 years Spurgeon 16 80.6 years Businesses in Davis County, IAName Count Name Count Fed Ex 1 True Value 1Master Brand Cabinets 1 U. S. Cellular 1Pizza Hut 1 UPS 1Subway 1Browse common businesses in Davis County, IA | . JSON Parse error: Unrecognized token '?' (27204319/47984992)Error ID: b27b023pr1skhelp.issuu.com Welcome to Buchanan County, Iowa! Buchanan County Iowa has so much to offer -- everything from parks, trails, fun events, historical sites, variety of businesses and amenities, and more! Each town’s individuality is a part of the larger community of Buchanan County. Stay a day, stay a week, or stay even longer! You will find much to do, and will quickly see why we are happy to call this place home. We welcome you to Buchanan County ... visit us soon ... you may even decide to stay!JSON Parse error: Unrecognized token '?' (27204319/59894542)Error ID: ilnu04pk74nnhelp.issuu.com Read THE GUIDE this week! See interesting things happening in our community and shop the many area businesses that invite you to there stores. 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.cost of liver transplantation quality | Financial Matters: Liver Transplant Costs Financial Matters: Liver Transplant Costs When considering a liver transplant, the associated costs and how you can best handle them must also be considered. At California Pacific Medical Center, a financial coordinator meets with patients during their initial evaluation to review specific insurance coverage issues related to transplantation. The following material provides a general outline of liver transplant costs and financial options. Your financial coordinator will review this information in further detail at your liver transplant evaluation. Transplantation Costs Financing Transplantation Private Insurance Medicare and Medi-Cal Tri Care Social Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Income (SSDI)Fundraising Campaigns Self-Pay Financial Assistance Resources Transplantation Costs The costs of your liver transplant include transplant evaluation and testing, transplant surgery and follow-up care and medication. Even before a liver transplant, you have probably received many medical bills for treatment by your physician, hospital, laboratories and medical specialists. These costs add up quickly. Costs associated with liver transplantation include:recovery and in-hospital stayextensive lab testsanesthesiafees for transplant surgeons and operating room personnelorgan recoverytransportation to hospital (including air transport charges if necessary)lodging, transportation and food for family members while the patient is hospitalizedphysical therapy and rehabilitationpatient lodging following discharge (patients who live more than 50 miles away must stay near hospital for a minimum of 30 days following discharge)anti-rejection drugs and other medications (these costs can easily exceed $10,000 in the first year, and some of these medications are required for the rest of a transplant recipient's life). Estimated Liver Transplant Costs According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS)' Transplant Living Web site Opens new window, the estimated U. S. average in 2011 of billed charges per liver transplant is $577,100. Additionally, liver transplant patients need to take several drugs called immunosuppresives to sustain your transplanted liver for the lifetime of your transplant. The following are estimates and depend on the dosage and pharmacy used. Note that most health plans pay a percentage of medication costs, as described in the next section. Prograf: Total monthly cost is approximately $3,000Cellcept: Total monthly cost is approximately $1,400 (required for approx. first three months only)Septra: Total monthly cost is approximately $7.00Prednisone: Total monthly cost is approximately $7.00Proton Pump Inhibitor: Total monthly cost is approximately $30 (required for approx. first 3 months only)Nystatin: Total monthly cost is approximately $40 (required for approx. first 2 months only)Valcyte: Total monthly cost is approximately $3,000 (required for approx. first 3-6 months only)HBIG 5cc vial: Cost is approximately $900 per injection (hepatitis B only)Lamivudine or Baraclude: Total monthly cost is approximately $900 (hepatitis B only)Back to top Financing Transplantation Few patients are able to pay all of the transplantation costs from a single source. For example, you may be able to finance the transplant procedure through insurance coverage and pay for other expenses by drawing on savings accounts and other private funds or by selling some of your assets. Most likely, you will have to rely on a combination of funding sources. During your evaluation at California Pacific, you will meet with a financial coordinator to discuss financing options and possible sources for obtaining funds. Among the most common funding sources include: private insurance, Medicare and Medi-Cal, Tri Care, Social Security Income (SSI) / Social Security Disability Income (SSDI), Fundraising Campaigns and Self-Pay. Back to top Private Insurance Private insurance often pays for a large portion of liver transplant costs, however, the terms and extent of coverage vary depending on insurers. Read your policy carefully, including the evidence of coverage (EOC) and contact your insurance provider if you have questions. When speaking with your insurance provider, ask if they will pay for organ recovery charges associated with the operation and medications after transplant. Usually, insurance companies will pay about 80% of your hospital charges. This means you must cover the remaining 20% from other sources. Some insurance policies have some sort of lifetime maximum amount, or "cap." After a patient has reached this amount, the insurance company does not have to pay any additional benefits. The amount of cap varies, depending on the individual policy. Sometimes after the transplant, the ongoing cost of care may exceed the cap, so it is important to be familiar with the amount and terms of your insurance cap. If you have any doubt about how your coverage is determined, contact your insurance company. If you still have questions, contact your State Insurance Commissioner. Back to top Medicare and Medi-Cal Because California Pacific Medical Center is a Medicare- and Medi-Cal-approved liver transplant program, state and/or federal government funding is another possibility for coverage under two programs: Medicare, operated by the federal government; and Medi-Cal, administered by the state with federal assistance. For California residents, Medi-Cal covers transplantation. Medicare is a federally-funded health insurance program available to retirees over age 65, disabled people and other qualifying individuals, such as those with End-Stage Liver Disease (ESLD). There are two parts to Medicare: Part A (hospital insurance) and Part B (medical insurance). Medi-Cal is state-funded health insurance program for low-income individuals. The current Medicare deductible for hospitalizations in 2012 (Medicare Part A) is $1156, meaning the patient is responsible for this payment. If a patient is hospitalized several times through the year, this deductible must be paid each time, unless the patient is re-hospitalized within 60 days from a previous hospital discharge. Physician services, or Medicare Part B, are covered at 80% once a $140 annual deductible has been met. The patient is responsible for the 20% of physician fees not covered by Medicare during a liver transplant hospitalization. We require that an individual has secondary insurance to pay what is not covered by Medicare. Examples of secondary insurance include private insurance, Medicare supplemental insurance or Medi-Cal. . For more information on Medicaid/Medi-Cal, visit www.cms.gov Opens new windowor for California residents, www.medi-cal.ca.gov Opens new window. Back to top Tri Care Government funding for families of active duty, retired or deceased military personnel may be available through Tri Care. Tri Care shares the cost of liver transplants for patients with end-stage liver disease. Patients must receive pre-authorization from Tri Care and meet program criteria. For more information, contact the health benefits advisor at your nearest military healthcare facility. Back to top Social Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Income (SSDI)These benefits are available from the Social Security Administration Opens new window. They assist you with the costs of daily living. To find out if you qualify, talk to your social worker or call your local Social Security office. Back to top Fundraising Campaigns Patients and families often use public fund raising to help cover expenses not paid by medical insurance, such as child care, transportation, food and lodging. This may, in fact, be a key source for financing transplantation. Your financial coordinator will discuss fundraising options with you in more detail. Back to top Self-Pay Occasionally, patients may prefer to pay out-of-pocket for all transplantation costs. This is particularly true for patients from overseas without health insurance (who are permitted by United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) regulations to account for a small fraction of a transplant program's patients). The financial coordinator will review estimated rates for evaluation and transplantation by phone. Back to top Financial Assistance Resources The following organizations may provide financial assistance to qualified transplant candidates or recipients and their families. American Liver Foundation Opens new window (800) 465-4837Medicare Hotline 1-800-633-4227 1-800-MEDICAREHelp Hope Live Opens new window 1-800-642-8399National Foundation for Transplants, Inc. Opens new window 1-800-489-3863Back to top | . 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how does rhyme give meaning to a poem | How does rhyme effect a poem? Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Literature & Language Books and Literature Poetry How does rhyme effect a poem? Flag How does rhyme effect a poem? Answer by Pogomiano Confidence votes 209Using rhyme in poetry gives a poem a repetitive quality by sound without repeating a line or phrase in a poem. The use of rhyme allows poetry to gain a songlike quality. Rhyme is often used in children's poetry to make the poems easier to remember. In poetry this memory concept is very important as it allows the reader to have a connection to a poem via their memory rather than just by reading the words on the page alone. It also enhances the mood (happy sad etc. )8 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Clairewww 3 Contributions What effect do rhyming couplets have on a poem? Rhyming couplets to a reader are clever and mischievous at times. Rhyming can keep a person interested in a poem or a phrase. They can also add to a sense of repetition, wh …What is rhyme in a poem? The repetition of alike sounds in two or more words is a rhyme. Rhymes in poetry are typically found in the last few words of linesof in poems. Marcella13 9 Contributions Poem rhymes with what?hut , shut , butt , nut , etc . What is a rhyme poem? A poem that rhymes. Ithinkiknow123 14 Contributions A poem that rhymes? Roses are red, violets are blue. Sugar is sweet and so are you!Chc2 15,983 Contributions Does a poem have to rhyme? Yes you are right poems doesn't need to rhyme at all. People think (which is not true) that all poems need to rhyme... Well I don't think so.. Non- rhyming poetry is called …Pupcakepup 305 Contributions What are the effects of rhyming words in a poem? They are mean to make something stand out, the point of poetry is fluency, voice! Here is a quick on the spot poem I wrote for examples! The quick bird, does fly away, …Why is rhyme effective in poems?because it adds a flow in a poem Is a rhyme a poem? A rhyme is kind of a poem What is a rhymed poem? A rhymed poem inclludes word that sound the same like pink and sink or study amd buddy. So then u create the poem with all sentences with rhyming words Maria AE999 20 Contributions How does end rhyme effect poems? It may bring more amusement to the reader. Feelings also include sadness I don't think you'll be sad if the poem rhymes. . Albarz 3,733 Contributions What rhyme with poem? If anything rhymes with poem I'm certain that I do not know 'em. Anurox2 6 Contributions Answered In Poetry Do poem have to rhyme? No, most poems do rhyme, but a poem without a rhyme scheme can also be created. There are many poems which don't rhyme Answered In Poetry What is rhyming in a poem? A writing poem is a poem that rhymes Answered In Poetry Is rhyme scheme poems are the most effective types of poem? Compared to what? But the answer would probably be negative. It all depends on the message and the portrayel. Phoenix Sage 1,134,150 Contributions Community Manager - Staance Answered In Rhyming Words Does him and poem rhyme? No. Answered In Poetry What effect does rhyme have on a poem?it makes the reader feel interesting and exciting | Poetry From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the art form. For other uses, see Poetry (disambiguation). "Poem", "Poems", and "Poetic" redirect here. For other uses, see Poem (disambiguation), Poems (disambiguation), and Poetic (disambiguation). The Parnassus (1511) by Raphael: famous poets recite alongside the nine Muses atop Mount Parnassus. Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, poiesis, "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic [1] [2] [3] qualities of language —such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre —to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has a long history, dating back to the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh. Early poems evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing, or from a need to retell oral epics, as with the Sanskrit Vedas, Zoroastrian Gathas, and the Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Ancient attempts to define poetry, such as Aristotle 's Poetics, focused on the uses of speech in rhetoric, drama, song and comedy. Later attempts concentrated on features such as repetition, verse form and rhyme, and emphasized the aesthetics which distinguish poetry from more objectively informative, prosaic forms of writing. Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words, or to evoke emotive responses. Devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia and rhythm are sometimes used to achieve musical or incantatory effects. The use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony and other stylistic elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly figures of speech such as metaphor, simile and metonymy [4] create a resonance between otherwise disparate images—a layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms of resonance may exist, between individual verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm. Some poetry types are specific to particular cultures and genres and respond to characteristics of the language in which the poet writes. Readers accustomed to identifying poetry with Dante, Goethe, Mickiewicz and Rumi may think of it as written in lines based on rhyme and regular meter; there are, however, traditions, such as Biblical poetry, that use other means to create rhythm and euphony. Much modern poetry reflects a critique of poetic tradition, [5] playing with and testing, among other things, the principle of euphony itself, sometimes altogether forgoing rhyme or set rhythm. [6] [7] In today's increasingly globalized world, poets often adapt forms, styles and techniques from diverse cultures and languages. Literature Major forms Novel Poem Drama Short story Novella Genres Comedy Drama Epic Erotic Nonsense Lyric Mythopoeia Romance Satire Tragedy Tragicomedy Media Performanceplay Book Techniques Prose Poetry History and lists Historymodern Outline Glossary of terms Books Writers Literary awardspoetry Discussion Criticism Theory ( critical theory) Sociology Magazines Literature portalv t e Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Western traditions1.2 20th-century and 21st-century disputes2 Elements2.1 Prosody2.1.1 Rhythm2.1.2 Meter2.1.3 Metrical patterns2.2 Rhyme, alliteration, assonance2.2.1 Rhyming schemes2.3 Form in poetry2.3.1 Lines and stanzas2.3.2 Visual presentation2.4 Diction3 Forms3.1 Sonnet3.2 Shi3.3 Villanelle3.4 Limerick3.5 Tanka3.6 Haiku3.7 Ode3.8 Ghazal4 Genres4.1 Narrative poetry4.2 Lyric poetry4.3 Epic poetry4.4 Satirical poetry4.5 Elegy4.6 Verse fable4.7 Dramatic poetry4.8 Speculative poetry4.9 Prose poetry4.10 Light poetry5 See also6 References6.1 Bibliography7 Further reading7.1 Anthologies History [ edit]Aristotle Main articles: History of poetry and Literary theory Some scholars believe that the art of poetry may predate literacy. [8] Others, however, suggest that poetry did not necessarily predate writing. [9]The oldest surviving epic poem, the Epic of Gilgamesh, comes from the 3rd millennium BCE in Sumer (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq ), and was written in cuneiform script on clay tablets and, later, on papyrus. [10] A tablet dating to c. 2000 BCE describes an annual rite in which the king symbolically married and mated with the goddess Inanna to ensure fertility and prosperity; it is considered the world's oldest love poem. [11] [12] An example of Egyptian epic poetry is The Story of Sinuhe (c. 1800 BCE). An early Chinese poetics, the Kǒngzǐ Shīlùn (孔子詩論), discussing the Shijing ( Classic of Poetry)Other ancient epic poetry includes the Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey; the Avestan books, the Gathic Avesta and the Yasna; the Roman national epic, Virgil 's Aeneid; and the Indian epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Epic poetry, including the Odyssey, the Gathas, and the Indian Vedas, appears to have been composed in poetic form as an aid to memorization and oral transmission, in prehistoric and ancient societies. [9] [13]Other forms of poetry developed directly from folk songs. The earliest entries in the oldest extant collection of Chinese poetry, the Shijing, were initially lyrics. [14]The efforts of ancient thinkers to determine what makes poetry distinctive as a form, and what distinguishes good poetry from bad, resulted in " poetics "—the study of the aesthetics of poetry. [15] Some ancient societies, such as China's through her Shijing ( Classic of Poetry ), developed canons of poetic works that had ritual as well as aesthetic importance. [16] More recently, thinkers have struggled to find a definition that could encompass formal differences as great as those between Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Matsuo Bashō 's Oku no Hosomichi, as well as differences in context spanning Tanakh religious poetry, love poetry, and rap. [17]Western traditions [ edit]John Keats Classical thinkers employed classification as a way to define and assess the quality of poetry. Notably, the existing fragments of Aristotle 's Poetics describe three genres of poetry—the epic, the comic, and the tragic—and develop rules to distinguish the highest-quality poetry in each genre, based on the underlying purposes of the genre. [18] Later aestheticians identified three major genres: epic poetry, lyric poetry, and dramatic poetry, treating comedy and tragedy as subgenres of dramatic poetry. [19]Aristotle's work was influential throughout the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age, [20] as well as in Europe during the Renaissance. [21] Later poets and aestheticians often distinguished poetry from, and defined it in opposition to prose, which was generally understood as writing with a proclivity to logical explication and a linear narrative structure. [22]This does not imply that poetry is illogical or lacks narration, but rather that poetry is an attempt to render the beautiful or sublime without the burden of engaging the logical or narrative thought process. English Romantic poet John Keats termed this escape from logic " Negative Capability ". [23] This "romantic" approach views form as a key element of successful poetry because form is abstract and distinct from the underlying notional logic. This approach remained influential into the 20th century. [24]During this period, there was also substantially more interaction among the various poetic traditions, in part due to the spread of European colonialism and the attendant rise in global trade. [25] In addition to a boom in translation, during the Romantic period numerous ancient works were rediscovered. [26]20th-century and 21st-century disputes [ edit]Archibald Mac Leish Some 20th-century literary theorists, relying less on the opposition of prose and poetry, focused on the poet as simply one who creates using language, and poetry as what the poet creates. [27] The underlying concept of the poet as creator is not uncommon, and some modernist poets essentially do not distinguish between the creation of a poem with words, and creative acts in other media. Yet other modernists challenge the very attempt to define poetry as misguided. [28]The rejection of traditional forms and structures for poetry that began in the first half of the 20th century coincided with a questioning of the purpose and meaning of traditional definitions of poetry and of distinctions between poetry and prose, particularly given examples of poetic prose and prosaic poetry. Numerous modernist poets have written in non-traditional forms or in what traditionally would have been considered prose, although their writing was generally infused with poetic diction and often with rhythm and tone established by non- metrical means. While there was a substantial formalist reaction within the modernist schools to the breakdown of structure, this reaction focused as much on the development of new formal structures and syntheses as on the revival of older forms and structures. [29]Recently, postmodernism has come to convey more completely prose and poetry as distinct entities, and also among genres of poetry, as having meaning only as cultural artifacts. Postmodernism goes beyond modernism's emphasis on the creative role of the poet, to emphasize the role of the reader of a text ( Hermeneutics ), and to highlight the complex cultural web within which a poem is read. [30] Today, throughout the world, poetry often incorporates poetic form and diction from other cultures and from the past, further confounding attempts at definition and classification that were once sensible within a tradition such as the Western canon. [31]The early 21st century poetic tradition appears to continue to strongly orient itself to earlier precursor poetic traditions such as those initiated by Whitman, Emerson, and Wordsworth. The literary critic Geoffrey Hartman has used the phrase "the anxiety of demand" to describe contemporary response to older poetic traditions as "being fearful that the fact no longer has a form", building on a trope introduced by Emerson. Emerson had maintained that in the debate concerning poetic structure where either "form" or "fact" could predominate, that one need simply "Ask the fact for the form." This has been challenged at various levels by other literary scholars such as Bloom who has stated in summary form concerning the early 21st century that: "The generation of poets who stand together now, mature and ready to write the major American verse of the twenty-first century, may yet be seen as what Stevens called 'a great shadow's last embellishment,' the shadow being Emerson's." [32]Elements [ edit]Prosody [ edit]Main article: Meter (poetry)Prosody is the study of the meter, rhythm, and intonation of a poem. Rhythm and meter are different, although closely related. [33] Meter is the definitive pattern established for a verse (such as iambic pentameter ), while rhythm is the actual sound that results from a line of poetry. Prosody also may be used more specifically to refer to the scanning of poetic lines to show meter. [34]Rhythm [ edit]Main articles: Timing (linguistics), tone (linguistics), and Pitch accent Robinson Jeffers The methods for creating poetic rhythm vary across languages and between poetic traditions. Languages are often described as having timing set primarily by accents, syllables, or moras, depending on how rhythm is established, though a language can be influenced by multiple approaches. Japanese is a mora -timed language. Syllable-timed languages include Latin, Catalan, French, Leonese, Galician and Spanish. English, Russian and, generally, German are stress-timed languages. [35] Varying intonation also affects how rhythm is perceived. Languages can rely on either pitch, such as in Vedic Sanskrit or Ancient Greek, or tone. Tonal languages include Chinese, Vietnamese and most Subsaharan languages. [36]Metrical rhythm generally involves precise arrangements of stresses or syllables into repeated patterns called feet within a line. In Modern English verse the pattern of stresses primarily differentiate feet, so rhythm based on meter in Modern English is most often founded on the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables (alone or elided ). [37] In the classical languages, on the other hand, while the metrical units are similar, vowel length rather than stresses define the meter. [38] Old English poetry used a metrical pattern involving varied numbers of syllables but a fixed number of strong stresses in each line. [39]Marianne Moore The chief device of ancient Hebrew Biblical poetry, including many of the psalms, was parallelism, a rhetorical structure in which successive lines reflected each other in grammatical structure, sound structure, notional content, or all three. Parallelism lent itself to antiphonal or call-and-response performance, which could also be reinforced by intonation. Thus, Biblical poetry relies much less on metrical feet to create rhythm, but instead creates rhythm based on much larger sound units of lines, phrases and sentences. [40] Some classical poetry forms, such as Venpa of the Tamil language, had rigid grammars (to the point that they could be expressed as a context-free grammar) which ensured a rhythm. [41] In Chinese poetry, tones as well as stresses create rhythm. Classical Chinese poetics identifies four tones: the level tone, rising tone, departing tone, and entering tone. [42]The formal patterns of meter used in Modern English verse to create rhythm no longer dominate contemporary English poetry. In the case of free verse, rhythm is often organized based on looser units of cadence rather than a regular meter. Robinson Jeffers, Marianne Moore, and William Carlos Williams are three notable poets who reject the idea that regular accentual meter is critical to English poetry. [43] Jeffers experimented with sprung rhythm as an alternative to accentual rhythm. [44]Meter [ edit]Attic red-figure kathalos painting of Sappho from circa 470 BC [45]Main article: Systems of scansion In the Western poetic tradition, meters are customarily grouped according to a characteristic metrical foot and the number of feet per line. [46] The number of metrical feet in a line are described using Greek terminology: tetrameter for four feet and hexameter for six feet, for example. [47] Thus, " iambic pentameter " is a meter comprising five feet per line, in which the predominant kind of foot is the " iamb ". This metric system originated in ancient Greek poetry, and was used by poets such as Pindar and Sappho, and by the great tragedians of Athens. Similarly, " dactylic hexameter ", comprises six feet per line, of which the dominant kind of foot is the " dactyl ". Dactylic hexameter was the traditional meter of Greek epic poetry, the earliest extant examples of which are the works of Homer and Hesiod. [48] Iambic pentameter and dactylic hexameter were later used by a number of poets, including William Shakespeare and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, respectively. [49] The most common metrical feet in English are: [50]Homer: Roman bust, based on Greek original [51]iamb – one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (e.g. des- cribe, in- clude, re- tract)trochee – one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable (e.g. pic -ture, flow -er)dactyl – one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables (e.g. an -no-tate, sim -i-lar)anapest – two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable (e.g. com-pre- hend)spondee – two stressed syllables together (e.g. heart - beat, four - teen)pyrrhic – two unstressed syllables together (rare, usually used to end dactylic hexameter)There are a wide range of names for other types of feet, right up to a choriamb, a four syllable metric foot with a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables and closing with a stressed syllable. The choriamb is derived from some ancient Greek and Latin poetry. [48] Languages which utilize vowel length or intonation rather than or in addition to syllabic accents in determining meter, such as Ottoman Turkish or Vedic, often have concepts similar to the iamb and dactyl to describe common combinations of long and short sounds. [52]Each of these types of feet has a certain "feel," whether alone or in combination with other feet. The iamb, for example, is the most natural form of rhythm in the English language, and generally produces a subtle but stable verse. [53] Scanning meter can often show the basic or fundamental pattern underlying a verse, but does not show the varying degrees of stress, as well as the differing pitches and lengths of syllables. [54]There is debate over how useful a multiplicity of different "feet" is in describing meter. For example, Robert Pinsky has argued that while dactyls are important in classical verse, English dactylic verse uses dactyls very irregularly and can be better described based on patterns of iambs and anapests, feet which he considers natural to the language. [55] Actual rhythm is significantly more complex than the basic scanned meter described above, and many scholars have sought to develop systems that would scan such complexity. Vladimir Nabokov noted that overlaid on top of the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of verse was a separate pattern of accents resulting from the natural pitch of the spoken words, and suggested that the term "scud" be used to distinguish an unaccented stress from an accented stress. [56]Metrical patterns [ edit]Carroll 's " Hunting of the Snark " is mainly in anapestic tetrameter. Main article: Meter (poetry)Different traditions and genres of poetry tend to use different meters, ranging from the Shakespearean iambic pentameter and the Homeric dactylic hexameter to the anapestic tetrameter used in many nursery rhymes. However, a number of variations to the established meter are common, both to provide emphasis or attention to a given foot or line and to avoid boring repetition. For example, the stress in a foot may be inverted, a caesura (or pause) may be added (sometimes in place of a foot or stress), or the final foot in a line may be given a feminine ending to soften it or be replaced by a spondee to emphasize it and create a hard stop. Some patterns (such as iambic pentameter) tend to be fairly regular, while other patterns, such as dactylic hexameter, tend to be highly irregular. [57] Regularity can vary between language. In addition, different patterns often develop distinctively in different languages, so that, for example, iambic tetrameter in Russian will generally reflect a regularity in the use of accents to reinforce the meter, which does not occur, or occurs to a much lesser extent, in English. [58]Alexander Pushkin Some common metrical patterns, with notable examples of poets and poems who use them, include: Iambic pentameter ( John Milton, Paradise Lost; William Shakespeare, Sonnets) [59]Dactylic hexameter (Homer, Iliad; Virgil, Aeneid) [60]Iambic tetrameter ( Andrew Marvell, " To His Coy Mistress "; Alexander Pushkin, Eugene Onegin; Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening) [61]Trochaic octameter ( Edgar Allan Poe, " The Raven ") [62]Trochaic tetrameter ( Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) " The Song of Hiawatha "; the Finnish national epic " Kalevala " is also in trochaic tetrameter, the natural rhythm of Finnish and Estonian. Alexandrine ( Jean Racine, Phèdre) [63]Rhyme, alliteration, assonance [ edit]The Old English epic poem Beowulf is in alliterativeverse. Main articles: Rhyme, Alliterative verse, and Assonance Rhyme, alliteration, assonance and consonance are ways of creating repetitive patterns of sound. They may be used as an independent structural element in a poem, to reinforce rhythmic patterns, or as an ornamental element. [64] They can also carry a meaning separate from the repetitive sound patterns created. For example, Chaucer used heavy alliteration to mock Old English verse and to paint a character as archaic. [65]Rhyme consists of identical ("hard-rhyme") or similar ("soft-rhyme") sounds placed at the ends of lines or at predictable locations within lines (" internal rhyme "). Languages vary in the richness of their rhyming structures; Italian, for example, has a rich rhyming structure permitting maintenance of a limited set of rhymes throughout a lengthy poem. The richness results from word endings that follow regular forms. English, with its irregular word endings adopted from other languages, is less rich in rhyme. [66] The degree of richness of a language's rhyming structures plays a substantial role in determining what poetic forms are commonly used in that language. [67]Alliteration is the repetition of letters or letter-sounds at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals; or the recurrence of the same letter in accented parts of words. Alliteration and assonance played a key role in structuring early Germanic, Norse and Old English forms of poetry. The alliterative patterns of early Germanic poetry interweave meter and alliteration as a key part of their structure, so that the metrical pattern determines when the listener expects instances of alliteration to occur. This can be compared to an ornamental use of alliteration in most Modern European poetry, where alliterative patterns are not formal or carried through full stanzas. Alliteration is particularly useful in languages with less rich rhyming structures. Assonance, where the use of similar vowel sounds within a word rather than similar sounds at the beginning or end of a word, was widely used in skaldic poetry, but goes back to the Homeric epic. [68] Because verbs carry much of the pitch in the English language, assonance can loosely evoke the tonal elements of Chinese poetry and so is useful in translating Chinese poetry. [69] Consonance occurs where a consonant sound is repeated throughout a sentence without putting the sound only at the front of a word. Consonance provokes a more subtle effect than alliteration and so is less useful as a structural element. [67]Rhyming schemes [ edit]Divine Comedy: Dante and Beatrice see God as a point of light. Main article: Rhyme scheme In many languages, including modern European languages and Arabic, poets use rhyme in set patterns as a structural element for specific poetic forms, such as ballads, sonnets and rhyming couplets. However, the use of structural rhyme is not universal even within the European tradition. Much modern poetry avoids traditional rhyme schemes. Classical Greek and Latin poetry did not use rhyme. [70] Rhyme entered European poetry in the High Middle Ages, in part under the influence of the Arabic language in Al Andalus (modern Spain). [71] Arabic language poets used rhyme extensively from the first development of literary Arabic in the sixth century, as in their long, rhyming qasidas. [72] Some rhyming schemes have become associated with a specific language, culture or period, while other rhyming schemes have achieved use across languages, cultures or time periods. Some forms of poetry carry a consistent and well-defined rhyming scheme, such as the chant royal or the rubaiyat, while other poetic forms have variable rhyme schemes. [73]Most rhyme schemes are described using letters that correspond to sets of rhymes, so if the first, second and fourth lines of a quatrain rhyme with each other and the third line does not rhyme, the quatrain is said to have an "a-a-b-a" rhyme scheme. This rhyme scheme is the one used, for example, in the rubaiyat form. [74] Similarly, an "a-b-b-a" quatrain (what is known as " enclosed rhyme ") is used in such forms as the Petrarchan sonnet. [75] Some types of more complicated rhyming schemes have developed names of their own, separate from the "a-b-c" convention, such as the ottava rima and terza rima. [76] The types and use of differing rhyming schemes is discussed further in the main article. Form in poetry [ edit]Poetic form is more flexible in modernist and post-modernist poetry, and continues to be less structured than in previous literary eras. Many modern poets eschew recognisable structures or forms, and write in free verse. But poetry remains distinguished from prose by its form; some regard for basic formal structures of poetry will be found in even the best free verse, however much such structures may appear to have been ignored. [77] Similarly, in the best poetry written in classic styles there will be departures from strict form for emphasis or effect. [78]Among major structural elements used in poetry are the line, the stanza or verse paragraph, and larger combinations of stanzas or lines such as cantos. Also sometimes used are broader visual presentations of words and calligraphy. These basic units of poetic form are often combined into larger structures, called poetic forms or poetic modes (see following section), as in the sonnet or haiku. Lines and stanzas [ edit]Poetry is often separated into lines on a page. These lines may be based on the number of metrical feet, or may emphasize a rhyming pattern at the ends of lines. Lines may serve other functions, particularly where the poem is not written in a formal metrical pattern. Lines can separate, compare or contrast thoughts expressed in different units, or can highlight a change in tone. [79] See the article on line breaks for information about the division between lines. Lines of poems are often organized into stanzas, which are denominated by the number of lines included. Thus a collection of two lines is a couplet (or distich ), three lines a triplet (or tercet ), four lines a quatrain, and so on. These lines may or may not relate to each other by rhyme or rhythm. For example, a couplet may be two lines with identical meters which rhyme or two lines held together by a common meter alone. [80]Blok 's Russian poem, " Noch, ulitsa, fonar, apteka " ("Night, street, lamp, drugstore"), on a wall in Leiden Other poems may be organized into verse paragraphs, in which regular rhymes with established rhythms are not used, but the poetic tone is instead established by a collection of rhythms, alliterations, and rhymes established in paragraph form. [81] Many medieval poems were written in verse paragraphs, even where regular rhymes and rhythms were used. [82]In many forms of poetry, stanzas are interlocking, so that the rhyming scheme or other structural elements of one stanza determine those of succeeding stanzas. Examples of such interlocking stanzas include, for example, the ghazal and the villanelle, where a refrain (or, in the case of the villanelle, refrains) is established in the first stanza which then repeats in subsequent stanzas. Related to the use of interlocking stanzas is their use to separate thematic parts of a poem. For example, the strophe, antistrophe and epode of the ode form are often separated into one or more stanzas. [83]In some cases, particularly lengthier formal poetry such as some forms of epic poetry, stanzas themselves are constructed according to strict rules and then combined. In skaldic poetry, the dróttkvætt stanza had eight lines, each having three "lifts" produced with alliteration or assonance. In addition to two or three alliterations, the odd numbered lines had partial rhyme of consonants with dissimilar vowels, not necessarily at the beginning of the word; the even lines contained internal rhyme in set syllables (not necessarily at the end of the word). Each half-line had exactly six syllables, and each line ended in a trochee. The arrangement of dróttkvætts followed far less rigid rules than the construction of the individual dróttkvætts. [84]Visual presentation [ edit]Visual poetry Main article: Visual poetry Even before the advent of printing, the visual appearance of poetry often added meaning or depth. Acrostic poems conveyed meanings in the initial letters of lines or in letters at other specific places in a poem. [85] In Arabic, Hebrew and Chinese poetry, the visual presentation of finely calligraphed poems has played an important part in the overall effect of many poems. [86]With the advent of printing, poets gained greater control over the mass-produced visual presentations of their work. Visual elements have become an important part of the poet's toolbox, and many poets have sought to use visual presentation for a wide range of purposes. Some Modernist poets have made the placement of individual lines or groups of lines on the page an integral part of the poem's composition. At times, this complements the poem's rhythm through visual caesuras of various lengths, or creates juxtapositions so as to accentuate meaning, ambiguity or irony, or simply to create an aesthetically pleasing form. In its most extreme form, this can lead to concrete poetry or asemic writing. [87] [88]Diction [ edit]Main article: Poetic diction Poetic diction treats the manner in which language is used, and refers not only to the sound but also to the underlying meaning and its interaction with sound and form. [89] Many languages and poetic forms have very specific poetic dictions, to the point where distinct grammars and dialects are used specifically for poetry. [90] [91] Registers in poetry can range from strict employment of ordinary speech patterns, as favoured in much late-20th-century prosody, [92] through to highly ornate uses of language, as in medieval and Renaissance poetry. [93]Poetic diction can include rhetorical devices such as simile and metaphor, as well as tones of voice, such as irony. Aristotle wrote in the Poetics that "the greatest thing by far is to be a master of metaphor." [94] Since the rise of Modernism, some poets have opted for a poetic diction that de-emphasizes rhetorical devices, attempting instead the direct presentation of things and experiences and the exploration of tone. [95] On the other hand, Surrealists have pushed rhetorical devices to their limits, making frequent use of catachresis. [96]Allegorical stories are central to the poetic diction of many cultures, and were prominent in the West during classical times, the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Aesop's Fables, repeatedly rendered in both verse and prose since first being recorded about 500 B. C., are perhaps the richest single source of allegorical poetry through the ages. [97] Other notables examples include the Roman de la Rose, a 13th-century French poem, William Langland 's Piers Ploughman in the 14th century, and Jean de la Fontaine 's Fables (influenced by Aesop's) in the 17th century. Rather than being fully allegorical, however, a poem may contain symbols or allusions that deepen the meaning or effect of its words without constructing a full allegory. [98]Another element of poetic diction can be the use of vivid imagery for effect. The juxtaposition of unexpected or impossible images is, for example, a particularly strong element in surrealist poetry and haiku. [99] Vivid images are often endowed with symbolism or metaphor. Many poetic dictions use repetitive phrases for effect, either a short phrase (such as Homer's "rosy-fingered dawn" or "the wine-dark sea") or a longer refrain. Such repetition can add a sombre tone to a poem, or can be laced with irony as the context of the words changes. [100]Forms [ edit]See also: Category: Poetic form Specific poetic forms have been developed by many cultures. In more developed, closed or "received" poetic forms, the rhyming scheme, meter and other elements of a poem are based on sets of rules, ranging from the relatively loose rules that govern the construction of an elegy to the highly formalized structure of the ghazal or villanelle. [101] Described below are some common forms of poetry widely used across a number of languages. Additional forms of poetry may be found in the discussions of poetry of particular cultures or periods and in the glossary. Sonnet [ edit]Shakespeare Main article: Sonnet Among the most common forms of poetry, popular from the Late Middle Ages on, is the sonnet, which by the 13th century had become standardized as fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical structure. By the 14th century and the Italian Renaissance, the form had further crystallized under the pen of Petrarch, whose sonnets were translated in the 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt, who is credited with introducing the sonnet form into English literature. [102] A traditional Italian or Petrarchan sonnet follows the rhyme scheme abba, abba, cdecde, though some variation, especially within the final six lines (or sestet ), is common. [103] The English (or Shakespearean) sonnet follows the rhyme scheme abab, cdcd, efef, gg, introducing a third quatrain (grouping of four lines), a final couplet, and a greater amount of variety with regard to rhyme than is usually found in its Italian predecessors. By convention, sonnets in English typically use iambic pentameter, while in the Romance languages, the hendecasyllable and Alexandrine are the most widely used meters. Sonnets of all types often make use of a volta, or "turn," a point in the poem at which an idea is turned on its head, a question is answered (or introduced), or the subject matter is further complicated. This volta can often take the form of a "but" statement contradicting or complicating the content of the earlier lines. In the Petrarchan sonnet, the turn tends to fall around the division between the first two quatrains and the sestet, while English sonnets usually place it at or near the beginning of the closing couplet. Carol Ann Duffy Sonnets are particularly associated with high poetic diction, vivid imagery, and romantic love, largely due to the influence of Petrarch as well as of early English practitioners such as Edmund Spenser (who gave his name to the Spenserian sonnet ), Michael Drayton, and Shakespeare, whose sonnets are among the most famous in English poetry, with twenty being included in the Oxford Book of English Verse. [104] However, the twists and turns associated with the volta allow for a logical flexibility applicable to many subjects. [105] Poets from the earliest centuries of the sonnet to the present have utilized the form to address topics related to politics ( John Milton, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Claude Mc Kay ), theology ( John Donne, Gerard Manley Hopkins ), war ( Wilfred Owen, e. e. cummings ), and gender and sexuality ( Carol Ann Duffy ). Further, postmodern authors such as Ted Berrigan and John Berryman have challenged the traditional definitions of the sonnet form, rendering entire sequences of "sonnets" that often lack rhyme, a clear logical progression, or even a consistent count of fourteen lines. Shi [ edit]Du Fu, "On Visiting the Temple of Laozi "Main article: Shi (poetry)Shi ( simplified Chinese: 诗; traditional Chinese: 詩; pinyin: shī; Wade–Giles: shih) Is the main type of Classical Chinese poetry. [106] Within this form of poetry the most important variations are "folk song" styled verse ( yuefu ), "old style" verse ( gushi ), "modern style" verse ( jintishi ). In all cases, rhyming is obligatory. The Yuefu is a folk ballad or a poem written in the folk ballad style, and the number of lines and the length of the lines could be irregular. For the other variations of shi poetry, generally either a four line (quatrain, or jueju) or else an eight line poem is normal; either way with the even numbered lines rhyming. The line length is scanned by according number of characters (according to the convention that one character equals one syllable), and are predominantly either five or seven characters long, with a caesura before the final three syllables. The lines are generally end-stopped, considered as a series of couplets, and exhibit verbal parallelism as a key poetic device. [107] The "old style" verse ( gushi) is less formally strict than the jintishi, or regulated verse, which, despite the name "new style" verse actually had its theoretical basis laid as far back as Shen Yue (441–513 CE), although not considered to have reached its full development until the time of Chen Zi'ang (661–702 CE). [108] A good example of a poet known for his gushi poems is Li Bai (701–762 CE). Among its other rules, the jintishi rules regulate the tonal variations within a poem, including the use of set patterns of the four tones of Middle Chinese. The basic form of jintishi (lushi) has eight lines in four couplets, with parallelism between the lines in the second and third couplets. The couplets with parallel lines contain contrasting content but an identical grammatical relationship between words. Jintishi often have a rich poetic diction, full of allusion, and can have a wide range of subject, including history and politics. [109] [110] One of the masters of the form was Du Fu (712–770 CE), who wrote during the Tang Dynasty (8th century). [111]Villanelle [ edit]W. H. Auden Main article: Villanelle The villanelle is a nineteen-line poem made up of five triplets with a closing quatrain; the poem is characterized by having two refrains, initially used in the first and third lines of the first stanza, and then alternately used at the close of each subsequent stanza until the final quatrain, which is concluded by the two refrains. The remaining lines of the poem have an a-b alternating rhyme. [112] The villanelle has been used regularly in the English language since the late 19th century by such poets as Dylan Thomas, [113] W. H. Auden, [114] and Elizabeth Bishop. [115]Limerick [ edit]Main article: Limerick (poetry)A limerick is a poem that consists of five lines and is often humorous. Rhythm is very important in limericks for the first, second and fifth lines must have seven to ten syllables. However, the third and fourth lines only need five to seven. All of the lines must rhyme and have the same rhythm. Tanka [ edit]Kakinomoto no Hitomaro Main article: Tanka Tanka is a form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, with five sections totalling 31 onji (phonological units identical to morae ), structured in a 5-7-5-7-7 pattern. [116] There is generally a shift in tone and subject matter between the upper 5-7-5 phrase and the lower 7-7 phrase. Tanka were written as early as the Asuka period by such poets as Kakinomoto no Hitomaro ( fl. late 7th century), at a time when Japan was emerging from a period where much of its poetry followed Chinese form. [117] Tanka was originally the shorter form of Japanese formal poetry (which was generally referred to as " waka "), and was used more heavily to explore personal rather than public themes. By the tenth century, tanka had become the dominant form of Japanese poetry, to the point where the originally general term waka ("Japanese poetry") came to be used exclusively for tanka. Tanka are still widely written today. [118]Haiku [ edit]Main article: Haiku Haiku is a popular form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, which evolved in the 17th century from the hokku, or opening verse of a renku. [119] Generally written in a single vertical line, the haiku contains three sections totalling 17 onji, structured in a 5-7-5 pattern. Traditionally, haiku contain a kireji, or cutting word, usually placed at the end of one of the poem's three sections, and a kigo, or season-word. [120] The most famous exponent of the haiku was Matsuo Bashō (1644–94). An example of his writing: [121]富士の風や扇にのせて江戸土産fuji no kaze ya oogi ni nosete Edo miyagethe wind of Mt. Fuji I've brought on my fan!a gift from Edo Ode [ edit]Horace Main article: Ode Odes were first developed by poets writing in ancient Greek, such as Pindar, and Latin, such as Horace. Forms of odes appear in many of the cultures that were influenced by the Greeks and Latins. [122] The ode generally has three parts: a strophe, an antistrophe, and an epode. The antistrophes of the ode possess similar metrical structures and, depending on the tradition, similar rhyme structures. In contrast, the epode is written with a different scheme and structure. Odes have a formal poetic diction, and generally deal with a serious subject. The strophe and antistrophe look at the subject from different, often conflicting, perspectives, with the epode moving to a higher level to either view or resolve the underlying issues. Odes are often intended to be recited or sung by two choruses (or individuals), with the first reciting the strophe, the second the antistrophe, and both together the epode. [123] Over time, differing forms for odes have developed with considerable variations in form and structure, but generally showing the original influence of the Pindaric or Horatian ode. One non-Western form which resembles the ode is the qasida in Persian poetry. [124]Ghazal [ edit]Main article: Ghazal The ghazal (also ghazel, gazel, gazal, or gozol) is a form of poetry common in Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Urdu and Bengali poetry. In classic form, the ghazal has from five to fifteen rhyming couplets that share a refrain at the end of the second line. This refrain may be of one or several syllables, and is preceded by a rhyme. Each line has an identical meter. The ghazal often reflects on a theme of unattainable love or divinity. [125]As with other forms with a long history in many languages, many variations have been developed, including forms with a quasi-musical poetic diction in Urdu. [126] Ghazals have a classical affinity with Sufism, and a number of major Sufi religious works are written in ghazal form. The relatively steady meter and the use of the refrain produce an incantatory effect, which complements Sufi mystical themes well. [127] Among the masters of the form is Rumi, a 13th-century Persian poet. [128] One of the most famous poet in this type of poetry is Hafez. Themes of his Ghazal is exposing hypocrisy. His life and poems have been the subject of much analysis, commentary and interpretation, influencing post-fourteenth century Persian writing more than any other author. [129] [130] West-östlicher Diwan of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that is a collection of lyrical poems, has been inspired by the Persian poet Hafez. [131] [132] [133]Genres [ edit]In addition to specific forms of poems, poetry is often thought of in terms of different genres and subgenres. A poetic genre is generally a tradition or classification of poetry based on the subject matter, style, or other broader literary characteristics. [134] Some commentators view genres as natural forms of literature. Others view the study of genres as the study of how different works relate and refer to other works. [135]Narrative poetry [ edit]Chaucer Main article: Narrative poetry Narrative poetry is a genre of poetry that tells a story. Broadly it subsumes epic poetry, but the term "narrative poetry" is often reserved for smaller works, generally with more appeal to human interest. Narrative poetry may be the oldest type of poetry. Many scholars of Homer have concluded that his Iliad and Odyssey were composed from compilations of shorter narrative poems that related individual episodes. Much narrative poetry—such as Scottish and English ballads, and Baltic and Slavic heroic poems—is performance poetry with roots in a preliterate oral tradition. It has been speculated that some features that distinguish poetry from prose, such as meter, alliteration and kennings, once served as memory aids for bards who recited traditional tales. [136]Notable narrative poets have included Ovid, Dante, Juan Ruiz, William Langland, Chaucer, Fernando de Rojas, Luís de Camões, Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, Robert Burns, Adam Mickiewicz, Alexander Pushkin, Edgar Allan Poe, Alfred Tennyson, and Anne Carson. Lyric poetry [ edit]Christine de Pizan (left)Main article: Lyric poetry Lyric poetry is a genre that, unlike epic and dramatic poetry, does not attempt to tell a story but instead is of a more personal nature. Poems in this genre tend to be shorter, melodic, and contemplative. Rather than depicting characters and actions, it portrays the poet's own feelings, states of mind, and perceptions. [137] Notable poets in this genre include Christine de Pizan, John Donne, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Antonio Machado, and Edna St. Vincent Millay. Epic poetry [ edit]Camões Main article: Epic poetry Epic poetry is a genre of poetry, and a major form of narrative literature. This genre is often defined as lengthy poems concerning events of a heroic or important nature to the culture of the time. It recounts, in a continuous narrative, the life and works of a heroic or mythological person or group of persons. [138] Examples of epic poems are Homer 's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil 's Aeneid, the Nibelungenlied, Luís de Camões ' Os Lusíadas, the Cantar de Mio Cid, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Mahabharata, Valmiki 's Ramayana, Ferdowsi 's Shahnama, Nizami (or Nezami)'s Khamse (Five Books), and the Epic of King Gesar. While the composition of epic poetry, and of long poems generally, became less common in the west after the early 20th century, some notable epics have continued to be written. Derek Walcott won a Nobel prize to a great extent on the basis of his epic, Omeros. [139]Satirical poetry [ edit]John Wilmot Poetry can be a powerful vehicle for satire. The Romans had a strong tradition of satirical poetry, often written for political purposes. A notable example is the Roman poet Juvenal 's satires. [140]The same is true of the English satirical tradition. John Dryden (a Tory ), the first Poet Laureate, produced in 1682 Mac Flecknoe, subtitled "A Satire on the True Blue Protestant Poet, T. S." (a reference to Thomas Shadwell ). [141] Another master of 17th-century English satirical poetry was John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester. [142] Satirical poets outside England include Poland 's Ignacy Krasicki, Azerbaijan 's Sabir and Portugal 's Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage. Elegy [ edit]Thomas Gray Main article: Elegy An elegy is a mournful, melancholy or plaintive poem, especially a lament for the dead or a funeral song. The term "elegy," which originally denoted a type of poetic meter ( elegiac meter), commonly describes a poem of mourning. An elegy may also reflect something that seems to the author to be strange or mysterious. The elegy, as a reflection on a death, on a sorrow more generally, or on something mysterious, may be classified as a form of lyric poetry. [143] [144]Notable practitioners of elegiac poetry have included Propertius, Jorge Manrique, Jan Kochanowski, Chidiock Tichborne, Edmund Spenser, Ben Jonson, John Milton, Thomas Gray, Charlotte Turner Smith, William Cullen Bryant, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Evgeny Baratynsky, Alfred Tennyson, Walt Whitman, Louis Gallet, Antonio Machado, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Giannina Braschi, William Butler Yeats, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Virginia Woolf. Verse fable [ edit]Krasicki Main article: Fable The fable is an ancient literary genre, often (though not invariably) set in verse. It is a succinct story that features anthropomorphized animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that illustrate a moral lesson (a " moral "). Verse fables have used a variety of meter and rhyme patterns. [145]Notable verse fabulists have included Aesop, Vishnu Sarma, Phaedrus, Marie de France, Robert Henryson, Biernat of Lublin, Jean de La Fontaine, Ignacy Krasicki, Félix María de Samaniego, Tomás de Iriarte, Ivan Krylov and Ambrose Bierce. Dramatic poetry [ edit]Goethe Main articles: Verse drama and dramatic verse, Theatre of ancient Greece, Sanskrit drama, Chinese Opera, and Noh Dramatic poetry is drama written in verse to be spoken or sung, and appears in varying, sometimes related forms in many cultures. Greek tragedy in verse dates to the 6th century B. C., and may have been an influence on the development of Sanskrit drama, [146] just as Indian drama in turn appears to have influenced the development of the bianwen verse dramas in China, forerunners of Chinese Opera. [147] East Asian verse dramas also include Japanese Noh. Examples of dramatic poetry in Persian literature include Nizami 's two famous dramatic works, Layla and Majnun and Khosrow and Shirin, Ferdowsi 's tragedies such as Rostam and Sohrab, Rumi 's Masnavi, Gorgani 's tragedy of Vis and Ramin, and Vahshi 's tragedy of Farhad. Speculative poetry [ edit]Poe Main article: Speculative poetry Speculative poetry, also known as fantastic poetry (of which weird or macabre poetry is a major sub-classification), is a poetic genre which deals thematically with subjects which are "beyond reality", whether via extrapolation as in science fiction or via weird and horrific themes as in horror fiction. Such poetry appears regularly in modern science fiction and horror fiction magazines. Edgar Allan Poe is sometimes seen as the "father of speculative poetry". [148] Poe's most remarkable achievement in the genre was his anticipation, by three-quarters of a century, of the Big Bang theory of the universe 's origin, in his then much-derided 1848 essay (which, due to its very speculative nature, he termed a " prose poem "), Eureka: A Prose Poem. [149] [150]Prose poetry [ edit]Baudelaire Main article: Prose poetry Prose poetry is a hybrid genre that shows attributes of both prose and poetry. It may be indistinguishable from the micro-story ( a.k.a. the " short short story ", " flash fiction "). While some examples of earlier prose strike modern readers as poetic, prose poetry is commonly regarded as having originated in 19th-century France, where its practitioners included Aloysius Bertrand, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. [151] Since the late 1980s especially, prose poetry has gained increasing popularity, with entire journals, such as The Prose Poem: An International Journal, [152] Contemporary Haibun Online, [153] and Haibun Today [154] devoted to that genre and its hybrids. Latin American poets of the 20th century who wrote prose poems include Octavio Paz and Giannina Braschi [155] [156]Light poetry [ edit]Lewis Carroll Main article: Light poetry Light poetry, or light verse, is poetry that attempts to be humorous. Poems considered "light" are usually brief, and can be on a frivolous or serious subject, and often feature word play, including puns, adventurous rhyme and heavy alliteration. Although a few free verse poets have excelled at light verse outside the formal verse tradition, light verse in English is usually formal. Common forms include the limerick, the clerihew, and the double dactyl. While light poetry is sometimes condemned as doggerel, or thought of as poetry composed casually, humor often makes a serious point in a subtle or subversive way. Many of the most renowned "serious" poets have also excelled at light verse. Notable writers of light poetry include Lewis Carroll, Ogden Nash, X. J. Kennedy, Willard R. Espy, and Wendy Cope. See also [ edit]Poetry portal Glossary of poetry terms List of poetry groups and movements Outline of poetry Poet laureate Poetry reading Rhapsode Spoken word References [ edit]^ "Poetry". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. 2013.^ "Poetry". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2013.^ "Poetry". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. 2013—Based on the Random House Dictionary^ Strachan, John R; Terry, Richard, G (2000). Poetry: an introduction. Edinburgh University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8147-9797-6.^ Eliot, TS (1999). "The Function of Criticism". Selected Essays. Faber & Faber. pp. 13–34. 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Retrieved 10 December 2011.^ " Contemporary Haibun Online ". Retrieved 10 December 2011.^ " Haibun Today ".^ "Poetry Foundation: Octavio Paz".^ "Modern Language Association Presents Giannina Braschi". Circumference Magazine: Poetry in Translation, Academy of American Poets. January 1, 2013. Considered one of the most revolutionary Latin American poets writing today, Giannina Braschi, author of the epic prose poem 'Empire of Dreams'. Bibliography [ edit]Adams, Stephen J (1997). Poetic designs: an introduction to meters, verse forms and figures of speech. Broadview. ISBN 978-1-55111-129-2. Corn, Alfred (1997). The Poem's Heartbeat: A Manual of Prosody. Storyline Press. ISBN 1-885266-40-5. Fussell, Paul (1965). Poetic Meter and Poetic Form. Random House. Hollander, John (1981). Rhyme's Reason. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02740-0. Pinsky, Robert (1998). The Sounds of Poetry. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-26695-6. Further reading [ edit]Listen to this article ( info/dl )This audio file was created from a revision of the article " Poetry " dated 2005-04-20, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help)More spoken articles Wikiquote has quotations related to: Poetry Wikisource has original works on the topic: Poetry Look up poetry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Poetry. Brooks, Cleanth (1947). The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry. Harcourt Brace & Company. Finch, Annie (2011). A Poet's Ear: A Handbook of Meter and Form. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-05066-6. Fry, Stephen (2007). The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within. Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-950934-9. Pound, Ezra (1951). ABC of Reading. Faber. Preminger, Alex; Brogan, Terry VF; Warnke, Frank J (eds.). The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-02123-6. Tatarkiewicz, Władysław, "The Concept of Poetry", translated by Christopher Kasparek, Dialectics and Humanism: The Polish Philosophical Quarterly, vol. II, no. 2 (spring 1975), published in Warsaw under the auspices of the Polish Academy of Sciences by Polish Scientific Publishers, pp. 13–24. (The text contains some typographical errors.) A revised Polish-language version of this article appears as "Dwa pojęcia poezji" ("Two Concepts of Poetry") in the author's Parerga, Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1978, pp. 20–38. Tatarkiewicz identifies two distinct concepts subsumed within the term "poetry": traditional poetic form ( rhymed, rhythmicverse ), now no longer deemed obligatory; and poetic content —a certain state of mind —which can be evoked not only by verbal arts but also by other arts —painting, sculpture, especially music—as well as by nature, scenery, history, and everyday life. Anthologies [ edit]Main article: List of poetry anthologies Isobel Armstrong, Joseph Bristow, and Cath Sharrock (1996) Nineteenth-Century Women Poets. An Oxford Anthology Ferguson, Margaret; Salter, Mary Jo; Stallworthy, Jon, eds. (1996). The Norton Anthology of Poetry (4th ed.). W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-96820-0. Gardner, Helen, ed. (1972). New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1950. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-812136-9. Larkin, Philip, ed. (1973). The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse. Oxford University Press. Lonsdale, Roger, ed. (1990). Eighteenth Century Women Poets by Roger Lonsdale. Oxford University Press. Mosley, Ivo, ed. (1994). The Green Book of Poetry. Frontier Publishing. ISBN 978-1872914060. Mosley, Ivo, ed. (1996). Earth Poems: Poems from Around the World to Honor The Earth. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0062512833. Ricks, Christopher, ed. (1999). The Oxford Book of English Verse. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214182-1. Yeats, WB, ed. (1936). Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935. Oxford University Press. [ show]v t e Poetry of different cultures and languages [ show]v t e Schools of poetry [ show]v t e Lists of poets [ show]v t e Narrative Authority control NDL: 00570860Categories: Poetry Aesthetics Genres of poetry Poetic form Spoken word |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how much does it cost to build an additional bathroom | Questions and Answers Questions and Answers Building a room addition can be an expensive proposition. However the value to cost ratio is easily justifiable when adding much needed space, functionality and convenience. More information for Home additions that make good financial sense Uprooting, moving, selling old home has costs that many homeowners may not take into consideration too. Let’s face it, most older homes are solidly well built, to duplicate that today in new home would drastically increase a new home price. Most home remodeling contractors typically ballpark room addition cost estimates in dollars per square foot. This provides a rough baseline for typical home addition costs. This will help homeowners to get a general idea for a budget and the magnitude of what may occur in a the cost for an addition project. I’ll be frank here, this also helps to screen serious homeowners from the samplers. Some room additions can be more complicated to build due to the fact that not only does it need to be constructed well, but it also has to tie into the existing home in a structurally and aesthetically pleasing way. Providing a home addition estimate takes effort, time and money, both in the design, planning, coordinating and construction of the room addition. Consequently home construction contractors can and may charge a premium when providing an addition cost estimate. Home addition cost estimates can vary dramatically due to a number of factors. Primary factor, specifications of in the room addition plans. Examples: Home addition cost estimates of $170 to $225 per square foot for a basic family room addition is common. If the home addition includes a bathroom and/or a kitchen, the room addition costs can easily escalate to $475-$1000 per square foot. Quality and materials used are the other cost factors in a home addition. Synopsis: Your room addition plans specify the construction of 400 square feet of family room living space, without any type of bathroom or kitchen area, you can expect to pay $72,000 – $90,000 for a basic mid-range completed addition. If you are including a bathroom and/or kitchen, you could see room addition cost estimates as high as $125,000 +. Room addition cost estimates can also vary with market demand for building material availability and home remodeling construction labor costs. Legal professional remodeling contractors are in business to make money, and our time and effort is money, so you need to expect some markup charge for the materials that he orders and has delivered to your room addition project. Let’s Break it down using an example from several other sources too. ~ * Fixr.com & Remodeling Magazine “Cost vs Value”New Space Addition Cost How much does it cost to add new space? Adding on to any home, whether it is an expansion of the existing “footprint” or an entirely new level is a very complex project. For this discussion we will examine the requirements and general costs associated with adding a single-story 400 square foot (16’x25′) room. This type of project will not be considered a “DIY” project in the least, and several contractors will be necessary for the job (carpentry, installation, electrical, etc.). For the new addition such as described above, the typical costs include: According to Hanley Wood and their “Remodeling” magazine in 2017 the average basic addition in which a foundation is added, vinyl siding is applied, adequate roofing is done, interior walls are insulated and finished, pre-finished hardwood floor and windows are installed and all electrical and HVAC works is completed will cost $89,566. The resale value of this update would hold at $62,055, or an 69.3% return on investment. The above figures place the cost of the addition at $223.92 per square foot. This pricing structure assumes that carpenters charge an average of $75 per hour, electricians between $75 to $95 per hour, and painters between $35 and $45 per hour. Cost breakout What needs to be included: Architectural design services to ensure that new addition is housed in a structure in a style appropriate to the existing house, and up to code for the neighborhood or area in which the home is located. This should require no more than 10 – 17% of the total building budget;Arrange any required demolition, excavation, or site preparation – Average costs are going to vary according to the level of work necessary;Pour concrete footings and slab if no crawlspace foundation exists – Average price of concrete is $175 per cubic yard, with piers and the full slab it that would require roughly 14 cubic yards and would cost at least $2450;Build roof trusses and support beam system and tie into existing structure – lumber prices will vary as will the design used by the carpenters constructing the new space. The project should require 2×4 wood framing along with OSB structural sheathing;Asphalt shingles with galvanized metal flashing – Average of $100 to $125 per square of 30-year shingles. Total cost of $500, plus installation time of at least 16 hours;Install vinyl siding and trim – Average price of $9.50 per square foot installed, and for the 514 square feet needed, this would total $4883;Finish ceilings and walls – Drywall throughout would require 20 panels of 4’x8′ for walls and ceiling at $12.80 each (plus screws, nails and finishing compound) for an approximate total of $325 plus approximately 24 hours of installation;Fiberglass wall and attic insulation with R-49 and R-28 values respectively value will cost an overall average of $2.75 per square foot (installed) for an approximate total cost of $1100;1 – six-panel primed steel door – Average of $270 each plus four hours of installation;Three new windows – Average price of $400-$950 per window, plus installation time of two to five hours per window. Be sure that the windows purchased will qualify for tax deductions;Carpeting – Averages at $25 to $35 per square yard (with padding and installation) totals $533;New moldings – Average of $4.75 per foot of installed molding for a total of roughly $1250;Tie into existing HVAC – Average cost will vary according to pre-existing system;Provide electrical wiring and lighting to code – This is going to depend upon the amount of work required, but electricians average from $75 to $95 per hour. This project might be priced on a per item basis, or the electrician might simply base it on the square footage; and Provide carpentry to code – This is going to depend upon the amount of work required, but carpenters average $75 per hour. This project might be priced on a per item basis, or the carpenter might simply base it on the square footage. Average Home Addition Costs As a remodeler we are often asked what are some average cost for a given remodeling project. The cost of any remodeling project will vary depending on the type of materials used and the overall complexity of the project. The design of the project can also determine the resale value of the project along with the recouped cost estimates. The following numbers are averages based on remodeling projects completed in the past year. You can see a few of our room addition, updates and conversions here: https://www.rockfordremodeling.biz/remodeling-portfolio/home-and-room-additions/Midrange Master Suite Addition Job Cost $119,533 | Resale Value $77,506 | Cost Recouped 64.8%Midrange Bathroom Addition Job Cost $43,232 | Resale Value $23,283 | Cost Recouped 53.9%Midrange 2 Story Addition Job Cost $176,108 | Resale Value $125,222 | Cost Recouped 71.1%Averages based on Remodeling Cost vs Value Report 2017 | Q: How much will it cost to remodel my kitchen or bathroom? Q: How much will it cost to remodel my kitchen or bathroom? A: This is a much asked question, and an exceptionally difficult one to answer. The price for a new kitchen or bathroom will be affected by (1) where you buy it (2) what features it includes and (3) the brands / models you select. According to a survey by the National Kitchen and Bath Association (NKBA), the average selling price for a kitchen is around $26,000, including design, products and installation. The average kitchen selling price reflects average cabinets, appliances, an average sized room (falling within the 150 – 300 square foot range). Bathroom prices generally average between $6,500 and $11,600 when you’re replacing everything. Again, the cost can be lower or considerably higher depending on what you’re looking for. It is not unusual today for a kitchen to run from $30,000 to as much as $150,000 and higher. This may come as a shock to people who are living in a home they paid less than $100,000 for thirty years ago! However, for many people a new kitchen is a once-in-a-lifetime purchase. Eventually, if you sell your home, you can realize much of your cost, and possibly all of it. When you consider this, it makes the expense a little easier to live with. Q: What makes a kitchen more or less expensive? A: Cabinets account for about one-third to one-half the total cost of the project and will have the greatest impact on your budget. They range in price considerably based on quality, the type of material they are made of, and whether they are stock (ready made in specific sizes) or custom (produced specifically for your kitchen in whatever sizes and finishes are needed). The material you choose for surfaces including counters, backsplashes and floors can also account for variations in price. Other key elements that factor in to the equation are talent and workmanship. In the remodeling business, you tend to get what you pay for. An accomplished designer, skilled sub-tradesmen and expert installation crew may cost more. But you’ll appreciate their ability every time you use your kitchen. Q: What makes a bathroom remodeling more or less expensive? A: No single element of a bathroom remodel comprises a significantly larger portion of the costs than other elements. The type and quality of cabinets you select will affect your total costs. Not surprisingly, fixtures and fittings account for a high cost percentage in the bathroom. Expense for fixtures and fittings will vary depending on the brand, type of materials, and array of products you select. In bathrooms, installation typically accounts for a quarter or more of the total cost. This is because the installation work in a bathroom tends to be intricate (for example, tile setting). If you’re looking to cut corners, this is probably not the place to do it. Q: Can I save money by cutting a few corners? A: Yes, but chances are you’ll be disappointed when it’s done. Postponing some things is a better way to save than cutting quality. Put your money into the best quality products your budget can afford, even if you have to limit the number of products that you buy. Q: Should I select my appliances first and then call in a kitchen planner? A: This is not recommended. A kitchen design is much like a jigsaw puzzle, where each piece must fit into the whole design. By all means, research your appliance choices and formulate your “wish list,” but it is usually better not to purchase your appliances until the design has been finalized. Q: Can I get other bids on the final design? A: Our policy is to not release the plans, which are protected by copyright, until a purchase agreement has been made. In any event, it is extremely difficult to comparison shop for a kitchen, because different firms feature different products. Most of the time you will end up comparing “apples and oranges.”If a company has been in business for some time, it’s usually a sign that their prices are competitive or they wouldn’t have stayed in business. Also, it’s more important to work with someone you feel comfortable with and trust than to try to save money with someone who implies they can save you “X amount of dollars.”Q: What can I do myself to help cut costs? A: How much you can or should attempt to do depends on your ability and knowledge of remodeling. You’ll definitely be able to tear out old cabinets (be careful not to damage walls and beams), take up old vinyl flooring and handle trash removal. You may also want to paint or wallpaper on your own. You’re better off letting the pros handle plumbing and appliance hook-ups – if you try it on your own, you may violate building codes or invalidate manufacturer warranties. And let a professional installer put your new cabinets in so that they look their best. Q: How long should it take from showroom visit to finished kitchen? A: It can take several months, even after the design is finalized. Custom cabinets usually take around eight to ten weeks for delivery. The extent of the job, the contractor’s workload and the availability of materials also have an effect. Once the materials have been delivered, installation can often be completed in as little as two to three weeks. Q: Who’s the best person for the job? A: There are a lot of professionals out there – interior designers, architects, remodeling contractors – but your best bet is to pick a designer or firm that specializes in the kitchen and bath area. There are thousands of companies that offer kitchen/bath design and installation services – many of them belong to the National Kitchen & Bath Association. There are also a select number of individuals certified by NKBA as Certified Kitchen Designers (CKD) and/or Certified Bathroom Designers (CBD). You’ll probably meet first at his office or showroom to share your ideas and basic needs. Then he’ll come to your home to take careful measurements of the space, make note of plumbing and structural elements, and get a feel for your home’s style. He’ll also ask a lot of questions about your kitchen or bathroom, lifestyle and family. He’ll be listening carefully so that the finished room you work to create reflects your personal taste and how you use the space. You’ll choose products, colors and materials together, working within your budget. The relationship can go only as far as creating your design, or you may have the design professional act as a consultant, or he may manage the entire project for you – including hiring sub-contractors and scheduling the work and supervising the installation. Q: What is a CKD? A: A Certified Kitchen Designer (CKD) is a professional, qualified by education and experience to research, design, plan and supervise the installation of residential kitchens. Only after a rigid examination conducted by the National Kitchen and Bath Association, has he or she been awarded the CKD title. Use of this professional certification mark and seal is protected by law. The CKD title identifies the exceptional qualifications of the competent Kitchen Specialist. It is public proof of responsible performance and professional skill. Q: What about contracts and orders? A: Before any work begins on your kitchen or bathroom, get detailed, written estimates, project specifications and signed contracts from the professionals you hire. Make sure they’re bonded and insured. (If you work with an NKBA member, he/she will likely coordinate all of your sub-contractors for you.) Check references carefully. Your designer should prepare project drawings including floor plans and renderings that clearly represent your project. If anything changes mid-project, you should be asked to sign a change order. Q: What about payment? A: Most firms will require a percentage (usually 50 percent or so) when you sign the contract, additional payment (usually 40 percent or so) when cabinets are delivered or installation begins, and the balance (10 percent or so) when the job is complete. You may also be required to pay a design retainer at the start of the job. By Alan Zielinski |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how much does it cost to apply to take the cpa exam | CPA Exam Application Process CPA Exam Application Process Be prepared to sit for the CPA Exam by learning about all its details. Download and read the official guide,The Uniform CPA Exam Candidate Bulletinwhich covers: Applying to take the CPA Exam Scheduling your CPA Exam Taking your CPA Exam Receiving your score Exam content The CPA Exam application process involves submitting forms and transcripts, along with fees, to the state board or its designee. Visit the state requirementsto learn more. Learn about state requirements for the CPA Exam—and meet them The requirements for becoming a CPA candidate and sitting for the exam vary from state to state. However, they generally include an educational, experience, and residency requirement. For most states, you’ll need a bachelor’s degree or higher. Some other states now require 150 semester hours in specific subject areas, determined by the board of accountancy. See yourstate requirements. If you need additional educational credits to qualify, you may earn graduate credit while you prepare for the exam. See below for more information. Tips for applying for the CPA Exam To complete your application correctly, it’s important to know the rules of application in your state or jurisdiction. These pointers will help: Be accurate and thorough. Incomplete applications are generally rejected. Make sure the name on your application exactly matches the name on the two forms of valid identification you bring for admission to the testing center. Official school transcripts must be provided. (Note: Allow extra time if you have an international degree, as it may also require additional evaluation. )How, where, and when to apply for the CPA Exam You may apply to any state that you meet their requirements or jurisdiction, but may only register to take the exam in one jurisdiction at a time. Application and exam fees for first-time candidates vary by state, but range from $900 to $1,100 for all four-parts of the exam. Applications can be submitted at any time during the year. The application process usually takes from four to six weeks for first-time candidates. After your application is approved, you’ll receive a Notice to Schedule (NTS). You must have the NTS to reserve an actual test date at one of the 300Prometric Test Centerswhere the exams are given. Earn graduate credit at the same time Did you know that while you prepare for the CPA Exam, you could be simultaneously earning up to 9 graduate level credits at De Vry University’s Keller Graduate School of Management? LEARN MOREPut Becker on your side As soon as you’ve applied for the exam, you need to start preparing for it. And that’s where Becker can be your best asset. Choose from a range of course formats tailored around your lifestyle, work schedule and preferred method of learning. No matter which one you choose, you’ll benefit from the same proven Becker study materials and comprehensive learning approach. And we back each one withthe Becker Promiseso you can prepare with peace of mind. At Becker, we know you don’t just study for an exam. You study for a career. Becker can help power your success. ENROLL NOW | . Don't Worry; We'll Get You Back on Track!The page you're looking for no longer exists. Try one of our suggested links. Here are a few options U. S. Bank Home Site Map Personal Banking Online Banking Credit Cards Loans and Lines Checking Accounts Savings Accounts Home Mortgages Customer Service Customer Service for Personal Customer Service for Small Business Customer Service for Commercial & Government Contact us about this error Submit a Question or Comment |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.quinine overdose symptoms | Qualaquin Drug Description Fungal Infections Slideshow: Fungus Among Us Take the Tummy Trouble Quiz Hepatitis C Slideshow Pictures Find Lowest Prices on QUALAQUIN® (quinine sulfate) Capsules, USPWARNINGHEMATOLOGIC REACTIONSQUALAQUIN® use for the treatment or prevention of nocturnal leg cramps may result in serious and life-threatening hematologic reactions, including thrombocytopenia and hemolytic uremic syndrome/thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (HUS/TTP). Chronic renal impairment associated with the development of TTP has been reported. The risk associated with QUALAQUIN use in the absence of evidence of its effectiveness in the treatment or prevention of nocturnal leg cramps outweighs any potential benefit [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. DESCRIPTIONQUALAQUIN (quinine sulfate) is a cinchona alkaloid chemically described as cinchonan-9-ol, 6'-methoxy-, (8&apha;, 9R)-, sulfate (2:1) (salt), dihydrate with a molecular formula of (C 20 H 24 N 2 O 2) 2 •H 2 SO 4 •2H 2 O and a molecular weight of 782.96. The structural formula of quinine sulfate is: Quinine sulfate occurs as a white, crystalline powder that darkens on exposure to light. It is odorless and has a persistent very bitter taste. It is only slightly soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, and ether. QUALAQUIN is supplied for oral administration as capsules containing 324 mg of the active ingredient quinine sulfate USP, equivalent to 269 mg free base. Inactive ingredients: corn starch, magnesium stearate, and talc. For Consumers What are the possible side effects of quinine (Qualaquin)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using quinine and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:fever, chills, confusion, weakness, sweating;severe vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea;problems with vision or hearing;chest pain, trouble breathing, severe dizziness, fainting, fast or pounding heartbeats;severe flushing (warmth, redness, or tingly feeling);urinating less than... Read All Potential Side Effects and See Pictures of Qualaquin »Indications & Dosage Fungal Infections Slideshow: Fungus Among Us Take the Tummy Trouble Quiz Hepatitis C Slideshow Pictures INDICATIONSQUALAQUIN ( quinine sulfate) is an antimalarial drug indicated only for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria . Quinine sulfate has been shown to be effective in geographical regions where resistance to chloroquine has been documented [see Clinical Studies ]. QUALAQUIN oral capsules are not approved for: Treatment of severe or complicated P. falciparum malaria. Prevention of malaria. Treatment or prevention of nocturnal leg cramps [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONTreatment Of Uncomplicated P. falciparum Malaria For treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in adults: Orally, 648 mg (two capsules) every 8 hours for 7 days [see Clinical Studies ]. QUALAQUIN should be taken with food to minimize gastric upset [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Renal Impairment In patients with acute uncomplicated malaria and severe chronic renal impairment, the following dosage regimen is recommended: one loading dose of 648 mg QUALAQUIN followed 12 hours later by maintenance doses of 324 mg every 12 hours. The effects of mild and moderate renal impairment on the safety and pharmacokinetics of quinine sulfate are not known [see Use in Specific Populations, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Hepatic Impairment Adjustment of the recommended dose is not required in mild (Child-Pugh A) or moderate (Child-Pugh B) hepatic impairment, but patients should be monitored closely for adverse effects of quinine. Quinine should not be administered in patients with severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. HOW SUPPLIEDDosage Forms And Strengths324 mg capsules -hard gelatin, clear cap/clear body, imprinted with 'AR 102'Storage And Handling QUALAQUIN capsules USP, 324 mg are available as clear/clear capsules imprinted AR 102: Bottles of 30 NDC 49708-153-07Storage Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]Dispense in a tight container as defined in the USP. Manufactured by: Mutual Pharmaceutical Company, Inc. Philadelphia, PA 19124. Distributed by: Caraco Pharmaceutical Laboratories, Ltd. Detroit, MI 48202. Rev, July 2014Side Effects & Drug Interactions Fungal Infections Slideshow: Fungus Among Us Take the Tummy Trouble Quiz Hepatitis C Slideshow Pictures SIDE EFFECTSOverall Quinine can adversely affect almost every body system. The most common adverse events associated with quinine use are a cluster of symptoms called “cinchonism”, which occurs to some degree in almost all patients taking quinine. Symptoms of mild cinchonism include headache, vasodilation and sweating, nausea, tinnitus, hearing impairment, vertigo or dizziness, blurred vision, and disturbance in color perception. More severe symptoms of cinchonism are vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, deafness, blindness, and disturbances in cardiac rhythm or conduction. Most symptoms of cinchonism are reversible and resolve with discontinuation of quinine. The following ADVERSE REACTIONS have been reported with quinine sulfate. Because these reactions have been reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. General: fever, chills, sweating, flushing, asthenia, lupus -like syndrome, and hypersensitivity reactions. Hematologic: agranulocytosis, hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic anemia ; hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, petechiae, ecchymosis, hemorrhage, coagulopathy, blackwater fever, leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, and lupus anticoagulant. Neuropsychiatric: headache, diplopia, confusion, altered mental status, seizures, coma, disorientation, tremors, restlessness, ataxia, acute dystonic reaction, aphasia, and suicide. Dermatologic: cutaneous rashes, including urticarial, papular, or scarlatinal rashes, pruritus, bullous dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, fixed drug eruption, photosensitivity reactions, allergic contact dermatitis, acral necrosis, and cutaneous vasculitis. Respiratory: asthma, dyspnea, pulmonary edema. Cardiovascular: chest pain, vasodilatation, hypotension, postural hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, palpitations , syncope, atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation, irregular rhythm, unifocal premature ventricular contractions, nodal escape beats, U waves, QT prolongation, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, torsades de pointes, and cardiac arrest. Gastrointestinal: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, gastric irritation, and esophagitis. Hepatobiliary: granulomatous hepatitis, hepatitis, jaundice, and abnormal liver function tests. Metabolic: hypoglycemia and anorexia. Musculoskeletal: myalgias and muscle weakness. Renal: hemoglobinuria, renal failure, renal impairment, and acute interstitialnephritis. Special Senses: visual disturbances, including blurred vision with scotomata, sudden loss of vision, photophobia, diplopia, night blindness, diminished visual fields, fixed pupillary dilatation , disturbed color vision, optic neuritis, blindness, vertigo, tinnitus, hearing impairment, and deafness. DRUG INTERACTIONSEffects Of Drugs And Other Substances On Quinine Pharmacokinetics Quinine is a P-gp substrate and is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 may contribute to the metabolism of quinine [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Antacids Antacids containing aluminum and/or magnesium may delay or decrease absorption of quinine. Concomitant administration of these antacids with QUALAQUIN should be avoided. Antiepileptics (AEDs) (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin)Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin are CYP3A4 inducers and may decrease quinine plasma concentrations if used concurrently with QUALAQUIN. Cholestyramine In 8 healthy subjects who received quinine sulfate 600 mg with or without 8 grams of cholestyramine resin, no significant difference in quinine pharmacokinetic parameters was seen. Cigarette Smoking (CYP1A2 inducer)In healthy male heavy smokers, the mean quinine AUC following a single 600 mg dose was 44% lower, the mean Cmax was 18% lower, and the elimination half-life was shorter (7.5 hours versus 12 hours) than in their non-smoking counterparts. However, in malaria patients who received the full 7-day course of quinine therapy, cigarette smoking produced only a 25% decrease in median quinine AUC and a 16.5% decrease in median Cmax, suggesting that the already reduced clearance of quinine in acute malaria could have diminished the metabolic induction effect of smoking. Because smoking did not appear to influence the therapeutic outcome in malaria patients, it is not necessary to increase the dose of quinine in the treatment of acute malaria in heavy cigarette smokers. Grapefruit juice (P-gp/CYP3A4 inhibitor)In a pharmacokinetic study involving 10 healthy subjects, the administration of a single 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate with grapefruit juice (full-strength or half-strength) did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of quinine. QUALAQUIN may be taken with grapefruit juice. Histamine H2-receptor blockers [cimetidine, ranitidine (nonspecific CYP450 inhibitors)]In healthy subjects who were given a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate after pretreatment with cimetidine (200 mg three times daily and 400 mg at bedtime for 7 days) or ranitidine (150 mg twice daily for 7 days), the apparent oral clearance of quinine decreased and the mean elimination half-life increased significantly when given with cimetidine but not with ranitidine. Compared to untreated controls, the mean AUC of quinine increased by 20% with ranitidine and by 42% with cimetidine (p < 0.05) without a significant change in mean quinine Cmax. When quinine is to be given concomitantly with a histamine H2-receptor blocker, the use of ranitidine is preferred over cimetidine. Although cimetidine and ranitidine may be used concomitantly with QUALAQUIN, patients should be monitored closely for adverse events associated with quinine. Isoniazid Isoniazid 300 mg/day pretreatment for 1 week did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetic parameter values of quinine. Adjustment of QUALAQUIN dosage is not necessary when isoniazid is given concomitantly. Ketoconazole (CYP3A4 inhibitor)In a crossover study, healthy subjects (N=9) who received a single oral dose of quinine hydrochloride (500 mg) concomitantly with ketoconazole (100 mg twice daily for 3 days) had a mean quinine AUC that was higher by 45% and a mean oral clearance of quinine that was 31% lower than after receiving quinine alone. Although no change in the QUALAQUIN dosage regimen is necessary with concomitant ketoconazole, patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with quinine. Macrolide Antibiotics (erythromycin, troleandomycin) (CYP3A4 inhibitors)In a crossover study (N=10), healthy subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate with the macrolide antibiotic, troleandomycin (500 mg every 8 hours) exhibited a 87% higher mean quinine AUC, a 45% lower mean oral clearance of quinine, and a 81% lower formation clearance of the main metabolite, 3-hydroxyquinine, than when quinine was given alone. Erythromycin was shown to inhibit the in vitro metabolism of quinine in human liver microsomes, an observation confirmed by an in vivo interaction study. In a crossover study (N=10), healthy subjects who received a single oral 500 mg dose of quinine sulfate with erythromycin (600 mg every 8 hours for four days) showed a decrease in quinine oral clearance (CL/F), an increase in half-life, and a decreased metabolite (3hydroxyquinine) to quinine AUC ratio, as compared to when quinine was given with placebo. Therefore, concomitant administration of macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin or troleandomycin with QUALAQUIN should be avoided [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Oral Contraceptives (estrogen, progestin)In 7 healthy females who were using single-ingredient progestin or combination estrogen -containing oral contraceptives, the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate were not altered in comparison to those observed in 7 age-matched female control subjects not using oral contraceptives. Rifampin (CYP3A4 inducer)In patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria who received quinine sulfate 10 mg/kg concomitantly with rifampin 15 mg/kg/day for 7 days (N=29), the median AUC of quinine between days 3 and 7 of therapy was 75% lower as compared to those who received quinine monotherapy. In healthy subjects (N=9) who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate after 2 weeks of pretreatment with rifampin 600 mg/day, the mean quinine AUC and Cmax decreased by 85% and 55%, respectively. Therefore, the concomitant administration of rifampin with QUALAQUIN should be avoided [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Ritonavir In healthy subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate with the 15 th dose of ritonavir (200 mg every 12 hours for 9 days), there were 4-fold increases in the mean quinine AUC and Cmax, and an increase in the mean elimination half-life (13.4 hours versus 11.2 hours), compared to when quinine was given alone. Therefore, the concomitant administration of ritonavir with QUALAQUIN capsules should be avoided [see also Effects of Quinine on the Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs ]. Tetracycline In 8 patients with acute uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria who were treated with oral quinine sulfate (600 mg every 8 hours for 7 days) in combination with oral tetracycline (250 mg every 6 hours for 7 days), the mean plasma quinine concentrations were about two-fold higher than in 8 patients who received quinine monotherapy. Although tetracycline may be concomitantly administered with QUALAQUIN, patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with quinine sulfate. Theophylline Or Aminophylline In 20 healthy subjects who received multiple doses of QUALAQUIN (648 mg every 8 hours x 7 days) with a single 300 mg oral dose of theophylline, the quinine mean Cmax and AUC were increased by 13% and 14% respectively. Although no change in the QUALAQUIN dosage regimen is necessary with concomitant theophylline or aminophylline, patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with quinine. Urinary Alkalizers (acetazolamide, sodium bicarbonate)Urinary alkalinizing agents may increase plasma quinine concentrations. Effects Of Quinine On The Pharmacokinetics Of Other Drugs Results of in vivo drug interaction studies suggest that quinine has the potential to inhibit the metabolism of drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Quinine inhibits P-gp and has the potential to affect the transport of drugs that are P-gp substrates. Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin)A single 600 mg oral dose of quinine sulfate increased the mean plasma Cmax, and AUC0–24 of single oral doses of carbamazepine (200 mg) and phenobarbital (120 mg) but not phenytoin (200 mg) in 8 healthy subjects. The mean AUC increases of carbamazepine, phenobarbital and phenytoin were 104%, 81% and 4%, respectively; the mean increases in Cmax were 56%, 53%, and 4%, respectively. Mean urinary recoveries of the three antiepileptics over 24 hours were also profoundly increased by quinine. If concomitant administration with carbamazepine or phenobarbital cannot be avoided, frequent monitoring of anticonvulsant drug concentrations is recommended. Additionally, patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with these anticonvulsants. Astemizole (CYP3A4 substrate)Elevated plasma astemizole concentrations were reported in a subject who experienced torsades de pointes after receiving three doses of quinine sulfate for nocturnal leg cramps concomitantly with chronic astemizole 10 mg/day. The concurrent use of QUALAQUIN with astemizole and other CYP3A4 substrates with QT prolongation potential (e.g., cisapride, terfenadine, halofantrine, pimozide and quinidine) should also be avoided [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Atorvastatin (CYP3A4 substrate)Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure secondary to myoglobinuria was reported in a patient taking atorvastatin administered with a single dose of quinine. Quinine may increase plasma concentrations of atorvastatin, thereby increasing the risk of myopathy or rhabdomyolysis. Thus, clinicians considering combined therapy of QUALAQUIN with atorvastatin or other HMG-Co A reductase inhibitors (“ statins ”) that are CYP3A4 substrates (e.g., simvastatin, lovastatin) should carefully weigh the potential benefits and risks of each medication. If QUALAQUIN is used concomitantly with any of these statins, lower starting and maintenance doses of the statin should be considered. Patients should also be monitored closely for any signs or symptoms of muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness, particularly during initial therapy. If marked creatine phosphokinase (CPK) elevation occurs or myopathy (defined as muscle aches or muscle weakness in conjunction with CPK values > 10 times the upper limit of normal) is diagnosed or suspected, atorvastatin or other statin should be discontinued. Desipramine (CYP2D6 substrate)Quinine (750 mg/day for 2 days) decreased the metabolism of desipramine in patients who were extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers, but had no effect in patients who were poor CYP2D6 metabolizers. Lower doses (80 mg to 400 mg) of quinine did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of other CYP2D6 substrates, namely, debrisoquine, dextromethorphan, and methoxyphenamine. Although clinical drug interaction studies have not been performed, antimalarial doses (greater than or equal to 600 mg) of quinine may inhibit the metabolism of other drugs that are CYP2D6 substrates (e.g., flecainide, debrisoquine, dextromethorphan, metoprolol, paroxetine). Patients taking medications that are CYP2D6 substrates with QUALAQUIN should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with these medications. Digoxin (P-gp substrate)In 4 healthy subjects who received digoxin (0.5 to 0.75 mg/day) during treatment with quinine (750 mg/day), a 33% increase in mean steady state AUC of digoxin and a 35% reduction in the steady state biliary clearance of digoxin were observed compared to digoxin alone. Thus, if QUALAQUIN is administered to patients receiving digoxin, plasma digoxin concentrations should be closely monitored, and the digoxin dose adjusted, as necessary [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Halofantrine Although not studied clinically, quinine was shown to inhibit the metabolism of halofantrine in vitro using human liver microsomes. Therefore, concomitant administration of QUALAQUIN is likely to increase plasma halofantrine concentrations [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Mefloquine In 7 healthy subjects who received mefloquine (750 mg) at 24 hours before an oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate, the AUC of mefloquine was increased by 22% compared to mefloquine alone. In this study, the QTc interval was significantly prolonged in the subjects who received mefloquine and quinine sulfate 24 hours apart. The concomitant administration of mefloquine and QUALAQUIN may produce electrocardiographic abnormalities (including QTc prolongation) and may increase the risk of seizures [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate)In 23 healthy subjects who received multiple doses of QUALAQUIN 324 mg three times daily x 7 days with a single oral 2 mg dose of midazolam, the mean AUC and Cmax of midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam were not significantly affected. This finding indicates that 7-day dosing with QUALAQUIN 324 mg every 8 hours did not induce the metabolism of midazolam. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (pancuronium, succinylcholine, tubocurarine)In one report, quinine potentiated neuromuscular blockade in a patient who received pancuronium during an operative procedure, and subsequently (3 hours after receiving pancuronium) received quinine 1800 mg daily. Quinine may also enhance the neuromuscular blocking effects of succinylcholine and tubocurarine [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Ritonavir In healthy subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate with the 15 th dose of ritonavir (200 mg every 12 hours for 9 days), the mean ritonavir AUC, Cmax, and elimination half-life were slightly but not significantly increased compared to when ritonavir was given alone. However, due to the significant effect of ritonavir on quinine pharmacokinetics, the concomitant administration of QUALAQUIN capsules with ritonavir should be avoided [see also Effects of Quinine on the Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs ]. Theophylline Or Aminophylline (CYP1A2 substrate)In 19 healthy subjects who received multiple doses of QUALAQUIN 648 mg every 8 hours x 7 days with a single 300 mg oral dose of theophylline, the mean theophylline AUC was 10% lower than when theophylline was given alone. There was no significant effect on mean theophylline Cmax. Therefore, if QUALAQUIN is co-administered to patients receiving theophylline or aminophylline, plasma theophylline concentrations should be monitored frequently to ensure therapeutic concentrations. Warfarin And Oral Anticoagulants Cinchona alkaloids, including quinine, may have the potential to depress hepatic enzyme synthesis of vitamin K -dependent coagulation pathway proteins and may enhance the action of warfarin and other oral anticoagulants. Quinine may also interfere with the anticoagulant effect of heparin. Thus, in patients receiving these anticoagulants, the prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), or international normalization ratio (INR) should be closely monitored as appropriate, during concurrent therapy with QUALAQUIN. Drug/Laboratory Interactions Quinine may produce an elevated value for urinary 17-ketogenic steroids when the Zimmerman method is used. Quinine may interfere with urine qualitative dipstick protein assays as well as quantitative methods (e.g., pyrogallol red-molybdate). Warnings & Precautions Fungal Infections Slideshow: Fungus Among Us Take the Tummy Trouble Quiz Hepatitis C Slideshow Pictures WARNINGSIncluded as part of the PRECAUTIONS section. PRECAUTIONSUse Of QUALAQUIN For Treatment Or Prevention Of Nocturnal Leg Cramps QUALAQUIN may cause unpredictable serious and life-threatening hematologic reactions including thrombocytopenia and hemolytic -uremic syndrome/ thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ( HUS / TTP) in addition to hypersensitivity reactions, QT prolongation, serious cardiac arrhythmias including torsades de pointes, and other serious adverse events requiring medical intervention and hospitalization. Chronic renal impairment associated with the development of TTP, and fatalities have also been reported. The risk associated with the use of QUALAQUIN in the absence of evidence of its effectiveness for treatment or prevention of nocturnal leg cramps, outweighs any potential benefit in treating and/or preventing this benign, self-limiting condition [see BOXED WARNING and CONTRAINDICATIONS ]. Thrombocytopenia Quinine -induced thrombocytopenia is an immune-mediated disorder. Severe cases of thrombocytopenia that are fatal or life threatening have been reported, including cases of HUS/TTP. Chronic renal impairment associated with the development of TTP has also been reported. Thrombocytopenia usually resolves within a week upon discontinuation of quinine. If quinine is not stopped, a patient is at risk for fatal hemorrhage. Upon re-exposure to quinine from any source, a patient with quinine-dependent antibodies could develop thrombocytopenia that is more rapid in onset and more severe than the original episode. QT Prolongation And Ventricular Arrhythmias QT interval prolongation has been a consistent finding in studies which evaluated electrocardiographic changes with oral or parenteral quinine administration, regardless of age, clinical status, or severity of disease. The maximum increase in QT interval has been shown to correspond with peak quinine plasma concentration [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Quinine sulfate has been rarely associated with potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias, including torsades de pointes, and ventricular fibrillation. QUALAQUIN has been shown to cause concentration-dependent prolongation of the PR and QRS interval. At particular risk are patients with underlying structural heart disease and preexisting conduction system abnormalities, elderly patients with sick sinus syndrome, patients with atrial fibrillation with slow ventricular response, patients with myocardial ischemia or patients receiving drugs known to prolong the PR interval (e.g. verapamil) or QRS interval (e.g. flecainide or quinidine) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. QUALAQUIN is not recommended for use with other drugs known to cause QT prolongation, including Class IA antiarrhythmic agents (e.g., quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide), and Class III antiarrhythmic agents (e.g., amiodarone, sotalol, dofetilide). The use of macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin should be avoided in patients receiving QUALAQUIN. Fatal torsades de pointes was reported in an elderly patient who received concomitant quinine, erythromycin, and dopamine. Although a causal relationship between a specific drug and the arrhythmia was not established in this case, erythromycin is a CYP3A4 inhibitor and has been shown to increase quinine plasma levels when used concomitantly. A related macrolide antibiotic, troleandomycin, has also been shown to increase quinine exposure in a pharmacokinetic study [see DRUG INTERACTIONS ]. Quinine may inhibit the metabolism of certain drugs that are CYP3A4 substrates and are known to cause QT prolongation, e.g., astemizole, cisapride, terfenadine, pimozide, halofantrine and quinidine. Torsades de pointes has been reported in patients who received concomitant quinine and astemizole. Therefore, concurrent use of QUALAQUIN with these medications, or drugs with similar properties, should be avoided [see DRUG INTERACTIONS ]. Concomitant administration of QUALAQUIN with the antimalarial drugs, mefloquine or halofantrine, may result in electrocardiographic abnormalities, including QT prolongation, and increase the risk for torsades de pointes or other serious ventricular arrhythmias . Concurrent use of QUALAQUIN and mefloquine may also increase the risk of seizures [see DRUG INTERACTIONS ]. QUALAQUIN should also be avoided in patients with known prolongation of QT interval and in patients with clinical conditions known to prolong the QT interval, such as uncorrected hypokalemia, bradycardia, and certain cardiac conditions [see CONTRAINDICATIONS ]. Concomitant Use Of Rifampin Treatment failures may result from the concurrent use of rifampin with QUALAQUIN, due to decreased plasma concentrations of quinine, and concomitant use of these medications should be avoided [see DRUG INTERACTIONS ]. Concomitant Use Of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents The use of neuromuscular blocking agents should be avoided in patients receiving QUALAQUIN. In one patient who received pancuronium during an operative procedure, subsequent administration of quinine resulted in respiratory depression and apnea. Although there are no clinical reports with succinylcholine or tubocurarine, quinine may also potentiate neuromuscular blockade when used with these drugs [see DRUG INTERACTIONS ]. Hypersensitivity Serious hypersensitivity reactions reported with quinine sulfate include anaphylactic shock, anaphylactoid reactions, urticaria, serious skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, angioedema, facial edema, bronchospasm, and pruritus. A number of other serious adverse reactions reported with quinine, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), blackwater fever, disseminated intravascular coagulation, leukopenia , neutropenia, granulomatous hepatitis, and acute interstitial nephritis may also be due to hypersensitivity reactions. QUALAQUIN should be discontinued in case of any signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity [see CONTRAINDICATIONS ]. Atrial Fibrillation And Flutter QUALAQUIN should be used with caution in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. A paradoxical increase in ventricular response rate may occur with quinine, similar to that observed with quinidine. If digoxin is used to prevent a rapid ventricular response, serum digoxin levels should be closely monitored, because digoxin levels may be increased with use of quinine [see DRUG INTERACTIONS ]. Hypoglycemia Quinine stimulates release of insulin from the pancreas, and patients, especially pregnant women, may experience clinically significant hypoglycemia. Patient Counseling Information See FDA-approved patient labeling ( Medication Guide)Dosing Instructions Patients should be instructed to: Take all of the medication as directed. Take no more of the medication than the amount prescribed. Take with food to minimize possible gastrointestinal irritation. If a dose is missed, patients should also be instructed not to double the next dose. If more than 4 hours has elapsed since the missed dose, the patient should wait and take the next dose as previously scheduled. Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility Carcinogenesis Carcinogenicity studies of quinine have not been conducted. Mutagenesis Genotoxicity studies of quinine were positive in the Ames bacterial mutation assay with metabolic activation and in the sister chromatid exchange assay in mice. The sex-linked recessive lethal test performed in Drosophila , the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay, and the chromosomal aberration assay in mice and Chinese hamsters were negative. Impairment of Fertility Published studies indicate that quinine produces testicular toxicity in mice at a single intraperitoneal dose of 300 mg/kg corresponding to a dose of approximately 0.75 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD; 32 mg/kg/day) and in rats at an intramuscular dose of 10 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks corresponding to a daily dose of approximately 0.05 times the MRHD based on body surface area (BSA) comparisons. The findings include atrophy or degeneration of the seminiferous tubules, decreased sperm count and motility, and decreased testosterone levels in the serum and testes. There was no effect on testes weight in studies of oral doses of up to 500 mg/kg/day in mice and 700 mg/kg/day in rats (approximately 1.2 and 3.5 times the MRHD respectively based on BSA comparisons). In a published study in 5 men receiving 600 mg of quinine TID for one week, sperm motility was decreased and percent sperm with abnormal morphology was increased; sperm count and serum testosterone were unaffected. Use In Specific Populations Pregnancy Pregnancy Category CThere are extensive published data but few well-controlled studies of QUALAQUIN in pregnant women. Published data on over 1,000 pregnancy exposures to quinine did not show an increase in teratogenic effects over the background rate in the general population; however, the majority of these exposures were not in the first trimester. In developmental and reproductive toxicity studies, central nervous system (CNS) and ear abnormalities and increased fetal deaths occurred in some species when pregnant animals received quinine at doses about 1 to 4 times the human clinical dose. Quinine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. P. falciparum malaria carries a higher risk of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women than in the general population. Pregnant women with P. falciparum malaria have an increased incidence of fetal loss (including spontaneous abortion and stillbirth), preterm labor and delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, low birth weight, and maternal death. Therefore, treatment of malaria in pregnancy is important. Hypoglycemia, due to increased pancreatic secretion of insulin, has been associated with quinine use, particularly in pregnant women. Quinine crosses the placenta with measurable blood concentrations in the fetus. In 8 women who delivered live infants 1 to 6 days after starting quinine therapy, umbilical cord plasma quinine concentrations were between 1.0 and 4.6 mg/L (mean 2.4 mg/L) and the mean (±SD) ratio of cord plasma to maternal plasma quinine concentrations was 0.32 ± 0.14. Quinine levels in the fetus may not be therapeutic. If congenital malaria is suspected after delivery, the infant should be evaluated and treated appropriately. A study from Thailand (1999) of women with P. falciparum malaria who were treated with oral quinine sulfate 10 mg/kg 3 times daily for 7 days at anytime in pregnancy reported no significant difference in the rate of stillbirths at > 28 weeks of gestation in women treated with quinine (10 of 633 women [1.6%]) as compared with a control group without malaria or exposure to antimalarial drugs during pregnancy (40 of 2201 women [1.8%]). The overall rate of congenital malformations (9 of 633 offspring [1.4%]) was not different for women who were treated with quinine sulfate compared with the control group (38 of 2201 offspring [1.7%]). The spontaneous abortion rate was higher in the control group (10.9%) than in women treated with quinine sulfate (3.5%) [OR = 3.1; 95% CI 2.1-4.7]. An epidemiologic survey that included 104 mother-child pairs exposed to quinine during the first 4 months of pregnancy, found no increased risk of structural birth defects was seen (2 fetal malformations [1.9%]). Rare and isolated case reports describe deafness and optic nervehypoplasia in children exposed in utero due to maternal ingestion of high doses of quinine. In animal developmental studies conducted in multiple animal species, pregnant animals received quinine by the subcutaneous or intramuscular route at dose levels similar to the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD; 32 mg/kg/day) based on body surface area (BSA) comparisons. There were increases in fetal death in utero in rabbits at maternal doses ≥ 100 mg/kg/day and in dogs at ≥ 15 mg/kg/day corresponding to dose levels approximately 0.5 and 0.25 times the MRHD respectively based on BSA comparisons. Rabbit offspring had increased rates of degenerated auditory nerve and spiral ganglion and increased rates of CNS anomalies such as anencephaly and microcephaly at a dose of 130 mg/kg/day corresponding to a maternal dose approximately 1.3 times the MRHD based on BSA comparison. Guinea pig offspring had increased rates of hemorrhage and mitochondrial change in the cochlea at maternal doses of 200 mg/kg corresponding to a dose level of approximately 1.4 times the MRHD based on BSA comparison. There were no teratogenic findings in rats at maternal doses up to 300 mg/kg/day and in monkeys at doses up to 200 mg/kg/day corresponding to doses approximately 1 and 2 times the MRHD respectively based on BSA comparisons. In a pre-postnatal study in rats, an estimated oral dose of quinine sulfate of 20 mg/kg/day corresponding to approximately 0.1 times the MRHD based on BSA comparison resulted in offspring with impaired growth, lower body weights at birth and during the lactation period, and delayed physical development of teeth eruption and eye opening during the lactation period. Labor And Delivery There is no evidence that quinine causes uterine contractions at the doses recommended for the treatment of malaria. In doses several-times higher than those used to treat malaria, quinine may stimulate the pregnant uterus. Nursing Mothers There is limited information on the safety of quinine in breastfed infants. No toxicity was reported in infants in a single study where oral quinine sulfate (10 mg/kg every 8 hours for 1 to 10 days) was administered to 25 lactating women. It is estimated from this study that breastfed infants would receive less than 2 to 3 mg per day of quinine base ( < 0.4% of the maternal dose) via breast milk [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Although quinine is generally considered compatible with breastfeeding, the risks and benefits to infant and mother should be assessed. Caution should be exercised when administered to a nursing woman. If malaria is suspected in the infant, appropriate evaluation and treatment should be provided. Plasma quinine levels may not be therapeutic in infants of nursing mothers receiving QUALAQUIN. Pediatric Use The safety and efficacy of QUALAQUIN in pediatric patients under the age of 16 has not been established. Geriatric Use Clinical studies of quinine sulfate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond to treatment differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. Renal Impairment Clearance of quinine is decreased in patients with severe chronic renal failure. The dosage and dosing frequency should be reduced [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Hepatic Impairment In patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C), quinine oral clearance (CL/F) is decreased, volume of distribution (Vd/F) is increased, and half-life is prolonged, relative to subjects with normal liver function. Therefore, quinine is not indicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment and alternate therapy should be administered [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Close monitoring is recommended for patients with mild (Child-Pugh A) or moderate (Child-Pugh B) hepatic impairment, as exposure to quinine may be increased relative to subjects with normal liver function [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Overdosage & Contraindications Fungal Infections Slideshow: Fungus Among Us Take the Tummy Trouble Quiz Hepatitis C Slideshow Pictures OVERDOSEQuinine overdose can be associated with serious complications, including visual impairment, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. Visual impairment can range from blurred vision and defective color perception, to visual field constriction and permanent blindness. Cinchonism occurs in virtually all patients with quinine overdose. Symptoms range from headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, tinnitus, vertigo , hearing impairment, sweating, flushing, and blurred vision, to deafness, blindness, serious cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, and circulatory collapse. Central nervous system toxicity (drowsiness, disturbances of consciousness, ataxia, convulsions, respiratory depression and coma) has also been reported with quinine overdose, as well as pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Most toxic reactions are dose-related; however, some reactions may be idiosyncratic because of the variable sensitivity of patients to the toxic effects of quinine. A lethal dose of quinine has not been clearly defined, but fatalities have been reported after the ingestion of 2 to 8 grams in adults. Quinine, like quinidine, has Class I antiarrhythmic properties. The cardiotoxicity of quinine is due to its negative inotropic action, and to its effect on cardiac conduction, resulting in decreased rates of depolarization and conduction, and increased action potential and effective refractory period. ECG changes observed with quinine overdose include sinus tachycardia, PR prolongation, T wave inversion, bundle branch block, an increased QT interval, and a widening of the QRS complex. Quinine's alpha-blocking properties may result in hypotension and further exacerbate myocardial depression by decreasing coronary perfusion. Quinine overdose has been also associated with hypotension, cardiogenic shock, and circulatory collapse, ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia , ventricular fibrillation, idioventricular rhythm, and torsades de pointes, as well as bradycardia, and atrioventricular block [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Quinine is rapidly absorbed, and attempts to remove residual quinine sulfate from the stomach by gastric lavage may not be effective. Multiple-dose activated charcoal has been shown to decrease plasma quinine concentrations [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ]. Forced acid diuresis, hemodialysis, charcoal column hemoperfusion, and plasma exchange were not found to be effective in significantly increasing quinine elimination in a series of 16 patients. CONTRAINDICATIONSQUALAQUIN is contraindicated in patients with the following: Prolonged QT interval. One case of a fatal ventricular arrhythmia was reported in an elderly patient with a prolonged QT interval at baseline, who received quinine sulfate intravenously for P. falciparum malaria [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Hemolysis can occur in patients with G6PD deficiency receiving quinine. Known hypersensitivity reactions to quinine. These include, but are not limited to, the following [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]: Thrombocytopenia Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura ( ITP) and Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ( TTP)Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)Blackwater fever (acute intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and hemoglobinemia)Known hypersensitivity to mefloquine or quinidine: cross-sensitivity to quinine has been documented [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Myasthenia gravis. Quinine has neuromuscular blocking activity, and may exacerbate muscle weakness. Optic neuritis. Quinine may exacerbate active optic neuritis [see ADVERSE REACTIONS ]. Clinical Pharmacology Fungal Infections Slideshow: Fungus Among Us Take the Tummy Trouble Quiz Hepatitis C Slideshow Pictures CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYMechanism Of Action Quinine is an antimalarial agent. Pharmacodynamics QTc interval prolongation was studied in a double-blind, multiple dose, placebo-and positive-controlled crossover study in young (N=13, 20 to 39 years) and elderly (N=13, 65 to 78 years) subjects. After 7 days of dosing with QUALAQUIN 648 mg three times daily, the maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) differences in QTc I from placebo after baseline correction was 27.7 (32.2) ms. Prolongation of the PR and QRS interval was also noted in subjects receiving QUALAQUIN. The maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) difference in PR from placebo after baseline-correction was 14.5 (18.0) ms. The maximum mean (95% upper confidence bound) difference in QRS from placebo after baseline-correction was 11.5 (13.3) ms. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ]. Pharmacokinetics Absorption The oral bioavailability of quinine is 76 to 88% in healthy adults. Quinine exposure is higher in patients with malaria than in healthy subjects. After a single oral dose of quinine sulfate, the mean quinine Tmax was longer, and mean AUC and Cmax were higher in patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria than in healthy subjects, as shown in Table 1 below. TABLE 1 : Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Quinine in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Uncomplicated P. falciparum Malaria after a Single Dose a of Oral Quinine Sulfate Capsules Healthy Subjects (N = 23) Mean ± SD Uncomplicated P. falciparum Malaria Patients (N = 15) Mean ± SDDose (mg/kg) a 8.7 10Tmax (h) 2.8 ± 0.8 5.9 ± 4.7Cmax (mcg/m L) 3.2 ± 0.7 8.4AUC0-12 (mcg*h/m L) 28.0 73.0a Quinine Sulfate dose was 648 mg (approximately 8.7 mg/kg) in healthy subjects; and 10 mg/kg in patients with malaria QUALAQUIN capsules may be administered without regard to meals. When a single oral 324 mg capsule of QUALAQUIN was administered to healthy subjects (N=26) with a standardized high-fat breakfast, the mean Tmax of quinine was prolonged to about 4.0 hours, but the mean Cmax and AUC0-24h were similar to those achieved when QUALAQUIN capsule was given under fasted conditions [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ]. Distribution In patients with malaria, the volume of distribution (Vd/F) decreases in proportion to the severity of the infection. In published studies with healthy subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate, the mean Vd/F ranged from 2.5 to 7.1 L/kg. Quinine is moderately protein-bound in blood in healthy subjects, ranging from 69 to 92%. During active malarial infection, protein binding of quinine is increased to 78 to 95%, corresponding to the increase in &apha;1-acid glycoprotein that occurs with malaria infection. Intra-erythrocytic levels of quinine are approximately 30 to 50% of the plasma concentration. Quinine penetrates relatively poorly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with cerebral malaria, with CSF concentration approximately 2 to 7% of plasma concentration. In one study, quinine concentrations in placental cord blood and breast milk were approximately 32% and 31%, respectively, of quinine concentrations in maternal plasma. The estimated total dose of quinine secreted into breast milk was less than 2 to 3 mg per day [see Use in Specific Populations ]. Metabolism Quinine is metabolized almost exclusively via hepatic oxidative cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathways, resulting in four primary metabolites, 3-hydroxyquinine, 2´-quinone, O-desmethylquinine, and 10,11dihydroxydihydroquinine. Six secondary metabolites result from further biotransformation of the primary metabolites. The major metabolite, 3-hydroxyquinine, is less active than the parent drug. In vitro studies using human liver microsomes and recombinant P450 enzymes have shown that quinine is metabolized mainly by CYP3A4. Depending on the in vitro experimental conditions, other enzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1 were shown to have some role in the metabolism of quinine. Elimination/Excretion Quinine is eliminated primarily via hepatic biotransformation. Approximately 20% of quinine is excreted unchanged in urine. Because quinine is reabsorbed when the urine is alkaline, renal excretion of the drug is twice as rapid when the urine is acidic than when it is alkaline. In various published studies, healthy subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate exhibited a mean plasma clearance ranging from 0.08 to 0.47 L/h/kg (median value: 0.17 L/h/kg) with a mean plasma elimination half-life of 9.7 to 12.5 hours. In 15 patients with uncomplicated malaria who received a 10 mg/kg oral dose of quinine sulfate, the mean total clearance of quinine was slower (approximately 0.09 L/h/kg) during the acute phase of the infection, and faster (approximately 0.16 L/h/kg) during the recovery or convalescent phase. Extracorporeal Elimination Administration of multiple-dose activated charcoal (50 grams administered 4 hours after quinine dosing followed by 3 further doses over the next 12 hours) decreased the mean quinine elimination half-life from 8.2 to 4.6 hours, and increased the mean quinine clearance by 56% (from 11.8 L/h to 18.4 L/h) in 7 healthy adult subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate. Likewise, in 5 symptomatic patients with acute quinine poisoning who received multiple-dose activated charcoal (50 grams every 4 hours), the mean quinine elimination half-life was shortened to 8.1 hours in comparison to a half-life of approximately 26 hours in patients who did not receive activated charcoal [see OVERDOSAGE ]. In 6 patients with quinine poisoning, forced acid diuresis did not change the half-life of quinine elimination (25.1 ± 4.6 hours vs. 26.5 ± 5.8 hours), or the amount of unchanged quinine recovered in the urine, in comparison to 8 patients not treated in this manner [see OVERDOSAGE ]. Specific Populations Pediatric Patients: The pharmacokinetics of quinine in children (1.5 to 12 years old) with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria appear to be similar to that seen in adults with uncomplicated malaria. Furthermore, as seen in adults, the mean total clearance and the volume of distribution of quinine were reduced in pediatric patients with malaria as compared to the healthy pediatric controls. Table 2 below provides a comparison of the mean ± SD pharmacokinetic parameters of quinine in pediatric patients vs. healthy pediatric controls. TABLE 2 : Quinine Pharmacokinetic Parameters Following the First 10 mg/kg Quinine Sulfate Oral Dose in Healthy Pediatric Controls and Pediatric Patients with Acute Uncomplicated P. falciparum Malaria Healthy Pediatric Controls 1 (N = 55) Mean ± SD P. falciparum Malaria Pediatric Patients 1 (N = 15) Mean ± SDTmax (h) 2.0 4.0Cmax (mcg/m L) 3.4 ± 1.18 7.5 ± 1.1Half-life (h) 3.2 ± 0.3 12.1 ± 1.4Total CL (L/h/kg) 0.30 ± 0.04 0.06 ± 0.01Vd (L/kg) 1.43 ± 0.18 0.87 ± 0.121 age 1.5 to 12 years Geriatric Patients: Following a single oral dose of 600 mg quinine sulfate, the mean AUC was about 38% higher in 8 healthy elderly subjects (65 to 78 years old) than in 12 younger subjects (20 to 35 years old). The mean Tmax and Cmax were similar in elderly and younger subjects after a single oral dose of quinine sulfate 600 mg. The mean oral clearance of quinine was significantly decreased, and the mean elimination half-life was significantly increased in elderly subjects compared with younger subjects (0.06 vs. 0.08 L/h/kg, and 18.4 hours vs. 10.5 hours, respectively). Although there was no significant difference in the renal clearance of quinine between the two age groups, elderly subjects excreted a larger proportion of the dose in urine as unchanged drug than younger subjects (16.6% vs. 11.2%). After a single 648 mg dose or at steady state, following quinine sulfate 648 mg given three times daily for 7 days, no difference in the rate and extent of absorption or clearance of quinine was seen between 13 elderly subjects (65 to 78 years old) and 14 young subjects (20 to 39 years old). The mean elimination half-life was 20% longer in the elderly subjects (24.0 hours) than in younger subjects (20.0 hours). The steady state Cmax (±SD) and AUC0-8 (±SD) for healthy volunteers are 6.8 ± 1.24 mcg/m L and 48.8 ± 9.15 mcg*h/m L, respectively, following 7 days of oral quinine sulfate 648 mg three times daily. The steady state pharmacokinetic parameters in healthy elderly subjects were similar to the pharmacokinetic parameters in healthy young subjects. Renal Impairment: Following a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate in otherwise healthy subjects with severe chronic renal failure not receiving any form of dialysis (mean serum creatinine = 9.6 mg/d L), the median AUC was higher by 195% and the median Cmax was higher by 79% than in subjects with normal renal function (mean serum creatinine = 1 mg/d L). The mean plasma half-life in subjects with severe chronic renal impairment was prolonged to 26 hours compared to 9.7 hours in the healthy controls. Computer assisted modeling and simulation indicates that in patients with malaria and severe chronic renal failure, a dosage regimen consisting of one loading dose of 648 mg QUALAQUIN followed 12 hours later by a maintenance dosing regimen of 324 mg every 12 hours will provide adequate systemic exposure to quinine [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ]. The effects of mild and moderate renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety of quinine sulfate are not known. Negligible to minimal amounts of circulating quinine in the blood are removed by hemodialysis or hemofiltration. In subjects with chronic renal failure (CRF) on hemodialysis, only about 6.5% of quinine is removed in 1 hour. Plasma quinine concentrations do not change during or shortly after hemofiltration in subjects with CRF [see OVERDOSAGE ]. Hepatic Impairment: In otherwise healthy subjects with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A; N=10), who received a single 500 mg dose of quinine sulfate, there was no significant difference in quinine pharmacokinetic parameters or exposure to the primary metabolite, 3-hydroxyquinine as compared to healthy controls (N=10). In otherwise healthy subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B; N=9) who received a single oral 600 mg dose of quinine sulfate, the mean AUC increased by 55% without a significant change in mean Cmax, as compared to healthy volunteer controls (N=6). In subjects with hepatitis, the absorption of quinine was prolonged, the elimination half-life was increased, the apparent volume of distribution was higher, but there was no significant difference in weight-adjusted clearance. Therefore, in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment, dosage adjustment is not needed, but patients should be monitored closely for adverse effects of quinine [see Use in Specific Populations ]. In subjects with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C; N=10), quinine oral clearance (CL/F) was reduced as was formation of the primary 3-hydroxyquinine metabolite. Volume of distribution (Vd/F) was higher and the plasma elimination half-life was increased. Therefore, quinine is not indicated in this population and alternate therapy should be administered [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ]. Microbiology Mechanism Of Action Quinine inhibits nucleic acid synthesis, protein synthesis, and glycolysis in Plasmodium falciparum and can bind with hemazoin in parasitized erythrocytes. However, the precise mechanism of the antimalarial activity of quinine sulfate is not completely understood. Activity In Vitro and In Vivo Quinine sulfate acts primarily on the blood schizont form of P. falciparum. It is not gametocidal and has little effect on the sporozoite or pre-erythrocytic forms. Drug Resistance Strains of P. falciparum with decreased susceptibility to quinine can be selected in vivo. P. falciparum malaria that is clinically resistant to quinine has been reported in some areas of South America, Southeast Asia, and Bangladesh. Clinical Studies Quinine has been used worldwide for hundreds of years in the treatment of malaria. Thorough searches of the published literature identified over 1300 references to the treatment of malaria with quinine, and from these, 21 randomized, active-controlled studies were identified which evaluated oral quinine monotherapy or combination therapy for treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. Over 2900 patients from malaria- endemic areas were enrolled in these studies, and more than 1400 patients received oral quinine. The following conclusions were drawn from review of these studies: In areas where multi- drug resistance of P. falciparum is increasing, such as Southeast Asia, cure rates with 7 days of oral quinine monotherapy were at least 80%; while cure rates for 7 days of oral quinine combined with an antimicrobial agent ( tetracycline or clindamycin) were greater than 90%. In areas where multi-drug resistance of the parasite was not as widespread, cure rates with 7 days of quinine monotherapy ranged from 86 to 100%. Cure was defined as initial clearing of parasitemia within 7 days without recrudescence by day 28 after treatment initiation. P. falciparum malaria that is clinically resistant to quinine has been reported in some areas of South America, Southeast Asia, and Bangladesh, and quinine may not be as effective in those areas. Completion of a 7-day oral quinine treatment regimen may be limited by drug intolerance, and shorter courses (3 days) of quinine combination therapy have been used. However, the published data from randomized, controlled clinical trials for shorter regimens of oral quinine in conjunction with tetracycline, doxycycline, or clindamycin for treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria is limited, and these shorter course combination regimens may not be as effective as the longer regimens. Medication Guide Fungal Infections Slideshow: Fungus Among Us Take the Tummy Trouble Quiz Hepatitis C Slideshow Pictures PATIENT INFORMATIONMEDICATION GUIDEQUALAQUIN® (kwol-a-kwin) (quinine sulfate) Capsules Read the Medication Guide that comes with QUALAQUIN ® before you start taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This Medication Guide does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or treatment. You and your healthcare provider should talk about QUALAQUIN ® when you start taking it and at regular checkups. QUALAQUIN® is not approved for the treatment of night-time leg cramps. What is the most important information I should know about QUALAQUIN®? QUALAQUIN® used to treat or prevent leg cramps may cause serious side effects or even death. QUALAQUIN® may cause your blood cell ( platelet) count to drop causing serious bleeding problems. In some people, serious kidney problems can happen. QUALAQUIN® may cause problems with your heart rhythm that can lead to death. QUALAQUIN® may cause serious allergic reactions. Call your healthcare o right away if you have:easy bruisingsevere flushingsevere nose bleedswelling of your faceblood in urine or stooltrouble breathingbleeding gumschest painappearance of unusual purple, brown or red spots on your skin (bleeding under your skin)rapid heartbeatirregular heart rhythmrashweaknesshivessweatingsevere itchingnervousness Taking QUALAQUIN® with some other medicines can increase the chance of serious side effects. T ell your healthcare provider if you take any other medicines. Certain medicines can cause the blood levels of QUALAQUIN® to be too high or too low in your body. It is important for you to tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. QUALAQUIN® and other medicines may affect each other causing serious side effects or death. Even medicines that you may take for a short period of time, such as antibiotics, can mix in your blood with QUALAQUIN® and cause serious side effects or death. Do not start taking a new medicine without telling your healthcare provider or pharmacist. What is QUALAQUIN ®? QUALAQUIN® is a prescription medication used to treat malaria (uncomplicated) caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. QUALAQUIN ® is Not approved to: Prevent malaria Treat severe or complicated malaria Prevent or treat night-time leg cramps It is not known if QUALAQUIN® is safe and works in children younger than 16 years old. Who should not take QUALAQUIN®? Do not take QUALAQUIN® if you have:certain heart rhythm problems ( atrial fibrillation) or abnormal electrocardiogram ( ECG) (QT prolongation).low levels of an enzyme called Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD).an autoimmune disease ( myasthenia gravis) that leads to muscle we akness.had allergic reactions to quinine, quinidine, or mefloquine (Lariam®).had serious side effects to quinine (QUALAQUIN®), such as low platelets, which are necessary for your blood to clot.an inflammation of the nerve important for vision (optic neuritis ). What should I tell my healthcare provider before starting QUALAQUIN®? Before you take QUALAQUIN®, tell your healthcare provider if you: Have heart problems. Have kidney problems. Have liver problems. Have any other medical condition. Are pregnant or could be pregnant. Treatment of malaria is important be cause it can be a serious disease for a pregnant woman and her unborn baby. Your healthcare provider can tell you more about the benefits and risks of taking this medication during pregnancy. Low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia) can be seen in pregnant women while taking QUALAQUIN®. This can include sweating, weakness, nausea, vomiting, or confusion. You and your healthcare provider can decide if QUALAQUIN® is right for you. Are breast-feeding. Small amounts of QUALAQUIN® can pass into your breast milk. You and your healthcare provider can decide if you should breastfeed while taking QUALAQUIN® . Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements. How should I take QUALAQUIN ®? Take QUALAQUIN® exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to take it. Your healthcare provider will tell you how many QUALAQUIN® capsules to take and when to take them. To lower the chance of stomach upset, take QUALAQUIN® with food. Finish all the QUALAQUIN® that is prescribed even if you feel better. Do not stop taking the medication without talking to your healthcare provider. Do not take more than the amount prescribed. Do not take more than 2 capsules at one time or more than 3 doses in one day. If you take more than the prescribed dose, call your healthcare provider right away. If you forget to take QUALAQUIN®, do not double the next dose. If it has been more than 4 hours since the missed dose, just wait and take the regular dose at the next scheduled time. Call your healthcare provider if you are not sure what to do. If you take too much QUALAQUIN®, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest emergency room right away. Call your healthcare provider right away if: If you feel worse, or if you do not start feeling better within 1 or 2 days of starting to take QUALAQUIN®. If your fever comes back after finishing treatment with QUALAQUIN®. What are the possible side effects of QUALAQUIN®? QUALAQUIN® may cause serious side effects. See “What is the most important information I should know about QUALAQUIN®” section. Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). This can include sweating, weakness, nausea, vomiting, or confusion. Common side effects with QUALAQUIN®include:headachehearing losssweatingdizziness ( vertigo)flushingblurred visionnauseachanges in how you see colorringing in your earsvomitingdiarrheastomach paindeafnessblindness Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all of the possible side effects of QUALAQUIN ® . For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effect s. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store QUALAQUIN®? Keep the capsules in a tightly closed container. Do not refrigerate or freeze. Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). Keep QUALAQUIN® and all medicines out of the reach of children. General Information about QUALAQUIN®Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use QUALAQUIN® for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give QU ALAQUIN® to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about QUALAQUIN® . If you would like more information, talk with your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about QUALAQUIN® that is written for healthcare professionals. For more information, go to www. QUALAQUIN.com or call 1-888-351-3786. What are the ingredients in QUALAQUIN®? Active Ingredients: Quinine Sulfate, USPInactive Ingredients: Corn starch, magnesium stearate, talc This Medication Guide has been approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA Med Watch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088. From Infectious Disease Resources8 Serious HIV Symptoms to Watch For Is It a Cold, Strep, or Tonsillitis? Tips to Prevent Cold Sores Featured Centers13 Best Quit-Smoking Tips Ever What Stress Does to Your Mouth Healthy Home: To Buy or Not to Buy Organic? Health Solutions From Our Sponsors Penis Curved When Erect Bent Fingers | . This site is temporarily unavailable. Its data and content are 100% secure. Please check back soon. If you own this site, please call customer support at (480) 505-8877. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is the pacific basin | Ocean Basins Ocean Basins Follow City-Data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur Ocean basins can be described as saucer-like depressions of the seabed. They vary in size from relatively minor features of the continental margin to vast structural divisions of the deep ocean. The largest ocean basins are 3 to 5 kilometers (2 to 3 miles) deep and stretch from the outer margins of the continents to the mid-ocean ridges. Ocean basins cover approximately 71 percent of Earth's surface or about 361 million square kilometers (140 million square miles). Their average depth is 5,000 meters (16,000 feet), and the total volume is about 1.35 billion cubic kilometers (322 million cubic miles). There are five major subdivisions of the world ocean: the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. The Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans are conventional ocean basins and are bounded by the continental masses or by ocean ridges and currents; they merge below 40° South latitude in the Antarctic Circumpolar current, or west Wind Drift, at the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean. In the North Polar Region, the nearly circular Arctic Ocean, almost landlocked except between Greenland and Europe, is considered the fifth ocean subdivision. Pacific Ocean Basin The Pacific Ocean is bounded on the east by the North and South American continents; on the north by the Bering Strait; on the west by Asia, the Malay Archipelago, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean. In the Southeast it is arbitrarily divided from the Atlantic Ocean by the Drake Passage along 68° West longitude. It is by far the largest and deepest of the world's oceans and contains more than half of its free water. In area, this represents about 155 million square kilometers (59 million square miles). In comparison, the area of the continental United States, Hawaii, and Alaska is about 4 million square miles, sixteen times less in surface area. All the continents could fit into the Pacific basin. The Pacific is the oldest of the existing ocean basins, its oldest rocks having been dated at about 200 million years. The major features of the basin have been shaped by the phenomena associated with plate tectonics . The coastal shelf, which extends to depths of about 180 meters (600 feet), is narrow along North and South America, but is relatively wide along Asia and Australia. The East Pacific Rise, a mid-ocean ridge, extends from the Gulf of California to a point west of the southern tip of South America, and rises an average of 2,130 meters (7,000 feet) above the ocean floor. Along the East Pacific Rise, molten rock (magma) upwells from Earth's mantle , adding crust to the plates on each side of the rise. These plates are thus forced apart, causing them to collide with the continental plates adjacent to their outer edges. Under this tremendous pressure, the continental plates fold into mountain ranges and the oceanic plates are forced downward, forming deep trenches called subduction zones. The stresses at these areas of subduction are responsible for the earthquakes and volcanoes that give the Pacific basin the name "Ring of Fire." *Atlantic Ocean Basin The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of Earth's five oceans, the most heavily traveled, and the most intensely studied, principally because of its importance in ship traffic between Europe and North America. This ocean's name is derived from Atlas, one of the Titans of Greek mythology. The Atlantic Ocean occupies about 20 percent of Earth's surface, representing approximately 75 million square kilometers (29 million square miles). This includes its marginal seas: the Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea, Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, part of the Drake Passage, Gulf of Mexico, Mediterranean Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, and almost all of the Scotia Sea. The Atlantic is divided into two nominal sections: the part north of the equator is called the North Atlantic; the part south of the equator, the South Atlantic. The South Atlantic is arbitrarily separated from the Indian Ocean on the east by the 20° East meridian and from the Pacific on the west along the line of shallowest depth between Cape Horn and the Antarctic Peninsula. The ocean is essentially an S-shaped north-south channel, extending from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, and situated between the eastern coast of the American continents and the western coasts of Europe and Africa. The world ocean with five major subdivisions covers nearly three-fourths of Earth's surface. From left to right are the easily recognizable eastern Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific Oceans, whereas the Arctic Ocean (top) and Antarctic (Southern) Ocean (bottom) are less apparent. The Atlantic Ocean has an average depth of 3,926 meters (12,881 feet). At its deepest point, in the Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench, the bottom is 8,605 meters (28,231 feet) below the surface. The Atlantic began to form during the Jurassic period, about 150 million years ago, when a rift opened up in the supercontinent of Gondwana, resulting in the separation of South America and Africa. * The separation continues today at a rate of approximately 2.5 centimeters (approximately 1 inch) a year along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Along the American, African, and European coasts are the continental shelves of the Atlantic basin. These are areas of debris washed from the continents. Submarine ridges and rises extend roughly east-west between the continental shelves and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, dividing the eastern and western ocean floors into a series of basins, also known as abyssal plains. The three subbasins on the American side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are more than 5,000 meters (16,400 feet) deep: the North American basin, the Brazil basin, and the Argentina basin. The European-African side is marked by several basins that are smaller but just as deep: the Iberia, Canaries, Cape Verde, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Angola, Cape, and Agulhas basins. The break in the ridge at the equator, called the Romanche furrow, is important because it gives the deep ocean water a gap to flow through, which influences the currents and temperature of the Atlantic Ocean. Indian Ocean Basin The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the five oceans. It is bounded on the west by Africa, on the north by Asia, on the east by Australia and the Australasian islands, and on the south by the Southern Ocean. No natural boundary separates the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean, but a line about 4,020 kilometers (2,500 miles) long, connecting Cape Agulhas at the southern end of Africa with Antarctica, is generally considered to be the boundary. It has a total area of 68 million square kilometers (26 million square miles), which includes its marginal seas: Adaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Mozambique Channel, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and the Strait of Malacca. The average depth of the basin is about 4,210 meters (13,800 feet), although the Java Trench reaches a depth of over 7,258 meters (23,812 feet). The Indian basin also is divided in half by the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge. Southern Ocean A decision by the International Hydrographic Organization in the spring of 2000 delimited a fifth world ocean, the Southern Ocean. Although not a true ocean basin, it extends from the coast of Antarctica north to 60° South latitude, which coincides with the Antarctic Treaty Limit. The Southern Ocean is now the fourth largest of the world's five oceans. The Southern Ocean has the unique distinction of being a large circumpolar body of water totally encircling the continent of Antarctica. Its area is 20 million square kilometers (7 million square miles) and includes the Amundsen Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, part of the Drake Passage, Ross Sea, a small part of the Scotia Sea, and Weddell Sea. Arctic Ocean Basin The smallest of Earth's five ocean basins is the Arctic. The Arctic Ocean extends south from the North Pole to the shores of Europe, Asia, and North America. The surface waters of the Arctic Ocean mingle with those of the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait, by way of a narrow and shallow channel, which has a depth of about 55 meters (180 feet). More importantly, the Arctic waters mix with those of the Atlantic Ocean across a system of submarine sills (shallow ridges) that reach from Scotland to Greenland and from Greenland to Baffin Island at depths of about 500 to 700 meters (1,640 to 2,300 feet). The total surface area of the Arctic Ocean—including its major subdivisions, the North Polar Sea (the main portion), the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea, and the Barents Sea—is about 14 million square kilometers (5.4 million square miles). Approximately one-third of the Arctic Ocean is underlain by continental shelf, which includes a broad shelf north of Eurasia and the narrower shelves of North America and Greenland. Seaward of the continental shelves lies the Arctic Basin proper, which is subdivided into a set of three parallel ridges and four basins (also known as deeps). These features have been discovered and explored only since the late 1940s. The Lomonosov Ridge, the major ridge, cuts the North Polar Sea almost in half, extending as a submarine bridge 1,700 kilometers (1,060 miles) from Siberia to the northwestern tip of Greenland. Parallel to it are two shorter ridges: the Alpha Ridge on the North American side, defining the Canada and Makarov basins, and the mid-ocean ridge on the Eurasian side, defining the Nansen and Fram basins. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is only about 1,500 meters (4,900 feet) because of the vast shallow expanses on the continental shelves. The deepest point in the Arctic Ocean is 5,450 meters (17,880 feet). Unlike the other oceans, the Arctic Ocean is ice-covered. At lower latitudes, the ice melts during the summer months. At polar latitudes, however, the ice cover is permanent. Another distinctive feature of the Arctic Ocean is the presence of islands composed of ice. These ice islands move, as does much of the ice cover, in the currents that exist in the underlying ocean water. Scientists have used the islands as research bases to study the arctic ice movements and other aspects of the far North. SEE ALSO Coastal Ocean ; Marginal Seas ; Ocean Currents ; Ocean-Floor Bathymetry ; Oceans, Polar ; Oceans, Tropical . Brian D. Hoyleand K. Lee Lerner Bibliography Lebow, Ruth, and Tom S. Garrison. Oceanus: the Marine Environment. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 1989. Internet Resources Earth's Oceans: An Introduction. Enchanted Learning. <http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/ocean/> . Physiography of the Ocean Basins. Okanagan University College. <http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/10p.html> . The World Factbook 2002. U. S. Central Intelligence Agency. <http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html> . * See "Volcanoes, Submarine" for the general location of the "Ring of Fire. "* See the frontmatter of this volume for a geologic timescale. | . Log In Create an Account Blogs Discussions |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what's the pill that helps you ovulate | Fertility Pills Clomiphene Citrate Clomiphene citrate, a synthetic hormone commonly used to induce or regulate ovulation, is the most often prescribed fertility pill. Brand names for clomiphene citrate include Clomid and Serophene. Clomiphene works indirectly to stimulate ovulation. In the presence of clomiphene, the brain sends signals to the pituitary gland to release hormones including follicle stimulating hormones (FSH). FSH circulates to the ovary where it stimulates the development of follicles — cystic structures that include an egg and surrounding estrogen-producing cells. Once follicle growth is initiated by clomiphene, the process of ovulation will usually proceed spontaneously. The dose of clomiphene is tailored to each patient. Typically, a patient will begin clomiphene sometime between the 3rd and 7th day of her menstrual cycle. (We define cycle day 1 as the first day of heavy menstrual flow.) The medication is usually taken for 3, 4, or 5 consecutive days. Often the dose of medication will be higher during the first days of treatment. Ovulation usually occurs between 9 and 12 days after the first clomiphene citrate pill is taken. A woman desiring to conceive should try to have relations on a regular basis during that time period. Alternatively, the ovulation may be monitored using urine kits, ultrasound or blood testing. The results of these tests can be used either to direct the couple when to have intercourse or to plan procedures such as artificial insemination. Clomiphene has been used successfully by tens of thousands of women over the past 30 years. The drug has been shown to be reasonably safe and effective. However, certain potential adverse reactions or complications may occur. What is the Chance of Getting Pregnant? Not every patient who receives clomiphene will conceive. We expect that 85% of women who do not ovulate will ovulate as a result of taking clomiphene . Of these women, at least 50% will become pregnant. If a woman is already ovulating without the use of fertility drugs the chance of conceiving while taking clomiphene is about 10% per month. Careful attention to a patient’s response to clomiphene as well as other factors affecting her fertility (cervical mucus, fallopian tubes, sperm quality, etc.) will ensure the highest possible pregnancy rate. Most patients who conceive using clomiphene do so within the first four or five months of treatment. Multiple Gestation Clomiphene increases the incidence of multiple gestation. The incidence of twins is said to be approximately 10% for clomiphene pregnancies. The risk of triplets is about 1%. The risk of quadruplets, quintuplets, etc. is less than 1%. The number of eggs that a patient will ovulate can be to some degree predicted by counting the number of ripe follicles seen on ultrasound just before ovulation. Risk of Miscarriage The 20-25% risk of miscarriage associated with clomiphene is higher than the normal rate of miscarriage (15%). We attribute some increase in the rate of miscarriage to factors preexisting in women who require clomiphene that prevent fertilized eggs from developing normally. However, it is possible that clomiphene might increase the rate of miscarriage by changing the receptivity of the lining of the uterus. The condition (thickness) of the lining of the uterus can be evaluated with ultrasound just prior to ovulation. No Increase in Birth Defects Although an occasional medical journal report has described birth defects attributed to clomiphene, the majority of physicians utilizing this medication properly have failed to demonstrate any increase in the 3-5% rate of congenital abnormalities normally seen in our population. Clomiphene must not be taken by women who are already pregnant. Even if some menstrual-like bleeding has occurred, a woman should not take clomiphene if she suspects that she might be pregnant. Is There a Risk of Future Cancer? Preliminary data has raised concerns that the use of fertility drugs increases the chance that a woman will develop ovarian cancer later in her life. Some authors suggest that this risk might be higher for a woman who never becomes pregnant. Other authors suspect that the risk of future ovarian cancer might be greater in women who take many (for example, more than 12) cycles of treatment. Women with a family history of ovarian cancer may already be at greater risk for developing this disease. At the current time, scientific evidence neither proves nor disproves a relationship between clomiphene and ovarian cancer. Side Effects The most common side effect of clomiphene is hot flashes . Another common side effect is anxiety/irritability. This feeling of nervous tension may persist throughout the clomiphene cycle. Clomiphene may cause headaches, especially in women who experience migraine at the time of their period. Nausea and abdominal pain will rarely occur on the days that clomiphene is taken. If the clomiphene succeeds in stimulating a strong ovulation, the woman will likely experience some pain at the time of her ovulation, bloating through the second half of her cycle, and/or increased cramping at the time of her period (if she has not become pregnant). Since clomiphene indirectly stimulates a woman’s ovaries, cysts may temporarily appear in her ovary. Rarely, these cysts may rupture or twist. Usually, they resolve spontaneously within a month. We try to examine the ovaries prior to each new clomiphene cycle. Letrozole and Other Drugs Letrozole The latest class of fertility pills are aromatase inhibitors, drugs which temporarily prevent the body from making estrogen. In a fashion not too different from clomiphene, aromatase inhibitors initiate the release of FSH which stimulates the growth of follicles. At Main Line Fertility we use the aromatase inhibitor named letrozole (Femara). Letrozole appears to be slightly less reliable than clomiphene for inducing ovulation. On the other hand, its advantages include less drying -up of cervical mucus, thicker development of the lining of the uterus, and a far lower chance of multiple gestation. As is the case with tamoxifen, metformin and rosiglitazone, letrozole is not certified for use as a fertility drug by the FDA (government). Doctors are free to use these drugs for off-label indications at their discretion. Tamoxifen Occasionally, we employ a drug called tamoxifen as an alternative to clomiphene. This medication works through the same mechanisms as clomiphene. It is not FDA approved for use as a fertility drug, but may be used for this “off-label” indication at the discretion of the physician. Insulin Lowering Drugs Another popular “off-label” drug usage involves medications normally prescribed to non-insulin requiring diabetics. Metformin (Glucophage) and pioglitazone (Actos) are examples of medications that lower a woman’s insulin levels. Lowering insulin levels improves ovulation in some women with the condition known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO). Common side effects of metformin include gas and intestinal upset. Serious side effects are extremely rare. Pioglitazone has fewer common/minor side effects, but require blood test monitoring to detect liver problems. The incidence of miscarriage and, perhaps, birth defects may be reduced in PCO patients who take insulin lowering drugs. | . MUSIC |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.when did wolfenstein come out the video game | Castle Wolfenstein Castle Wolfenstein From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search For the series, see Wolfenstein. Castle Wolfenstein Developer (s) Muse Software Publisher (s) Muse Software Designer (s) Silas Warner Series Wolfenstein Platform (s) Apple II, MS-DOS, Atari 8-bit, Commodore 64Release 1981Genre (s) Stealth action-adventure Mode (s) Single-player Castle Wolfenstein is a stealth-based action-adventure shooter video game developed by Muse Software for the Apple II. It was first released in 1981 and later ported to MS-DOS, the Atari 8-bit family, and the Commodore 64. Beyond Castle Wolfenstein is its sequel. Contents [ hide ]1 Description2 Development3 Gameplay4 Reception5 Legacy6 References7 External links Description [ edit]Castle Wolfenstein is a stealth-based action-adventure shooter game set in World War II. The game's main objective is to traverse the levels of the castle to find the secret war plans and escape alive. Progressively higher military ranks are earned upon each successful escape with the war plans, and the game becomes correspondingly more difficult as each higher rank is achieved. There are eight ranks, beginning with Private and culminating at the rank of Field Marshal. The game is played from a top-down perspective, though the characters are seen upright like in a side-scroller. The player traverses the levels by sneaking past, impersonating, and sometimes even killing Nazi soldiers. Castle Wolfenstein can be controlled with a joystick, paddles, or a keyboard. Development [ edit]Silas Warner was inspired to create Castle Wolfenstein after seeing the video game Berzerk at an arcade, and then watching the 1961 film adaptation of The Guns of Navarone on television a few weeks later. [1]Gameplay [ edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Upon starting the game, the player is equipped with a gun and ammunition, which were taken from a dead guard. Once the player starts moving, he attracts the attention of the guards, who will try to shoot or apprehend him. He must either run from the guards, or kill them. There are two styles of guards, the basic guards, and the SS Stormtroopers who wear bullet-proof vests marked with the SS insignia. The basic guards are not very intelligent, reacting only to the sounds of gunshots and grenades, or after seeing the player wandering around without a uniform, and will gladly walk their patrol paths into your raised gun and surrender to a search. Additionally, they are unable to leave the rooms they are stationed in. The SS guards are much smarter and, once alerted, tend to chase the player from room to room. They require a large number of rounds or a grenade to kill. The player has two means of killing enemies. The first is to shoot the enemy, but this expends ammunition, a scarce commodity, and risks raising the alarm if another guard is present. Alternatively, a grenade can be used, though this will also attract the attention of nearby guards. Once an enemy soldier is dispatched, his body can be searched for ammunition, keys, grenades and bullet-proof vests. The player will only take as many rounds of ammunition and grenades as he can carry from the body, leaving the remainder. Castle Wolfenstein magazine advertisement from 1981An alternative to the player shooting his way out of the castle is to find a uniform (either in a chest or from a dead guard), at which point the normal guards will think the player is one of them. However, the SS guards will usually expose the player as an impostor. Guards do not always have to be killed. Pulling a gun on a guard usually will cause him to put his hands up, allowing him to be frisked for ammo, bullet-proof vests, grenades, and keys, depriving the guard of the full quantity of these he carries. Any in excess of the player's carrying capacity disappear from the game. The player can still choose to kill the guard at this point, but it is not strictly necessary. [ citation needed]Some rooms contain locked chests that can be picked and searched. Some are empty, but others contain useful items such as bullets, grenades, uniforms, bullet-proof vests and the war plans. Chests can also contain bratwurst, Liebfraumilch wine, Schnapps, Eva Braun 's Diaries, cannonballs, and medals, though all are worthless in gameplay. Edible items, when ingested, result in comments on their flavor. After drinking an alcoholic beverage, a message of "Hic!" is displayed on screen and the player's aim is temporarily thrown off balance, resulting in bullets and grenades missing their target. There are a total of 60 discrete rooms in the castle, on five separate floors. Although the internal contents of rooms are shuffled at the beginning of each game, the path through the castle always remains unchanged. Therefore, it is possible to fully map the castle, and then utilize the map during subsequent games. Other than the outer walls of the room and the stairs, the entire room is destructible using grenades. This can be necessary in order to access a chest from another direction if a body has fallen in front of it: searching a body has precedence over opening a locked chest. Chests can also be destroyed with a grenade, but if the chest contains explosives (bullets, grenades, or cannonballs) it will explode and end the game. Chests can also be shot open, but attempting to do so also risks setting off any explosive contents. Running straight into walls temporarily stuns the player, but vertical walls can be clipped slightly by the player's motion and not stun him. Also, some horizontal walls can be walked into from the side without effect. Fallen dead guards can also allow the player to walk through horizontal wall segments and chests, albeit not from directly below. Surviving guards and SS will not walk over bodies, so they can be used to block passage to areas of the room, trap guards in cul-de-sacs, as well as block entrance by the SS into rooms. The Commodore 64 version of the game (released in 1983). One of the main drawing points for fans was its unprecedented use of digitized voices. German words shouted by the guards, such as "Halt!" (stop!) and "Kommen Sie!" (come!) were frequent. Though limitations in technology only allowed for a few distorted shouts, the voices added to the game's atmosphere and made Castle Wolfenstein stand out from other games released at the time. With an emphasis on trying to avoid detection for as long as possible, Castle Wolfenstein and its sequel are considered by gamers to be prototypical stealth-based games—some of the first in a genre that would not gain popularity until the late 1990s. The disks save the player's progress as they enter each room; because they are continually being used, the disks cannot be write protected. This allows players to cheat by opening the drive door before the game can write the death status to disk; one can simply reload the game as if he or she had just entered the room. In the Apple II version, the player could hold down the spacebar (Apple IIe and later) or use the repeat key (Apple II Plus and earlier) while picking a locked chest resulting in a faster unlocking of the chest. Reception [ edit]Reception Review score Publication Score All Game [2]Debuting in September 1981, Castle Wolfenstein sold 20,000 copies by June 1982. [3] Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games criticized the Apple version's slow gameplay but concluded that "the thrill of the escape is worth the wait". [4] The Apple II version received a Certificate of Merit in the "Computer Game of the Year " category at the 4th annual Arkie Awards. [5]: 32 Ahoy! criticized the Commodore 64 version's slow load times and annoying wall-collision detection, but called Castle Wolfenstein "addicting. I am not all that big on killing everything that moves, but I really got caught up in the adventure". [6] Antic criticized the Atari 8-bit version's use of the Apple II original's " lousy sound and black-white-green-purple graphics ". [7]A 1991 Computer Gaming World survey of strategy and war games gave Castle Wolfenstein one and a half stars out of five. [8] However, in 1996, the magazine named Castle Wolfenstein the 116th best game ever. [9]Legacy [ edit]Castle Wolfenstein became so popular that by 1984 at least one commercial game trainer for a video game was created for it. [10] Muse released a sequel, Beyond Castle Wolfenstein, which is similar in game play and appearance. The objective is to assassinate Adolf Hitler with a bomb hidden in a briefcase, similar to the 20 July plot as part of Operation Valkyrie implemented by Claus von Stauffenberg. Castle Wolfenstein inspired the game Wolfenstein 3D and its prequel Spear of Destiny by id Software, [11] which were both released in 1992 and helped popularize the first-person shooter genre. Id went on to release Return to Castle Wolfenstein in 2001, Wolfenstein: Enemy Territory in 2003, Wolfenstein in 2009. Wolfenstein: The New Order, using the Id game engineid Tech 5, but developed and published by Machine Games and Bethesda Softworks, respectively, was released in 2014. A 1983 hack named Castle Smurfenstein which replaces the Nazis with smurfs [12] is regarded as one of the earliest examples of the art mod. [13]References [ edit]^ http://digg.com/2017/wolfenstein-games-history^ Cavanaugh, Chris. "Castle Wolfenstein Review". All Game. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2017.^ "Inside the Industry" (PDF). Computer Gaming World. September–October 1982. p. 2. Retrieved 2016-03-28.^ Ahl, David H.; Brill, Andrew; Lubar, David; Coffey, Michael; Archibald, Dale (Spring 1983). "Apple Computer Games". Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games. Vol. 1 no. 1. p. 86.^ Kunkel, Bill; Katz, Arnie (March 1983). "Arcade Alley: The Best Computer Games". Video. Vol. 6 no. 12. Reese Communications. pp. 32–33. ISSN 0147-8907.^ Herring, Richard (June 1984). "Castle Wolfenstein". Ahoy!. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 27 June 2014.^ Bernstein, Harvey (May 1985). "Beyond Castle Wolfenstein". Antic. p. 83. Retrieved 8 January 2015.^ Brooks, M. Evan (November 1991). "Computer Strategy and Wargames: The 1900-1950 Epoch / Part I (A-L) of an Annotated Paiktography". Computer Gaming World. p. 138. Retrieved 18 November 2013.^ "150 Best Games of All Time". Computer Gaming World. November 1996. pp. 64–80. Retrieved 25 March 2016.^ "If they won't fix Castle Wolfenstein, we will" (PDF). Computer Gaming World. Vol. 4 no. 1. February 1984. p. 15. Retrieved 17 April 2016.^ Plunkett, Luke. "In Memory of the Original Castle Wolfenstein (the one That Wasn't In 3D)". Kotaku. Retrieved 24 December 2011.^ "Triumph of the Mod". salon.com. 2002-04-16. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2013-04-01.^ Bogacs, Hannes. Game Mods: A Survey of Modifications, Appropriation and Videogame Art. Vienna University of Technology - Design and Assessment of Technologies Institute. February 2008. External links [ edit]World War II portal1980s portal Castle Wolfenstein at Moby Games Castle Wolfenstein can be played for free in the browser at the Internet Archive [ show]v t e Wolfenstein [ show]v t e Muse Software Categories: Stealth video games 1981 video games Action-adventure games Apple II games Atari 8-bit family games Commodore 64 games DOS games World War II video games Wolfenstein (series)Video games about Nazi Germany Video games developed in the United States Video games using procedural generation | How Women's Fashion Has changed Over the Years Community/ Fashion How Women's Fashion Has changed Over the Years By Jhon Dep Oct. 6th, 2012Riu Palace Punta Cana Women’s fashions have always changed over the years. There are many reasons for this, including changes in clothing trends for women and the changing tastes of women in general. Here’s how women’s fashion has evolved over the years. Diversity In the 1980s women’s fashion had more diversity to it than it has now. Many young women dressed in the style of valley girls, which was a preppy look that involved leg warmers and flared skirts. The 80s was also when the “new wave” fashion was in the style. This fashion trend involved women wearing jackets and leggings. The new wave caused many women to dress in styles similar to what female pirates would wear. Designer Styles Designer styles were huge in the 80s where women’s fashion was concerned. People who had the money to were travelling to shops in New York and Paris to purchase these designer styles in the two fashion capitals of the world. For those on a budget, mass clothing producers were famous in the 80s for creating cheaper versions of some of the hottest designer clothes in style at the time. Business women in the 1980s were wearing high end dresses and suits during the day and were changing into designer gowns for nighttime appointments and dates. In the 1980s the designer clothing women wore served a sign of the power they had in the world. A Switch To Comfort By the end of the 1980s women were getting tired of wearing designer clothes and were looking for something more comfortable. In the 1990s women began to prefer casual clothing over designer. All of a sudden the grunge movement was influencing how women dressed. Designer dresses and business suits were replaced with ripped jeans and flannel shirts. By this time women were deciding men shouldn’t be the only ones wearing comfortable, casual clothing. The 1990s hip hop movement caused women to start wearing baggy pants. This trend of wearing more comfortable and more casual clothes carried women through the 1990s and into the 2000s. All of a sudden business women were turning to more casual pants and dresses to wear to work. Past Trends Recycled When it comes to today’s fashion world past trends have been coming back in style at a rapid speed. The decades of the 1920s and 1930s as well as the 1980s still play a relevant part in the women’s fashion styles today. Old fashion trends often become modernised for today’s world. In today’s current world of women’s fashions, casual has become the new dressy. This could, in part, be because women have become increasingly busy in today’s world and they are looking for clothing styles that accommodate their busy schedule. To shop the latest trends in women’s fashions Gipsy Dharma is the best choice. Women can purchase the clothes they want and need to help them live a stylish but comfortable life. Keeping up with the changes in fashion is important to women. Jhon Dep... (Read More)MOST RECENT9 Exceptional Beauty Benefits of Strawberries You Need to Know Jennyfer reveals SS18 campaign inspired by floral trends and daring denims.5 Most Breathtaking Jewelry Fashion Trends 2018Vibrant colours in the latest campaign of Italian label TWINSETFlutter Spark - Charmingly Quirky! |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is perfection? | Perfection From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search"Perfect" redirects here. For other uses, see Perfect (disambiguation) and Perfection (disambiguation). This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (February 2012)Perfection is, broadly, a state of completeness and flawlessness. The term perfection is used to designate a range of diverse, if often kindred, concepts. These concepts have historically been addressed in a number of discrete disciplines, notably mathematics, physics, chemistry, ethics, aesthetics, ontology, and theology. [1]Contents [ hide ]1 Term and concept2 Paradoxes3 Perfect numbers4 Physics and chemistry5 Ethics6 Aesthetics7 Ontology and theology8 Many concepts9 See also10 Notes11 References12 External links Term and concept The form of the word long fluctuated in various languages. The English language had the alternates, "perfection" and the Biblical "perfectness." [2]Aristotle. The word "perfection" derives from the Latin " perfectio ", and "perfect" — from " perfectus ." These expressions in turn come from " perficio " — "to finish", "to bring to an end." " Perfectio (n)" thus literally means "a finishing", and "perfect (us) " — "finished", much as in grammatical parlance (" perfect "). [2]Many modern languages have adopted their terms for the concept of "perfection" from the Latin: the French " parfait " and " perfection "; the Italian " perfetto " and " perfezione "; the Spanish " perfecto " and " perfección "; the English "perfect" and "perfection"; the Russian " совершенный " (sovyershenniy) and " совершенcтво " (sovyershenstvo); the Croatian and Serbian " savršen " and " savršenstvo "; the Czech " dokonalost "; the Slovak " dokonaly " and " dokonalost "; the Polish " doskonały " and " doskonałość ." [2]The genealogy of the concept of "perfection" reaches back beyond Latin, to Greek. The Greek equivalent of the Latin " perfectus " was " teleos ." The latter Greek expression generally had concrete referents, such as a perfect physician or flutist, a perfect comedy or a perfect social system. Hence the Greek " teleiotes " was not yet so fraught with abstract and superlative associations as would be the Latin " perfectio " or the modern "perfection." To avoid the latter associations, the Greek term has generally been translated as " completeness " rather than "perfection." [3]The oldest definition of "perfection", fairly precise and distinguishing the shades of the concept, goes back to Aristotle. In Book Delta of the Metaphysics, he distinguishes three meanings of the term, or rather three shades of one meaning, but in any case three different concepts. That is perfect:1. which is complete — which contains all the requisite parts;2. which is so good that nothing of the kind could be better;3. which has attained its purpose. [4]The first of these concepts is fairly well subsumed within the second. Between those two and the third, however, there arises a duality in concept. This duality was expressed by Thomas Aquinas, in the Summa Theologica, when he distinguished a twofold perfection: when a thing is perfect in itself — as he put it, in its substance; and when it perfectly serves its purpose. [4]The variants on the concept of perfection would have been quite of a piece for two thousand years, had they not been confused with other, kindred concepts. The chief of these was the concept of that which is the best: in Latin, " excellentia " ("excellence"). In antiquity, " excellentia " and " perfectio " made a pair; thus, for example, dignitaries were called " perfectissime ", just as they are now called "excellency." Nevertheless, these two expression of high regard differ fundamentally: " excellentia " is a distinction among many, and implies comparison; while " perfectio " involves no comparison, and if something is deemed perfect, then it is deemed so in itself, without comparison to other things. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who thought much about perfection and held the world to be the best of possible worlds, did not claim that it was perfect. [5]Paradoxes Vanini The parallel existence of two concepts of perfection, one strict ("perfection," as such) and the other loose ("excellence"), has given rise — perhaps since antiquity but certainly since the Renaissance — to a singular paradox: that the greatest perfection is imperfection. This was formulated by Lucilio Vanini (1585–1619), who had a precursor in the 16th-century writer Joseph Juste Scaliger, and they in turn referred to the ancient philosopher Empedocles. Their argument, as given by the first two, was that if the world were perfect, it could not improve and so would lack "true perfection," which depends on progress. To Aristotle, "perfect" meant "complete" ("nothing to add or subtract"). To Empedocles, according to Vanini, perfection depends on incompleteness (" perfectio propter imperfectionem "), since the latter possesses a potential for development and for complementing with new characteristics (" perfectio complementii "). This view relates to the baroque esthetic of Vanini and Marin Mersenne: the perfection of an art work consists in its forcing the recipient to be active—to complement the art work by an effort of mind and imagination. [6]The paradox of perfection—that imperfection is perfect—applies not only to human affairs, but to technology. Thus, irregularity in semiconductor crystals (an imperfection, in the form of contaminants) is requisite for the production of semiconductors. The solution to the apparent paradox lies in a distinction between two concepts of "perfection": that of regularity, and that of utility. Imperfection is perfect in technology, in the sense that irregularity is useful. [7]Perfect numbers Perfect numbers have been distinguished ever since the ancient Greeks called them " teleioi ." There was, however, no consensus among the Greeks as to which numbers were "perfect" or why. A view that was shared by Plato held that 10 was a perfect number. [8] Mathematicians, including the mathematician-philosopher Pythagoreans, proposed as a perfect number, the number 6. [8]The number 10 was thought perfect because there are 10 fingers to the two hands. The number 6 was believed perfect for being divisible in a special way: a sixth part of that number constitutes unity; a third is two; a half — three; two-thirds ( Greek: dimoiron) is four; five-sixths ( pentamoiron) is five; six is the perfect whole. The ancients also considered 6 a perfect number because the human foot constituted one-sixth the height of a man, hence the number 6 determined the height of the human body. [8]Thus both numbers, 6 and 10, were credited with perfection, both on purely mathematical grounds and on grounds of their relevance in nature. [8]Euclid Belief in the "perfection" of certain numbers survived antiquity, but this quality came to be ascribed to other numbers as well. The perfection of the number 3 actually became proverbial: " omne trinum perfectum " ( Latin: all threes are perfect ). Another number, 7, found a devotee in the 6th-century Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great), who favored it on grounds similar to those of the Greek mathematicians who had seen 6 as a perfect number, and in addition for some reason he associated the number 7 with the concept of " eternity ." [8]The Middle Ages, however, championed the perfection of 6: Augustine and Alcuin wrote that God had created the world in 6 days because that was the perfect number. [8]The Greek mathematicians had regarded as perfect that number which equals the sum of its divisors that are smaller than itself. Such a number is neither 3 nor 7 nor 10, but 6, for 1 + 2 + 3 = 6. [8]But there are more numbers that show this property, such as 28, which = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14. It became customary to call such numbers "perfect." Euclid gave a formula for (even) "perfect" numbers: N p = 2 p −1 (2 p − 1)where p and 2 p − 1 are prime numbers. [8]Euclid had listed the first four perfect numbers: 6; 28; 496; and 8128. A manuscript of 1456 gave the fifth perfect number: 33,550,336. Gradually mathematicians found further perfect numbers (which are very rare). In 1652 the Polish polymath Jan Brożek noted that there was no perfect number between 10 4 and 10 7. [9]Despite over 2,000 years of study, it still is not known whether there exist infinitely many perfect numbers; or whether there are any odd ones. [9]Today the term "perfect number" is merely historic in nature, used for the sake of tradition. These peculiar numbers had received the name on account of their analogy to the construction of man, who was held to be nature 's most perfect creation, and above all on account of their own peculiar regularity. Thus, they had been so named on the same grounds as perfect objects in nature, and perfectly proportioned edifices and statues created by man; the numbers had come to be called "perfect" in order to emphasize their special regularity. [9]The Greek mathematicians had named these numbers "perfect" in the same sense in which philosophers and artists used the word. Jamblich ( In Nicomachi arithmeticam, Leipzig, 1894) states that the Pythagoreans had called the number 6 "marriage," "health," and "beauty," on account of the harmony and accord of that number. [9]The perfect numbers early on came to be treated as the measure of other numbers: those in which the sum of the divisors is greater than the number itself, as in 12, have — since as early as Theon of Smyrna, ca. 130 A. D. — been called "redundant" ( Latin: redundantio ), "more than perfect" ( plus quam perfecti ), or " abundant numbers ", and those the sum of whose divisors is smaller, as in 8, have been called " deficient numbers " ( deficientes ). [9]Currently 47 perfect numbers have been identified. Physics and chemistry Boyle A variety of physical and chemical concepts include, in their names, the word "perfect." [9]The physicist designates as a perfectly rigid body, one that "is not deformed by forces applied to it." He uses the concept in the full awareness that this is a fictitious body, that no such body exists in nature. The concept is an ideal construct. [10]A perfectly plastic body is one that is deformed infinitely at a constant load corresponding to the body's limit of plasticity: this is a physical model, not a body observed in nature. [10]A perfectly black body would be one that absorbed completely, radiation falling upon it — that is, a body with a coefficient of absorption equal to unity. [10]A crystal is perfect when its physically equivalent walls are equally developed; it has a perfect structure when it answers the requirements of spatial symmetry and is free of structural defects, dislocation, lacunae and other flaws. [10]A perfect fluid is one that is incompressible and non-viscous — this, again, is an ideal fluid that does not exist in nature. [10]A perfect gas is one whose molecules do not interact with each other and which have no volume of their own. Such a gas is fictitious, just as are perfectly solid, perfectly rigid, perfectly plastic and perfectly black bodies. They are termed "perfect" in the strict (non-metaphorical) sense of the word. These are all concepts that are necessary in physics, insofar as they are limiting, ideal, fictitious — insofar as they set the extreme which nature may at the most approach. [10]In a looser sense, real things are called "perfect" if they approximate perfection more or less closely, though they be not, strictly speaking, perfect. [10]The relation of these perfect bodies to real bodies may be illustrated by the relation of a perfect gas to a real one. The equation of state of a perfect gas is a first approximation to a quantum equation of state that results from statistical physics. Thus, the equation of state of a real gas within classical limits assumes the form of the equation of state of a perfect gas. That is, the equation of state of a perfect gas describes an ideal gas (comprising points, that is, dimensionless molecules that do not act upon one another). [10]The perfect gas equation arose from the work of Robert Boyle, Edme Mariotte and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, who, in studying the properties of real gases, found formulas applicable not to these but to an ideal, perfect gas. [10]Ethics Plato The ethical question of perfection concerns not whether man is perfect, but whether he should be. And if he should be, then how is this to be attained? [11]Plato seldom actually used the term, "perfection"; but the concept of " good ", central to his philosophy, was tantamount to "perfection." He believed that approximation to the idea of perfection makes people perfect. [11]Soon after, the Stoics introduced the concept of perfection into ethics expressly, describing it as harmony — with nature, reason, man himself. They held that such harmony—such perfection—was attainable for anyone. [11]Plato and the Stoics had made perfection a philosophical watchword. Soon it would be transformed, in Christianity, into a religious one. [11]The Christian doctrine of perfection is in the Gospels as well as elsewhere in the Bible. Matthew 5:48 enjoins: "Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect." [12] Early Christian writings, especially Paul 's, are replete with calls to perfection. Many of these are collected in a discourse by St. Augustine, De perfectione iustitiae hominis. They begin already with the Old Testament: "Thou shalt be perfect with the Lord thy God." ( Deuteronomy 18:13.) Elsewhere synonyms for "perfection" are "undefiled", "without rebuke", "without blemish", "blameless", "holy", "righteous", "unblamable", "unreprovable." [13]St. Augustine Augustine explains that not only that man is properly termed perfect and without blemish who is already perfect, but also he who strives unreservedly after perfection. This is a broader concept, of approximate perfection, resembling that used in the exact sciences. The first ancient and Christian perfection was not very remote from modern self-perfection. St. Ambrose in fact wrote about degrees of perfection (" gradus piae perfectionis "). [13]Along with the idea of perfection, Holy Scripture conveyed doubt as to whether perfection was attainable for man. According to 1 John 1:8, "If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us." Similarly Jesus said in Matthew 19:17: "And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God..."; while Jesus does not deny that he himself is good, he does call into question the idea that anyone but God can even be good, let alone perfect. And St. Jerome wrote: " Perfectio vera in coelestibus " — true perfection is to be found only in heaven. [14]As early as the 5th century C. E., two distinct views on perfection had arisen within the Church: that it was attainable by man on earth by his own powers; and, that it may come to pass only by special divine grace. The first view, which was championed by Pelagius, was condemned in 417 C. E.; the second view, which was championed by St. Augustine, prevailed at the very beginning of the 5th century and became authoritative. [15]Still, the Church did not condemn the writings of the Pseudo-Areopagite, purportedly the first bishop of Athens, voicing a natural possibility for man to rise to perfection, to the contemplation of God. And so, for centuries, two views contended within the Church. [15]Even as, for the ancient philosophers, the essence of perfection had been harmony, so for the Gospel and the Christian theologians it was charity, or love. St. Paul wrote ( Epistle to the Colossians, 3:14): "And above all these things put on charity, which is the bond of perfectness." [15]St. Gregory wrote that perfection will be realized only after the fulfillment of history — only "then will the world be beautiful and perfect." Still, everyone should make his own approach to perfection — to holiness. Discourses in moral theology and asceticism were generous with advice on how this was to be done. [15]The medieval concept of perfection and self-perfection, especially in its mature form, can be natural for modern man. As formulated by Peter Lombard, this concept implies that perfection is a result of development. And as described by Giles of Rome, perfection has not only personal sources (" personalia ") but social ones (" secundum statum "). Since the individual is formed within a society, the second perfection subsumes the first, in accordance with the "order of the universe" (" ordo universi "). The social perfection is binding on man, whereas personal perfection is only becoming to him. [16]Theses on perfection persist within the Church to the present day. The first condition for perfection is the desire of it. Also necessary is grace — but God gives grace to those who desire perfection and strive for it. Another condition for perfection is constancy of striving and effort. Augustine says: "He who stops, regresses." And effort is necessary in things not only great but also in the smallest; the Gospel according to St. Luke says: "He that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in much: and he that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much." An aid in approaching perfection is an awareness of God 's perfection and of one's own imperfection. [16]Calvin The 14th century saw, with the Scotists, a shift in interest from moral to ontological perfection; the 15th century, particularly during the Italian Renaissance, a shift to artistic perfection. [17]The first half of the 16th century saw John Calvin 's complete conditioning of man's perfection on the grace of God. [17]The second half of the 16th century brought the Counter-reformation, the Council of Trent, and a return of the Catholic concept; and also, heroic attempts to attain perfection through contemplation and mortification. This was the age of Ignatius Loyola and the founding of the Jesuit Order; of St. Teresa of Ávila (1515–82) and St. John of the Cross (1542–91), and the 1593 founding of the Barefoot Carmelites. This was the culminating point in the history of the Christian idea of perfection; at the same time, it was the terminal point as there soon began attempts at reforming the idea. [17]The first half of the 17th century saw attempts at a Catholic reform of the idea of perfection. This was the time of Cornelis Jansen (1585–1638) and of Jansenism — of a growing belief in predestination and in the impossibility of perfection without grace. [17]With the second half of the 17th century came a further development in the doctrine of predestination — the doctrine of " Quietism ." Perfection could be reached through a passive awaiting of grace rather than by an active striving. This theory, formulated in Spain by Miguel de Molinos (ca. 1628 - 1697), spread in France, where it was espoused by Madame Guyon (1648–1717) and for a time attracted François Fénelon. [17]The 18th century brought a sea change to the idea of moral perfection. Faith in it remained, but it changed character from religious to secular. This secular, 18th-century perfection was a fundamental article of faith for the Enlightenment. Its central tenet was that nature was perfect; and perfect, too, was the man who lived in harmony with nature's law. [18]Primitive man was held to be the most perfect, for he was closest to nature. Perfection lay behind present-day man rather than before him, for civilization distanced man from perfection instead of bringing him closer to it. [18]A second interpretation, however, took the contrary view: civilization perfected man by bringing him closer to reason, and thereby to nature; for reason would direct life with due consideration for the laws of nature. [18]The former, retrospective view of perfection had antecedents in antiquity: Hesiod and Ovid had described a " golden age " that had existed at the beginning of time, and which had been succeeded by silver, copper and Iron Ages, each inferior to the previous. The renewal of this view now, after two millennia, was stimulated by European contact with the "primitive" peoples of the Americas. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was but one of many who wrote in a similar vein. [18]These two mid-18th-century schools of thought — one seeing perfection in nature and in the past, and the other in civilization and in the future — represented a reaction not against the idea of perfection, but against its transcendental interpretation: as, earlier, the measure of perfection had been the idea of God, so now it was the idea of nature or of civilization. It was the latter idea that ultimately gained the upper hand and passed into the 19th century as the legacy of the Enlightenment. [18]The idea of perfection as transcendental, fell away; only worldly perfection counted. The idea that perfection was a matter of grace, also fell by the wayside; man himself must strive for it, and if a single man could not accomplish it, then perhaps mankind could. As God had been the measure of perfection during the Middle Ages, so now man was: the measure had become smaller, more accessible. To the thinking of the 19th century, such worldly, human perfection might ultimately be attainable by everyone. And if not perfection, then improvement. This would be the great concept of the modern age. [18]At the very midpoint of the 18th century, there occurred an exceptional momentary retreat from the idea of perfection. It was in the French Encyclopédie. The entry, "Perfection" (vol. XII, 1765), discussed only technical perfection, in the sense of the matching of human products to the tasks set for them; no mention was made of ontological, moral or esthetic perfection. [19]Otherwise, the 18th century saw great declarations championing the future perfection of man, as in Immanuel Kant 's Idee zu einer allgemeinem Geschichte (1784) and Johann Gottfried von Herder 's Ideen (1784/91). [19]Perfection was expected to come about by a variety of means. Partly it would be by way of natural development and progress (the view espoused by David Hume) but more so by way of education (precursors of this view included John Locke, David Hartley, and the leaders of the Polish Enlightenment) and by way of overt state action ( Claude Adrien Helvétius, later Jeremy Bentham ); reliance was placed in cooperation among people ( Charles Fourier, 1808), later in eugenics ( Francis Galton, 1869). While the foundations of the faith in the future perfectibility of man changed, the faith itself persisted. It linked the people of the Enlightenment with the idealists and romantics — with Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the Polish Messianists — as well as with the 19th-century Positivists and evolutionists; Herbert Spencer penned a great new declaration championing the future perfection of man. [19]The idea of human perfectibility had, however, become more comprehensive. Man would attain greater perfection, in the sense that he would live more rationally, healthily, happily, comfortably. But there was no adequate term for this new conception, as the term "perfection" had a moral coloring, while the new goal was more intellectual, physical and social. [19]In 1852, John Henry Newman, the future British cardinal, wrote that it would be well if the English language, like the Greek, had a term to express intellectual perfection, analogously to the term " health ", which addresses man's physical state, and to " virtue ", which speaks to his moral nature. During the 19th century, the Germans would come to call perfection, thus construed, "culture" ( Kultur ), and the French would call it "civilization" ( civilisation ). [19]One of the elements of perfection, in its new construction, is health, understood by the World Health Organization as "a state of complete physical and mental well-being." [20]Still, the burgeoning achievements of contemporary biology have not dislodged the age-old interest in moral perfection — with the important distinction, that the goal now is not so much perfection as improvement. A classic early-19th century exponent of this view was Fichte. [20]In the 20th and 21st centuries, the advances of science and technology appear to have been paralleled to some extent by increasingly pluralistic attitudes. The Polish philosopher Władysław Tatarkiewicz (1886–1980) has written: "To demand of someone that he strive after perfection seems equally inappropriate as to blame him for not striving after it." Such striving, he adds, "is often egocentric and yields poorer moral and social results than an outward-directed behavior based not on self-perfection but on good will and kindliness toward others." [20]Aesthetics The ancient Greeks viewed perfection as a requisite for beauty and high art. The Pythagoreans held that perfection was to be found in the right proportions and in a harmonious arrangement of parts. The idea that beauty and art were characterized by perfection, was subsequently embraced by Plato, who believed that art ought to be "apt, suitable, without deviations" — in short, "perfect". [21]From a conviction that perfection was a single quality, the Pythagoreans, Plato and their adherents held that beauty also was a single quality; hence, for every kind of art, there was but one perfect and proper form. Plutarch stated ( De Musica) that, during the early Greek age, musical harmonies that were recognized as perfect were legally binding at public performances. [21]Similarly, in temple architecture from the 5th century BCE, there were established orders. There were established proportions for Doric temples, and for Ionic temples. Likewise in sculpture, for centuries, it was a matter of dogma that certain proportions of the human body were perfect and obligatory. [22]There was also a prevalent belief that certain shapes and proportions were in themselves perfect. Plato felt that the perfect proportion was the ratio of the side to the diagonal of a square. His authority was so great that architects and other artists continued using this proportion, even when ignorant of its source, as late as the Middle Ages. [23]Cicero Another early idea — one that was to be espoused by many illustrious writers and artists of various periods — found perfection in the circle and the sphere. Aristotle wrote in the Physica that the circle was "the perfect, first, most beautiful form." Cicero wrote in De natura deorum (On the Nature of the Gods): "Two forms are the most distinctive: of solids, the sphere ... and of plane figures, the circle ... There is nothing more commensurate than these forms." [23]In a commentary to Aristotle's De coelo et mundo (On the Heavens and Earth), the medieval Pole, Jan of Słupcza, wrote: "The most perfect body ought to have the most perfect form, and such [a body] is heaven, while the most perfect form is the round form, for nothing can be added to it." In the famous illustrated Les très riches heures du duc de Berry, paradise is depicted as contained within an ideal sphere. [23]The Renaissance architect Sebastiano Serlio (1475–1554) stated: "the round form is the most perfect of all." [23]The most excellent of 16th-century architects, Andrea Palladio, held that "the most perfect and most excellent" form was "the round form, since of all forms it is the simplest, the most uniform, the strongest, the most capacious" and "is the most suitable for rendering the unity, infinity, uniformity and righteousness of God." This was the same thought as in Jan of Słupcza and in Serlio, and it was one of uncommon durability. [24]The Middle Ages — Romanesque and Gothic alike — had been quite taken with the idea of perfection. But a true explosion of the imperative for perfection came with the Renaissance. [24]Renaissance aesthetics placed less emphasis than had classical aesthetics on the unity of things perfect. Baldassare Castiglione, in his Courtier, wrote, of Leonardo, Andrea Mantegna, Raphael, Michelangelo and Giorgione, that "each of them is unlike the others, but each is the most perfect [ perfectissimus] in his style." [24]Barbaro The great architect and polymath Leone Battista Alberti wrote ( De architectura) that "the art of building... in Italy [had] achieved perfect maturity", that the Romans had "created such a perfect art of building that there was in it nothing mysterious, hidden or unclear." This was yet another formulation of the concept of perfection. [24]Daniele Barbaro, in his 1567 translation of Vitruvius, classically defined perfection as "that which lacks nothing and to which nothing can be added." [24]The Renaissance showed a marked concern with preeminence in perfection. Leonardo concluded that the most perfect of the arts was painting. In 1546 Benedetto Varchi compared great masters in the arts. Others compared art and science, art and nature, and perfection in the arts of the ancients with that in the modern masters. The 16th century saw comparisons of their music, the 17th — of their visual arts and especially of their poetry. These comparisons construed perfection fairly loosely; the concept was treated more strictly by architects. [25]The Renaissance distinguished a variety of properties to perfection. It was variously held to be:an objective property ( Petrarch, who opposed perfection to other esthetic qualities such as grace);specific to art rather than to nature ( Vasari );a rare property ( Alberti felt that not even Greek architecture had attained perfection);a property of the whole work rather than of its parts ( Alberti );a conjunction of many values ( Lodovico Dolce thought Raphael perfect because Raphael had manifold talent, as opposed to the one-sided Michelangelo );something that required not merely talent but art, that is, skill ( Vasari );not the sole value in a work of art ( Vasari differentiated perfection from grace; Renaissance Platonists such as Ficino viewed perfection as a divine attribute). [26]In the eclectic view of the late Renaissance, perfection in a work would require uniting the talents of many artists. Paolo Pino held that only that painter would be perfect who combined the talents of Titian and Michelangelo. [27]The concept of perfection was harder to apply to Renaissance literature but became so common — often, linked to " eccelente " — as to become banal. Its frequent application brought about its relativization and even subjectivization. [27]Beginning with Serlio and Palladio, perfection in art had become less important, less definite, less objective. The striving for perfection no longer had the importance for men of letters that it did for the great architects. But the 17th century still revered perfection, as shown by the appearance of that word in book titles: De perfecta poesi by the Polish poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595–1640); Le peintre parfait (1767 by André Félibien; and Idée de la perfection de la peinture (1662) by Fréart de Chambray. [27]Sarbiewski offered several theses: poetry not only imitates things perfectissime ("most perfectly"), but imitates them as they ought perfectissime to be in nature; perfect art is recognized by its agreement with nature, as well as its universality; art is the more perfect, the nobler ( nobilior) its manner of representing things; it is the more perfect, the more truths it contains; perfection has various degrees — it is higher in poetry than in prose. [27]In classicism, especially in French 17th-century classicism, from an ideal attainable by few, perfection became an obligation for every author. And inasmuch as the criterion of perfection had been lowered, "perfection" now meant only correctness. In the ensuing devaluation, it was not enough that art be perfecta, it should be perfectissima. [28]Perfection, formerly the supreme characterization for a work of art, now became but one of many positive characterizations. Cesare Ripa, in his Iconologia (published 1593, but typical for the 17th century), presented perfezione as a concept of equal status with grace ( grazia ), prettiness ( venustà) and beauty ( bellezza ). [29]Leibniz 's pupil, Christian Wolff, in his Psychology, wrote that beauty consists in perfection, and that this was why beauty was a source of pleasure. No such general esthetic theory, explicitly naming perfection, had ever been formulated by any of its devotees from Plato to Palladio. [29]Burke Wolff's theory of beauty-as-perfection was developed by the school's chief aesthetician, Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten. This tradition remained active in Germany as late as Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, who considered both beauty and sublimity to be ideas of perfection; when unity prevailed, beauty emerged; when plurality — sublimity. [29]In the latter part of the 18th century, Immanuel Kant wrote much in his Critique of Judgment about perfection — inner and outer, objective and subjective, qualitative and quantitative, perceived clearly and obscurely, the perfection of nature and that of art. Nevertheless, in aesthetics Kant found that "The judgment of taste [i.e., aesthetic judgment] is entirely independent of the concept of perfection" — that is, beauty was something different from perfection. [29]Earlier in the 18th century, France 's leading aesthetician, Denis Diderot, had questioned whether perfection was a more comprehensible idea than beauty. Jean-Jacques Rousseau had treated perfection as an unreal concept, and wrote Jean le Rond d'Alembert, "Let us not seek the chimera of perfection, but that which is the best possible." [30]In England, in 1757, the important aesthetician Edmund Burke denied that perfection was the cause of beauty. Quite the contrary, he argued that beauty nearly always involved an element of imperfection; for example, women, in order to heighten their attractiveness, emphasized their weakness and frailty, which is to say, their imperfection. [30]The 18th century was the last for which perfection was a principal concept in aesthetics. In the 19th century, perfection survived only vestigially as a general expression of approval. Alfred de Musset held that "Perfection is no more attainable for us than is infinity. One ought not to seek it anywhere: not in love, nor beauty, nor happiness, nor virtue; but one should love it, in order to be virtuous, beautiful and happy, insofar as that is possible for man." [30]In the 20th century, Paul Valéry wrote: "To strive for perfection, to devote endless time to a work, to set oneself—like Goethe —an unattainable goal, are all intents that are precluded by the pattern of modern life." [30]The dismissal of the question concerning whether artists can achieve perfection, still left the question: Do artists want to achieve it? Is that their actual goal? Some artists, schools and epochs have aimed for perfection. Others have nurtured other goals: pluralism, novelty, powerful sensations, faithfulness to truth, self-expression and expression of the world, creativity and originality — all of which may roughly be summarized as "expression." [31]There have been ages of perfection, and ages of expression. The arts of ancient Greece, the Renaissance and neoclassicism were arts of perfection. In the mannerist, baroque and romantic periods, expression has prevailed. [32]Ontology and theology The Greek philosopher Anaximander described the world as "endless" ( apeiron ), Xenophanes — as "the greatest" ( megistos ). But while they ascribed great qualities to the world, they did not regard it as perfect<. [33]Parmenides Only Parmenides seems to have considered existence to be " tetelesmenon " ("finished"); and Melissos, his successor in the Eleatic school, said that existence "was entirely" (" pan esti "). Thus both saw perfection in existence; true existence was one, constant, immutable. Moreover, Parmenides thought the world to be finite, limited in all directions, and like a sphere — which was a mark of its perfection. [33]Parmenides' view was embraced to some extent by Plato. He thought that the world was the work of a good Demiurge, and that this was why order and harmony prevailed in the world. The world was the best, the most beautiful, perfect. It had a perfect shape (spherical) and a perfect motion (circular). [33]But Plato said nothing about the Demiurge architect-of-the-world himself being perfect. And understandably so, for perfection implied finitude, limits; whereas it was the world, not its creator, that had limits. A similar view was held by Aristotle: the world could be perfect, but God could not. [34]Only the pantheist Stoics held the divinity to be perfect — precisely because they identified it with the world. Cicero wrote in De natura deorum (On the Nature of the Gods) that the world "encompasses... within itself all beings... And what could be more nonsensical than denying perfection to an all-embracing being... Besides the world, there is no thing that does not lack something and that is harmonious, perfect and finished in every respect..." [35]At a certain moment, Greek philosophy became bound up with the religion of the Christians: the abstract concept of first cause became linked with the religious concept of God; the primum movens became identified with the Creator, the absolute with the divine Person. Features of an absolute existence were discovered in the Person of the Creator: He was immutable, timeless. And absolute existence took on the attributes of a person: it was good, omnipotent, omnipresent. Christian theology united the features of the first cause in Aristotle's Metaphysics with those of the Creator in the Book of Genesis. But the attributes of God did not include perfection, for a perfect being must be finite; only of such a being might one say that it lacked nothing. [35]There was another reason for the denial, to God, of perfection — in a branch of Christian theology that was under the influence of Plotinus. In this view, the absolute from which the world derived could not be grasped in terms of human concepts, even the most general and transcendent. Not only was that absolute not matter, it was not spirit either, nor idea; it was superior to these. It exceeded any description or praise; it was incomprehensible and ineffable; it was beyond all that we may imagine — including perfection. [35]Medieval Christian philosophy held that the concept of perfection might describe Creation, but was not appropriate to describe God. Saint Thomas Aquinas, indicating that he was following Aristotle, defined a perfect thing as one that "possesses that of which, by its nature, it is capable." Also ( Summa Theologica ): "That is perfect, which lacks nothing of the perfection proper to it." Thus there were, in the world, things perfect and imperfect, more perfect and less perfect. God permitted imperfections in creation when they were necessary for the good of the whole. And for man it was natural to go by degrees from imperfection to perfection. [36]Duns Scotus understood perfection still more simply and mundanely: "Perfection is that which it is better to have than not to have." It was not an attribute of God but a property of creation: all things partook of it to a greater or lesser degree. A thing's perfection depended on what sort of perfection it was eligible for. In general, that was perfect which had attained the fullness of the qualities possible for it. Hence "whole" and "perfect" meant more or less the same (" totum et perfectum sunt quasi idem "). [37]Spinoza This was a teleological concept, for it implied an end (goal or purpose). God created things that served certain purposes, created even those purposes, but He himself did not serve any purpose. Since God was not finite, He could not be called perfect: for the concept of perfection served to describe finite things. Perfection was not a theological concept, but an ontological one, because it was a feature, in some degree, of every being. The 9th-century thinker Paschasius Radbertus wrote: "Everything is the more perfect, the more it resembles God." Still, this did not imply that God himself was perfect. [38]The concept of perfection, as an attribute of God, entered theology only in modern times, through René Descartes — and in the plural, as the "perfections" of God. [39]After Descartes, the concept of perfection as a principal concept in philosophy was upheld by other great 17th-century thinkers. In Benedict Spinoza 's philosophy, however, there was no personal God, and perfection became a property of — even a synonym for — the existence of reality (that is, for the essence of things). [40]Leibniz wrote: "As M. Descartes states, existence itself is perfection." Leibniz added: "Perfection, I call any simple quality, if it is positive and absolute, such that, if it expresses something, it does so without limits." [40]At the same time, Leibniz also construed perfection, in his Monadology, in an utterly different way: "Only that is perfect which possesses no limits, that is, only God." This concept would last out the entire 17th century. Subsequently, Immanuel Kant would describe perfection as " omnitudo realitatis " ("the omnitude of reality"). Thus perfection, which during the Middle Ages could be a property of any individual being, in 17th-century philosophy became as well, and indeed preeminently, a property of God. [40]Leibniz's pupil and successor, Christian Wolff, took up this concept of perfection — but with a difference. Wolff ascribed perfection not to being as a whole, but once again to its individual constituents. He gave, as examples, an eye that sees faultlessly, and a watch that runs faultlessly. He also distinguished variants — perfectio simplex and composita, primaria and secundaria — and differentiated the magnitude of perfection ( magnitudo perfectionis ). [41]Wolff's pupil, Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, derived perfection from rules, but anticipated their collisions ( regularum collisio) leading to exceptions ( exceptio) and limiting the perfection of things. Baumgarten distinguished perfection simplex and composita, interna and externa, transcendentalis and accidentalis; and, positing so broad a construction, he arrived at the conclusion that "everything is perfect." [42]In short, Wolff and his pupils had returned to the ontological concept of perfection that the Scholastics had used. The theological concept of perfection had lived only from Descartes to Leibniz, in the 17th century. [42]Thanks to Wolff's school, the concept of perfection lasted in Germany through the 18th century. In other western countries, however, especially France and Britain, in that century the concept of perfection was already in decline. It was ignored by the French Grande Encyclopédie. [42]The history of the concept of perfection had undergone great evolutions — from " Nothing in the world is perfect", to " Everything is perfect"; and from "Perfection is not an attribute of God", to "Perfection is an attribute of God." [42]With Christian Wolff 's school, every thing had become perfect. This was a singular moment in the history of the ontological concept of perfection; and soon thereafter, that history came to an end. [42]Many concepts The foregoing discussion shows that the term "perfection" has been used to designate a variety of concepts: The word "perfection" has a special meaning in mathematics, where it gives a proper name to certain numbers that demonstrate uncommon properties. In physics and chemistry, "perfection" designates a model — a conceptual construct for bodies that in reality do not precisely correspond to the model. Elsewhere the term "perfection" is used consistently with the word's etymology ("perfect" = "finished"). That is perfect which lacks nothing. This is how the term has been used in ontology (a perfect being), ethics (a perfect life) and medicine (perfect health). In these fields, the concept is understood variously as ideal model or as actual approximation to the model. Also called "perfect" is that which completely achieves its purpose. Christian Wolff gave examples from biology (perfect vision) and technology (a clock that runs neither slow nor fast). Here "perfection" is less fictitious model than actual approximation to the model. That is "perfect," which completely fulfills its functions. In social discourse, one speaks of a perfect artist, engineer or carpenter. The term is used similarly in art criticism, when speaking of perfect technique or of the perfect likeness of a portrait. Here again, "perfection" is either ideal model or approximate realization of the model. In aesthetics and art theory, perfection is ascribed to what is fully harmonious — to what is constructed in accordance with a single principle (e.g., the Parthenon, the Odyssey ). [43]Except for the first, mathematical sense, all these concepts of "perfection" show a kinship and oscillate between ideal and approximation. [43]However, the expression "perfect" is also used colloquially as a superlative ("perfect idiot," "perfect scoundrel," "perfect storm"). Here perfectum is confused with excellens of an approving, admiring or condemnatory kind. [44]Perfection has also been construed as that which is the best. In theology, when Descartes and Leibniz termed God "perfect," they had in mind something other than model; than that which lacks nothing; than that achieves its purpose; than that fulfills its functions; or than that is harmonious. [45]See also Christian perfection Perfect competition Perfect fifth Perfect flower (bisexual flower)Perfect fourth Perfectionism Perfection (law)Three perfections (Chinese art)Notes^ Władysław Tatarkiewicz, O doskonałości (On Perfection), 1976.^ a b c Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection: the Term and the Concept," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), p. 5.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection: the Term and the Concept," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), p. 6.^ a b Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection: the Term and the Concept," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), p. 7.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection: the Term and the Concept," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), p. 9.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Paradoxes of Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 1 (winter 1980), p. 77.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Paradoxes of Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 1 (winter 1980), p. 80.^ a b c d e f g h Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection in the Sciences. I. Perfect Numbers," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 2 (spring 1980), p. 137.^ a b c d e f Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection in the Sciences. I. Perfect Numbers," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 2 (spring 1980), p. 138.^ a b c d e f g h i Tatarkiewicz, "Perfection in the Sciences. II. Perfection in Physics and Chemistry," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 2 (spring 1980), p. 139.^ a b c d Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), p. 117.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), pp. 117–18.^ a b Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), p. 118.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), pp. 118–19.^ a b c d Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), p. 119.^ a b Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), p. 120^ a b c d e Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), p. 121^ a b c d e f Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), p. 122.^ a b c d e Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), p. 123.^ a b c Tatarkiewicz, "Moral Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), p. 124.^ a b Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), p. 145.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), pp. 145–46.^ a b c d Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), p. 146.^ a b c d e Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), p. 147.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), pp. 147–48.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), p. 148.^ a b c d Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), p. 149.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), pp. 149–50.^ a b c d Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), p. 150.^ a b c d Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), p. 151.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), pp. 151–52.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Aesthetic Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), p. 152.^ a b c Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), p. 187.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), pp. 187–88.^ a b c Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), p. 188.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), p. 189.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), pp. 189–90.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), p. 190.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), pp. 190–91.^ a b c Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), p. 191.^ Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), pp. 191–92.^ a b c d e Tatarkiewicz, "Ontological and Theological Perfection," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), p. 192.^ a b Tatarkiewicz, "On Perfection: Conclusion," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 2 (spring 1981), p. 11.^ Tatarkiewicz, "On Perfection: Conclusion," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 2 (spring 1981), pp. 11–12.^ Tatarkiewicz, "On Perfection: Conclusion," Dialectics and Humanism, vol. VIII, no. 2 (spring 1981), p. 12. References Władysław Tatarkiewicz, O doskonałości (On Perfection), Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1976. An English translation of Tatarkiewicz 's book ( On Perfection ), by Christopher Kasparek, was serialized in Dialectics and Humanism: the Polish Philosophical Quarterly, vol. VI, no. 4 (autumn 1979), pp. 5–10; vol. VII, no. 1 (winter 1980), pp. 77–80; vol. VII, no. 2 (spring 1980), pp. 137–39; vol. VII, no. 3 (summer 1980), pp. 117–24; vol. VII, no. 4 (autumn 1980), pp. 145–53; vol. VIII, no. 1 (winter 1981), pp. 187–92; and vol. VIII, no. 2 (spring 1981), pp. 11–12. Kasparek 's translation has subsequently also appeared in the book: Władysław Tatarkiewicz, On perfection, Warsaw University Press, Center of Universalism, 1992, pp. 9–51. The book is a collection of papers by and about the late Professor Tatarkiewicz. 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what age are children allowed to stay alone | Legal Rights If you want to know about age thresholds - from what age you can leave a child at home unsupervised, to the age at which a child can be charged with committing a crime - this page has the answers. You can also find out how to stop a child being taken from the country or how to seek their return, and where to get advice about the Family Court. Questions on this page: At what age can a child legally do things? At what age can a child be charged with committing a crime? Can I stop my child being taken out of the country? How can I get my child returned to New Zealand from another country? Where can I go for advice about the Family Court? I can't afford my legal aid bill - what can I do? At what age can a child:stay home alone - it is an offence to leave a child aged under 14 without reasonable supervision. Generally the law allows parents to leave a young person without supervision from age 14. However, leaving a child unsupervised for an unreasonable period of time in a way that puts them at risk of harm could be considered neglectbabysit - from age 14 a young person can babysit for younger children but only if they’re capable of providing ‘reasonable supervision and care’leave school - at 16 a young person can leave school or be expelled from schoolstart work full time - from age 16 a young person can start full-time work and earn minimum wage or the starting out wage - see the NZ at Work webpage for more detailschoose which parent to live with - at age 16 a young person can usually decide which parent to live with if their parents are separated, and decide whether/when to visit the other parentchoose to leave home - at age 16 a young person can leave home without their parents' consent. But until 17, Oranga Tamariki can send the child home if they believe they're at riskget married or enter into a civil union with parents' consent - age 16be legally independent of guardianship - age 18. At what age can a child or young person be held criminally responsible? A child under the age of 10 cannot be charged with a criminal offence. A child aged 10 or 11 cannot be prosecuted for a criminal offence, except for the offences of murder and manslaughter. A child aged 12 or 13 can be prosecuted for murder or manslaughter and can also be prosecuted for other very serious criminal offences (e.g. robbery with another person. This is called “aggravated robbery”). A young person between the ages of 14 and 17 can be brought before the Youth Court on criminal charges. If the charges are very serious they can be transferred to the adult court for trial or sentencing. A person who is 17 or older is currently dealt with as an adult in the District Court or the High Court. For more information see the Community Law Manual Can I stop my child being taken out of the country? If you think your child is going to be taken out of New Zealand in breach of a parenting order, you can ask the High Court, the District Court or the Family Court to stop them being taken. You can also do this if you've applied for a parenting order or are about to apply for one. Getting a Court order doesn’t automatically stop your child being taken out of New Zealand - you need to ask for their details to be put on the Customs Service computer system. You can find out more on the Ministry of Justice website. How can I get my child returned to New Zealand from another country? If your child has been taken from New Zealand, the Hague Convention allows you to:ask for them to be returned if they’ve been wrongfully kept in another country, for example at the end of a contact visitget help to have contact with them. You can find out more on the Ministry of Justice website . Where can I go for advice about the Family Court The Children’s Commissioner Act says we can’t get involved in any issue that is before a Court. This means if you contact us about an issue with the Family Court, we can only let you know about the other support agencies you can contact. If you need advice on the Family Court, you can talk with your lawyer or the family court co-ordinator, or visit the Family Court website. I can't afford my legal aid bill - what can I do? Legal aid is government funding to pay for a lawyer for people who cannot afford one, and need one in the interests of justice. People who get legal aid may have to repay part or all of their legal aid costs. Interest will be charged six months after your case has been finalised at the rate of 8%. You may have to repay some or all of your legal aid, depending on how much you earn, what property you own and whether you receive any money or property as a result of your case. If you have problems meeting your repayments: You can apply under financial hardship grounds to have either the debt written off or the interest written off or both. You can apply under just and equitable grounds to have either the debt written off or the interest written off or both. However if you own a property that the debt can be secured over it is unlikely this debt will be written off under either financial hardship or just and equitable grounds as there is no immediate need to make repayments. If financial hardship can be shown, interest can be written off and the debt exempted on-going interest in these circumstances. Your individual circumstances will be reviewed by a Debt Officer and they will decide whether you meet the criteria for debt write-off or not. If you are unhappy with their decision a "Reconsideration" can be applied for and if you are still not satisfied after that, you can seek a review by the Legal Aid Tribunal. If you are concerned about your legal aid repayments or your legal aid debt, call the Ministry of Justice legal aid Debt Management Group on 0800 600 090. | At what age can a child legally stay home alone in California? At what age can a child legally stay home alone in California? At what age can a child legally stay home alone in California? Share this conversation Answered in 21 minutes by: 8/27/2007Lawyer: Attorney & Mediator California has no specific legal age where a child can stay home alone. Rather, the law provides that the parent must be able to make the determination if their child is competent and capable of taking care of themselves and to handle every possible risk of harm which can occur if left alone. Below is a standard guide that the California Department of Health and Services has provided about this issue. If you wish to learn more about this contact your county's department of social services that handles this issue. In California, there is not a legal age at which a minor can be left unsupervised. Age in and of itself is not a reliable guide. There are several additional factors that influence whether it is appropriate to leave a child alone, even for short periods of time. Parents should use good judgment in deciding if their child (ren) is mature enough to be left without adult supervision. It is important to realize that children left in self-care could be at a higher risk for injuries. Below are a few questions that may assist you in making the decision if your child is ready and able to stay home safely without supervision: Does your child know what to do in case of a house fire? Does your child know what to do when a stranger is at the front door asking them to open the door? Does your child know in what situations should they call 911 and what information to have ready (name, address, nature of emergency, etc.)? Does your child know how to address a person calling on the phone requesting to speak with you? Does your child know whom to contact if he/she have questions, but are not in crisis at that moment such as another adult family member, trusted friend, or neighbor? Does your child know how to take immediate care of serious wound until professional help arrives? Does your child know how to prepare a simple meal? Does it involve using the stove? Does your child know what to do if an oil fire started on the stovetop? Do you regularly practice acting out the above situations with your child so that your child and you gain confidence in their ability to consistently react safety and appropriately to the situations? Safety tips: Keep a list of all emergency numbers (doctor, hospitals, police, fire department, poison control center, EMS) and the phone number of a trusted friend or neighbor posted on each phone. Show the child where the first aid kit is located and how to use the items in it. Tell your child where you will be, when you plan to return home and how you can be reached. Leaving a beeper or cell phone on when you are away may help put you and your child more at ease. Attorney & Mediator, Lawyer Category: Legal Satisfied Customers: 20,014Experience: Attorney & Certified Mediator Verified Attorney & Mediator and 87 other Legal Specialists are ready to help you Ask your own question now Attorney & Mediator, Lawyer20,014 Satisfied Customers Attorney & Certified Mediator Attorney & Mediator is online now Continue A new question is answered every 9seconds Share this conversation |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is a snowflake schema | Snowflake schema This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)The snowflake schema is a variation of the star schema, featuring normalization of dimension tables. In computing, a snowflake schema is a logical arrangement of tables in a multidimensional database such that the entity relationship diagram resembles a snowflake shape. The snowflake schema is represented by centralized fact tables which are connected to multiple dimensions. [ citation needed]. "Snowflaking" is a method of normalizing the dimension tables in a star schema. When it is completely normalized along all the dimension tables, the resultant structure resembles a snowflake with the fact table in the middle. The principle behind snowflaking is normalization of the dimension tables by removing low cardinality attributes and forming separate tables. [1]The snowflake schema is similar to the star schema. However, in the snowflake schema, dimensions are normalized into multiple related tables, whereas the star schema's dimensions are denormalized with each dimension represented by a single table. A complex snowflake shape emerges when the dimensions of a snowflake schema are elaborate, having multiple levels of relationships, and the child tables have multiple parent tables ("forks in the road"). Contents [ hide ]1 Common uses2 Data normalization and storage3 Benefits4 Disadvantages5 Examples6 See also7 References8 Bibliography9 External links Common uses [ edit]Star and snowflake schemas are most commonly found in dimensional data warehouses and data marts where speed of data retrieval is more important than the efficiency of data manipulations. As such, the tables in these schemas are not normalized much, and are frequently designed at a level of normalization short of third normal form. [ citation needed]Data normalization and storage [ edit]Normalization splits up data to avoid redundancy (duplication) by moving commonly repeating groups of data into new tables. Normalization therefore tends to increase the number of tables that need to be joined in order to perform a given query, but reduces the space required to hold the data and the number of places where it needs to be updated if the data changes. [ citation needed]From a space storage point of view, dimensional tables are typically small compared to fact tables. This often negates the potential storage-space benefits of the star schema as compared to the snowflake schema. Example: One million sales transactions in 200 shops in 220 countries would result in 1,000,200 records in a star schema (1,000,000 records in the fact table and 200 records in the dimensional table where each country would be listed explicitly for each shop in that country). A more normalized snowflake schema with country keys referring to a country table would consist of the same 1,000,000 record fact table, a 200 record shop table with references to a country table with 220 records. In this case, the star schema, although further denormalized, would only reduce the number or records by a (negligible) factor of ~0.9998 (= [1,000,000+200] divided by [1,000,000+200+220])Some database developers compromise by creating an underlying snowflake schema with views built on top of it that perform many of the necessary joins to simulate a star schema. This provides the storage benefits achieved through the normalization of dimensions with the ease of querying that the star schema provides. The tradeoff is that requiring the server to perform the underlying joins automatically can result in a performance hit when querying as well as extra joins to tables that may not be necessary to fulfill certain queries. [ citation needed]Benefits [ edit]The snowflake schema is in the same family as the star schema logical model. In fact, the star schema is considered a special case of the snowflake schema. The snowflake schema provides some advantages over the star schema in certain situations, including: Some OLAP multidimensional database modeling tools are optimized for snowflake schemas. [2]Normalizing attributes results in storage savings, the tradeoff being additional complexity in source query joins. Disadvantages [ edit]The primary disadvantage of the snowflake schema is that the additional levels of attribute normalization adds complexity to source query joins, when compared to the star schema. Snowflake schemas, in contrast to flat single table dimensions, have been heavily criticised. Their goal is assumed to be an efficient and compact storage of normalised data but this is at the significant cost of poor performance when browsing the joins required in this dimension. [3] This disadvantage may have reduced in the years since it was first recognized, owing to better query performance within the browsing tools. When compared to a highly normalized transactional schema, the snowflake schema's denormalization removes the data integrity assurances provided by normalized schemas. [ citation needed] Data loads into the snowflake schema must be highly controlled and managed to avoid update and insert anomalies. Examples [ edit]Snowflake schema used by example query. The example schema shown to the right is a snowflaked version of the star schema example provided in the star schema article. The following example query is the snowflake schema equivalent of the star schema example code which returns the total number of units sold by brand and by country for 1997. Notice that the snowflake schema query requires many more joins than the star schema version in order to fulfill even a simple query. The benefit of using the snowflake schema in this example is that the storage requirements are lower since the snowflake schema eliminates many duplicate values from the dimensions themselves. [ citation needed]SELECTB. Brand,G. Country,SUM ( F. Units_Sold)FROM Fact_Sales FINNER JOIN Dim_Date D ON F. Date_Id = D. Id INNER JOIN Dim_Store S ON F. Store_Id = S. Id INNER JOIN Dim_Geography G ON S. Geography_Id = G. Id INNER JOIN Dim_Product P ON F. Product_Id = P. Id INNER JOIN Dim_Brand B ON P. Brand_Id = B. Id INNER JOIN Dim_Product_Category C ON P. Product_Category_Id = C. Id WHERED. Year = 1997 ANDC. Product_Category = 'tv'GROUP BYB. Brand,G. Country See also [ edit]Star schema Data Warehouse Online analytical processing (OLAP)References [ edit]^ Paulraj Ponniah. Data Warehousing Fundamentals for IT Professionals. Wiley, 2010, pp. 29–32. ISBN 0470462078.^ Wilkie, Michelle (2009). "Using SAS® OLAP Server for a ROLAP Scenario" (PDF). SAS Global Forum 2009. Retrieved 2013-02-27.^ Kimball, Ralph (1996). "6: The Big Dimensions". The Data Warehouse Toolkit (1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 95–98. ISBN 0-471-15337-0. Do not snowflake your dimensions, even if they are large Bibliography [ edit]Anahory, S.; D. Murray. Data Warehousing in the Real World: A Practical Guide for Building Decision Support Systems. Addison Wesley Professional. Kimball, Ralph (1996). The Data Warehousing Toolkit. John Wiley. External links [ edit]" Why is the Snowflake Schema a Good Data Warehouse Design? " by Mark Levene and George Loizou Reverse Snowflake Joins | Log into Squarespace Log into Squarespace Log In Create an Account Recover Account |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.definition a dame | What is Dame? What is Dame? Legal Definition Dame is a noble title, and the feminine form of address, for the honour of knighthood in the British honours system and the systems of several other commonwealth countries such as Australia and New Zealand (with the masculine form of address being "Sir"). The word "damehood" is rarely used but is used on the official British Monarchy website as being the correct term. A woman appointed to the grades of Dame Commander or Dame Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath, the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, the Royal Victorian Order, or the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire becomes a dame. Because there is no female equivalent to a Knight Bachelor, women are always appointed to an order of chivalry. Women who are appointed to the Most Noble Order of the Garter or the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle are given the title of "Lady" rather than "Dame".-- Wikipedia Legal Definition In English law. The legal designation of the wife of a knight or baronet.-- Black's Law Dictionary Legal Definition A baronet ’s wife.-- Ballentine's Law Dictionary Link To This Legal Definition Did you want to cite the DAME definition? Copy and paste the below to your blog or Web page or create a forum post. Blog / HTML Link Copy Forum / UBBCode Link Copy Reddit / Markup Link Copy | . The page you requested cannot be found. The page you are looking for might have been removed, had its name changed, or is temporarily unavailable. If you are trying to reach a page from a bookmark, the page URL may have changed recently. Please try the following: Open Our Home Page Click the back button to in your browser to return to the previous page. Enter a term in the search form below. Search results for "" |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.blockage of what artery can reduce blood supply to the brain, causing a stroke | Top 30 Doctor insights on: Carotid Artery Cause Brain Pressure Top 30 Doctor insights on: Carotid Artery Cause Brain Pressure Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Oliver Aalami3 doctors agreed:1 Can carotid artery stenosis cause increased brain pressure if left untreated? No: No. Carotid stenosis is the blockage of blood flow to the brain which significantly increases the risk of stroke. A blockage in the carotid artery would more likely decrease blood flow/pressure in the brain. ... Read more Dr. Stephen Scholand1 Doctor shared a insight Artery (Definition)Arteries are defined as blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart (to either the body or lungs). Arteries: higher pressure, thicker walls, stretch (pulse) with each heart contraction & deliver blood to the arterioles which control the flow to individual capillaries. Veins are blood vessels which carry blood from capillaries back to the heart (body to right heart; ... Read more Dr. Shamail Tariq Internal Medicine - Cardiology6 years in practice Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Rick Koch2 doctors agreed:2 If I press carotid sinus on both sides gently, without applying enough pressure to fully compress common carotid arteries, can it lead to brain death? No: If you applied enough pressure to reduce blood flow significantly you might pass out. ... Read more Dr. Donald Colantino3 Should the pressure in the carotid arteries on the right side be roughly the same as on the left side? Right side pulse is weak. What could cause this Arteries: Yes, the pressure or strength of the pulsation in each carotid artery should be the same unless there is a blockage reducing the pressure in the one with a weak pulsation. However this would be unusual in your age bracket. If you have further concerns have your physician examine and advise you. ... Read more Dr. Charles Berry4 What does a strong pulse in the Carotid arteries mean? What does a weak mean? Does high blood pressure cause strong or weak pulse? Strong VS Weak Pulse: In my experience, patients usually cannot adequately evaluate there pulses. In the carotid area I would suggest getting a carotid ultrasound. .. if all is ok things are OK. Your blood pressure is another matter and is easily checked by yourself or even at a drug store with the machine there. ... Read more Dr. Brian Struyk3 doctors agreed:5 Will compressing (blocking) both the left and right common carotid arteries for a sufficient period of time lead to complete brain death? Yes. : Your brain is always active and requires a great deal of oxygen to function. Complete occlusion of both carotid arteries would compromise blood flow to most of the brain and could cause a hypoxic brain injury or death. ... Read more Dr. Praveen Rohatgi Internal Medicine - Cardiology40 years in practice Get help from a specialist now Continue Dr. William Gaya4 doctors agreed:6 Why compressing both left and right common carotid arteries leads to brain death when vertebral arteries (and also circle of willis) still supply. Carotid occlusion: The vertebral arteries are not enough to sustain the entire blood brain perfusion. They contribute to the anterior circulation by means of the posterior communicating arteries. There are common anatomical variants and in some cases these arteries are not patent or existent. The situation you describe ... Read more Dr. Bennett Werner4 doctors agreed:7 What happens if there is no blood flowing to my basilar and carotid arteries in my brain what could this mean? Dead? : It could mean that the person in question is dead. ... Read more Dr. Bennett Machanic5 doctors agreed:8 Could blocking only one of the left and right common carotid arteries lead to complete brain death? Unlikely: The blood flow to the brain comes from anterior circulation, the carotids, and posterior, the basilar branching into the 2 vertebrals. Complete unilateral carotid thrombosis could cause a significant stroke but the collateral circulation could mitigate the damage, and preserve substantial function. ... Read more Dr. Sewa Legha9 How near to my pituitary tumour is my carotid artery in my brain? Would the coiling procedure have affected my tumour had visual disturbances since op Not far: The internal carotid artery is not far from the pituitary fossa and ophthalmic artery is one of the branches that comes off of it. All taking place near by to the pituitary gland. ... Read more Dr. Michael Korona2 doctors agreed:10 Left internal carotid artery blocked yet there is no brain damage. How is this possible? Blood flow: To your brain is passing through collateral vessels. Wiki circle of willis. ... Read more Dr. Michael Korona3 doctors agreed:11 Is there any blocked arteries in the brain like a carotid artery that would show on ct? Yes: Cta is a good test to evaluate the vessels of the neck and brain. You can have blockages in the vessels inside your head. ... Read more Dr. Venkata Chilakapati12 What is the cause of dilated carotid artery and dizziness? Unknown: Causes for carotid ectasia or aneurysms are not known. There are so many causes of dizziness. You need work-up. It is difficult to enumerate in this limited space. ... Read more Dr. Joseph Gemmete3 doctors agreed:13 Can carotid artery stenosis cause sciatica? No: Sciatic is a peripheral neuropathy caused by compression on sciatic nerve. Carotid stenosis causes a TIA or stroke. ... Read more Dr. Darrell Herrington1 doctor agreed:14 Can anything to do witg the carotid artery cause neck swelling and facial swelling on the left side? Not likely: It's more likely to be from a dental abscess, or blocked vs infected parotid gland. See your doctor for evaluation. ... Read more Dr. Harinder Gill1 doctor agreed:15 What can cause one sided frontal neck pain? The loc. Seems to be over my carotid artery. The pain comes and goes. POLYDYPSIA: Drinking water is pointless, misguided and may land you in trouble if vastly excessive over o long time. POTS responds to restoration of resting vagal tone attained by cardiovascular training it is largely reflective of physiologic deconditioning. ... Read more Dr. John Chiu5 doctors agreed:16 What can cause anterior neck pain that comes and goes? Occurs on both sides of windpipe, near carotid arteries. Been happening for 6 months. See doc: There is no way to tell what the problem may be without a direct inspection and examination of the area involved. If this has been present for 6 months, it is high time you consult your doctor. ... Read more Dr. Michael Jones5 doctors agreed:17 I have been troubled by ongoing vertigo, and I also have very high cholesterol, is it possible for blocked carotid arteries to cause dizziness? Not usually: If you have carotid occlusive disease (carotid stenosis) it can increase risk of mini-strokes (tias) and stroke but not general just vertigo. ... Read more Dr. Jeffery Dormu1 doctor agreed:18 Would inflammation of carotid artery cause pain? Pain in Carotids: Inflammation in the carotid arteries may cause pain. More importantly, it is critical that you see a vascular surgeon to have your carotid arteries evaluated. You will need a carotid duplex to assess the amount of stenosis in the arteries, if any. Carotid artery blockage is one of the leading causes of ... Read more Dr. Timothy Wu1 doctor agreed:19 What would cause spasms in your neck or carotid artery? Carotid spasms: Carotid spasms occur only with direct manipulation of the artery itself, such as during an operation or during a catheterization. Carotid artery spasms will not cause pain that one would attribute to the neck in any way. ... Read more Dr. R. Scott Anderson6 doctors agreed:20 What causes carotid artery stenosis? Atherosclerosis: Usually it is the result of the build up of atherosclerotic plaques over time due to the buildup of cholesterol. ... Read more Dr. Rebecca Gliksman21 What would cause pain and a lump in the right side of your neck near carotid artery? Neck lump: Could be a swollen lymph node from throat infection or mass in neck/upper chest or could be infected cyst or abscess. Would follow up with doc ... Read more Dr. Arnold Malerman1 doctor agreed:22 What would cause pain and a lump in the right side of your neck near carotid artery? See ENT: This is not a forum to diagnose your problem. There are numerous possible causes. See your PCP or an ENT Specialist NOW. ... Read more Dr. Cheryl White23 Is there anything that can cause pain to shoot trough the carotid artery in the neck to the head? Nerve pain: Cannot imagine that pain goes through an artery, though nerves do travel in similar paths. Possibly a trapped nerve in your upper back is causing the shooting pain. Seek pain management advice, or neurology. My be that a steroid injection (seek a physician who is comfortable with neck ... Read more Dr. Elizabeth Wallen1 doctor agreed:24 Headaches scare me cause I always think I'm having an anurysm and my carotid artery feels enlarged and it's beating really hard and my Neck hurts? Again? : I believe you have asked this question several times in different ways. You need to see someone to get a handle on your symptoms. I suspect that anxiety may be contributing significantly to this. ... Read more Dr. Eleanor Host2 doctors agreed:25 I have to jave a ultrasound of my carotid artery. What would be wrong with carotid if it causes swelling of left sife of neck amd face? More of a vein prob: The artery takes blood from the heart to the brain, the veins drain the blood from the brain back to the heart. If there is something blocking the return flow (the vein) then the increased pressure in the vein makes some fluid leak into the surrounding tissues. Also, the lymph channels drain ... Read more Dr. Christopher Wilson3 doctors agreed:26 Can you fly if you have a carotid artery blockage, or is the cabin pressure and altiude too much that it can cause it to dislodge and cause a stroke? Depends: I would suggest discussing this with your neurologist. It likely depends on the size of the carotid blockage and any other flow you may have from other blood vessels. It is probably okay if you have not been operated on yet because if your blockage was really bad you would have had it operated on already. ... Read more Dr. Michael Korona1 doctor agreed:27 Can past vad - vertebral arterty dissection cause stenosis or a bruit in the carotid artery? Or any other stress to local arteries? What is the path? Not usually: A bad trauma can cause dissection of vertebral and carotid arteries at the same time but rare. Carotid bruit can indicate a stenosis which is usually atherosclerosis. Fibromuscular dysplasia can cause narrowing. Fmd is usually in women. Fmd can affect the vertebral arteries and the carotid arteries. Fmd can ... Read more Dr. Benjamin Lerner1 doctor agreed:28 What causes dilated carotid arteries? Sometimes...: A dilated or aneursymal carotid on ultrasound is simply what we call a "redundant" carotid, meaning it is long and wraps on itself, so it looks bigger on ultrasound. True enlarged carotid arteries should be evaluated by a vascular surgeon. ... Read more Dr. Yash Khanna29 Can 30% plaque in your carotid artery cause pain in the carotid/neck area? Not a sign of plaque: 30% block in your carotid artery will not cause pain in your neck area. It is an indicator that it can compromise the blood flow to the brain if gets worse. One has to control the LDL levels in blood and bring it down with statins and diet . If it it prgresses to 60% or more, than you will need ... Read more Dr. Clarence Grim30 How do you establish cause and effect in Carotid Artery blockage stroke.? Carotid disease: If angiogram was "fine" then you must not have any. The best way is to get a piece of the blockage in the carotid and look at it under a microscope. Most common cause would be vascular damage (rust) from smoking, high blood pressure, high lipids or old trauma. Happy to do 2nd Opinion to help ... Read more Dr. Harinder Gill Carotid Arteries (Definition)The carotid arteries start in the chest and progress up the sides of the neck. About mid neck they split and one branch supplies blood to the face the, the other continues without branches into the skull and supplies ... Read more | Ischemic stroke Home » Understand Stroke » What is stroke? » Ischemic stroke Ischemic stroke Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel carrying blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot. This causes blood not to reach the brain. High blood pressure is the most important risk factor for this type of stroke. Ischemic strokes account for about 87% of all strokes. An ischemic stroke can occur in two ways. Expand All Embolic Stroke Thrombotic Stroke Additional Resources Publications Explaining Stroke Questions to Ask Your Rehab Professional About Technology Reduce Your Risk of Stroke Starting Now Act FAST Wallet Card See More Fact Sheets Technology Infographic Financing Your Technology Guide High Blood Pressure and Stroke Importance of Physical Activity See More Multimedia Las minorías y los ataques cerebrovasculares Stroke: The REALITY, Part 1: What does it really mean? Faces of Stroke Ambassador: Ruth Faces of Stroke Ambassador: Jason See More |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is silica used for | Silica Silica Overview Safety Resources What Is It? Silica, also called silicone dioxide, and Hydrated Silica are minerals. The Silica used in cosmetics and personal care products is amorphous Silica. This means that the Silica has no definite form. Crystalline silica, which has a specific arrangement of the atoms, is not used in cosmetics and personal care products. Hydrated Silica has additional water atoms bound to Silica. Other silica compounds that may be used in cosmetic products include Alumina Magnesium Metasilicate, Aluminum Calcium Sodium Silicate, Aluminum Iron Silicates and Sodium Potassium Aluminum Silicate. Silica and Hydrated Silica are used in a wide range of cosmetics and personal care products including bath products, eye makeup, hair care products, makeup, nail care products, oral hygiene products and skin care products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? The following functions have been reported for Silica and the related ingredients: Abrasive Silica, Hydrated Silica, Aluminum Iron Silicates Absorbent Silica, Hydrated Silica, Alumina Magnesium Metasilicate Anticaking Agent Silica, Hydrated Silica Bulking Agent Silica, Hydrated Silica, Alumina Magnesium Metasilicate, Aluminum Calcium Sodium Silicate, Aluminum Iron Silicates, Sodium Potassium Aluminum Silicate Opacifying Agent Silica, Hydrated Silica Oral Care Agent Hydrated Silica Skin Conditioning Agent Miscellaneous Hydrated Silica Suspending Agent Nonsurfactant Silica Viscosity Increasing Agent Aqueous Hydrated Silica Viscosity Increasing Agent Nonaqueous Alumina Magnesium Metasilicate Scientific Facts: Silica is a compound composed of silicon and oxygen. The amorphous form is used in cosmetics and personal care products. Amorphous Silica includes fumed silica. Safety Information: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permits Silica to be directly added to food as an anticaking agent. It is also permitted as an indirect food additive as a component of filters and polyester resins. Aluminum Calcium Sodium Silicate (as sodium calcium aluminosilicate, hydrated) is considered Generally Recognized as Safe ( GRAS) as anticaking agent in food. The safety of Silica, Hydrated Silica, Alumina Magnesium Metasilicate, Aluminum Calcium Sodium Silicate, Aluminum Iron Silicates and Sodium Potassium Aluminum Silicate has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated the scientific data and concluded that these ingredients were safe as used in cosmetics and personal care products. The CIR Expert Panel has also reviewed the safety of other silicate ingredient including Calcium Silicate, Potassium Silicate, Sodium Silicate and Zeolite. Please search this website for these ingredients for more information on their safety. More safety Information: CIR Safety Review: The CIR Expert Panel reveiwed data indicating that inhaling large doses of amorphous Silica can result in irritation of the respiratory tract. Once inhalation exposure to Silica stops, Silica is removed from the respiratory tract, and recovery is observed. Long-term oral exposure to Silica has not resulted in any adverse effects, including effects on reproduction and development. Amorphous Silica is not genotoxic or carcinogenic. When placed on the skin, Silica is not irritating, nor does it result in sensitization. Based on the available data, the CIR Expert Panel concluded that Silica, Hydrated Silica, Alumina Magnesium Metasilicate, Aluminum Calcium Sodium Silicate, Aluminum Iron Silicates and Sodium Potassium Aluminum Silicate were safe as used in cosmetics and personal care products. Link to Code of Federal Regulations for Silica and silica compounds FDA Regulation #1FDA Regulation #2FDA Regulation #3FDA Regulation #4Silica, Hydrated Silica, Alumina Magnesium Metasilicate, Aluminum Calcium Sodium Silicate, Aluminum Iron Silicates and Sodium Potassium Aluminum Silicate may be used in cosmetics and personal care products marketed in Europe according to the general provisions of the Cosmetics Regulation of the European Union. More scientific Information: Silica can absorb moisture from the air. Therefore, packets of Silica are often kept with items that must be kept in a low moisture environment. A common use of Silica in cosmetics and personal care products is as an abrasive. Abrasives are used in cosmetics to remove unwanted cells or foreign materials from various body surfaces. The removed materials may include dead skin surface cells, callus, or dental plaque. Generally, abrasives are irregular shaped fine or coarse solids. Harder abrasives include special forms of Hydrated Silica uses for tooth cleansing, while softer abrasives, such as oatmeal are used to remove dead skin surface cells. Resources: Find out more about the regulation of Food Additives by the Food and Drug Administration Food Ingredients and Packaging Food Contact Substances Substances Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)Search the FDA Code of Federal Regulations | . Sorry about that... An extension caused this webpage to stop working. Please disable any extensions that might block ads to continue. ERROR_19847 |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.average salary of a substitute teacher | What's the Average Salary of a Substitute Teacher? What's the Average Salary of a Substitute Teacher? Research what it takes to become a substitute teacher. Learn about job duties, education requirements, and salary to find out if this is the career for you. Schools offering Teaching & Learning degrees can also be found in these popular choices . What Is a Substitute Teacher? Substitute teachers serve as replacements for teachers when they are unavailable. As a result, they get the chance to teach a variety of subjects to students of all ages; substitute teaching jobs can be found at the elementary, secondary or postsecondary levels. In addition to instructing students, they may also fill in for teachers' other responsibilities, such as cafeteria monitoring or study hall supervision. While some substitute teaching jobs only last for a single day, long-term substitute positions are available when teachers have planned long-term absences, like maternity leave. In these cases, substitute teachers may even be involved in faculty committees and act as sponsors for student activities. The following table presents information for this profession: Degree Required Bachelor's degree Education Field of Study Education, elementary education Key Responsibilities Follow specified lesson plans, enforce rules, complete a completion report for the regular teacher Licensure and Certification State license, teaching certification and/or permit is required depending on location Job Growth (2014-2024) 6% (for all kindergarten, elementary and middle school teachers) *; 6% (for all high school teachers) *Average Salary (2015) $29,630 (for all substitute teachers) *Source: *U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Duties of a Substitute Teacher Your job as a substitute teacher requires you to teach classes when the regular teacher is sick, on leave or taking personal time off. Your schedule may not be the same every week. You may not work every day, at the same school or in the same class. Depending on your qualifications, you may substitute for elementary, middle school or high school classes where you teach a specific subject. When you are substituting, in a class you generally use a lesson plan which has already been created for you. The regular class teacher may leave you notes about what is to be done that day. You may give a lecture, use visual aids, lead class discussions and administer tests. If you will be teaching the class for a period of time, you may grade papers and create your own lesson plans. Other common duties for your job include chaperoning field trips, monitoring students on recess or in the hallways and attending staff meetings. What Requirements Must I Meet? The requirements for substitute teachers are set at the state level. Many states require some type of certification, license or permit. Most states have a minimum education requirement, which is typically a bachelor's degree in any major area. Some states, such as Nevada, according to the state's Department of Education, require a minimum of an associate degree ( nvteachers.doe.nv.gov ). In New York, according to the state's education department, you must be certified as a substitute teacher or complete assessment and training ( schools.nyc.gov ). According to the Kentucky Education Professional Standards Board, you must hold a substitute teaching certificate ( www.epsb.ky.gov ). In Wisconsin, you need a substitute license or permit, which can be a 3-year or 5-year permit, depending on your education and training ( dpi.wi.gov ). Most states also require substitute teachers to pass a criminal background test and drug screening. It is also common for states to set limits on how many days you can work in each school year. Some states may have additional requirements if you will teach over the set number of allowed days. How Much Can I Earn? The salary of a substitute teacher may vary due to the irregularity in work schedules. According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of May 2015, the middle half of substitute teachers earned between $21,000 and $35,120 (www.bls.gov). The average salary was $29,630, per the bureau. You may use your experience as a substitute teacher to advance into a full time teaching position. What Are Some Related Alternative Careers? Many substitute teachers aspire to become teachers themselves. The job duties are similar, but full-time teachers are also responsible for writing their own lesson plans. To work as a teacher in a public elementary, middle or high school, you need a bachelor's degree and a license. Another job option in the field of education is a position as a preschool director. In this leadership job, you would oversee all operations of a preschool center, including staff supervision, budget management and curriculum development. The minimum educational requirement for work as a preschool director is a bachelor's degree. To continue researching, browse degree options below for course curriculum, prerequisites and financial aid information. Or, learn more about the subject by reading the related articles below:1. Degree Options: Teaching & Learning Teaching - Multiple Subject Teaching - Single Subject View All Degree Options2. More Articles What Are the Duties of a Substitute Teacher? Certified Substitute Teacher Certification and Career Facts How to Become a Substitute Teacher in 5 Steps | 6 Irving Independent School District Substitute Teacher Salaries Irving Independent School District (9 reviews) Share Salary Industry: Elementary and Secondary Schools · HQ: Irving, TX · https://www.irvingisd.net Overview Jobs Salaries Reviews News6 Irving Independent School District Substitute Teacher Salaries Browse Irving Independent School District Salaries by Job Title →Irving Independent School District Substitute Teachers earn $27,000 annually, or $13 per hour, which is 11% lower than the national average for all Substitute Teachers at $30,000 annually and 77% lower than the national salary average for all working Americans. The highest paid Substitute Teachers work for Cypress Communications at $55,000 annually and the lowest paid Substitute Teachers work for Brunswick County Public Schools at $15,000 annually. 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Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.when did machine embroidery begin | Embroidery From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about handcraft. For Bradbury's short story, see Embroidery (short story). Gold embroidery on an gognots (apron) of a 19th-century Armenian bridal dress from Akhaltsikhe. Embroidery is the craft of decorating fabric or other materials using a needle to apply thread or yarn. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. In modern days, embroidery is usually seen on caps, hats, coats, blankets, dress shirts, denim, dresses, stockings, and golf shirts. Embroidery is available with a wide variety of thread or yarn color. Some of the basic techniques or stitches of the earliest embroidery are chain stitch, buttonhole or blanket stitch, running stitch, satin stitch, cross stitch. Those stitches remain the fundamental techniques of hand embroidery today. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Origins1.2 Historical applications and techniques1.2.1 The Islamic world1.3 Automation2 Classification3 Materials4 Machine5 Qualifications6 Gallery7 See also8 Notes9 References10 External links History [ edit]Traditional embroidery in chain stitch on a Kazakh rug, contemporary. Caucasian embroidery Origins [ edit]The process used to tailor, patch, mend and reinforce cloth fostered the development of sewing techniques, and the decorative possibilities of sewing led to the art of embroidery. [1] Indeed, the remarkable stability of basic embroidery stitches has been noted: It is a striking fact that in the development of embroidery ... there are no changes of materials or techniques which can be felt or interpreted as advances from a primitive to a later, more refined stage. On the other hand, we often find in early works a technical accomplishment and high standard of craftsmanship rarely attained in later times. [2]The art of embroidery has been found worldwide and several early examples have been found. Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period (5th–3rd century BC). [3] In a garment from Migration period Sweden, roughly 300–700 AD, the edges of bands of trimming are reinforced with running stitch, back stitch, stem stitch, tailor's buttonhole stitch, and whip-stitching, but it is uncertain whether this work simply reinforced the seams or should be interpreted as decorative embroidery. [4]Ancient Greek mythology has credited the goddess Athena with passing down the art of embroidery along with weaving, leading to the famed competition between herself and the mortal Arachne. [5]Historical applications and techniques [ edit]Depending on time, location and materials available, embroidery could be the domain of a few experts or a widespread, popular technique. This flexibility led to a variety of works, from the royal to the mundane. Elaborately embroidered clothing, religious objects, and household items often were seen as a mark of wealth and status, as in the case of Opus Anglicanum, a technique used by professional workshops and guilds in medieval England. [6] In 18th-century England and its colonies, samplers employing fine silks were produced by the daughters of wealthy families. Embroidery was a skill marking a girl's path into womanhood as well as conveying rank and social standing. [7]Conversely, embroidery is also a folk art, using materials that were accessible to nonprofessionals. Examples include Hardanger from Norway, Merezhka from Ukraine, Mountmellick embroidery from Ireland, Nakshi kantha from Bangladesh and West Bengal, and Brazilian embroidery. Many techniques had a practical use such as Sashiko from Japan, which was used as a way to reinforce clothing. [8] [9]The Islamic world [ edit]Further information: Islamic embroidery Morocco fly mask embroidery, 18th–19th century Embroidery was an important art in the Medieval Islamic world. The 17th-century Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi called it the "craft of the two hands". Because embroidery was a sign of high social status in Muslim societies, it became widely popular. In cities such as Damascus, Cairo and Istanbul, embroidery was visible on handkerchiefs, uniforms, flags, calligraphy, shoes, robes, tunics, horse trappings, slippers, sheaths, pouches, covers, and even on leather belts. Craftsmen embroidered items with gold and silver thread. Embroidery cottage industries, some employing over 800 people, grew to supply these items. [10]In the 16th century, in the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, his chronicler Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak wrote in the famous Ain-i-Akbari: "His majesty (Akbar) pays much attention to various stuffs; hence Irani, Ottoman, and Mongolian articles of wear are in much abundance especially textiles embroidered in the patterns of Nakshi, Saadi, Chikhan, Ari, Zardozi, Wastli, Gota and Kohra. The imperial workshops in the towns of Lahore, Agra, Fatehpur and Ahmedabad turn out many masterpieces of workmanship in fabrics, and the figures and patterns, knots and variety of fashions which now prevail astonish even the most experienced travelers. Taste for fine material has since become general, and the drapery of embroidered fabrics used at feasts surpasses every description." [11]Automation [ edit]Hand-made embroidery – Székely Land, 2014The development of machine embroidery and its mass production came about in stages in the Industrial Revolution. The earliest machine embroidery used a combination of machine looms and teams of women embroidering the textiles by hand. This was done in France by the mid-1800s. [12] The manufacture of machine-made embroideries in St. Gallen in eastern Switzerland flourished in the latter half of the 19th century. [13]Classification [ edit]Embroidered Easter eggs. Works by Inna Forostyuk, the folk master from the Luhansk region ( Ukraine)Japanese free embroidery in silk and metal threads, contemporary. Hardanger, a whitework technique. Contemporary. Embroidery can be classified according to what degree the design takes into account the nature of the base material and by the relationship of stitch placement to the fabric. The main categories are free or surface embroidery, counted embroidery, and needlepoint or canvas work. [14]In free or surface embroidery, designs are applied without regard to the weave of the underlying fabric. Examples include crewel and traditional Chinese and Japanese embroidery. Counted-thread embroidery patterns are created by making stitches over a predetermined number of threads in the foundation fabric. Counted-thread embroidery is more easily worked on an even-weave foundation fabric such as embroidery canvas, aida cloth, or specially woven cotton and linen fabrics . Examples include cross-stitch and some forms of blackwork embroidery. While similar to counted thread in regards to technique, in canvas work or needlepoint, threads are stitched through a fabric mesh to create a dense pattern that completely covers the foundation fabric. [15] Examples of canvas work include bargello and Berlin wool work. Embroidery can also be classified by the similarity of appearance. In drawn thread work and cutwork, the foundation fabric is deformed or cut away to create holes that are then embellished with embroidery, often with thread in the same color as the foundation fabric. When created with white thread on white linen or cotton, this work is collectively referred to as whitework. [16] However, whitework can either be counted or free. Hardanger embroidery is a counted embroidery and the designs are often geometric. [17] Conversely, styles such as Broderie anglaise are similar to free embroidery, with floral or abstract designs that are not dependent on the weave of the fabric. [18]Tea-cloth, Hungary, mid-20th century Materials [ edit]Phulkari from the Punjab region of India. Phulkari embroidery, popular since at least the 15th century, is traditionally done on hand-spun cotton cloth with simple darning stitches using silk floss. Laid threads, a surface technique in wool on linen. The Bayeux Tapestry, 11th century. The fabrics and yarns used in traditional embroidery vary from place to place. Wool, linen, and silk have been in use for thousands of years for both fabric and yarn. Today, embroidery thread is manufactured in cotton, rayon, and novelty yarns as well as in traditional wool, linen, and silk. Ribbon embroidery uses narrow ribbon in silk or silk/ organza blend ribbon, most commonly to create floral motifs. [19]Surface embroidery techniques such as chain stitch and couching or laid-work are the most economical of expensive yarns; couching is generally used for goldwork. Canvas work techniques, in which large amounts of yarn are buried on the back of the work, use more materials but provide a sturdier and more substantial finished textile. [20]In both canvas work and surface embroidery an embroidery hoop or frame can be used to stretch the material and ensure even stitching tension that prevents pattern distortion. Modern canvas work tends to follow symmetrical counted stitching patterns with designs emerging from the repetition of one or just a few similar stitches in a variety of hues. In contrast, many forms of surface embroidery make use of a wide range of stitching patterns in a single piece of work. [21]Machine [ edit]Commercial machine embroidery in chain stitch on a voile curtain, China, early 21st century. Contemporary embroidery is stitched with a computerized embroidery machine using patterns digitized with embroidery software. In machine embroidery, different types of "fills" add texture and design to the finished work. Machine embroidery is used to add logos and monograms to business shirts or jackets, gifts, and team apparel as well as to decorate household linens, draperies, and decorator fabrics that mimic the elaborate hand embroidery of the past. There has also been a development in free hand machine embroidery, new machines have been designed that allow for the user to create free-motion embroidery which has its place in textile arts, quilting, dressmaking, home furnishings and more. [22]Qualifications [ edit]City and Guilds qualification [23] in Embroidery allows embroiderers to become recognized for their skill. This qualification also gives them the credibility to teach. For example, the notable textiles artist, Kathleen Laurel Sage, [24] began her teaching career by getting the City and Guilds Embroidery 1 and 2 qualifications. She has now gone on to write a book on the subject. [25]Gallery [ edit]Detail of embroidered silk gauze ritual garment. Rows of even, round chain stitch used for outline and color. 4th century BC, Zhou tomb at Mashan, Hubei, China. English cope, late 15th or early 16th century. Silk velvet embroidered with silk and gold threads, closely laid and couched. Contemporary Art Institute of Chicago textile collection. Extremely fine underlay of St. Gallen Embroidery Traditional Turkish embroidery. Izmir Ethnography Museum, Turkey. Traditional Croatian embroidery. Brightly coloured Korean embroidery. Uzbekistan embroidery on a traditional women's parandja robe. Traditional Peruvian embroidered floral motifs. Woman wearing a traditional embroidered Kalash headdress, Pakistan. Decorative embroidery on a tefillin bag in Jerusalem, Israel. Bookmark of black fabric with multicolored Bedouin embroidery and tassel of embroidery floss Chain-stitch embroidery from England circa 1775Traditional Bulgarian Floral embrodery from Sofia and Trun. See also [ edit]Broderie de Fontenoy-le-Château Chikankari Chinese embroidery Embroidery of India Mary Ann Beinecke Decorative Art Collection Sachet (scented bag)Sampler (needlework)Notes [ edit]^ Gillow and Bryan 1999, p. 12^ Marie Schuette and Sigrid Muller-Christensen, The Art of Embroidery translated by Donald King, Thames and Hudson, 1964, quoted in Netherton and Owen-Crocker 2005, p. 2^ Gillow and Bryan 1999, p. 178^ Coatsworth, Elizabeth: "Stitches in Time: Establishing a History of Anglo-Saxon Embroidery", in Netherton and Owen-Crocker 2005, p. 2^ Synge, Lanto (2001). Art of Embroidery: History of Style and Technique. Woodbridge, England: Antique Collectors' Club. p. 32. ISBN 9781851493593.^ Levey and King 1993, p. 12^ Power, Lisa (27 March 2015). "NGV embroidery exhibition: imagine a 12-year-old spending two years on this..." The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 May 2015.^ "Handa City Sashiko Program at the Society for Contemporary Craft". Japan-America Society of Pennsylvania. 7 Oct 2016. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2018.^ "Sashiko | Seamwork Magazine". www.seamwork.com. Retrieved 2018-01-26.^ "Saudi Aramco World : The Skill of the Two Hands".^ "Saudi Aramco World : Mughal Maal".^ Knight, Charles (1858). Pictorial Gallery of Arts. England.^ Röllin, Peter. Stickerei-Zeit, Kultur und Kunst in St. Gallen 1870–1930. VGS Verlagsgemeinschaft, St. Gallen 1989, ISBN 3-7291-1052-7 (in German)^ Corbet, Mary (October 3, 2016). "Needlework Terminology: Surface Embroidery". Retrieved November 1, 2016.^ Gillow and Bryan 1999, p. 198^ Readers Digest 1979, pp. 74–91^ Yvette Stanton. Early Style Hardanger. Vetty Creations. ISBN 978-0-9757677-7-1.^ Catherine Amoroso Leslie (1 January 2007). Needlework Through History: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 34, 226, 58. ISBN 978-0-313-33548-8. Retrieved 13 September 2013.^ van Niekerk 2006^ Readers Digest 1979, pp. 112–115^ Readers Digest 1979, pp. 1–19, 112–117^ "Using logo embroidery". Oekaki Renaissance. Retrieved 10 November 2015.^ "Creative".^ "A Little About Me". Kathleen Laurel Sage.^ The Zen Cart® Team; et al. "Embroidered Soldered and Heat Zapped Surfaces by Kathleen Laurel Sage". References [ edit]Berman, Pat (2000). "Berlin Work". American Needlepoint Guild. Retrieved 2009-01-24. Caulfeild, S. F. A.; B. C. Saward (1885). The Dictionary of Needlework. Crummy, Andrew (2010). The Prestonpans Tapestry 1745. Burke's Peerage & Gentry, for Battle of Prestonpans (1745) Heritage Trust. Embroiderers' Guild Practical Study Group (1984). Needlework School. QED Publishers. ISBN 0-89009-785-2. Gillow, John; Bryan Sentance (1999). World Textiles. Bulfinch Press/Little, Brown. ISBN 0-8212-2621-5. Lemon, Jane (2004). Metal Thread Embroidery. Sterling. ISBN 0-7134-8926-X. Levey, S. M.; D. King (1993). The Victoria and Albert Museum's Textile Collection Vol. 3: Embroidery in Britain from 1200 to 1750. Victoria and Albert Museum. ISBN 1-85177-126-3. Netherton, Robin, and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, editors, (2005). Medieval Clothing and Textiles, Volume 1. Boydell Press. ISBN 1-84383-123-6. Quinault, Marie-Jo (2003). Filet Lace, Introduction to the Linen Stitch. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4120-1549-9. [ self-published source? ]Readers Digest (1979). Complete Guide to Needlework. Readers Digest. ISBN 0-89577-059-8.van Niekerk, Di (2006). A Perfect World in Ribbon Embroidery and Stumpwork. ISBN 1-84448-231-6. Vogelsang, Gillian; Willem Vogelsang, editors (2015). TRC Needles. The TRC Digital Encyclopaedia of Decorative Needlework. Textile Research Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. Wilson, David M. (1985). The Bayeux Tapestry. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-25122-3. External links [ edit]Media related to Embroidery at Wikimedia Commons [ show]v t e Embroidery [ show]v t e Sewing [ show]v t e Decorative arts and handicrafts Authority control GND: 4057504-4 NDL: 00571268Categories: Embroidery | . Home Sweet Search2Day Biographies About Privacy Terms of Service Enter search term Search News History |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.causes of gum disease in adults | Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease) Gingivitis and Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease)In this Article What's the Difference Between Gingivitis and Periodontitis? What Causes Gum Disease? What Are the Symptoms of Gum Disease? How Does My Dentist Diagnose Gum Disease? How Is Gum Disease Treated? How Can Gum Disease Be Prevented? Is Gum Disease Linked to Other Health Problems? Periodontitis, also generally called gum disease or periodontal disease, begins with bacterial growth in your mouth and may end -- if not properly treated -- with tooth loss due to destruction of the tissue that surrounds your teeth. What's the Difference Between Gingivitis and Periodontitis? Gingivitis (gum inflammation) usually precedes periodontitis ( gum disease ). However, it is important to know that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. In the early stage of gingivitis, bacteria in plaque build up, causing the gums to become inflamed and to easily bleed during tooth brushing. Although the gums may be irritated, the teeth are still firmly planted in their sockets. No irreversible bone or other tissue damage has occurred at this stage. Continue Reading Belowyou might like SLIDESHOWIs Inflammation Harming Your Health? Web MD explains what inflammation is and how it affects your body. When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. In a person with periodontitis, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth and gums collect debris and can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line. Toxins or poisons -- produced by the bacteria in plaque as well as the body's "good" enzymes involved in fighting infections -- start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. When this happens, teeth are no longer anchored in place, they become loose, and tooth loss occurs. Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. What Causes Gum Disease? Plaque is the primary cause of gum disease. However, other factors can contribute to periodontal disease. These include: Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy, puberty, menopause, and monthly menstruation, make gums more sensitive, which makes it easier for gingivitis to develop. Illnesses may affect the condition of your gums. This includes diseases such as cancer or HIV that interfere with the immune system. Because diabetes affects the body's ability to use blood sugar, patients with this disease are at higher risk of developing infections, including periodontal disease and cavities. Medications can affect oral health, because some lessen the flow of saliva, which has a protective effect on teeth and gums. Some drugs, such as the anticonvulsant medication Dilantin and the anti- angina drug Procardia and Adalat, can cause abnormal growth of gum tissue. Bad habits such as smoking make it harder for gum tissue to repair itself. Poor oral hygiene habits such as not brushing and flossing on a daily basis, make it easier for gingivitis to develop. Family history of dental disease can be a contributing factor for the development of gingivitis.1 2 3 View All Next Article Receding Gums Oral Care Guide Teeth and Gums Other Oral Problems Dental Care Basics Treatments & Surgery Resources & Tools | Top 9 Reasons for Receding Gums Top 9 Reasons for Receding Gums Do you have a receding gum line? If so, don’t feel alone, millions of your fellow Americans are in the same boat. A receding gum line can eventually lead to lost teeth over time if nothing is done within your daily dental hygiene habits, which is why this dental health issue is a very important one to stay on top of. What are Receding Gums? Gum recession is the process in which the margin of the tissue that surrounds the teeth wears away in a direction toward the the root, exposing more of the tooth over time. Receding gums may be one of the first signs of gum disease. When gum recession occurs, “pockets,” or gaps, form between the teeth and gum line, making it easy for disease-causing bacteria to build up. This is where lost teeth can become a real possibility if left untreated. Top 9 Reasons for a Receding Gum Line1. Periodontal diseases: These are bacterial gum infections that destroy gum tissue and supporting bone that hold your teeth in place. Gum disease is the main cause of gum recession.2. Your genes: Some people may be more susceptible to gum disease. In fact, studies show that 30% of the population may be predisposed to gum disease, regardless of how well they care for their teeth.3. Aggressive tooth brushing: If you brush your teeth too hard or the wrong way, it can cause the enamel on your teeth to wear away and your gums to recede.4. Insufficient dental care: Inadequate brushing and flossing makes it easy for plaque to turn into calculus (tartar) — a hard substance that can only be removed by a professional dental cleaning — and build up on and in between your teeth, causing gum recession.5. Hormonal changes: Fluctuations in female hormone levels during a woman’s lifetime, such as in puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, can make gums more sensitive and more vulnerable to gum recession.6. Tobacco products: Tobacco users are more likely to have sticky plaque on their teeth that is difficult to remove, which can cause gum recession.7. Grinding and clenching your teeth: Clenching or grinding your teeth can put too much force on the teeth, causing gums to recede.8. Crooked teeth or a misaligned bite: When teeth do not come together evenly, too much force can be placed on the gums and bone, allowing gums to recede.9. Body piercing of the lip or tongue: Jewelry can rub the gums and irritate them to the point that gum tissue is worn away. Try to stay away from these 9 core causes of receding gums, and then hopefully you can steer clear from adult tooth loss and looking like a retired hockey player when you retire. Unless that’s a goal of yours that is. Do you have receding gums? Then contact us today to schedule an appointment to ensure they don’t recede beyond the point of no return. Related posts: Got Receding Gums? Find out why.. What are the Signs of Gum Disease? Got Sensitive Teeth? You’re not Alone.. Can Hormonal Changes in Women Lead to Gum Disease? Filed Under: Dental Health Tagged With: gum disease, oral health, periodontal disease, receding gums |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.did marilyn monroe record any records | Marilyn Monroe's Medical Records and X-Rays Confirm Plastic SurgeryâTake a Look! Marilyn Monroe's Medical Records and X-Rays Confirm Plastic Surgery—Take a Look!by Bruna Nessif | Thu., Oct. 10, 2013 4:58 PMGetty Images; Fox Whether it was comparing old photos or the sheer disbelief of Marilyn Monroe 's beauty, the Hollywood icon was subject to speculation over the years as to whether or not she had some work done. And now, we have an answer. The star's medical records and X-rays have been shared with the public and confirm that she went under the knife at some point during her transition from Norma Jean Baker to the blond bombshell we all know. Not only that—these files can be added to your Marilyn memorabilia. PHOTOS: The Monroe look lives on Julien's Auction The collection, which includes X-rays and partial doctor's notes that were documented by Hollywood plastic surgeon Michael Gurdin between 1950 and 1962, is now up for sale with Julien's Auction House in California. These documents are dated June 7, 1962, just one week after her 36th birthday and two months before her death, and reveal that Monroe (under the alias "Joan Newman") had a cartilage implant done for a "chin deformity" in 1950, while a facial X-ray shows she also had a small fracture on her nose, which backs up claims that Marilyn had a slight rhinoplasty early in her career. Gurdin's records also list Monroe as Marilyn Miller, acknowledging her five-year marriage to Death of a Salesman playwright Arthur Miller, and describe the legend, who was famous for her curves, as being 5'6" and 115 pounds. PHOTOS: See the movies that made Marilyn Monroe a Hollywood legend"Nobody really thought about Marilyn Monroe having plastic surgery. It was always speculation—did she or didn't she?" Martin Nolan, executive director of Julien's Auctions, told Reuters. "They thought she was such a natural beauty…They didn't want to believe. "Within hours of announcing the items up for bid, which are estimated to sell between $20,000 and $30,000, Nolan reportedly said that he was contacted by interested buyers in Ireland, England and Australia. Julien's Auction PHOTOS: Marilyn: A Life in Pictures TAGS/ Marilyn Monroe , Plastic Surgery , Auction , Top Stories SHOW COMMENTSLatest News The Big Picture: Today's Hot Photos Kylie Jenner Celebrates "Hump Day" in Skintight Tracksuit 2 Months After Giving Birth"Roseanne" Star Emma Kenney Enters Treatment Kendra Wilkinson Leans on Famous Friends Amid Divorce Nicki Minaj Is Back and Better Than Ever Kevin Spacey Under Investigation by L. A. District Attorney in Sex Crimes Case Khloe Kardashian "Distraught" Over Tristan's Cheating Reports Facebook Instagram Pinterest Twitter Tumblr Snapchat About Us FAQ Careers Contact Us Site Map Apps Cookie Policy Show Schedule Shop Closed Captioning E! Now Sweepstakes Advertise Ad Choices RSS Feeds E! Account | People's Choice Got a News Tip? Click Here E! Online - Your source for entertainment news, celebrities, celeb news, and celebrity gossip. Check out the hottest fashion, photos, movies and TV shows!Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Independent Programming Report | © 2018 E! Entertainment Television, LLC. A Division of NBCUniversal. All rights reserved. | Marilyn Manson discography Marilyn Manson discographynavigation search The Marilyn Manson discography spans roughly 29 years, from 1989 to today. This list includes the band's efforts prior to signing with Interscope Records, during the time they performed as Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids. Worldwide Marilyn Manson has sold over 50 million records worldwide. [1] Three of these records have been awarded platinum certification by the RIAA and three more have been awarded gold, while the band has seen seven of its releases premier in the Top 10, two being number-one debuts. Contents [ hide ]1 Core discography1.1 Studio albums1.2 EPs & Live albums1.3 Singles1.4 Compilations1.5 Demo cassettes2 Soundtrack inclusions2.1 Video games3 Remixes and alternate versions4 Collaborations5 Videography5.1 Commercial releases5.2 Promotional releases5.3 Internet shorts6 Trivia7 See also8 References Core discography Studio albums Portrait of an American Family July 19, 1994 #35 US Heatseekers Antichrist Superstar October 8, 1996 #3 US, #73 UKMechanical Animals September 15, 1998 #1 US, #8 UK Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) November 14, 2000 #13 US, #23 UKThe Golden Age of Grotesque May 13, 2003 #1 US, #4 UK Eat Me, Drink Me June 5, 2007 #8 US, #8 UKThe High End of Low May 26, 2009 #4 US, #19 UK Born Villain May 1, 2012 #10 US, #14 UKThe Pale Emperor January 16, 2015 #8 US, #16 UK Heaven Upside Down October 6, 2017 #2 US, #2 UKEPs & Live albums Smells Like Children October 25, 1995 #31 US Remix & Repent November 25, 1997 #102 US, #163 UKThe Last Tour on Earth November 16, 1999 #82 US, #61 UK The Nobodies: 2005 Against All Gods Mix March 15, 2005Slo-Mo-Tion Remix EP November 5, 2012Singles Get Your Gunn July 12, 1994 Lunchbox February 6, 1995Dope Hat 1995 Promotional Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) June 1996 #31 US, #135 UKAntichrist Superstar 1996 Promotional The Beautiful People January, 1997 #29 US, #18 UKTourniquet September 25, 1997 #30 US, #28 UK Man That You Fear 1997 Promotional Long Hard Road Out of Hell October 1997 The Dope Show September 15, 1998 #12 US, #12 UKI Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) March 16, 1999 #25 US Rock Is Dead July 6, 1999 #28 US, #23 UKComa White 1999 Promotional Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes 1999 Promotional Disposable Teens November 14, 2000 #22 US, #12 UK The Fight Song August 8, 2001 #24 UKThe Nobodies September 3, 2001 #34 UK Working Class Hero 2001 Promotional Tainted Love March 18, 2002 #30 US, #5 UK m OBSCENE June 2, 2003 #18 US, #13 UKThis Is the New Shit September 1, 2003 #29 UK Thrift 2004 Promotional Personal Jesus October 4, 2004 #20 US, #13 UK Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand) May 25, 2007 #24 US, #1 UKPutting Holes in Happiness October 19, 2007 #1 US You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 September, 2007 Promotional We're from America April 7, 2009 #3 US Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon May 15, 2009 #37 USNo Reflection March 20, 2012 #30 US Slo-Mo-Tion August 22, 2012Deep Six December 15, 2014 #8 US Third Day of a Seven Day Binge December 23, 2014Cupid Carries a Gun January 7, 2015 The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles April, 2015 Promotional The Devil Beneath My Feet October 1, 2015 Promotional WE KNOW WHERE YOU FUCKING LIVE September 11, 2017KILL4ME September 20, 2017Compilations Marilyn Manson: The Collector's Edition December 1999 Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows April 20, 2004 Lest We Forget – The Best Of September 28, 2004 #9 US, #4 UKHot Topic download card 2007 i Tunes Essentials: Marilyn Manson ' December 11, 2007Lost & Found ' May 5, 2008 The Spooky Kids 2nd remasters compilation ' TBADemo cassettes The Raw Boned Psalms January 1990 The Beaver Meat Cleaver Beat May 1990 Big Black Bus September 25 (Unconfirmed), 1990 Grist-o-Line December 26, 1990Lunchbox March 6 (Unconfirmed), 1991 After School Special December 3, 1991Thrift Unreleased Live as Hell May 26 (Unconfirmed), 1992 The Family Jams August 13 (Unconfirmed), 1992 Refrigerator January 17, 1993The Manson Family Album Unreleased Soundtrack inclusions" Get Your Gunn " appears on S. F. W. Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, and can also be heard in the film Strange Days ." Apple of Sodom " and " I Put a Spell on You " appear on the soundtrack for the film Lost Highway ." The Suck for Your Solution " appears on Private Parts: The Album ." Kiddie Grinder " appears on Nowhere: Music from the Gregg Araki Movie ." Long Hard Road Out of Hell " appears on Spawn: The Album, and can also be heard in the trailer for the film Season of the Witch ." Golden Years " appears on Dead Man on Campus: Music from the Motion Picture ." Sweet Tooth " appears on Strangeland: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ." Rock Is Dead " appears on The Matrix: Music from the Motion Picture ." The Dope Show " appears on the television series Cold Case (episode "Mind Hunters")" Highway to Hell " appears on Detroit Rock City: Music from the Motion Picture ." Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes " the soundtrack to the television series Celebrity Deathmatch ." Suicide Is Painless " on the soundtrack for the film Blair Witch Project 2: Book of Shadows ." Valentine's Day " appears on Valentine: Music from the Motion Picture . The Wormwood Remix of " The Nobodies " appears on From Hell: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ." The Fight Song " appears on Mean Machine: Original Soundtrack ." Tainted Love " appears on Not Another Teen Movie: Music from the Motion Picture ." Redeemer " appears on Queen of the Damned: Music from the Motion Picture ." The KKK Took My Baby Away " appears on We're a Happy Family - A Tribute to Ramones . The Slipknot Remix of " The Fight Song ", as well as the scores " Resident Evil Main Title Theme ", " Seizure of Power ", " Reunion " and " Cleansing " appear on Resident Evil: Music from and Inspired by the Original Motion Picture ." This Is the New Shit " appears on The Matrix Reloaded: The Album ." The La La Song " appears on Party Monster: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ." Personal Jesus " appears on Queer as Folk: The Final Season - Music from the Showtime Original Series ." Dried Up, Tied and Dead to the World " appears on House of Wax: Music from the Motion Picture ." Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) " appears on Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room - Music from the Film and Gamer: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . The Venus Head Trap Remix of " Irresponsible Hate Anthem " appears on Saw II: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ." This Is Halloween " appears on The Nightmare Before Christmas: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Nightmare Revisited . The Nick Zinner Remix of "Putting Holes in Happiness" appears on Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock Companion Pack ." If I Was Your Vampire " can be heard in the trailers for the film version of the video game Max Payne the film Vampires Suck and the film Underworld: Rise of the Lycans ." Disposable Teens " appears on The Blair Witch Project 2 movie" This Is the New Shit " appears on The Hatchet OST (2006)" This Is the New Shit (Marilyn Manson vs. Goldfrapp) " appears on The Hatchet OST (2006)" I Put a Spell on You " was used in a trailer for the film The Cabin in the Woods (2011)" No Reflection " plays during the end credits of the film Chernobyl Diaries (2012)" Killing Strangers " appears in the film John Wick but is absent from the soundtrack (2014)" Odds of Even " appears on The Vampire Diaries" Bad Girl " (Avril Lavigne song feat. Marilyn Manson) appears on Suicide Squad (2016)" Warship My Wreck " appears on the The Strain trailer" Stigmata " appears on the Atomic Blonde: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ." God's Gonna Cut You Down " appears on the 24 Hours to Live (2017) soundtrack. [2] [3]" Fated, Faithful, Fatal " appears in episode 11 of the first season of The Punisher . Video games" Rock Is Dead " appeared in the game Midnight Club 3 for PS2 and PSP. Manson made an appearance in the video game Area 51 as Edgar a Grey Alien. The song " Cruci-Fiction in Space " is featured in a commercial for a video game, The Darkness. Manson's likeness was used in the Celebrity Deathmatch video game, based on the MTV show, although Manson did not contribute to the game's portrayal at all. He was one of very few celebrities to "appear" on the show several times (4 including the pilot episode), which is probably why he was included as a character. The song " Use Your Fist and Not Your Mouth " was the credits score of the game Cold Fear as well as Spawn: Armageddon. The clean version of " The Beautiful People " was made available for download in Guitar Hero 5 on October 29, 2009. It can be purchased on the Xbox Live Marketplace for 160 Microsoft Points, on the Play Station Store for $1.99 and on the Wii Shop Channel for 200 Wii Points, as part of the All Hallows' Eve Track Pack. The song " The Beautiful People " is featured in the video game Brütal Legend, [4] and is available for download on Guitar Hero 5 and Rock Band 3. The Guitar Hero Remix of " Putting Holes in Happiness " was made available for download in Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock on October 31, 2007. Initially it was exclusive to Xbox 360 players who redeemed a code found in copies of the soundtrack Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock Companion Pack. On August 7, 2008, this song among others was made publicly available on the Xbox Live Marketplace for 500 Microsoft Points, as well as on the Play Station Store for $6.25, as part of the Companion Pack. In-game, the song is referred to as simply "Putting Holes in Happiness"." Disposable Teens " was made available for download to Rock Band players on July 7, 2009. It can be purchased on the Xbox Live Marketplace for 160 Microsoft Points, as part of Mayhem Tour 2009 Pack 01. His likeness was supposed to be featured in Korn frontman and friend Jonathan Davis ' Pop Scars, but the development of the game was cancelled in 2004, for unknown reasons. [5]" This Is the New Shit " is used in the trailer for Dragon Age: Origins ." The Dope Show " was made available for download to Rock Band players on February 23, 2010. It can be purchased on the Xbox Live Marketplace for 160 Microsoft Points, on the Play Station Store for $1.99 and on the Wii Shop Channel for 200 Wii Points." The Dope Show " was also made available for download in Guitar Hero 5 on September 7, 2010. Like its Rock Band equivalent, it can also be purchased on the Xbox Live Marketplace for 160 Microsoft Points, on the Play Station Store for $1.99 and on the Wii Shop Channel for 200 Wii Points, as part of the Rock 1 Track Pack." If I Was Your Vampire " was used in a trailer for the film, Max Payne, based on the video game. [6]Remixes and alternate versions" Everlasting Cocksucker " (" Cake and Sodomy " remixed by Charlie Clouser )" White Trash " (acoustic rendition of "Cake and Sodomy" by Tony Wiggins )" Next Motherfucker " (" Lunchbox " remixed by Charlie Clouser)" Brown Bag " ("Lunchbox" remixed by Charlie Clouser)" Metal " ("Lunchbox" remixed by Charlie Clouser)" Kiddie Grinder " (" Organ Grinder " remixed by Dave Ogilvie with Joe Bishara and Anthony Valcic)" Dance of the Dope Hats " (" Dope Hat " remixed by Dave Ogilvie with Joe Bishara and Anthony Valcic)" Diary of a Dope Fiend " (reworking of "Dope Hat")" Mother Inferior Got Her Gunn " (" Get Your Gunn " remixed by Trent Reznor )" Irresponsible Hate Anthem (Venus Head Trap Remix) " (" Irresponsible Hate Anthem " remixed by Charlie Clouser and Danny Lohner with Joshua Eustis and Wes Borland )" The Horrible People " ("The Beautiful People" remixed by Danny Saber )" The Not So Beautiful People " ("The Beautiful People" remixed by J. G. Thirlwell)" The Beautiful People (Full Metal Jacket Remix) ("The Beautiful People" remixed by Jim Johnston)" The People " ("The Beautiful People" remixed by Sébastien Léger)" The Tourniquet Prosthetic Dance Mix " (" Tourniquet " remixed by Marilyn Manson and Sean Beavan )" Repent " (Instrumental rendition of " Antichrist Superstar " by The Section Quartet)" Man That You Fear (Acoustic Requiem for Antichrist Superstar) " (Acoustic rendition of " Man That You Fear ")" Long Hard Road Out of Hell (Critter Remix) " (" Long Hard Road Out of Hell " remixed by Critter)" I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) (Danny Saber Remix) " (" I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) " remixed by Danny Saber )" I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) (Infected By the Scourge of the Earth) " (" I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) " remixed by Jimmy Cauty)" I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) (Every Day) " (" I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) " remixed by The Black Dog)" I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) (Absinth Makes the Heart Grow Fonder) " (" I Don't Like the Drugs (But the Drugs Like Me) " remixed by The Black Dog)"Coma White (Acoustic)" (Acoustic rendition of " Coma White ")" The Love Song (Bon Harris Remix) " (" The Love Song " remixed by Bon Harris and Madonna Wayne Gacy )" The Fight Song (Slipknot Remix) " (" The Fight Song " remixed by Joey Jordison of Slipknot and Sean Mc Mahon)" Disposable Teens (Bon Harris Remix) " (" Disposable Teens " remixed by Bon Harris)" Disposable Teens (TNA Remix) " (" Disposable Teens " remixed by Dale Oliver)" The Nobodies (Wormwood Remix) " (" The Nobodies " remixed by Ginger Fish )"The Nobodies (Acoustic Version)" (Acoustic rendition of " The Nobodies ")" The Nobodies (2005 Against All Gods Mix) (" The Nobodies " remixed by Chris Vrenna )" The Nobodies (Burn 69 Mix) " (" The Nobodies " remixed by Jam & Spoon)" The Nobodies (Stephane K Rock Dub Mix) " (" The Nobodies " remixed by Stephane K)" Tainted Love (Re-Tainted Interpretation) " (Acoustic rendition of " Tainted Love ")" This Is the New Shit (Marilyn Manson vs. Goldfrapp) " (" This Is the New Shit " remixed by Alison Goldfrapp and Will Gregory)" New *hit Invective (Obiter Dictum Mix by Bitteren Ende) " ("This Is the New Shit" remixed by Ben Grosse)" This Is the New *hit (Sergio Galoyan Mix) " ("This Is the New Shit" remixed by Sergio Galoyan)" m OBSCENE (Sauerkraut Remix) " (" m OBSCENE " remixed by Christoph Schneider and Paul Landers of Rammstein )" m OBSCENE (Overnight Mix - Reworked By Flint & Youth) " (" m OBSCENE " reworked by Keith Flint of Flint and Martin Glover of Youth)" m OBSCENE Replet (Mea Culpa Mix By Bitteren Ende) " (" m OBSCENE " remixed by Ben Grosse)" m OBSCENE (Dead Sexy Inc. Remix) " (" m OBSCENE " remixed by Dead Sexy Inc.)" Paranoiac " (" Para-noir " remixed by Madonna Wayne Gacy)" If I Was Your Vampire (Sam Fog Mix) " (" If I Was Your Vampire " remixed by Sam Fogarino of Interpol)" Personal Jesus (Rude Photo Motor Remix) " (" Personal Jesus " remixed by Felix Da Housecat and Rude Photo)" Putting Holes in Happiness (Boys Noize Remix) " (" Putting Holes in Happiness " remixed by Boys Noize)" Putting Holes in Happiness (Robots to Mars Mix) " ("Putting Holes in Happiness" remixed by Robots to Mars)" Putting Holes in Happiness (Guitar Hero Remix by Nick Zinner) " ("Putting Holes in Happiness" remixed by Nick Zinner of Yeah, Yeah, Yeahs)" Putting Holes in Happiness (Ginger Fish Remix) " ("Putting Holes in Happiness" remixed by Ginger Fish )"Putting Holes in Happiness (Acoustic Version)" (Acoustic rendition of "Putting Holes in Happiness)" They Said That Hell's Not Hot (Ben Rosen Mix) " (" They Said That Hell's Not Hot " remixed by Ben Rosen Mix)" Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand) (Inhuman Remix by Jade E Puget) " (" Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand) " remixed by Jade Puget of AFI)" Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand) (Space Cowboy Remix) " ("Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand)" remixed by Space Cowboy)" Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand) (Penetrate the Canvas Mix by Tretcher Collins) " ("Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand)" remixed by Tretcher Collins)" Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand) (Hamel Remix) " ("Heart-Shaped Glasses (When the Heart Guides the Hand)" remixed by Bill Hamel)" You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 (Adam Freeland Remix) " (" You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 " remixed by Adam Freeland)" Devour (Chew Fu Ghettohouse Fix) " (" Devour " remixed by Chew Fu)" Pretty as a Swastika (Alternate Version) " (Acoustic rendition of " Pretty as a Swastika ")" Leave a Scar (Alternate Version) " (Acoustic rendition of " Leave a Scar ")" Four Rusted Horses (Opening Titles Version) " (Electric guitar rendition of " Four Rusted Horses ")" Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon (The Teddybears Remix) " (" Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon " remixed by Teddybears)" Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon (Fuck the God Damn TV and Radio Remix) " ("Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon" remixed by Shawn Crahan of Slipknot )" Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon (Alternate Version) " (Acoustic rendition of "Arma-goddamn-motherfuckin-geddon")" Running to the Edge of the World (Alternate Version) " (Acoustic rendition of " Running to the Edge of the World "" Wight Spider (Alternate Version) " (Acoustic rendition of " Wight Spider ")" I Have to Look Up Just to See Hell (Alternate Version) " (Acoustic rendition of " I Have to Look Up Just to See Hell ")" Into the Fire (Alternate Version) " (Acoustic rendition of " Into the Fire ")" Fifteen " (Acoustic rendition of " 15 ")" Slo-Mo-Tion (Proxy Remix) " (" Slo-Mo-Tion " remixed by Proxy)" Slo-Mo-Tion (Proxy Dub Remix) " (" Slo-Mo-Tion " remixed by Proxy)" Slo-Mo-Tion (Sandwell District Remix) " (" Slo-Mo-Tion " remixed by Sandwell District)" Slo-Mo-Tion (Sandwell District Dub Remix) " (" Slo-Mo-Tion " remixed by Sandwell District)" Slo-Mo-Tion (Dirtyphonics Remix) " (" Slo-Mo-Tion " remixed by Dirtyphonics)" Day 3 " (Acoustic rendition of " Third Day of a Seven Day Binge ")" Fated, Faithful, Fatal " (Acoustic rendition of " The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles ")" Fall of the House of Death " (Acoustic rendition of " Odds of Even ")" KILL4ME (Mystery Skulls Remix) " (" KILL4ME " remixed by Mystery Skulls)Collaborations Manson performs guitar on the Jack Off Jill song "Swollen", from the album Sexless Demons and Scars . Manson is featured as guest vocalist on the DMX song " The Omen ", from the album Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood . Manson and Sean Beavan produced the Manson Mix, Radio Edit and Yes Sir, Mr. Sir Mix of the Rasputina song " Transylvanian Concubine ". Both remixes appear on the group's EP Transylvanian Regurgitations . Manson performs guest vocals on the Danny Lohner Remix of the Eminem song "The Way I Am". The g ODHEAD album 2000 Years of Human Error features contributions from Manson, Scott Putesky ( Daisy Berkowitz ), and Twiggy. Manson provides vocals on " Break You Down ", while Putesky helped produce "I Sell Society" and Twiggy played on "I Sell Society" and "2000 Years of Human Error". Manson recorded vocals for the Maven song " Hard On for Love " in 2001, although the song has yet to be officially released. Manson produced the "Buy Myself" remix of the Linkin Park song "By Myself", which appears on the digital version of Linkin Park's remix album Reanimation and on their single "Pts.of. Athrty". Alison Goldfrapp performs guest vocals on the Marilyn Manson vs. Goldfrapp remix of "This Is the New Shit", from the promotional "This Is the New Shit" single. Manson is featured as guest vocalist on the Chew Fu Ghettohouse Fix of the Lady Gaga song "Love Game", from the Lady Gaga compilation The Remix . Manson will appear on Skylar Grey's forthcoming album Invinsible. The album's title is a portmanteau of "invisible" and "invincible", an idea that was given to her by Marilyn Manson. The collaborative track is entitled " Can't Haunt Me ". Scheduled to be released Fall 2011. Manson is featured as guest vocalist on the Gucci Mane song " Pussy Wet ", from the album Diary of a Trap God . Manson collaborated with Avril Lavigne for her song " Bad Girl " in 2013. Manson collaborated on " Solid " with " Wrong Cops " director Mr. Oizo (Quentin Dupieux) for the movie's soundtrack, Wrong Cops (Best of), released December 20, 2013. [7]Manson is featured as guest vocalist on the Emigrate song " Hypothetical ", from the album Silent So Long. [8]Manson will be featured as a guest vocalist on " Cat People (Putting Out Fire) " (originally by David Bowie ), from the upcoming album by Shooter Jennings. Videography Commercial releases Dead to the World February 10, 1998 God Is in the T. V. November 2, 1999 Guns, God and Government World Tour October 29, 2002Guns, God, and Government – Live in L. A. November 17, 2009 Fifth video album TBAPromotional releases Mechanical Manson 1999 Holy Manson February, 2001A Grotesque Evening with Marilyn Manson 2003 Doppelherz May 5, 2003Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows bonus disc April 20, 2004 Lest We Forget – The Best Of bonus disc September 28, 2004 (s)AINT Video (Uncut, Unrated, Banned by Label) September 28, 2004 Eat Me, Drink Me bonus disc June 5, 2007Internet shorts Autopsy November 14, 2001 The Mechanism of Desire February 14, 2003I Am Among No One May 22, 2011Trivia Manson confesses in his autobiography The Long Hard Road Out of Hell that "I was never happy with our demos, which Scott always recorded, because we sounded like a tinny industrial band and I imagined us playing rawer, more immediate punk rock." [9]Of the band's current discography, only 33 songs have never been performed live . The concept albums Antichrist Superstar, Mechanical Animals and Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) are considered by Manson to comprise a trilogy, known as the triptych ." The Dope Show " is the band's most successful single in America to date. The band has sold over 50 million records. [1]See also List of significant performances by Marilyn Manson Backmasking in Marilyn Manson songs List of fake Marilyn Manson songs List of BPM rates List of working titles for Marilyn Manson material List of unreleased Marilyn Manson projects Samples in Marilyn Manson songs List of Marilyn Manson bootlegs All Marilyn Manson songs List of songs covered by Marilyn Manson References↑ 1.0 1.1 Cooking Vinyl Records: Marilyn Manson↑ Interview:2017/10/05 Marilyn Manson: ‘Heaven Upside Down’ Needs to Be ‘Chaos and F–k S–t Up,’ Because That’s My Job (Exclusive Interview)↑ Marilyn Manson Has Covered Johnny Cash at Kerrang↑ [1]. IGN.com article↑ Pop Scars↑ Official movie trailer on youtube.com.↑ i Tunes.com↑ Artisan News Service youtube.com↑ The Long Hard Road Out of Hell. Regan Books. Marilyn Manson. April 1, 1999. pp. 94Marilyn Manson discography Studio albums Portrait of an American Family • Antichrist Superstar • Mechanical Animals • Holy Wood (In the Shadow of the Valley of Death) • The Golden Age of Grotesque • Eat Me, Drink Me • The High End of Low • Born Villain • The Pale Emperor • Heaven Upside Down EPs Smells Like Children • Remix & Repent • The Nobodies: 2005 Against All Gods Mix • Hot Topic download card • Slo-Mo-Tion Remix EPDemos The Raw Boned Psalms • The Beaver Meat Cleaver Beat • Big Black Bus • Grist-o-Line • Lunchbox • After School Special • Thrift • Live as Hell • The Family Jams • Refrigerator • The Manson Family Album Compilations The Last Tour on Earth • Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows • Lest We Forget – The Best Of • i Tunes Essentials: Marilyn Manson • Second remasters compilation • Lost & Found Categories: Unconfirmed pages Marilyn Manson discography |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how much can a subaru outback tow | The Camper You Can Pull With Your Subaru September 1, 2015, 2:27 pm By: Sean Mc Coy The Camper You Can Pull With Your Subaru231.8K+Shares16 Commentscamper-rvcamping Camper trailers are often too heavy to pull behind a small or mid-size car like the ubiquitous Subaru Outback. Here’s a lighter-weight alternative. The Happier Camper is a different kind of pull-behind. At just 1,100 pounds, you can tow it behind a lot of small cars, including the Subaru Outback, which has a towing capacity of 2,700 pounds. (Shoot, even some Ford Fusions can tow this trailer. )The lighter weight will also be nice to the gas tank of bigger trucks and SUVs. Sleeps Five The Happier Camper packs a lot into its fiberglass body. It sleeps up to five across its 6’11” width, and it has 70 square feet of useable space inside. The camper can be equipped with solar panels and a battery to run standard household appliances with an inverter. With a large rear door, it can also be used to haul items such as bikes, kayaks, or even a motorcycle.‘Adaptiv’ Interior Part of the flexibility of the camper is due to what the company calls an “Adaptiv” modular interior. It lets you customize the trailer on-the-fly, changing the layout to fit a specific purpose. The ability to swap around the interior makes this a very versatile camper. Need a sink for your trip? Install it. If you don’t and sleeping space is more critical, swap things around and you’ve got one huge bed. The graphic at the right shows how the camper can be set up. As noted, the modular interior allows this camper to be used as a trailer to haul equipment. Perpetual Power The Happier Camper can run built-in electronics perpetually in sunny conditions, the company claims. Configured with an AGM Deep Cycle battery and charged by a 100-watt solar panel, moderate electrical use needs nothing but the sun to keep going. A waveform Zamp Solar power inverter provides 600 watts of medical-grade power for sensitive devices. Getting Your Own Happier Camper All that awesome doesn’t come cheap, and the Happier Camper sells for a base price of $16,000 up to $25,000. They are made in Los Angeles, and every major component comes from the factory northeast of downtown, near Dodger Stadium. The company invites people to swing by to check out the light but versatile campers. If you’re shopping for an RV, Los Angeles could be worth the trip to check them out. Share : The Camper You Can Pull With Your Subaru By Sean Mc Coy Editor-in-Chief Sean Mc Coy is a life-long outdoorsman who grew up hunting and fishing central Wisconsin forests and lakes. He joined Gear Junkie after a 10-year stint as a newspaperman in the Caribbean, where he learned sailing and wooden-boat repair. Based in Gear Junkie’s Denver office, Mc Coy is an avid trail runner, camper, hunter, angler, mountain biker, skier, and beer tester. | The Easiest Way to Find Your Next Car. Need help finding the right car? Use our easy-to-understand content and tools. Deals Buying Advice Compare Cars Auto Loans Buying Advice & Insights by our Vehicle Experts Best Lease Deals This Month Best Cashback Incentives Find Lease Payments Starting Under $200/Month Search New Cars By Loan Payment Best Deals on Hybrids, Electric Cars, Diesels and Fuel-Efficient Cars Cheapest Leases For Every Type of Vehicle This Month's Best $199 Lease Deals See The Best Used Car Deals This Month Previews: See All of the Most Exciting Upcoming Models Read the Latest Breaking News in the Automotive Industry California Launches Upfront Rebates on Plug-In Vehicles In San Diego Hyundai Slashes Kona Lease Price By $70/Month Why Cars Direct? We offer unique ways to help you: buy a new or used car, get an auto loan or get a trade-in value. New Cars Get a target price on the website - no haggling, no personal information Get connected to the Internet department at a trusted dealership near you Used Cars Easy-to-use vehicle search engine1 million+ cars for sale Get optional email updates based on your search criteria We highlight the cars that are exceptionally good deals New Cars » Used Cars »Auto Loans Get financed regardless of your credit history60 Second application National network of dealer partners Trade-Ins Free Trade-In valuation Easy, online tool Get your car's value before buying your next vehicle Auto Loans » Trade-Ins »As seen in: |
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