query
stringlengths 41
33.2k
| positive
stringlengths 1
637k
| negative
stringlengths 0
978k
|
|---|---|---|
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.restoration time definition | period of restoration period of restoration Definition Popular Terms The term of a business income coverage policy payout. This time frame starts on the date the loss that interrupts business occurs and ends on the date that the property should be fixed.riskpolicythird-party ins...letter of indem...employer's liab...insuranceforce majeureex gratia payme... You Also Might Like... Jeffrey Glen Lease vs. Rent When purchasing something is not quite possible (or desired) the option for many individuals and companies comes down to leasing or renting. While both have similarities, getting access to an asset for a limited period, there are significant ... Adam Colgate How to Read a Financial Statement ADVERTISEMENTJeffrey Glen Incidence vs. Prevalence Jeffrey Glen Term Life Insurance vs. Whole Life Insurance When choosing a life insurance policy two of the main types of plans available are term life insurance and whole life insurance. There are major differences between the two types of policies and this article will assist you with making the choice ... | restoration restoration (redirected from Dental restoration) Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to Dental restoration: indirect restorationres·to·ra·tion (rĕs′tə-rā′shən)n.1.a. An act of restoring: damage too great for restoration.b. An instance of restoring or of being restored: Restoration of the sculpture wasexpensive.c. The state of being restored.2. Something, such as a renovated building, that has been restored.3. Restorationa. The return of a constitutional monarchy to Great Britain in 1660 under Charles II.b. The period between the crowning of Charles II and the Revolution of 1688. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.restoration ( ˌrɛstəˈreɪʃən) n1. the act of restoring or state of being restored, as to a former or original condition, place, etc2. the replacement or giving back of something lost, stolen, etc3. something restored, replaced, or reconstructed4. a model or representation of an extinct animal, landscape of a former geological age, etc Restoration ( ˌrɛstəˈreɪʃən) n1. (Historical Terms) historya. the re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 or the reign of Charles II (1660–85)b. ( as modifier ): Restoration drama.2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) historya. the re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 or the reign of Charles II (1660–85)b. ( as modifier ): Restoration drama. Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © Harper Collins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014res•to•ra•tion (ˌrɛs təˈreɪ ʃən)n.1. the act of restoring.2. the state of being restored.3. a return of something to an original or unimpaired condition.4. restitution of something taken away or lost.5. something restored, as by renovating.6. a reconstruction or reproduction, as of an extinct form, showing it in the original state.7.a. the work or process of replacing or restoring teeth or parts of teeth.b. something that restores or replaces teeth, as a denture or filling.8. the Restoration,a. the reestablishment of the monarchy in England with the return of Charles II in 1660.b. the period of the reign of Charles II (1660–85), sometimes including the reign of James II (1685–88). [1350–1400; < Late Latin restaurātiō < Latin restaurāre to restore]Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. Restoration1660 The return of the Stuart dynasty after the Commonwealth. Also refers to the social andartistic fashions introduced during the period 1660–1714. Dictionary of Unfamiliar Words by Diagram Group Copyright © 2008 by Diagram Visual Information Limited Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Switch to new thesaurus Noun 1. Restoration - the reign of Charles II in England; 1660-16852. restoration - the act of restoring something or someone to a satisfactory statere-establishment - restoration to a previous state; "regular exercise resulted in there-establishment of his endurance"fixing, repair, mend, mending, reparation, fix, fixture - the act of puttingsomething in working order againgentrification - the restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of low-income residents)reclamation, renewal, rehabilitation - the conversion of wasteland into landsuitable for use of habitation or cultivationrehabilitation - the restoration of someone to a useful place in societyreinstatement - the act of restoring someone to a previous position; "we insisted on the reinstatement of the colonel"rejuvenation - the act of restoring to a more youthful condition3. restoration - getting something back again; "upon the restitution of the book to its rightfulowner the child was given a tongue lashing"regaining, restitution, returnacquisition - the act of contracting or assuming or acquiring possession of something; "the acquisition of wealth"; "the acquisition of one company by another"clawback - finding a way to take money back from people that they were given in another way; "the Treasury will find some clawback for the extra benefits membersreceived"4. restoration - the state of being restored to its former good condition; "the inn was a renovation of a Colonial house"refurbishment, renovationmelioration, improvement - a condition superior to an earlier condition; "the newschool represents a great improvement"5. restoration - some artifact that has been restored or reconstructed; "the restorationlooked exactly like the original"artefact, artifact - a man-made object taken as a whole6. restoration - a model that represents the landscape of a former geological age or thatrepresents and extinct animal etc.simulation, model - representation of something (sometimes on a smaller scale)7. Restoration - the re-establishment of the British monarchy in 1660England - a division of the United Kingdom Based on Word Net 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.restorationnoun1. reinstatement, return, revival, restitution, re-establishment, reinstallation, replacement the restoration of diplomatic relationsreinstatement overthrow, abolition2. repair, recovery, reconstruction, renewal, rehabilitation, refurbishing, refreshment, renovation, rejuvenation, revitalization I specialized in the restoration of old houses.repair scrapping, wrecking, demolition Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © Harper Collins Publishers 1995, 2002restorationnoun The act of making new or as if new again:face-lift, facelifting, refurbishment, rejuvenation, renewal, renovation, revampment. The American Heritage® Roget's Thesaurus. Copyright © 2013, 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Translations Select a language:restauraciónrestoration [ˌrestəˈreɪʃ ə n] N1. [ of money, possession] → devolución f, restitución f (frm)2. [ of relations, links, order] → restablecimiento m; [ of confidence] → devolución f; [ of monarchy, democracy] → restauración f3. [ of building, painting, antique] → restauración f4. ( Brit) ( Hist) the Restoration → la Restauración ( época que comienza con la restauración de Carlos II en el trono británico)Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © Harper Collins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005restore ( rəˈstoː) verb1. to repair (a building, a painting, a piece of furniture etc) so that it looks as it used to or ought to. restaurar2. to bring back to a normal or healthy state. The patient was soon restored to health. restablecer3. to bring or give back. to restore law and order; The police restored the stolen cars to their owners. restablecer, devolver4. to bring or put (a person) back to a position, rank etc he once had. He was asked to resign but was later restored to his former job as manager. restablecerˌrestoˈration ( restə-) noun The building was closed for restoration (s). restauraciónreˈstorer nouna person or thing that restores. a furniture-restorer. restaurador Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd.res·to·ra·tionn. restauración, restitución, restablecimiento, acción de restituir algo a su estado original. English-Spanish Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012restorationn ( dent, surg) restauración f English-Spanish/Spanish-English Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2006 by The Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Facebook Twitter |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.edison animal shelter hours | . Animal Control Piscataway Township's animal control and sheltering are handled by the Township of Edison through a shared services agreement: Animal nuisanc e complaint investig ations and inquiries Investigation of animal bites Quarantining and releasing domestic animals involved in bites Picking up injured animals (wildlife, domestic)/ dead domestic animals (dogs or cats)Picking up wildlife inside of a resident's living quarters Picking up stray domestic animals (cats/dogs). Animal Control normally does not pick up stray cats however, since many pet cats are indoor/outdoor cats, they are given a chance to return home. Cruelty to animals complaints and investigations Arrange for transportation of specimens to State Health Department Laboratory for rabies testing For more information on any of the items listed above, please contact Edison Animal Control at (732) 248-7278 during normal business hours 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. If you have an animal control emergency after hours, please contact the Piscataway Police Department at (732) 562-1100. Non-domestic dead animals are picked up by the Piscataway Public Works Department which may be reached at (732) 562-2390. Edison Municipal Animal Shelter website Click Here Click here for a list of 2018 free rabies clinics in Middlesex County While Piscataway Township already held its rabies clinic in January 2018, through a shared services agreement with the Edison Animal Control Division, Piscataway residents may also go to Edison to get their dogs and cats vaccinated for rabies. Dates for rabies clinics in Edison in 2018 include: Saturday, March 10, 2018 from 10 a.m.-Noon at the Clara Barton Firehouse, 849 Amboy Ave., Edison. Saturday, June 2, 2018 from 10 a.m.-Noon at the Edison Municipal Complex's main building, 100 Municipal Blvd., Edison. Saturday, October 6, 2018 from 10 a.m.-Noon at the Edison Municipal Complex's main building, 100 Municipal Blvd., Edison. Dog License Application Cat License Application Wildlife information Click on wildlife for which you require information: Black bears Coyotes Deer Fox Baby wild animals We co-exist with the wildlife in our area. We do not remove healthy wildlife and relocate. In most cases, fox, coyotes, etc. are more scared of humans than humans are of them. Wildlife will usually keep their distance. Keep in mind that over the past few years, we have seen an increase in population of deer. Therefore, the animals that prey on deer (such as coyotes) have also increased. You should never leave small dogs outside unattended, not only for their safety from coyotes but also from hawks that may see small dogs as prey and swoop down. Please only contact Edison Animal Control if you see wildlife that are badly injured and not walking or moving or if they have attacked a pet or human. Deceased deer are to be picked up by the Piscataway Public Works Department which may be reached at (732) 562-2390. | . Credio Find The Company Health Grove Inside Gov Moose Roots Pet Breeds Software Insider Start Class© 2017 Graphiq LLC All Rights Reserved. Terms Privacy Ad Choices and Cookie Policy |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.can you use an electric blanket with a mattress topper | Can electric blankets be used with memory foam mattress toppers? Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories Home & Garden Furniture Beds Mattresses Can electric blankets be used with memory foam mattress toppers? Flag Can electric blankets be used with memory foam mattress toppers? Answer by AJay17 Confidence votes 115Yes, you can use an electric blanket with a memory foam mattress topper. You might actually enjoy the feel of the mattress more when using an electric blanket because they often times feel different depending on the tempurature.13 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No Tara Impact 3 Contributions How do you refresh a memory foam mattress topper after it gets flat? If it was of quality it should not have gone flat. Once it hasreached that stage, you probably will not be able to get it back toits original state. AJay17How do you clean memory foam mattress topper from pet hair? Might not be the quickest way to do it, but I normally use a lint roller. AJay17Can electric blanket be used with latex foam mattress? You should be able to use your electric blanket with a latex foammattress. You should be sure to turn the blanket off when not inuse with any type of mattress. Thesleepshop 53 Contributions Can electric mattress pads be used over memory foam mattress toppers? It is not recommended to use an electric mattress pad on memory foam mattresses. The heat from the mattress pad can effect the overall feel of the mattress and ultimately do d …Canttouchthis 231 Contributions Does the memory foam need a cover to use an electric blanket? No, the memory foam mattress does not need a cover to use an electric blanket. Rootbeer 39 Contributions Can you use an electric blanket with Memory Foam beds? Every manufacturer says not to. It will generally make the bed get much softer. If you have used one and ever have a warranty claim, hide that blanket!John Motto 1,640 Contributions Are foam memory mattress toppers bad for your back? No, not really. Featherbed Mattress Topper with electric blanket? I have a QVC featherbed, can I put a Silentnight electric blanket on top of it.33314chaley 176 Contributions Can you use a memory foam mattress topper on a pillow top mattress? Yes Jaybird 14 4,300 Contributions Can i use my electric blanket with my foam mattress topper? Yes. Can you use a memory foam mattress topper over a bad mattress? Absolutely! I have a sucky, cheap bed (couldn't afford luxury) so the springs were always popping and hurting me all night long. And since I have 5 blown disks I have a very h …Can you use an electric mattress pad on top of memory foam topper?no Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In Mattresses What is the benefit of using a memory foam mattress topper king size? The benefits of using a memory foam mattress topper are, body weight is equally distributed, heat sensitive memory foam, provides extra pressure and relief for a more comforta …Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In Mattresses What is the average twin memory foam mattress topper? The average price for a twin sized memory foam mattress topper is about sixty-five dollars. Although the can be purchased for as low as thirteen dollars or for over one hundre …Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In Mattresses What are the potential benefits of using a memory foam mattress topper? There are many different styles and types of beds available on the market. One great addition to your bed would be a "memory foam mattress topper." A topper such as this would …Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In Mattresses What are the benefits of using a memory foam mattress topper? Memory foam mattress toppers can reduce pressure on certain areas of the body, this can reduce tossing and turning while trying to gain a good nights sleep. They can also make …Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions Answered In Mattresses What are the benefits of using a foam mattress memory topper? There are many benefits of using a foam mattress memory topper. The primary is comfort, as the memory foam mattress topper allows one to snuggle right into mattress. Additio … | . Error. Page cannot be displayed. Please contact your service provider for more details. (9) |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what place are the phillies in in baseball | Franco, Pivetta lead Phils in shutout vs. Fish Franco, Pivetta lead Phils in shutout vs. Fish By Todd Zolecki MLB.com @Todd Zolecki PHILADELPHIA - A fog machine pumped smoke into the Phillies' clubhouse Thursday evening at Citizens Bank Park. Lasers danced across the ceiling and walls as Meek Mill's "Dreams and Nightmares" blared over the sound system. This is how the Phillies plan to celebrate victories this season. View Full Game Coverage Continue Reading | . This Page is an outdated, user-generated website brought to you by an archive. It was mirrored from Geocities at the end of October, 2009. For any questions concerning this page try to contact the respective author. (To report any malicious content send the URL to oocities (at gmail dot com). For question about the archive visit: Oo Cities.org. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.causes of dislocation of elbow ligament | Clinically Relevant Anatomy Clinically Relevant Anatomy The elbow joint is stabilized primarily by three ligaments: Medial collateral ligament Lateral collateral ligament Annular ligament The medial and lateral collateral ligaments provide valgus and varus stability, and allow for rotation. The annular ligament encircles the head of the radius, stabilizing it in the radial notch. Each of these ligaments can be injured by elbow trauma or overuse. [1]Mechanism of Injury / Pathological Process Lateral collateral ligamentous injuries are typically associated with fracture or dislocation (shown below). Medial collateral ligamentous injuries are typically caused by overuse. Some common causes of elbow ligamentous injuries include: Forced twisting of the arm Falling on an outstretched arm Repeated overhead movement (such as in pitching, volleyball, or tennis)Clinical Presentation Although ligamentous injuries are rare, patients may present with varus or valgus laxity due to overuse or trauma. Lateral Collateral Ligament injury is often associated with trauma and forceful motion into varus. These injuries are commonly associated with a fracture or subluxation at the elbow joint. An Ulnar Collateral Ligament tear or sprain could occur with valgus overload or stress movement from pitching or throwing. Typically seen in younger male pitchers, a UCL tear or sprain could also be found in athletes involved in repetitive overhead activities like tennis or volleyball. Another common name for UCL tear is Little League Elbow Syndrome. Diagnostic Procedures Varus Stress Test, tests for laxity of the Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL). Valgus Stress Test, tests for laxity of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL). Moving Valgus Stress Test, tests for chronic UCL sprain or tear from overuse (sensitivity: 100, specificity: 0.75). Modified Milking Maneuver, tests for UCL sprain or tear from overuse. Palpation, in order to manually exam the integrity of the ligaments. Elbow Varus Instability Stress Test⎟Lateral Collateral Ligament Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:21 [2]Elbow Valgus Instability Stress Test⎟Medial Collateral Ligament Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:28 [3]The Moving Valgus Stress Test for MCL Tears of the Elbow Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video. [4]Modified Milking Maneuver | Medial/Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 1:51 [5]Outcome Measures Three common patient reported outcome measures are used for elbow ligamentous injuries: The DASH is 30 questions scored from 0-100, 0 meaning no disability. The DASH is well studied and validated with a minimally clinical important difference or MCID of 15 point or MCD of 12.7 points. The Quick DASH, commonly used in place of The DASH. The patient chooses the response that is the most true from 1-5 for each question. The scoring instructions are listed on the bottom of the form, however The Quick DASH has no known MCID unlike the DASH. The Patient Specific Functional Scale is a scale where the patient chooses 5 activities that are difficult to perform and rates those tasks from 0-10, 0 being not able and 10 being able. The MCID for the average of the 5 activities is 2, while for 1 activity the MCID is 3. Management / Interventions Due to lack of high quality literature for these conditions, it is recommended that an impairment-based approach be used to guide management. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used for relief of pain and inflammation. If pain is severe, a mild narcotic or corticosteroid injections may be prescribed. Common impairments to assess in examination could include decreased elbow or shoulder range of motion, joint effusion, and decreased strength of the upper extremity musculature. Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits are typically seen with pitchers and athletes performing repetitive overhead activities. Studies have shown a direct correlation with decreased internal rotation and excessive external rotation in baseball pitchers and UCL injuries. (Level of evidence : level 3b) [6]It is recommended that individuals with these conditions remain active, while protecting the ligament from stress. Activities that aggravate the symptoms should initially be minimized in order to allow for ligamentous healing. Activity level can thereafter be increased gradually. Pain and swelling may be relieved through the intermittent application of ice during the acute stages. Surgery for the UCL is indicated in complete tears and for athletes wanting to resume previous level of activity. The most common surgical procedure, Tommy John surgery, is when the UCL is replaced with a tendon from elsewhere in the body (often from forearm, hamstring, knee or foot of the same patient). This procedure is most common with athletes from several sports, most notably baseball. Surgery to repair the LCL alone is rare and is typically associated with a fracture, dislocation, or subluxation of the elbow. Due to the decreased structural stability of the joint and ORIF may be considered at the discretion of the surgeon. Differential Diagnosis Heterotopic Ossification: Considerable loss of passive range of motion without loss of strength Malignancy: Severe progressive pain that is not affected by movement Inflammatory Arthrithides: Abnormal systemic signs Fracture: History of trauma, Elbow Extension Test (specificity: 0.69, sensitivity: 0.97), marked limitations in range of motion and ecchymosis Dislocation: Exaggerated boney prominence, effusion, or appearance of elongation of forearm and could affect neurovascular status. Infection: Sudden swelling without trauma Vascular Compromise: numbness, tingling, pulse abnormalities Referred Cervical Pain Referred Shoulder Pain Lateral Elbow Differential Diagnosis Radial Tunnel Syndrome Lateral Epicondylalgia Medial Elbow Differential Diagnosis Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Medial Epicondylalgia Key Evidence Szekeres M, Chinchalkar SJ, King GJ. Optimizing Elbow Rehabilitation After Instability. Hand Clinics. 2008 Feb; 24 (1):27-38Resources Richard M, Aldridge M, Wiesler E, Ruch D, Traumatic Valgus Instability of the Elbow: Pathoanatomy and Results of Direct Repair. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2008;90:2416-2422.f Josefsson PO, Gentz CF, Johnell O, Wendeberg B. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment of ligamentous injuries following dislocation of the elbow joint. A prospective randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 Apr;69 (4):605-8. Case Studies Muller MS, Drakos MC, Feeley B, Barnes R, Warren RF. Nonoperative Management of Complete Lateral Elbow Ligamentous Disruption in an NFL Player: A Case Report. HSS J. 2010 Feb;6 (1):19-25. Yang C, Li W, Gong YB, Li SQ, Qi X. Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow: a case report and literature review. Chin J Traumatol. 2010 Dec;13 (6):380-2. Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)Failed to load RSS feed from http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=12auu1PYs GCJpo8ehd7F: There was a problem during the HTTP request: 500 Internal Server Error References↑ Chumbley E. O'Connor F, Nirschl R. Evaluation of Overuse Elbow Injuries. American Family Physician. Feb 2000. Available at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000201/691.html. Accessed March 2010.↑ Physiotutors. Elbow Varus Instability Stress Test⎟Lateral Collateral Ligament. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zl8Gs G3h R4↑ Physiotutors. Elbow Valgus Instability Stress Test⎟Medial Collateral Ligament. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3x F9_5fb J8A↑ Physiotutors. The Moving Valgus Stress Test for MCL Tears of the Elbow. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIU_kv5Vo Qk↑ Physiotutors. Modified Milking Maneuver | Medial/Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Swigwa Zx BXE↑ Dines JS, Frank JB, Akerman M, Yocum LA. Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits in Baseball Players with Ulnar Collateral Ligament Insufficiency. American Journal of Sports Medicine.2009 Mar;37 (3):566-70 | . Support Center Ancestry Blog Site Map Gift Memberships Careers Visit our other sites:© 1997-2018 Ancestry Corporate Information Privacy Terms and Conditions |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.the gas that is most abundant in the air is | The gas that is most abundant in the air is? Snw.snowwhite 39 Contributions Answered In Air Pollution The gas that is most abundant in the air is? Nitrogen Edit Answered In Science What is he most abundant gas in the air that you breathe? Nitrogen, you can't survive on it obviously but you breath it in every day it is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere followed by oxygen I think. Edit Jake Weatherby 139,353 Contributions Answered In Uncategorized Is it true that argon is the second most abundant gas in the air? No. Second place goes to oxygen. Argon takes third or fourth place depending on the amount of water vapor. Edit Jake Weatherby 139,353 Contributions Answered In Earth Sciences Is argon the second most abundant gas in air? No. It comes in third or fourth place depending on the weather. Nitrogen and oxygen are the most abundant gasses, composing 78% and 21% of dry air. Argon comes in at just …Answered In Earth Sciences Is it true that argon is the second most abundant gas in air? No. That is oxygen Edit | gecko geckonoun \ ˈge- (ˌ)kō \Popularity: Bottom 30% of words | Updated on: 5 Apr 2018Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLTime Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared Definition of geckoplural geckos also geckoes: any of numerous small chiefly tropical and nocturnal insectivorous lizards (family Gekkonidae)See gecko defined for English-language learners See gecko defined for kids Recent Examples of gecko from the Web Proposals include gecko -inspired grippers and laser cannons.— robbie gonzalez, WIRED, "All The Places Tiangong-1 Won’t Land (And Where It Still Might)," 30 Mar. 2018The incidents ranged from two geckos that died on a January flight to Raleigh-Durham airport in North Carolina and one of four conure birds that died on a December flight to Los Angeles.— bart jansen, USA TODAY, "What kills animals on planes? Heart failure, anxiety among culprits," 14 Mar. 2018The lawyer for the property owner and developer, who’d just finished a long explanation of how his client doesn’t really want to build 90 houses but would rather build 64, looked like he’d accidentally swallowed a fat gecko.— lauren ritchie, Orlando Sentinel.com, "Development standoff in Shirley Shores, other Lake areas, grabs county commissioners' attention," 16 Feb. 2018These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'gecko.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback. Illustration of gecko Origin and Etymology of geckoperhaps from Malay dialect geʔkok NEW! Time Traveler First Known Use: 1774See Words from the same year GECKO Defined for English Language Learnersgeckonoun Definition of gecko for English Language Learners: a small tropical lizard GECKO Defined for Kidsgeckonoun \ ˈge-ˌkō \Definition of gecko for Studentsplural geckos or geckoes: a small tropical lizard that eats insects and is usually active at night Learn More about gecko See words that rhyme with gecko Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about gecko Seen and Heard What made you want to look up gecko? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is specificity in enzymes | . ORDER: 1-800-526-5224 | SUPPORT: 1-800-447-3846 | ABOUT US | CONTACT US | HOMECHROMOGENIC SUBSTRATES UNIVERSITY | ENZYME SPECIFICITYWhat is a chromogenic Substrate? Proteolytic Enzymes Serine Proteases Proteolytic Mechanism Specificity and Selectivity Enzyme Kinetics Substrates in Practice Selectivity Tables Kinetic Tables Protein Concentrations in Plasma Theoretical Basis for Calculation International Units and Enzyme Activity FAQMethods Products Enzyme Specificity and substrate selectivity Specificity is a property of the enzyme and describes how restrictive the enzyme is in its choice of substrate; a completely specific enzyme would have only one substrate. The specificity of the serine proteases is usually not very high since they have similar active sites and act through the same proteolytic mechanism. Consequently, a single serine protease may act on various substrates although at different rates. How the substrate fits the active site of the enzyme is of crucial importance to the outcome of the enzyme-substrate reaction. The bond to be cleaved must have a specific orientation relative to the amino acid side chains of the catalytic triad. The most important factor governing the fit of a substrate for an enzyme is the amino acid sequence around the bond to be cleaved. Trypsin cleaves amides and esters of the basic amino acids arginine and lysine. Thrombin has a similar preference, but is more specific for arginine than for lysine. Selectivity is a property of the substrate and indicates the degree to which the substrate is bound to and cleaved by different enzymes. The best measure for selectivity is given by the ratio kcat/Km. Synthetic substrates are considerably smaller than the natural substrates and can usually be cleaved by more than one enzyme, i. e. synthetic substrates are not completely selective. The explanation for this is that large substrates such as fibrinogen not only interact with the active site but also with exterior domains of the enzyme. Such interactions allow substrates to discriminate between different serine proteases and fibrinogen thus becomes highly selective for thrombin. ORDER LINE: 1-800-526-5224 TECH SUPPORT: 1-800-447-3846ORDERTOP | . This Account has been suspended. Contact your hosting provider for more information. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.calories in burrito supreme at | Calories in Taco Bell Burrito Supreme ‹ Taco Bell Foods Nutrition Calories in Taco Bell Burrito Supreme Nutrition Facts Calories in Taco Bell Burrito Supreme - Beef Serving Size: 1 serving Amount Per Serving Calories 410.0Total Fat 17.0 g Saturated Fat 8.0 g Polyunsaturated Fat 0.0 g Monounsaturated Fat 0.0 g Cholesterol 40.0 mg Sodium 1,340.0 mg Potassium 0.0 mg Total Carbohydrate 51.0 g Dietary Fiber 7.0 g Sugars 5.0 g Protein 17.0 g Vitamin A 15.0 %Vitamin B-12 0.0 %Vitamin B-6 0.0 %Vitamin C 10.0 %Vitamin D 0.0 %Vitamin E 0.0 %Calcium 20.0 %Copper 0.0 %Folate 0.0 %Iron 25.0 %Magnesium 0.0 %Manganese 0.0 %Niacin 0.0 %Pantothenic Acid 0.0 %Phosphorus 0.0 %Riboflavin 0.0 %Selenium 0.0 %Thiamin 0.0 %Zinc 0.0 %*Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs. Report as containing personal information Some of these foods were entered by users and are subject to error. Other User Submitted Calorie Info Matching: Taco Bell Burrito Supreme Taco Bell, Burrito Supreme - Steak (1 serving) Calories: 420, Fat: 16g, Carbs: 48g, Protein: 21g Show full nutrition information Taco Bell Burrito Supreme - Chicken (1 serving) Calories: 390, Fat: 13g, Carbs: 49g, Protein: 20g Show full nutrition information Taco Bell Burrito Supreme - Steak (1 serving) Calories: 380, Fat: 14g, Carbs: 49g, Protein: 18g Show full nutrition information Taco Bell, Burrito Supreme-Chicken, Fresco Style (1 serving) Calories: 350, Fat: 8g, Carbs: 50g, Protein: 19g Show full nutrition information Taco Bell- Burrito Supreme (regular) (1 serving) Calories: 440, Fat: 18g, Carbs: 51g, Protein: 18g Show full nutrition information Taco Bell Burrito Supreme With Chicken Fresco Style (1 serving) Calories: 350, Fat: 8g, Carbs: 50g, Protein: 19g Show full nutrition information Taco Bell Burrito Supreme (1 serving) Calories: 440, Fat: 0g, Carbs: 0g, Protein: 0g Show full nutrition information Taco Bell - Burrito Supreme Chicken (1 gram (s)) Calories: 1, Fat: 0g, Carbs: 0g, Protein: 0g Show full nutrition information Taco Bell Burrito Supreme Beef (1 serving) Calories: 440, Fat: 18g, Carbs: 52g, Protein: 17g Show full nutrition information Other Searches: Calories, Fat, Protein, Fiber, & Carbs In Mimis Café Three Egg Omelettes Avocado Blt Calories, Fat, Protein, Fiber, & Carbs In Mimis Café Three Egg Omelettes Capresse Calories, Fat, Protein, Fiber, & Carbs In Mimis Café Three Egg Omelettes Crab & Avocado Calories, Fat, Protein, Fiber, & Carbs In Mimis Café Three Egg Omelettes Five Alarm Santa Fe Calories, Fat, Protein, Fiber, & Carbs In Mimis Café Three Egg Omelettes Mardi Gras Quick 1800 Calorie Meal Plan Ingredient Specific Calorie Information From Our Recipes: Popular Calories Burned Searches: Calories Burned For Treadmill: 15% Incline, 10 km/h (6 minutes per km)Calories Burned For Treadmill: 15% Incline, 8.5 km/h (7 minutes per km)Calories Burned For Treadmill: 15% Incline, 7.5 km/h (8 minutes per km)Calories Burned For Treadmill: 15% Incline, 6.6 km/h (9 minutes per km) | . The site you are looking for no longer exists. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what year was apple introduced as a company | Apple Inc. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Coordinates: 37.33182°N 122.03118°WApple Inc. The Apple Campus in Cupertino, California Formerly called Apple Computer Company (1976–1977)Apple Computer, Inc. (1977–2007)Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : AAPLNASDAQ-100 component DJIA component S&P 100 component S&P 500 component ISIN US0378331005Industry Computer hardware Computer software Consumer electronics Digital distribution Semiconductors Fabless silicon design Corporate venture capital Founded April 1, 1976; 42 years ago Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Headquarters Apple Park, 1 Apple Park Way, Cupertino, California, U. S. Number of locations 499 retail stores (2017)Area served Worldwide Key people Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman)Tim Cook ( CEO)Jonathan Ive ( CDO)Luca Maestri ( CFO)Jeff Williams ( COO)Products Macintosh i Pod i Phonei Pad Apple Watch Apple TVHome Pod mac OS i OSwatch OS tv OS i Life i Work Services Apple Pay Apple Storei Tunes Store App Store Mac App Store i Books Storei Cloud Apple Music Revenue US$ 229.234 billion [1] (2017)Operating income US$61.344 billion [1] (2017)Net income US$48.351 billion [1] (2017)Total assets US$375.319 billion [1] (2017)Total equity US$134.047 billion [1] (2017)Number of employees 123,000 [1] (2017)Subsidiaries Shazam Texture File Maker Inc. Anobit Braeburn Capital Beats Electronics Apple Energy, LLCApple Sales International [2]Apple Worldwide Video [3]Website apple .com Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. The company's hardware products include the i Phone smartphone, the i Pad tablet computer, the Mac personal computer, the i Pod portable media player, the Apple Watch smartwatch, the Apple TV digital media player, and the Home Pod smart speaker. Apple's software includes the mac OS and i OS operating systems, the i Tunes media player, the Safari web browser, and the i Life and i Work creativity and productivity suites, as well as professional applications like Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, and Xcode. Its online services include the i Tunes Store, the i OS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, and i Cloud. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, and sales of its computers, including the Apple II, saw significant momentum and revenue growth for the company. Within a few years, Jobs and Wozniak had hired a staff of computer designers and had a production line. Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success. Over the next few years, Apple shipped new computers featuring innovative graphical user interfaces, and Apple's marketing commercials for its products received widespread critical acclaim. However, the high price tag of its products and limited software titles caused problems, as did power struggles between executives at the company. Jobs resigned from Apple and created his own company, Ne XT. As the market for personal computers increased, Apple's computers saw diminishing sales due to lower-priced products from competitors, in particular those offered with the Microsoft Windows operating system. More executive job shuffles happened at Apple until then-CEO Gil Amelio in 1997 decided to buy Ne XT to bring Jobs back. Jobs regained position as CEO, and began a process to rebuild Apple's status, which included opening Apple's own retail stores in 2001, making numerous acquisitions of software companies to create a portfolio of software titles, and changing some of the hardware used in its computers. It again saw success and returned to profitability. In January 2007, Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. would be renamed Apple Inc. to reflect its shifted focus toward consumer electronics. He also announced the i Phone, which saw critical acclaim and significant financial success. In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO due to health complications, and Tim Cook became the new CEO. Two months later, Jobs died, marking the end of an era for the company. Apple is the world's largest information technology company by revenue and the world's second-largest mobile phone manufacturer after Samsung. In February 2015, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$ 700 billion. The company employs 123,000 full-time employees as of September 2017 and maintains 499 retail stores in 22 countries as of December 2017. It operates the i Tunes Store, which is the world's largest music retailer. As of January 2016, more than one billion Apple products are actively in use worldwide. Apple's worldwide annual revenue totaled $229 billion for the 2017 fiscal year. The company enjoys a high level of brand loyalty and has been repeatedly ranked as the world's most valuable brand. However, it receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors, its environmental and business practices, including anti-competitive behavior, as well as the origins of source materials. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 1976–84: Founding and incorporation1.2 1984–91: Success with Macintosh1.3 1991–97: Decline and restructuring1.4 1997–2007: Return to profitability1.5 2007–11: Success with mobile devices1.6 2011–present: Post-Steve Jobs era; Tim Cook leadership2 Products2.1 Mac2.2 i Pod2.3 i Phone2.4 i Pad2.5 Apple Watch2.6 Apple TV2.7 Home Pod2.8 Software2.9 Electric vehicles2.10 Apple Energy3 Corporate identity3.1 Logo3.2 Advertising3.3 Brand loyalty3.4 Home page3.5 Headquarters3.6 Stores4 Corporate affairs4.1 Corporate culture4.1.1 Lack of innovation4.2 Manufacturing4.2.1 Labor practices4.3 Environmental practices and initiatives4.3.1 Energy and resources4.3.2 Toxins4.3.3 Green bonds4.4 Finance4.4.1 Tax practices4.5 Ownership4.6 Litigation4.7 Privacy stance4.8 Charitable causes5 Criticism and controversies6 See also7 References7.1 Bibliography8 Further reading9 External links History Main article: History of Apple Inc.1976–84: Founding and incorporation The birthplace of Apple Computer. In 1976, Steve Jobs co-founded the company in the garage of his childhood home on Crist Drive in Los Altos, California. Apple's first product, the Apple I, invented by Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, was sold as an assembled circuit board and lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and wooden case. The Apple II, introduced in 1977, was a major technological advancement over its predecessor. Apple Computer Company was founded on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. [4] The company's first product was the Apple I, a computer single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak, [5] [6] and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. [7] [8] Apple I was sold as a motherboard (with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips), which was less than what is now considered a complete personal computer. [9] The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66 ($2,867 in 2017 dollars, adjusted for inflation). [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]Apple Computer, Inc. was incorporated on January 3, 1977, [16] [17] without Wayne, who left and sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800 only a couple weeks after co-founding Apple. [18] [19] Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple. [20] [21] During the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980, yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118 million, an average annual growth rate of 533%. [22] [23]The Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16, 1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its major rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics and open architecture. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1⁄ 4 -inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. [24] The Apple II was chosen to be the desktop platform for the first " killer app " of the business world: Visi Calc, a spreadsheet program. Visi Calc created a business market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II: compatibility with the office. [25] Before Visi Calc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore and Tandy. [26] [27]By the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line. The company introduced the Apple III in May 1980 in an attempt to compete with IBM and Microsoft in the business and corporate computing market. [28] Jobs and several Apple employees, including Jef Raskin, visited Xerox PARC in December 1979 to see the Xerox Alto. Xerox granted Apple engineers three days of access to the PARC facilities in return for the option to buy 100,000 shares (800,000 split-adjusted shares) of Apple at the pre-IPO price of $10 a share. [29]Jobs was immediately convinced that all future computers would use a graphical user interface ( GUI ), and development of a GUI began for the Apple Lisa. [30] [31] In 1982, however, he was pushed from the Lisa team due to infighting. Jobs took over Jef Raskin's low-cost-computer project, the Macintosh. A race broke out between the Lisa team and the Macintosh team over which product would ship first. Lisa won the race in 1983 and became the first personal computer sold to the public with a GUI, but was a commercial failure due to its high price tag and limited software titles. [32]On December 12, 1980, Apple went public at $22 per share, [17] generating more capital than any IPO since Ford Motor Company in 1956, and immediately creating 300 millionaires. [33]1984–91: Success with Macintosh See also: Timeline of Macintosh models The Macintosh, released in 1984, was the first mass-market personal computer that featured an integral graphical user interface and mouse. In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh, the first personal computer to be sold without a programming language. [34] Its debut was signified by "1984", a $1.5 million television commercial directed by Ridley Scott that aired during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984. [35] The commercial is now hailed as a watershed event for Apple's success [36] and was called a "masterpiece" by CNN [37] and one of the greatest commercials of all time by TV Guide. [38] [39]The Macintosh initially sold well, but follow-up sales were not strong [40] due to its high price and limited range of software titles. The machine's fortunes changed with the introduction of the Laser Writer, the first Post Script laser printer to be sold at a reasonable price, and Page Maker, an early desktop publishing package. It has been suggested that the combination of these three products were responsible for the creation of the desktop publishing market. [41] The Macintosh was particularly powerful in the desktop publishing market due to its advanced graphics capabilities, which had necessarily been built in to create the intuitive Macintosh GUI. In 1985, a power struggle developed between Jobs and CEO John Sculley, who had been hired two years earlier. [42] The Apple board of directors instructed Sculley to "contain" Jobs and limit his ability to launch expensive forays into untested products. Rather than submit to Sculley's direction, Jobs attempted to oust him from his leadership role at Apple. Sculley found out that Jobs had been attempting to organize a coup and called a board meeting at which Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties. [40] Jobs resigned from Apple and founded Ne XT Inc. the same year. [43] Wozniak also left Apple in 1985 to pursue other ventures, stating that the company had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years". [44]The Macintosh Portable, released in 1989, was Apple's first battery-powered portable Macintosh personal computer. After Jobs' and Wozniak's departure, the Macintosh product line underwent a steady change of focus to higher price points, the so-called "high-right policy" named for the position on a chart of price vs. profits. Jobs had argued the company should produce products aimed at the consumer market and aimed for a $1000 price for the Macintosh, which they were unable to meet. Newer models selling at higher price points offered higher profit margin, and appeared to have no effect on total sales as power users snapped up every increase in power. Although some worried about pricing themselves out of the market, the high-right policy was in full force by the mid-1980s, notably due to Jean-Louis Gassée 's mantra of "fifty-five or die", referring to the 55% profit margins of the Macintosh II. [45]This policy began to backfire in the last years of the decade as new desktop publishing programs appeared on PC clones that offered some or much of the same functionality of the Macintosh but at far lower price points. The company lost its monopoly in this market, and had already estranged many of its original consumer customer base who could no longer afford their high-priced products. The Christmas season of 1989 was the first in the company's history that saw declining sales, and led to a 20% drop in Apple's stock price. [46] Gassée's objections were overruled, and he was forced from the company in 1990. Later that year, Apple introduced three lower cost models, the Macintosh Classic, Macintosh LC and Macintosh IIsi, all of which saw significant sales due to pent up demand. In 1991, Apple introduced the Power Book, replacing the "luggable" Macintosh Portable with a design that set the current shape for almost all modern laptops. The same year, Apple introduced System 7, a major upgrade to the operating system which added color to the interface and introduced new networking capabilities. It remained the architectural basis for the Classic Mac OS. The success of the Power Book and other products brought increasing revenue. [42] For some time, Apple was doing incredibly well, introducing fresh new products and generating increasing profits in the process. The magazine Mac Addict named the period between 1989 and 1991 as the "first golden age" of the Macintosh. [47]Apple believed the Apple II series was too expensive to produce and took away sales from the low-end Macintosh. [48] In the 1990s, Apple released the Macintosh LC, and began efforts to promote that computer by advising developer technical support staff to recommend developing applications for Macintosh rather than Apple II, and authorizing salespersons to direct consumers towards Macintosh and away from Apple II. [49] The Apple IIe was discontinued in 1993. [50]1991–97: Decline and restructuring See also: Timeline of the Apple II family The Penlite was Apple's first attempt at a tablet computer. Created in 1992, the project was designed to bring the Mac OS to a tablet – but was shelved in favor of the Newton. [51]The success of Apple's lower-cost consumer models, especially the LC, also led to cannibalization of their higher priced machines. To address this, management introduced several new brands, selling largely identical machines at different price points aimed at different markets. These were the high-end Quadra, the mid-range Centris line, and the ill-fated Performa series. This led to significant market confusion, as customers did not understand the difference between models. [52]Apple also experimented with a number of other unsuccessful consumer targeted products during the 1990s, including digital cameras, portable CD audio players, speakers, video consoles, the e World online service, and TV appliances. Enormous resources were also invested in the problem-plagued Newton division based on John Sculley's unrealistic market forecasts. [ citation needed] Ultimately, none of these products helped and Apple's market share and stock prices continued to slide. [ citation needed]Throughout this period, Microsoft continued to gain market share with Windows by focusing on delivering software to cheap commodity personal computers, while Apple was delivering a richly engineered but expensive experience. [53] Apple relied on high profit margins and never developed a clear response; instead, they sued Microsoft for using a GUI similar to the Apple Lisa in Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. [54] The lawsuit dragged on for years before it was finally dismissed. At this time, a series of major product flops and missed deadlines sullied Apple's reputation, and Sculley was replaced as CEO by Michael Spindler. [55]The Newton was Apple's first foray into the PDA markets, as well as one of the first in the industry. Despite being a financial flop at the time of its release, it helped pave the way for the Palm Pilot and Apple's own i Phone and i Pad in the future. By the early 1990s, Apple was developing alternative platforms to the Macintosh, such as A/UX. The Macintosh platform itself was becoming outdated because it was not built for multitasking and because several important software routines were programmed directly into the hardware. In addition, Apple was facing competition from OS/2 and UNIX vendors such as Sun Microsystems. The Macintosh would need to be replaced by a new platform or reworked to run on more powerful hardware. [56]In 1994, Apple allied with IBM and Motorola in the AIM alliance with the goal of creating a new computing platform (the Power PC Reference Platform ), which would use IBM and Motorola hardware coupled with Apple software. The AIM alliance hoped that PRe P's performance and Apple's software would leave the PC far behind and thus counter Microsoft. The same year, Apple introduced the Power Macintosh, the first of many Apple computers to use Motorola's Power PC processor. [57]In 1996, Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio as CEO. Amelio made numerous changes at Apple, including extensive layoffs and cut costs. [58] After numerous failed attempts to improve Mac OS, first with the Taligent project and later with Copland and Gershwin, Amelio chose to purchase Ne XT and its Ne XTSTEP operating system and bring Steve Jobs back to Apple. [59]1997–2007: Return to profitability Power Mac was a line of Apple Macintosh workstation-class personal computers based on various models of Power PC microprocessors that were developed from 1994 to 2006. The Ne XT deal was finalized on February 9, 1997, [60] bringing Jobs back to Apple as an advisor. On July 9, 1997, Amelio was ousted by the board of directors after overseeing a three-year record-low stock price and crippling financial losses. Jobs acted as the interim CEO and began restructuring the company's product line; it was during this period that he identified the design talent of Jonathan Ive, and the pair worked collaboratively to rebuild Apple's status. [61]At the 1997 Macworld Expo, Jobs announced that Apple would join Microsoft to release new versions of Microsoft Office for the Macintosh, and that Microsoft had made a $150 million investment in non-voting Apple stock. [62] On November 10, 1997, Apple introduced the Apple Online Store, which was tied to a new build-to-order manufacturing strategy. [63] [64]On August 15, 1998, Apple introduced a new all-in-one computer reminiscent of the Macintosh 128K: the i Mac. The i Mac design team was led by Ive, who would later design the i Pod and the i Phone. [65] [66] The i Mac featured modern technology and a unique design, and sold almost 800,000 units in its first five months. [67]During this period, [ when?] Apple completed numerous acquisitions to create a portfolio of digital production software for both professionals and consumers. In 1998, Apple purchased Macromedia 's Key Grip software project, signaling an expansion into the digital video editing market. The sale was an outcome of Macromedia's decision to solely focus upon web development software. The product, still unfinished at the time of the sale, was renamed " Final Cut Pro " when it was launched on the retail market in April 1999. [68] [69] The development of Key Grip also led to Apple's release of the consumer video-editing product i Movie in October 1999. [70] Next, Apple successfully acquired the German company Astarte, which had developed DVD authoring technology, as well as Astarte's corresponding products and engineering team in April 2000. Astarte's digital tool DVDirector was subsequently transformed into the professional-oriented DVD Studio Pro software product. Apple then employed the same technology to create i DVD for the consumer market. [70] In July 2001, Apple acquired Spruce Technologies, a PC DVD authoring platform, to incorporate their technology into Apple's expanding portfolio of digital video projects. [71] [72]In 2002, Apple purchased Nothing Real for their advanced digital compositing application Shake, [73] as well as Emagic for the music productivity application Logic. The purchase of Emagic made Apple the first computer manufacturer to own a music software company. The acquisition was followed by the development of Apple's consumer-level Garage Band application. [74] The release of i Photo in the same year completed the i Life suite. [75]Mac OS X, based on Ne XT's OPENSTEP and BSD Unix, was released on March 24, 2001, after several years of development. Aimed at consumers and professionals alike, Mac OS X aimed to combine the stability, reliability and security of Unix with the ease of use afforded by an overhauled user interface. To aid users in migrating from Mac OS 9, the new operating system allowed the use of OS 9 applications within Mac OS X via the Classic Environment. [76]On May 19, 2001, Apple opened its first official eponymous retail stores in Virginia and California. [77] On October 23 of the same year, Apple debuted the i Pod portable digital audio player. The product, which was first sold on November 10, 2001, was phenomenally successful with over 100 million units sold within six years. [78] [79] In 2003, Apple's i Tunes Store was introduced. The service offered online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the i Pod. The i Tunes Store quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over five billion downloads by June 19, 2008. [80] [81] Two years later, the i Tunes Store was the world's largest music retailer. [82] [83]Main article: Apple's transition to Intel processors The Mac Book Pro, Apple's first laptop with an Intel microprocessor, introduced in 2006. At the Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 6, 2005, Jobs announced that Apple would begin producing Intel -based Mac computers in 2006. [84] On January 10, 2006, the new Mac Book Pro and i Mac became the first Apple computers to use Intel's Core Duo CPU. By August 7, 2006, Apple made the transition to Intel chips for the entire Mac product line—over one year sooner than announced. [84] The Power Mac, i Book and Power Book brands were retired during the transition; the Mac Pro, Mac Book, and Mac Book Pro became their respective successors. [85] [86] On April 29, 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was building its own team of engineers to design microchips. [87] Apple also introduced Boot Camp in 2006 to help users install Windows XP or Windows Vista on their Intel Macs alongside Mac OS X. [88]Apple's success during this period was evident in its stock price. Between early 2003 and 2006, the price of Apple's stock increased more than tenfold, from around $6 per share (split-adjusted) to over $80. In January 2006, Apple's market cap surpassed that of Dell. [89] Nine years prior, Dell's CEO Michael Dell had said that if he ran Apple he would "shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders." [90] Although Apple's market share in computers had grown, it remained far behind competitors using Microsoft Windows, accounting for about 8% of desktops and laptops in the US. [ citation needed]Since 2001, Apple's design team has progressively abandoned the use of translucent colored plastics first used in the i Mac G3. This design change began with the titanium -made Power Book and was followed by the i Book 's white polycarbonate structure and the flat-panel i Mac. [91] [92]2007–11: Success with mobile devices During his keynote speech at the Macworld Expo on January 9, 2007, Jobs announced that Apple Computer, Inc. would thereafter be known as "Apple Inc.", because the company had shifted its emphasis from computers to consumer electronics. [93] [94] This event also saw the announcement of the i Phone [95] [96] and the Apple TV. [97] [98] The company sold 270,000 i Phone units during the first 30 hours of sales, [99] and the device was called "a game changer for the industry". [100] Apple would achieve widespread success with its i Phone, i Pod Touch and i Pad products, which introduced innovations in mobile phones, portable music players and personal computers respectively. [101] Furthermore, by early 2007, 800,000 Final Cut Pro users were registered. [102]In an article posted on Apple's website on February 6, 2007, Jobs wrote that Apple would be willing to sell music on the i Tunes Store without digital rights management (DRM), thereby allowing tracks to be played on third-party players, if record labels would agree to drop the technology. [103] On April 2, 2007, Apple and EMI jointly announced the removal of DRM technology from EMI's catalog in the i Tunes Store, effective in May 2007. [104] Other record labels eventually followed suit and Apple published a press release in January 2009 to announce the corresponding changes to the i Tunes Store. [105]In July 2008, Apple launched the App Store to sell third-party applications for the i Phone and i Pod Touch. [106] Within a month, the store sold 60 million applications and registered an average daily revenue of $1 million, with Jobs speculating in August 2008 that the App Store could become a billion-dollar business for Apple. [107] By October 2008, Apple was the third-largest mobile handset supplier in the world due to the popularity of the i Phone. [108]On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that 2009 would be the last year the corporation would attend the Macworld Expo, after more than 20 years of attendance, and that senior vice president of Worldwide Product Marketing Phil Schiller would deliver the 2009 keynote address in lieu of the expected Jobs. The official press release explained that Apple was "scaling back" on trade shows in general, including Macworld Tokyo and the Apple Expo in Paris, France, primarily because the enormous successes of the Apple Retail Stores and website had rendered trade shows a minor promotional channel. [109] [110]On January 14, 2009, Jobs announced in an internal memo that he would be taking a six-month medical leave of absence from Apple until the end of June 2009 and would spend the time focusing on his health. In the email, Jobs stated that "the curiosity over my personal health continues to be a distraction not only for me and my family, but everyone else at Apple as well", and explained that the break would allow the company "to focus on delivering extraordinary products". [111] Despite Jobs's absence, Apple recorded its best non-holiday quarter (Q1 FY 2009) during the recession with revenue of $8.16 billion and profit of $1.21 billion. [112] [113]Wikinews has related news: Apple unveils i Phone 4, i OS 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010Apple to give free cases, refunds to i Phone 4 owners Apple unveils new i Pods, Apple TV; updates i OS, i Tunes Apple unveils new Mac Book Air laptops, i Life '11 software suite After years of speculation and multiple rumored "leaks", Apple unveiled a large screen, tablet-like media device known as the i Pad on January 27, 2010. The i Pad ran the same touch-based operating system as the i Phone, and many i Phone apps were compatible with the i Pad. This gave the i Pad a large app catalog on launch, despite very little development time before the release. Later that year on April 3, 2010, the i Pad was launched in the US. It sold more than 300,000 units on its first day, and 500,000 by the end of the first week. [114] [ better source needed] In May of the same year, Apple's market cap exceeded that of competitor Microsoft for the first time since 1989. [115]In June 2010, Apple released the i Phone 4, [116] [ better source needed] which introduced video calling, multitasking, and a new uninsulated stainless steel design that acted as the phone's antenna. Later that year, Apple again refreshed its i Pod line of MP3 players by introducing a multi-touch i Pod Nano, an i Pod Touch with Face Time, and an i Pod Shuffle that brought back the buttons of earlier generations. [117] [118] [119] Additionally, on October 20, Apple updated the Mac Book Air laptop, i Life suite of applications, and unveiled Mac OS X Lion, the last version with the name Mac OS X. [120] [121]In October 2010, Apple shares hit an all-time high, eclipsing $300. [122]On January 6, 2011, the company opened its Mac App Store, a digital software distribution platform similar to the i OS App Store. [123]Alongside peer entities such as Atari and Cisco Systems, Apple was featured in the documentary Something Ventured, which premiered in 2011 and explored the three-decade era that led to the establishment and dominance of Silicon Valley. [124]On January 17, 2011, Jobs announced in an internal Apple memo that he would take another medical leave of absence for an indefinite period to allow him to focus on his health. Chief Operating Officer Tim Cook assumed Jobs's day-to-day operations at Apple, although Jobs would still remain "involved in major strategic decisions". [125] Apple became the most valuable consumer-facing brand in the world. [126] In June 2011, Jobs surprisingly took the stage and unveiled i Cloud, an online storage and syncing service for music, photos, files and software which replaced Mobile Me, Apple's previous attempt at content syncing. [127]This would be the last product launch Jobs would attend before his death. It has been argued that Apple has achieved such efficiency in its supply chain that the company operates as a monopsony (one buyer, many sellers) and can dictate terms to its suppliers. [128] [129] [130] In July 2011, due to the American debt-ceiling crisis, Apple's financial reserves were briefly larger than those of the U. S. Government. [131]On August 24, 2011, Jobs resigned his position as CEO of Apple. [132] He was replaced by Cook and Jobs became Apple's chairman. Prior to this, Apple did not have a chairman and instead had two co-lead directors, Andrea Jung and Arthur D. Levinson, who continued with those titles until Levinson became Chairman of the Board in November. [133]2011–present: Post-Steve Jobs era; Tim Cook leadership On October 5, 2011, Steve Jobs died, marking the end of an era for Apple. [134] [135] The first major product announcement by Apple following Jobs's passing occurred on January 19, 2012, when Apple's Phil Schiller introduced i Books Textbooks for i OS and i Book Author for Mac OS X in New York City. [136] Jobs had stated in his biography that he wanted to reinvent the textbook industry and education. [137]From 2011 to 2012, Apple released the i Phone 4S [138] [139] and i Phone 5, [140] [141] which featured improved cameras, an intelligent software assistant named Siri, and cloud-sourced data with i Cloud; the third and fourth generation i Pads, which featured Retina displays; [142] [143] [144] and the i Pad Mini, which featured a 7.9-inch screen in contrast to the i Pad's 9.7-inch screen. [145] These launches were successful, with the i Phone 5 (released September 21, 2012) becoming Apple's biggest i Phone launch with over two million pre-orders [146] and sales of three million i Pads in three days following the launch of the i Pad Mini and fourth generation i Pad (released November 3, 2012). [147] Apple also released a third-generation 13-inch Mac Book Pro with a Retina display and new i Mac and Mac Mini computers. [144] [145] [148]On August 20, 2012, Apple's rising stock price increased the company's market capitalization to a world-record $624 billion. This beat the non-inflation-adjusted record for market capitalization set by Microsoft in 1999. [149] On August 24, 2012, a US jury ruled that Samsung should pay Apple $1.05 billion (£665m) in damages in an intellectual property lawsuit. [150] Samsung appealed the damages award, which the Court reduced by $450 million. [151] The Court further granted Samsung's request for a new trial. [151] On November 10, 2012, Apple confirmed a global settlement that would dismiss all lawsuits between Apple and HTC up to that date, in favor of a ten-year license agreement for current and future patents between the two companies. [152] It is predicted that Apple will make $280 million a year from this deal with HTC. [153]A previously confidential email written by Jobs a year before his death was presented during the proceedings of the Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. lawsuits and became publicly available in early April 2014. With a subject line that reads "Top 100 – A," the email was sent only to the company's 100 most senior employees and outlines Jobs's vision of Apple Inc.'s future under 10 subheadings. Notably, Jobs declares a "Holy War with Google" for 2011 and schedules a "new campus" for 2015. [154]In March 2013, Apple filed a patent for an augmented reality (AR) system that can identify objects in a live video stream and present information corresponding to these objects through a computer-generated information layer overlaid on top of the real-world image. [155] The company also made several high-profile hiring decisions in 2013. On July 2, 2013, Apple recruited Paul Deneve, Belgian President and CEO of Yves Saint Laurent as a vice president reporting directly to Tim Cook. [156] A mid-October 2013 announcement revealed that Burberry executive Angela Ahrendts will commence as a senior vice president at Apple in mid-2014. Ahrendts oversaw Burberry's digital strategy for almost eight years and, during her tenure, sales increased to about US$3.2 billion and shares gained more than threefold. [157]Alongside Google vice-president Vint Cerf and AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson, Cook attended a closed-door summit held by President Obama on August 8, 2013, in regard to government surveillance and the Internet in the wake of the Edward Snowden NSA incident. [158] [159] On February 4, 2014, Cook met with Abdullah Gül, the President of Turkey, in Ankara to discuss the company's involvement in the Fatih project. [160]In the first quarter of 2014, Apple reported sales of 51 million i Phones and 26 million i Pads, becoming all-time quarterly sales records. It also experienced a significant year-over-year increase in Mac sales. This was contrasted with a significant drop in i Pod sales. [161] [162] In May 2014, the company confirmed its intent to acquire Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine 's audio company Beats Electronics —producer of the "Beats by Dr. Dre" line of headphones and speaker products, and operator of the music streaming service Beats Music —for $3 billion, and to sell their products through Apple's retail outlets and resellers. Iovine felt that Beats had always "belonged" with Apple, as the company modeled itself after Apple's "unmatched ability to marry culture and technology." The acquisition was the largest purchase in Apple's history. [163] [164]Apple has been at the top of Interbrand 's annual Best Global Brands report for 4 years in a row; 2013, [165] 2014, [166] 2015, [167] and 2016, with a valuation of $178.1 billion. [168]In January 2016, it was announced that one billion Apple devices are in active use worldwide. [169] [170]On May 12, 2016, Apple Inc., invested US$ 1 billion in Didi Chuxing, a Chinese competitor to Uber. [171] [172] [173]The Information reported in October 2016 that Apple had taken a board seat in Didi Chuxing, [174] a move that James Vincent of The Verge speculated could be a strategic company decision by Apple to get closer to the automobile industry, [175] particularly Didi Chuxing's reported interest in self-driving cars. [176]On June 6, 2016, Forbes released their list of companies ranked on revenue generation. In the trailing fiscal year, Apple appeared on the list as the top tech company. [177] It ranked third, overall, with $233 billion in revenue. [177] This represents a movement upward of two spots from the previous year's list. [177]On April 6, 2017, Apple launched Clips, an app that allows i Pad and i Phone users to make and edit videos. The app provides a way to produce short videos to share with other users on the Messages app, Instagram, Facebook and other social networks. Apple also introduced Live Titles for Clips that allows users to add live animated captions and titles using their voice. [178]In May 2017, Apple refreshed two of its website designs. Its public relations "Apple Press Info" website was changed to an "Apple Newsroom" site, featuring a greater emphasis on imagery and therefore lower information density, and combines press releases, news items and photos. Its "Apple Leadership" overview of company executives was also refreshed, adding a simpler layout with a prominent header image and two-column text fields. 9to5Mac noted the design similarities to several of Apple's redesigned apps in i OS 10, particularly its Apple Music and News software. [179]In June 2017, Apple announced the Home Pod, its smart speaker aimed to compete against Sonos and Amazon Echo. [180] Towards the end of the year, Tech Crunch reported that Apple was acquiring Shazam, a company specializing in music, TV, film and advertising recognition. [181] The acquisition was confirmed a few days later, reportedly costing Apple $400 million, with media reports noting that the purchase looked like a move by Apple to get data and tools to bolster its Apple Music streaming service. [182]Products See also: Timeline of Apple Inc. products Mac Main article: Macintosh See also: Timeline of Macintosh models, List of Macintosh models grouped by CPU type, and List of Macintosh models by case type Macs currently in production:i Mac: Consumer all-in-one desktop computer, introduced in 1998. Mac Mini: Consumer sub-desktop computer, introduced in 2005. Mac Book: Consumer ultra-thin, ultra-portable notebook, introduced in 2006 and relaunched in 2015. Mac Book Pro: Professional notebook, introduced in 2006. Mac Pro: Workstation desktop computer, introduced in 2006. Mac Book Air: Consumer ultra-thin, ultra-portable notebook, introduced in 2008. Apple sells a variety of computer accessories for Macs, including Thunderbolt Display, Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad, Magic Keyboard, the Air Port wireless networking products, and Time Capsule.i Pod Main article: i Pod From left to right: i Pod Shuffle, i Pod Nano, i Pod Touch. On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the i Pod digital music player. Several updated models have since been introduced, and the i Pod brand is now the market leader in portable music players by a significant margin. More than 350 million units have shipped as of September 2012. [183] Apple has partnered with Nike to offer the Nike+i Pod Sports Kit, enabling runners to synchronize and monitor their runs with i Tunes and the Nike+ website. In late July 2017, Apple discontinued its i Pod Nano and i Pod Shuffle models, leaving only the i Pod Touch available for purchase. [184] [185] [186]i Phone Main article: i Phone The first-generation i Phone, 3G, 4, 5, 5C and 5S to scale. At the Macworld Conference & Expo in January 2007, Steve Jobs introduced the long-anticipated [187] i Phone, a convergence of an Internet-enabled smartphone and i Pod. [188] The first-generation i Phone was released on June 29, 2007, for $499 (4 GB) and $599 (8 GB) with an AT&T contract. [189] On February 5, 2008, it was updated to have 16 GB of memory, in addition to the 8 GB and 4 GB models. [190] It combined a 2.5G quad band GSM and EDGE cellular phone with features found in handheld devices, running scaled-down versions of Apple's Mac OS X (dubbed i Phone OS, later renamed i OS ), with various Mac OS X applications such as Safari and Mail. It also includes web-based and Dashboard apps such as Google Maps and Weather. The i Phone features a 3.5-inch (89 mm) touchscreen display, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi (both "b" and "g"). [188]A second version, the i Phone 3G, was released on July 11, 2008, with a reduced price of $199 for the 8 GB version and $299 for the 16 GB version. [191] This version added support for 3G networking and assisted GPS navigation. The flat silver back and large antenna square of the original model were eliminated in favor of a glossy, curved black or white back. Software capabilities were improved with the release of the App Store, which provided i Phone-compatible applications to download. On April 24, 2009, the App Store [192] surpassed one billion downloads. [193] On June 8, 2009, Apple announced the i Phone 3GS. It provided an incremental update to the device, including faster internal components, support for faster 3G speeds, video recording capability, and voice control. At the Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 7, 2010, Apple announced the redesigned i Phone 4. [194] It featured a 960 × 640 display, the Apple A4 processor, a gyroscope for enhanced gaming, a 5MP camera with LED flash, front-facing VGA camera and Face Time video calling. Shortly after its release, reception issues were discovered by consumers, due to the stainless steel band around the edge of the device, which also serves as the phone's cellular signal and Wi-Fi antenna. The issue was corrected by a "Bumper Case" distributed by Apple for free to all owners for a few months. In June 2011, Apple overtook Nokia to become the world's biggest smartphone maker by volume. [195] On October 4, 2011, Apple unveiled the i Phone 4S, which was first released on October 14, 2011. [196] It features the Apple A5 processor and Siri voice assistant technology, the latter of which Apple had acquired in 2010. [197] It also features an updated 8MP camera with new optics. Apple began a new accessibility feature, Made for i Phone Hearing Aids with the i Phone 4S. [198] Made for i Phone Hearing Aids feature Live Listen, it can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across the room. [199] Apple sold 4 million i Phone 4S phones in the first three days of availability. [200]On September 12, 2012, Apple introduced the i Phone 5. [201] It has a 4-inch display, 4G LTE connectivity, and the upgraded Apple A6 chip, among several other improvements. [202] Two million i Phones were sold in the first twenty-four hours of pre-ordering [203] and over five million handsets were sold in the first three days of its launch. [204] Upon the launch of the i Phone 5S and i Phone 5C, Apple set a new record for first-weekend smartphone sales by selling over nine million devices in the first three days of its launch. [205] The release of the i Phone 5S and 5C was the first time that Apple simultaneously launched two models. [206]A patent filed in July 2013 revealed the development of a new i Phone battery system that uses location data in combination with data on the user's habits to moderate the handsets power settings accordingly. Apple is working towards a power management system that will provide features such as the ability of the i Phone to estimate the length of time a user will be away from a power source to modify energy usage and a detection function that adjusts the charging rate to best suit the type of power source that is being used. [207]In a March 2014 interview, Apple designer Jonathan Ive used the i Phone as an example of Apple's ethos of creating high-quality, life-changing products. He explained that the phones are comparatively expensive due to the intensive effort that is used to make them: We don't take so long and make the way we make for fiscal reasons ... Quite the reverse. The body is made from a single piece of machined aluminium ... The whole thing is polished first to a mirror finish and then is very finely textured, except for the Apple logo. The chamfers [smoothed-off edges] are cut with diamond-tipped cutters. The cutters don't usually last very long, so we had to figure out a way of mass-manufacturing long-lasting ones. The camera cover is sapphire crystal. Look at the details around the SIM-card slot. It's extraordinary! [61]On September 9, 2014, Apple introduced the i Phone 6, alongside the i Phone 6 Plus that both have screen sizes over 4-inches. [208] One year later, Apple introduced the i Phone 6S, and i Phone 6S Plus, which introduced a new technology called 3D Touch, including an increase of the rear camera to 12 MP, and the Face Time camera to 5 MP. [209] On March 21, 2016, Apple introduced the i Phone SE that has a 4-inch screen size last used with the 5S and has nearly the same internal hardware as the 6S. [210]In July 2016, Apple announced that one billion i Phones had been sold. [211] [212]On September 7, 2016, Apple introduced the i Phone 7 and the i Phone 7 Plus, which feature improved system and graphics performance, add water resistance, a new rear dual-camera system on the 7 Plus model, and, controversially, remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack. [213] [214]A silver i Phone 8 alongside a gold 8 Plus. On September 12, 2017, Apple introduced the i Phone 8 and i Phone 8 Plus, standing as evolutionary updates to its previous phones with a faster processor, improved display technology and upgraded camera systems. [215] The company also announced i Phone X, which radically changes the hardware of the i Phone lineup, removing the home button in favor of facial recognition technology and featuring a near bezel-less design along with introducing wireless charging. [216] [217]i Pad Main article: i Padi Pad Air 2 in Gold On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced their much-anticipated media tablet, the i Pad. [218] [219] It offers multi-touch interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, e-books, photos, videos, music, word processing documents, video games, and most existing i Phone apps using a 9.7-inch screen. [220] It also includes a mobile version of Safari for web browsing, as well as access to the App Store, i Tunes Library, i Bookstore, Contacts, and Notes. Content is downloadable via Wi-Fi and optional 3G service or synced through the user's computer. [221] AT&T was initially the sole U. S. provider of 3G wireless access for the i Pad. [222]On March 2, 2011, Apple introduced the i Pad 2, which had a faster processor and a camera on the front and back. It also added support for optional 3G service provided by Verizon in addition to AT&T. [223] The availability of the i Pad 2 was initially limited as a result of a devastating earthquake and tsunami in Japan in March 2011. [224]The third-generation i Pad was released on March 7, 2012, and marketed as " the new i Pad ". It added LTE service from AT&T or Verizon, an upgraded A5X processor, and Retina display. The dimensions and form factor remained relatively unchanged, with the new i Pad being a fraction thicker and heavier than the previous version and featuring minor positioning changes. [225]On October 23, 2012, Apple's fourth-generation i Pad came out, marketed as the " i Pad with Retina display ". It added the upgraded A6X processor and replaced the traditional 30-pin dock connector with the all-digital Lightning connector. [226] The i Pad Mini was also introduced. It featured a reduced 7.9-inch display and much of the same internal specifications as the i Pad 2. [227]On October 22, 2013, Apple introduced the i Pad Air and the i Pad Mini with Retina Display, both featuring a new 64-bit Apple A7 processor. [228]The i Pad Air 2 was unveiled on October 16, 2014. It added better graphics and central processing and a camera burst mode as well as minor updates. The i Pad Mini 3 was unveiled at the same time. [228]Since its launch, i Pad users have downloaded over three billion apps. The total number of App Store downloads, as of June 2015, is over 100 billion. [229]On September 9, 2015, Apple announced the i Pad Pro, an i Pad with a 12.9-inch display that supports two new accessories, the Smart Keyboard and Apple Pencil. [230] An updated IPad Mini 4 was announced at the same time. [231] A 9.7-inch i Pad Pro was announced on March 21, 2016. [232] On June 5, 2017, Apple announced a new i Pad Pro with a 10.5-inch display to replace the 9.7 inch model and an updated 12.9-inch model. [233]Apple Watch Main article: Apple Watch The Apple Watch quickly became the best-selling wearable device, with the shipment of 11.4 million smart watches in the first half of 2015, according to analyst firm Canalys. [234]The original Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook on September 9, 2014, being introduced as a product with health and fitness-tracking. [235] [236] It was released on April 24, 2015. [237] [238] [239]The second generation of Apple Watch, Apple Watch Series 2, was released in September 2016, featuring greater water resistance, a faster processor, and brighter display. [240]On September 12, 2017, Apple introduced Apple Watch Series 3 featuring LTE cellular connectivity, giving the wearable independence from an i Phone [241] except for the setup process. [242]Apple TVMain article: Apple TVAt the 2007 Macworld conference, Jobs demonstrated the Apple TV (previously known as the i TV), [243] a set-top video device intended to bridge the sale of content from i Tunes with high-definition televisions. The device links up to a user's TV and syncs, either via Wi-Fi or a wired network, with one computer's i Tunes library and streams content from an additional four. The Apple TV originally incorporated a 40 GB hard drive for storage, included outputs for HDMI and component video, and played video at a maximum resolution of 720p. [98] On May 30, 2007, a 160 GB hard disk drive was released alongside the existing 40 GB model. [244] A software update released on January 15, 2008, allowed media to be purchased directly from the Apple TV. [245]In September 2009, Apple discontinued the original 40 GB Apple TV and now continues to produce and sell the 160 GB Apple TV. On September 1, 2010, Apple released a completely redesigned Apple TV. The new device is 1/4 the size, runs quieter, and replaces the need for a hard drive with media streaming from any i Tunes library on the network along with 8 GB of flash memory to cache media downloaded. Like the i Pad and the i Phone, Apple TV runs on an A4 processor. The memory included in the device is half of that in the i Phone 4 at 256 MB; the same as the i Pad, i Phone 3GS, third and fourth-generation i Pod Touch. [246]It has HDMI out as the only video out source. Features include access to the i Tunes Store to rent movies and TV shows (purchasing has been discontinued), streaming from internet video sources, including You Tube and Netflix, and media streaming from an i Tunes library. Apple also reduced the price of the device to $99. A third generation of the device was introduced at an Apple event on March 7, 2012, with new features such as higher resolution (1080p) and a new user interface. At the September 9, 2015, event, Apple unveiled an overhauled Apple TV, which now runs a variant of mac OS, called tv OS, and contains 32GB or 64 GB of NAND Flash to store games, programs, and to cache the current media playing. The release also coincided with the opening of a separate Apple TV App Store and a new Siri Remote with a glass touchpad, gyroscope, and microphone. At the September 12, 2017 event, Apple released a new 4K Apple TV with the same form factor as the 4th Generation model. The 4K model is powered by the A10X So C designed in-house that also powers their second-generation i Pad Pro. The 4K model also has support for high dynamic range. Home Pod A white Home Pod on display Apple's first smart speaker, the Home Pod was released on February 9th, 2018 after being delayed from its initial December 2017 release. It also features 7 tweeters in the base, a four-inch woofer in the top, and six microphones for voice control and acoustic optimization [247] [248] [249]Software Apple Worldwide Developers Conference is held annually by Apple to showcase its new software and technologies for software developers. Apple develops its own operating systems to run on its devices, including mac OS for Mac personal computers, [250] i OS for its i Phone, i Pad and i Pod Touch smartphones and tablets, [251] watch OS for its Apple Watch smartwatches, [252] and tv OS for its Apple TV digital media player. [253]For i OS and mac OS, Apple also develops its own software titles, including Pages for writing, Numbers for spreadsheets, and Keynote for presentations, as part of its i Work productivity suite. [254] For mac OS, it also offers i Movie and Final Cut Pro X for video editing, [255] and Garage Band and Logic Pro X for music creation. [256]Apple's range of server software includes the operating system mac OS Server; [257]Apple Remote Desktop, a remote systems management application; [258] and Xsan, a storage area network file system. [257]Apple also offers online services with i Cloud, which provides cloud storage and synchronization for a wide range of user data, including documents, photos, music, device backups, and application data, [259] and Apple Music, its music and video streaming service. [260]Electric vehicles Main article: Apple electric car project According to the Sydney Morning Herald, Apple wants to start producing an electric car with autonomous driving as soon as 2020. Apple has made efforts to recruit battery development engineers and other electric automobile engineers from A123 Systems, LG Chem, Samsung Electronics, Panasonic, Toshiba, Johnson Controls and Tesla Motors. [261]Apple Energy Apple Energy, LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Apple Inc. that sells solar energy. As of June 6, 2016, Apple's solar farms in California and Nevada have been declared to provide 217.9 megawatts of solar generation capacity. [262] [263] In addition to the company's solar energy production, Apple has received regulatory approval to construct a landfill gas energy plant in North Carolina. Apple will use the methane emissions to generate electricity. [264] Apple's North Carolina data center is already powered entirely with energy from renewable sources. [265]Corporate identity Logo First Apple logo (1976–77) [266]First official logo (1977–98) [266]Apple third logo (1998–03) [266]Current logo (2003–present) [266]See also: Typography of Apple Inc."Apple logo" redirects here. For the programming language, see Apple Logo. According to Steve Jobs, the company's name was inspired by his visit to an apple farm while on a fruitarian diet. Jobs thought the name "Apple" was "fun, spirited and not intimidating". [267]Apple's first logo, designed by Ron Wayne, depicts Sir Isaac Newton sitting under an apple tree. It was almost immediately replaced by Rob Janoff 's "rainbow Apple", the now-familiar rainbow-colored silhouette of an apple with a bite taken out of it. Janoff presented Jobs with several different monochromatic themes for the "bitten" logo, and Jobs immediately took a liking to it. However, Jobs insisted that the logo be colorized to humanize the company. [268] [269] The logo was designed with a bite so that it would not be confused with a cherry. [270] The colored stripes were conceived to make the logo more accessible, and to represent the fact the Apple II could generate graphics in color. [270] This logo is often erroneously referred to as a tribute to Alan Turing, with the bite mark a reference to his method of suicide. [271] [272] Both Janoff and Apple deny any homage to Turing in the design of the logo. [270] [273]On August 27, 1999 [274] (the year following the introduction of the i Mac G3 ), Apple officially dropped the rainbow scheme and began to use monochromatic logos nearly identical in shape to the previous rainbow incarnation. An Aqua -themed version of the monochrome logo was used from 1998 to 2003, and a glass-themed version was used from 2007 to 2013. [275]Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were Beatles fans, [276] [277] but Apple Inc. had name and logo trademark issues with Apple Corps Ltd., a multimedia company started by the Beatles in 1967. This resulted in a series of lawsuits and tension between the two companies. These issues ended with the settling of their lawsuit in 2007. [278]Advertising Main article: Apple Inc. advertising Apple's first slogan, " Byte into an Apple", was coined in the late 1970s. [279] From 1997 to 2002, the slogan " Think Different " was used in advertising campaigns, and is still closely associated with Apple. [280] Apple also has slogans for specific product lines — for example, "i Think, therefore i Mac" was used in 1998 to promote the i Mac, [281] and "Say hello to i Phone" has been used in i Phone advertisements. [282] "Hello" was also used to introduce the original Macintosh, Newton, i Mac ("hello (again)"), and i Pod. [283]From the introduction of the Macintosh in 1984, with the 1984 Super Bowl commercial to the more modern ' Get a Mac ' adverts, Apple has been recognized for its efforts towards effective advertising and marketing for its products. However, claims made by later campaigns were criticized, [284] particularly the 2005 Power Mac ads. [285] Apple's product commercials gained a lot of attention as a result of their eye-popping graphics and catchy tunes. [286] Musicians who benefited from an improved profile as a result of their songs being included on Apple commercials include Canadian singer Feist with the song " 1234 " and Yael Naïm with the song " New Soul ". [286]Apple owns a You Tube channel where they release advertisements, tips, and introductions for their devices. [287] [288]Brand loyalty"The scenes I witnessed at the opening of the new Apple store in London's Covent Garden were more like an evangelical prayer meeting than a chance to buy a phone or a laptop. "— Alex Riley, writing for the BBC [289]Apple customers gained a reputation for devotion and loyalty early in the company's history. BYTE in 1984 stated that [290]There are two kinds of people in the world: people who say Apple isn't just a company, it's a cause; and people who say Apple isn't a cause, it's just a company. Both groups are right. Nature has suspended the principle of noncontradiction where Apple is concerned. Apple is more than just a company because its founding has some of the qualities of myth ... Apple is two guys in a garage undertaking the mission of bringing computing power, once reserved for big corporations, to ordinary individuals with ordinary budgets. The company's growth from two guys to a billion-dollar corporation exemplifies the American Dream. Even as a large corporation, Apple plays David to IBM's Goliath, and thus has the sympathetic role in that myth. Apple aficionados wait in line around an Apple Store in Shanghai in anticipation of a new product. Apple evangelists were actively engaged by the company at one time, but this was after the phenomenon had already been firmly established. Apple evangelist Guy Kawasaki has called the brand fanaticism "something that was stumbled upon," [291] while Ive explained in 2014 that "People have an incredibly personal relationship" with Apple's products. [61] Apple Store openings and new product releases can draw crowds of hundreds, with some waiting in line as much as a day before the opening. [292] [293] [294] [295] The opening of New York City 's Fifth Avenue "Cube" store in 2006 became the setting of a marriage proposal, and had visitors from Europe who flew in for the event. [296] In June 2017, a newlywed couple took their wedding photos inside the then-recently opened Orchard Road Apple Store in Singapore. [297] [298] The high level of brand loyalty has been criticized and ridiculed, applying the epithet " Apple fanboy " and mocking the lengthy lines before a product launch. [299] An internal memo leaked in 2015 suggested the company planned to discourage long lines and direct customers to purchase its products on its website. [300]Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012. [301] [302] [303] [304] [305] On September 30, 2013, Apple surpassed Coca-Cola to become the world's most valuable brand in the Omnicom Group 's "Best Global Brands" report. [306] Boston Consulting Group has ranked Apple as the world's most innovative brand every year since 2005. [307]The New York Times in 1985 stated that "Apple above all else is a marketing company". [308] John Sculley agreed, telling The Guardian newspaper in 1997 that "People talk about technology, but Apple was a marketing company. It was the marketing company of the decade." [309] Research in 2002 by Net Ratings indicate that the average Apple consumer was usually more affluent and better educated than other PC company consumers. The research indicated that this correlation could stem from the fact that on average Apple Inc. products were more expensive than other PC products. [310] [311]In response to a query about the devotion of loyal Apple consumers, Jonathan Ive responded: What people are responding to is much bigger than the object. They are responding to something rare—a group of people who do more than simply make something work, they make the very best products they possibly can. It's a demonstration against thoughtlessness and carelessness. [61]Home page The Apple website home page has been used to commemorate, or pay tribute to, milestones and events outside of Apple's product offerings:2018: Martin Luther King Jr. [312]2017: Martin Luther King Jr. [313]2016: Muhammad Ali [314]2016: Bill Campbell (board member and friend) [315]2016: Martin Luther King Jr. [316]2014: Robin Williams [317]2015: Martin Luther King Jr. [318]2013: Nelson Mandela [319]2012: Steve Jobs [320]2011: Steve Jobs [321]2010: Jerome B. York (board member) [322]2007: Al Gore (board member in honor of his Nobel Peace Prize) [323]2005: Rosa Parks [324]2003: Gregory Hines [325]2001: George Harrison [326]Headquarters Main article: Apple Campus See also: Apple Park Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of Silicon Valley, at 1–6 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California. This Apple campus has six buildings that total 850,000 square feet (79,000 m 2) and was built in 1993 by Sobrato Development Cos. [327]Apple has a satellite campus in neighboring Sunnyvale, California, where it houses a testing and research laboratory. [328]Apple Insider published article in March 2014 claiming that Apple has a tucked away a top-secret facility where is developing the SG5 electric vehicle project codenamed "Titan" under the shell company name Sixty Eight Research. [329]External view of the Steve Jobs Theater at Apple Park in Cupertino, California, USA. Taken before the beginning of Apple's first shareholder meeting held in the theater. In 2006, Apple announced its intention to build a second campus in Cupertino about 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the current campus and next to Interstate 280. [330] The new campus building has been designed by Norman Foster. [331] The Cupertino City Council approved the proposed "spaceship" design campus on October 15, 2013, after a 2011 presentation by Jobs detailing the architectural design of the new building and its environs. The new campus is planned to house up to 13,000 employees in one central, four-storied, circular building surrounded by extensive landscape. It will feature a café with room for 3,000 sitting people and parking underground as well as in a parking structure. The 2.8 million square foot facility will also include Jobs's original designs for a fitness center and a corporate auditorium. [332]Panorama of the Auditorium in the Steve Jobs Theater at Apple Park in Cupertino, California, USA. Taken before the beginning of Apple's first shareholder meeting held in the theater. Apple has expanded its campuses in Austin, Texas concurrently with building Apple Park in Cupertino. The expansion consists of two locations, with one having 1.1 million square feet of workspace, and the other 216,000 square feet. [333] At the biggest location, 6,000 employees work on technical support, manage Apple's network of suppliers to fulfill product shipments, aid in maintaining i Tunes Store and App Store, handle economy, and continuously update Apple Maps with new data. At its smaller campus, 500 engineers work on next-generation processor chips to run in future Apple products. [334]Apple's headquarters for Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) are located in Cork in the south of Ireland. [335] [336] [337] [338] [339] [340] [341] The facility, which opened in 1980, was Apple's first location outside of the United States. [342] Apple Sales International, which deals with all of Apple's international sales outside of the USA, is located at Apple's campus in Cork [343] along with Apple Distribution International, which similarly deals with Apple's international distribution network. [344] On April 20, 2012, Apple added 500 new jobs at its European headquarters, increasing the total workforce from around 2,800 to 3,300 employees. [332] [336] [345] The company will build a new office block on its Hollyhill Campus to accommodate the additional staff. [346] Its United Kingdom headquarters is at Stockley Park on the outskirts of London. [347]In February 2015, Apple opened their new 180,000-square-foot headquarters in Herzliya, Israel, which will accommodate approximately 800 employees. This opening was Apple's third office located within Israel; the first, also in Herzliya, was obtained as part of the Anobit acquisition, and the other is a research center in Haifa. [348] [349]In December 2015, Apple bought the 70,000-square-foot manufacturing facility in North San Jose previously used by Maxim Integrated, in an $18.2 million deal. [350] [351]Stores Main article: Apple Store The first Apple Stores were originally opened as two locations in May 2001 by then- CEO Steve Jobs, [352] after years of attempting but failing store-within-a-store concepts. [353] Seeing a need for improved retail presentation of the company's products, he began an effort in 1997 to revamp the retail program to get an improved relationship to consumers, and hired Ron Johnson in 2000. [353] Jobs relaunched Apple's online store in 1997, [354] and opened the first two physical stores in 2001. [352] Despite initial media speculation that Apple would fail, [355] its stores were highly successful, bypassing the sales numbers of competing nearby stores and within three years reached US$1 billion in annual sales, becoming the fastest retailer in history to do so. [355] Over the years, Apple has expanded the number of retail locations and its geographical coverage, with 499 stores across 22 countries worldwide as of December 2017. [356] Strong product sales have placed Apple among the top-tier retail stores, with sales over $16 billion globally in 2011. [357]In May 2016, Angela Ahrendts, Apple's current Senior Vice President of Retail, unveiled a significantly redesigned Apple Store in Union Square, San Francisco, featuring large glass doors for the entry, open spaces, and rebranded rooms. In addition to purchasing products, consumers can get advice and help from "Creative Pros" – individuals with specialized knowledge of creative arts; get product support in a tree-lined Genius Grove; and attend sessions, conferences and community events, [358] [359] with Ahrendts commenting that the goal is to make Apple Stores into "town squares", a place where people naturally meet up and spend time. [360] The new design will be applied to all Apple Stores worldwide, [361] a process that has seen stores temporarily relocate [362] or close. [363]Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls, but Apple has built several stand-alone "flagship" stores in high-profile locations. [353] It has been granted design patents and received architectural awards for its stores' designs and construction, specifically for its use of glass staircases and cubes. [364] The success of Apple Stores have had significant influence over other consumer electronics retailers, who have lost traffic, control and profits due to a perceived higher quality of service and products at Apple Stores. [365] [366] Apple's notable brand loyalty among consumers causes long lines of hundreds of people at new Apple Store openings or product releases. [292] [293] [294] [295] Due to the popularity of the brand, Apple receives a large number of job applications, many of which come from young workers. [357] Although Apple Store employees receive above-average pay, are offered money toward education and health care, and receive product discounts, [357] there are limited or no paths of career advancement. [357] A May 2016 report with an anonymous retail employee highlighted a hostile work environment with harassment from customers, intense internal criticism, and a lack of significant bonuses for securing major business contracts. [367]Apple stores Apple's new store design in Union Square, San Francisco New store design in New Town Plaza, Hong Kong Fifth Avenue, New York City London Paris Sydney IFC mall store in Hong Kong Barcelona Ts UM store in Moscow Abu Dhabi Corporate affairs See also: List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple, Braeburn Capital, and File Maker Inc. Corporate culture Universities with the most alumni at Apple Apple was one of several highly successful companies founded in the 1970s that bucked the traditional notions of corporate culture. Jobs often walked around the office barefoot even after Apple became a Fortune 500 company. By the time of the "1984" television commercial, Apple's informal culture had become a key trait that differentiated it from its competitors. [368] According to a 2011 report in Fortune, this has resulted in a corporate culture more akin to a startup rather than a multinational corporation. [369]As the company has grown and been led by a series of differently opinionated chief executives, it has arguably lost some of its original character. Nonetheless, it has maintained a reputation for fostering individuality and excellence that reliably attracts talented workers, particularly after Jobs returned to the company. Numerous Apple employees have stated that projects without Jobs's involvement often took longer than projects with it. [370]To recognize the best of its employees, Apple created the Apple Fellows program which awards individuals who make extraordinary technical or leadership contributions to personal computing while at the company. The Apple Fellowship has so far been awarded to individuals including Bill Atkinson, [371] Steve Capps, [372]Rod Holt, [371] Alan Kay, [373] [374] Guy Kawasaki, [373] [375] Al Alcorn, [376] Don Norman, [373] Rich Page, [371] and Steve Wozniak. [371]Steve Wozniak and Andy Hertzfeld in 1985At Apple, employees are specialists who are not exposed to functions outside their area of expertise. Jobs saw this as a means of having "best-in-class" employees in every role. For instance, Ron Johnson —Senior Vice President of Retail Operations until November 1, 2011—was responsible for site selection, in-store service, and store layout, yet had no control of the inventory in his stores (this was done by Cook, who had a background in supply-chain management). [377] Apple is also known for strictly enforcing accountability. Each project has a "directly responsible individual," or "DRI" in Apple jargon. [369] As an example, when i OS senior vice president Scott Forstall refused to sign Apple's official apology for numerous errors in the redesigned Maps app, he was forced to resign. [378] Unlike other major U. S. companies Apple provides a relatively simple compensation policy for executives that does not include perks enjoyed by other CEOs like country club fees or private use of company aircraft. The company typically grants stock options to executives every other year. [379]In 2015, Apple had 110,000 full-time employees. This increased to 116,000 full-time employees the next year, a notable hiring decrease, largely due to its first revenue decline. Apple does not specify how many of its employees work in retail, though its 2014 SEC filing put the number at approximately half of its employee base. [380] In September 2017, Apple announced that it had over 123,000 full-time employees. [381]Apple has a strong culture of corporate secrecy, and has an anti- leak Global Security team that recruits from the National Security Agency, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Secret Service. [382] [383] [384]In December 2017, Glassdoor named Facebook the best place to work, according to reviews from anonymous employees, with Apple dropping to 48th place, having originally entered at rank 19 in 2009, peaking at rank 10 in 2012, and falling down the ranks in subsequent years. [385] [386]Lack of innovation An editorial article in The Verge in September 2016 by technology journalist Thomas Ricker explored some of the public's perceived lack of innovation at Apple in recent years, specifically stating that Samsung has "matched and even surpassed Apple in terms of smartphone industrial design" and citing the belief that Apple is incapable of producing another breakthrough moment in technology with its products. He goes on to write that the criticism focuses on individual pieces of hardware rather than the ecosystem as a whole, stating "Yes, iteration is boring. But it's also how Apple does business. [...] It enters a new market and then refines and refines and continues refining until it yields a success". He acknowledges that people are wishing for the "excitement of revolution", but argues that people want "the comfort that comes with harmony". Furthermore, he writes that "a device is only the starting point of an experience that will ultimately be ruled by the ecosystem in which it was spawned", referring to how decent hardware products can still fail without a proper ecosystem (specifically mentioning that Walkman didn't have an ecosystem to keep users from leaving once something better came along), but how Apple devices in different hardware segments are able to communicate and cooperate through the i Cloud cloud service with features including Universal Clipboard (in which text copied on one device can be pasted on a different device) as well as inter-connected device functionality including Auto Unlock (in which an Apple Watch can unlock a Mac in close proximity). He argues that Apple's ecosystem is its greatest innovation. [387]The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2017 that Apple's increased reliance on Siri, its virtual personal assistant, has raised questions about how much Apple can actually accomplish in terms of functionality. Whereas Google and Amazon make use of big data and analyze customer information to personalize results, Apple has a strong pro-privacy stance, intentionally not retaining user data. "Siri is a textbook of leading on something in tech and then losing an edge despite having all the money and the talent and sitting in Silicon Valley", Holger Mueller, a technology analyst, told the Journal. The report further claims that development on Siri has suffered due to team members and executives leaving the company for competitors, a lack of ambitious goals, and shifting strategies. Despite switching Siri's functions to machine learning and algorithms, which dramatically cut its error rate, the company reportedly still failed to anticipate the popularity of Amazon's Echo, which features the Alexa personal assistant. Improvements to Siri stalled, executives clashed, and there were disagreements over the restrictions imposed on third-party app interactions. While Apple acquired an England-based startup specializing in conversational assistants, Google's Assistant had already become capable of helping users select Wi-Fi networks by voice, and Siri was lagging in functionality. [388] [389]In December 2017, two articles from The Verge and ZDNet debated what had been a particularly devastating week for Apple's mac OS and i OS software platforms. The former had experienced a severe security vulnerability, in which Macs running the then-latest mac OS High Sierra software were vulnerable to a bug that let anyone gain administrator privileges by entering "root" as the username in system prompts, leaving the password field empty and twice clicking "unlock", gaining full access. [390] The bug was publicly disclosed on Twitter, rather than through proper bug bounty programs. [391] Apple released a security fix within a day and issued an apology, stating that "regrettably we stumbled" in regards to the security of the latest updates. [392] After installing the security patch, however, file sharing was broken for users, with Apple releasing a support document with instructions to separately fix that issue. [393] Despite its promise of "auditing our development processes to help prevent this from happening again", users who installed the security update while running the older 10.13.0 version of the High Sierra operating system rather than the then-newest 10.13.1 release experienced that the "root" security vulnerability was re-introduced, and persisted even after fully updating their systems. [394] On i OS, a date bug caused i OS devices that received local app notifications at 12:15am on December 2, 2017 to repeatedly restart. [395] Users were recommended to turn off notifications for their apps. [396] Apple quickly released an update, done during the nighttime in Cupertino, California time [397] [398] and outside of their usual software release window, [399] with one of the headlining features of the update needing to be delayed for a few days. [400] [401] The combined problems of the week on both mac OS and i OS caused The Verge ' s Tom Warren to call it a "nightmare" for Apple's software engineers and described it as a significant lapse in Apple's ability to protect its more than 1 billion devices. [399] ZDNet ' s Adrian Kingsley-Hughes wrote that "it's hard to not come away from the last week with the feeling that Apple is slipping". [402] Kingsley-Hughes also concluded his piece by referencing an earlier article, in which he wrote that "As much as I don't want to bring up the tired old "Apple wouldn't have done this under Steve Jobs' watch" trope, a lot of what's happening at Apple lately is different from what the [ sic] came to expect under Jobs. Not to say that things didn't go wrong under his watch, but product announcements and launches felt a lot tighter for sure, as did the overall quality of what Apple was releasing." He did, however, also acknowledge that such failures "may indeed have happened" with Jobs in charge, though returning to the previous praise for Jobs' quality, stating "it's almost guaranteed that given his personality that heads would have rolled, which limits future failures". [402]Manufacturing The company's manufacturing, procurement and logistics enable it to execute massive product launches without having to maintain large, profit-sapping inventories. In 2011, Apple's profit margins were 40 percent, compared with between 10 and 20 percent for most other hardware companies. Cook's catchphrase to describe his focus on the company's operational arm is: "Nobody wants to buy sour milk". [130] [403]During the Mac's early history Apple generally refused to adopt prevailing industry standards for hardware, instead creating their own. [404] This trend was largely reversed in the late 1990s, beginning with Apple's adoption of the PCI bus in the 7500 / 8500 / 9500 Power Macs. Apple has since joined the industry standards groups to influence the future direction of technology standards such as USB, AGP, Hyper Transport, Wi-Fi, NVMe, PCIe and others in its products. Fire Wire is an Apple-originated standard that was widely adopted across the industry after it was standardized as IEEE 1394 and is a legally mandated port in all Cable TV boxes in the United States. [405]Apple has gradually expanded its efforts in getting its products into the Indian market. In July 2012, during a conference call with investors, CEO Tim Cook said that he " [loves] India", but that Apple saw larger opportunities outside the region. [406] India's requirement that 30% of products sold be manufactured in the country was described as "really adds cost to getting product to market". [407] In October 2013, Indian Apple executives unveiled a plan for selling devices through instalment plans and store-within-a-store concepts, in an effort to expand further into the market. The news followed Cook's acknowledgment of the country in July when sales results showed that i Phone sales in India grew 400% during the second quarter of 2013. [408] [409] In March 2016, The Times of India reported that Apple had sought permission from the Indian government to sell refurbished i Phones in the country. [410] [411] However, two months later, the application was rejected, citing official country policy. [412] [413] In May 2016, Apple opened an i OS app development center in Bangalore and a maps development office for 4,000 staff in Hyderabad. [414] [415] [416] [417] In February 2017, Apple once again requested permission to sell used i Phones in the country. [418] [419] The same month, Bloomberg reported that Apple was close to receiving permission to open its first retail store in the country. [420] [421] In March, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple would begin manufacturing i Phone models in India "over the next two months", [422] [423] and in May, the Journal wrote that an Apple manufacturer had begun production of i Phone SE in the country, [424] [425] while Apple told CNBC that the manufacturing was for a "small number" of units. [426] Reuters reported in December 2017, that Apple and the Indian government were clashing over planned increases to import taxes for components used in mobile phone production, with Apple having engaged in talks with government officials to try to delay the plans, but the Indian government sticking to its policies of no exemptions to its "Made in India" initiative. [427] [428] The import tax increases went into effect a few days later, with Apple being hurt the most out of all phone manufacturers, having nine of out ten phones imported into the country, whereas main smartphone competitor Samsung produces almost all of its devices locally. [429]In May 2017, the company announced a $1 billion funding project for "advanced manufacturing" in the United States, [430] [431] and subsequently invested $200 million in Corning Inc., a manufacturer of toughened Gorilla Glass technology used in its i Phone devices. [432] [433] The following December, Apple's chief operating officer, Jeff Williams, told CNBC that the "$1 billion" amount was "absolutely not" the final limit on its spending, elaborating that "We're not thinking in terms of a fund limit. ... We're thinking about, where are the opportunities across the U. S. to help nurture companies that are making the advanced technology — and the advanced manufacturing that goes with that — that quite frankly is essential to our innovation". [434] [435]Labor practices Further information: Criticism of Apple Inc. § Labor practices The company advertised its products as being made in America until the late 1990s; however, as a result of outsourcing initiatives in the 2000s, almost all of its manufacturing is now handled abroad. According to a report by The New York Times, Apple insiders "believe the vast scale of overseas factories as well as the flexibility, diligence and industrial skills of foreign workers have so outpaced their American counterparts that "Made in the U. S. A." is no longer a viable option for most Apple products". [436]In 2006, the Mail on Sunday reported on the working conditions of the Chinese factories where contract manufacturers Foxconn and Inventec produced the i Pod. [437] The article stated that one complex of factories that assembled the i Pod and other items had over 200,000 workers living and working within it. Employees regularly worked more than 60 hours per week and made around $100 per month. A little over half of the workers' earnings was required to pay for rent and food from the company. [438] [439] [440] [441]Apple immediately launched an investigation after the 2006 media report, and worked with their manufacturers to ensure acceptable working conditions. [442] In 2007, Apple started yearly audits of all its suppliers regarding worker's rights, slowly raising standards and pruning suppliers that did not comply. Yearly progress reports have been published since 2008. [443] In 2011, Apple admitted that its suppliers' child labor practices in China had worsened. [444]The Foxconn suicides occurred between January and November 2010, when 18 [445] Foxconn (Chinese: 富士康) employees attempted suicide, resulting in 14 deaths—the company was the world's largest contract electronics manufacturer, for clients including Apple, at the time. [445] [446] [447] The suicides drew media attention, and employment practices at Foxconn were investigated by Apple. [448] Apple issued a public statement about the suicides, and company spokesperson Steven Dowling said: [Apple is] saddened and upset by the recent suicides at Foxconn ... A team from Apple is independently evaluating the steps they are taking to address these tragic events and we will continue our ongoing inspections of the facilities where our products are made. [449]The statement was released after the results from the company's probe into its suppliers' labor practices were published in early 2010. Foxconn was not specifically named in the report, but Apple identified a series of serious labor violations of labor laws, including Apple's own rules, and some child labor existed in a number of factories. [449] Apple committed to the implementation of changes following the suicides. [450]Also in 2010, workers in China planned to sue i Phone contractors over poisoning by a cleaner used to clean LCD screens. One worker claimed that he and his coworkers had not been informed of possible occupational illnesses. [451] After a high suicide rate in a Foxconn facility in China making i Pads and i Phones, albeit a lower rate than that of China as a whole, [452] workers were forced to sign a legally binding document guaranteeing that they would not kill themselves. [453] Workers in factories producing Apple products have also been exposed to n- hexane, a neurotoxin that is a cheaper alternative than alcohol for cleaning the products. [454] [455] [456]A 2014 BBC investigation found excessive hours and other problems persisted, despite Apple's promise to reform factory practice after the 2010 Foxconn suicides. The Pegatron factory was once again the subject of review, as reporters gained access to the working conditions inside through recruitment as employees. While the BBC maintained that the experiences of its reporters showed that labor violations were continuing since 2010, Apple publicly disagreed with the BBC and stated: "We are aware of no other company doing as much as Apple to ensure fair and safe working conditions". [450]In December 2014, the Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights published a report which documented inhumane conditions for the 15,000 workers at a Zhen Ding Technology factory in Shenzhen, China, which serves as a major supplier of circuit boards for Apple's i Phone and i Pad. According to the report, workers are pressured into 65-hour work weeks which leaves them so exhausted that they often sleep during lunch breaks. They are also made to reside in "primitive, dark and filthy dorms" where they sleep "on plywood, with six to ten workers in each crowded room." Omnipresent security personnel also routinely harass and beat the workers. [457] [458]Environmental practices and initiatives Energy and resources Following a Greenpeace protest, Apple released a statement on April 17, 2012, committing to ending its use of coal and shifting to 100% renewable clean energy. [459] [460] By 2013 Apple was using 100% renewable energy to power their data centers. Overall, 75% of the company's power came from clean renewable sources. [461]In 2010, Climate Counts, a nonprofit organization dedicated to directing consumers toward the greenest companies, gave Apple a score of 52 points out of a possible 100, which puts Apple in their top category "Striding". [462] This was an increase from May 2008, when Climate Counts only gave Apple 11 points out of 100, which placed the company last among electronics companies, at which time Climate Counts also labeled Apple with a "stuck icon", adding that Apple at the time was "a choice to avoid for the climate conscious consumer". [463]As of 2016, Apple states that 100% of its U. S. operations run on renewable energy, 100% of Apple's data centers run on renewable energy and 93% of Apple's global operations run on renewable energy. [464] However, the facilities are connected to the local grid which usually contains a mix of fossil and renewable sources, so Apple carbon offsets its electricity use. [465] [466] The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) allows consumers to see the effect a product has on the environment. Each product receives a Gold, Silver, or Bronze rank depending on its efficiency and sustainability. Every Apple tablet, notebook, desktop computer, and display that EPEAT ranks achieves a Gold rating, the highest possible. Although Apple's data centers recycle water 35 times, [467] the increased activity in retail, corporate and data centers also increase the amount of water use to 573 million gallons in 2015. [468]In May 2015, Greenpeace evaluated the state of the Green Internet and commended Apple on their environmental practices saying, "Apple's commitment to renewable energy has helped set a new bar for the industry, illustrating in very concrete terms that a 100% renewable Internet is within its reach, and providing several models of intervention for other companies that want to build a sustainable Internet." [469]During an event on March 21, 2016, Apple provided a status update on its environmental initiative to be 100% renewable in all of its worldwide operations. Lisa P. Jackson, Apple's vice president of Environment, Policy and Social Initiatives who reports directly to CEO, Tim Cook, announced that as of March 2016, 93% of Apple's worldwide operations are powered with renewable energy. Also featured was the company's efforts to use sustainable paper in their product packaging; 99% of all paper used by Apple in the product packaging comes from post-consumer recycled paper or sustainably managed forests, as the company continues its move to all paper packaging for all of its products. [470] [471] Apple working in partnership with Conservation Fund, have preserved 36,000 acres of working forests in Maine and North Carolina. Another partnership announced is with the World Wildlife Fund to preserve up to 1,000,000 acres of forests in China. Featured was the company's installation of a 40 MW solar power plant in the Sichuan province of China that was tailor made to coexist with the indigenous yaks that eat hay produced on the land, by raising the panels to be several feet off of the ground so the yaks and their feed would be unharmed grazing beneath the array. This installation alone compensates for more than all of the energy used in Apple's Stores and Offices in the whole of China, negating the company's energy carbon footprint in the country. In Singapore, Apple has worked with the Singaporean government to cover the rooftops of 800 buildings in the city-state with solar panels allowing Apple's Singapore operations to be run on 100% renewable energy. Liam was introduced to the world, an advanced robotic disassembler and sorter designed by Apple Engineers in California specifically for recycling outdated or broken i Phones. Reuses and recycles parts from traded in products. [472]Apple announced on August 16, 2016, that Lens Technology, one of its major suppliers in China, has committed to power all its glass production for Apple with 100 percent renewable energy by 2018. The commitment is a large step in Apple's efforts to help manufacturers lower their carbon footprint in China. [473] Apple also announced that all 14 of its final assembly sites in China are now compliant with UL's Zero Waste to Landfill validation. The standard, which started in January 2015, certifies that all manufacturing waste is reused, recycled, composted, or converted into energy (when necessary). Since the program began, nearly, 140,000 metric tons of waste have been diverted from landfills. [474] [ better source needed]Toxins Following further campaigns by Greenpeace, [475] in 2008, Apple became the first electronics manufacturer to fully eliminate all polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in its complete product line. [476] [477] In June 2007, Apple began replacing the cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlit LCD displays in its computers with mercury -free LED-backlit LCD displays and arsenic -free glass, starting with the upgraded Mac Book Pro. [478] [479] [480] [481] Apple offers comprehensive and transparent information about the CO 2e, emissions, materials, and electrical usage concerning every product they currently produce or have sold in the past (and which they have enough data needed to produce the report), in their portfolio on their homepage. Allowing consumers to make informed purchasing decisions on the products they offer for sale. [482] In June 2009, Apple's i Phone 3GS was free of PVC, arsenic, and BFRs. [478] [483] All Apple products now have mercury-free LED-backlit LCD displays, arsenic-free glass, and non-PVC cables. All Apple products have EPEAT Gold status and beat the latest Energy Star guidelines in each product's respective regulatory category. [478] [484]In November 2011, Apple was featured in Greenpeace's Guide to Greener Electronics, which ranks electronics manufacturers on sustainability, climate and energy policy, and how "green" their products are. The company ranked fourth of fifteen electronics companies (moving up five places from the previous year) with a score of 4.6/10. [485] [486] Greenpeace praises Apple's sustainability, noting that the company exceeded its 70% global recycling goal in 2010. It continues to score well on the products rating with all Apple products now being free of PVC plastic and BFRs. However, the guide criticizes Apple on the Energy criteria for not seeking external verification of its greenhouse gas emissions data and for not setting out any targets to reduce emissions. [487] In January 2012, Apple requested that its cable maker, Volex, begin producing halogen-free USB and power cables. [488]Green bonds In February 2016, Apple issued a US$1.5 billion green bond (climate bond), the first ever of its kind by a U. S. tech company. The green bond proceeds are dedicated to the financing of environmental projects. [489]Finance Apple is the world's largest information technology company by revenue, the world's largest technology company by total assets, [490] and the world's second-largest mobile phone manufacturer after Samsung. [491] [492] It is also the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization, with an estimated market capitalization of $800 billion in May 2017. [493] In February 2015, Apple became the first U. S. corporation to be valued at over $700 billion. [494] [495]In its fiscal year ending in September 2011, Apple Inc. reported a total of $108 billion in annual revenues—a significant increase from its 2010 revenues of $65 billion—and nearly $82 billion in cash reserves. [496] On March 19, 2012, Apple announced plans for a $2.65-per-share dividend beginning in fourth quarter of 2012, per approval by their board of directors. [497] In September 2012, Apple reached a record share price of more than $705 and closed at above 700. [498] With 936,596,000 outstanding shares (as of June 30, 2012 ), [499]The company's worldwide annual revenue in 2013 totaled $170 billion. [500] In May 2013, Apple entered the top ten of the Fortune 500 list of companies for the first time, rising 11 places above its 2012 ranking to take the sixth position. [501] As of 2016, Apple has around US$234 billion of cash and marketable securities, of which 90% is located outside the United States for tax purposes. [502]Apple amassed 65% of all profits made by the eight largest worldwide smartphone manufacturers in quarter one of 2014, according to a report by Canaccord Genuity. In the first quarter of 2015, the company garnered 92% of all earnings. [503]On April 30, 2017, The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple had cash reserves of $250 billion, [504] officially confirmed by Apple as specifically $256.8 billion a few days later. [505] Coupled with a strong market capitalization around the same time, reports predicted Apple will soon become the world's first $1 trillion company. [493] [506]Tax practices Further information: Criticism of Apple Inc. § Tax practices Apple has created subsidiaries in low-tax places such as Ireland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and the British Virgin Islands to cut the taxes it pays around the world. According to The New York Times, in the 1980s Apple was among the first tech companies to designate overseas salespeople in high-tax countries in a manner that allowed the company to sell on behalf of low-tax subsidiaries on other continents, sidestepping income taxes. In the late 1980s Apple was a pioneer of an accounting technique known as the " Double Irish with a Dutch sandwich ," which reduces taxes by routing profits through Irish subsidiaries and the Netherlands and then to the Caribbean. [507]British Conservative Party Member of Parliament Charlie Elphicke published research on October 30, 2012, [508] which showed that some multinational companies, including Apple Inc., were making billions of pounds of profit in the UK, but were paying an effective tax rate to the UK Treasury of only 3 percent, well below standard corporation tax. He followed this research by calling on the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne to force these multinationals, which also included Google and The Coca-Cola Company, to state the effective rate of tax they pay on their UK revenues. Elphicke also said that government contracts should be withheld from multinationals who do not pay their fair share of UK tax. [509]It is a matter of public record that Apple Inc. is the single largest taxpayer to the Department of the Treasury of the United States of America with an effective tax rate of approximately of 26% as of the Second Quarter of the Apple Fiscal Year 2016. [510] In an interview with the German newspaper FAZ in October 2017, Tim Cook stated, that Apple is the biggest taxpayer worldwide. [511]In 2015, Reuters reported that Apple had earnings abroad of $54.4 billion which were untaxed by the IRS of the United States. Under U. S. tax law governed by the IRC, corporations don't pay income tax on overseas profits unless the profits are repatriated into the United States and as such Apple argues that to benefit its shareholders it will leave it overseas until a repatriation holiday or comprehensive tax reform takes place in the United States. [512] [513]On August 30, 2016, after a three-year investigation by the EU's competition commissioner that concluded that Apple received "illegal state aid" from Ireland, the EU ordered Apple to pay 13 billion euros ($14.5 billion), plus interest, in unpaid taxes. [514] Specifically, the commissioner found that Apple had benefitted from Irish Department of Revenue tax rulings that allowed it to split the profits recorded by Apple Sales International internally between its Irish branch and a stateless "head office" entity lacking employees or premises (permitted under Irish law until 2013). [515] The Chancellor of Austria, Christian Kern, put this decision into perspective by stating that "every Viennese cafe, every sausage stand pays more tax in Austria than a multinational corporation". [516]Ownership Apple Inc. is a joint-stock company registered with the SEC. As of 30 December 2017, it has 5,112,877,000 outstanding shares. These are mainly held by institutional investors and funds. [517] [518]6.43% (337,545,664): The Vanguard Group, Inc.4.19% (219,739,579): State Street Corporation3.23% (165,300,000): Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.3.01% (157,982,573): FMR, LLC2.76% (144,750,804): Black Rock Institutional Trust Company2.01% (105,224,082): Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund1.46% (76,838,518): Black Rock Fund Advisors1.42% (74,581,785): Vanguard 500 Index Fund1.26% (66,180,770): Northern Trust Corporation1.14% (59,781,550): Vanguard Institutional Index Fund-Institutional Index Fund1.11% (58,148,652): Bank of New York Mellon Corporation1.08% (56,659,296): SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust1.06% (55,512,801): T. Rowe Price Associates Inc. Litigation Main article: Apple Inc. litigation Apple has been a participant in various legal proceedings and claims since it began operation. [519] In particular, Apple is known for and promotes itself as actively and aggressively enforcing its intellectual property interests. Some litigation examples include Apple v. Samsung, Apple v. Microsoft, Motorola Mobility v. Apple Inc., and Apple Corps v. Apple Computer. Apple has also had to defend itself against charges on numerous occasions of violating intellectual property rights. Most have been dismissed in the courts as shell companies known as patent trolls, with no evidence of actual use of patents in question. [520] On December 21, 2016, Nokia announced that in the U. S. and Germany, it has filed a suit against Apple, claiming that the latter's products infringe on Nokia's patents. [521] [522] Most recently, in November 2017, the United States International Trade Commission announced an investigation into allegations of patent infringement in regards to Apple's remote desktop technology; Aqua Connect, a company that builds remote desktop software, has claimed that Apple infringed on two of its patents. [523]Privacy stance Apple has a notable pro-privacy stance, actively making privacy-conscious features and settings part of its conferences, promotional campaigns, and public image. [524] [525] [526] With its i OS 8 mobile operating system in 2014, the company started encryption all contents of i OS devices through users' passcodes, making it impossible for the company to provide customer data to law enforcement requests seeking such information. [527] With the popularity rise of cloud storage solutions, Apple began a technique in 2016 to do deep learning scans for facial data in photos on the user's local device and encrypting the content before uploading it to Apple's i Cloud storage system. [528] It also introduced "differential privacy", a way to collect crowdsourced data from many users, while keeping individual users anonymous, in a system that Wired described as "trying to learn as much as possible about a group while learning as little as possible about any individual in it". [529] Users are explicitly asked if they want to participate, and can actively opt-in or opt-out. [530]That said, Apple aids law enforcement in criminal investigations by providing i Cloud backups of users' devices, [531] [532] and the company's commitment to privacy has been questioned by its efforts to promote biometric authentication technology in its newer i Phone models, which don't have the same level of constitutional privacy as a passcode in the United States. [533]Charitable causes Apple is a partner of (PRODUCT)RED, a fundraising campaign for AIDS charity. In November 2014, Apple arranged for all App Store revenue in a two-week period to go to the fundraiser, [534] generating more than US$ 20 million, [535] [536] and in March 2017, it released an i Phone 7 with a red color finish. [537] [538]Apple contributes financially to fundraisers in times of natural disasters. In November 2012, it donated $2.5 million to the American Red Cross to aid relief efforts after Hurricane Sandy, [539] and in 2017 it donated $5 million to relief efforts for both Hurricane Irma and Hurricane Harvey, [540] as well as for the 2017 Central Mexico earthquake. [541] The company has also used its i Tunes platform to encourage donations, including, but not limited to, help the American Red Cross in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, [542] followed by similar procedure in the aftermath of the 2011 Japan earthquake, [543]Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines in November 2013, [544] and European migrant crisis in September 2015. [545] Apple emphasizes that it does not incur any processing or other fees for i Tunes donations, sending 100% of the payments directly to relief efforts, though it also acknowledges that the Red Cross does not receive any personal information on the users donating and that the payments may not be tax deductible. [546]On April 14, 2016, Apple and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) announced that they have engaged in a partnership to, "help protect life on our planet." Apple released a special page in the i Tunes App Store, Apps for Earth. In the arrangement, Apple has committed that through April 24, WWF will receive 100% of the proceeds from the applications participating in the App Store via both the purchases of any paid apps and the In-App Purchases. Apple and WWF's Apps for Earth campaign raised more than $8 million in total proceeds to support WWF's conservation work. WWF announced the results at WWDC 2016 in San Francisco. [547] [548] [549]Criticism and controversies This section should include a better summary of Criticism of Apple Inc.. See Wikipedia: Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. (November 2017)Main article: Criticism of Apple Inc. Apple has been criticised for its unethical business practices such as anti-competitive behavior, rash litigation, [550] and dubious tax tactics, their production methods involving the use of sweatshop labor, [551] [552] [553] customer service issues involving misleading warranties and insufficient data security, as well as its products' environmental footprint. Apple's products have been claimed by critics to combine stolen and/or purchased designs that it claims are its own original creations. [554] [555] Additionally, it has also been criticized for its alleged collaboration with the U. S. surveillance program PRISM. [556] [557]See also Book: Apple Inc. Apple media events Pixar References^ a b c d e f "Apple Form 10-K Annual Report" (PDF). November 3, 2017.^ Taylor, Harriet (August 30, 2016). "How Apple managed to pay such a low tax rate in Ireland". Retrieved January 9, 2017.^https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/25/business/media/apple-hollywood-streaming.html^ Williams, Rhiannon (April 1, 2015). "Apple celebrates 39th year on April 1". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved July 9, 2017.^ "Apple co-founder tells his side of the story". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. September 28, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2017.^ "A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak". NPR. September 29, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2017.^ Dormehl, Luke (March 3, 2017). "Today in Apple history: Homebrew Computer Club meets for first time". Cult of Mac. Retrieved July 9, 2017.^ "The Homebrew Computer Club". Computer History Museum. Retrieved July 9, 2017.^ Kahney, Leander. Rebuilding an Apple From the Past, Wired, November 19, 2002. Archived March 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.^ "Building the digital age". BBC News. November 15, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2008.^ "Apple I". Computer History Museum. Archived from the original on March 26, 2007. Retrieved January 19, 2008.^ Game Makers (TV Show): Apple II. Originally aired January 6, 2005.^ "Picture of original ad featuring US666.66 price".^ Wozniak, Steven. " i Woz ", p. 180. W. W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7^ Dormehl, Luke (January 3, 2017). "Today in Apple history: Apple becomes a corporation". Cult of Mac. Retrieved May 2, 2017.^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Luo, Benny (September 12, 2013). "Ronald Wayne: On Co-founding Apple and Working With Steve Jobs". Next Shark. Retrieved July 9, 2017.^ Simon, Dan (June 24, 2010). "The gambling man who co-founded Apple and left for $800". CNN. Retrieved July 9, 2017.^ "Apple chronology". CNNMoney. January 6, 1998. Retrieved May 2, 2017.^ Gilbert, Ben (December 26, 2016). "Where are the first 10 Apple employees today?". Business Insider. Retrieved May 2, 2017.^ Infinite Loop, Malone, p157^ Mc Cracken, Harry (April 1, 2016). "Apple's sales grew 150x between 1977–1980". Fast Company. Retrieved May 2, 2017.^ Steven Weyhrich (April 21, 2002). "Apple II History Chapter 4". Retrieved August 18, 2008.^ Hormby, Thomas. Visi Calc and the rise of the Apple II, Low End Mac, September 22, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2007.^ Bagnall, Brian (2005). On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore. Variant Press. pp. 109–112. ISBN 978-0-9738649-0-8.^ Personal Computer Market Share: 1975–2004Archived June 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. The figures show Mac higher, but that is not a single model.^ LEM Staff. "Apple III Chaos: What Happened When Apple Tried to Enter the Business Market". Low End Mac. September 1, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2007.^ Landley, Rob (September 18, 2000). "Fool.com: How Xerox Forfeited the PC War". The Motley Fool. Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008.^ Brooks, Alex (March 30, 2006). "Apple at 30 – 1976 to 1986". World of Apple. Archived from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2017.^ Abell, John C. (January 19, 2010). "Jan. 19, 1983: Apple Gets Graphic With Lisa". Wired. Retrieved May 2, 2017.^ Hormby, Thomas. A history of Apple's Lisa, 1979–1986, Low End Mac, October 6, 2005. Retrieved March 2, 2007.^ Dilger, Daniel Eran (December 12, 2013). "Apple, Inc. stock IPO created 300 millionaires 33 years ago today". Apple Insider. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Brian Harvey (1994). "Is Programing Obsolete?". Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.^ Ted Friedman. "Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers". Archived from the original on October 14, 2012.^ Maney, Kevin (January 28, 2004). "Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event". USA Today. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Leopold, Todd (February 3, 2006). "Why 2006 isn't like '1984 ' ". CNN. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ "The greatest commercials of all time". TV Guide. CBS Interactive. October 12, 1999. Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Taube, Aaron (January 22, 2014). "How The Greatest Super Bowl Ad Ever — Apple's '1984' — Almost Didn't Make It To Air". Business Insider. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ a b Thomas Hormby (October 2, 2006). "Good-bye Woz and Jobs: How the first Apple era ended in 1985". Low End Mac. Retrieved March 2, 2007.^ "When was desktop publishing invented?". Archived from the original on April 20, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.^ a b Thomas Hormby (February 22, 2006). "Growing Apple with the Macintosh: The Sculley years". Low End Mac. Retrieved March 2, 2007.^ Spector, G (September 24, 1985). "Apple's Jobs Starts New Firm, Targets Education Market". PC Week. p. 109.^ Rice, Valerie (April 15, 1985). "Unrecognized Apple II Employees Exit". Info World. p. 35. Retrieved November 6, 2017.^ Carlton, Jim (1997). Apple: The inside story of intrigue, egomania, and business blunders. New York: Random House. pp. 79–80. ISBN 0-8129-2851-2.^ Carlton, Jim (1997). Apple: The inside story of intrigue, egomania, and business blunders. New York: Random House. pp. 117–129. ISBN 0-8129-2851-2.^ "Mac Addict". No. 89. January 2004. Retrieved April 1, 2017.^ Lee, Timothy B. (June 5, 2012). "The Five Most Expensive Apple Computers In History". Forbes. Retrieved July 8, 2017.^ "The Apple IIGS, Cont". Apple II History. July 10, 2002. Archived from the original on September 12, 2008. Retrieved July 8, 2017.^ Edwards, Benj (January 18, 2013). "30 years of the Apple Lisa and the Apple IIe". Macworld. International Data Group. Retrieved July 8, 2017.^ "Exclusive: New pics of Apple's unreleased tablet prototype from 1992 – and the Mac that flew on the Space Shuttle". stuff.tv. Retrieved April 14, 2016.^ "Macintosh Performa". Vectronics Apple World. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2010.^ "1990–1995: Why the World Went Windows". Retrieved August 12, 2008.^ Hormby, Thomas. The Apple vs. Microsoft GUI lawsuit, Low End Mac, August 25, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2007.^ "Michael Spindler: The Peter Principle at Apple". Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008.^ "1990–1995: Hitting the Wall". Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2008.^ "Power Macintosh 6100". Retrieved August 12, 2008.^ Chaffin, Bryan. "Former Apple CEO Gil Amelio Lands A New CEO Job | The Mac Observer", The Mac Observer, February 6, 2001. Retrieved August 15, 2008.^ "Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of Ne XT Software Inc". Apple Inc. February 7, 1997. Archived from the original on July 24, 2001. Retrieved June 25, 2006.^ Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of Ne XT Software Inc. at the Wayback Machine (archive index), Apple Inc., February 7, 1997. Retrieved June 25, 2006.^ a b c d John Arlidge (March 17, 2014). "Jonathan Ive Designs Tomorrow". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved March 22, 2014.^ Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment to Build Next Generation Software for Macintosh Microsoft Corp., August 6, 1997.^ Harreld, Heather (January 5, 1997). "Apple gains tech, agency customers in Next deal". Federal Computer Week. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2008.^ "Apple unveils new marketing strategy". Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service. November 10, 1997. Archived from the original on November 13, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2008.^ Grossman, Lev. The Apple Of Your Ear, Time, January 12, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2007.^ Wilson, Greg. Private i Creator is genius behind Apple's polish, New York Daily News, January 14, 2007. Retrieved February 1, 2007.^ Apple Canada Inc (January 5, 1999). "800,000 i Macs Sold in First 139 Days". Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2008.^ "Why Apple Bounced Back". Roughly Drafted. Roughly Drafted. October 25, 2006. Retrieved November 8, 2014.^ "A new beginning or swan song for Final Cut Pro X". GR Reporter. GRRreporter Ltd. June 7, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2014.^ a b Matt Bell, Mark Wherry (September 2002). "APPLE/EMAGIC TAKEOVER The Inside Story Of The Deal That Changed The Music World". Sound On Sound. SOS Publications Group. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved November 8, 2014.^ "Apple to acquire Spruce Technologies". Broadcast. Retrieved 2018-04-06.^ "Spruce Technologies Inc.: Private Company Information - Bloomberg". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2018-04-06.^ Chaffin, Bryan. "Apple Shake: Apple Buys Nothing Real, A High End Compositing Software Maker", The Mac Observer, February 7, 2002. Retrieved August 15, 2008.^ Deitrich, Andy (February 2, 2004). "Garage Band". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Apple Introduces i Photo, Apple Inc., January 7, 2002. Retrieved October 30, 2015.^ "An Exclusive Look at Mac OS 9". Egg Freckles. Egg Freckles. February 24, 2014. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2014.^ "Apple Stores 2001–2003". IFO Apple Store. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ Apple enjoys ongoing i Pod demand, BBC News, January 18, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2007.^ Cantrell, Amanda. Apple's remarkable comeback story, CNN, March 29, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2007.^ Chacksfield, Marc (June 19, 2008). "i Tunes hits 5 billion downloads". Tech Radar. Future plc. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Skillings, Jon (June 19, 2008). "Apple's i Tunes hits 5 billion mark". CNET. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Griggs, Brandon; Leopold, Todd (April 26, 2013). "How i Tunes changed music, and the world". CNN. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Arthur, Charles (April 28, 2013). "i Tunes is 10 years old today. Was it the best idea Apple ever had?". The Guardian. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ a b Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006, Apple Inc., June 6, 2005. Retrieved March 2, 2007.^ Johnson, Bobbie (August 10, 2006). "Bye-bye Power Mac... hello Mac Pro". The Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ "Apple Unveils New Mac Book Featuring Intel Core Duo Processors". May 16, 2006.^ "In Major Shift, Apple Builds Its Own Team to Design Chips". The Wall Street Journal. April 30, 2009.^ Hesseldahl, Arik (April 5, 2006). "News Flash: Apple Introduces 'Boot Camp' To Run Windows XP on Macs". Business Week. Retrieved August 18, 2008.^ Gamet, Jeff. Apple Passes Dell's Market Cap, Mac Observer, January 16, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2007.^ Singh, Jai (October 6, 1997). "Dell: Apple should close shop". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ "Apple revamps i Book. Network World (May, 2001)", Network World, May 2, 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2008. Archived January 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.^ Magee, Mike. "i Mac "All-in-One" is a trinity", The Inquirer, January 26, 2002. Retrieved August 19, 2008.^ "Drop the Computer". The Economist. Economist Group. January 11, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ "What's In A Name Change? Look At Apple". Forbes. January 25, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ "Apple Announces The i Phone". Mac Rumors. January 9, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Arrington, Michael (January 9, 2007). "Apple Announces i Phone, Stock Soars". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ "Apple Announces Apple TV (Formerly 'i TV')". Mac Rumors. January 9, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ a b "Apple TV Coming to Your Living Room". Apple Inc. January 9, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Miller, Paul (July 25, 2007). "Apple sold 270,000 i Phones in the first 30 hours". Engadget. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Oyedele, Akin (March 21, 2016). "Here's how Apple shares do right after the new i Phone launches". Business Insider. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ "Apple Inc. Watch Shows 'Innovation Is Back ' ". Benzinga. Retrieved October 10, 2014.^ Sandoval, Greg (April 16, 2007). "Apple exhibits Final Cut Studio 2". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Block, Ryan (February 6, 2007). "A letter from Steve Jobs on DRM: let's get rid of it". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Dalrymple, Jim (April 2, 2007). "Apple, EMI offer higher-quality DRM free downloads". Playlist Magazine. Retrieved November 29, 2010.^ "Changes Coming to the i Tunes Store". Apple Inc. January 6, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2014.^ Flandez, Raymund (August 5, 2008). "Programmers Jockey for i Phone Users at Apple Site". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 16, 2008.^ Mc Laughlin, Kevin (August 11, 2008). "Apple's Jobs Gushes Over App Store Success". The Channel Wire. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved August 16, 2008.^ Chen, Brian (October 21, 2008). "Jobs: Apple Is Third Largest Handset Supplier". Wired. Retrieved March 23, 2014.^ "CHUNKIER SIDEKICK TO REPLACE JOBS AT MACWORLD". Does What. December 16, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2014.^ "Apple Announces Its Last Year at Macworld" (Press release). Apple Inc. December 16, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2014.^ Steve Jobs (January 14, 2009). "Apple Media Advisory" (Press release). Apple Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2014.^ "Apple Inc, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Apr 23, 2009". secdatabase.com. Retrieved March 8, 2013.^ "Apple reports the best non-holiday quarter in its history". Betanews. April 22, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2010.^ "Apple Sells Over 300,000 i Pads First Day" (Press release). Apple Inc. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2010.^ "Apple passes Microsoft to be biggest tech company". BBC News. May 27, 2010. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved May 29, 2010.^ "Apple Presents i Phone 4" (Press release). Apple Inc. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011.^ Topolsky, Joshua (September 7, 2010). "i Pod touch review (2010)". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Mintz, Jessica; Robertson, Jordan. "Apple unveils new TV box for renting movies, shows". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on September 2, 2010. Retrieved September 2, 2010.^ "Apple Reinvents i Pod nano With Multi-Touch Interface" (Press release). Apple Inc. September 1, 2010. Archived from the original on November 15, 2010. Retrieved November 11, 2010.^ Albanesius, Chloe (October 20, 2010). "Apple Unveils i Life 11 with New i Photo, i Movie, Garage Band". PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Madway, Gabriel (October 20, 2010). "Apple shows off i Pad-inspired Mac laptop". Reuters. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Ostrow, Adam (October 13, 2010). "Apple Shares Hit $300". Mashable. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Muchmore, Michael (January 6, 2011). "Apple's Mac App Store: Hands On". PC Magazine. Retrieved January 6, 2011.^ Michael Cieply (March 7, 2011). "A Film About Capitalism, and (Surprise) It's a Love Story". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2014.^ "Apple boss Steve Jobs takes 'medical leave ' ". BBC News. January 17, 2011. Archived from the original on January 19, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.^ Indvik, Lauren (May 9, 2011). "Apple Now World's Most Valuable Brand". Mashable.com. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ Helft, Miguel (June 6, 2011). "Apple Unveils a 'Cloud' Music and Storage Service". The New York Times. Retrieved June 7, 2011.^ Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel (July 4, 2011). "Apple's Exclusive Supply Chain Of Advanced Technology Is Literally Years Ahead Of Anyone Else On The Planet". Business Insider. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ Elmer, Philip (July 5, 2011). "How Apple became a monopsonist – Apple 2.0". Fortune Tech. CNN.com. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ a b "Apple's Supply-Chain Secret? Hoard Lasers". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2011. The i Phone maker spends lavishly on all stages of the manufacturing process, giving it a huge operations advantage^ "Apple holding more cash than USA". BBC News. July 29, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ Primack, Doug. "Fallen Apple: Steve Jobs resigns". CNN. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.^ "Meet Apple's Board of Directors". Ethiopian Review. August 25, 2011. Archived from the original on September 28, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ Griggs, Brandon (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs, Apple founder, dies". CNN. Retrieved March 27, 2017.^ Hess, Ken (October 5, 2011). "October 5th, 2011. The day Apple died". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 27, 2017.^ "Apple Reinvents Textbooks with i Books 2 for i Pad – New i Books Author Lets Anyone Create Stunning i Books Textbooks" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 19, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2012.^ "Steve Jobs' Plans to Disrupt the Textbook Industry. How Disruptive Were They? | Inside Higher Ed". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved November 10, 2017.^ Ziegler, Chris (October 4, 2011). "i Phone 4S announced, available October 14th starting at $199". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Parr, Ben (October 4, 2011). "Apple Announces i Phone 4S". Mashable. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Savov, Vlad (September 12, 2012). "Apple announces 4-inch i Phone 5 with LTE, Lightning connector, September 21st release date". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Shimpi, Anand Lal (September 12, 2012). "Apple i Phone 5: Announced". Anand Tech. Purch Group. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Mossberg, Walter (March 15, 2012). "New i Pad: a Million More Pixels Than HDTV". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 15, 2012.^ Lowensohn, Josh (March 7, 2012). "Apple i Pad live blog (Wednesday, March 7)". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ a b Wood, Molly (October 23, 2012). "The new 'new i Pad': Lightning strikes again". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ a b Dudley-Nicholson, Jennifer (October 24, 2012). "Apple unveils new i Pad Mini, updated i Pad and new Macs". Herald Sun.^ Stein, Scott (October 5, 2012). "Apple i Phone 5 review". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ "Apple Sells Three Million i Pads in Three Days" (Press release). Apple Inc. November 5, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2013.^ Brown, Rich (November 11, 2013). "Apple Mac Mini with Fusion Drive review". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Svensson, Peter. "Apple Sets Record for Company Value at $624B". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Retrieved August 20, 2012.^ "Apple awarded $1bn in damages from Samsung in US court". BBC News. August 25, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.^ a b "Judge strikes $450 million from $1 billion damages award in Apple v. Samsung: second trial needed". FOSS Patents. Retrieved March 1, 2013.^ "HTC and Apple Settle Patent Dispute" (Press release). Apple Inc. November 10, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2013.^ Reisinger, Don (November 12, 2012). "Apple predicted to generate up to $280 million a year in HTC deal". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Zachary M. Seward (April 5, 2014). "The Steve Jobs email that outlined Apple's strategy a year before his death". Quartz. Retrieved April 7, 2014.^ "Apple's interactive augmented reality system identifies real-world objects, allows screen sharing".^ Poornima Gupta (July 2, 2013). "Apple hires former Yves Saint Laurent CEO for 'special projects ' ". Reuters. Retrieved August 24, 2013.^ Andrew Roberts (October 15, 2013). "Burberry Designer Bailey to Become CEO as Ahrendts Goes to Apple". Bloomberg L. P. Retrieved October 15, 2013.^ Garside, Juliette (August 9, 2013). "Apple, Google and AT&T meet Obama to discuss NSA surveillance concerns". The Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Tony Romm. "Apple's Tim Cook, tech executives meet with Barack Obama to talk surveillance". Politico. Politico LLC. Retrieved August 12, 2013.^ Kerr, Dara (February 3, 2014). "Tim Cook lands in Turkey, could he be planning an i Pad deal?". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Etherington, Darrell (January 27, 2014). "Apple's 51M i Phones, 26M i Pads And 4.8M Macs In Q1 2014 Set A Record, But Growth Slows". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved June 30, 2017.^ Cunningham, Andrew (January 27, 2014). "Apple breaks revenue, i Phone, and i Pad records in Q1 of 2014". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 30, 2017.^ Steele, Billy (May 28, 2014). "Apple acquires Beats Electronics for $3 billion". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Welch, Chris (May 28, 2014). "Apple confirms it's buying Beats for $3 billion". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ "2013 – Previous Years – Best Global Brands – Best Brands – Interbrand". Interbrand. Omnicom Group. Retrieved September 3, 2016.^ "2014 – Previous Years – Best Global Brands – Best Brands – Interbrand". Interbrand. Omnicom Group. Retrieved September 3, 2016.^ "2015 – Previous Years – Best Global Brands – Best Brands – Interbrand". Interbrand. Omnicom Group. Retrieved October 8, 2016.^ "Rankings – 2016 – Best Global Brands – Best Brands – Interbrand". Interbrand. Omnicom Group. Retrieved October 8, 2016.^ Statt, Nick (January 26, 2016). "1 billion Apple devices are in active use around the world". The Verge. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Rossignol, Joe (January 26, 2016). "Apple Now Has Over 1 Billion Active Devices Worldwide". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ "Apple invests $1 billion in Chinese ride-hailing service Didi Chuxing". Reuters. May 13, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.^ Isaac, Mike; Goel, Vindu (May 12, 2016). "Apple Puts $1 Billion in Didi, a Rival to Uber in China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 13, 2016.^ Carew, Rick; Wakabayashi, Daisuke (May 13, 2016). "Apple Invests $1 Billion in Didi, Uber's Rival in China". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved May 13, 2016.^ Efrati, Amir; Lee, Alfred (October 11, 2016). "Apple Took Board Seat at Didi Chuxing". The Information. Retrieved October 17, 2016.^ Vincent, James (October 12, 2016). "After investing $1 billion, Apple takes a board seat at 'China's Uber ' ". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Stone, Brad; Chen, Lulu (October 6, 2016). "Uber Slayer: How China's Didi Beat the Ride-Hailing Superpower". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 17, 2016.^ a b c Mc Bride, Sarah (June 6, 2016). "Apple leads Tech Industry in Fortune 500". Yahoo Tech. Retrieved June 6, 2016.^ Phelan, David. "Clips, The Coolest, Most Fun Thing Apple Has Done In A Long While". Forbes. Retrieved April 7, 2017.^ Mayo, Benjamin (May 25, 2017). "Apple transitions to Newsroom portal for press releases, updates executive bios page design". 9to5Mac. Retrieved May 25, 2017.^ Gartenberg, Chaim (June 5, 2017). "Apple announces Home Pod speaker to take on Sonos". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Lunden, Ingrid; Roof, Katie (December 8, 2017). "Sources: Apple is acquiring music recognition app Shazam". Tech Crunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Singleton, Micah (December 11, 2017). "Apple confirms it has acquired Shazam". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Sloan, Paul (September 12, 2012). "Apple by the numbers: 84M i Pads, 400M i OS devices, 350M i Pods sold". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Welch, Chris (July 27, 2017). "Apple confirms i Pod nano and i Pod shuffle have been discontinued". The Verge. Retrieved September 3, 2017.^ Heater, Brian (July 27, 2017). "Apple discontinues i Pod nano and shuffle and doubles i Pod touch capacities to 32GB and 128GB". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved September 3, 2017.^ Rossignol, Joe (July 27, 2017). "Apple Discontinues i Pod Nano and i Pod Shuffle". Mac Rumors. Retrieved September 3, 2017.^ Apple's Chief in the Risky Land of the Handhelds The New York Times^ a b "Apple Reinvents the Phone with i Phone" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 9, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ "i Phone Premieres This Friday Night at Apple Retail Stores" (Press release). Apple Inc. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ "Apple Adds New i Phone & i Pod touch Models" (Press release). Apple Inc. February 5, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2009.^ "Apple Introduces the New i Phone 3G" (Press release). Apple Inc. June 9, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ Apple's Game Changer, Downloading Now. The New York Times, December 5, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2013.^ "Apple's Revolutionary App Store Downloads Top One Billion in Just Nine Months". Apple Inc. April 24, 2009. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ Griggs, Brandon; Sutter, John D. (June 8, 2010). "Apple unveils i Phone 4, 'biggest leap we've taken' since first model". CNN. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2010.^ Ward, Andrew (July 21, 2011). "Apple overtakes Nokia in smartphone stakes". Financial Times. Retrieved July 21, 2011.^ "i Phone 4S Availability". OS X Daily. Retrieved October 19, 2011.^ "Siri acquired by Apple; i Phone becomes the Virtual Personal Assistant?". ZDNet. Archived from the original on October 16, 2011. Retrieved October 19, 2011.^ "About Hearing Aid Compatibility (HAC) requirements for i Phone – Apple Support". support.apple.com. Retrieved April 3, 2016.^ "Use Live Listen with Made for i Phone hearing aids – Apple Support". support.apple.com. Retrieved April 3, 2016.^ "i Phone 4S First Weekend Sales Top Four Million". Apple Inc. Retrieved October 14, 2011.^ Statistics and Facts about the i Phone. Statista, April 2013.^ Moscartello, Angela (February 20, 2013). "i Phone 5 is World's Best-Selling Smartphone". PC Magazine.^ "i Phone 5 Pre-Orders Top Two Million in First 24 Hours". Apple Inc. Retrieved January 1, 2013.^ "i Phone 5 First Weekend Sales Top Five Million". Apple Inc. Retrieved January 1, 2013.^ "Apple Sells 9 Million New i Phones In Opening Weekend". NPR. Retrieved September 23, 2013.^ Poornima Gupta; Jennifer Saba (September 23, 2013). "Apple polishes forecast after selling 9 million new i Phones". Reuters. Retrieved September 24, 2013.^ Etherington, Darrell (July 25, 2013). "Apple Working On Location-Aware Battery Management For i Phone". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved June 25, 2017.^ Cunningham, Andrew (September 9, 2014). "Apple announces i Phone 6, i Phone 6 Plus". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Cunningham, Andrew (September 9, 2015). "Apple announces i Phone 6S and 6S Plus for $199 and $299 on-contract". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Hern, Alex; Kiss, Jemima (March 21, 2016). "Key points of Apple's i Phone SE launch at a glance". The Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Welch, Chris (July 27, 2016). "Apple has sold over 1 billion i Phones". The Verge. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Clover, Juli (July 27, 2016). "Apple Has Sold 1 Billion i Phones". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Seifert, Dan (September 7, 2016). "i Phone 7 and 7 Plus announced with water resistance, dual cameras, and no headphone jack". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Patel, Nilay (June 21, 2016). "Taking the headphone jack off phones is user-hostile and stupid". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Gartenberg, Chaim (September 12, 2017). "i Phone 8 and 8 Plus announced with wireless charging, True Tone display, A11 Bionic processor". The Verge. Retrieved October 11, 2017.^ Savov, Vlad (September 12, 2017). "i Phone X announced with edge-to-edge screen, Face ID, and no home button". The Verge. Retrieved October 11, 2017.^ Crook, Jordan (September 12, 2017). "This is the i Phone X". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved October 11, 2017.^ Rose, Michael (January 27, 2013). "January 27, 2010: Apple announces the i Pad". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Foresman, Chris (January 27, 2010). "Apple announces the i Pad". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ "Apple Launches i Pad". Apple Press Info. Apple Inc. January 27, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ "Apple Tablet Media Event Today: "Come See Our Latest Creation " ". Mac Rumors. January 27, 2010. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010.^ Tony Bradley (January 29, 2010). "AT&T Beefing Up Network for i Pad and i Phone". PC World. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2010.^ Helft, Miguel (March 2, 2011). "Jobs Returns to Introduce a New i Pad". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2011.^ Martin, Mel (March 18, 2011). "i Pad 2 supply line affected by Japan disaster". TUAW – The Unofficial Apple Weblog. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ The new i Pad – View all the technical specifications. Apple Inc. Retrieved February 7, 2013.^ i Pad – Features. Apple Inc. Retrieved February 7, 2013.^ i Pad Mini – Features. Apple Inc. Retrieved February 7, 2013.^ a b "i Pad". Apple. Retrieved January 1, 2014.^ Ingraham, Nathan (June 8, 2015). "Apple's App Store has passed 100 billion app downloads". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Geuss, Megan (September 9, 2015). "Apple's new i Pad Pro is an expansive 12.9 inches, available in November". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Savov, Vlad (September 9, 2015). "i Pad mini 4 announced at $399, i Pad mini 2 now starts at $269". The Verge. Retrieved June 27, 2017.^ Machkovech, Sam (March 21, 2016). "Behold, the new i Pad Pro—now 9.7 inches with "True Tone" display". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Painter, Lewis. "All the announcements from WWDC 2017". Macworld UK. Retrieved June 24, 2017.^ "Apple Watch is 'world's best selling wearable' with 4.2 million shifted in Q2".^ Garun, Natt (September 9, 2014). "Everything Apple announced at its September 2014 keynote". The Next Web. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Savov, Vlad (September 9, 2014). "Apple Watch announced: available for $349 early next year". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Machkovech, Sam (March 9, 2015). "Apple Watch starts at $349, launching April 24". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Gibbs, Samuel; Hern, Alex (March 9, 2015). "Apple Watch: available 24 April for between $349 and $17,000". The Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Kastrenakes, Jacob (March 9, 2015). "Apple Watch release date is April 24th, with pricing from $349 to over $10,000". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Dillet, Romain (September 7, 2016). "Apple unveils the Apple Watch Series 2". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved October 11, 2017.^ Etherington, Darrell (September 12, 2017). "The Apple Watch Series 3 comes with LTE connectivity". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved October 11, 2017.^ Morse, Jack (September 13, 2017). "An i Phone is required to get the new Apple Watch with LTE connectivity working". Mashable. Retrieved October 11, 2017.^ "Apple Announces i Tunes 7 with Amazing New Features". Apple Inc. September 12, 2006. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ "You Tube Coming to Apple TV" (Press release). Apple Inc. May 30, 2007. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ "Apple Introduces New Apple TV Software & Lowers Price to $229" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 15, 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ Miller, Ross (September 29, 2010). "Apple TV teardown reveals 8GB flash storage, 256MB RAM, leftover i Pad parts". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ "This i Fixit teardown shows the Home Pod is built like a tank". The Verge. Retrieved 2018-02-14.^ Ong, Thuy (2017-07-31). "Home Pod firmware reveals more secrets of Apple's smart speaker". The Verge. Retrieved 2017-09-03.^ "Home Pod Review: Only Apple Devotees Need Apply". Wired.com. Retrieved 2018-02-14.^ Statt, Nick (September 7, 2016). "Apple to release mac OS Sierra on September 20th". The Verge. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ Warren, Tom (September 7, 2016). "i OS 10 will be available on September 13th". The Verge. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ Tepper, Fitz (June 13, 2016). "Apple overhauls watch OS with new UI and faster app launching". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ Dillet, Romain (September 13, 2016). "Apple just released tv OS 10 and here's what's new". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ "i Work". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ Clover, Juli (April 13, 2017). "i Movie and Final Cut Pro for Mac Get Bug Fixes in New Updates". Mac Rumors. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ Griffin, Andrew (January 19, 2017). "Apple releases huge updates for music apps Garage Band and Logic Pro X". The Independent. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ a b Broussard, Mitchel (September 20, 2016). "mac OS Server Updated for Sierra With New Setup Assistant Options and More". Mac Rumors. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ Cunningham, Andrew (January 28, 2015). "Apple Remote Desktop admin tool is updated for the first time in forever". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ "i Cloud". Mac Rumors. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ "Apple Music". Mac Rumors. Retrieved June 9, 2017.^ Apple wants to start making cars as soon as 2020, Tim Higgins, Sydney Morning Herald^ Weaver, John Fitzgerald (June 10, 2016). "Apple Energy deeper dive: Is this Apple running its own microgrids or more?". Electrek. Retrieved June 12, 2016.^ Weintraub, Seth (June 9, 2016). "Apple has just become an energy company, looks to sell excess electricity into the grid and maybe more". 9to5Mac. Retrieved June 12, 2016.^ "Catawba County approves lease for Apple's renewable energy center". HDR | Hickory Daily Record. Retrieved June 12, 2016.^ Lovejoy, Ben (June 10, 2016). "As Apple moves into the energy business, it gets approval to turn landfill gas into power". 9to5Mac. Retrieved June 14, 2016.^ a b c d "Logo Evolution: How Top Brands Redesigned Logos and Boosted Conversion". Vardot. Retrieved April 9, 2017.^ "Steve Jobs bio says Apple CEO abhorred 'corrupt' execs". CBC News. October 20, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.^ "Wired News: Apple Doin' the Logo-Motion". September 26, 2003.^ "ZLOK Logo Design Blog: I Invented ... the Apple Logo".^ a b c Raszl, Ivan. "Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo".^ "Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising". The Independent. UK. January 4, 2008. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved September 14, 2009.^ "Archived Interview with Rob Janoff". March 14, 2005. Archived from the original on March 14, 2005.^ Leavitt, David (2007). The Man Who Knew Too Much; Alan Turing and the invention of the computer. Phoenix. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-7538-2200-5.^ "Apple Computer". Web.archive.org. August 27, 1999. Archived from the original on August 27, 1999. Retrieved January 1, 2014.^ "The Lost Apple Logos You've Never Seen". thebrainfever.^ Moses, Asher (October 7, 2011). "Who was Steve Jobs the man?". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ "Tearful memories for Apple co-founder". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved October 7, 2011. [ permanent dead link]^ Flynn, Laurie J. (February 6, 2007). "After Long Dispute, Two Apples Work It Out". The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2016.^ "Apple Company". Operating System Documentation Project. Operating System Documentation Project. December 10, 2007. Archived from the original on September 21, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2008.^ "Apple Think Different Campaign". The Inspiration Room Daily. Retrieved August 12, 2008.^ "Mac World New York: I think, therefore i Mac". Retrieved August 13, 2008.^ "Bill Day.com " Say hello to i Phone". Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2008.^ "IMac: What's in a Design, Anyway?". Wired. January 11, 2002. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2010.^ Williams, Ian (June 13, 2007). "UK watchdog clears Apple ads". Computing. Incisive Media Ltd. Archived from the original on January 10, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ "Apple Power Mac ads 'misleading ' ". BBC News. June 11, 2004. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ a b Farber, Jim. Apple ad creates recognition for Yael Naim, New York Daily News, March 11, 2008.^ Liptak, Andrew (September 30, 2017). "Apple's new i Phone 8 Plus ad showcases its Portrait Lighting feature". The Verge. Retrieved October 11, 2017.^ Hall, Zac (February 17, 2017). "Apple launches whimsical i Pad Pro ad campaign based on PC user tweets". 9to5Mac. Retrieved October 11, 2017.^ Riley, Alex (May 16, 2011). "Superbrands' success fuelled by sex, religion and gossip". BBC News. Retrieved December 28, 2011.^ Lemmons, Phil (December 1984). "Apple and Its Personal Computers". BYTE. p. A4.^ Mc Connell, Ben; Huba, Jackie. "The father of evangelism marketing". Creating Customer Evangelists. Archived from the original on July 25, 2003. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ a b Webb, Alex; Gurman, Mark; Satariano, Adam (September 16, 2016). "The Apple Store Line Is Dying". Bloomberg L. P. Retrieved May 25, 2017.^ a b Kalb, Ira (September 9, 2014). "The Truth Behind The Giant Apple Store Lines". Business Insider. Retrieved May 25, 2017.^ a b Rossignol, Joe (September 24, 2015). "i Phone 6s Lines Forming at Apple Stores Ahead of Launch Day". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 25, 2017.^ a b Rossignol, Joe (September 19, 2015). "Apple's Beautiful New Store in Brussels Opens to Long Lines and Fanfare". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 25, 2017.^ Evans, Jonny (May 22, 2006). "Apple NY opening makes global headlines". Macworld. International Data Group. Retrieved May 25, 2017.^ Ng, Yi Shu (June 14, 2017). "Till death do us dongle: Newlyweds take their Apple obsession to the next level". Mashable. Retrieved June 16, 2017.^ Lang, Cady (June 14, 2017). "This Tech-Obsessed Couple Took Their Wedding Photos in an Apple Store". Time. Retrieved June 16, 2017.^ "Confessions of an Apple fanboy: I'm going to miss the queues". The Guardian. April 8, 2015. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Gibbs, Samuel (April 7, 2015). "Is the Apple queue dead? A leaked memo suggests it could be". The Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Fisher, Anne (March 17, 2008). "America's Most Admired Companies". Fortune. 157 (5): 65–67.^ Colvin, Geoff (March 16, 2009). "The World's Most Admired Companies 2009". Fortune. 159 (5): 76.^ "World's Most Admired Companies". Fortune. March 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2010.^ "World's Most Admired Companies". Fortune. Nov 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2011.^ "The World's Most Admired Companies". Fortune. 165 (4): 139–140. March 19, 2012.^ Stuart Elliot (September 29, 2013). "Apple Passes Coca-Cola as Most Valuable Brand". The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2013.^ Is Apple The World's Most Innovative Company (Still)?, Forbes, September 27, 2013^ Sandberg-Diment, Erik (March 19, 1985). "Apple Might Learn a Thing or Two from I. B. M."The New York Times. p. C4. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 3, 2017.^ "Wired News: Apple: It's All About the Brand". December 4, 2002. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014.^ Fried, Ian (July 12, 2002). "Are Mac users smarter?". CNET. Archived from the original on July 6, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ "Computer Ownership Statistics". The NPD Group. October 5, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2010.^ "Apple celebrates Martin Luther King Jr. Day with homepage photo & timely quote". Retrieved January 15, 2018.^ "Apple and Tim Cook Honor Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr". Retrieved January 16, 2017.^ "Apple homepage pays tribute to Muhammad Ali, The Greatest of All Time – Mac Daily News – Welcome Home". Retrieved June 5, 2016.^ "Apple Website Honors Bill Campbell". Retrieved April 19, 2016.^ "Apple Honors Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. With Homepage Tribute". Retrieved January 18, 2016.^ Joe Berkowitz (August 13, 2014). "APPLE'S MINIMALIST SALUTE TO ROBIN WILLIAMS SAYS ALL IT NEEDS TO". Fast Company Co. Create. Mansueto Ventures, LLC. Retrieved September 15, 2014.^ "Apple commemorates Martin Luther King on its homepage, encouraging employees to volunteer through gift matching". Retrieved January 19, 2015.^ Steve Kovach (December 7, 2013). "Apple's Home Page Is A Tribute To Nelson Mandela". Business Insider. Business Insider, Inc. Retrieved September 15, 2014.^ "Apple Posts Steve Jobs Tribute: "His Spirit Will Forever Be The Foundation Of Apple " ". Retrieved October 5, 2012.^ Nick Wingfield (October 5, 2012). "With Steve Jobs Tribute, a Home Page Reflects Apple's Founder Again". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2014.^ Jennifer Van Grove (March 18, 2010). "Apple Pays Tribute to Board Member Jerome B. York". Mashable. Mashable.^ Cheng, Jacqui (October 12, 2007). "Apple "bursting with pride" over Al Gore's Peace Prize". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Fried, Ina (October 26, 2005). "Apple pays tribute to Rosa Parks". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Bryan Chaffin (August 11, 2003). "Apple Remembers Gregory Hines With Think Different Home Page (With Screen Shot)". The Mac Observer. The Mac Observer, Inc. Retrieved September 15, 2014.^ "When Steve Jobs and Apple put George Harrison on the Apple.com homepage". Edible Apple. Edible Apple. September 15, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2014.^ Simonson, Sharon (October 2, 2005). "Apple gobbles up Cupertino office space".^ "2014: Apple to occupy seven-building Sunnyvale campus". mercurynews.com.^ "Project Titan, Sixty Eight & SG5: Inside Apple's top-secret electric car project". appleinsider.com.^ "The Bay Area: Apple Inc". traveldk.com. Dorling Kindersley Limited. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.^ "Apple's New Headquarters Will Be Designed by Norman Foster". Inhabitat. Retrieved June 9, 2010.^ a b Reisinger, Don (October 16, 2013). "Apple's 'spaceship' HQ gets green light from Cupertino". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Reisinger, Don (September 1, 2016). "Where Apple Has Quietly Built Its Biggest Campus". Fortune. Time Inc. Retrieved July 14, 2017.^ Goel, Vindu (November 20, 2016). "How Apple Empowers, and Employs, the American Working Class". The New York Times. Retrieved July 14, 2017.^ "Apple to create 500 jobs in Cork". BBC News. April 20, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.^ a b Humphries, Conor (April 20, 2012). "Reuters News Article Discussing Addition of 500 new jobs to Apple's European Headquarters". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.^ "Job Description on Apple Website describing Apple's EMEA headquarters". Apple Website. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2012.^ Riegel, Ralph; Walsh, Anne-Marie (April 21, 2012). "Irish Independent Article Discussing Addition of 500 new jobs to Apple's EMEA Headquarters". Irish Independent. Retrieved April 21, 2012.^ "Article from the Irish Examiner Describing Cork as Apple's European Headquarters". Irish Examiner. Retrieved April 18, 2012.^ Roche, Barry. "Article from the Irish Times Describing Cork as Apple's European Headquarters". Irish Times. Retrieved April 18, 2012.^ "Article from the Belfast Telegraph Describing Cork as Apple's European Headquarters". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved April 18, 2012.^ "Irish Examiner Article". Irish Examiner. Retrieved April 21, 2012.^ "Bloomberg Businessweek Profile of Apple Sales International". Bloomberg Business Week. Retrieved April 18, 2012. [ verification needed]^ "Apple's Irish website with contact information for Apple Distribution International at Cork". Apple Website. Retrieved April 18, 2012.^ "AFP Article on France 24 website discussing addition of 500 jobs". AFP. Retrieved April 21, 2012. [ dead link]^ O'Brien, Ciara. "Irish Times Article Discussing Addition of 500 new jobs to Apple's European Headquarters". Irish Times. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.^ "Our Occupiers". Stockley Park. Retrieved November 22, 2015.^ "Apple CEO Tim Cook to inaugurate new Israeli headquarters next week". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. Retrieved February 12, 2015.^ "Tim Cook reportedly headed to Israel for opening of new Apple offices". 9to5Mac. Retrieved February 12, 2015.^ Donato-Weinstein, Nathan (December 14, 2015). "Exclusive: Apple buys former chip fab in North San Jose". Silicon Valley Business Journals. Advance Publications. Retrieved June 30, 2017.^ Dilger, Daniel Eran (December 14, 2015). "Apple buys former Maxim chip fab in North San Jose, neighboring Samsung Semiconductor". Apple Insider. Retrieved June 30, 2017.^ a b "Apple to Open 25 Retail Stores in 2001" (Press release). Apple. May 15, 2001. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ a b c "Apple Stores". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Fiegerman, Seth (May 16, 2014). "The Slow Evolution of Apple's Online Store". Mashable. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ a b Useem, Jerry (March 8, 2007). "Apple: America's best retailer". Fortune. Time Inc. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ "Store List". Apple Retail. Apple Inc. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ a b c d Segal, David (June 23, 2012). "Apple's Retail Army, Long on Loyalty but Short on Pay". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Webb, Alex (May 19, 2016). "Inside the New Apple Retail Store Design". Bloomberg L. P. Retrieved April 26, 2017.^ Statt, Nick (May 19, 2016). "Apple just revealed the future of its retail stores". The Verge. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Hartmans, Avery (August 19, 2016). "Apple's retail boss wants Apple stores to resemble 'town squares ' ". Business Insider. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ "Angela Ahrendts talks Apple store makeover, why Tim Cook hired her". CBS This Morning. CBS. April 25, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Rossignol, Joe (August 19, 2016). "Apple Opening Three Next-Generation Stores Over the Next Week". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Rossignol, Joe (February 6, 2017). "Apple Retail Update: Danbury Store Closes for Next-Generation Redesign, Dubai to Get Second Store". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Panzarino, Matthew (April 19, 2012). "Apple out to patent curved glass panels used in Shanghai Retail Store". The Next Web. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Simpson, Stephen D. (October 8, 2012). "How Apple's fortunes affect other stocks". The Globe and Mail. The Woodbridge Company. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Crothers, Brooke (March 29, 2012). "Is Best Buy following Comp USA, Circuit City to certain doom?". CNET. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Edwards, Jim (May 28, 2016). "NEVER MIND THE DEATH THREATS: An Apple Store worker tells us what it's really like working for Apple". Business Insider. Retrieved May 27, 2017.^ Deutschman, Alan. "The once and future Steve Jobs". Salon.com. Archived from the original on December 2, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2010.^ a b Lashinsky, Adam (August 25, 2011). "How Apple works: inside the world's largest startup". Fortune.^ Brownlee, John (July 7, 2010). "What It's Like To Work At Apple".^ a b c d Hertzfeld, Andy. Credit Where Due, Folklore.org, January 1983. Retrieved May 26, 2006.^ "Newton Hall of Fame! ".^ a b c Eisenhart, Mary. Fighting Back For Mac, Micro Times, 1997. Retrieved May 26, 2006.^ Hertzfeld, Andy. Leave of Absence, Folklore.org, March 1984. Retrieved May 26, 2006.^ Kawakami, John. Apple Taps Guy Kawasaki For Apple Fellows Program, Mac Tech, September 1995. Retrieved May 26, 2006.^ Montfort, Nick. "Wired 4.10: Spawn of Atari".^ Lashinsky, Adam. "How Apple works: Inside the world's biggest startup – Fortune Tech". Tech.fortune.cnn.com. Retrieved December 24, 2011.^ Lashinsky, Adam (October 29, 2012). "Inside Apple's major shakeup". Fortune. Retrieved December 10, 2012.^ "Apple CEO gets modest 2012 pay after huge 2011". December 27, 2012.^ Leswing, Kif (October 27, 2016). "Apple added only 6,000 people last year — its slowest growth since 2009". Business Insider. Retrieved May 29, 2017.^ "BRIEF-Apple says had 123,000 full-time employees as of Sept. 30". Reuters. November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2017.^ Turton, William (June 20, 2017). "Leaked recording: Inside Apple's global war on leakers". The Outline. Retrieved June 20, 2017.^ Deahl, Dani (June 20, 2017). "Internal Apple presentation on how to handle leaks gets leaked". The Verge. Retrieved June 20, 2017.^ Mayo, Benjamin (June 20, 2017). "Report details Apple's efforts to increase product secrecy, more leaks from Apple campus than supply chain in 2016". 9to5Mac. Retrieved June 20, 2017.^ Lovejoy, Ben (December 6, 2017). "Facebook named Glassdoor's 'best place to work' as Apple falls 48 places to #84". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Rossignol, Joe (December 6, 2017). "Apple Plummets to Lowest Ranking Ever in Glassdoor's Annual List of Best Places to Work". Mac Rumors. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Ricker, Thomas (September 7, 2016). "First Click: Apple's greatest innovation is its ecosystem". The Verge. Retrieved October 8, 2016.^ Mickle, Tripp (June 7, 2017). " ' I'm Not Sure I Understand'—How Apple's Siri Lost Her Mojo". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Hardwick, Tim (June 8, 2017). "Apple's Concern With User Privacy Reportedly Stifling Siri Development". Mac Rumors. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Greenberg, Andy (November 28, 2017). "Anyone can hack mac OS High Sierra just by typing "root " ". Wired. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Welch, Chris (November 28, 2017). "Major Apple security flaw grants admin access on mac OS High Sierra without password". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Rossignol, Joe (November 29, 2017). "Apple Releases mac OS High Sierra Security Update to Fix Root Password Vulnerability". Mac Rumors. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Welch, Chris (November 29, 2017). "Apple releases update to fix critical mac OS High Sierra security issue". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Greenberg, Andy (December 1, 2017). "mac OS update accidentally undoes Apple's "root" bug patch". Wired. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Clover, Juli (December 1, 2017). "Date Bug in i OS 11.1.2 Causing Crash Loop on i Phones as December 2 Hits [Updated]". Mac Rumors. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Ritchie, Rene (December 2, 2017). "i Phone crashing on Dec. 2? Here's the fix!". i More. Mobile Nations. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Dillet, Romain (December 2, 2017). "Apple releases i OS 11.2 with 'I. T' autocorrect fix, faster wireless charging and Apple Pay Cash". Tech Crunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Lawler, Richard (December 2, 2017). "Apple releases i OS 11.2 with Apple Pay Cash and a bug fix". Engadget. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ a b Warren, Tom (December 2, 2017). "Apple's had a shockingly bad week of software problems". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Heater, Brian (December 4, 2017). "Apple Pay Cash starts rolling out to i Phone users in the US". Tech Crunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ Gartenberg, Chaim (December 4, 2017). "Apple Pay Cash is rolling out for i OS 11.2 users". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ a b Kingsley-Hughes, Adrian (December 4, 2017). "Something is rotten at Apple". ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 5, 2017.^ "Ruthlessness and lasers: Apple's supply chain revealed". Business.financialpost.com. Retrieved December 24, 2011.^ "Mac Ports". Lawlor.cs.uaf.edu. March 17, 2001. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ "1394 Trade Association: What is 1394?". Archived from the original on April 4, 2014.^ Lunden, Ingrid (July 24, 2012). "Apple's Feeling Europe's Economic Crisis: 'Essentially Flat' Sales And A 'Slowdown' In Business, Says Cook". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ "Apple CEO Tim Cook: 'I love India, but... ' ". Gadgets360. NDTV. July 25, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Mukherjee, Writankar (October 4, 2013). "Apple to enter smaller Indian towns with i Phones, i Pads". The Economic Times. The Times Group. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Hong, Kaylene (July 24, 2013). "i Phone sales surge 400% Yo Y in India, with i Pad sales on the rise too, says Apple CEO Tim Cook". The Next Web. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ "Apple plans to sell used i Phones in India". Gadgets Now. The Times of India. March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Broussard, Mitchel (March 4, 2016). "Apple Submits Application to Sell Used i Phones in India". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Rai, Saritha (May 3, 2016). "Apple's Plan for Refurbished i Phones Is Rejected in India". Bloomberg Technology. Bloomberg L. P. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Carman, Ashley (May 3, 2016). "Apple blocked from selling used i Phones in India". The Verge. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ "Apple Opens Development Office in Hyderabad" (Press release). Apple Inc. Retrieved October 18, 2017.^ Rai, Saritha (May 17, 2016). "Apple CEO Makes First India Trip With Billion Phone Sales at Stake". Bloomberg Technology. Bloomberg L. P. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Byford, Sam (May 18, 2016). "Apple announces app development accelerator in Bangalore, India". The Verge. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Russell, Jon (May 17, 2016). "Apple is opening an app design and development accelerator in India". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Rai, Saritha (February 6, 2017). "Apple Said to Revive Efforts to Sell Used i Phones in India". Bloomberg Technology. Bloomberg L. P. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Reisinger, Don (February 6, 2017). "Apple Is Trying Again to Sell Used i Phones in India". Fortune. Time Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Srivastava, Shruti; Jagtiani, Sunil; Narayan, Adi (February 7, 2016). "Apple Said to Be on Course for Approval to Open India Stores". Bloomberg Technology. Bloomberg L. P. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Broussard, Mitchel (February 8, 2016). "Apple Close to Approval for Opening Retail Locations in India". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Roy, Rajesh; Purnell, Newley (March 23, 2017). "Apple to Start Making i Phones in India Over Next Two Months". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Gartenberg, Chaim (March 23, 2017). "Apple reportedly to start manufacturing i Phones in India". The Verge. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Roy, Rajesh; Purnell, Newley; Mickle, Tripp (May 17, 2017). "Apple Assembles First i Phones in India". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Mayo, Benjamin (May 17, 2017). "Apple has started production of i Phone SE in India, shipping to customers later in May". 9to5Mac. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Haselton, Todd (May 17, 2017). "Apple begins manufacturing i Phone SE in India". CNBC. NBCUniversal News Group. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Kalra, Aditya; Miglani, Sanjeev (December 11, 2017). "Apple, India wrangle over import tax on mobile parts: sources". Reuters. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Lovejoy, Ben (December 11, 2017). "Indian government likely to reject Apple's request to delay new import taxes". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Lovejoy, Ben (December 15, 2017). "India hikes tax on mobile phone imports in a move which will hurt Apple most". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 16, 2017.^ Statt, Nick (May 3, 2017). "Tim Cook says Apple is investing $1 billion in US manufacturing". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Ochs, Susie (May 3, 2017). "Apple joins 'Made in America' trend with $1 billion fund to promote U. S. manufacturing". Macworld. International Data Group. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Gartenberg, Chaim (May 12, 2017). "Apple's first target for its $1 billion US manufacturing fund is glass supplier Corning". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Heater, Brian (May 12, 2017). "Gorilla Glass maker Corning gets $200 million from Apple's US manufacturing investment fund". Tech Crunch. Oath Inc. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Salinas, Sara (December 13, 2017). "Apple has a $1 billion fund for US manufacturers, but it's ready to spend more, says COO Jeff Williams". CNBC. NBCUniversal News Group. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Miller, Chance (December 13, 2017). "Jeff Williams says Apple is prepared to invest more than $1B in US manufacturers". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 14, 2017.^ Duhigg, Charles; Bradsher, Keith (January 21, 2012). "Apple, America and a Squeezed Middle Class". The New York Times.^ "The Stark Reality of i Pod's Chinese Factories". Daily Mail. UK. August 18, 2006.^ Musgrove, Mike (June 16, 2006). "Sweatshop Conditions at IPod Factory Reported". The Washington Post.^ Kahney, Leander (June 13, 2006). "Judging Apple Sweatshop Charge". Wired. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008.^ Dean, Jason (August 11, 2007). "The Forbidden City of Terry Gou". The Wall Street Journal.^ Johnson, Joel (November 2, 2010). "Where the Workers Who Made Your i Phone Sleep at Night". Wired. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2010.^ Morphy, Ericka (January 31, 2008). "Apple, IT and the Specter of Sweatshop Labor". Mac New World.^ "Apple 2010 Supplier Responsibility Report" (PDF).^ Apple (February 15, 2011). "Apple's child labour issues worsen". London: Telegraph. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ a b Lau, Mimi (December 15, 2010). "Struggle for Foxconn girl who wanted to die". South China Morning Post. Wuhan, Hubei.^ Tam, Fiona (October 11, 2010). "Foxconn factories are labour camps: report". South China Morning Post.^ "Foxconn worker plunges to death at China plant: report". Reuters. November 5, 2010.^ Jason Dean (May 27, 2010). "Suicides Spark Inquiries". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 29, 2010.^ a b William Foreman (May 26, 2010). "Tech: Apple Supplier Foxconn Suffers 10th Death This Year, Asks Workers To Sign Anti-Suicide Pledge". The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 20, 2014.^ a b "Apple under fire again for working conditions at Chinese factories". The Guardian. December 19, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Chen, Brian X. (May 14, 2010). "Workers Plan to Sue i Phone Contractor Over Poisoning". Wired.^ "Suicides at Foxconn: Light and death". The Economist. May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2012.^ Žižek, Slavoj; Horvat, Srećko (2014). What Does Europe Want? : The Union and Its Discontents. Columbia University Press. p. xxi. ISBN 978-0231171076.^ Workers poisoned while making i Phones ABC News, October 25, 2010^ Dirty Secrets ABC Foreign Correspondent, 2010-Oct-26^ Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for n-Hexane Archived May 4, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ., OSHA.gov^ Dave Jamieson (December 23, 2014). The Factory Workers Behind Your i Phone Are Too Tired To Eat, Report Says. The Huffington Post. Retrieved December 24, 2014.^ Exhaustion Has No Limit at Apple Supplier in China. Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights. December 22, 2014.^ Mc Millan, Robert (May 17, 2012). "After Greenpeace Protests, Apple Promises to Dump Coal Power". Wired Magazine. Retrieved August 22, 2013.^ "Powering Our Facilities with Clean, Renewable Energy". Wired Magazine. Retrieved August 22, 2013. [ verification needed]^ Burrows, Peter (March 21, 2013). "Apple Says Data Centers Now Use 100% Renewable Energy". Business Week. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.^ "Climate Counts scorecard". Climatecounts.org. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2011.^ "Environmental Group Hits Apple".^ "Environment". Apple. Retrieved May 26, 2016.^ Cardwell, Diane (August 23, 2016). "Apple Becomes a Green Energy Supplier, With Itself as Customer". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016. clean power often does not flow directly to their facilities. They typically buy the renewable energy in amounts to match what they draw from the grid. They're actually getting power from their local utility, which may be coal^ Cole, Nicki Lisa (August 5, 2015). "Why Is Apple Lying About Powering Its Data Centers With Renewable Energy?". Truthout. Archived from the original on June 30, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016. Apple buys renewable energy certificates to offset its reliance on Duke's dirty energy. ..purchasing offsets is not the same as actually powering something with renewable energy^ "Environment – Climate Change". Why we measure our carbon footprint so rigorously. Apple Inc. March 2016. Retrieved March 27, 2016.^ "How Much Water Do Apple Data Centers Use?". Data Center Knowledge. Retrieved November 5, 2016.^ "Click Clean". Click Clean. Retrieved April 28, 2016.^ "Apple Environmental Responsibility Report (2015)" (PDF). Apple Inc. Retrieved March 30, 2016.^ "Apple Environmental Responsibility Report 2016 Progress Report, Covering Fiscal Year 2015" (PDF). Apple Inc.^ "Watch the Apple Special Event". Apple. Retrieved March 30, 2016.^ Sumra, Husain. "Supplier Lens Technology Commits to 100 Percent Renewable Energy for Apple Manufacturing". Retrieved August 17, 2016.^ "Apple Announces Environmental Progress in China & Applauds Supplier Commitment to Clean Energy" (Press release). Apple Inc. August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2016.^ "i Tox + i Waste". Archived from the original on July 21, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008.^ "Apple – Environment – Update". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on November 15, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2010.^ "Which companies are phasing out PVC and BFRs". Greenpeace International. Archived from the original on November 10, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2011.^ a b c "Apple – Environment – Environmental Progress". Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2010.^ "Apple – A Greener Apple". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008.^ "Apple — Mac — Green Notebooks". Apple Inc. 2008. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved December 24, 2008.^ "Apple: Mac Book Pro Graphics". Archived from the original on June 2, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.^ "Apple – Environment – Reports". Apple Inc.^ "i Mac and the Environment". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2010.^ "Energy Star Computers Final Program Requirements" (PDF). EPA. EPA. March 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.^ Slivka, Eric (November 9, 2011). "Apple Jumps to Fourth in Greenpeace's Environmental Rankings of Electronics Companies". Mac Rumors. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ "Apple ranks fourth on Greenpeace's 'Guide to Greener Electronics ' ". Apple Insider. November 9, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ "Apple, 4th position, 4.6/10" (PDF). Greenpeace. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Anderson, Ash. "Apple Power Cables to Become Even More Environmentally Friendly". Key Noodle. Retrieved January 14, 2012.^ "Environment – Reports". Apple Inc. Retrieved May 28, 2016.^ Chen, Liyan (May 11, 2015). "The World's Largest Tech Companies: Apple Beats Samsung, Microsoft, Google". Forbes. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ "IDC: Smartphone shipments down 6.3% in Q4 2017, Apple overtakes Samsung for top spot". Venture Beat. 2018-02-02. Retrieved 2018-03-10.^ "Apple Passes Samsung to Capture the Top Position in the Worldwide Smartphone Market While Overall Shipments Decline 6.3% in the Fourth Quarter, According to IDC". www.idc.com. Retrieved 2018-03-10.^ a b Rossignol, Joe (May 8, 2017). "Apple Reaches $800 Billion Valuation On Path to Becoming World's First Trillion Dollar Company". Mac Rumors. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Gillespie, Patrick (February 10, 2015). "Apple: First U. S. company worth $700 billion". CNNMoney. CNN. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Kopytoff, Verne (February 10, 2015). "Apple: the first $700 billion company". Fortune. Time Inc. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Nuttall, Chris (December 29, 2011). "Apple in race to keep ahead in 2012". Financial Times.^ Tsukayama, Hayley (March 20, 2012). "FAQ: Apple's Dividend". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 21, 2012.^ "Apple Inc.: NASDAQ: AAPL quotes & news – Google Finance". Google.com. October 25, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012. [ verification needed]^ Apple Q3 Financial Report (PDF). Shareholder.com. July 25, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2013.^ "Annual Financials for Apple". Marketwatch. Retrieved February 2, 2014.^ Rodriguez, Salvador (May 6, 2013). "Apple makes Fortune 500's top 10 for first time; Facebook makes list". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 10, 2013.^ La Monica, Paul R. (July 22, 2015). "Apple has $203 billion in cash. Why?". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on August 18, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.^ Farivar, Cyrus (July 13, 2015). "Apple makes 92 percent of all smartphone profits". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Mickle, Tripp (April 30, 2017). "Apple's Cash Hoard Set to Top $250 Billion". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Wang, Christine (May 2, 2017). "Apple's cash hoard swells to record $256.8 billion". CNBC. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Heisler, Yoni (May 8, 2017). "Apple may soon become the world's first trillion-dollar company". BGR. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved May 24, 2017.^ Duhigg, Charles; Kocieniewski, David (April 28, 2012). "How Apple Sidesteps Billions in Taxes". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2012.^ Watson, Roland (October 30, 2012). "Foreign companies 'avoid billions in corporation tax ' ". The Times.^ Ebrahimi, Helia (November 2, 2012). "Foreign firms could owe UK £11bn in unpaid taxes". Telegraph. London.^ "Investor Relations". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 28, 2016.^ http://www.faz.net/aktuell/wirtschaft/diginomics/tim-cook-im-interview-hoffentlich-seid-ihr-deutschen-richtig-stolz-auf-euch-15245252.html?print Paged Article=true#page Index_0^ Drawbaugh, Kevin; Temple-West, Patrick. "Untaxed U. S. corporate profits held overseas top $2.1 trillion: study". Reuters. Retrieved February 11, 2015.^ "Apple Earnings Call". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 28, 2016.^ Kanter, James and Scott, Mark (August 30, 2016) Apple Must Pay Billions for Tax Breaks in Ireland, E. U. Orders The New York Times^ "Statement by Commissioner Vestager on state aid decision that Ireland's tax benefits for Apple were illegal" (Press release). European Commission. August 30, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2016.^ "Amazon 'pays less tax than sausage stall ' ". BBC News. September 2, 2016. Retrieved September 3, 2016.^ "Definitive Proxy Statement". www.sec.gov. Retrieved February 15, 2018.^ "AAPL Major Holders | Insider Transactions | Apple Inc. Stock – Yahoo Finance". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved March 5, 2017.^ "Federal Court Cases Involving Apple, Inc". Docket Alarm, Inc. Retrieved May 10, 2014.^ Mullin, Joe (January 26, 2016). "Patent troll Virnet X wants jury to give it a half-billion dollars of Apple's cash". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Novet, Jordan (December 21, 2016). "Nokia sues Apple for patent infringement in the U. S. and Germany". Venture Beat. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Swartz, Jon (December 21, 2016). "Nokia sues Apple for patent infringement". USA Today. Retrieved March 23, 2017.^ Orlowski, Andrew (November 15, 2017). "US trade cops agree to investigate Apple's 'embrace and extend ' ". Retrieved November 16, 2017.^ Vincent, James (June 13, 2016). "Apple promises to deliver AI smarts without sacrificing your privacy". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 9, 2017.^ Heisler, Yoni (May 22, 2017). "Apple is expertly trolling Android users with its new i Phone ads". BGR. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved December 9, 2017.^ Greenberg, Andy (June 8, 2015). "Apple's latest selling point: how little it knows about you". Wired. Retrieved December 9, 2017.^ Farivar, Cyrus (September 18, 2014). "Apple expands data encryption under i OS 8, making handover to cops moot". Ars Technica. Retrieved December 9, 2017.^ Hall, Zac (November 16, 2017). "Apple details how it performs on-device facial detection in latest machine learning journal entry". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 9, 2017.^ Greenberg, Andy (June 13, 2016). "Apple's 'differential privacy' is about collecting your data - but not your data". Wired. Retrieved December 9, 2017.^ Rossignol, Joe (December 6, 2017). "Here's How Apple Improves the i OS and Mac User Experience While Protecting Your Privacy". Mac Rumors. Retrieved December 9, 2017.^ Pagliery, Jose (February 22, 2016). "Apple promises privacy - but not on i Cloud". CNN. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Cunningham, Andrew (February 24, 2016). "The case for using i Tunes, not i Cloud, to back up your i Phone". Ars Technica. Condé Nast]]. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Robertson, Adi (September 12, 2017). "Why Face ID won't give you the legal protection of a passcode". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ D'Orazio, Dante (November 23, 2014). "Apple partners with app developers for major Product RED fundraising effort". The Verge. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Chmielewski, Dawn (December 17, 2014). "Apple's Holiday Product Red Campaign Raises $20 Million for AIDS Research". Recode. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Clover, Juli (December 17, 2014). "Apple's (Product) RED Holiday Campaign Raised $20 Million to Fight AIDS". Mac Rumors. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Miller, Chance (March 21, 2017). "Apple officially announces (RED) i Phone 7 & 7 Plus, updated i Phone SE with double the storage". 9to5Mac. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Warren, Tom (March 21, 2017). "Apple launches red i Phone 7". The Verge. Retrieved April 18, 2017.^ Weintraub, Seth (November 9, 2011). "Apple donates $2.5M to Hurricane Sandy relief". 9to5Mac. Retrieved November 18, 2012.^ "Apple donates $5M to Hand in Hand Hurricane Irma/Harvey relief, sets up i Tunes donations". 9to5Mac. September 8, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Miller, Chance (September 21, 2017). "Tim Cook says Apple is donating $1 million to earthquake recovery efforts in Mexico". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Weintraub, Seth (January 14, 2010). "Apple sets up Haiti donation page in i Tunes". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Gurman, Mark (March 12, 2011). "Apple now taking Red Cross donations through i Tunes for Japan relief fund". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Lovejoy, Ben (November 12, 2013). "Apple invites donations to American Red Cross to support Philippine typhoon relief". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Lovejoy, Ben (September 18, 2015). "Apple invites Red Cross donations through i Tunes to help the Mediterranean refugee crisis [Updated]". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ Miller, Chance (August 27, 2017). "Apple now accepting donations via i Tunes for Hurricane Harvey relief efforts". 9to5Mac. Retrieved December 13, 2017.^ "Help the planet. One app at a time". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved April 14, 2016.^ "Environment". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 14, 2016.^ "Global Apps for Earth campaign with WWF raises more than $8M" (Press release). Apple Inc. Retrieved June 18, 2016.^ Orlowski, Andrew (May 4, 2006), "Apple sues itself in the foot (again)", The Register^ "The Stark Reality of i Pod's Chinese Factories", Daily Mail, London, August 18, 2006^ Musgrove, Mike (June 16, 2006), "Sweatshop Conditions at IPod Factory Reported", The Washington Post^ Kahney, Leander (June 13, 2006), "Judging Apple Sweatshop Charge", Wired^ Christoph Dernbach (June 12, 2008), Steve Jobs: Good artists copy great artists steal, retrieved December 11, 2016^ "Mergers & Acquisitions". aaplinvestors.net. Retrieved December 11, 2016.^ Orlowski, Andrew (September 13, 2005), "Apple shot first, asked question later, say sued sites", The Register^ Flores, Marc, Over 5000 apps stricken from the Apple app store, new rules in place, Mobile Crunch, February 20, 2010. Bibliography Rob Price (1987). So Far: The First Ten Years of a Vision. Apple Computer. ISBN 978-1-55693-974-7. Ken Polsson. "Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers". Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2008. "Apple II history". Retrieved August 18, 2008. "Apple III history". Retrieved August 5, 2006. "Apple's 2012 Annual Report: More Employees, More Office Space, More Sales". Further reading Amelio, Gil; Simon, William L. (1999). On the Firing Line: My 500 Days at Apple. ISBN 978-0-88730-919-9. Carlton, Jim. Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania and Business Blunders. ISBN 978-0-88730-965-6. Deutschman, Alan (2000). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 978-0-7679-0432-2. Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 978-0-596-00719-5. Kunkel, Paul. Apple Design: The Work of the Apple Industrial Design Group. ISBN 978-1-888001-25-9. Lashinsky, Adam (2013). Inside Apple: How America's Most Admired—and Secretive—Company Really Works. ISBN 978-1455512164. Levy, Steven (2000) [1994]. Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything. New York City: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140291776. OCLC 474924791. Linzmayer, Owen (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0. No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-010-0. Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. ISBN 978-0-385-48684-2. Rose, Frank (1990). West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-009372-8. Sculley, John; Byrne, John A. (1990) [October 1, 1987]. Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple ... A journey of adventure, ideas and the future. Diane Pub Co. ISBN 0788169491. OCLC 947796756. Wozniak, Steve; Smith, Gina (2006). i Woz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7. Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs, The Journey is the Reward. Lynx Books. ISBN 978-1-55802-378-9. Young, Jeffrey S.; Simon, William L. (2005). i Con Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-72083-6. External links Find more about Apple Inc. at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Business data for Apple Inc.: Google Finance Yahoo! Finance Reuters SEC filings Apple Inc. companies grouped at Open Corporates Geographic data related to Apple Inc. headquarters at Open Street Map Apple Inc. portal Companies portal San Francisco Bay Area portal United States portal [ hide]v t e Apple Inc. History | Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple Corps v Apple Computer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Between 1978 and 2006 there were a number of legal disputes between Apple Corps (owned by The Beatles) and the computer manufacturer Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) over competing trademark rights. The High Court of Justice handed down a judgment on 8 May 2006 in favour of Apple Computer, but the companies did not announce a final settlement until 5 February 2007. Contents [ hide ]1 History of trademark disputes1.1 1978–19811.2 1986–19891.3 19911.4 2003–20061.5 20072 See also3 References4 Bibliography History of trademark disputes [ edit]1978–1981 [ edit]In 1978, Apple Corps, the Beatles-founded holding company and owner of their record label, Apple Records, filed a lawsuit against Apple Computer for trademark infringement. The suit was settled in 1981 with an undisclosed amount being paid to Apple Corps. This amount was later revealed to be $80,000. [1] As a condition of the settlement, Apple Computer agreed not to enter the music business, and Apple Corps agreed not to enter the computer business. [2] [3]1986–1989 [ edit]In 1986, Apple Computer added MIDI and audio-recording capabilities to its computers, which included putting the advanced Ensoniq 5503 DOC sound chip from famous synthesizer maker Ensoniq into the Apple IIGS computer. In 1989, this led Apple Corps to sue again, claiming violation of the 1981 settlement agreement. [2] The outcome of this litigation effectively spelled the end of any further development of the highly profitable Apple II line, all forays at the time by Apple Computer into the multimedia field in parallel with the Amiga, and any future advanced built-in musical hardware in the Macintosh line. [ citation needed]1991 [ edit]In 1991, another settlement involving payment of around $26.5 million to Apple Corps was reached. [4] This time, an Apple employee named Jim Reekes had included a sampled system sound called Chimes to the Macintosh operating system (the sound was later renamed to sosumi, to be read phonetically as "so sue me"). Outlined in the settlement was each company's respective trademark rights to the term "Apple". Apple Corps held the right to use Apple on any "creative works whose principal content is music", while Apple Computer held the right to use Apple on "goods or services ... used to reproduce, run, play or otherwise deliver such content", but not on content distributed on physical media. [5] In other words, Apple Computer agreed that it would not package, sell or distribute physical music materials.2003–2006 [ edit]In September 2003, Apple Corps sued Apple Computer again, this time for breach of contract, in using the Apple logo in the creation and operation of Apple Computer's i Tunes Music Store, which Apple Corps contended was a violation of the previous agreement. Some observers believed the wording of the previous settlement favoured Apple Computer in this case. [1] Other observers speculated that if Apple Corps was successful, Apple Computer would be forced to offer a much larger settlement, perhaps resulting in Apple Corps becoming a major shareholder in Apple Computer, or perhaps in Apple Computer splitting the i Pod and related business into a separate entity. [6]The trial opened on 29 March 2006 in England, [7] before a single judge of the High Court. In opening arguments, a lawyer for Apple Corps stated that in 2003, shortly before the launch of Apple Computer's on-line music store, Apple Corps rejected a $1 million offer from Apple Computer to use the Apple name on the i Tunes store. On 8 May 2006 the court ruled in favour of Apple Computer, [8] with Justice Edward Mann holding that "no breach of the trademark agreement [had] been demonstrated". [9] [10]The Judge focused on section 4.3 of that agreement:4.3 The parties acknowledge that certain goods and services within the Apple Computer Field of Use are capable of delivering content within the Apple Corps Field of Use. In such case, even though Apple Corps shall have the exclusive right to use or authorize others to use the Apple Corps Marks on or in connection with content within subsection 1.3 (i) or (ii) [the Apple Corps catalogue and any future music], Apple Computers [ sic] shall have the exclusive right to use or authorize others to use the Apple Computer Marks on or in connection with goods or services within subsection 1.2 [Apple Computer Field of Use] (such as software, hardware or broadcasting services) used to reproduce, run, play or otherwise deliver such content provided it shall not use or authorize others to use the Apple Computer Marks on or in connection with physical media delivering pre-recorded content within subsection 1.3 (i) or (ii) (such as a compact disc of the Rolling Stones music). [9]The Judge held Apple Computer's use was covered under this clause. In response, Neil Aspinall, manager of Apple Corps, indicated that the company did not accept the decision: "With great respect to the trial judge, we consider he has reached the wrong conclusion", and announced that it would "be filing an appeal and putting the case again to the Court of Appeal ". The judgment orders Apple Corps to pay Apple Computer's legal costs at an estimated UK£2 million, but pending the appeal the judge declined Apple Computer's request for an interim payment of £1.5 million. [11]The verdict coincidentally led to the Guy Goma incident on BBC News 24, in which a job applicant mistakenly appeared on air after he was confused with computing expert Guy Kewney.2007 [ edit]There was a hint that relations between the companies were improving at the January 2007 Macworld conference, when Apple CEO Steve Jobs featured Beatles content heavily in his keynote presentation and demonstration of the i Phone. During that year's All Things Digital conference, Jobs quoted the Beatles song " Two of Us " in reference to his relationship with co-panelist Microsoft chairman Bill Gates. Speculation abounded regarding the much anticipated arrival of the Beatles' music to the i Tunes Store. On 5 February 2007, Apple Inc. and Apple Corps announced a settlement of their trademark dispute under which Apple Inc. will own all of the trademarks related to "Apple" and will license certain of those trademarks back to Apple Corps for their continued use. The settlement ends the ongoing trademark lawsuit between the companies, with each party bearing its own legal costs, and Apple Inc. will continue using its name and logos on i Tunes. The settlement includes terms that are confidential, although newspaper accounts at the time stated that Apple Computer was buying out Apple Corps' trademark rights for a total of $500 million. [12]Commenting on the settlement, Steve Jobs, Apple's CEO said, "We love the Beatles, and it has been painful being at odds with them over these trademarks. It feels great to resolve this in a positive manner, and in a way that should remove the potential of further disagreements in the future. "Commenting on the settlement on behalf of the shareholders of Apple Corps, Neil Aspinall, manager of Apple Corps said, "It is great to put this dispute behind us and move on. The years ahead are going to be very exciting times for us. We wish Apple Inc. every success and look forward to many years of peaceful co-operation with them. "An announcement in April 2007 that Apple Corps had settled another long-running dispute with EMI (and that Neil Aspinall had retired and been replaced by Jeff Jones) further fueled media speculation that The Beatles' catalogue would appear on i Tunes. [13]In early September 2007, an Apple press release for the new i Pod touch, related i Pod updates, and i Phone price cut was entitled "The Beat Goes On", the title of the Beatles' last press release before splitting up. Although Beatles content was still unavailable from the i Tunes store, each Beatle's solo work could be accessed and downloaded on this service. Paul Mc Cartney was quoted in Rolling Stone as saying that their catalogue would be released through digital music stores such as i Tunes in the first quarter of 2008, [14] [15] but this did not happen until 2010. [16]See also [ edit]Apple Inc. litigation A moron in a hurry, a legal test referenced by Apple's lawyers Confusing similarity, a test in trademark law Guy Goma, a job applicant at the BBC who was accidentally interviewed on live national television about the case References [ edit]^ a b Alex, Salkever (30 September 2004). "John, Paul, George, Ringo ... and Steve?". Bloomberg Business Week. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.^ a b Hormby, Thomas (10 January 2007). "What's In a Name? Apple Corp vs. Apple Computer". Low End Mac. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.^ "History of Apple v Apple". BBC. 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2007.^ Miles 1998. pp 581–582.^ Borland, John; Fried, Ina (23 September 2006). "Apple vs. Apple: Perfect harmony?". CNET. Retrieved 1 March 2007.^ Graves, Alice (11 December 2006). "Apple v Apple: What is at the core of The Beatles' Apple Records vs. Apple i Pod ..." Legal Zoom. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.^ "Apple Giants Do Battle in Court". BBC News. 29 March 2006. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.^ Brandie, Lars (8 May 2006). "Apple Computer Triumphs In Beatles Case". Billboard.^ a b Apple Corps Limited and Apple Computer, Inc., UK Mr. Justice Mann (High Court 5 August 2005). ( archived on 2 April 2009)^ "Beatles lose court case against Apple Computer". BBC. 11 May 2006. Retrieved 29 January 2007.^ "Beatles lose Apple court battle". BBC News. 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.^ "Apple Inc. and The Beatles' Apple Corps Ltd. Enter into New Agreement" (Press release). Apple Inc. 5 February 2007. Archived from the original on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2007.^ Evans, Jonny (12 April 2007). "EMI, Apple Corps deal good news for i Tunes?". Mac World.^ Kreps, Daniel (14 November 2007). "Mc Cartney Says Beatles Going Digital in '08, New Alice in Chains Album, Queens of the Stone Age Booted From Rehab Clinic". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010.^ "Mc Cartney: Beatles Should Go Digital Next Year". Billboard. Archived from the original on 14 August 2010.^ "Beatles albums offered on i Tunes". BBC News. 16 November 2010. Bibliography [ edit]Doggett, Peter (2011). You Never Give Me Your Money. Harper. ISBN 0-06-177418-9. Miles, Barry (1998). Many Years From Now. Vintage - Random House. ISBN 0-7493-8658-4. Soocher, Stan (1999). They Fought the Law: Rock Music Goes to Court. Schirmer Trade Books. ISBN 0-8256-7241-4. Southall, Brian (2009). Pop Goes to Court: Rock 'n' Pop's Greatest Court Battles. Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84772-113-3. [ show]v t e Apple Corps [ show]v t e Apple Inc. [ show]v t e The Beatles Categories: Apple Corps Apple Inc. litigation High Court of Justice cases 2006 in case law 2006 in British law |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where can dna be found in the cell | Where is DNA located? NEWS FLASH: Nutritious Food is Your Best Medicine What is the Advantage AND Importance of CHEWING WELL? Eating More behind Weight Gain, Not lack of Exercise Continuous Chest Compression CPR Healthy Teeth and Gums Stretching and Exercise – Minimum Time – Maximum Results The Miracle of the Egg Shell Danger! Kids left in Hot Cars The Dangers of Prolonged periods of Sitting Lose Weight Easily – Without Dieting - Safe & Natural Chewing Diuretics Where is DNA located? Back to The very basics of the workings of The Human Body DNA is located inside a special area of the cell called the nucleus. Because the cell is very small, and because organisms have many DNA molecules per cell, each DNA molecule must be tightly packaged. This packaged form of the DNA is called a chromosome. DNA spends a lot of time in its chromosome form. But during cell division, DNA unwinds so it can be copied and the copies transferred to new cells. DNA also unwinds so that its instructions can be used to make proteins and for other biological processes. Researchers refer to DNA found in the cell's nucleus as nuclear DNA. An organism's complete set of nuclear DNA is called its genome. Besides the DNA located in the nucleus, humans and other complex organisms also have a small amount of DNA in cell structures known as mitochondria. Mitochondria generate the energy the cell needs to function properly. In sexual reproduction, organisms inherit half of their nuclear DNA from the male parent and half from the female parent. However, organisms inherit their entire mitochondrial DNA from the female parent. This occurs because only egg cells, and not sperm cells, keep their mitochondria during fertilization. View full topics Table of Contents Explaining the Beginnings of DNA? And what is DNA? Where is DNA located? What is DNA made of? What does DNA do? How are DNA sequences used to make proteins? So what do we do with all this new-found knowledge about DNA? What are some of the more basic requirements of my Human Body? | . Support Center Ancestry Blog Site Map Gift Memberships Careers Visit our other sites:© 1997-2018 Ancestry Corporate Information Privacy Terms and Conditions |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is ckd | Overview Overview Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys don't work as well as they should. It's a common condition often associated with getting older. Anyone can get it, although it's more common in black people and people of south Asian origin. CKD can get gradually worse over time and eventually the kidneys may stop working altogether, but this is uncommon. Many people with kidney disease are able to live long, largely normal lives. Symptoms of CKDThere are usually no symptoms of kidney disease in the early stages. It may only be picked up if blood or urine tests carried out for another reason detect a possible problem with your kidneys. When it reaches a more advanced stage, symptoms can include:tirednessswollen ankles, feet or handsshortness of breathfeeling sickblood in your urine See your GP if you have persistent or worrying symptoms that you think could be caused by kidney disease. Read more about the symptoms of CKD. Causes of CKDKidney disease is usually caused by other conditions that put a strain on the kidneys. Often it's the result of a combination of different problems. CKD can be caused by:high blood pressure – over time, this can put strain on the small blood vessels in the kidneys and stop the kidneys working properlydiabetes – too much glucose in your blood can damage the tiny filters in the kidneyshigh cholesterol – this can cause a build-up of fatty deposits in the blood vessels supplying your kidneys, which can make it harder for them to work properlykidney infectionsglomerulonephritis – kidney inflammationpolycystic kidney disease – an inherited condition where growths called cysts develop in the kidneysblockages in the flow of urine – for example, from recurrent kidney stones or an enlarged prostatelong-term, regular use of certain medicines – such as lithium and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)You can help prevent CKD by making healthy lifestyle changes and ensuring any underlying conditions you have are well controlled. Tests for CKDCKD can be diagnosed using blood and urine tests. These tests are used to look for high levels of certain substances in your blood and urine that are signs your kidneys aren't working properly. If you're at a high risk of developing kidney disease – for example, you have one of the conditions mentioned above – you may be advised to have regular tests to check for CKD so it's picked up at an early stage. The results of your blood and urine tests can be used to tell the stage of your kidney disease. This is a number that reflects how severe the damage to your kidneys is, with a higher number indicating more serious CKD. Read more about how CKD is diagnosed. Treatments for CKDThere's no cure for CKD, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms and stop it getting worse. Your treatment will depend on how severe your kidney disease is. The main treatments are:lifestyle changes to ensure you remain as healthy as possiblemedication to control associated problems such as high blood pressure and high cholesteroldialysis – treatment to replicate some of the kidney's functions; this may be necessary in advanced CKDkidney transplant – this may also be necessary in advanced CKDYou'll also be advised to have regular check-ups to monitor your condition. Read more about how CKD is treated and living with CKD. Outlook for CKDCKD can range from a mild condition with no or few symptoms, to a very serious condition where the kidneys stop working, sometimes called kidney failure. Most people with CKD will be able to control their condition with medication and regular check-ups. CKD only progresses to kidney failure in around 1 in 50 people with the condition. But if you have CKD, even if it's mild, you're at an increased risk of developing other serious problems, such as cardiovascular disease. This is a group of conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, which includes heart attacks and strokes. Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of death in people with kidney disease, although healthy lifestyle changes and medication can help reduce your risk of developing it. Want to know more? British Kidney Patient Associationinfo KID: children's kidney conditions Kidney Research UK: chronic kidney disease National Kidney Federation: about the kidneys Chronic kidney disease forum Drop in blood pressure I had a sudden drop in blood pressure today, resulting in nausea, vomitting,…6 replies Ramipril blood pressure med Hi everyone I haven't been here in a while but today I went to see my kidney dr…13 replies CKD and Pre-Diabetes Has anyone with CKD level 3 been diagnosed as pre-diabetic ? Wonder if CKD…5 replies More from the community Content provided by Health Unlocked | . Company About Us Editorial Policy Testimonials Wolters Kluwer Careers Support Contact Us Help & Training Citing Our Content News & Events What's New Clinical Podcasts Press Announcements In the News Events Resources Up To Date Login CME/CE/CPDMobile Apps Webinars EHR Integration Health Industry Podcasts Follow Us Sign up today to receive the latest news and updates from Up To Date. Sign Up When you have to be right Privacy Policy Trademarks Subscription & Licence Agreement© 2018 Up To Date, Inc. and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Licensed to: Up To Date Marketing Professional Support Tag: [0504 - 131.253.27.11 - 825DD286B6 - PR14 - UPT - 20180202-19:17:00GMT] - LG |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what causes your feet to peel | Peeling skin on my feet just won't go away Peeling skin on my feet just won't go away Q: FOR the past few months I have had skin peeling off my heel and the underside of my foot. By Dr Rosemary Leonard PUBLISHED: 05:43, Tue, Nov 12, 2013NO SWEAT: Fight off foot fungus [ALAMY]There is no inflammation or irritation and only one foot is affected. Applying foot cream has made no difference. Can you suggest anything please? Wearing trainers with padded synthetic inner linings can lead to fungal infections [ALAMY]The most common causes of peeling on one foot is a fungal infection A: THE most common causes of peeling on one foot is a fungal infection which is more likely if your foot is also very sweaty. This is more common in people who spend a lot of time in trainers which have padded synthetic inner linings. Get them off as much as you can and even though the weather is now rather chilly, wear sandals when you are at home, not warm slippers which can make your feet sweat even more. You can buy anti-fungal foot products from the pharmacist but if applying these at least twice a day for two weeks does not help, see your GP. | Is red discoloration under fingernails serious? Dr. Mehmet Oz, MDCardiology (Cardiovascular Disease)Red discoloration under your fingernails can be caused by a number of conditions, some of which could be serious. Talk with your doctor or dermatologist about what may be causing the redness. Some conditions that can lead to a red or brown discoloration under your nails include the following: A splinter hemorrhage. This vertical red or brown line under the nail can be caused by an injury, fungal infection, or nail psoriasis, or can be a sign of a heart condition. Heart failure. This can cause redness in the white half moon at the bottom of your nail. Kidney disease. This can cause the nails to have a reddish appearance beneath the surface. Continue Learning about Nail Disorders Related to Nail Disorders Onychoschizia (Nail Splitting) Ingrown Nails Onycholysis (Nail Lifting)Important: This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. Trending on Sharecare |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what can an abdominal cat scan show | Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan of the Abdomen Home > Health Library Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan of the Abdomen See related health topics and resources<< Back to Gastroenterology Tests and Procedures (Abdominal CT Scan)What is a CT scan of the abdomen? Computed tomography (CT scan or CAT scan) is a noninvasive diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal, or axial, images (often called slices) of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, organs, and blood vessels. CT scans are more detailed than standard X-rays. In standard X-rays, a beam of energy is aimed at the body part being studied. A plate behind the body part captures the variations of the energy beam after it passes through skin, bone, muscle, and other tissue. While much information can be obtained from a standard X-ray, a lot of detail about internal organs and other structures is not available. In computed tomography, the X-ray beam moves in a circle around the body. This allows many different views of the same organ or structure. The X-ray information is sent to a computer that interprets the X-ray data and displays it in a two-dimensional (2D) form on a monitor. CT scans may be done with or without "contrast." Contrast refers to a substance taken by mouth or injected into an intravenous (IV) line that causes the particular organ or tissue under study to be seen more clearly. Contrast examinations may require you to fast for a certain period of time before the procedure. Your doctor will notify you of this prior to the procedure. CT scans of the abdomen can provide more detailed information about abdominal organs and structures than standard X-rays of the abdomen, thus providing more information related to injuries and/or diseases of the abdominal organs. CT scans of the abdomen may also be used to visualize placement of needles during biopsies of abdominal organs or tumors or during aspiration (withdrawal) of fluid from the abdomen. CT scans of the abdomen are useful in monitoring tumors and other conditions of the abdomen before and after treatment. Other related procedures that may be used to diagnose abdominal problems include abdominal X-rays, pancreas scan, liver scan, gallbladder scan, kidney scan, endoscopy procedures such as colonoscopy, abdominal ultrasound, and abdominal angiogram. What are the reasons for a CT scan of the abdomen? The abdomen contains organs of the gastrointestinal, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive systems. A CT scan of the abdomen may be performed to assess the abdomen and its organs for tumors and other lesions, injuries, intra-abdominal bleeding, infections, unexplained abdominal pain, obstructions, or other conditions, particularly when another type of examination, such as X-rays or physical examination, is not conclusive. A CT scan of the abdomen may also be used to evaluate the effects of treatment on abdominal tumors. Another use of abdominal CT is to provide guidance for biopsies and/or aspiration of tissue from the abdomen. There may be other reasons for your doctor to recommend a CT scan of the abdomen. What are the risks of a CT scan? You may want to ask your doctor about the amount of radiation used during the CT procedure and the risks related to your particular situation. It is a good idea to keep a record of your past history of radiation exposure, such as previous CT scans and other types of X-rays, so that you can inform your doctor. Risks associated with radiation exposure may be related to the cumulative number of X-ray examinations and/or treatments over a long period of time. If you are pregnant or suspect that you may be pregnant, you should notify your health care provider. Radiation exposure during pregnancy may lead to birth defects. If contrast media is used, there is a risk for allergic reaction to the media. Patients who are allergic to or sensitive to medications should notify their doctor. You will need to let your doctor know if you have ever had a reaction to contrast media, or kidney problems. A reported seafood allergy is not considered to be a contraindication for iodinated contrast. If you take metformin/Glucophage, or a related medication, you may be asked to stop taking the medication for at least 48 hours after the contrast is administered, as it may cause a condition called metabolic acidosis, or an unsafe change in your blood p H. Patients with kidney failure or other kidney problems should notify their doctor. In some cases, the contrast media can cause kidney failure, especially if the person is dehydrated or already has underlying kidney disease. There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor prior to the procedure. Certain factors or conditions may interfere with the accuracy of a CT scan of the abdomen. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following: Metallic objects within the abdomen, such as surgical clips Barium in the intestines from a recent barium study Stool and/or gas in the bowel Total hip replacement How do I prepare for a CT scan? If you are having a computed tomography angiography (CTA) or virtual colonoscopy with Johns Hopkins radiology, you will be given specific instructions when you make your appointment. PRECAUTIONS: If you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant, please check with your doctor before scheduling the exam. Other options will be discussed with you and your doctor. CLOTHING: You may be asked to change into a patient gown. If so, a gown will be provided for you. A locker will be provided to secure personal belongings. Please remove all piercings and leave all jewelry and valuables at home. CONTRAST MEDIA: CT scans are most frequently done with and without a contrast media. The contrast media improves the radiologist's ability to view the images of the inside of the body. Some patients should not have an iodine-based contrast media. If you have problems with your kidney function, please inform the access center representative when you schedule the appointment. You may be able to have the scan performed without contrast media or have an alternative imaging exam. You will be asked to sign a consent form that will detail the risks and side-effects associated with contrast media injected through a small tube places in a vein called an intravenous (IV) line. The most common type of CT scan with contrast is the double contrast study that will require you to drink a contrast media before your exam begins in addition to the IV contrast. The more contrast you are able to drink, the better the images are for the radiologist to visualize your digestive tract. ALLERGY: Please inform the access center representative when you schedule your CT scan if you have had an allergic reaction to any contrast media. IV contrast will not be administered if you have had a severe or anaphylactic reaction to any contrast media in the past. If you had mild to moderate reactions in the past, you will likely need to take medication prior to the CT scan. These plans will be discussed with you in detail when you schedule your exam. Any known reactions to a contrast media should be discussed with your personal physician. EAT/DRINK: If your doctor ordered a CT scan without contrast, you can eat, drink and take your prescribed medications prior to your exam. If your doctor ordered a CT scan with contrast, do not eat anything three hours prior to your CT scan. You are encouraged to drink clear liquids. You may also take your prescribed medications prior to your exam. DIABETICS: Diabetics should eat a light breakfast or lunch three hours prior to the scan time. Depending on your oral medication for diabetes, you may be asked to discontinue use of the medication for 48 hours after the CT scan. If you have a CT scan with Johns Hopkins radiology, detailed instructions will be given following your examination. MEDICATION: All patients can take their prescribed medications as usual. Based on your medical condition, your doctor may request other specific preparation. What happens during a CT scan? CT scans may be performed on an outpatient basis or as part of your stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your physician's practices. Generally, a CT scan follows this process: You may be asked to change into a patient gown. If so, a gown will be provided for you. A locked will be provided to secure all personal belongings. Please remove all piercings and leave all jewelry and valuables at home. If you are to have a procedure done with contrast, an intravenous (IV) line will be started in the hand or arm for injection of the contrast media. For oral contrast, you will be given a liquid contrast preparation to swallow. In some situations, the contrast may be given rectally. You will lie on a scan table that slides into a large, circular opening of the scanning machine. Pillows and straps may be used to prevent movement during the procedure. The technologist will be in another room where the scanner controls are located. However, you will be in constant sight of the technologist through a window. Speakers inside the scanner will enable the technologist to communicate with and hear you. You may have a call button so that you can let the technologist know if you have any problems during the procedure. The technologist will be watching you at all times and will be in constant communication. As the scanner begins to rotate around you, X-rays will pass through the body for short amounts of time. You will hear clicking sounds, which are normal. The X-rays absorbed by the body's tissues will be detected by the scanner and transmitted to the computer. The computer will transform the information into an image to be interpreted by the radiologist. It will be important that you remain very still during the procedure. You may be asked to hold your breath at various times during the procedure. If contrast media is used for your procedure, you may feel some effects when the dye is injected into the IV line. These effects include a flushing sensation, a salty or metallic taste in the mouth, a brief headache, or nausea and/or vomiting. These effects usually last for a few moments. You should notify the technologist if you feel any breathing difficulties, sweating, numbness or heart palpitations. When the procedure has been completed, you will be removed from the scanner. If an IV line was inserted for contrast administration, the line will be removed. While the CT procedure itself causes no pain, having to lie still for the length of the procedure might cause some discomfort or pain, particularly in the case of a recent injury or invasive procedure such as surgery. The technologist will use all possible comfort measures and complete the procedure as quickly as possible to minimize any discomfort or pain. What happens after a CT scan? If contrast dye was used during your procedure, you may be monitored for a period of time for any side effects or reactions to the contrast dye, such as itching, swelling, rash, or difficulty breathing. If you notice any pain, redness, and/or swelling at the IV site after you return home following your procedure, you should notify your doctor as this could indicate an infection or other type of reaction. Otherwise, there is no special type of care required after a CT scan of the abdomen. You may resume your usual diet and activities unless your doctor advises you differently. Your doctor may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation. Related Videos Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center Virtual Tour Experience the Center by taking a virtual tour of our clinical care... Experience Our Care Find a Doctor for: Cancer Diagnostic Radiology Hematology Oncology Medical Oncology Oncology See More +Find a physician at another Johns Hopkins Member Hospital: Howard County General Sibley Memorial Hospital Suburban Hospital Connect with a Treatment Center: Brady Urological Institute Medical Imaging Radiology and Radiological Science Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center Find Additional Treatment Centers at: Howard County General Sibley Memorial Hospital Suburban Hospital Maryland Patients Find a location near you. Traveling for Care? Whether you're crossing the country or the globe, we make it easy to access world-class care at Johns Hopkins. Outside of Maryland (toll free) 410-464-6713Request an Appointment Medical Concierge Services International Patients +1-410-502-7683Request an Appointment Medical Concierge Services Discover Our Research Gene-based Test For Urine Detects, Monitors Bladder Cancer Pap Test Fluids Used In Gene-based Screening Test For Two Gyn Cancers Cancer Risk Associated With Key Epigenetic Changes Occurring Through Normal Aging Process Expand Your Knowledge Sign up for an e-Newsletter Attend a Health Seminar Related Articles Progress In The Fight Against Cancer Immunotherapy is rapidly altering cancer treatment. Johns Hopkins... First Signs Men’s health expert discusses the ways your sexual vitality may predict... Prostate Cancer Early detection and a watchful eye can lead to curing prostate cancer. | How Allergies Work NEXTAllergies are the result of a hypersensitive immune system. Get health tips with staying healthy pictures . Discovery Health A properly functioning immune system is a well-trained and disciplined biological warfare unit for the body. The immune system is really quite amazing. It is able to identify and destroy many foreign invaders. The immune system can also identify cells that are infected internally with viruses, as well as many cells that are on their way to becoming tumors. It does all of this work so the body remains healthy. As amazing as the immune system is, it sometimes makes mistakes. Allergies are the result of a hypersensitive immune system. The allergic immune system misidentifies an otherwise innocuous substance as harmful, and then attacks the substance with a ferocity far greater than required. The problems this attack can cause range from mildly inconvenient and uncomfortable to the total failure of the organism the immune system is supposed to be protecting. In this article, we'll examine the most established school of thought on what makes up the condition referred to as an allergy. A defining premise of this school of thought is that allergic symptoms are always triggered by a protein.1 … 5 6 NEXTPrint | Citation & Date | Reprint More to Explore Related Content Are there any treatments for hay fever? Know Your Pollen Trigger Season Is there a treatment for allergies to penicillin? |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how long do vanda flowers last? | Vanda Orchid Vanda Orchid Vanda is one of many genera in the orchid family Orchidaceae. All vandaceous orchids are monopodials. Monopodial orchids have a single stem and growing point at the tip, or crown, of the plant. They are generally upright in habit, and the main stem may have lateral buds which can develop into plantlets (“keikis”) when the plant has attained sufficient size and strength to support them. Each keiki will also continue to grow indefinitely from its tip. The name Vanda is derived from the classical Indian language Sanskrit. Wild vanda orchids grow in northern Australia and Eastern Asia, including India, Indonesia, the Philippines, New Guinea, southern China and the Himalaya region. The showy bloom from one Vanda spike can sometimes last up to eight weeks or more, and this is naturally a highly desirable trait in the floral industry. Vandas will bloom throughout the year, depending on their growing conditions, with plenty of access to light, warmth and moisture. Vandas bloom from spikes that emerge in a predictable pattern from between leaves. The flower spikes have multiple flowers, depending on the plant, and the flowers will stay open for a matter of weeks. Vandas are generally chosen for their blooms, with flowers in hot pink, red, blue, purple, or mottled. The choicest flowers are flat and round, with very bright colors. Ascocendas are a more compact version of a Vanda with substantially smaller flowers. The culture requirements for Ascocendas are the same as for Vandas. Light Vandas thrive on sunlight and should be suspended from the greenhouse roof and positioned as close to the glass as possible, or hanging in maximum bright conditions. Vandas can take full sun but prefer the light to be dispersed so as not to burn the evergreen foliage which surrounds the central stem. Face the vandas so that the flat side faces the light. In other words the leaves should point perpendicular to the light. In the living room Vandas should be kept in the brightest window available and should be moved to other rooms as the seasons change to obtain the maximum light possible. Temperature Vandas are warm-house orchids that prefer temperatures above about 65˚F. They can tolerate colder temperatures, but prolonged exposure any temperatures below 50˚F can cause delayed flowering for up to a year. The only real exception to this is the Vanda coerulea, one of the few true blue orchids. These Vandas can handle cold temperatures better than many of their cousins. Water & Humidity Vandas are occasionally grown in plastic pots with sphagnum moss and orchid media, but this is a far-from-ideal situation. Instead, most growers prefer to grow Vandas in slotted baskets, where their roots are free to dangle toward the ground. Plants grown like this require a great deal of water. In periods of high temperatures, Vandas should be watered twice a day. When watering a Vanda, first soak the plant until the white or silvery roots turn color. Then wait a few minutes before again saturating the plant. Overall, the plant should be under spray for up to 8 minutes. Some growers leave their sprinklers on for 20 minutes or longer, but Vanda breeders also state that Vandas cannot continue to absorb water beyond about 8 minutes. Seriously dehydrated Vandas can be floated in a bucket of water ( put the whole plant in the bucket) for a few hours to rehydrate them. Feeding Vandas are heavy feeders, and well-fed plants bloom better. During the growing season, fertilize with a liquid-based, weak fertilizer weekly. Plants that are grown in plastic pots can be fertilized with controlled-release fertilizer pellets in addition to the liquid-based fertilizer. Potting Vandas are big, robust plants that will quickly outgrow most containers. They do best in situations where their large aerial roots are allowed to meander through the air or grasp onto a substrate. They can be successfully grown mounted to trees or buildings, but the best way to grow vandas is in open baskets with no substrate. Soak the roots in water first, then just weave the roots through the basket slots and wire the stem base in place with plant wire. Large Vandas might not need repotting at all, as they will continue to grow outside the basket, so give them plenty of root space. If your Vanda needs repotting, it is best to place the old basket inside the new basket so no root damage occurs. Flowering Vandas can flower at any time of year, with the heaviest flowering season is between spring and fall. Slightly cooler temperatures and bright light initiate flower spikes. Keep the mix moist when the plant initiates buds or starts flowering. If the top of the buds become glued together with a clear, honey-like substance, try misting the bulbs to dissolve this sugary secretion. They should open normally. Vanda flowers are large with thick substance, and can bloom for one to three months at a time. | . Community content for this product may not be appropriate for all ages, or may not be appropriate for viewing at work. Continue Cancel |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.driving distance from austin to el paso | The driving distance from El Paso, Texas to Austin, Texas is: The driving distance from El Paso, Texas to Austin, Texas is:577 miles /929 km City: Check-in: Check-out: Rooms: Travelers: Get: Get: From: To: El Paso to Austin road trip Map of driving directions from El Paso, TX to Austin, TXClick here to show map Drag the line on the map to calculate the driving distance for a different route. If you want to verify these driving directions or look for another possible route, you can try Google Maps , Bing Maps, or Map Quest. More trip calculationsdriving time from El Paso, TX to Austin, TXcost of driving from El Paso, TX to Austin, TXreverse drive distance from Austin, TX to El Paso, TXhalfway between El Paso, TX and Austin, TXstopping points from El Paso, TX to Austin, TXhotels near Austin, TXflight distance from El Paso, TX to Austin, TXflight time from El Paso, TX to Austin, TXfly or drive from El Paso, TX to Austin, TXairports near Austin, TXairlines flying to Austin, TXnonstop flights from El Paso, TX to Austin, TXtime difference between El Paso, TX and Austin, TX | What is the distance from el paso to houston? Gd Here 41,285 Contributions What is the distance from el paso to houston? The air Distance between El Paso, Texas and Houston Texas is 672 air miles. This is calculated by taking the distance via the latitude and longitude where the two places are …Minerfan19 69 Contributions How long is the flight from El Paso to Dallas?\n2 hrs 25 minutes from El Paso to Dallas Love Field on Southwest Airlines. What are the populations of Houston San Antonio Dallas El Paso and Austin in Texas?because thousands of Americans immigrated to Texas when every part of land was being sold for a cheap price Fuzzy Logic 58,402 Contributions How long does it take to get from El Paso to Dallas? The approximate driving time and mileage information - Between: El Paso, TX and: Dallas, TX Driving miles: 640 Driving time: 10 hrs - is based on traveling non-stop in …Lindalee Stuckey 291,784 Contributions Weeds are the bane of my existence! I have a Star Trek garden with 21 Star Trek named daylilies and many plants to attract butterflies. How far is Houston from El Paso? It is 745 miles from Houston to El Paso, TX. USCitizen 477,196 Contributions How many miles is it from El Paso to dallas? It is 638 miles accorrding to Google Maps. USCitizen 477,196 Contributions Is Dallas TX closer to El Paso TX than Denver CO? Yes, the drive from Denver to Dallas is 795 miles and the drive from El Paso to Dallas is only 638 miles. Houston is which direction from El Paso? Southeast Driving time El Paso to Dallas? Drivr time from dallas to el paso texas Geography Man 192 Contributions How do you get to Dallas TX from El Paso TX? Driving directions to El Paso, TX . 3D . Dallas, TX . 1. Head southwest on Sycamore St toward N Fitzhugh Ave . 0.1 mi. 2. Turn left onto N Fitzhugh Ave . 1.0 mi. …Is El Paso north or south of Dallas?it is south of Dallas its on the border of Mexico and the US. Everac99 75,378 Contributions Which Texas city is closer to the Gulf of Mexico - El Paso or Houston? Houston is much closer to the Gulf of Mexico. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.symptoms of birth control pills | Top 30 Doctor insights on: Pregnancy Symptoms Vs Birth Control Side Effects Top 30 Doctor insights on: Pregnancy Symptoms Vs Birth Control Side Effects Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Clyde Dorr1 Can birth control side effects mimic pregnancy symptoms? Started 2nd month, got a full period on placebo, and my pregnant tests are negative. Feel sick Yes. : Oral contraceptives (birth control pills) can mimic the symptoms of pregnancy, including nausea and fatigue. See your gynecologist for help with the symptoms and to rule out pregnancy. ... Read more Dr. Janice Alexander4 Doctors shared insights Pregnancy (Definition)When your due date arrives, you will be more than ready to have your baby! Most women deliver the baby somewhere between 37 and 42 weeks. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, only 5% of babies arrive on the exact due date. Approximately 7% of babies are not delivered by 42 weeks, and when that happens, it is referred to ... Read more Board Certified,Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Rahil Malik2 Started new birth control, didn't use protection first week. Having a lot of pregnancy symptoms. Is it just side effects or could I be pregnant? Side effects: It is most likely the transient side effects from the pills. They get better with time. A home urine pregnancy test can be done in the privacy and comfort of your home. It is cheap and useful in identifying if you are pregnant or not. Whether you have missed period or unprotected sex or trying to ... Read more Dr. Robert Killian3 I've had symptoms of being pregnant for a month, I've taken a pregnancy test & it was negative. Could it just be side effects from my birth control? You are not pregnant: Yes. This is exactly what 'it' is. You are not pregnant. The reason one takes birth control is to have less unnecessary worry over unwanted pregnancies. Why are you so worried that you would test? ... Read more Dr. Stephen Southard4 Will birth control pill have side effects that are similar to symptoms of pregnancy? Very much so: Due to similar hormonal changes, birth control use and pregnancy share similar symptoms of nausea and vomiting, breast tenderness, and mood swings . ... Read more Dr. Kathy Robinson5 How can I tell the differences between pregnancy symptoms and birth control implant side effects? Pregnancy test: If you are having unprotected sex and having symptoms you think may be pregnancy related you need to take a pregnancy test. Since implants are hormonal the symptoms can be similar to hormonal changes with pregnancy. ... Read more Board Certified,Get help from a specialist now Continue Dr. Paula Hillard6 How to tell if my symptoms are side effects of birth control? Most have none: Most women who take birth control pills have no side effects, but the most common side effect in the first 1-3 months is irregular, unpredictable bleeding that gets better over time. Other possible side effects include breast tenderness, nausea, mood changes, headaches. One way is to ... Read more Dr. Yash Khanna2 doctors agreed:7 I need to switch birth control pill in the mid cycle due to side effects can I switch will I have symptoms? Not a good idea: It is not a good idea to switch to different type of bcp in the middle of your menstrual cycle . But do discuss with your doctor if it is ok i will suggest that you wait for your next period to start the new pills and if you can not take the pills due to side ... Read more Dr. Kevin Fleishman8 How to tell the difference between birth control side effects and pregnancy? Pregnancy moresevere: Since pregnancy causes much higher levels of estrogen and other hormones, then effects of pregnancy are more severe, such as breast tenderness and nausea. ... Read more Dr. Lori Mcneal2 doctors agreed:9 Can stopping and then restarting birth control a month later have side effects mimicking pregnancy? Birth control: With interruptions in birth control, pregnancy is more likely as pill less effective. I would take a pregnancy test and see your doctor if symptoms persist. ... Read more Dr. Chevies Newman1 doctor agreed:10 I'm on the birth control shot, and it's wearing off and I had unprotected sex. I've been having the side effects of pregnancy. Could I be pregnant? The easiest: Way to determine this is by a home pregnancy test. The over the counter ones ate quite reliable but no one will tell u u can't be pregnant. Gd luck. ... Read more Dr. Ed Friedlander11 I want to use birth control to reduce my acne but I'm worrying the side effects of birth control. Any negative risk on future pregnancy, stroke, or something else? Thank you!Personal choice: Acne is an extremely serious liability for a young adult like yourself -- people take it as a sign of poor self-care. Your physician can guide you about safe choice of an oral contraceptive pill, and bear in mind that these also offer substantial health benefits, especially in prevention ... Read more Dr. Robert Kwok1 doctor agreed:12 If I don't have ANY side effects and my period is still long and heavy, is my low does birth control pill still protecting me against pregnancy? Yes: Birth control pills, when taken each day at about the same time, are still working to prevent pregnancy, regardless of whether the withdrawal bleeding is lighter than expected or heavier than expected. However, if heavier periods, one should visit her doctor again to see if there are ways to get ... Read more Dr. Thomas Lyons13 Please, can you describe the primary birth control side effects? Bleeding and nausea: Breakthru bleeding and nausea are most common. ... Read more Dr. Andrew Silverman2 doctors agreed:14 Birth control; side effects vs diaphragm? Side effects: I assume that you mean bcp's compared to a diaphragm. Bcp side effects are related to the hormones that they contain. The side effects of a diaphragm can include allergy to the contraceptive jell and pregnancy do to either misplacement or forgetting to insert it. ... Read more Dr. Heidi Fowler15 Can you please describe the birth control side effects? Potential side: Effects depend on which type of birth control method you are using. Birth control methods include: abstinence, oral contraceptives, birth control patch, depo-provera (shot), sponge, vaginal ring, cervical cap, condom, diaphragm, iud, birth control implant, spermicide ... Read more Dr. Wayne Ingram3 doctors agreed:16 Birth control side-effects and clot risk? Clots vs. Pill: One of the many risks of the oral contraceptive pill is thrombosis (clots) which can travel to distant places like the lungs and cause "issues". Smoking on the pill is a major no-no as it can make the blood vessels produce spasms and enhance the likelihood of clots. That is why we as md's use low ... Read more Dr. Heidi Fowler5 doctors agreed:17 What are errin birth control side effects? Errin: See: http://www. Drugs. Com/sfx/errin-side-effects. Html Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. Heidi Fowler5 doctors agreed:18 What are the Errin birth control side effects? Errin: See: http://www. Drugs. Com/sfx/errin-side-effects. Html Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. Thomas Lyons19 Could you tell me what are some birth control side effects on your discharge? Decreased discharge: Discharge is thicker and less watery. Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. Thomas Lyons20 Birth control -- side effects and a way to skip period and when should it start working? Minimal side effects: Most common is breaktrhu bleeding. Some people have nauswea hen starting. Very slight increased risk of blood clots. ... Read more Dr. Paula Hillard1 doctor agreed:21 I am very curious about birth control side effects. Are they worth it? Most have none: Most women have no side effects, with the benefit of no pregnancy; risks of side effects are less than in pregnancy. In the 1st few mos irregular bleeding can occur that gets better over time. Others include breast tenderness, nausea, mood changes, headaches. 1 serious potential risk ... Read more Dr. Byron Hapner2 doctors agreed:22 Being on seasonique for 3 years my periods have become much lighter and shorter with hardly any flow- is this normal birth control side effects? Yes: Yes, especially with extended-cycle pills such as seasonique. ... Read more Dr. Heidi Fowler23 Why are my birth control side effects becoming worse all of a sudden when nothing has changed? Your: gynecologist may be able to shed more light on that. ... Read more Dr. Lori Semel24 My mom wants me to go on birth control. Side effects? I have a phobia of needles What exams/tests will happen Im a virgin. Does it matter if I have sex? Birth Control: Why does your Mom want you to go on birth control? Did you explain to her that you are a virgin and prefer not to? There are significant side effects and risks which you need not take unless there is a good reason to. ... Read more Dr. Alan Patterson25 Birth control side effects; does anybody take estrostep (ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone) fe? An older pill: I do not ahve any of my patients on that pill anymore. Side efefcts from any pill, could be break through bleeding, irregular bleeding, weight gain, bloating, breast tenderness, . Less common ones are blood clot heart attacck, stroke. No periods can also happen. Headaches ... Read more Dr. Jeff Livingston6 doctors agreed:26 Side effects about going off birth control? Pregnancy: Birth control pills are out of your system within 7 days. There are no side effects of stopping them. You will just go back to your own body's natural hormone production. Use condoms or start a different method if you are not trying to get pregnant. ... Read more Dr. Andrew Silverman2 doctors agreed:27 What are some extreme side effects of birth control? Side effects of BCP: The most severe side effects are do to the estrogenic component which causes increased coagulation of the blood and can result in a thrombus (clott) or an embolus (breaking loose of a clot). ... Read more Dr. Charles Whiting28 Are there any birth control with fewer side effects? Fewer than what? : It would be helpful to know what you are on now. Can you ask the question again with this information? Thanks. ... Read more Dr. Brian Nguyen2 doctors agreed:29 What are some abnormal side effects of birth control? Blood clots: Most birth control is expected to have some very mild side effects such as acne or mild irritability but the more concerning very rare side effect is the possibility of increased coagulability which can lead to the development of a blood clot in the legs, called a dvt. ... Read more Dr. Daniel Rychlik30 What are typical side effects that come with birth control? Side effects: These can vary from patient to patient. Some feel nothing while others will have symptoms of breast tenderness and pregnancy symptoms. Usually these symptoms go away after continued use. ... Read more Dr. Jeff Livingston2,399 Doctors shared insights Contraception (Definition)Contraceptiion is a means of preventing conception (or fertilization). There are hormonal and non hormonal methods of preventing sperm and egg from meeting. Talk to your doctor or clinic about what options are best for you. There are short acting methods (condoms, pills, patch, ring) and long ... Read more Dr. Janice Alexander4 Doctors shared insights Birth Control (Definition)Also known as contraception, birth control is a method to prevent pregnancy. Some methods of birth control include a vasectomy, tubal ligation, oral contraceptive pills, vaginal rings, hormone injections, condoms, diaphragms, sponges, ... Read more | . Conditions Resources - Info Insight Blogs Psychological Tests About |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is midol | What is Midol? Stacy Wiegman, Pharm DPharmacy Midol is a combination, over-the-counter (OTC) drug used to relieve menstrual symptoms, including cramps and bloating. Combination OTC drugs for menstrual symptoms generally include both a pain reliever and a diuretic -- a medication that relieves bloating by causing your body to release excess fluids. Midol contains acetaminophen as a pain reliever and caffeine as a diuretic. Midol is a brand name medication, though generic equivalents are available as well. Continue Learning about Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Related to Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Chemical Toxins Relationship Abuse Diabetes Complications Body Contouring Your Lifestyle The Five Senses Stages Of Colon Cancer Patient Education For Improving Rx Drug Adherence Your Mind Male Reproductive System Parts Parenting Teens Morning Sickness & Pregnancy Mental Health Therapies Sharecare Bladder Cancer Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Digestive Diseases Schizophrenia Hydrocephalus Conception Achieved (Pregnancy)Important: This content reflects information from various individuals and organizations and may offer alternative or opposing points of view. It should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. As always, you should consult with your healthcare provider about your specific health needs. | Midol IB Diagnosed with Ps A? Learn about biologics >Midol IBGeneric Name: ibuprofen (EYE bue PROE fen) Brand Name: Advil, Genpril, IBU, Midol IB, Motrin IB, Proprinal, Smart Sense Children's Ibuprofen Medically reviewed: March 30, 2017Overview Side Effects Dosage Interactions Pregnancy More Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews Support Group Q & AWhat is Midol IB? Midol IB is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This medicine works by reducing hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body. Midol IB is used to reduce fever and treat pain or inflammation caused by many conditions such as headache, toothache, back pain, arthritis, menstrual cramps, or minor injury. This medicine is used in adults and children who are at least 6 months old. Midol IB may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Slideshow Fact or Fiction? The Top 15 Osteoarthritis Myths Important Information Midol IB can increase your risk of fatal heart attack or stroke, especially if you use it long term or take high doses, or if you have heart disease. Do not use this medicine just before or after heart bypass surgery (coronary artery bypass graft, or CABG). Midol IB may also cause stomach or intestinal bleeding, which can be fatal. These conditions can occur without warning while you are using this medicine, especially in older adults. Before taking this medicine Midol IB can increase your risk of fatal heart attack or stroke, especially if you use it long term or take high doses, or if you have heart disease. Even people without heart disease or risk factors could have a stroke or heart attack while taking this medicine. Do not use this medicine just before or after heart bypass surgery (coronary artery bypass graft, or CABG). Midol IB may also cause stomach or intestinal bleeding, which can be fatal. These conditions can occur without warning while you are using this medicine, especially in older adults. You should not use Midol IB if you are allergic to it, or if you have ever had an asthma attack or severe allergic reaction after taking aspirin or an NSAID. Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to take this medicine if you have:heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, or if you smoke;a history of heart attack, stroke, or blood clot;a history of stomach ulcers or bleeding;asthma;liver or kidney disease;fluid retention; ora connective tissue disease such as Marfan syndrome, Sjogren's syndrome, or lupus. Taking Midol IB during the last 3 months of pregnancy may harm the unborn baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor's advice if you are pregnant. It is not known whether Midol IB passes into breast milk or if it could affect a nursing baby. Ask a doctor before using this medicine if you are breast-feeding. Do not give Midol IB to a child younger than 2 years old without the advice of a doctor. How should I take Midol IB? Use exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger amounts or for longer than recommended. Use the lowest dose that is effective in treating your condition. Do not take more than your recommended dose. An Midol IB overdose can damage your stomach or intestines. The maximum amount of this medicine for adults is 800 milligrams per dose or 3200 mg per day (4 maximum doses). Use only the smallest amount of this medicine needed to get relief from your pain, swelling, or fever. A child's dose of Midol IB is based on the age and weight of the child. Carefully follow the dosing instructions provided with children's this medicine for the age and weight of your child. Ask a doctor or pharmacist if you have questions. Take Midol IB with food or milk to lessen stomach upset. Shake the oral suspension ( liquid) well just before you measure a dose. Measure liquid medicine with the dosing syringe provided, or with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one. The Midol IB chewable tablet must be chewed before you swallow it. If you use this medicine long-term, you may need frequent medical tests. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Do not allow the liquid medicine to freeze. Read all patient information, medication guides, and instruction sheets provided to you. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions. What happens if I miss a dose? Since Midol IB is used when needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. If you are on a schedule, use the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not use extra medicine to make up the missed dose. What happens if I overdose? Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Overdose symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, drowsiness, black or bloody stools, coughing up blood, shallow breathing, fainting, or coma. What should I avoid while taking Midol IB? Avoid drinking alcohol. It may increase your risk of stomach bleeding. Avoid taking aspirin while you are taking Midol IB. Avoid taking Midol IB if you are taking aspirin to prevent stroke or heart attack. This medicine can make aspirin less effective in protecting your heart and blood vessels. If you must use both medications, take the this medicine at least 8 hours before or 30 minutes after you take the aspirin (non-enteric coated form). Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using any cold, allergy, or pain medicine. Many medicines available over the counter contain aspirin or other medicines similar to Midol IB. Taking certain products together can cause you to get too much of this type of medication. Check the label to see if a medicine contains aspirin, this medicine, ketoprofen, or naproxen. Midol IB side effects Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: sneezing, runny or stuffy nose; wheezing or trouble breathing; hives; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Get emergency medical help if you have signs of a heart attack or stroke: chest pain spreading to your jaw or shoulder, sudden numbness or weakness on one side of the body, slurred speech, leg swelling, feeling short of breath. Stop using Midol IB and call your doctor at once if you have:changes in your vision;shortness of breath (even with mild exertion);swelling or rapid weight gain;the first sign of any skin rash, no matter how mild;signs of stomach bleeding--bloody or tarry stools, coughing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds;liver problems--nausea, upper stomach pain, itching, tired feeling, flu-like symptoms, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes);kidney problems--little or no urinating, painful or difficult urination, swelling in your feet or ankles, feeling tired or short of breath;low red blood cells (anemia)--pale skin, feeling light-headed or short of breath, rapid heart rate, trouble concentrating; orsevere skin reaction--fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or tongue, burning in your eyes, skin pain followed by a red or purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and causes blistering and peeling. Common side effects may include:upset stomach, mild heartburn, nausea, vomiting;bloating, gas, diarrhea, constipation;dizziness, headache, nervousness;mild itching or rash; orringing in your ears. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. See also: Side effects (in more detail)What other drugs will affect Midol IB? Ask your doctor before using Midol IB if you take an antidepressant such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine ( Prozac ), fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline ( Zoloft ), trazodone, or vilazodone. Taking any of these medicines with an NSAID may cause you to bruise or bleed easily. Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to use Midol IB if you are also using any of the following drugs:lithium;methotrexate;a blood thinner ( warfarin, Coumadin, Jantoven );heart or blood pressure medication, including a diuretic or "water pill"; orsteroid medicine (such as prednisone ). This list is not complete. Other drugs may interact with ibuprofen, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. Not all possible interactions are listed in this medication guide. Next → Side Effects Add to My Med List More about Midol IB (ibuprofen)Side Effects During Pregnancy or Breastfeeding Dosage Information Drug Interactions Support Group En Español0 Reviews – Add your own review/rating Drug class: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Consumer resources Other brands: Advil, Motrin, IBU, Proprinal, ... +22 more Professional resources Ibuprofen (AHFS Monograph)Ibuprofen Tablets (FDA)Related treatment guides Aseptic Necrosis Back Pain Costochondritis Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis... +17 more Where can I get more information? Your pharmacist can provide more information about Midol IB. Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed. Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Cerner Multum, Inc. ('Multum') is accurate, up-to-date, and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. Drug information contained herein may be time sensitive. Multum information has been compiled for use by healthcare practitioners and consumers in the United States and therefore Multum does not warrant that uses outside of the United States are appropriate, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Multum's drug information does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients or recommend therapy. Multum's drug information is an informational resource designed to assist licensed healthcare practitioners in caring for their patients and/or to serve consumers viewing this service as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners. The absence of a warning for a given drug or drug combination in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or drug combination is safe, effective or appropriate for any given patient. Multum does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse or pharmacist. Copyright 1996-2018 Cerner Multum, Inc. Version: 18.01. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.is the nsa taking away our rights | Do you think that the government is slowly taking away our rights? One step at a time. I believe that the government is slowly taking away our rights. Human rights and constitutional rights. They are becoming more and more strict about guns (second amendment), they have put restrictions on the first amendment (freedom of speech. Etc..), and they are becoming more and more controlling. The government is suppose to be a system of organization for its people. They are not suppose to be at a higher level than us, they are just people. Leaders lead not control. When our government is able to make decisions without the consent of the people it should then be considered unjust. Posted by: Mariah Bree Ann Report Post Reply Challenge2Do bears doo doo in the woods? Can I buy a toilet that is not a flush twice, a new car without airbags, a new car that is not CAFE, a new furnace with a standing pilot, etc.? No, no and more no's. Can I buy the type of medical insurance policy I want? No. Can I hire whom I want and pay them or get paid what I want? No. Can I, through my school board, choose the curriculum to be used to teach my children, choose the holidays to celebrate? No. Can I elect local representatives by geographic area? No. Need I continue? Can the government take my possessions without due process just because they think I might be a drug dealer? Yes. Can I get on an airplane without being molested or having my luggage stolen? No. The safety and the if you are doing nothing wrong there is nothing to fear arguments are totally at odds with liberty. Law abiding citizens have a right to go about their business without being detained or searched unless there is probable cause that he is involved in a crime. Law abiding citizens have a right to be secure in their homes, their persons and papers without the government snooping unless the government has a warrant stating where to search and what to search for. We have a right to be considered innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. For the government to search people or places with no probable cause just to determine if the person is a criminal violates the right of presumption of innocence even if the person searched is not harmed. This is tantamount to the general warrants issued by the King during colonial times. These were the basis of the 4th amendment. The primary purpose of government is not to keep us safe, but is to ensure that the law abiding can enjoy his liberty. If the government cannot do this then it has no reason to exist. Can I buy the type of medical insurance policy I want? Posted by: jdavis123 Report Post Reply Challenge1This country is a dictatorship this country is not a free country This country is corrupt and I hate to say that this country sucks its worse than asia korea and other European Poverty countries I know this country is not poor but its poor in the government and those rights are a huge lie I now hate the US for being a Liar Report Post Reply0Wealth gap is growing Just like some people already said, the wealth gap between the richest and poorest. Most people barely get by from paycheck to paycheck, even the average american. These new tax codes and rising prices are signs that the government wants to take money from the people thus depriving them of basic needs and wants. Report Post Reply0Pretty quickly actually Two words - politically correct the concept takes away our most important right, and it needs to end. No longer are we allowed to say something against one's philosophies, we can only be positive these days. It also takes away the concept of losing. Nobody other countries are trying to take our rights away like the songs say, it's being done by our own masters, and the Americans citizens need to fight back one day. Report Post Reply0Government is scared of it own people It won't be long if they Crack the second amendment, all the other rights we have fought so hard for, won't have a leg to stand on. Don't give away your rights for a false sense of security. California is trying it's hardest to Crack it and I don't see them stopping. Report Post Reply0Take are taxes take are right this country is being used by other countries but not the population of the USAWe the people of the USA have no right the world is taking advantage of the USA . Taking away are money by 401 k. Why we pay though the nose for their taxes us for their retirement pensions an then there are taking guns rights and money while they get rich while we get poor it's happening now once we give up the right to bear arms then they will take us a part that is the plan we will have no right at all if you think not LOOK AGAIN Good by real Americans good by Report Post Reply0I feel like I am a Target because my family does not have money I have to hold an SR22 the moment my SR22 lapses or something happens with the payment they will track my cell phone signal or they will catch me on A City camera and they will pull me over and they will send me to Jail the instant anything happens even as I write this post I am afraid of some type of backlash for my opinion or anytime I say anything I'm automatically anti-American I have no connections I have no family members that are politicians I am just a working person Report Post Reply0I feel like I am a Target because my family does not have money I have to hold an SR22 the moment my SR22 lapses or something happens with the payment they will track my cell phone signal or they will catch me on A City camera and they will pull me over and they will send me to Jail the instant anything happens even as I write this post I am afraid of some type of backlash for my opinion or anytime I say anything I'm automatically anti-American I have no connections I have no family members that are politicians I am just a working person Report Post Reply0I feel like I am a Target because my family does not have money I have to hold an SR22 the moment my SR22 lapses or something happens with the payment they will track my cell phone signal or they will catch me on A City camera and they will pull me over and they will send me to Jail the instant anything happens even as I write this post I am afraid of some type of backlash for my opinion or anytime I say anything I'm automatically anti-American I have no connections I have no family members that are politicians I am just a working person Report Post Reply0 | This page doesn't exist Error 404This page doesn't exist At least not in this universe. Back to homepage Past Week Most Read Articles |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how long do you cook pizookie | Chocolate Chip Pizookie Made Straight in the Pan Chocolate Chip Pizookie Made Straight in the Pan Easiest Deep Pan Chocolate Chip Pizookie | Rookie With a Cookie Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 3:05Well isn’t this just sweet. A big fat abnormal chocolate chip cookie in a deep pan with a mountain of icecream. Since that glorious day at BJs a few years ago where I discovered this outrageous cookie, I have been making these so often that I don’t know what to do with myself. Before, I would just make a regular old-fashioned chocolate chip cookie and immediately top it with icecream, and I was happy with that. But we need to give this cookie a lot more credit. Because we’re not making it the traditional way. Because I’m rebellious like that. A Pizookie should be simple and not time-consuming. It’s against the Pizookie law. So, we’re not getting our hand mixer out for this monster of all monster cookies. We are literally, and I mean literally dumping in all the ingredients STRAIGHT in the pan and throwing in some light elbow grease. Pretty self-explanatory. And for once, you don’t get to lick off any leftover batter because there is no mixing bowl involved in this one-pan affair!If you’re more into visuals, check out how I make this!4.5 from 8 reviews Chocolate Chip Pizookie Made Straight in the Pan Save Print Author: Rookie With A Cookie Recipe type: Dessert Serves: 1 9 inch pizookie Ingredients5 tbsp melted unsalted butter⅓ cup dark brown sugar (I like the caramel notes of dark brown but if you use light brown, use ½ cup)¼ cup white sugar1 large egg1 tsp vanilla extract1¼ cup all-purpose flour½ tsp baking soda½ tsp salt¾ cup semi-sweet chocolate chips Instructions Pour melted butter straight in a 9 inch pan. Preheat oven to 375 degrees F. In a 9 inch pan, pour melted butter along with the sugars and combine with a spatula or wooden spoon. Add the egg, vanilla extract and mix. Next, dump all the dry ingredients and mix until incorporated. Fold in chocolate chips and spread the batter smooth. The cookie dough will be sticky so I use a piece of parchment paper to push the dough to the edge of the pan. Bake the Pizookie at 375 degrees F for 10 -12 minutes or until lightly golden brown around the edges but a bit under baked in the center. Top with vanilla icecream and a nice drizzle of melted chocolate and enjoy!Related Best Ever Chocolate Cream Pie September 23, 2015In "Recipes"No Bake Chocolate Coconut Oat Bars June 4, 2015In "Recipes"No Bake Potato Chip Cake September 8, 2015In "Recipes"BJ's pizookie, chocolate chip cookie, deep pan cookie, dessert, pizookie, vanilla icecream Share on: Facebook Twitter Pinterest Google + | . Ingredients1 pound white baking chocolate1 package (8 ounces) cream cheese, softened3 cups confectioners' sugar1/2 teaspoon Mc Cormick® pure vanilla extract1/4 teaspoon Mc Cormick® Pure almond extract1/8 teaspoon Mc Cormick® green food color1/2 cup chopped pistachios Additional pistachios for garnish, if desired How to make it Line an 8-inch square pan with foil, allowing foil to extend over sides of pan. Spray with no stick cooking spray. Melt chocolate as directed on package. Beat cream cheese in large bowl with electric mixer until smooth. Gradually beat in sugar on low speed until well blended. Add melted chocolate, extracts and food color; mix well. Stir in chopped pistachios. Spread evenly in prepared pan. Garnish with additional pistachios, if desired. Refrigerate at least 1 hour or until firm. Use foil to lift out of pan onto cutting board. Cut into 25 (1 1/2-inch) squares. Store in refrigerator. Substitute: One bag (12 ounces) white chocolate chips can be substituted for the white chocolate squares. People Who Like This Dish 50kaghodge Nowhere, Uscuddy1849Cambridge, IDVivica Nowhere, Uslucy5599Nowhere, Usbren73Nowhere, Uspeanutsnomore Nowhere, Us Tinkerbell56Nowhere, Us Old Style Cook Nowhere, Uslilwildheart Nowhere, Usrkoonce Nowhere, Us Plus 40 others From around the world!Reviews & Comments 9All Comments Your Comments What do you think? Add a Link?" It was excellent "Sleeping Tiger54 ate it and said... This was very easy to make and came out better than expected! I highly recommend this recipe!Was this review helpful? Yesbeadlady1010 7 years ago Wow!! This sounds soooooooo good! Can't wait to try this recipe. Was this review helpful? Yes" It was excellent "gapeach55 ate it and said...sounds delish! Love it all!Was this review helpful? Yes" It was excellent "berry ate it and said... Sounds delicious... beautiful picture.. 5Was this review helpful? Yes" It was excellent "ahmed1 ate it and said... Wowww!! I just can't resist. This is Heaven! !Was this review helpful? Yeshooch 9 years agoyip, I'am and I will be making this,so soon its nearly cooking... Thanks for a realy great one,Happy Days!Was this review helpful? Yessilver_raven_venus 9 years agooh this sounds yummy.... I'm going to try to veganize it ;-)Was this review helpful? Yes" It was excellent "gardenladyzoe ate it and said... Wow, I love pistachios!!! I have got to try this...it sounds heavenly!Was this review helpful? Yes" It was excellent "trigger ate it and said... Pistachio is my favorite nut love this white chocolate and the presentation is exquisites Michael Was this review helpful? Yes" It was excellent "minitindel ate it and said...ok im in heaven leave me here with your fudge !!! !Was this review helpful? Yes |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.why would someone lips be swollen | Top 30 Doctor insights on: My Lips Are Itchy And Swollen Top 30 Doctor insights on: My Lips Are Itchy And Swollen Share Follow @Health Tap </> Embed Dr. Bahman Omrani1 My lips are itchy and swollen is been two weeks my self ? Likey allergic rxn: Allergic reaction to a number of things could cause swollen lips with associated "itchy" (sic). Angioedema can cause swollen lips. Important to note if localized to one area or involves the upper and lower lips diffusely. ... Read more Dr. Michael Fisher5 doctors agreed:2 I've eaten a mango for 2 days. For some resason while/after i'm eating the seed, my lips become very itchy & swollen. What could this mean? Mango reaction: Mango peel and sap contain urushiol, the chemical in poison ivy and poison sumac that can cause urushiol-induced contact dermatitis in susceptible people. Cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol have been observed. Those with a history of poison ivy or ... Read more Board Certified,Get help from a real doctor now Continue Dr. Robert Kwok2 doctors agreed:3 My lips are swollen, itchy, burning and they have a sort of rubbery feel when they're dry? May be lip eczema: Persistent irritated lips can be lip eczema, which may be treated like skin eczema, using hydrocortisone cream (twice a day for 1 week) plus Vaseline or Aquaphor to retain moisture. Sometimes lip balm or lip sunscreen chemicals cause an allergic reaction. Other times, a person is a ... Read more Dr. Irving Harper2 doctors agreed:4 My right outer lip is swollen, itchy and it burns when i pee. I tried taking a warm bath but it burned even more when i was in the shower? I apologize: I would like to help you but could you write back with a little more detail? It sounds like you may have a viral infection or a sexually transmitted disease. Another way to get your question answered would be to send me a thank you note which is more private and i can get back to you more ... Read more Dr. John Berryman1 doctor agreed:5 My vagina has been irritated for the last few days and it's swollen and the lips are itchy, and inside my vagina there is white tissue not mucus? White vaginal tissue: Your description best fits a vaginal yeast infection, which produces itching and a white creamy or solid discharge. You can attempt over the counter medication (ask the pharmacist to recommend one), but if your symptoms persist, see your healthcare provider. ... Read more Dr. Sandra Eleczko4 doctors agreed:6 Rritated, itchy , dry, puffy, swollen, lips, what do you suggest putting on them? Dry lips: Have you tried a lip balm? There are many choices available. ... Read more Board Certified,Get help from a specialist now Continue Dr. Jeffrey Bassman3 doctors agreed:7 Rritated, itchy , dry, puffy, swollen, lips, what do you suggest putting on them to help them heal? First determine why: First, try and get to the cause of your lips reacting this way- allergies, mouth breathing, etc. Then possibly concentrate on how to help heal the lips. If the source remain, you will keep on getting the symptoms. ... Read more Dr. Milton Alvis, jr8 My husband was performing oral sex and a little later when one of my inner lips became swollen and a bit itchy. Why does this happen? Good question, yet: be aware that our bodies=extensions (embryologically & throughout life) of our mind/brain. Look up & study: https://goo.gl/5tfbrq for some background. Though parts of our bodies are widely separated, within our mind/brain, issues mostly driven by emotional ... Read more Dr. Faraj Touchan2 doctors agreed:9 My vaginal lips is swollen and itchy? Need gyn exam: the most likely reason would be yeast infection but you need to see gynecologist for exam and rule out other causes like STDs and will prescribe you antifungal drugs. ... Read more Dr. Luis Taylor10 Lips feel dry, slightly itchy, slightly swollen, and have a yellow crust overall. It feels like there is a layer over it. How should it be treated? To counteract: the dryness, try Vaseline every 3 hours for a few days then, as needed. It's less costly than using up a lot of Lip balms. Also, more hydration orally will go a long way. ... Read more Dr. Stephen Gordon11 My lips have been swollen for the last 24 hours. I also have been experiencing itchy palms. I haven't had or done anything out of the normal stuff the last couple of days. The itchy palms started on tuesday and the swollen lips started last night after s See a physician /ER : You may be undergoing a moderate to severe allergic reaction to something. If you have shortness of breath (breathing difficulty). You must immediately go to the hospital for evaluation and treatment. Otherwise contact your physician and see if you need to be on any ... Read more Dr. Kristin Outlan1 doctor agreed:12 Crusty, red , irritated, itchy , dry, puffy, swollen, lips, what do you suggest? Two possibilities: Difficult to say without a complete history, but may possibly be an allergic reaction (anything new lately?) or even oral candidiasis ( yeast infection). Advise seeing your dentist or physician to diagnose and prescribe needed meds. ... Read more Dr. Troy Reyna13 I have a itchy bump on my top lip. This morning I woke up and my whole lip is swollen... What is this? Chanchre sore: This is probably a chanchre or fever blister. These are usually related to stress. An oral antiviral will usually speed resolution. ... Read more Dr. Hunter Handsfield3 doctors agreed:14 My vagina lips turned pink, swollen, and itchy after a shower. It hasnt been ^^ at all these past days though i have noticed a strange odor. Mixed symptoms: The main cause of labial redness and itching is yeast infection. Probably not related to the shower, except soap and water making you notice the symptoms. However, yeast doesn't generally cause odor; the main cause of strong vaginal odor is bacterial vaginosis, an overgrowth ... Read more Dr. Jeffrey Rumbyrt15 For about a week now, my lips have been swollen and itchy. I have used benedryl and other allergy medications. My lips now are raw and still itchy.? See an allergist: This condition, known as angioedema, is potentially allergic in nature. It can be caused by a variety of things - foods, medication, topical medicines, environmental allergy, stress, infections, and even autoimmune disease. You did the right thing in taking benedryl, but you will ... Read more Dr. Gary Klugman16 I have had itchy , dry sometimes swollen lips for over a month now . Using Epaderm and blisteze which softens the skin but underneath is not healing? Allergy? : May be an allergy, see your doctor ... Read more Dr. Doanh Nguyen, md, faaaai17 Please help! I have a bumpy itchy swollen lip? Lip swelling: Angioedema in the lips can be associated with hives, trauma, or any inflammation /infection process. Since the tissue in the face and lips are loose, a lot of things can make it swollen. We would need to see and examine it to know what might cause your lips to swell. If you have any diffic ... Read more Dr. Glenn Messina18 What to do if I have a bumpy itchy swollen lip? Allergy: You are having an allergic rxn to something that you either put on the lip on the face or ate. If this is getting worse see a doctor you may need a steroid to settle this down ... Read more Dr. John Munshower1 doctor agreed:19 What could swollen itchy vaginal lips mean? No discharge nor odor. Inflammation: Swelling of the vaginal lips is usually caused by some inflammatory reaction. Possibly from rough sex, or a new cream that may have gotten close to the lips causing the swelling (for example a cream used to shave the area, etc). If it continues, see the GYN for an evaluation of the ... Read more Dr. Robert Devin1 doctor agreed:20 Just got my lip pierced 2 days ago and its itchy and swollen normal? Lip Piercing: Body piercing always carries the risks of infections. Sounds like you have one. Although the rage today women carry an additional risk of the infection from the tongue. Lip, . Nose, cheek peircing to leeching bacteria to the heart. Women are more likely to have heart valve ... Read more Dr. Steven Machtinger9 doctors agreed:21 How come when I eat fresh fruit my gums become crazy itchy and my lips get slightly swollen? Oral Allergy Syndrom: If you have lip, gum, and even throat itching but no other symptoms and if these symptoms occur with uncooked but nor cooked fruit or vegetables you likely have oral allergy syndrome. Oral allergy syndrome occurs when heat-sensitive proteins in fruit & vegetables cross-react ... Read more Dr. Ayman Omar22 I do not smoke but my entire lips suddenly turned dark ang very very itchy and swollen with tiny pores, liquid coming out from it. What will i do? Could be allergic: Need to check with your doctor. Could be allergic reaction to food or medication. Wouldn't wait without seeking medical help. ... Read more Dr. Charles Whiting1 doctor agreed:23 What does it mean if my vagina is super itchy and one lip is swollen? Infection: Your itching and swelling is most likely some type of infection. The most common infection that causes these symptoms is a yeast infection. You can buy medicine for yeast infections without a prescription. There are other causes as well. The only way to be sure is to have it checked out ... Read more Dr. Wayne Ingram24 What do you suggest if my vagina is super itchy and one lip ia swollen what does that mean? Infection plus: It is probably a infection of the vulva /andor vagina and needs to be seen by a GYN MD for assessment and/or treatment. ... Read more Dr. Robert Jackson1 doctor agreed:25 Why do I have swollen, itchy lips? I do have Crohn's disease. Started out looking like multiple tiny blisters and now has progressed May have: You may have crohns on your lips. See dermatologist for the final answer. ... Read more Dr. Victor Bonuel1 doctor agreed:26 For over a month I have had swollen itchy red vaginal lips and a sensitive to touch hood area. I also have had an odorless discharge. Help me. U need a pelvic exam: You need a pelvic exam to check for vaginal infection. You discharge could be benign and normal but it won't hurt if you'll undergo testing for possible bacterial or fungal infection . Redness in the vaginal lips suggest inflammation ... Read more Dr. John Berryman27 Allergic to latex used one in accident 3 days ago experinceing swollen/itchy and buring sensation in the vaginal lips. And over the counter medicine to help? Latex allergy? : Latex allergies are rare, but as with any other allergy, local swelling with itching and burning on the very sensitive tissues of the vaginal lips can occur. Over the counter steroid gel or cream is available without a prescription, and may reduce your symptoms rapidly. If symptoms ... Read more Dr. Al Hegab28 Hard lumps on vagina lips, red swollen and itchy all over, what is wrong?? Infection/allergy: to under or anything applied to the area or infection in that area, also could be a reaction to an an antibiotic or a drug you are on, please see your doctor ... Read more Dr. Parul Krishnamurthy29 My vagina lips are swollen, burning and super itchy. What does this sound like? Probably candidiasis: Best to get an exam. Get help from a doctor now ›Dr. Charles Whiting30 My vagina is itchy and one of my lips are swollen is this due to itching or sex from three weeks ago? Infection: Your itching is most likely some type of infection. The most common infection that causes these symptoms is a yeast infection but there are other causes as well. The only way to be sure is to have it checked out. Take Care! ... Read more | How to Save and Print Text Messages How to Save and Print Text Messages August 4, 2010By Bob Coleman Coleman, Chambers & Rogers, LLPIn today's digital society, huge amounts of information are constantly transferred electronically at speeds which were once thought to be impossible. In a domestic matter, this type of information, including information from text messages, e-mails, and social networking mediums such as Facebook, could provide a tremendous amount of evidence in a case. However, preserving this information can be difficult, especially when the information is not easily transferred to a computer. Should you find yourself in such a position with respect to text messages, here are some methods to save texts, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Option 1: Send to a website (www.treasuremytext.com). Although there are few websites, the main website to save texts to in English is treasuremytext.com. On the website, users can create free accounts and save their texts by forwarding texts to a number, which then uploads on to a personal account. One problem is that the timestamp is when you forwarded to the account, rather than when it was sent in the first place, which could limit its usefulness as evidence, unless they are supplemented by phone records. You have the option of changing the timestamp and adding a sender once the text is received, which may prove to be useful in organizing the texts, if not determinative for evidentiary purposes. Those who use treasuremytext.com and have smartphones will not run into this problem (please see option 2). Option 2: Use an App (for those with smartphones only)For Android phones, a free app called SMS backup will automatically send all texts to a gmail account. For i Phones, e-camm networks has an app which among other things, allows you to select exactly which texts you would like to send to your computer or to print (vs. just sending all of them to a gmail account, like the above app). However, this app costs $20, but also has many other useful features beyond simple text transfers. Those who have an account at treasuremytext.com may also download an app which allows the user to upload to the site. If a text is saved in this method, it will not result in loss of information regarding time and sender, unlike normal uploads on to the site. Option 3: Bluetooth For people who have both a Bluetooth enabled phone (many non-smartphones have such capability) and Bluetooth enabled printer, you will be able to send information via Bluetooth and print directly from your phone to your printer. However, the number of people who have both may be limited, although those without Bluetooth printers may be able to purchase an adapter to add Bluetooth capability for under $100 dollars. Option 4: SIM card readers + software For cell phones with SIM cards, SIM card readers take information off the SIM card and on to a USB drive, which can then be inserted into a computer to pull the data. However, this method works, if and only if the messages are saved to a SIM card in the first place. Amazon.com has a few to choose from for under $15, but they can range up to $150. Some claim to be able to recover deleted texts in certain, albeit limited, situations as well. Option 5: Data transfer cables + software For cell phones with a slot which allows data transfer cables, this would be a quick and effective way to transfer texts. However, it requires some computer savvy (including knowing what cable to get and which software to install for each specific phone) to make it work. Option 6: Forward the text message to a personal e-mail account A very simple option is to forward the text message to your email account by typing your e-mail address where the number line would normally go for a text. While this method is very simple and convenient, it may not retain the original sender's information. Instead, the e-mail will show the forwarder's phone number as the sender, and the time the message was sent by the forwarding party as the time received. Unlike the website, the information cannot be added later - which may not be relevant but could at least help organize the texts. However, this could potentially be useful if the client could back these messages up with phone records. Option 7: Take a picture of the text Using the Macro or Flower setting on a camera for more detailed photos, some people are able to take pictures of their texts. While it is not the best method as far as speed and convenience go, it can be used to show the time, date and sender, unlike some other options above. Of course, other drawbacks include that some clients may not have a camera which will show the screen and some longer texts (and appropriate timestamp and sender information) may not fit within a single picture. Google |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.biggest shark ever caught in history | This Could Be The Biggest Shark Ever Caught On Camera This Could Be The Biggest Shark Ever Caught On Camera BY Hannah Keyser August 14, 2015Deep Blue (The biggest shark ever filmed) second part Another DEEP BLUE VIDEO!!!! (Please read below about our fundraising campaign)Otro video de DEEP BLUE!!!! (Por favor lean el enlace de abajo acerca de nuestro proyecto)Posted by Mauricio Hoyos Padilla on Monday, August 10, 2015Her name is Deep Blue. She's estimated to be 20 feet long, 5,000 pounds, 50 years old and, in the video above, she's likely pregnant. The footage was taken off the coast of Guadalupe Island by shark researcher Mauricio Hoyos Padilla in 2013 and has only just been shared on his Facebook page earlier this week under the title "Deep Blue (The biggest shark ever filmed) second part. "While your first thought upon viewing this clip might be "Ahhh!" or "Get back in the cage, anonymous diver," Padilla says he had a different reaction. Writing in a Slide Share post, Padilla says, "When I saw Deep Blue for the first time, there was just one thought in my mind: Hope. A shark of that size is at least 50 years old and that tells me protection and conservation efforts are really working. Deep Blue has been spared from longlines and the inherent dangers of being in the wild, and somehow she has found her way in the vast ocean. "More from mental floss studios An unanticipated problem was encountered, check back soon and try again Error Code: MEDIA_ERR_UNKNOWNSession ID: 2018-04-12:d3010209ff2327d624137bcf Player Element ID: my Player IDOK [h/t ABC News]Animals video FACEBOOK 0 TWITTER EMAIL | Most Dangerous Sharks Most Dangerous Sharks52 December 5, 2013Few animals instill quite the same fear as sharks. As apex predators many types of sharks are well equipped to inflict serious injury; large, fast, powerful and armed with row upon row of razor sharp teeth these fish are finely honed killing machines. Yet with around 400 shark species it is only a tiny minority that present any danger to humans. I would regard only three, possibly four, of all the species as “ man-eating sharks “. After sifting through the shark attack records held by the International Shark Attack File (ISAF) and the Global Shark Attack File (GSAF) it is clear that only a few species habitually attack people and that many of the other shark species need provoking before they will bite. Statistically it is incredibly rare for any species of shark to attack, but when they do the results can be so horrific that it is burnt into the popular psyche. Reports of victims bitten in two or half eaten by sharks the size of a school bus are always going to be at the back of many people’s minds as they dip their toe in the ocean. Onto the list. Unlike many lists that just rank the sharks purely on the statistics, I have looked at the potential to do damage, aggression and habitats of the sharks to decide which pose the biggest threat to humans.10. Hammerhead Shark Photo: Barry Peters / License Attacks: 34 Fatalities: 1 The hammerhead sharks are actually a family of sharks (Sphyrnidae) which range in size from less than a metre (3ft) to over 6 metres (20ft). It is believed the strangely shaped head allows the shark better all round vision. To most observers the different species are difficult to tell apart, especially when they’re biting your foot off. It does seem likely though that it is the great hammerhead shark ( Sphyrna mokarran) which are the most likely candidates. Reaching a whopping 6+ metres (20ft), weighing up to 600kg (1,300 lb) and equipped with teeth similar to those of the bull shark there is no doubt the great hammerhead could easily inflict deadly injuries on a human. It is also suggested that these may be more aggressive than other hammerhead species. As a group the hammerheads have been involved in 34 attacks over the years, one of which was fatal. Whether this number reflects their potential danger is uncertain as they are an endangered species.9. Blacktip Shark Photo: Albert Kok Attacks: 41 Fatalities: 1 The blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus limbatus) is both common and widely distributed throughout the tropical /subtropical shallows of the world. It gets its name from the black tips and fringes to its fins and tail. Generally blacktips are fairly small measuring less than 5ft (1.6m), however bigger specimens can reach up to 9ft (2.8m) and weigh over 100kg (220lb). What they lack in size they make up for in energy, often being seen leaping out of the water when chasing fish. Blacktip sharks are not generally regarded as being very dangerous to humans owing to their size. But they are frequent attackers, making up the highest percentage of shark attacks in Florida. The ISAF has 41 attacks by blacktip sharks on record, one of which was fatal.8. Sand Tiger Shark Photo: Thomas Males Attacks: 64 Fatalities: 2 Many people are familiar with the sand tiger ( Carcharias taurus ) as the large sharks you see when visiting an aquarium. They go by a number of names including grey nurse shark, ragged-tooth shark and blue-nurse sand tiger and are found in warm waters around the world. The sand tiger shark grows to around 3.2 metres (11ft) in length and can weigh up to 160kg (350 lbs). However, it is the ferocious looking teeth that tend to get people’s attention. There are three rows of long, sharp, pointy teeth which menacingly protrude from the sharks mouth. Despite looking terrifying, the teeth are designed for grasping small slippery prey such as fish and squid. Sand tiger sharks probably have a worse reputation than they deserve. The fact they are called ‘tigers’ and frequently roam the surfline putting them into contact with humans does not help their cause. In reality they are not tigers at all and relatively docile. That said they have been known to attack and they have been responsible for two deaths. Many of the attacks seem to have involved spear-fishing where the shark has gone for the catch. There have also been a couple of incidents with people bitten in aquariums.7. Blue shark Photo: Mark Conlin/NMFSAttacks: 32 Fatalities: 4 Another member of the requiem shark family, the Blue Shark ( Prionace glauca) is one of the most widespread and common sharks. It can be found as far north as Norway and as far south as Chile, yet being a deep water species it rarely come into contact with people. This streamlined shark is capable of bursts of speed which it uses for chasing down its prey of squid and fish. The largest specimens recorded are over 12 ft (3.8m), but there have been unconfirmed reports of up to 21 feet. In the wild the blue shark has few natural predators although it is said killer whales will take them. Larger sharks may also prey on small blue sharks, this was illustrated in 1969 at Sea World in San Diego where captive blue sharks were mixed in with bull sharks. Suffice to say the bull sharks thrived…In terms of danger the odds a firmly stacked in humans favour. Between 10 and 20 million sharks are killed a year through fishing. On the other hand the blue shark is considered potentially dangerous and has been responsible for fatal attacks. Some were the result of the shark being landed in a fishing boat but others occurred on shipwrecked sailors in the open ocean. The blue shark is known to circle swimmers and divers for up to 15 minutes and it may be more inclined to take a bit in such situations.6. Bronze Whaler Shark Photo: qldian Attacks: 35 Fatalities: 2 The bronze whaler or copper shark ( Carcharhinus brachyurus) gets its name from its colouring and the fact that this and other sharks would congregate at the sites of whale kills in the days of whaling. It is common in war, but not tropical waters around the world where it spends its time in shallow bays, harbours and estuary mouths. The species is at its most prominent during the annual sardine run in South Africa where it will gorge on the fish in groups exhibiting feeding frenzy behaviour. The bronze whaler is a large shark reaching over 10ft (3m) in length and weighing around 675 lbs (300kg). It is a fast powerful swimmer equipped with long serrated teeth. With its size and dentition the whaler does pose a threat to humans and has been implicated in quite a few attacks. It isn’t generally aggressive towards humans but it has been known to harass spear fishermen. There have also been a number of unprovoked attacks on swimmers and surfers along the east coast of Australia including being implicated in at least two attacks that proved fatal. Continue reading... Related stories Shark Attack Statistics (to 2013)Most Dangerous Animals in Europe10 Deadliest Man Eating Animals |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where is armenia | Armenia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about the country. For other uses, see Armenia (disambiguation). "Hayastan" and "Hayasdan" redirect here. For other uses, see Hayastan (disambiguation). Republic of ArmeniaՀայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun ( Armenian)Flag Coat of arms Anthem:Մեր ՀայրենիքMer Hayrenik"Our Fatherland"Capital and largest city Yerevan40°11′N 44°31′EOfficial languages Armenian [1]Ethnic groups (2011)98.1% Armenians1.2% Yazidis0.4% Russians0.3% other [2] [3]Religion Armenian Apostolic Church [4]Demonym Armenian Government Unitary parliamentaryrepublic•President Armen Sarkissian•Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan (Acting)•President of the National Assembly Ara Babloyan Legislature National Assembly Formation and independence• Traditional date 2492 BC•Hayasa-Azzi 1500–1290 BC•Arme-Shupria [5] [6] 14th century–1190 BC•Urartu [7] 860–590 BC•Orontid dynasty 6th century BC•Kingdom of Greater Armenia united under the Artaxiad Dynasty [8]190 BC [9]•Arsacid dynasty 52–428•Bagratid Armenia 885–1045•Kingdom of Cilicia 1198–1375•First Republic of Armeniadeclared28 May 1918• Independence from the Soviet Union23 August 1990 b21 September 1991 c 26 December 1991 d Area• Total 29,743 km 2 (11,484 sq mi) ( 138th)• Water (%) 4.71 [10]Population• 2016 estimate 2,924,816 [11]• 2011 census 3,018,854 [12] [13] ( 134th)• Density 101.5/km 2 (262.9/sq mi) ( 99th)GDP ( PPP) 2017 estimate• Total $27.212 billion [14]• Per capita $9,098 [14]GDP (nominal) 2017 estimate• Total $11.037 billion [14]• Per capita $3,690 [14]Gini (2013) 31.5 [15]medium HDI (2015) 0.743 [16]high · 84th Currency Dram ( ֏) ( AMD)Time zone AMT ( UTC +4)Drives on the right Calling code +374Patron saint St. Gregory ISO 3166 code AMInternet TLD .am .հայDeclared sovereignty. Declared independence via a referendum Independence was officially widely recognized after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The current constitution was adopted on 5 July 1995. Coordinates: 40°N 45°EArmenia ( / ɑːr ˈ m iː n i ə / ( listen); [17] Armenian: Հայաստան, translit. Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑsˈtɑn] ), officially the Republic of Armenia ( Armenian: Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, translit. Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun, IPA: [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtutʰˈjun] ), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located in West Asia [18] [19] on the Armenian Highlands, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south. [20]Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. The Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BC and became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion in the late 3rd or early 4th century AD. [21] [22] [23] The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301. [24] The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century. Under the Bagratuni dynasty, the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century. Declining due to the wars against the Byzantines, the kingdom fell in 1045 and Armenia was soon after invaded by the Seljuk Turks. An Armenian principality and later a kingdom Cilician Armenia was located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between the 11th and 14th centuries. Between the 16th century and 19th century, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and Iranian empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During World War I, Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. In 1918, following the Russian Revolution, all non-Russian countries declared their independence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist, leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union. In 1936, the Transcaucasian state was dissolved, transforming its constituent states, including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, into full Union republics. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Armenia recognises the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. [25] [26] The unique Armenian alphabet was invented by Mesrop Mashtots in 405 AD. Armenia is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union, the Council of Europe and the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Armenia supports the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh, which was proclaimed in 1991. Contents [ hide ]1 Etymology2 History2.1 Antiquity2.2 Middle Ages2.3 Early Modern era2.4 World War I and the Armenian Genocide2.5 First Republic of Armenia2.6 Soviet Armenia2.7 Restoration of independence3 Geography3.1 Topography3.2 Climate3.3 Environment protection4 Government and politics4.1 Foreign relations4.2 Human rights4.3 Military4.4 Administrative divisions5 Economy6 Science, technology and education6.1 Science and technology6.2 Education6.2.1 History of Education in Armenia6.2.2 Regulation6.2.3 Schools for children6.2.4 Major universities6.2.5 American University of Armenia6.2.6 Yerevan State Medical University6.2.7 Statistics7 Demographics7.1 Ethnic groups7.2 Languages7.3 Cities7.4 Religion7.5 Health8 Culture8.1 Media8.2 Music and dance8.3 Art8.4 Cinema8.5 Sport8.6 Cuisine9 See also10 Notes11 Sources12 References13 External links Etymology Main article: Name of Armenia The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk’ ), however it is currently rarely used. The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan (place). [ citation needed]. However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos, [27] [28] Faustus of Byzantium, [29] [30] Ghazar Parpetsi, [31] Koryun, [32] and Sebeos. [33]The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ), the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah, who, according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene, defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region. [34] The further origin of the name is uncertain. It is also further postulated [35] [36] that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated, Hittite vassal states—the Ḫayaša -Azzi (1600–1200 BC). The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina ( ). The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi, "Armenians") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC). [37] Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. [38] According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk. [39] [40] The Table of Nations lists Aram as the son of Shem, to whom the Book of Jubilees attests, "And for Aram there came forth the fourth portion, all the land of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates to the north of the Chaldees to the border of the mountains of Asshur and the land of 'Arara." [41] The lands attested to Aram, in the Book of Jubilees, roughly translate to the Geographical regions of Ancient Armenia. Historian Flavius Josephus states in his Antiquities of the Jews, "Aram had the Aramites, which the Greeks called Syrians ;... Of the four sons of Aram, Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus: this country lies between Palestine and Celesyria. Ul founded Armenia; and Gather the Bactrians; and Mesa the Mesaneans; it is now called Charax Spasini ." [42]Historical Armenia, 150 BCHistory Main article: History of Armenia Antiquity Main articles: Prehistoric Armenia, Prehistory of the Armenians, Satrapy of Armenia, Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Roman Armenia, Sasanian Armenia, and Lesser Armenia A reconstruction of Herodotus ' world map c. 450 BC, with Armenia shown in the centre The Kingdom of Armenia at its greatest extent under Tigranes the Great, who reigned between 95 and 66 BCArmenia lies in the highlands surrounding the mountains of Ararat. There is evidence of an early civilisation in Armenia in the Bronze Age and earlier, dating to about 4000 BC. Archaeological surveys in 2010 and 2011 at the Areni-1 cave complex have resulted in the discovery of the world's earliest known leather shoe, [43] skirt, [44] and wine-producing facility. [45]Several Bronze Age states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittites (at the height of their power), Mitanni (southwestern historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BC). The Nairi people (12th to 9th centuries BC) and Urartu (1000–600 BC) successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highlands. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenians. [46] [47] [48] [49] A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation. During the late 6th century BC, the first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighbouring populations was established under the Orontid Dynasty within the Achaemenid Empire, as part of the latters' territories. The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the Seleucid Empire in 190 BC under King Artaxias I and begun the rule of the Artaxiad dynasty. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under Tigranes the Great, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the Roman Republic. In the next centuries, Armenia was in the Persian Empire 's sphere of influence during the reign of Tiridates I, the founder of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, which itself was a branch of the Parthian Empire. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples, including Assyria (under Ashurbanipal, at around 669–627 BC, the boundaries of Assyria reached as far as Armenia and the Caucasus Mountains ), [50] Medes, Achaemenid Empire, Greeks, Parthians, Romans, Sasanian Empire, Byzantine Empire, Arabs, Seljuk Empire, Mongols, Ottoman Empire, the successive Safavid, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasties of Iran, and the Russians. The pagan Garni Temple, probably built in the first century, is the only "Greco-Roman colonnaded building" in the post-Soviet states. [51]Religion in ancient Armenia was historically related to a set of beliefs which, in Persia, led to the emergence of Zoroastrianism. It particularly focused on the worship of Mithra and also included a pantheon of gods such as Aramazd, Vahagn, Anahit, and Astghik. The country used the solar Armenian calendar, which consisted of 12 months. Christianity spread into the country as early as AD 40. Tiridates III of Armenia (238–314) made Christianity the state religion in 301, [52] [53] partly, in defiance of the Sasanian Empire, it seems, [54] becoming the first officially Christian state, ten years before the Roman Empire granted Christianity an official toleration under Galerius, and 36 years before Constantine the Great was baptised. Prior to this, during the latter part of the Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian. [54]After the fall of the Kingdom of Armenia in 428, most of Armenia was incorporated as a marzpanate within the Sasanian Empire. Following the Battle of Avarayr in 451, Christian Armenians maintained their religion and Armenia gained autonomy. Middle Ages This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Main article: Medieval Armenia The Etchmiadzin Cathedral, Armenia's Mother Church traditionally dated 303 AD, is considered the oldest cathedral in the world. [55] [56] [57]After the Sasanian period (428–636), Armenia emerged as Arminiya, an autonomous principality under the Umayyad Caliphate, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognised by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its centre in the Armenian city, Dvin. Arminiya lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Abbasid Caliphate under Ashot I of Armenia. The reemergent Armenian kingdom was ruled by the Bagratuni dynasty and lasted until 1045. In time, several areas of the Bagratid Armenia separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom of Vaspurakan ruled by the House of Artsruni in the south, Kingdom of Syunik in the east, or Kingdom of Artsakh on the territory of modern Nagorno-Karabakh, while still recognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1198–1375In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived, as in 1071 the Seljuk Empire defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. [58] To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II of Armenia, King of Ani, an Armenian named Ruben I, Prince of Armenia, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under Leo I, King of Armenia, a descendant of Prince Ruben. Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region. The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent principality in northern and eastern Armenia known as Zakarid Armenia, which lasted under the patronage of the Georgian Kingdom. The Orbelian Dynasty shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and Vayots Dzor, while the House of Hasan-Jalalyan controlled provinces of Artsakh and Utik as the Kingdom of Artsakh. Early Modern era Further information: Iranian Armenia (1502–1828), Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, and Russian Armenia During the 1230s, the Mongol Empire conquered Zakarid Armenia and then the remainder of Armenia. The Mongolian invasions were soon followed by those of other Central Asian tribes such as the Kara Koyunlu, Timurid dynasty and Ağ Qoyunlu, which continued from the 13th century until the 15th century. After incessant invasions, each bringing destruction to the country, with time Armenia became weakened. In the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty of Iran divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell to the Safavid Empire. [59] [60] Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geopolitical rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, [61] Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. From 1604 Abbas I of Iran implemented a " scorched earth " policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any invading Ottoman forces, a policy which involved a forced resettlement of masses of Armenians outside of their homelands. [62]Capture of Erivan fortress by Russian troops in 1827 during the Russo-Persian War (1826–28) by Franz Roubaud In the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, following the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and the Russo-Persian War (1826–28), respectively, the Qajar dynasty of Iran was forced to irrevocably cede Eastern Armenia, consisting of the Erivan and Karabakh Khanates, to Imperial Russia. [63] [64]While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own enclaves and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim social structure, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. When they began pushing for more rights within the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, in response, organised state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The Hamidian massacres, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan." [65] This period is known as Russian Armenia. During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed Armenian fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favour of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy. The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues. [66]World War I and the Armenian Genocide Main article: Armenian Genocide Armenian Genocide victims in 1915When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on death marches leading to the Syrian desert. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre. [67] [68] There was local Armenian resistance in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide. [69]Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. [70] [71] According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16. This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on 24 May 1916. [72] The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at "more than a million". [73] The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million. [74]Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have been campaigning for official recognition of the events as genocide for over 30 years. These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on 24 April, the Armenian Martyr Day, or the Day of the Armenian Genocide. First Republic of Armenia Main article: First Republic of Armenia The greatest extent of the Russian occupation of Turkish Armenia during WWI, September 1917. The Government house of the First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. [ citation needed] At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian. The First Republic's short-lived independence was fraught with war, territorial disputes, and a mass influx of refugees from Ottoman Armenia, bringing with them disease and starvation. The Entente Powers, appalled by the actions of the Ottoman government, sought to help the newly founded Armenian state through relief funds and other forms of support. At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the Allied and Associated Powers and Ottoman Empire at Sèvres on 10 August 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Ottoman Armenia to it. Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President Woodrow Wilson, Ottoman Armenia was also referred to as " Wilsonian Armenia ." In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, Mihran Damadian of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of Cilicia as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate. [75]There was even consideration of possibly making Armenia a mandate under the protection of the United States. The treaty, however, was rejected by the Turkish National Movement, and never came into effect. The movement used the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the rightful government of Turkey, replacing the monarchy based in Istanbul with a republic based in Ankara. Advance of the 11th Red Army into the city of Yerevan In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri ). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres, and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed. After the fall of the republic, the February Uprising soon took place in 1921, and led to the establishment of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia by Armenian forces under command of Garegin Nzhdeh on 26 April, which fought off both Soviet and Turkish intrusions in the Zangezur region of southern Armenia. After Soviet agreements to include the Syunik Province in Armenia's borders, the rebellion ended and the Red Army took control of the region on 13 July. Soviet Armenia Main article: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic The coat of arms of Soviet Armenia depicting Mount Ararat in the centre Armenia was annexed by Bolshevist Russia and along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, it was incorporated into the Soviet Union as part of the Transcaucasian SFSR (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922. [76] [77] With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet Treaty of Kars. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over Adjara with the port city of Batumi in return for sovereignty over the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Iğdır, all of which were part of Russian Armenia. [76] [77]The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities ( Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR ). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians. [78]Armenia was not the scene of any battles in World War II. An estimated 500,000 Armenians (nearly a third of the population) served in the military during the war, and 175,000 died. [79]Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965. Armenians gather at Theater Square in central Yerevan to claim unification of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast with the Armenian SSR. During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. [80] The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2. [81]Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New Armenian Army (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet Red Army. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and Soviet Internal Security Forces (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting. Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in Sovetashen, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The pogrom of Armenians in Baku in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital Baku to flee to Armenia. [82] On 23 August 1990, Armenia declared its sovereignty on its territory. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the Baltic states, Georgia and Moldova, boycotted a nationwide referendum in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form. [83]Restoration of independence Main article: History of Armenia § Independent Armenia (1991-today)Armenian soldiers during the Nagorno-Karabakh War On 21 September 1991, Armenia officially declared its independence after the failed August coup in Moscow. Levon Ter-Petrosyan was popularly elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991. He had risen to prominence by leading the Karabakh movement for the unification of the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh. [84] On 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist and Armenia's independence was recognised. Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan through the Nagorno-Karabakh War with neighbouring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the Azerbaijani Popular Front managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air blockade against Armenia. This move effectively crippled Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic. [84] In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan. [85]The 21 September 2011 parade in Yerevan, marking the 20th anniversary of Armenia's re-independence The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered cease-fire was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including Nagorno-Karabakh itself. [86] Since then, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held peace talks, mediated by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The status of Karabakh has yet to be determined. The economies of both countries have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced. [87]As it enters the 21st century, Armenia faces many hardships. It has made a full switch to a market economy. One study ranks it the 41st most "economically free" nation in the world, as of 2014. [88] Its relations with Europe, the Middle East, and the Commonwealth of Independent States have allowed Armenia to increase trade. [89] [90] Gas, oil, and other supplies come through two vital routes: Iran and Georgia. Armenia maintains cordial relations with both countries. [91]Armenia and neighbouring countries Geography Main article: Geography of Armenia Armenia is a landlocked country in the geopolitical Transcaucasus (South Caucasus) region, that is located in the Southern Caucasus Mountains and their lowlands between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea, and northeast of the Armenian Highlands. Armenia is bordered on the north by Georgia, the east by Azerbaijan; the south by Iran; and the southwest and west by Turkey. Armenia lies between latitudes 38° and 42° N, and meridians 43° and 47° E. Topography Armenia's mountainous and volcanic topography The Republic of Armenia has a territorial area of 29,743 square kilometres (11,484 sq mi). The terrain is mostly mountainous, with fast flowing rivers, and few forests. The land rises to 4,090 metres (13,419 feet) above sea level at Mount Aragats, and no point is below 390 metres (1,280 ft) above sea level. [92]Average elevation of the country area is 10th highest in the world. Mount Ararat Mount Ararat, which was historically part of Armenia, is the highest mountain in the region. Now located in Turkey, but clearly visible from Armenia, it is regarded by the Armenians as a symbol of their land. Because of this, the mountain is present on the Armenian national emblem today. [93] [94] [95]Climate Main article: Climate of Armenia The climate in Armenia is markedly highland continental. Summers are dry and sunny, lasting from June to mid-September. The temperature fluctuates between 22 and 36 °C (72 and 97 °F). However, the low humidity level mitigates the effect of high temperatures. Evening breezes blowing down the mountains provide a welcome refreshing and cooling effect. Springs are short, while autumns are long. Autumns are known for their vibrant and colourful foliage. Winters are quite cold with plenty of snow, with temperatures ranging between −10 and −5 °C (14 and 23 °F). Winter sports enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hills of Tsakhkadzor, located thirty minutes outside Yerevan. Lake Sevan, nestled up in the Armenian highlands, is the second largest lake in the world relative to its altitude, at 1,900 metres (6,234 ft) above sea level. Environment protection Carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons per capita in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, Germany, Italy, USA in 2000–2012. World Bank data. Armenia ranked 63rd out of 180 countries on Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in 2018. Its rank on subindex Environmental Health (which is weighted at 40% in EPI) is 109, while Armenia's rank on subindex of Ecosystem Vitality (weighted at 60% in EPI) is 27th best in the world. [96] This suggests that main environmental issues in Armenia are with population health, while environment vitality is of lesser concern. Out of sub-subindices contributing to Environmental Health subindex ranking on Air Quality to which population is exposed is particularly unsatisfying. Waste management in Armenia is underdeveloped, as no waste sorting or recycling takes place at Armenia's 60 landfills. A waste processing plant is scheduled for construction near Hrazdan city, which will allow for closure of 10 waste dumps. [97]Despite the availability of abundant renewable energy sources in Armenia (especially hydroelectric and wind power) and calls from EU officials to shut down the nuclear power plant at Metsamor, [98] the Armenian Government is exploring the possibilities of installing new small modular nuclear reactors. In 2018 existing nuclear plant is scheduled for modernization to enhance its safety and increase power production by about 10%. [99] [100]Armenian Ministry of Nature Protection introduced taxes for air and water pollution and solid-waste disposal, whose revenues are used for environmental protection activities. Government and politics Main articles: Government of Armenia and Politics of Armenia The National Assembly in Yerevan Politics of Armenia takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic. According to the Constitution of Armenia, the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and the Parliament. [101] [102] [103]The unicameral parliament (also called the Azgayin Zhoghov or National Assembly) is controlled by a coalition of four political parties: the conservative Republican party, the Prosperous Armenia party, the Rule of Law party and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. The main opposition party is Raffi Hovannisian 's Heritage party, which favours eventual Armenian membership in the European Union and NATO. The Armenian government's stated aim is to build a Western-style parliamentary democracy as the basis of its form of government. It has universal suffrage above the age of eighteen. International observers of Council of Europe and US Department of State have questioned the fairness of Armenia's parliamentary and presidential elections and constitutional referendum since 1995, citing polling deficiencies, lack of co-operation by the Electoral Commission, and poor maintenance of electoral lists and polling places. Freedom House categorised Armenia in its 2008 report as a "Semi-consolidated Authoritarian Regime" (along with Moldova, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia) and ranked Armenia 20th among 29 nations in transition, with a Democracy Score of 5.21 out of 7 (7 represents the lowest democratic progress). [104] Freedom House ranked Armenia as " partly free " in its 2007 report, though it did not categorise Armenia as an "electoral democracy", indicating an absence of relatively free and competitive elections. [105] However, significant progress seems to have been made and the 2008 Armenian presidential election was hailed as largely democratic by OSCE and Western monitors. [106]Foreign relations Main articles: Foreign relations of Armenia, Armenia and the European Union, and Armenia–Turkey relations Embassy of Armenia in Moscow Armenia presently maintains positive relations with almost every country in the world, with two major exceptions being its immediate neighbours, Turkey and Azerbaijan. Tensions were running high between Armenians and Azerbaijanis during the final years of the Soviet Union. The Nagorno-Karabakh War dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s. [107] To this day, Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan are under severe blockade. In addition, a permanent solution for the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organizations such as the OSCE. Armenia is a member of more than 40 international organisations, including the United Nations; the Council of Europe; the Asian Development Bank; the Commonwealth of Independent States; the World Trade Organization; World Customs Organization; the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation; and La Francophonie. It is a member of the CSTO military alliance, and also participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace program. Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the Armenian Genocide, although Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the 3rd republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War and citing it as the reason, Turkey illegally closed its border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets. [107]On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey signed protocols on normalisation of relations, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border. [108] The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia it passed through the legislatively required approval of the Constitutional Court and was sent to parliament for final ratification. The President had made multiple public announcements, both in Armenia and abroad, that as the leader of the political majority of Armenia he assured the ratification of the protocols if Turkey also ratified them. Despite this, the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also "delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period". Due to its position between two unfriendly neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the government of Armenia, Russia maintains a military base in the city of Gyumri located in Northwestern Armenia. [109] as a deterrent against Turkey. [ citation needed] Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward Euro-Atlantic structures in recent years. It maintains good relations with the United States especially through its Armenian diaspora. According to the US Census Bureau, there are 427,822 Armenians living in the country. [110]Because of the illicit border blockades by Azerbaijan and Turkey, Armenia continues to maintain solid relations with its southern neighbour Iran especially in the economic sector. Economic projects such a gas pipeline going from Iran to Armenia are being developed. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at Armenian Genocide memorial in Yerevan Armenia is also a member of the Council of Europe, maintaining friendly relations with the European Union, especially with its member states such as France and Greece. A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenia's population would be in favour of joining the EU. [111] Several Armenian officials have also expressed the desire for their country to eventually become an EU member state, [112] some [ who?] predicting that it will make an official bid for membership in a few years. [ citation needed] In 2004 its forces joined KFOR, a NATO-led international force in Kosovo. It is also an observer member of the Eurasian Economic Community and the Non-Aligned Movement. A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is an emerging democracy and as of 2011 was negotiating with the European Union to become an associate partner. Legally speaking, it has the right to be considered as a prospective EU member provided it meets necessary standards and criteria, although officially such a plan does not exist in Brussels. [113] [114] [115] [116] The Government of Armenia, however, has joined the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia [117] and the Eurasian Economic Union. [118] [119]Armenia is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. The EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) was signed on 24 November 2017. Among other goals it aims at improving investment climate. [120]Human rights Main article: Human rights in Armenia Human rights in Armenia tend to be better than those in most former Soviet republics and have drawn closer to acceptable standards, especially economically. [ citation needed] Still, there are several considerable problems. Overall, the country is classified "partly free" by Freedom House, which gives it a score of 45 in 2018. [121]Military Main article: Armed Forces of Armenia Armenian Army BTR-80s Armenian soldiers at the 2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, currently headed by Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan, while military command remains in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is currently Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov. Active forces now number about 81,000 soldiers, with an additional reserve of 32,000 troops. Armenian border guards are in charge of patrolling the country's borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan, while Russian troops continue to monitor its borders with Iran and Turkey. In the case of an attack, Armenia is able to mobilise every able-bodied man between the age of 15 and 59, with military preparedness. The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of military equipment, was ratified by the Armenian parliament in July 1992. In March 1993, Armenia signed the multilateral Chemical Weapons Convention, which calls for the eventual elimination of chemical weapons. Armenia acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapons state in July 1993. Armenia is member of Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) along with Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. It participates in NATO's Partnership for Peace (Pi P) program and is in a NATO organisation called Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC). Armenia has engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Kosovo as part of non-NATO KFOR troops under Greek command. [122] Armenia also had 46 members of its military peacekeeping forces as a part of the Coalition Forces in Iraq War until October 2008. [123]Administrative divisions Main article: Administrative divisions of Armenia Shirak Lori Tavush Aragatsotn Armavir Yerevan Ararat Kotayk Gegharkunik Vayots Dzor Syunik Geghard monastery, Kotayk Province Armenia is divided into ten provinces ( marzer, singular marz ), with the city ( kaghak) of Yerevan ( Երևան) having special administrative status as the country's capital. The chief executive in each of the ten provinces is the marzpet ( marz governor), appointed by the government of Armenia. In Yerevan, the chief executive is the mayor, appointed by the president. Within each province are communities ( hamaynkner, singular hamaynk ). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements ( bnakavayrer, singular bnakavayr ). Settlements are classified as either towns ( kaghakner, singular kaghak) or villages ( gyugher, singular gyugh ). As of 2007, Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community. [124] Additionally, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts. Province Capital Area (km²) Population †Aragatsotn Արագածոտն Ashtarak Աշտարակ 2,756 132,925Ararat Արարատ Artashat Արտաշատ 2,090 260,367Armavir Արմավիր Armavir Արմավիր 1,242 265,770Gegharkunik Գեղարքունիք Gavar Գավառ 5,349 235,075Kotayk Կոտայք Hrazdan Հրազդան 2,086 254,397Lori Լոռի Vanadzor Վանաձոր 3,799 235,537Shirak Շիրակ Gyumri Գյումրի 2,680 251,941Syunik Սյունիք Kapan Կապան 4,506 141,771Tavush Տավուշ Ijevan Իջևան 2,704 128,609Vayots Dzor Վայոց Ձոր Yeghegnadzor Եղեգնաձոր 2,308 52,324Yerevan Երևան – – 223 1,060,138† 2011 census Sources: Area and population of provinces. [125]Economy Main article: Economy of Armenia The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad. [126] Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – chemicals, electronics, machinery, processed food, synthetic rubber, and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy. [52] Recently, the Intel Corporation agreed to open a research centre in Armenia, in addition to other technology companies, signalling the growth of the technology industry in Armenia. [127]Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both net material product and total employment before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment. [128] This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilised and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%. [129]Yerevan is the economic and cultural centre of Armenia. Armenian mines produce copper, zinc, gold, and lead. The vast majority of energy is produced with fuel imported from Russia, including gas and nuclear fuel (for its one nuclear power plant); the main domestic energy source is hydroelectric. Small deposits of coal, gas, and petroleum exist but have not yet been developed. Like other newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. The closure of Azerbaijani and Turkish borders has devastated the economy, because Armenia depends on outside supplies of energy and most raw materials. Land routes through Georgia and Iran are inadequate or unreliable. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth. [128] The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993. Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewelry making, information and communication technology, and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture. [130]New buildings in the Ajapnyak District of Yerevan This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and other international financial institutions (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilising the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the World Trade Organization on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World. A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatization was adopted in 1997, as well as a program of state property privatization. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption. However, unemployment, which was 18.5% in 2015, [131] still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict. Armenia ranked 85th on the 2015 UNDP Human Development Index, the lowest among the Transcaucasian republics. [132] In 2016 estimates it climbed up to 84th position surpassing Ukraine. [133] [134] Armenia ranks 47th on inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) in 2016 report, ahead of all its neighboring countries with prominence of human inequality lower (i.e. better) than in these. [135]In 2017 Human Freedom Index published by the Cato Institute Armenia ranked 29th for economic freedom and 76th for personal freedom among 159 countries. [136] [137]Armenia ranks 47th on Doing Business Index in 2018 with 13th rank on "starting business" sub-index. [138]In the 2015 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), Armenia ranked 95 of 168 countries. [139] In the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Armenia ranked 54th, ahead of countries like France, Portugal and Italy. [88]Science, technology and education Science and technology Main article: Science and technology in Armenia Research spending is low in Armenia, averaging 0.25% of GDP over 2010–2013. However, the statistical record of research expenditure is incomplete, as expenditure by privately owned business enterprises is not surveyed in Armenia. The world average for domestic expenditure on research was 1.7% of GDP in 2013. [140]GERD GDP ratio for the Black Sea countries, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 12.3The country's Strategy for the Development of Science 2011–2020 envisions that ‘by 2020, Armenia is a country with a knowledge-based economy and is competitive within the European Research Area with its level of basic and applied research.’ It fixes the following targets: [140]Creation of a system capable of sustaining the development of science and technology;Development of scientific potential, modernization of scientific infrastructure;Promotion of basic and applied research;Creation of a synergistic system of education, science and innovation; and Becoming a prime location for scientific specialization in the European Research Area. Based on this strategy, the accompanying Action Plan was approved by the government in June 2011. It defines the following targets: [140]Improve the management system for science and technology and create the requisite conditions for sustainable development;Involve more young, talented people in education and research, while upgrading research infrastructure;Create the requisite conditions for the development of an integrated national innovation system; and Enhance international co-operation in research and development. GERD in the Black Sea region by sector of performance, 2005 and 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 12.5Although the Strategy clearly pursues a ‘science push’ approach, with public research institutes serving as the key policy target, it nevertheless mentions the goal of establishing an innovation system. However, the main driver of innovation, the business sector, is not mentioned. In between publishing the Strategy and Action Plan, the government issued a resolution in May 2010 on Science and Technology Development Priorities for 2010–2014. These priorities are: [140]Armenian studies, humanities and social sciences;Life sciences;Renewable energy, new energy sources;Advanced technologies, information technologies;Space, Earth sciences, sustainable use of natural resources; and Basic research promoting essential applied research. The Law on the National Academy of Sciences was adopted in May 2011. This law is expected to play a key role in shaping the Armenian innovation system. It allows the National Academy of Sciences to extend its business activities to the commercialization of research results and the creation of spin-offs; it also makes provision for restructuring the National Academy of Sciences by combining institutes involved in closely related research areas into a single body. Three of these new centres are particularly relevant: the Centre for Biotechnology, the Centre for Zoology and Hydro-ecology and the Centre for Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. [140]The government is focusing its support on selected industrial sectors. More than 20 projects have been cofunded by the State Committee of Science in targeted branches: pharmaceuticals, medicine and biotechnology, agricultural mechanization and machine building, electronics, engineering, chemistry and, in particular, the sphere of information technology. [140]Over the past decade, the government has made an effort to encourage science–industry linkages. The Armenian information technology sector has been particularly active: a number of public–private partnerships have been established between companies and universities, in order to give students marketable skills and generate innovative ideas at the interface of science and business. Examples are Synopsys Inc. and the Enterprise Incubator Foundation. [140]Education Ayb School UWC Dilijan Tumo Center for Creative Technologies American University of Armenia Main article: Education in Armenia History of Education in Armenia In medieval times University of Gladzor and University of Tatev took an important role for whole Armenia. A literacy rate of 100% was reported as early as 1960. [141] In the communist era, Armenian education followed the standard Soviet model of complete state control (from Moscow) of curricula and teaching methods and close integration of education activities with other aspects of society, such as politics, culture, and the economy. [141]In the 1988–89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 population were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average. [141] In 1989 some 58% of Armenians over age fifteen had completed their secondary education, and 14% had a higher education. [141] In the 1990–91 school year, the estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students. [141] Another seventy specialised secondary institutions had 45,900 students, and 68,400 students were enrolled in a total of ten postsecondary institutions that included universities. [141] In addition, 35% of eligible children attended preschools. [141] In 1992 Armenia's largest institution of higher learning, Yerevan State University, had eighteen departments, including ones for social sciences, sciences, and law. [141] Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students. [141] The National Polytechnic University of Armenia is operating since 1933. [141]In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changes to the centralised and regimented Soviet system. [141] Because at least 98% of students in higher education were Armenian, curricula began to emphasise Armenian history and culture. [141]Armenian became the dominant language of instruction, and many schools that had taught in Russian closed by the end of 1991. [141] Russian was still widely taught, however, as a second language. [141]In 2014, the National Program for Educational Excellence embarked on creating an internationally competitive and academically rigorous alternative educational program (the Araratian Baccalaureate) for Armenian schools and increase the importance and status of the teacher's role in society. [142] [143]Regulation Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for regulation of the sector. Primary and secondary education in Armenia is free, and completion of secondary school is compulsory. [141]High education in Armenia is harmonized with Bologna process. Armenian National Academy of Sciences plays important role in postgraduate education. Schools for children Schooling takes 12 years in Armenia and breaks down into primary (4 years), middle (5 years) and high schooling (3 years). Schools engage 10-grade mark system. Interesting feature of primary and secondary education is obligatory schooling in chess playing. UWC Dilijan, Ayb School and QSI International School of Yerevan are private primary and secondary schools. Tumo Center for Creative Technologies is one of most prominent auxiliary education concepts in Armenia. Armath [144] laboratories are a prominent concept for engaging pupils into studying technical sciences and applied technologies. Teach for Armenia is works towards improvement of primary and secondary education enrollment in regions of Armenia. Government also supports Armenian schools outside of Armenia. Major universities Yerevan State University Yerevan State Medical University Armenian State University of Economics National Polytechnic University of Armenia National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences Armenian National Agrarian University Armenian State Pedagogical University American University of Armenia Russian-Armenian (Slavonic) University Fondation Université Française en Arménie List of universities in Armenia includes many other. American University of Armenia The American University of Armenia has graduate programs in Business and Law, among others. The institution owes its existence to the combined efforts of the Government of Armenia, the Armenian General Benevolent Union, US Agency for International Development, and the University of California. The extension programs and the library at AUA form a new focal point for English-language intellectual life in the city. Armenia also hosts a deployment of One Laptop per Child initiative. [145]Yerevan State Medical University On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of higher educational independent Institutions were formed including Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis of medical faculty. In 1980 Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of the former USSR – the Order of Labor red Banner for training qualified specialists in health care and valuable service in the development of Medical Science. In 1995 YSMI was renamed to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named after Mkhitar Heratsi, the famous medieval doctor. Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia. The great doctor played the same role in Armenian Medical Science as Hippocrates in Western, Galen in Roman, Ibn Sīnā in Arabic medicine. Graduates of the MAB program of the Agribusiness Teaching Center. Foreign students' department for Armenian diaspora established in 1957 later was enlarged and the enrollment of foreign students began. Nowadays the YSMU is a Medical Institution corresponding to international requirements, trains medical staff for not only Armenia and neighbour countries, i.e. Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Georgia, but also many other leading countries all over the world. A great number of foreign students from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, the USA and Russia study together with Armenian students. Nowadays the university is ranked among famous higher Medical Institutions and takes its honourable place in the World Directory of Medical Schools published by the WHO. Statistics Gross enrollment in tertiary education at 44% in 2015 surpassed peer countries of South Caucasus but remained below of the average for Europe and Central Asia. [146]However public spendings per student in tertiary education in GDP-ratio terms is one of the lowest for post-USSR countries (for which data was available). [147]Demographics Main articles: Demographics of Armenia and Armenians Armenia has a population of 2,924,816 (2016 est.) [11] and is the third most densely populated of the former Soviet republics. [148] There has been a problem of population decline due to elevated levels of emigration after the break-up of the USSR. [149] In the past years emigration levels have declined and some population growth is observed since 2012. [150]The Armenian population around the world Armenia has a relatively large external diaspora (8 million by some estimates, greatly exceeding the 3 million population of Armenia itself), with communities existing across the globe. The largest Armenian communities outside of Armenia can be found in Russia, France, Iran, the United States, Georgia, Syria, Lebanon, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Poland, Ukraine and Brazil. 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians still live in Turkey (mostly in and around Istanbul ). [151]About 1,000 Armenians reside in the Armenian Quarter in the Old City of Jerusalem, a remnant of a once-larger community. [152] Italy is home to the San Lazzaro degli Armeni, an island located in the Venetian Lagoon, which is completely occupied by a monastery run by the Mechitarists, an Armenian Catholic congregation. [153] Approximately 139,000 Armenians live in the de facto independent country Republic of Artsakh where they form a majority. [154]Ethnic groups Historical and modern distribution of Armenians. Settlement area of Armenians in early 20th century: >50% 25–50% <25% Armenian settlement area today. Ethnic Armenians make up 98.1% of the population. Yazidis make up 1.2%, and Russians 0.4%. Other minorities include Assyrians, Ukrainians, Greeks (usually called Caucasus Greeks ), Kurds, Georgians, Belarusians, and Jews. There are also smaller communities of Vlachs, Mordvins, Ossetians, Udis, and Tats. Minorities of Poles and Caucasus Germans also exist though they are heavily Russified. [155] As of 2016, there are an estimated 35,000 Yazidis in Armenia. [156]During the Soviet era, Azerbaijanis were historically the second largest population in the country (forming about 2.5% in 1989). [157] However, due to the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh, virtually all of them emigrated from Armenia to Azerbaijan. Conversely, Armenia received a large influx of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, thus giving Armenia a more homogeneous character. According to Gullup research conducted in 2017 Armenia has highest migrant acceptance (welcoming) rate in the region and most of eastern Europe. [158] [159]Languages Main article: Languages of Armenia Armenian is the only official language. The main foreign languages that Armenians know are Russian and English. Due to its Soviet past, most of the old population can speak Russian quite well. According to a 2013 survey, 95% of Armenians said they had some knowledge of Russian (24% advanced, 59% intermediate) compared to 40% who said they knew some English (4% advanced, 16% intermediate and 20% beginner). However, more adults (50%) think that English should be taught in public secondary schools than those who prefer Russian (44%). [160]Cities See also: List of municipalities of Armeniav t e Largest cities or towns in Armenia Armenia 2011 census [161] [162] [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168] [169] [170] [171]Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop. Yerevan Gyumri1 Yerevan Yerevan 1,060,138 11 Gavar Gegharkunik 20,765Vanadzor Vagharshapat2 Gyumri Shirak 121,976 12 Goris Syunik 20,5913 Vanadzor Lori 86,199 13 Charentsavan Kotayk 20,3634 Vagharshapat Armavir 46,540 14 Ararat Ararat 20,2355 Abovyan Kotayk 43,495 15 Masis Ararat 20,2156 Kapan Syunik 43,190 16 Ashtarak Aragatsotn 19,6157 Hrazdan Kotayk 41,875 17 Artik Shirak 19,5348 Armavir Armavir 29,319 18 Sevan Gegharkunik 19,2299 Artashat Ararat 22,269 19 Dilijan Tavush 17,71210 Ijevan Tavush 21,081 20 Sisian Syunik 14,894Religion See also: Religion in Armenia The 7th-century Khor Virap monastery in the shadow of Mount Ararat, the peak on which Noah's Ark is said to have landed during the biblical flood. Armenia was the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion, an event traditionally dated to AD 301. [172] [173] [174] [175]The predominant religion in Armenia is Christianity. The roots of the Armenian Church go back to the 1st century. According to tradition, the Armenian Church was founded by two of Jesus' twelve apostles – Thaddaeus and Bartholomew – who preached Christianity in Armenia between AD 40–60. Because of these two founding apostles, the official name of the Armenian Church is Armenian Apostolic Church. Over 93% of Armenian Christians belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a form of Oriental (Non- Chalcedonian) Orthodoxy, which is a very ritualistic, conservative church, roughly comparable to the Coptic and Syriac churches. [176] The Armenian Apostolic Church is in communion only with a group of churches within Oriental Orthodoxy. The Armenian Evangelical Church has a very sizeable and favourable presence among the life of Armenians with over several thousand members throughout the country. It traces its roots back to 1846 which was under patronage of the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople the aim of which was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church. Other Christian denominations practising faith based on Nicene Creed in Armenia are the Pentecostal branches of Protestant community such as the Word of Life, the Armenian Brotherhood Church, [177] the Baptists which are known as of the oldest existing denominations in Armenia and were permitted by the authorities of Soviet Union, [178] [179] and Presbyterians. [180]Catholics also exist in Armenia, both Latin rite and Armenian rite Catholics. The Mechitarists (also spelled "Mekhitarists" Armenian: Մխիթարեան ), are a congregation of Benedictine monks of the Armenian Catholic Church founded in 1712 by Mekhitar of Sebaste. They are best known for their series of scholarly publications of ancient Armenian versions of otherwise lost ancient Greek texts. The Armenian Catholic denomination is headquartered in Bzoummar, Lebanon. Armenia is home to a Russian community of Molokans which practice a form of Spiritual Christianity originated from the Russian Orthodox Church. [181]The Yazidis, who live in the western part of the country, practice Yazidism. As of 2016, the world's largest Yazidi temple is under construction in the small village of Aknalish. [156] There are also Kurds who practice Sunni Islam. [ citation needed]There is a Jewish community in Armenia diminished to 750 persons since independence with most emigrants leaving for Israel. There are currently two synagogues in Armenia – in the capital, Yerevan, and in the city of Sevan located near Lake Sevan. Health Vast improvements of health services occurred in the past decade. Such improvements consisted of easier accessibility to health-care services and an Open Enrollment program which allows Armenians to freely choose their healthcare service provider. [182]Certified by World Health Organization Armenia was the first [183] in European region and as of October 2017 is one of 10 countries worldwide (7 of which are islands) which proved to have eliminated mother-to-child HIV transmission. [184]According to WHO data infant mortality rate nearly halved from 2002 to 2015. [185]Health expenditures at 4.5% of GDP in 2014 were 3rd lowest in post-USSR countries and below the average of the region of Europe and Central Asia, same as in years 2006–2013. [186] Health expenditures as percentage of government spendings were 4th lowest for the same group in 2008–2014, but beat peers in South Caucasus. [187] Health expenditures in per capita terms (at PPP at constant 2005 USD) were nearly permanently 5th lowest in the above group in years 1999–2014. [188] Out-of-pocket health expenditure were 4th highest in the same group in years 2003–2006 and 2010–2014. [189] In 2014 4.3% of health expenditures came from sources outside of Armenia. [190]Undernourishment at 6.3% in 2014 of population remained nearly unchanged since 2007. [191]Obesity rate is 19.5% in Armenia in 2017, which is lower than in all regional countries and nearly all European countries. [192] [193]Tobacco policy in Armenia is as of February 2018 still very permissive with almost no enforcement of any smoke-restricting laws. After significant decline crude in earlier decades crude birth rates remained at 13.0–14.2 per 1000 people nearly constant in years 1998–2015. [194] In the same period crude death rate went from 8.6 to 9.3 per 1000 people. [195] Note that crude rates are not age-adjusted. Life expectancy at birth at 74.8 years was 4th highest among post-USSR countries in 2014. [196]Culture Main article: Culture of Armenia Armenian alphabet Armenians have their own distinctive alphabet and language. The alphabet was invented in AD 405 by Mesrop Mashtots and consists of thirty-nine letters, three of which were added during the Cilician period. 96% of the people in the country speak Armenian, while 75.8% of the population additionally speaks Russian, although English is becoming increasingly popular. Media Main article: Media of Armenia Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on advertising, subscription, and other sales-related revenues. The Constitution of Armenia guarantees freedom of speech and Armenia ranks 78th in the 2015 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders, between Lesotho and Sierra Leone. [197] As a country in transition, Armenia's media system is under transformation. [198]Frequent attacks on journalists of non-state sponsored media is a serious threat to Armenia's press freedom. The number of assaults has recently declined, but the physical integrity of journalists remain at stake. [199]Music and dance Main article: Music of Armenia Djivan Gasparyan (left), Sirusho (middle) and Charles Aznavour (right) are among most popular musicians of Armenia. Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan 's well-known duduk music, as well as light pop, and extensive Christian music. Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna, and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane. Traditional Armenian dance The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes. Art Main article: Armenian art See also: List of museums in Armenia Ancient Armenian Khachkars (cross-stones)Yerevan Vernissage (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus speciality. Obsidian, which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture – nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are also available at the Vernisage. Queen Zabel ’s Return to the Palace, Vardges Sureniants, (1909)Across from the Opera House, a popular art market fills another city park on the weekends. Armenia’s long history as a crossroads of the ancient world has resulted in a landscape with innumerable fascinating archaeological sites to explore. Medieval, Iron Age, Bronze Age and even Stone Age sites are all within a few hours drive from the city. All but the most spectacular remain virtually undiscovered, allowing visitors to view churches and fortresses in their original settings. The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the Middle Ages, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many European masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales. On 13 April 2013, the Armenian government announced a change in law to allow freedom of panorama for 3D works of art. [200]Cinema Main article: Cinema of Armenia Cinema in Armenia was born on April 16, 1923, when the Armenian State Committee of Cinema was established by a decree of the Soviet Armenian government. However, the first Armenian film with Armenian subject called "Haykakan Sinema" was produced earlier in 1912 in Cairo by Armenian-Egyptian publisher Vahan Zartarian. The film was premiered in Cairo on March 13, 1913. [201]In March 1924, the first Armenian film studio; Armenfilm ( Armenian: Հայֆիլմ "Hayfilm," Russian: Арменкино "Armenkino") was established in Yerevan, starting with a documentary film called Soviet Armenia. Namus was the first Armenian silent black-and-white film, directed by Hamo Beknazarian in 1925, based on a play of Alexander Shirvanzade, describing the ill fate of two lovers, who were engaged by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of namus (a tradition of honor), the girl was married by her father to another person. The first sound film, Pepo was shot in 1935, director Hamo Beknazarian. Sport Main articles: Sport in Armenia and Chess in Armenia The Tsaghkadzor Olympic Sports complex The Armenia national football team in Dublin, Ireland A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practised on lakes, notably Lake Sevan. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA) and International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ). It also hosts the Pan-Armenian Games. Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinyan (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying:"Armenian sportsmen had to outdo their opponents by several notches for the shot at being accepted into any Soviet team. But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90 percent of Armenians athletes on Soviet Olympic teams came back with medals." [202]Armenia first participated at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona under a unified CIS team, where it was very successful, winning three golds and one silver in weightlifting, wrestling and sharp shooting, despite only having 5 athletes. Since the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Armenia has participated as an independent nation. Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting. It also participates in the Winter Olympic Games in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and figure skating. Chess Grandmaster Levon Aronian is a FIDE #2 rated player and the fourth highest rated player in history Football is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the FC Ararat Yerevan team of the 1970s who won the Soviet Cup in 1973 and 1975 and the Soviet Top League in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the European Cup where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter final stage to eventual winner FC Bayern Munich. Armenia competed internationally as part of the USSR national football team until the Armenian national football team was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the FIFA World Rankings in September 2011. The national team is controlled by the Football Federation of Armenia. The Armenian Premier League is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by FC Pyunik in recent seasons. The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the Armenian First League. Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have produced many successful footballers, including Youri Djorkaeff, Alain Boghossian, Andranik Eskandarian, Andranik Teymourian, Edgar Manucharyan and Nikita Simonyan. Djokaeff and Boghossian won the 1998 FIFA World Cup with France, Andranik Teymourian competed in the 2006 World Cup for Iran and Edgar Manucharyan played in the Dutch Eredivisie for Ajax. Wrestling has been a successful sport in the Olympics for Armenia. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Armen Nazaryan won the gold in the Men's Greco-Roman Flyweight (52 kg) category and Armen Mkrtchyan won the silver in Men's Freestyle Paperweight (48 kg) category, securing Armenia's first two medals in its Olympic history. Traditional Armenian wrestling is called Kokh and practised in traditional garb; it was one of the influences included in the Soviet combat sport of Sambo, which is also very popular. [203]The government of Armenia budgets about $2.8 million annually for sports and gives it to the National Committee of Physical Education and Sports, the body that determines which programs should benefit from the funds. [202]Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of Tsaghkadzor to improve the winter sports infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent winter sports events. In 2005, a cycling centre was opened in Yerevan with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics. [202]Armenia has also been very successful in chess, winning the World Champion in 2011 and the World Chess Olympiad on three occasions. [204]Cuisine Armenian cuisine Main article: Armenian cuisine Armenian cuisine is closely related to eastern and Mediterranean cuisine; various spices, vegetables, fish, and fruits combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety of forms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredient as well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves. The pomegranate, with its symbolic association with fertility, represents that nation. The apricot is the national fruit. See also Armenia portal Asia portal Europe portal Outline of Armenia Index of Armenia-related articles Armenia – Wikipedia book Notes Sources This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, 324–26, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing. To learn how to add open-license text to Wikipedia articles, please see Wikipedia: Adding open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use. References^ "Constitution of Armenia, Article 20". president.am.^ Asatryan, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (Yerevan 2002). The Ethnic Minorities in Armenia. Part of the OSCE. Archived copy at Web Cite (16 April 2010).^ Ministry of Culture of Armenia "The ethnic minorities in Armenia. Brief information". As per the most recent census in 2011. "National minority".^ "National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia - Official Web Site - parliament.am". www.parliament.am.^ Lang, David Marshall. Armenia: Cradle of Civilization. London: Allen and Unwin, 1970, p. 114. ISBN 0-04-956007-7.^ Redgate, Anna Elizabeth. The Armenians. Cornwall: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 16–19, 23, 25, 26 (map), 30–32, 38, 43 ISBN 0-631-22037-2.^ Redgate, A. E. (2000). The Armenians (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. p. 5. ISBN 0-631-22037-2. However, the most easily identifiable ancestors of the later Armenian nation are the Urartians.^ de Laet, Sigfried J.; Herrmann, Joachim, eds. (1996). History of Humanity: From the seventh century B. C. to the seventh century A. D. (1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 978-92-3-102812-0. The ruler of the part known as Greater Armenia, Artaxias (Artashes), the founder of a new dynasty, managed to unite the country...^ Encyclopedia Americana: Ankara to Azusa. Scholastic Library Publishing. 2005. p. 393. It was named for Artaxias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who founded the kingdom of Armenia about 190 B. C.^ "The World Fact Book – Armenia". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 17 July 2010.^ a b "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA. UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.^ "Statistical Service of Armenia" (PDF). Armstat. Retrieved 20 February 2014.^ "Armenia Population". countrymeters.info.^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". World Economic Outlook Database, October 2017. Washington, D. C.: International Monetary Fund. 4 October 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2018.^ "Gini index". World Bank. Retrieved 12 May 2016.^ "Human Development Report 2016" (PDF). United Nations. 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2017.^ " Armenia ." Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2015.^ Central Intelligence Agency (2014). The CIA World Factbook 2015. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 5241. ISBN 978-1-62914-903-5.^ The UN classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook "Armenia". The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010."Armenia". National Geographic., "Armenia". Encyclopædia Britannica., Calendario Atlante De Agostini (in Italian) (111 ed.). Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini. 2015. p. sub voce. ISBN 9788851124908. and Oxford Reference Online "Oxford Reference". Oxford Reference Online. doi: 10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001/acref-9780199546091-e-652 (inactive 2017-09-23). Retrieved 20 October 2012. also place Armenia in Asia.^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-19-510507-0.^ ( Garsoïan, Nina (1997). ed. R. G. Hovannisian, ed. Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 81, Vol. 1. )^ Stringer, Martin D. (2005). A Sociological History of Christian Worship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 92. ISBN 0-521-81955-5.^ Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include Osroene, the Silures, and San Marino. See Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity.^ Grousset, René (1947). Histoire de l'Arménie (1984 ed.). Payot. p. 122.. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garsoïan ( op.cit. p. 82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter.^ The republic has separation of church and state^ "Constitution of Armenia, Article 18". president.am.^ Ագաթանգեղոս §§ 13 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհէս), 16 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս 2x, ի Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 35 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 160 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 249 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 715 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 776 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 784 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 796 (ի մէջ Հայաստան աշխարհի), 808 (հասանէին ի Հայաստան աշխարհն)։^ Ագաթանգեղոս § 885 (ի Հայաստան երկրին)^ Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, էջ 1 (Հայաստան աշխարհին)^ Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, 4.բ, էջ 56 (Հայաստան երկրին)^ 904=1985, էջ 2 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 110 (կանայս ի Հայաստան աշխարհիս)^ Կորիւն 1994, էջ 83 (Հայաստան աշխարհի), 93 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 103 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհին), 120 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհէս)^ ժը (սեռ. Հայաստանեայց, բացառ. ի Հայաստանեայց), տես Աբգարյան 1979, էջ 66, 90^ Razmik Panossian, The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars, Columbia University Press (2006), ISBN 978-0-231-13926-7, p. 106.^ Rafael Ishkhanyan, "Illustrated History of Armenia," Yerevan, 1989^ Elisabeth Bauer. Armenia: Past and Present (1981), p. 49^ " Χαλύβοισι πρὸς νότον Ἀρμένιοι ὁμουρέουσι (The Armenians border on the Chalybes to the south)". Chahin, Mark (2001). The Kingdom of Armenia. London: Routledge. p. fr. 203. ISBN 978-0-7007-1452-0.^ Xenophon. Anabasis. pp. IV.v.2–9.^ Moses of Chorene, The History of Armenia, Book 1, Ch. 12 (in Russian)^ History of Armenia by Father Michael Chamich from B. C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era, Bishop's College Press, Calcutta, 1827, p. 19: " [Aram] was the first to raise the Armenian name to any degree of renown; so that contemporary nations... called them the Aramians, or followers of Aram, a name which has been corrupted into Armenians; and the country they inhabited, by universal consent, took the name of Armenia. "^ Charles, R. H. (1913). The Book of Jubilees 9:5 from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Clarendon Press.^ Josephus, Flavius. Antiquities of the Jews. p. Book 1, section 143.^ "Armenian cave yields what may be world's oldest leather shoe". CNN. 9 June 2010.^ "5,900-year-old women's skirt discovered in Armenian cave". News Armenia. 13 September 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2011.^ "Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave". National Geographic. 12 January 2011.^ Kurkjian, Vahan (1958). History of Armenia (1964 ed.). Michigan: Armenian General Benevolent Union. Retrieved 22 July 2009.^ Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia. 1987. p. v. 12.^ Movsisyan, Artak (2000). Sacred Highland: Armenia in the spiritual conception of the Near East. Yerevan.^ Kavoukjian, Martiros (1982). The Genesis of Armenian People. Montreal.^ Joshua J. Mark. "Assyria". Ancient History Encyclopedia.^ Charles W. Hartley; G. Bike Yazicioğlu; Adam T. Smith, eds. (2012). The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-107-01652-1. ...the unique temple-tomb at Garni, just east of Yerevan – the only Greco-Roman colonnaded building anywhere in the Soviet Union.^ a b "The World Factbook: Armenia". CIA. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007.^ Brunner, Borgna (2006). Time Almanac with Information Please 2007. New York: Time Home Entertainment. p. 685. ISBN 978-1-933405-49-0.^ a b Mary Boyce. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices Psychology Press, 2001 ISBN 0-415-23902-8 p. 84^ Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-4381-2676-0. Etchmiatzin is located in the west of modern Armenia, close to the border with Turkey, and its fourth-century cathedral is generally regarded as the oldest in the world.^ Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). Armenia: Past and Present. Lucerne: Reich Verlag. OCLC 8063377. Etchmiadzin, with the world's oldest cathedral and the seat of the Catholicos, draws tourists from all over the world.^ Utudjian, Édouard (1968). Armenian Architecture: 4th to 17th Century. Paris: Editions A. Morancé. p. 7. OCLC 464421. ...the oldest cathedral in Christendom, that of Etchmiadzin, founded in the 4th century.^ Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann Katharine Swynford & Lewis, Bernard (1977). "The Cambridge History of Islam": 231–32.^ Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2.^ Ward, Steven R. (2014). Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-62616-032-3.^ Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2004). The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-135-79837-6.^ H. Nahavandi, Y. Bomati, Shah Abbas, empereur de Perse (1587–1629) (Perrin, Paris, 1998)^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 33, 351. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.^ Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 728–. ISBN 978-1-59884-948-6.^ Minahan, James (2010). The complete guide to national symbols and emblems. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. p. 310. ISBN 0-313-34497-3.^ Kirakosian, J. S. (1972). Hayastane michazkayin divanakitut'yan ew sovetakan artakin kaghakakanut'yan pastateghterum, 1828–1923 [ Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy, 1828–1923] (in Armenian). Yerevan. pp. 149–358.^ Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Schaller, Dominik J. (2002), Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah [ The Armenian genocide and the Shoah] (in German), Chronos, p. 114, ISBN 3-0340-0561-X^ Walker, Christopher J. (1980), Armenia: The Survival of A Nation, London: Croom Helm, pp. 200–03^ "Extensive bibliography by University of Michigan on the Armenian Genocide". Umd.umich.edu. Archived from the original on 16 November 2001. Retrieved 30 December 2010.^ "Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution". Armenian genocide. Retrieved 10 February 2016.^ Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press. p. 177. ISBN 1-59420-100-5.^ Robert Melson, Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust, University Of Chicago Press, 15 October 1992, p. 147^ Q&A: Armenian genocide dispute. BBC News. 10 July 2008.^ "Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex". Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute. Retrieved 10 February 2016.^ Hovannisian, Richard, and Simon Payaslian. Armenian Cilicia. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2008. 483. Print.^ a b "The Soviet Period – History – Azerbaijan – Asia". Retrieved 25 July 2011.^ a b Закавказская федерация. Большая советская энциклопедия, 3-е изд., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1972. Т. 9 ( A. M. Prokhorov; et al., eds. (1972). "Transcaucasian Federation". Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). 9. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. )^ Ronald G. Suny, James Nichol, Darrell L. Slider. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 1995. pp. 17 and following^ C. Mouradian, L'Armenie sovietique, pp. 278–79^ " Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic ". The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).^ Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2004. p. 74 by Imogen Gladman, Taylor & Francis Group^ Notes from Baku: Black January. Rufat Ahmedov. Eurasia Net Human Rights.^ "The March Referendum". Archived from the original on 15 October 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2008.^ a b Croissant, Michael P. (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. London: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96241-8.^ "The Ties That Divide". Global Heritage Fund. 17 June 2006. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 22 July 2009.^ De Waal, Thomas (2004). Black Garden: Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9.^ A Conflict That Can Be Resolved in Time: Nagorno-Karabakh. International Herald Tribune. 29 November 2003.^ a b "Heritage Index of Economic Freedom". The Heritage Foundation.^ "EU negotiations with Armenia and Georgia on Free Trade Agreements successfully concluded". EPP Group. Retrieved 10 February 2016.^ "Armenia will significantly increase its revenues by reinforcing its role of a transit country between Europe, CIS and Middle East". Arka News Agency. Retrieved 10 February 2016.^ "Europe Could Draw Gas Through Iran–Armenia Pipeline". European dialogue. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.^ "Geographic Characteristic of The Republic of Armenia" (PDF). Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006. National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia. 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.^ Natasha May Azarian (2007). The Seeds of Memory: Narrative Renditions of the Armenian Genocide Across Generations. Pro Quest. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-549-53005-3. Retrieved 28 April 2013. Mount Ararat is considered the 'heart' of historical Armenia as it is Armenian folklore which considers the majestic mountain to be the place where Noah's Arc landed. Armenian businesses, households, and schools almost ubiquitously have at ...^ Rouben Paul Adalian (13 May 2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Scarecrow Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3. Retrieved 28 April 2013. Although the mythology associated with the pagan worship of the mountain is now lost to popular belief, Mount Ararat has played a very ...^ James Minahan (1998). Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-313-30610-5. Retrieved 28 April 2013. Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is located in what is now modern Turkey. Situated near the border, the peak is visible from nearly every area of Armenia. Historically, the mountain has been the Armenian people's most ...^ "Environmental Performance Index". epi.envirocenter.yale.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-02.^ LLC, Helix Consulting. " " We have good reasons to boast economic growth in the coming years" - Karen Karapetyan Pleased with 2017 Indices in Kotayk Marz". www.gov.am. Retrieved 2018-02-16.^ "EU: Armenia nuclear plant should be shut down as soon as possible". news.am. Retrieved 2018-02-16.^ "Modernization to increase the capacity of Armenian nuclear power plant by 10%". arka.am. Retrieved 2018-02-16.^ "Armenian Nuclear Power Plant upgrading program to continue in 2018". armenpress.am. Retrieved 2018-02-16.^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (September 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies. United States: University of California, San Diego. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2017.^ Shugart, Matthew Søberg (December 2005). "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns" (PDF). Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego. French Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 3 (3): 323–351. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087. ISSN 1476-3427. OCLC 6895745903. Retrieved 13 October 2017. Table 1 shows that dissolution power as a presidential initiative is rare in the contemporary president-parliamentary systems. In fact, only in Armenia may the president dissolve (once per year) without a trigger (e.g. assembly failure to invest a government).^ Markarov, Alexander (2016). "Semi-presidentialism in Armenia" (PDF). In Elgie, Robert; Moestrup, Sophia. Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK (published 15 May 2016). pp. 61–90. doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_3. ISBN 978-1-137-38780-6. LCCN 2016939393. OCLC 6039792321. Retrieved 8 October 2017. Markarov discusses the formation and development of the semi-presidential system in Armenia since its foundation in 1991. The author identifies and compares the formal powers of the president, prime minister, and parliament under the 1995 Constitution as well as the amendments introduced through the Constitutional referendum in 2005. Markarov argues that the highly presidentialized semi-presidential system that was introduced in the early 1990s gradually evolved into a Constitutionally more balanced structure. However, in practice, the president has remained dominant and backed by a presidential majority; the president has thus been able to set the policy agenda and implement his preferred policy.^ "Nations in Transit 2008" (PDF). Freedom House. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2014.^ "Freedom in the World 2007" (PDF). Freedom House. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2007.^ Danielyan, Emil (20 February 2008). "Armenian Vote 'Largely Democratic ' ". Armenia Liberty, Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.^ a b "Nagorno-Karabakh: The Crisis in the Caucasus". Retrieved 6 April 2007.^ "Armenia and Turkey sign peace deal". Archived from the original on 14 October 2009.^ "Baku and Moscow – 'One Hundred Percent Strategic Partners ' ". Hetq Online. 27 February 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2008.^ "Ancestry Data". U. S. Census Bureau. 2006. Archived from the original on 3 April 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009. The 2001 Canadian Census determined that there are 40,505 persons of Armenian ancestry currently living in Canada. However, these are liable to be low numbers, since people of mixed ancestry, very common in North America tend to be under-counted: the 1990 census US indicates 149,694 people who speak the Armenian language at home. "The Armenian Embassy in Canada". Archived from the original on 26 August 2006. Retrieved 1 June 2016. estimates 1 million ethnic Armenians in the US and 100,000 in Canada. The Armenian Church of America makes a similar estimate. By all accounts, over half of the Armenians in the United States live in California.^ "RFE/RL Caucasus Report". Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 7 January 2005. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2009.^ "Interview with RA National Assembly Speaker Artur Baghdasaryan". Arm Info News Agency. 26 October 2005. Archived from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2009.^ "How Armenia Could Approach the European Union" (PDF). Retrieved 12 March 2013.^ "EU launches negotiations on Association Agreements with Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia". Europa (web portal). 15 July 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2011.^ "Armenia-EU association agreement may be concluded shortly | Armenia News". News.am. Retrieved 21 September 2011.^ "3rd Plenary Round of the EU–Armenia Negotiation on the Association Agreement". Ec.europa.eu. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2012.^ "Eurasian Economic Commission". www.eurasiancommission.org. Retrieved 13 October 2015.^ "ДОГОВОР О ПРИСОЕДИНЕНИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ К ДОГОВОРУ О ЕВРАЗИЙСКОМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОМ СОЮЗЕ ОТ 29 МАЯ 2014 ГОДА (Минск, 10 октября 2014 года)". www.customs-code.ru. Retrieved 13 October 2015.^ "Armenia To Join Russian-Led Customs Union". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.^ "New agreement signed between the European Union and Armenia set to bring tangible benefits to citizens - EEAS - European External Action Service - European Commission". EEAS - European External Action Service. Retrieved 2018-01-16.^ "Armenia". freedomhouse.org. Retrieved 2018-02-05.^ "KFOR Contingent: Armenia". Official Web Site of the Kosovo Force. 23 March 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2008.^ "Last shift of Armenian peacekeepers in Iraq returns home". Ministry of Defence. 7 October 2008. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2008.^ "Regional Administration Bodies". The Government of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 11 September 2008.^ "Armstat: Provinces, area and population" (PDF).^ Demourian, Avet (19 October 2007). "Armenian Eyes, Ears on US Genocide Vote". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 July 2009.^ "Intel center to open in Armenia". Pan ARMENIAN. Net. 20 January 1990. Retrieved 12 March 2013.^ a b Z. Lerman and A. Mirzakhanian, Private Agriculture in Armenia, Lexington Books, Lanham, MD, 2001.^ Statistical Yearbook 2007, Armenia National Statistical Service, Yerevan^ Kiniry, Laura. "How Armenia Plans to Become the Next World-Class Hiking Destination".^ "Unemployment Armenia". Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 6 May 2016.^ "Human Development Report 2015 – "Rethinking Work for Human Development " " (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office)United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 December 2015.^ "Human Development Report 2016" (PDF).^ "Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 2018-01-16.^ "Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. Retrieved 2018-01-16.^ "COUNTRY PROFILES" (PDF).^ "Human Freedom Index". Cato Institute. Retrieved 2018-01-26.^ "Doing Business in Armenia - World Bank Group". www.doingbusiness.org. Retrieved 2018-01-16.^ "CPI 2015 table". Transparency International. Retrieved 28 January 2016.^ a b c d e f g Erocal, Deniz; Yegorov, Igor (2015). Countries in the Black Sea basin. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 324–41. ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Curtis, Glenn E. and Ronald G. Suny. "Education". Armenia: A Country Study. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.^ "About us". araratbaccalaureate.am.^ "The Araratian Baccalaureate: A guide for universities" (PDF).^ "Armath". Armath (in Amharic). Retrieved 2018-02-25.^ "Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia". One Laptop per Child.^ "Chart - World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "Chart - World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "World Development Indicators - Google Public Data Explorer". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-17.^ Paul, Amanda. "Armenia's disappearing population". Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.^ "World Development Indicators - Google Public Data Explorer". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-17.^ Turay, Anna. "Tarihte Ermeniler". Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians Like many other ethnicities Armenians in India too have played a role historically and had an impact historically. Today however the community has been reduced to about a hundred living in Calcutta. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2007.^ "Jerusalem – The Old City: The Armenian Quarter". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 22 July 2009.^ "San Lazzaro degli Armeni – Venice for Visitors". Europeforvisitors.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.^ "Population in Nagorno-Karabakh 2007" (PDF). National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2009.^ Asatryan, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (2002). "The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia". Routledge., part of the OSCE^ a b Sherwood, Harriet (25 July 2016). "World's largest Yazidi temple under construction in Armenia". The Guardian. Retrieved 31 July 2016.^ (in Russian) The All-Union Population Census of 1989Archived 4 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine .. Demoscope.ru^ Inc., Gallup,. "New Index Shows Least-, Most-Accepting Countries for Migrants". Gallup.com. Retrieved 2018-01-19.^ "Map of Gallup's Migrant Acceptance Index". reddit. Retrieved 2018-01-19.^ "The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest #51–52. Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center for Security Studies, Zürich. 17 June 2013. pp. 22–23. ISSN 1867-9323. Retrieved 3 July 2013.^ Aragatsotn^ Tavush^ Kotayk^ Vayots Dzor^ Syunik^ Shirak^ Lori^ Gegharkunik^ Armavir^ Ararat^ Yerevan^ "Armenia – Which Nation First Adopted Christianity?". Ancienthistory.about.com. 29 October 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010.^ "Visit Armenia, It is Beautiful". Visitarmenia.org. Retrieved 25 January 2010.^ "Armenia Information – Welcome to Armenia". Welcomearmenia.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.^ "Blog Archive " Which is the first country to adopt Christianity?". Did You Know it. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010.^ "The Armenian Apostolic Church (World Council of Churches)".^ "Armenian Brotherhood Church of Yerevan".^ "Armenian Evangelical Christian Baptist". Armbaplife.am. Retrieved 28 August 2012.^ "Despite poverty, Baptists prosper in Armenia" (PDF). Biblical Recorder. Baptist State convention of North Carolina. 17 July 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2010.^ "Armenian Presbyterian Church to Commemorate 1700th Anniversary of Christianity in Armenia with Concert and Khachkar Dedication". The Armenian Reporter. 20 October 2001. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.^ Lane, Christel (1978). Christian religion in the Soviet Union : a sociological study. Albany: State univ. of New York P. p. 107. ISBN 0-87395-327-4.^ Knapp, Caprice; Madden, Vanessa; Fowler-Kerry, Susan (2011). Pediatric palliative care : global perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 84. ISBN 9400725698.^ "Armenia is the only country having the certificate". www.hhpress.am. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "WHO: GLOBAL GUIDANCE ON CRITERIA AND PROCESSES FOR VALIDATION: ELIMINATION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HIV AND SYPHILIS" (PDF).^ "GHO | By country | Armenia - statistics summary (2002 - present)". apps.who.int. Retrieved 2018-01-19.^ "Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "World Rankings: Obesity Rates by Country (July 2017)". Renew Bariatrics. 2017-09-23. Retrieved 2018-01-19.^ "Prevalence of obesity in the world". Lay summary.^ "Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ "Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.^ Freedom House, Armenia, 2015 Press Freedom report^ Anais Melikyan, Armenia, EJC Press Landscapes (circa 2009)^ Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, The Protection of media freedom in Europe . Background report prepared by Mr William Horsley, special representative for media freedom of the Association of European Journalists^ "Legislation: National Assembly of RA". Parliament.am. Retrieved 26 April 2013.^ Armenian Cinema 100, by Artsvi Bakhchinyan, Yerevan, 2012, pp. 111–112^ a b c "Ambassadors in Sport? : Independent Armenia far below the glory of Soviet times on the pitch, mat". Armenia Now. 15 December 2006.^ Green, ed. by Thomas A. (2001). Martial arts of the world : en encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 718. ISBN 978-1-57607-150-2.^ "Armenia: the cleverest nation on earth". BBC World Service. 18 October 2009. External links Find more about Armenia at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Electronic Government of Armenia The official tourism website of Armenia The Armenian Church Hayastan All Armenian Fund Armenia on Twitter"Armenia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Armenia at Curlie (based on DMOZ)Armenia profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Armenia Key Development Forecasts for Armenia from International Futures Armeniapedia.org [ show]Articles related to Armenia Authority control World Cat Identities VIAF: 138518304 LCCN: n92057129 GND: 4085931-9 HDS: 25005NDL: 00560353Categories: Armenia Transcaucasia Eastern European countries Western Asian countries Landlocked countries Republics Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the United Nations States and territories established in 1918States and territories disestablished in 1920 1918 establishments in Asia 1918 establishments in Europe1920 disestablishments in Asia 1920 disestablishments in Europe States and territories established in 19911991 establishments in Asia 1991 establishments in Europe Armenian-speaking countries and territories Russian-speaking countries and territories Countries in Asia Countries in Europe Christian states | What It's Like to Eat Some of the Worst Prison Food in America Jail food What It's Like to Eat Some of the Worst Prison Food in America During my seven-month stay in a county jail, I experienced a culinary horror show at the hands of Aramark, a private contractor that has been slammed with accusations of serving rotten and maggot-infested food in prisons across the US. SHARE TWEETStephen Katz Jul 26 2016, 1:00pm Foto von John Moore/Getty Images This article was originally published on MUNCHIES in September 2015. As a former teenage delinquent whose Hollywood Knights -style relationship with the law got me well-acquainted with drunk-tank cuisine, I figured I knew what to expect in the county jail mess hall when, later in life, my behavior earned me a protracted stay. But as I waded into my seven-month sentence, it quickly became apparent that there was simply no anticipating the daily culinary horror show that lay ahead. Putting aside the possibility we were eating actual trash—a legitimate concern in Michigan—there's no imagining the cartoonish dishes that landed in front of us, like bologna soup. I couldn't have known beforehand that "meatballs" in fluorescent gray sauce would be cause for excitement because they were the best thing rolling out of the kitchen. There's also no imagining the waves of despair that come with purchasing no-name, dehydrated beans off commissary and "cooking" them with tepid water in a fruit fly-infested shower that doubles as a laundry machine. Aramark was in the process of being chased out of Michigan's prison kitchens over a succession of gruesome incidents involving tainted food, unsanitary conditions, and other alarming health violations. The taste, however, didn't compare to the persistent hunger. No one straight up starved in jail, but the dinner line ran at 3:30 PM, at which time we received four slices of damp, white bread packed with a piece of sweaty bologna and a couple cookies. A small snack is the only thing one eats between the 10:30 AM lunch and 4:30 AM breakfast. In a matter of weeks, a combination of inadequate calories, inedible food, and small portions reduced my already pencil-thin frame by more than 20 pounds. During the day, my cellmate and I debated which Detroit restaurants stacked the tallest Reubens and one-upped each others' potato salad recipes, while at night slices of pizza and chicken gyros danced and tumbled through my dreams. What we also couldn't have imagined was that the company contracted to feed us, Aramark, was reported 240 times in 2014 in Ohio for shorting inmates on food, according to the ACLU. At the same time, it was in the process of being chased out of Michigan's prison kitchens over a succession of gruesome incidents involving tainted food, unsanitary conditions, and other alarming health violations. Over the last ten years, Aramark's rotten food and low calorie counts sparked enough riots, hunger strikes, violence and protests that a growing number of voices in and around the prison industry are essentially labeling its recipe books a security threat. To be clear, no one is asking guards to polish the silver and lay out a buffet for a bunch of thugs, dimwits, murderers, and goons. In July, not long after my release, Michigan cancelled its three-year, $145 million contract with Aramark—though it remains the nation's largest prison cook, even if problems follow their employees into kitchens everywhere. To be clear, no one is asking guards to polish the silver and lay out a buffet for a bunch of thugs, dimwits, murderers, and goons. A reasonable case can be made that jail food should be kind of gross, but what it shouldn't be is rotten, maggot-infested, pulled out of the trash, specked with rat turds, or tainted in some manner. Lunch also shouldn't taste so bad that it destabilizes prison yards. That, however, is what happens with troubling regularity in Aramark-run kitchens, says Mike Brickner, the senior policy director at the Ohio ACLU. "Prisons are very delicate environments and things like food become incredibly important to people who are incarcerated. It's a safety issue for other prisoners and corrections officers," he says. "What we're seeing with Aramark and around food privatization is that it injects chaos into the situation. "Aramark employees have been caught humping inmates and smuggling in drugs and cellphones. A former Michigan employee is now facing charges for putting out a hit on a prisoner. Aramark is the world's largest institutional food conglomerate, serving dishes in prisons, jails, national parks, hospitals, schools, and ballparks. It plops 380,000,000 meals onto prisoners' trays at over 500 detention centers annually, according to the company website. But that figure is dropping, mostly because Aramark is also establishing itself as the poster child for all that's wrong with privatization, due in no small part to widely publicized incidents in Michigan and Ohio. Over the last 18 months in the two states, Aramark employees were allegedly busted pulling food out of the trash to re-serve and ordering inmates to hand out cakes on which rats had nibbled. Prisoners in one jail discovered rodent feces on their trays, and the two states' prisons saw a combined 15 "maggot-related incidents," including one in a Jackson, Michigan, pen that forced 30 sick inmates to be quarantined. In Kent County, Michigan, 16 inmates are suing Aramark in federal court, accusing the company of sickening 250 prisoners by knowingly serving rotten chicken tacos. And in Macomb County, Michigan, prisoners ate cold food for months after a raging mold infestation shut down the kitchen. Employees in both states were caught humping inmates and smuggling in drugs and cellphones. A former Michigan employee is now facing charges for putting out a hit on a prisoner. Hundreds of Aramark employees have been fired in each state, according to the ACLU and watchdog groups. Unlike Michigan, Ohio opted to extend Aramark's contract in June by 24 months and boost its pay from $110 million to $130 million, and their same tune continues, Brickner says. Does society find feeding people actual garbage, rotten food, and maggots acceptable if it means a state's taxpayers save $14 million annually? "It really defies logic that the state would continue down this path with Aramark when we can see so clearly that it hasn't worked since they privatized," he says. "No one here is arguing that people should get lobster meals every day, but this is basically us saying, 'Make sure the folks that are incarcerated are getting the bare minimum in terms of what they're eating and what their bodies need to survive. '"Of course, the headlines aren't limited to Ohio and Michigan. Several years prior in New Jersey, prisoners reported eating contaminated food, experiencing significant weight loss, and finding rodent droppings in their butter after Aramark took over the kitchens. The Florida DOC and Aramark parted ways in 2009 following similar problems along with a $5 million "phantom bill" for meals the company didn't actually make. Ditto for Kentucky, where poor food quality and small portions ignited a 2009 riot that left eight guards and eight prisoners injured. Food substitutions— think ketchup packets instead of spaghetti sauce —were allegedly behind a 2015 Michigan riot and other Michigan DOC protests. The Internet is full of similar stories reported at county jails across the country. Still, governments continue to ink deals with the company because it supposedly saves money. Michigan and Ohio claimed savings of around $14 million annually, which Aramark spokeswoman Karen Cutler has previously noted frees up budget dollars for other "vital" programs. Given Aramark's track record, that begs the question: Does society find feeding people actual garbage, rotten food, and maggots acceptable if it means a state's taxpayers save $14 million annually? In mid-July in Michigan, amid growing public disgust, Gov. Rick Snyder and the Michigan DOC appeared to say "No!" in taking the rare step of cancelling Aramark's contract. The state clarified, however, that maggots didn't change any minds—Aramark's demand for a pay raise drove the decision. Even if the state's Republican leadership isn't bummed that Aramark's cooking sickens prisoners, it recognizes phrases like "partial quarantine" and "maggot-infestation" regularly popping up in headlines will leave the public with a dimmer view of privatization. Start serving lower quality food, serving smaller quantities—then you are creating significant safety problems. But the state only swapped private vendors. Alex Friedmann, associate director of the Human Rights Defense Center and managing editor of Prison Legal News, calls that a bad move. He explains the purpose of privatizing jail food service is to cut costs, and that's only accomplished by reducing food quality, reducing portions or cutting staff —the root of Aramark's and all other private vendors' problems. Friedmann, who served ten years in prison, says from experience that meals are one of the few things to which prisoners can look forward each day. Messing with food is "not smart. ""In the prison setting, prisoners lose everything—their rights, belongings, their ability to move freely, and they're at the complete mercy of prison guards. So food is amazingly important. Start serving lower quality food, serving smaller quantities—then you are creating significant safety problems. "Indeed, meals are one of the few bright-ish spots in an otherwise dismal reality, and there's not much else from which to draw any pleasure. Surviving jail with your sanity intact is all about pushing the clock forward, and hunger—the kind that leaves everyone in the room 20 to 50 pounds lighter—is a drag on the minute hand. Those with people on the outside can have money put on their books for commissary and choose from a "convenience store" full of salty snacks, dehydrated beans, tortillas, candy, tuna, chips, beef sticks, and other crap. With the ingredients, one can cobble together junk food burritos the size of footballs. Those pack the flavor and fill lacking on state-issued trays, and are an immense joy that can swing a day from miserable to tolerable by offering some delight and variation that, by design, is in very short supply. Brighten enough days, and time might not seem to stand quite so still. But even the commissary is questionable. The items typically run at the twice the cost on the outside, and prisoners are buying the snacks from Aramark, leading to suspicions of an incentive to keep people hungry. Yes, a maggot is gross and technically a constitutional violation, but an inmate would have to prove damages, harm, or an ongoing pattern that could be argued through a class action lawsuit. So the meals are short on calories, taste like garbage (possibly because they are), and might be tainted. What's an inmate to do? Not much. Individual lawsuits aren't going to work, says Dan Manville, director of the Civil Rights Clinic at Michigan State University. Yes, a maggot is gross and technically a constitutional violation, but an inmate would have to prove damages, harm, or an ongoing pattern that could be argued through a class action lawsuit. A few maggots and missing calories won't cut it. "Unless you can show that you really lost weight, the court won't find injury. You got the food the next day. Yeah, you're hungry, but there's no ongoing damage," Manville says. Fortunately, Michigan, Ohio, Florida, and other states have all hit Aramark with hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines. Except Michigan secretly canceled half those fines and no one can really say for sure if the company ever paid a dime. Brickner believes that public awareness is the best route to change. Before Michigan cancelled its contract, a state poll found 62 percent of state residents wanted Aramark gone, and that's likely because those locked up may be criminals, but most people feel treating them humanely is what a sane first-world country does. "We want to make sure they're in an environment that supports their rehabilitation, and that's not going to happen in a place where there's constantly chaos and people fighting over food," Brickner says. "It's smart to make sure these people are treated humanely while incarcerated. "SHARE TWEETTagged: Scandal jail prison OHIO Michigan Think America Incarcerated privatization Aramark Watch This Next10:41Cal Elliott |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how many states were part of the eec from | . 1973: Britain joins the EEC The United Kingdom has become a fully-fledged member of the European Economic Community. Ireland and Denmark also joined Britain in becoming the newest members of the community, bringing the total number of member states to nine. At midnight last night a Union Jack flag was raised at the EEC's headquarters in Brussels to mark the occasion. Celebrations were held in the city and one of Britain's new European Commissioners, George Thomson, joined revellers in a torch lit procession. Prime Minister Edward Heath is optimistic that Britain's membership of the community will bring prosperity to the country. He said: "It is going to be a gradual development and obviously things are not going to happen overnight. "But from the point of view of our everyday lives we will find there is a great cross-fertilisation of knowledge and information, not only in business but in every other sphere. "And this will enable us to be more efficient and more competitive in gaining more markets not only in Europe but in the rest of the world. "More than 1,000 Britons will relocate to Brussels over the coming months to take up their places as civil servants of the community. Britain will be given four votes within the council, which proposes policies on issues ranging from the environment to public health. Membership applications by the UK to join the EEC were refused in 1963 and 1967 because the French President of the time Charles de Gaulle doubted the UK's political will. It is understood, however, his real fear was that English would suddenly become the common language of the community. E-mail this story to a friend Watch/Listen The Berlaymont building in Brussels, home of the EEC before renovation Interview with Edward Heath In Context The European Economic Community was officially established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. It then consisted of six member states - Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, West Germany and the Netherlands. The European Union, as it is now known, now consists of 25 member states and presidency of the organisation changes annually. Britain, Ireland and Denmark joined in 1973, Greece joined in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1986, Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995. On 1 May 2004, 10 new states from Eastern and Southern Europe joined the community. The EU is now the world's largest trading bloc by population, with about 455 million citizens. Among its achievements, the community has been responsible for establishing the Single Market in 1993 and launching the Euro in 2002. Former Prime Minister Sir Edward Heath, who died in July 2005, regarded his greatest achievement as securing Britain's entry to what was the Common Market in 1973. Stories From 1 Jan1995: Serial killer West found hanged2000: World celebrates New Millennium1973: Britain joins the EEC1978: Newspaper editor flees South Africa1959: Rebel army drives out Cuban dictator2002: Celebrations as euro hits the streets On This Day1916-2005: Sir Edward Heath - politician, musician and yachtsman BBC News >>Inside Europe: A guide to life in the European Union | Sorry, the page you are looking for canât be found. Personal / Error Page Sorry, the page you are looking for can’t be found. Please try one of the following options: Enter keywords in the search field above Go to the du.ae homepage View our sitemap Sorry for the inconvenience caused.du About Us Careers Sitemap Terms & Conditions Legal© Copyright 2018 EITC, all rights reserved |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is sweden known for? | Interesting facts about Sweden Eupedia Home > Sweden Travel Guide > Sweden Trivia Interesting facts about Sweden Interesting Facts about : Austria Belgium Czech Rep. Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Scotland Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Land & History Sweden is the 3rd largest EU country in land area, after France and Spain. Sweden is one of the homelands of the Germanic ethnicity and culture. The Goths, the Suevirs and the Norses (Vikings) all trace their origin back to Sweden (as well as Norway and Denmark for the latter). In the 9th and 10th centuries, Swedish Vikings invaded and settled in parts of Eastern Europe as far as Constantinople and the Caspian Sea. They founded the first kingdom of Russia. All the Tsars of Russia until the last one, Nicholas II, were of Swedish Viking descent. As of 2006, Sweden had won 588 (winter and summer) Olympic medals, a feat only excelled by 6 much more populous countries (the USA, the USSR, Italy, France, Germany and the UK). Society & People In 2010, 2011 and 2012, Sweden was ranked third in the world for the inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (HDI) defined by the United Nations Development Programme. In 2006 Swedish people had the longest life expectancy in Europe (80.51 years). As of 2010 they were fifth (80.88 years), overtaken by Switzerland, Italy, Iceland and France. Swedish people have the lowest income inequality in the world, with a Gini index of 23 in 2005. Sweden has the smallest gender employment-rate gap in the developed world, with only 4% more men in employment than women. Swedish women have their first child in average at 30 years old, the oldest in Europe along with Ireland and the Netherlands. Sweden has the highest percentage of working mothers in the developed world, no less than 76% of them. The Swedes spend the longest time in tertiary education with an average student age of 25.5 years old.40% of Swedish women and 32% of Swedish men aged 25 to 64 participate in education or training. Compare it to the EU average is 10% for women and 9% for men. Sweden has the highest proportion of personal computers per capita in Europe, with 500 P. C.'s per 1,000 people. A 2007 UNICEF report on child well-being in rich countries ranked Sweden as the best country on 3 out of 6 dimensions (children's material well-being, health & safety, and behaviours & risks), and second best country overall after the Netherlands. As of 2006, Sweden was the most generous country in the world regarding aid to poor countries. It is the only nation where donations exceed 1% of the GDP. The Swedish maternity and paternity leave is one of the longest and most generous in the world, allowing the the father and mother to take a shared total of 480 days (16 months) off at 77.6% of their salary. The OECD Better Life Index found that Sweden was the best developed country for the environment (as of 2016). Culture & Sciences Sweden has given the world some of the greatest pop bands and singers, including Abba, The Cardigans, Roxette, Ace of Base, Carola Häggkvist, Army of Lovers, Robyn, A*Teens, Europe and Alcazar. The astronomical lense is a Swedish invention. As of late 2012, Sweden had obtained 30 Nobel prizes, including 5 Peace prizes. This is the 5th highest number of laureates in the world, and the highest per capita ratio for any country with over 1 million inhabitants. Of course Nobel Prizes are awarded by Sweden (except the Peace Prize, awarded by Norway). Sweden has the highest number of Mc Donald restaurants per capita in Europe (although that is only about half of the US ratio). Economy & Politics With 47% of female parliamentarians (in 2006), Sweden has the highest proportion of women lawmakers in the world. In 1862, Sweden became the first country to grant suffrage for (married) women, although only for local elections. Sweden is set to become the first country in the world to phase out petrol for biofuel. Sweden has the highest number of nuclear plants per capita, with 10 reactors for 9 million inhabitants. Sweden has the highest number of patents granted per capita of any European country, with 271 patents per million people. Sweden ranks second in Europe (after Finland) in terms of technological achievement. Founded in Stockholm in 1995, the Metro newspapers has quickly become the world's leading free newspaper intended for commuters. As of late 2009, there were 56 daily editions in 19 countries in 15 languages across Europe, North and South America and Asia. Sweden has, along with Denmark and Hungary, the highest standard V. A. T. rate in the world (25%). Total taxation in Sweden amount to 54.2 % of GDP, the highest level worldwide. In 2012 the Swedish company Ericsson was the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telecommunications networks, with 38% of global market share. Sweden has an excellent reputation as a car maker with Volvo and Saab. Scania trucks are also Swedish. The world-famous discount furniture chain IKEA was founded in Sweden in 1943. The Swedish company Electrolux holds 28% share of the household appliances market in the world. It owns over 40 brands, including AEG-Electrolux, Zanussi, Eureka and Frigidaire. Advertisements Construction Europe's largest shopping mall is the Nordstan in Gothenburg, with approximately 180 shops and 150 offices on 320,000 m². The Stockholm Globe Arena is the world's largest hemispherical building, with a diameter of 110 meters, an inner height of 85 meters, and a total volume of 600,000 m³. It is also the world's largest scale model of the Solar System. The Royal Palace of Stockholm could be considered the world's largest palace still used for its original purpose. With a total area of 61,210 m² (658,850 sq ft), it is slightly larger than the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg and only a bit smaller than the Palace of Versailles in France. The construction of the Stockholm Palace started in 1697, before Versailles was completed. Sorry, the browser you are using is not currently supported. Disqus actively supports the following browsers: Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11+Safari | . The site you are looking for no longer exists. We apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what does ciphering mean | What is cypher technology? What is cypher technology?cypher technology is to record data into CD DVD or flash drives What is a cypher? A cypher (or cipher) is an algorithm to render text or information encrypted and unreadable unless you have the cypher to decipher it. What is a common asymmetric cypher? Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)Noetol 15,299 Contributions How you say cyphers in Spanish? As in "codes", it would be "los codigos. "What does diggy simmons say in his cypher? Listen to his song "Digg is like" and that will give you the answer. I think he did the 1st verse. What is a rap cypher? Award show skits in which upcoming or sometimes veteran rappers spit a verse or freestyle over a continuous beat with other rappers. API Birthday 348,690 Contributions What is Cypher Zero's birthday? Cypher Zero was born on November 30, 1976. API Birthday 348,690 Contributions When was Cypher Zero born? Cypher Zero was born on November 30, 1976. API Birthday 348,690 Contributions How old is Cypher Zero? Cypher Zero is 34 years old (birthdate: November 30, 1976). Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions What is a Xor cypher used for? XOR cipher is a form of encryption algorithm. In simple terms, the cipher is used to decode binary language. For more details, Wikipedia is a great resource. Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions What is Cypher Stent well known for? Cypher Stent is well known for being a brand of coronary stent. These devices are used to treat blocked arteries during angioplasty and very good at preventing blockage for oc …Answers Publisher 49,340 Contributions When was Jon Cypher born? Jon Cypher was born on January 13, 1932, in New York City, New York, USA. | . Oops! There was a problem!There was an unexpected issue while trying to process your request. Please refresh the page and try again. If the problem persists, please contact support. Refresh |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what temperature water should you put a betta fish in | Setting Up the Ideal Water Temperature for Betta Fish Setting Up the Ideal Water Temperature for Betta Fish This article discusses the ideal water temperature for betta fish. Read Water for Betta Fish for detailed information on the p H balance, type of water, and treatment of water for your betta. Bettas are tropical fish that like warm water that is consistent in temperature all year round. The best water temperature for betta fish is around 74-78 Fahrenheit, or 23-25 Celsius. Your betta will generally be fine if the water temperature is slightly out of this range (72-80 F), but 74-78 is what their natural habitat of rice paddies in Thailand and other southeast asian countries contains. Typically if you keep the tank at cooler temperatures, your betta’s immune system will suffer and he may get sick. Warmer water temperature for betta fish (80-82 F) is comfortable for betta fish, but become a breeding ground for bacteria. Click HERE for Caring for Betta Fish: a Guide for Betta Lovers Slightly warmer water temperature for Betta fish (80-82 F) can be used if your betta is sick and needs to be quarantined or separated from other fish while he is being treated with medication. For ways to keep your betta free from illness, recognizing symptoms, and treating illnesses, read the two articles Betta Fish Illnesses and Betta Diseases. It is not only important to keep the water temperature for betta fish stable, it is critical. Fluctuating water temperature for betta fish will shock and may even kill them. Make sure when changing his water to first heat the new water to the same temperature as his existing water, and make the change gradually so it is not a shock to his system. Water temperatures tend to be significantly cooler than the temperature of the surrounding room temperatures, so you will probably need to purchase a heater and an aquarium thermometer. Sunlight is not a good choice, since it is inconsistent and can make the water temperature fluctuate out of a safe range. A good guideline for purchasing an aquarium water heater is 5 watts per gallon of water in your tank. Make sure the heater fits in your tank and does not heat the water too rapidly. You can purchase either an internal or external heating system. Internal systems are the most common and convenient. Make sure to purchase one that has a built-in thermostat. External heaters can heat the water from below or sometimes will connect to your filtering system. A good heater will cost anywhere from $30 up depending on the size, quality, and power your tank requires. An aquarium thermometer is also recommended. You can purchase a floating thermometer or one that works while submerged in the water. They can be alcohol filled or a liquid crystal stick on strips. The advantage of the liquid crystal stick variety is that they are placed outside the fish tank, but they are not as accurate as the other types. Floating or submersible thermometers are the most accurate, but they need to be cleaned regularly and sometimes your Betta may try to eat them (seriously). A final way of checking water temperature for betta fish is by using a hand held thermometer. These are great because when changing his water, you can measure the temperature of the new water to ensure it is around the same temperature as his current water. Do You Want to Ensure Your Betta Lives a Happy, Healthy Life? If you answered YES to the above question, then I highly recommend you get Caring for Betta Fish: a Guide for Betta Lovers by Marcus Song. This regularly updated, essential guide includes the right plants to keep water clean and free from ammonia, ways to acclimate your Betta to other fish, and much more. Your Betta Fish will thank you for the rest of his life! Click Here to get it now! | Leavening - What is Yeast? Ingredient Glossary Leavening - What is Yeast? Salt inhibits the growth of yeast By Peggy Trowbridge Filippone Updated 10/03/17Share Pin Email Yeast Leavener for Baking. Peggy Trowbridge Filippone What is yeast? Yeast is made up of a single-celled organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which multiplies rapidly when fed sugar in a moist environment. One pound of yeast contains 3,200 billion yeast cells! Yeast also thrives on starch, which it converts to glucose, a simple sugar. This process ferments the sugar, which converts to alcohol and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide expands the baked good to produce the light, fluffy texture. Of course, yeast is also a vital part of the making of alcoholic beverages, such as and . But that's another story... The minimal alcohol product burns off during the baking process, and the yeast dies also with the heat. The ideal temperature for yeast growth is 100 to 115 degrees F., but for leavening purposes, the ideal temperature is 80 to 95 degrees F. If the yeast grows too quickly, it will produce large bubble pockets in the end product. Yeast begins to die at 120 degrees F. So, it is important to let your yeast dough rise in a spot where the temperature is regulated. One-half an ounce of yeast will raise 4 cups of flour in about 1-1/2 to 2 hours, under ideal conditions. You should also proof your yeast to be sure it is viable before using in a recipe. To check it, mix a bit into 1/4 cup of lukewarm water with 1/4 teaspoon sugar. It should begin to bubble and ferment within about 5 to 10 minutes. If not, the yeast is dead and should be discarded. Salt inhibits the growth of yeast. Never mix yeast into salted water. Since most tap water goes through a filtering process which utilizes salt as a refining/cleaning agent, many cooks use only distilled water for baking. However, if you are baking during the hot summer season and find your dough rising too much, the addition of a little extra salt can control that runaway yeast growth. Most yeast is sold in single-use packets or bulk bags known as dry active yeast. Compressed yeast is not as widely available, but can be used to the ratio of one standard cake of compressed yeast to one scant tablespoon of dry yeast. If the dry yeast is stored in airtight packaging, in a cool dry place, it is not necessary to refrigerate it. Yeast should always be at room temperature to begin a recipe. Standard single-use packets contain about 2-1/2 teaspoons (1/4 ounce) of yeast granules. Now available on the market is fast-rising active dry yeast, which is smaller-grained than conventional active dry yeast and speeds rising times by as much as fifty percent, often eliminating the need for a second rising period. It may be used interchangeably, measure for measure, with active dry yeast. The best method for using this yeast is to mix it directly with the dry ingredients before adding liquid, instead of adding it to warmed liquid and then adding to dry ingredients. Be aware that compressed fresh yeast consists of 70 percent moisture and must be stored in the refrigerator. Compressed fresh yeast is highly perishable, as opposed to dry active yeast, and loses its vitality within 2 weeks, even when properly stored refrigerated in an airtight container. Compressed yeast can be stored in the freezer, but should be defrosted at room temperature and then used immediately. Compressed fresh yeast is difficult to find in the United States. Dried yeast has become the norm for its staying power in the pantry. Yet, even dry yeast must be stored in an airtight container, with no threat of moisture, and it will lose its life over time. Use 2 teaspoons of dried yeast to a 2/3 ounce compressed yeast cake as a substitution. Yeast measures will also have to be adjusted at higher altitudes. Again, this will take experimentation on your part for your altitude. Why is kneading of yeast breads required? It helps distribute the yeast cells uniformly throughout the dough, so it does not rise unevenly. Kneading also develops a firm gluten structure, providing the framework for the carbon dioxide bubbles. Brewer's yeast has no leavening properties but is added to products for nutritive benefits, as it is rich in the B vitamins. It is also, of course, used in the brewing of beer. Salt and Sugar in Yeast Baked Goods Although salt does inhibit the growth of yeast, it does give a firmer crust, a finer crumb, and adds flavor. Sugars are not essential to leavened baked goods, but they make the product more tender due to postponement of protein coagulation, allowing the dough/batter to grow to a greater volume before being frozen into stasis by the baking process, as well as adding to flavor. If too much sugar is used, it can slow down the growth of the yeast, with a low-rise result. The relationship of sugar to salt to leavening is crucial to a pleasing final product. More About Leaveners:• What is yeast? • What is baking soda? • What is baking powder? • What is sourdough? • • • Breadmachine Recipes • |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.polar wandering definition | Polar wander Polar wander From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Polar wander is the motion of a pole in relation to a fixed reference frame. It can be used, for example, to measure the degree to which Earth's magnetic poles have been observed to move relative to the Earth's rotation axis. It is also possible to use continents as a static entity and observe the relative motion of the magnetic pole on the different continents; by doing so, the relative motion of those two continents to each other can be observed over geologic time. [1]Contents [ hide ]1 Apparent polar wander2 True polar wander2.1 Earth2.2 Other planetary bodies3 See also4 References Apparent polar wander [ edit]Main article: Apparent polar wander The magnetic poles are relatively stationary in position over time and because of this, researchers often use magnetic minerals, like magnetite, in order to find at what latitude the continent was positioned relative to the magnetic poles of that time. Since the continents have been moving relative to the pole; it is as if they were immobile and the magnetic pole was moving instead. If enough data is collected, it is then possible to reconstruct the motion of the continents relative to the magnetic poles. The apparent polar wander is the path that the magnetic pole appears to take according to the data on a continent. When multiple continents are moving relative to each other, the path their magnetic pole will follow will be different from the others. [1] Conversely, when two continents are moving parallel to each other their path will be the same. True polar wander [ edit]Main article: True polar wander Earth [ edit]True polar wander represents the shift in the geographical poles relative to Earth’s surface, after accounting for the motion of the tectonic plates. This motion is caused by the rearrangement of the mantle and the crust in order to align the maximum inertia with the current rotation axis [2] (fig.1). This is similar to a spinning top; when its rotation is disturbed, it slowly recovers and it will realign its rotation axis to its position of maximum inertia. The difference is that unlike Earth, the spinning top’s mass distribution is constant through its volume over time. Evidence for true polar wander has been observed from the study of large apparent polar wander datasets which, when corrected for the motion of the magnetic pole, [3] display this polar wander. Modern polar wander can be evaluated from precise measurement using stars or satellite measurements, however filtering to remove the wobble of the Earth is required. The formation of supercontinents could initiate a faster polar wander. That is, because the supercontinent creates an extra mass concentration where they are located, the planet tries to re-orient the supercontinent towards the equator. [2] [4] (Fig.1),Dark patch represents denser material falling inward, light patches represent lighter material that rises through the mantle. Initially, they are offset from the pole or the equator, but the mantle and lithosphere slowly wander in order to align those features with the natural bulge at the equator (or the depression of the pole). (Image adapted from Steinberger & Torsvik, 2008) . Other planetary bodies [ edit]True polar wander may have been observed in other planetary bodies. Data suggests that Mars’s polar wander resembles Earth’s true polar wander; that is, when Mars had an active lithosphere its structure allowed slow polar drift to stabilize the moment of inertia. [5] [6]Unlike the Earth and Mars, Venus ’s structure does not seem to allow the same slow polar wander; when observed the maximum moment of inertia of Venus is largely offset from the geographic pole. Therefore, the deviation of the maximum moment of inertia will remain for longer periods of time. One proposed solution to account for this imbalance is that if the difference between the maximum moment of inertia and rotation axis exceeds a certain limit, the planet will undergo a larger degree of oscillation to realign its maximum of inertia with its rotation axis. If this is indeed the case, then the timescale at which this correction happens must be fairly short. [6] [7]Europa, a moon of Jupiter, has been modelled to have a crust that is decoupled from its mantle; that is, the outer icy crust may be floating on a covered ocean. If this is true, then models predict that the shell could display the polar wander trace on its surface as its crust realigns. These models have been defended by evidence from features on the side facing away from Jupiter that appear to have shifted up to 80° away from their initial positions of formation. [8]See also [ edit]Polar motion References [ edit]^ a b Philip, Kearey; Klepeis, Keith A.; Vine, Frederick J. (2009). Global tectonics (3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405107778.^ a b Evans, David A. D. (2003-02-06). "True polar wander and supercontinents". Tectonophysics. 362 (1–4): 303–320. Bibcode: 2003Tectp.362..303E. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951 (02)000642-X. ISSN 0040-1951. Retrieved 2014-03-19.^ Steinberger, Bernhard; Trond H. Torsvik (2008-04-03). "Absolute plate motions and true polar wander in the absence of hotspot tracks". Nature. 452 (7187): 620–623. Bibcode: 2008Natur.452..620S. doi: 10.1038/nature06824. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 18385737. Retrieved 2014-03-19.^ Evans, David A. (1998-04-15). "True polar wander, a supercontinental legacy". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 157 (1–2): 1–8. Bibcode: 1998E&PSL.157....1E. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X (98)00031-4. ISSN 0012-821X. Retrieved 2014-03-20.^ Schultz, Peter H.; Anne B. Lutz (1988). "Polar wandering of Mars". Icarus. 73 (1): 91–141. Bibcode: 1988Icar...73...91S. doi: 10.1016/0019-1035 (88)90087-5. ISSN 0019-1035. Retrieved 2014-03-20.^ a b Spada, G.; R. Sabadini; E. Boschi (1996-01-25). "Long-term rotation and mantle dynamics of the Earth, Mars, and Venus". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 101 (E1): 2253–2266. Bibcode: 1996JGR...101.2253S. doi: 10.1029/95JE03222. ISSN 2156-2202. Retrieved 2014-03-20.^ Spada, Giorgio; Roberto Sabadini; Enzo Boschi (1996-07-15). "The spin and inertia of Venus". Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (15): 1997–2000. Bibcode: 1996Geo RL..23.1997S. doi: 10.1029/96GL01765. ISSN 1944-8007. Retrieved 2014-03-20.^ Ojakangas, Gregory W.; David J. Stevenson (1989). "Polar wander of an ice shell on Europa". Icarus. 81 (2): 242–270. Bibcode: 1989Icar...81..242O. doi: 10.1016/0019-1035 (89)90053-5. ISSN 0019-1035. Retrieved 2014-03-20. Categories: Geodesy Plate tectonics | Map of Hotels near Polaris Fashion Place Use this simple form to find hotels, motels, and other lodging near Polaris Fashion Place in Columbus . Map of Hotels near Polaris Fashion Place Address: 1500 Polaris Parkway, Columbus, OH 43240Zoom in (+) to see restaurants and other attractions near hotels. Hotels closest to Polaris Fashion Place Availability and rates shown are estimates for tonight only. Change Dates0.3 mile Residence Inn by Marriott Columbus8865 Lyra Drive, Columbus, OH 432400.3 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1500Check Out 1200Rated High Upscale, smoke-free, all-suite, extended-stay hotel Across from Polaris Fashion Place Mall 3 floors, 78 suites - elevator Heated indoor swimming pool - 24-hour exercise room Kitchen in every suite Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking - truck parking Pet-friendly hotel - $100 per stay pet fee. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"The hotel was clean and nicely decorated. The employees were great; the alarm clock in my room didn't work, and they replaced it immediately. My key card didn't work the 2nd day, and it was replaced right away, too. Outstanding breakfast buffet with a good selection. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 195 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.4 mile Hilton Hotel Polaris Columbus8700 Lyra Drive, I-71, Exit 121, Columbus, OH 432400.4 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated High Upscale, smoke-free, full-service hotel next to Polaris Mall 9 floors, 252 rooms and suites - AAA 4 Diamonds Free shuttle to Columbus Airport Free shuttle to other attractions within 5-mile radius Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room Restaurant - lounge - room service Free Wi Fi Free parking - truck parking Free park and fly up to 7 nights only Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Superb hotel room, and the dining staff was exceptional. No one directed us to the elevator closest to our room, so we ended up on an elevator far from our room. Bring a bathing suit. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 955 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.4 mile Hilton Garden Inn Polaris Columbus8535 Lyra Drive, I-71, Exit 121, Columbus, OH 432400.4 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated High Upper-midscale, smoke-free hotel Near Polaris Fashion Place Mall 4 floors, 118 rooms Free shuttle to attractions within 5-mile radius Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room Restaurant - lounge - room service Restaurant open for breakfast and dinner only Microwave and refrigerator in every room Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Note: You must be 21 or older to reserve a room at this hotel. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Clean hotel with nice personnel. I recommend staying here. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 628 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.4 mile Candlewood Suites Polaris Columbus8515 Lyra Drive, Columbus, OH 432400.4 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated Average Midscale, all-suite, extended-stay hotel Next to Polaris Mall 3 floors, 122 suites - elevator Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room Kitchen in every suite Free Wi Fi Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - allows pets up to 80 pounds - $15 pet fee for 1st night - $10 fee for each night thereafter - $150 maximum per stay pet fee. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"A terrible hotel. Don't stay here. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 170 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.5 mile Staybridge Suites Polaris Mall Columbus9090 Lyra Drive, Columbus, OH 432400.5 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated Very High Upscale, smoke-free, all-suite, extended-stay hotel Near Polaris Fashion Place Mall 4 floors, 120 studio to 2-bedroom suites Indoor swimming pool - 24-hour exercise room Kitchen in every suite Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - allows pets up to 80 pounds, 2 pets per room - $150 pet fee if staying 7 nights or more - $75 pet fee if staying fewer than 7 nights. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Nice, new hotel. The room was comfortable and clean. Our room was on the highway side, so we heard a lot of traffic noise. Ask for a room on the other side of the building. "Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 22 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.5 mile Comfort Inn Polaris Columbus8400 Lyra Drive, Columbus, OH 432400.5 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated Average Midscale, smoke-free hotel Near Polaris Fashion Place Mall 4 floors, 92 rooms and suites Heated indoor swimming pool - 24-hour exercise room Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Nice fireplace in the hotel lobby. The pool and whirlpool were pleasant. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 250 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.5 mile Cambria Suites Columbus9100 Lyra Drive, Columbus, OH 432400.5 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated High Upper-midscale, smoke-free, all-suite hotel Located across from Polaris Fashion Place Mall 4 floors, 125 suites Free shuttle to attractions within 5-mile radius Heated indoor swimming pool - 24-hour exercise room Restaurant - lounge - room service Restaurant open for breakfast and dinner only Microwave and refrigerator in every suite Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Nice hotel room with comfortable beds. But the heating and cooling unit didn't work, so it was stuffy. No complimentary breakfast. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 311 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.8 mile Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Polaris Columbus8670 Orion Place, Columbus, OH 432400.8 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 11 00Rated High Midscale, smoke-free hotel Near Polaris Fashion Place Mall 7 floors, 104 rooms and suites Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"The hotel was set back from the main road, so watch out for the entrance. The room was too cold, so I had to turn off the AC for the night. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 320 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.8 mile Four Points by Sheraton Hotel Polaris Columbus8505 Pulsar Place, Columbus, OH 432400.8 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1500Check Out 1200Rated Average Midscale, smoke-free hotel Near Polaris Fashion Place Mall - restaurant next door 4 floors, 101 rooms and suites Outdoor swimming pool - 24-hour exercise room Free Wi Fi Free parking - truck parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Nice hotel. The front desk clerks were kind enough to bring a mini fridge to our room when we returned from dinner so we wouldn't have to throw out our leftovers. Request a room without an adjoining door; our neighbors were noisy. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 169 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.9 mile Hampton Inn & Suites Polaris Columbus8411 Pulsar Place, Columbus, OH 432400.9 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated High Midscale hotel near Polaris Fashion Place Mall 6 floors, 177 rooms and suites Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"I had a nice hotel stay, but the rates were a bit high. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 785 reviews Read Recent Reviews0.9 mile Fairfield Inn & Suites by Marriott Polaris Columbus9000 Worthington Road, I-71, Exit 121, Columbus, OH 430820.9 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1500Check Out 1200Rated High Midscale, smoke-free hotel near Polaris Fashion Place Mall 6 floors, 125 rooms and suites Free shuttle to attractions within 5-mile radius Heated indoor swimming pool - 24-hour exercise room Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"I didn't have a good experience at this hotel. I couldn't adjust the room temperature, but the heating and cooling unit made an annoying clicking sound all night. I won't stay here again. "More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 183 reviews Read Recent Reviews1.0 mile Homewood Suites by Hilton Columbus2045 Polaris Parkway, Columbus, OH 432401.0 mile from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated Very High Midscale, smoke-free hotel near Polaris Fashion Place Mall 4 floors, 64 2-room suites Free shuttle to local attractions Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room Microwave and refrigerator in every room Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Nice hotel. The room was clean, comfortable, and pleasant. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 668 reviews Read Recent Reviews1.9 miles Renaissance Hotel Westerville409 Altair Parkway, Westerville, OH 430821.9 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1600Check Out 1200Rated Average2.0 miles Nationwide Hotel & Conference Center Lewis Center100 Green Meadows Drive South, Lewis Center, OH 430352.0 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 11 00Rated Very High Upscale, smoke-free hotel near Highbanks Metropark 3 floors, 119 rooms - elevator Outdoor swimming pool open in summer Fitness center Restaurant - lounge Microwave and refrigerator in every room Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"The hotel room was clean, comfortable, and inviting. I loved the neighborhood feel and pretty grounds. The bar was the perfect place to unwind, enjoy food and a beverage, and watch one of the many TVs. This place is a hidden jewel and fairly priced. I highly recommend staying here. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 314 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.4 miles Towne Place Suites by Marriott Worthington Columbus7272 Huntington Park Drive, Columbus, OH 432352.4 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1500Check Out 1200Rated Average Midscale, smoke-free, all-suite, extended-stay hotel Near Worthington Square Mall 3 floors, 95 suites - elevator Outdoor swimming pool - exercise room Kitchen in every suite Free continental breakfast Free Wi Fi Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - $100 per stay pet fee. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"I had a great stay until the hotel clerk called my room and accused me of smoking marijuana. Breakfast was terrible. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 121 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.5 miles Residence Inn by Marriott Worthington Columbus7300 Huntington Park Drive, Columbus, OH 432352.5 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1500Check Out 1200Rated High Upscale, smoke-fee, all-suite, extended-stay hotel Near Worthington Square Mall 4 floors, 104 suites Outdoor swimming pool - 24-hour exercise room Kitchen in every suite Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - $100 per stay pet fee. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Hotel was well-kept and comfortable - train tracks were close by, heard some train noise. "Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 125 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.5 miles Extended Stay America Hotel Worthington Columbus7465 High Cross Blvd, Columbus, OH 432352.5 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 11 00Rated High Budget, all-suite, extended-stay hotel Near Worthington Square Mall 4 floors, 97 suites No swimming pool Kitchen in every suite Free continental breakfast Free Wi Fi Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - allows dogs and cats only, 2 pets per room - $25 per night fee for each pet - $150 maximum per stay fee for each pet. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Decent hotel for the price. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 45 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.6 miles Wood Spring Suites North I-270 Columbus375 Hutchinson Avenue, Columbus, OH 430852.6 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1500Check Out 1100Rated Very High Budget, all-suite, extended-stay, weekly rate hotel Near I-270 at US 23 and Worthington Square Mall 4 floors, 120 suites No swimming pool Kitchen in every suite Free Wi Fi Free parking - truck parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Note: Some Wood Spring Suites charge a weekly rate, even if you stay just one night. Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 86 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.6 miles Quality Inn & Suites Worthington Columbus7500 Vantage Drive, Columbus, OH 432352.6 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 11 00Rated Average Midscale, smoke-free hotel near Worthington Square Mall 2 floors, 82 rooms and suites - no elevator No swimming pool 24-hour exercise room Microwave and refrigerator in every room Free continental breakfast Free Wi Fi Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - $20 per night fee for each pet. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"No nightstand on the side of the bed. The floor was dirty, and the carpet by the tile floor was a tripping hazard. Polite employees and decent breakfast. There are nicer hotels in the price range. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 270 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.6 miles Hyatt Place Hotel Worthington Columbus7490 Vantage Drive, Columbus, OH 432352.6 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated High Upper-midscale, smoke-free hotel Near Worthington Square Mall 6 floors, 124 rooms Outdoor swimming pool - 24-hour exercise room 24-hour self-serve restaurant - lounge Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - $175 pet fee if staying 7 nights or more - $75 pet fee if staying fewer than 7 nights. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"AC was loud and near the bed - got a wake-up call at 7 AM that I didn't request. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 546 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.7 miles Sheraton Suites Worthington Columbus201 Hutchinson Avenue, Columbus, OH 432352.7 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1600Check Out 1200Rated High Upscale, smoke-free, full-service, all-suite hotel Near Worthington Square Mall 9 floors, 261 suites Free shuttle to attractions within 3-mile radius Heated indoor swimming pool - outdoor pool Exercise room Restaurant - lounge - room service Microwave and refrigerator in every room Free Wi Fi Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - allows dogs only up to 80 pounds - no pet fee. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"The room was spacious and perfect for the price. Excellent customer service. I'll definitely stay again. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 611 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.7 miles Courtyard by Marriott Hotel Worthington Columbus7411 Vantage Drive, Columbus, OH 432352.7 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1500Check Out 1200Rated High Upper-midscale, smoke-free hotel Near Worthington Square Mall 4 floors, 145 rooms and suites Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room Restaurant - lounge Restaurant open for breakfast and dinner only Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"The hotel was clean. I had no problems, but there was no continental breakfast. Nice visit. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 134 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.7 miles Double Tree by Hilton Hotel Worthington Columbus175 Hutchinson Avenue, Columbus, OH 432352.7 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 16 00Check Out 11 00Rated Average Upscale, smoke-free, full-service hotel Near Worthington Square Mall 6 floors, 306 rooms and suites Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room Restaurant - lounge - room service Internet access costs $8 per night Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - allows pets up to 50 pounds - $50 per stay pet fee. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Close to many restaurants. Great hotel with nice rooms and friendly employees. I'd stay here again. "Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 909 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.7 miles Homewood Suites by Hilton Worthington Columbus115 Hutchinson Avenue, Columbus, OH 432352.7 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 12 00Rated High Upscale, all-suite, extended-stay hotel Near Worthington Square Mall 3 floors, 99 1-bedroom and 2-bedroom suites - elevator Outdoor swimming pool open in summer - exercise room Kitchen in every suite Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Nice, clean room - staff was helpful - had trouble with the key card. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 607 reviews Read Recent Reviews2.9 miles Ramada Inn North Columbus6767 Schrock Hill Court, I-270, Exit 27, Columbus, OH 432292.9 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 1500Check Out 1130Rated Average Midscale hotel near St Ann's Hospital 2 floors, 123 rooms - elevator Outdoor swimming pool open in summer 24-hour exercise room Microwave and refrigerator in every room Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking - truck parking Pet-friendly hotel - allow dogs only - $20 per night fee for each dog. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"The hotel was basic, but the accommodations were adequate. Decent complimentary breakfast bar. I'll likely stay again in the new year. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 949 reviews Read Recent Reviews3.1 miles Econo Lodge Worthington50 East Wilson Bridge Road, Worthington, OH 430853.1 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 16 00Check Out 11 00Rated Very Low – Not Recommended Cheap motel near Worthington Square Mall Also near Ohio State University 15 miles from Columbus Airport 2 floors, 45 rooms - no elevator No swimming pool Free continental breakfast Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Good location - door lock was broken - pillows weren't comfortable - towels were small - not too happy. "More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 55 reviews Read Recent Reviews3.2 miles Crowne Plaza Hotel North Columbus6500 Doubletree Avenue, Columbus, OH 432293.2 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 11 00Rated Average Upscale, smoke-free, full-service hotel Near 1-71, Exit 119 9 floors, 294 rooms and suites Indoor swimming pool - 24-hour exercise room Restaurant - lounge - room service Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"The hotel was more geared toward corporate meetings than individual guests. The room was spacious and clean. It wasn't serviced during our 3-night stay, but it wasn't a big problem for us. I was unhappy with the lack of complimentary coffee, and breakfast was expensive. Parking was convenient. "Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 368 reviews Read Recent Reviews3.3 miles Holiday Inn Worthington7007 North High Street, Worthington, OH 430853.3 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 11 00Rated Average Upper-midscale, smoke-free, full-service hotel Near Worthington Square Mall 3 floors, 230 rooms - elevator Shuttle to Columbus Airport costs $15 per person Free shuttle to other attractions within 3-mile radius Heated indoor swimming pool - exercise room Restaurant - lounge - room service Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"The hotel clerks were cordial, helpful, and efficient. The main floor was too noisy, so ask for an upstairs room away from the vending machines. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 362 reviews Read Recent Reviews3.5 miles Embassy Suites Columbus2700 Corporate Exchange, I-270, Exit 27, Columbus, OH 432313.5 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 16 00Check Out 11 00Rated High Upscale, all-suite hotel near St Ann's Hospital 8 floors, 221 suites Free 24-hour shuttle to Columbus Airport Free 24-hour shuttle to other attractions within 5-mile radius Heated indoor swimming pool - heated outdoor pool 24-hour exercise room Restaurant - lounge Microwave and refrigerator in every suite Free hot breakfast buffet Free Wi Fi Free parking Not pet-friendly - no pets allowed. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Great experience. Choose this hotel; it's the best. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 1095 reviews Read Recent Reviews3.6 miles Extended Stay America Hotel North Columbus6255 Quarter Horse Drive, Columbus, OH 432293.6 miles from Polaris Fashion Place Loading Check In 15 00Check Out 11 00Rated Average Budget, all-suite, extended-stay hotel near 1-71, Exit 117 3 floors, 119 suites - elevator No swimming pool Kitchen in every suite Free continental breakfast Free Wi Fi Free parking Pet-friendly hotel - allows up to 2 pets per room - $25 per night fee for each pet - $150 maximum per stay fee for each pet. Most Recent Hotel Guides Review"Older hotel - room was clean - needed more parking - I'd stay again. " More >Trip Advisor Traveler Rating: Based on 20 reviews Read Recent Reviews Hotels near Polaris Fashion Place Mall Serving the shopping and entertainments needs of six counties in Ohio, Polaris Fashion Place is a two-level shopping mall located in the city of Columbus. The mall boasts more than 150 shops, a food hall, an outdoor lifestyle center and a children's play area. It also plays host to a number of scheduled events and concerts. Ohio State University is only a few minutes away, as well as many of the city's top attractions. Shop 'Til You Drop Staying in one of the hotels near the mall is convenient, especially if you plan to shop 'til you drop or enjoy the sights of the city. The all-suite, pet-friendly Residence Inn by Marriott Columbusis located right across the mall. The Hilton Hotel Polaris Columbus, located .3 miles away, offers a free shuttle to other attractions within a five-mile radius. There are nearly a dozen more highly rated hotels located less than a mile away from the mall. Booking your room with Hotel Guides.com means you get to enjoy the benefits of our 7 Reasons to Book With Us fundamentals. Just plug in the dates, and you'll be well on your way to finding the best room values for your visit to Columbus. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.standard deviation using excel | . View All Tutorials The Standard Deviation :: The Standard Deviation with Excel and The Online Calculator Using Excel Using the Online Calculator Use the Excel Formula =STDEV ( ) and select the range of values which contain the data. This calculates the sample standard deviation (n-1). Use the web Standard Deviation calculator and paste your data, one per line. View All Tutorials How well did you understand this lesson? Avg. Rating 7.53 (515)Not at all Neutral Extremely0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10What didn't make sense? Name Email Not Published Comment To prevent comment spam, please answer the following question before submitting (tags not permitted) : What is 1 + 1: (enter the number)April 9, 2017 | Maxine wrote: Not known if mean needs to be calculated before working out standard deviation December 9, 2016 | Sara Mohammed wrote: I want the explanation of the formula not the path of doing it January 16, 2013 | Cindy wrote:not enough information. too simple; not enough details. | Test Center Test Center My Recent Searches No Recent Search. My Tests Viewed No Test Viewed.404 Not Found We’re sorry, the page you are looking for might have been removed, had its name changed, or is temporarily unavailable. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is required to become an anesthesiologist | . What are the Requirements to Become an Anesthesiologist? An anesthesiologist is a physician who plays an important and an integral part of any surgical team, and some anesthesiologists are trained with specific specialties. For example, pain management, traditional surgery, etc. Because an anesthesiologist plays an important role within procedures requiring anesthesia, it's important that the anesthesiologist work well with the entire surgical team - the surgeons, nurses, and surgical techs. The anesthesiologist's job entails the administration of pain-killing injections or gas during surgical procedures. Depending upon the type of anesthesia, this may include a variety of pain-killing agents from general anesthesia to a local numbing anesthetic. An anesthesiologist may work within a hospital setting or office based settings, or both. Typically, when an anesthesiologist works in the pain management field, they generally work from their own office-based pain management practice. Pain management anesthesiologists administer a variety of pain blocking medications that work to help patients manage both acute and chronic pain; pain that may include neck pain, back pain, headaches, chronic migraines, and other types of severe pain. Requirements to become an Anesthesiologist Requirements to become an anesthesiologist are many due to the fact that an anesthesiologist is in fact a medical doctor. You must complete the extensive education and training which is required of any physician. Training to become an anesthesiologist will include an undergraduate degree with four years of college, a medical degree with four years of graduate school (M. D. or D. O. ), residency training with four years of postgraduate training, along with optional additional fellowship training. Additional fellowship training can and may include a pain management fellowship, pediatrics, gastroenterology, cardiology, etc. Upon completion of all of the required educational training, you'll then need to do all of the following: You'll need to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). You'll need to obtain a state medical license to practice in the state where you choose to practice. Become Board Certified in Anesthesiology, which is generally a requirement of most employers. Have absolutely no criminal background and maintain a clean background. You should know that any type of substance abuse, malpractice claims, and/or criminal history can hinder your career or end it all together. Get Your Degree!Find schools and get information on the program that’s right for you. (It’s fast and free! )How will my data be used? Step 1 of 4Choose Area of Study Choose Concentration Zip code Continue Privacy Policy | Louisiana Teacher Salary Home >> Louisiana Teacher Salary Louisiana Teacher Salary Tweet On this page, we'll explore some of the data regarding teachers and teaching salaries in Louisiana. If what you learn interests you, consider learning more about how to become a teacher in Louisiana on our Louisiana-focused teacher certification page, here. Teacher Salaries in Louisiana Average Teacher Salary Average Teacher Salary State Rank Average Teacher Salary Change$49,745 33 0.50%Student to Teacher Comparison Number of Teachers Number of Students Student: Teacher Ratio45,386 725,606 16.0Louisiana Education Budget Allocation Per Capita Education Expenditures Per Capita Education Expenditures State Rank Percent of Expenditures Spent on Education$1,849 34 29.60%Source : Rankings & Estimates: Rankings of the States 2016 and Estimates of School Statistics 2017, National Education Association,http://www.nea.org/assets/docs/2017_Rankings_and_Estimates_Report-FINAL-SECURED.pdf Teaching Schools in Louisiana This list also contains online schools that accept students from Louisiana Searching ... Talk About Salaries in Louisiana1 Comments Start the Discussion!Add your thoughts and help others!Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Name *Email *Comment * |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.overall cost of university of maryland per year | Cost to Attend University of Maryland College Park 2016 College Calc Best Value Colleges - 22nd Annual Costs Undergraduate Tuition University of Maryland College Park tuition is $8,315 per year for in-state residents. This is 22% more expensive than the national average public four year tuition of $6,841. The cost is 58% cheaper than the average Maryland tuition of $19,778 for 4 year colleges. Tuition ranks 13th in Maryland amongst 4 year colleges for affordability and is the 23rd most expensive 4 year college in the state. If attending from out-of-state, the tuition is $30,179 which represents a 263% premium. The school charges an additional fees of $1,866 in addition to tuition bringing the total effective in-state tuition to $10,181. Housing Costs On campus room and board is provided by the school at a cost of $12,078 per academic year. Students electing to live off campus elsewhere in College Park should budget at least this amount. Books and Supplies The estimated annual cost for books and supplies is $1,200. Other Living Expenses If living on-campus, students should budget for $2,604 in additional living expenses. Off-campus students should budget for $3,932 in other miscellaneous living expenses. Total Costs The total tuition and living expense budget for in-state Maryland residents to go to University of Maryland-College Park is $26,063 for the 2015/2016 academic year. Out-of-state students who don't have Maryland residence can expect a one year cost of $47,927. Citation: Price data from the U. S. Department of Education's 2016-2017 and 2015-2016 IPEDS survey response for University of Maryland College Park and represent reported costs for the 2016-2017 and 2015-2016 academic years. Costs and Tuition for University of Maryland College Park Estimated Budgets Maryland Resident Total Budget $26,063In-State Tuition $8,315Other Fees $1,866Room and Board $12,078On-Campus Other Budget $2,604Books and Supplies $1,200Non-Resident Total Budget $47,927Out-of-State Tuition $30,179Other Fees $1,866Room and Board $12,078On-Campus Other Budget $2,604Books and Supplies $1,200Advertisements Calculate My Chances at University of Maryland College Park Get Admission Info campusexplorer.com/Universityof Ma... What it Really Costs Depending on many factors including student and parent income and assets, the total cost of attendance may be less than the $26,063 published price if scholarship or grant aid is made available to you. Net Price The net out-of-pocket total cost you end up paying or financing though student loans is known as the net price. The reported University of Maryland-College Park net price for in-state students is $14,833* for the 2014/2015 academic year. This net price includes housing and meal expenses. Pell Grants and other Grant Aid59% of University of Maryland College Park students received grant aid in 2014/2015. The average total aid amount was $8,846. 14 percent of students received aid in the form of Pell Grants from the U. S. Federal Government. The average Pell Grant awarded for 2014/2015 was $4,460. To apply for a Pell Grant to attend University of Maryland College Park, the first step is to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Net Price and Financial Aid for University of Maryland College Park Financial Aid Summary Average Annual Net Price $14,833*Percent of Students Receiving Grant Aid 59%Average Total Grant Aid $8,846Percent of Students Receiving Pell Grants 14%Average Amount of Pell Grant Aid $4,460Average Net Price for In-State Students by Family Income The average net total cost of attendance for different levels of family income after federal, state or local government, institutional grant and scholarship aid are awarded. Data last published for the 2014/2015 academic year. Family Income Avg. Net Price$0 to $30,000 $6,938$30,001 to $48,000 $9,521$48,001 to $75,000 $14,502$75,001 to $110,000 $19,152$110,000+ $21,418Average Financial Aid Mix - $26,063 In-State Total Cost College Calc has estimated typical coverage of the annual in-state tuition and living expenses of $26,063. Breakdown is based on average grant aid and federal loan aid which will vary based on your family income.38% 24% 38%Grants and Scholarships38% - $8,846Money granted to you by the U. S. Department of Education, University of Maryland College Park or other organizations. These are not loans and do not need to be repaid. Federal Loans24% - $5,702Low interest student loans funded by the U. S. Department of Education. This amount will need to be repaid. Out of Pocket38% - $8,911Covered by family savings, work or private student loans which you will have to repay. *Reported Average Annual Net Price for in state students receiving grant or scholarship aid reported to the U. S. Department of Education's Academic Year 2014-2015 IPEDS Survey. Financial aid is only available to those who qualify. Consult this school's net price calculator for further understanding of your potential net price. Note that for colleges with no reported on-campus room and board, the average net price has been increased to account for living expenses. This number may not only reflect the net price paid to the school for tuition. Is it Worth the Cost? To make a comparative assessment if University of Maryland-College Park is worth the price, measures of it's relative value for tuition dollar can be examined. We've calculated an academic national percentile rating of 90/100 for University of Maryland College Park. Considering an average net price paid of $13,625, this leads to an overall value ranking of 83/100. This places the school 22nd on our national Best Value Colleges ranking as a provider of a very high value education compared to actual overall price paid. Tuition Comparison to Similar Public Colleges in the Region School Cost vs. University of Maryland College Park College of William and Mary 88.5% more expensive Penn State Main Campus 103.9% more expensive The College of New Jersey 33.8% more expensive University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Campus 112.7% more expensive SUNY at Binghamton 22.2% less expensive Cost of a Degree When considering ability to pay for college, the annual cost is often discussed but it's the "all in" multi-year degree cost which matters in the end. Let's take a look at what it could really cost for four years at University of Maryland College Park. Estimated 4 Year Cost at Published Tuition At the current published rates, an estimated total tuition, fees and living expense price for a 4 year bachelor's degree at University of Maryland-College Park is $104,252 for students graduating in normal time. This methodology for estimating the 4 year cost is a straight multiple of the most recent reported annual total cost and does not factor in tuition increases during the time you're in school. It also assumes you receive no grant or scholarship aid and pay the full list price. A potentially more accurate but less conservative estimate of a degree cost can be made by using the school's annual $13,625 in-state net price as the basis. Applying this cost over 4 would estimate the cost of a degree at $54,500**If you end up on the "five year plan" and need an additional year to graduate, your five year cost could be as high as $130,315 or $68,125 using an average net price. **Based on a 4 year multiple of Average Annual Net Price for in state students receiving grant or scholarship aid reported to the U. S. Department of Education's 2014-2015 IPEDS Survey. Financial aid is only available to those who qualify. Consult this school's net price calculator for further understanding of your potential net price. Other Costs Estimated Cost Per Semester Most colleges don't charge students on an annual basis but instead require payment semester by semester. If you ever need to take an additional semester of classes to complete you degree you shouldn't have to pay for a full academic year. These our estimated costs for a semester at University of Maryland College Park. Maryland Resident Tuition Per Semester $4,158Maryland Resident Total Cost Per Semester $13,032Non-Maryland Resident Tuition Per Semester $15,090Non-Maryland Resident Total Cost Per Semester $23,964Cost Per Credit Hour and Cost for a Class Some schools offer the ability to take single classes by paying on a per credit hour basis. The reported price per credit hour and estimated cost for one class at University of Maryland College Park are as follows. Per credit costs are for reference only as many schools will not allow students to pay by credit hour. Cost per credit hour and per class at University of Maryland College Park Price per credit hour for Maryland residents $346Cost for one class for Maryland residents (3 credit hours) $1,038Price per credit hour for out of state residents $1,258Cost for one class for out of state residents (3 credit hours) $3,774Cost for one class for out of state residents (4 credit hours) $5,032Advertisements Calculate My Chances at University of Maryland College Park Get Admission Info campusexplorer.com/Universityof Ma... Student Loans and Debt The second consideration after understanding the cost of college is determining how to finance it. Some students are fortunate enough to have some form of family financial assistance, but student loans end up financing a significant portion of higher education in the U. S. 32% of University of Maryland College Park students receive U. S. Federal Student Loans with an average annual Federal Loan aid amount of $5,702. The reported average student debt upon graduation is $25,254. Example Loan Payments and Costs How much are student loan payments for University of Maryland College Park? Obviously this varies based on a number of factors - offsetting financial aid you receive, percentage of fee you pay upfront while enrolled and the interest rate on your loans. We've modeled a sample student loan based on current Stafford loan rates to give you an approximate idea. The following are the costs for a loan if you borrowed $54,500, 100% of the estimated average net price for a four year program and paid nothing while enrolled. The total of all payments including interest would sum $67,622.00. This could be your effective total out of pocket cost of an education at University of Maryland College Park. Note that this calculation assumes you don't pay full list price tuition, are part of the reported 59% of students at this school who receive financial aid and you are paying an average annual net price of $13,625. If you do not financially qualify for a reduced net price, your student loan payments could be significantly higher than this example. Use our University of Maryland College Park student loan calculator below to change loan assumptions and recalculate. Student loans are not free money and must be repaid. You cannot dismiss student loans by via bankruptcy. University of Maryland College Park Student Loan Payments Example Payments Monthly Loan Payment $563.52Amount Borrowed $54,500.00Interest Rate 4.4%Term 10 years Number of Monthly Payments 120Total Interest Cost $13,122.00Sum of All Payments over 10 years $67,622.00Affording Student Loan Payments and Post Graduation Salary Can I afford to attend University of Maryland-College Park? In the end, the answer comes down a determination if you will earn enough to comfortably pay back a student loan with your post graduation salary. This is an extremely important point to consider. In order to afford student loan payments and still meet all your other costs of living, it is recommended not to borrow more than you can pay back using 10% of your monthly income earned after graduation. If you're considering attending University of Maryland College Park, you need to carefully consider if it will be realistic to make the post graduation loan payments based on your expected salary. Using the 10% of salary threshold, an annual income of $67,622.00 would be needed to afford a $563.52 monthly payment in the example $54,500.00 loan modeled above. You will need to determine if it is at all realistic that you will be earning this type of salary after graduation. This assumes a loan payback over 10 years. You can change the terms of this example loan using the student loan calculator below. Estimated Future Cost and Expected Tuition Increase What will it cost to send your child to University of Maryland College Park in the future? In the past four years, this school's published in-state tuition and fee total rose from $6,966 to $8,315. This amounts to an average annual price increase of 3.9%. Nationally, university tuition prices are rising around 5% per year. Looking out five, ten, fifteen or eighteen years, these are College Calc's estimates how much you could expect to pay for a 4 year degree assuming tuition increases at the national average rate. Estimated future prices are based on the current in-state 4 year cost of $104,252.00. Use the college savings plan calculator below to perform a more comprehensive analysis on future costs and how much you will need to save for University of Maryland College Park. Annual 4 Year Degree Estimated Cost in 5 years for students enrolling in 2023 $35,843 $143,371Estimated Cost in 10 years for students enrolling in 2028 $45,745 $182,982Estimated Cost in 15 years for students enrolling in 2033 $58,384 $233,536Estimated Cost in 18 years for students enrolling in 2036 $67,587 $270,347Tuition History What was tuition at University of Maryland-College Park five, ten, fifteen or twenty years ago? Hop into our time machine and take a look. Pay attention to how aggressive the school has been with price increases in the past as it provides indication as to how the school may raise tuition in the next few years. Historical tuition and fees for all available data years back to 1987 follows. Year In-State Out-of-state Annual Increase2012 $6,966 $24,337 3%2011 $6,763 $23,178 -16%2010 $8,053 $23,990 0.6%2009 $8,005 $23,075 0.5%2008 $7,969 $22,208 0.8%2007 $7,906 $21,345 1.1%2006 $7,821 $20,145 5.5%2005 $7,410 $18,710 9.6%2004 $6,759 $17,433 19.2%2003 $5,670 $14,434 6.2%2002 $5,341 $13,413 4%2001 $5,136 $12,668 4%2000 $4,939 $11,827 5.1%1999 $4,699 $11,221 5.4%1998 $4,460 $10,589 7%1997 $4,169 $10,228 9.9%1996 $3,794 $9,738 9%1995 $3,480 $9,284 9.5%1994 $3,179 $8,783 14.4%1993 $2,778 $8,382 14.4%1992 $2,429 $7,297 7.1%1991 $2,269 $6,325 8.2%1990 $2,097 $5,754 10%1989 $1,906 $5,292 9.5%1988 $1,740 $4,608 8.7%1987 $1,601 $4,477Comparable Cost for Popular Majors We've compared the out of state cost of the most popular undergraduate areas of study at University of Maryland College Park to the national average for all other colleges offering the same major. Use this comparison to determine particular programs where this school offers value relative to other colleges. Area of Study Graduates vs National Avg Kinesiology and Exercise Science Bachelor's Degree 227 32% costlier Mechanical Engineering Bachelor's Degree 202 20% costlier Journalism Bachelor's Degree 136 31% costlier Electrical and Electronics Engineering Bachelor's Degree 118 21% costlier Elementary Education and Teaching Bachelor's Degree 111 43% costlier Civil Engineering, General Bachelor's Degree 103 20% costlier Ecology Bachelor's Degree 81 18% costlier Aerospace, Aeronautical and Astronautical/Space Engineering Bachelor's Degree 75 12% costlier Chemical Engineering Bachelor's Degree 58 11% costlier Biochemistry Bachelor's Degree 52 10% costlier Logistics, Materials, and Supply Chain Management Bachelor's Degree 48 38% costlier Business/Commerce, General Bachelor's Degree 47 35% costlier Agricultural Engineering Bachelor's Degree 44 23% costlier Chemistry, General Bachelor's Degree 43 22% costlier Architecture Bachelor's Degree 40 7% costlier Economics, General Bachelor's Degree 38 14% costlier Kindergarten/Preschool Education and Teaching Bachelor's Degree 38 59% costlier Food Science Bachelor's Degree 38 30% costlier Computer Engineering, General Bachelor's Degree 35 20% costlier Information Science/Studies Bachelor's Degree 35 31% costlier Engineering, Other Bachelor's Degree 34 12% costlier Political Science and Government, General Bachelor's Degree 34 22% costlier Criminology Bachelor's Degree 32 26% costlier Psychology, General Bachelor's Degree 32 27% costlier Agriculture, General Bachelor's Degree 31 54% costlier Management Science Bachelor's Degree 29 23% costlier Environmental Science Bachelor's Degree 29 19% costlier Special Education and Teaching, General Bachelor's Degree 28 42% costlier Japanese Language and Literature Bachelor's Degree 26 2% cheaper Physical Sciences Bachelor's Degree 24 26% costlier History, General Bachelor's Degree 23 24% costlier Music Performance, General Bachelor's Degree 22 27% costlier International Business/Trade/Commerce Bachelor's Degree 21 23% costlier English Language and Literature, General Bachelor's Degree 19 27% costlier Speech Communication and Rhetoric Bachelor's Degree 19 28% costlier French Language and Literature Bachelor's Degree 18 11% costlier Landscape Architecture Bachelor's Degree 18 25% costlier Music Teacher Education Bachelor's Degree 16 34% costlier Marketing/Marketing Management, General Bachelor's Degree 14 39% costlier Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, Other Bachelor's Degree 14 22% costlier Mathematics, General Bachelor's Degree 14 24% costlier Jewish/Judaic Studies Bachelor's Degree 13 4% costlier Finance, General Bachelor's Degree 13 36% costlier Spanish Language and Literature Bachelor's Degree 13 18% costlier Dance, General Bachelor's Degree 13 12% costlier Philosophy Bachelor's Degree 12 13% costlier Physical Education Teaching and Coaching Bachelor's Degree 10 45% costlier Music, General Bachelor's Degree 9 23% costlier Sociology Bachelor's Degree 9 24% costlier Accounting Bachelor's Degree 8 37% costlier Romance Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics Bachelor's Degree 8 11% cheaper Art History, Criticism and Conservation Bachelor's Degree 8 4% costlier Geology/Earth Science, General Bachelor's Degree 7 23% costlier Materials Engineering Bachelor's Degree 6 7% costlier Family and Community Services Bachelor's Degree 6 72% costlier Natural Resources/Conservation, General Bachelor's Degree 6 26% costlier Public Health, Other Bachelor's Degree 6 10% costlier American/United States Studies/Civilization Bachelor's Degree 5 1% cheaper Fine/Studio Arts, General Bachelor's Degree 4 18% costlier Geography Bachelor's Degree 4 37% costlier Social Studies Teacher Education Bachelor's Degree 4 36% costlier Biology/Biological Sciences, General Bachelor's Degree 4 26% costlier Dietetics/Dietitian Bachelor's Degree 4 38% costlier Anthropology Bachelor's Degree 4 13% costlier Foods, Nutrition, and Wellness Studies, General Bachelor's Degree 4 37% costlier German Language and Literature Bachelor's Degree 3 8% costlier Chinese Language and Literature Bachelor's Degree 3 5% cheaper Physics, General Bachelor's Degree 3 16% costlier Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, General Bachelor's Degree 3 20% costlier Russian Language and Literature Bachelor's Degree 3 2% cheaper Iranian Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics Bachelor's Degree 3 0% costlier Astronomy Bachelor's Degree 3 2% cheaper Classics and Classical Languages, Literatures, and Linguistics Bachelor's Degree 2 3% cheaper Secondary Education and Teaching Bachelor's Degree 2 39% costlier Art Teacher Education Bachelor's Degree 2 39% costlier Foreign Language Teacher Education Bachelor's Degree 2 32% costlier African-American/Black Studies Bachelor's Degree 2 8% costlier Linguistics Bachelor's Degree 2 3% costlier English/Language Arts Teacher Education Bachelor's Degree 2 44% costlier Computer and Information Sciences, General Bachelor's Degree 2 38% costlier Russian Studies Bachelor's Degree 1 9% cheaper Animal Sciences, General Bachelor's Degree 1 40% costlier Women's Studies Bachelor's Degree 1 7% costlier Communication Sciences and Disorders, General Bachelor's Degree 1 40% costlier Italian Language and Literature Bachelor's Degree 1 2% cheaper Arabic Language and Literature Bachelor's Degree 1 13% costlier Agricultural Economics Bachelor's Degree 1 36% costlier Science Teacher Education/General Science Teacher Education Bachelor's Degree 1 48% costlier Health Teacher Education Bachelor's Degree 1 43% costlier Calculators Use the calculators below to formulate a college savings plan for University of Maryland College Park or model a student loan. College Savings Calculator Plan and Save for College Discover how much will you need to start saving now to afford University of Maryland College Park in the future. Current Annual Cost Current Age of Prospective Student Assumed Annual Rate of Tuition Increase Current College Savings Balance Investment Return on Savings Calculate Savings Plan Student Loan Calculator Estimate Loan Payments Modify the loan assumptions to fit your financial situation and likely tuition price. Then calculate your payoff and loan payments for a University of Maryland College Park student loan. Loan Amount Interest Rate (Stafford Loan rates are 4.5% for subsidized and unsubsidized undergraduate student loans as of July 1, 2017)Loan Term (Years)Calculate Loan Repayment Prepayment Option How much student loan interest charges would you save by paying off a little more each month? Calculate With Extra Payment How much will University of Maryland College Park cost in 18 years? How much is the monthly student loan payment for University of Maryland College Park? About University of Maryland College Park University of Maryland College Park is a four year public college located in College Park, Maryland. Full time enrollment is 33,501 and part time is 4,639. Students attending this school may pursue both undergraduate and graduate degrees. Address University of Maryland College Park College Park, Maryland20742http://www.umd.edu For Profit / Not For Profit Status University of Maryland College Park is a public not for profit institution. Public schools often represent the best value for your education dollar, especially when students qualify for in-state tuition. University of Maryland College Park cost and financial aid data source: U. S. Department of Education https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=163286 IPEDS survey data. Advertisement Explore University of Maryland College Park Annual Cost4 Year Cost Average Price & Financial Aid Example Loan Loan Affordability Future Cost Estimation Cost Per Class / Credit Tuition History Cost by Major Savings Plan Calculator Student Loan Calculator About More Maryland Colleges | Marshall University Tuition & Cost Guide Marshall University Tuition & Cost Guide0 ratings Overview Admission Price Outcomes Students Majors Reviews Cost to Attend In State West Virginia Resident Sticker Price$20,726Tuition $6,032Books and Supplies $1,100Other Fees $1,122Room and Board $10,126Other Expenses Budget $2,346Out of State Resident Sticker Price$29,954Tuition $15,260Books and Supplies $1,100Other Fees $1,122Room and Board $10,126Other Expenses Budget $2,346Residents of West Virginia pay an annual total price of $20,726 to attend Marshall University on a full time basis. This fee is comprised of $6,032 for tuition, $10,126 room and board, $1,100 for books and supplies and $1,122 for other fees. Out of state residents are charged a total cost of $29,954 which is 44.5% higher than West Virginia residents. The tuition charge is $15,260 while room and board is $10,126, books and supplies are $1,100 and other fees come in at $1,122. All tuition data is sourced from the 2016/2017 U. S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics survey. Calculate My Chances at Marshall University Get Admission & Tuition Info campusexplorer.com/Marshall Univ... Net Price Average Net Price '14/'15$8,738Family Income Net Price Paid$0 to $30,000 $6,260$30,001 to $48,000 $7,258$48,001 to $75,000 $10,233$75,001 to $110,000 $13,240$110,000+ $13,174The average reported annual net price for Marshall University for students receiving grants or scholarship aid was $8,738 in 2014/2015. Financial Aid Type Avg./Student Students Receiving Annual Total Grant Aid $8,530 84%Pell Grant $4,845 45%Federal Student Loan $5,560 58%The average reported annual net price for Marshall University for students receiving grants or scholarship aid was $8,738 in 2014/2015. Advertisement Calculate My Chances at Marshall University Get Admission & Tuition Info campusexplorer.com/Marshall Univ... Student Loans To gauge a more realistic picture of what it may really cost you out of pocket to go to Marshall University, we've modeled a ten year student loan with an original principal value of $31,288. The loan balance of $31,288 is a four year multiple of the $7,822 average net price. This is a estimate of what you could owe upon graduation if you were to qualify for average financial aid and what a degree really may cost. Should you not qualify for financial aid, you may owe significantly more when you graduate. Based on these assumptions, a monthly repayment of $327 could be required to satisfy your student loan. Please note that financial aid is not guaranteed and is only available for qualifying students. Federal Student Loans are not grants and must be repaid with interest. The current Stafford loan interest rate is 4.7%. Example Loan $31,288Stafford Loan Interest Rate 4.7%Time to Pay Off Student Loan 10 years Example Monthly Payment $326.68Total Interest Paid $7,913.89Sum of All Loan Payments $39,201.89Projected 4 Year Degree Price4 Year Sticker Price$82,904Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4West Virginia Residents $20,726 $22,038 $23,433 $24,916Non Residents $29,954 $31,850 $33,866 $36,009Based on published tuition prices, we estimate the current cost of a 4 year bachelor's degree and living expenses at Marshall University to be $82,904 - assuming graduation in normal time. The estimation assumes a 6.3% annual increase over the next 4 years which has been the recent trend for this school. Cost Credit Hour and Price per Class Price Per Credit 4 Credit Class 3 Credit Class West Virginia Residents $299 $897 $1,196Out of State Residents $683 $2,049 $2,732Estimated cost for a class at Marshall University based on published credit hour prices. Note that not all schools allow single class enrollment. These prices should be used for comparison purposes as to how much it may cost to take a class at Marshall University versus other colleges. Tuition Payment Plans Available Tuition Payment Plan Yes Prepaid Tuition Plan No Alternative Tuition Plan Yes Guaranteed Tuition Plan No Primary data source, U. S. Department of Education https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=237525 IPEDS survey data for Marshall University. Advertisement More West Virginia Colleges Filter your view of West Virginia colleges and universities by type. All Colleges in West Virginia The Best Colleges in West Virginia Private Colleges in West Virginia Public Colleges in West Virginia Public Four Year Colleges in West Virginia Four Year Colleges in West Virginia Community Colleges in West Virginia Junior Colleges in West Virginia Religious Colleges in West Virginia Catholic Colleges in West Virginia Colleges with Dorms in West Virginia Colleges with Daycare in West Virginia Night and Weekend Colleges in West Virginia For Profit Colleges in West Virginia |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what causes dangerously low potassium | Causes Causes By Mayo Clinic Staff Low potassium (hypokalemia) has many causes. The most common cause is excessive potassium loss in urine due to prescription medications that increase urination. Also known as water pills or diuretics, these types of medications are often prescribed for people who have high blood pressure or heart disease. Vomiting, diarrhea or both also can result in excessive potassium loss from the digestive tract. Occasionally, low potassium is caused by not getting enough potassium in your diet. Causes of potassium loss include: Alcohol use (excessive)Chronic kidney disease Diabetic ketoacidosis (high levels of blood acids called ketones)Diarrhea Diuretics (water retention relievers)Excessive laxative use Excessive sweating Folic acid deficiency Primary aldosteronism Some antibiotic use Vomiting Causes shown here are commonly associated with this symptom. Work with your doctor or other health care professional for an accurate diagnosis. Definition When to see a doctor Jan. 11, 2018References Products and Services Newsletter: Mayo Clinic Health Letter See also Adrenal Nodule Create Health Risks Primary aldosteronism | Potassium: Not Too Much, Not Too Little Latest March 18, 2013Potassium: Not Too Much, Not Too Little Jerry Brainum Share Tweet Pin Q&A: Big-Arms Workouts and Exercises Do you pause between reps to rest or get stronger for the set? While all minerals are important to health, potassium has special significance for those who exercise. Consider its primary functions in the body: transmission of nerve signals and proper electrical conduction in the heart. Those two features alone make potassium important for any bodybuilding diet. While potassium is found in most foods, the best sources are fruits and vegetables. Unfortunately, the low-carbohydrate diets followed by many bodybuilders can lead to lower potassium—not just because of the lack of fruits and vegetables but also because low-carb diets produce a natural diuretic effect that causes the excretion of sodium and potassium. In fact, it’s the loss of potassium from very low-carb diets that results in the characteristic fatigue and muscle weakness they often bring. Supplementing with potassium at the right time can make those dietary side effects vanish. Even so, it has to be at the right time. Taking isolated potassium supplements can lead to the release of the adrenal hormone aldosterone. The human body has evolved to conserve sodium while rapidly eliminating potassium, and that’s what aldosterone does. It retains sodium through its actions in the kidneys while promoting the urinary loss of potassium. In bodybuilders that can cause rapid water retention, requiring them to get more potassium either in food or via a supplement, which should be taken with meals. Potassium also has a relationship with other minerals. As noted, it works with sodium in controlling fluid in cells. The sodium-potassium-pump mechanism pushes sodium out of cells and potassium into cells, which maintains the proper electrolyte balance in the cells and the blood. In addition, magnesium is needed to retain potassium in cells. Potassium itself plays a role in helping to restore depleted glycogen after a workout. When you consider that muscle glycogen is the primary fuel of bodybuilding workouts, potassium’s importance becomes clear. The body has a fine-tuned mechanism to keep potassium within a certain range in the blood. Either too much or too little can lead to serious problems. For example, while having a certain level of potassium is required for the heart to beat, or contract, too much potassium can stop a heart as fast as a bullet. That’s the reason a high-dose of potassium is in the third and final injection of lethal-injection procedures. The first two tranquilize and relax the muscles. The potassium is the actual killer, stopping the heart. Luckily, the body has evolved to prevent a buildup of excess potassium, but it can happen under certain conditions. As noted, under normal circumstance the body is able to handle larger amounts of potassium. The potassium level is detected in the blood, which then prods the kidneys into collecting and rapidly excreting the excess. Anything that interferes with kidney function can lead to a dangerous buildup of potassium. Having kidney disease, especially kidney failure, is a prime risk factor for potassium overload and such patients are monitored and warned not to take in excess potassium. Certain drugs can also interfere with kidney function enough to cause potassium retention, including certain blood pressure drugs and potassium-sparing diuretics. The latter encourage the excretion of sodium while retaining potassium in the body. Years ago pro bodybuilder Mike Matarazzo nearly died when he unknowingly took large doses of potassium while using a potassium-sparing diuretic drug shortly before a contest. His goal was to lose excess water, but it easily could have cost him his life. There are other, less obvious sources of concentrated potassium. A recent medical journal presented two case studies related to excess potassium intake. 1 The first case involved a 65-year-old man with heart disease who had been prescribed a low-sodium diet. He began using a salt substitute that contained potassium chloride. He used eight teaspoons a day, sprinkled on his meals, in addition to taking a prescribed potassium supplement. That led to an emergency room visit, in which he complained of breathing difficulty and muscle weakness. He also had a slow heartbeat and low blood pressure. Not long after showing up, he went into respiratory depression; that is, he couldn’t breathe on his own. His blood potassium level was 8.5; the normal range is 3.5 to 5.0. The attending doctors gave him medication to lower his potassium, and he left the hospital 11 days later. The other patient discussed in the article was a 35-year-old bodybuilder who showed up at the ER suffering from weakness and the inability to move. He showed decreased alertness, a slow heartbeat and low blood pressure. He was immediately given an anesthetic drug, followed by a muscle relaxant. Oddly enough, one of the side effects of the muscle relaxant was elevated blood potassium. Talk about putting oil on a fire! Not surprisingly, he went into cardiac arrest. He was resuscitated and then the standard medical protocol for lowering elevated blood potassium, medication that was formulated to push the excess blood potassium back into cells. It turns out that the bodybuilder had been taking a lot of potassium to treat muscle pain. On the day he was admitted to the ER, he had taken 10 potassium tablets before training and another 10 after the workout. He had also consumed several sports drinks during the workout that contained about 1,320 milligrams of potassium each. His estimated total potassium intake was 8,000 milligrams, about twice the recommended daily dose. Bodybuilders can also get elevated blood potassium after incurring severe muscle damage, a process known as rhabdomyolysis that causes potassium from damaged muscle cells to be rapidly released into the blood. Still, there was no indication that this occurred with this bodybuilder. He simply overdosed on potassium. Luckily for him, his treatment was successful, and he left the hospital three days later, more aware—we can only hope—of the dangers of excess potassium. While excess-potassium problems are rare in bodybuilders who have normal kidney function, problems of too little potassium are far more common, particularly in those who resort to using potent diuretic drugs in a last-ditch effort to drop excess water prior to a contest. I’ve witnessed dozens of cases over the years of bodybuilders actually passing out backstage because of diuretic abuse. In one celebrated case a pro bodybuilder literally froze during his posing presentation at the Arnold Classic and had to be carried off the stage. He was lucky though; he survived after a short hospital visit. Others haven’t been that lucky and died due to diuretic use. The usual cause of death is heart failure due to electrolyte disturbances brought on by diuretics. One such fatality was pro bodybuilder Mohammed Benaziza, who died during a contest tour in Europe, having used not only massive doses of diuretics but also clenbuterol, a drug that also lowers blood potassium and can interfere with heart function. In a worst-case scenario having too little potassium can cause your diaphragm to be paralyzed, leading to an inability to breathe. Lack of potassium is also related to rhabdomyolysis, or muscle destruction, which ironically, as mentioned above, leads to excess potassium being released into the blood. You can get low blood potassium from excess vomiting and diarrhea as well. It can also happen due to too high a secretion of aldosterone, severe hyperglycemia—high blood sugar—and certain diuretics. Insulin rapidly lowers blood potassium by pushing it from blood into cells; in fact, insulin is often given to those with elevated blood potassium. Any of the common asthma inhaler drugs also does the same thing. The same journal that documented the case studies of elevated potassium also discussed the case of an Austrian pro bodybuilder who suffered the consequences of using a potent diuretic called furosemide, or Lasix. 2 This particular diuretic promotes a huge excretion of sodium, potassium and magnesium and is well-known for causing painful muscle cramps in bodybuilding competitors. The subject was 26 and was on the usual drug stack of steroids, growth hormone, thyroid and insulin. He claimed that he’d never suffered any adverse side effects from that program, except for an episode of hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, likely from the insulin. For the first time in his career, however, he’d opted to take two 80-milligram doses of Lasix 24 and 48 hours prior to his contest. He did experience a pronounced diuretic effect, evident by his weight loss of five to six kilograms due to overnight pissing. The following day, though, he felt unusually tired and decided to take a nap. When he awoke, he felt heart palpitations and couldn’t walk. He got out of bed but immediately fell to the floor. A neighbor saved his life by calling for an ambulance, and he was taken to a local ER. He was treated with several potassium and other mineral drugs to boost his potassium, and he survived. Again, we can only hope that he gained a profound respect for the importance of maintaining potassium levels—as well as the power of diuretics. If these tales illustrate anything, it’s that you need to be aware of the sources of potassium and the factors that can affect blood levels of it. The second bodybuilder discussed above had no idea that dropping a few potassium pills and drinking over-the-counter sports drinks could land him in the hospital. The prudent way to handle potassium is to get it in food. Supplements are rarely necessary, and many supplements, such as meal substitutes, already contain good amounts of potassium. Editor’s note: Have you been ripped off by supplement makers whose products don’t work as advertised? Want to know the truth about them? Check out Natural Anabolics, available at Jerry Brainum.com.1 John, S. K., et al. (2011). Life threatening hyperkalemia from nutritional supplements: uncommon or undiagnosed? Am J Emerg Med. 29 (9):1237.e1-2.2 Mayr, F. B., et al. (2012). Hypokalemic paralysis in a professional bodybuilder. Am J Emerg Med. 30 (7):1324.e5-8. Related Items You must be logged in to post a comment Login Leave a Reply You must be logged in to post a comment. IN THIS ISSUENewsletter The latest, greatest training info and research delivered to your online mailbox every week and it's FREE. Get motivated! Get Big! Get ripped! It's your road to radical results. Name Email Subscribe Find us on Facebook Subscribe to Our Channel Instagram Editorial9 Reasons To Take Branched-Chain Amino Acids |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what hiking trails are near wrightwood | Hiking Trails around Wrightwood CA Hiking Trails around Wrightwood CAWrightwood, California is a popular destination for Hikers and outdoor enthusiasts from all over Southern California. The mountainous terrain in the area makes for breathtaking views from many of the local Hiking Trails. The Pacific Crest Trail also runs through the Wrightwood area and hosts thousands of thru-hikers every year. Hiking Trails in Wrightwood offer something for everyone; from easy nature walks to the rugged peaks of the San Gabriel Mountains, Wrightwood's Hiking Trails have it all. See our list of local Hiking Trails below... Hiking in the Angeles National Forest Sort By: Acorn Trail Length: 2.1 miles Type: One Way Gain/Loss: +/-1710' Difficulty: Hard Location: South of Wrightwood Trailhead: Acorn Drive / Blue Ridge Road Big Pines Nature Trail Length: 0.5 miles Type: Loop Gain/Loss: Unknown Difficulty: Very Easy Location: Big Pines Trailhead: Big Pines Lodge Bighorn Mine Trail Length: 1.8 miles Type: One Way Gain/Loss: +255'/-0' Difficulty: Easy Location: South-West of Wrightwood Trailhead: Vincent Gap Blue Ridge Trail Length: 2.0 miles Type: One Way Gain/Loss: +/-1050' Difficulty: Moderate Location: West of Wrightwood Trailhead: Big Pines / Blue Ridge Campground Dawson Peak Trail Length: 4.6 miles Type: Connecting Gain/Loss: +/-2530' Difficulty: Hard Location: South of Wrightwood Trailhead: Backbone Trail / Fish Fork Trail Fish Fork Trail Length: 4.6 miles Type: One Way Gain/Loss: +635'/-1260' Difficulty: Moderate Location: South of Wrightwood Trailhead: Lupine Campground Lightning Ridge Nature Trail Length: 0.8 miles Type: Loop Gain/Loss: +/- 250' Difficulty: Easy Location: West of Wrightwood Trailhead: Inspiration Point Mine Gulch Trail Length: 4.2 miles Type: One Way Gain/Loss: +/-2085' Difficulty: Hard Location: South-West of Wrightwood Trailhead: Vincent Gap Mt. Baden Powell Trail Length: 3.8 miles Type: One Way Gain/Loss: +2814'/-0' Difficulty: Hard Location: South-West of Wrightwood Trailhead: Vincent Gap North Backbone Trail Length: 4.0 miles Type: One Way Gain/Loss: +2767'/-1113' Difficulty: Very Hard Location: South of Wrightwood Trailhead: Blue Ridge Road (Wright Mountain)PCT 1: Vincent Gap to Inspiration Point Length: 4.4 miles Type: One Way / Connecting Gain/Loss: +/-800' Difficulty: Moderate Location: South-West of Wrightwood Trailhead: Vincent Gap / Inspiration Point PCT 2: Inspiration Point to Guffy Campground Length: 4.6 miles Type: One Way / Connecting Gain/Loss: +/-840' Difficulty: Moderate Location: South of Wrightwood Trailhead: Inspiration Point / Guffy Campground PCT 3: Guffy Campground to Wright Mountain Length: 2.6 miles Type: One Way / Connecting Gain/Loss: +-60'/+-135' Difficulty: Easy Location: South of Wrightwood Trailhead: Guffy Campground / Wright Mountain Pine Mountain Ridge Trail Length: 2.6 miles Type: One Way / Connecting Gain/Loss: +795'/-0' Difficulty: Moderate Location: South of Wrightwood Trailhead: Fish Fork Trail Prairie Fork Trail Length: 2.4 miles Type: One Way Gain/Loss: +/-800' Difficulty: Moderate Location: South of Wrightwood Trailhead: Cabin Flats Campground Table Mountain Nature Trail Length: 0.5 miles Type: One Way Gain/Loss: Unknown Difficulty: Easy Location: North-West of Wrightwood Trailhead: Table Mountain Campground | 09 Nov Could Congress block President Trumpâs immigration plan? 09 Nov Could Congress block President Trump’s immigration plan?in by Michael J. Gurfinkel, Esq. People are justifiably concerned, anxious, and even terrified over Donald Trump’s proposed plan to deport the approximate 11 million undocumented immigrants in the US. However, let’s remember that the executive branch does NOT pass laws, nor is the president in charge of funding or the budget. Those powers, duties, and functions belong to Congress, as the legislative branch of the Government. So let’s say Trump proposes the massive deportation. He would need to have both the House and Senate pass a law, which he can sign. (After all, Donald Trump is against “executive action”, and so he would likely act based only on a law proposed and passed by Congress. )Even though both the House and Senate would be under GOP control, Congress still has the ability to oppose or even block various proposed pieces of legislation. If you recall, a few years ago, Pres. Obama, along with a coalition of Democrat and Republican lawmakers, proposed comprehensive immigration reform, which passed in the Senate. However, the House blocked that legislation, and would not even bring it up for a vote. As a result, that piece of legislation, urged by the president, went nowhere. So, if Trump proposes a piece of legislation, the House or Senate could always block it, or Democratic Senators could “filibuster,” which would also result in the proposed legislation going nowhere. Congress is also in charge of the budget and funding. There are estimates it would cost over $400 billion to deport the approximate 11 million undocumented immigrants. This might include the cost of building new courtrooms, hiring new judges and their staff, building more detention facilities, transportation for the mass deportation, etc. Congress may not be willing to spend that amount of money for such an unnecessary endeavor. If Trump can’t get the money to carry out his plan, the plan would go nowhere. While Trump talks tough about immigration, he must take a step back and consider the practicalities (or impracticalities) of his plan, and we must always remember Congress could always block his attempts or refuse to fund it. And even though Congress has a Republican (or GOP) majority, many of these Republicans were opposed to Donald Trump running for president. Some did not even vote for him, and almost all were unwilling to campaign on his behalf. Just because there’s a Republican majority in Congress does not mean they will blindly accept Trump’s immigration plans. Congress still has a say. Follow us on Facebook.com/Gurfinkel Law and Twitter @Gurfinkel Law WEBSITE: www.gurfinkel.com Four offices to serve you: PHILIPPINES: 894-0258 or 894-0239;LOS ANGELES; SAN FRANCISCO; NEW YORK: TOLL FREE NUMBER: 1-866-GURFINKEL (1-866-487-3465) |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how soon after a miscarriage can you conceive | How Soon Can I Get Pregnant After a Miscarriage? Pregnancy Loss Your Options How Soon Can I Get Pregnant After a Miscarriage? Some Women Conceive Again In the First Menstrual Cycle After Pregnancy Loss By Krissi Danielsson Updated March 02, 2017Share Pin Email Print Universal Images Group/Universal Images Group/Getty Images Our last pregnancy ended in miscarriage, but we're ready to get pregnant again. I am beyond eager and want to be pregnant yesterday. How long should I expect it to take to get pregnant again? If this sounds like you, congratulations on deciding to try again. The answer to your question varies. Your period should return within four to six weeks after your miscarriage. After that, you may find yourself expecting again right away, perhaps in the first menstrual cycle after your pregnancy loss. Or you may find it takes several cycles to get pregnant again. Although it can be frustrating when you are eager to be pregnant, it doesn't mean there's anything wrong with you if it does take a few months for it to happen. If you find you're not pregnant within six months to a year, you may wish to speak with a fertility specialist. About 9 out of every 10 couples will achieve a pregnancy within a year, assuming they are timing intercourse to the fertile period of the menstrual cycle. How Long Should You Wait? You might also wonder if you should wait a while to try again. It's best to give it a bit of time to heal physically and emotionally. But if you're ready in those regards, you don't have to continue to wait. There's been a lot of controversy about how long women should wait to try to get pregnant again after a miscarriage. Some doctors suggest waiting three or even six months to normalize hormone levels after a pregnancy loss, but this advice is largely theoretical and not based on scientific studies. The evidence is growing that waiting the often-recommended three to six months is not necessary. (The exception is a molar pregnancy, which may require that you wait six months to a year before trying again. )A study published in 2015 looked at women in four health centers around the U. S. who were trying to conceive after a pregnancy loss. Very short waiting times (less than three months) were not associated with a higher rate of miscarriages or other pregnancy problems. The researchers concluded that "the traditional recommendation to wait at least 3 months after a pregnancy loss before attempting a new pregnancy may not be warranted. "In fact, studies tend to show that shorter intervals (less than six months) between miscarriage and the next pregnancy actually have better outcomes. That's probably because women who take longer to get pregnant after a miscarriage may be more likely to have an unknown underlying condition like reduced fertility or infertility. For many couples, trying again after a miscarriage can actually help the emotional healing process. So there's usually no good medical reason to wait once you're ready. For most couples, you can look forward to a healthy pregnancy soon! According to the Mayo Clinic, less than 5 percent of women have two consecutive miscarriages, and only 1 percent have three or more consecutive miscarriages. Sources: Wong LF, Schliep KC, Silver RM, et al. The effect of a very short interpregnancy interval and pregnancy outcomes following a previous pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015. Pregnancy after miscarriage: What you need to know. Mayo Clinic. March 14, 2013. Getting Pregnant. March of Dimes. Accessed: Dec 14, 2009. | How Long Should You Wait After A Miscarriage Before Trying Again?on Jan 12, 2013by Dr. Renee Hanton, MD How Long Should You Wait After A Miscarriage Before Trying Again?on Jan 12, 2013by Dr. Renee Hanton, MDRate this Article: Rating: 5.0/ 5 (4 votes cast)Most couples who suffer a miscarriage go on to have healthy pregnancies later in life. But how long should you wait after a miscarriage before trying again to get pregnant? Miscarriages are very hard for any couple to deal with. No matter if a couple has had one miscarriage or many, each one is just as hard to deal with. If there is any good news to be had, it is that most couples who suffer a miscarriage go on to have healthy pregnancies later in life. So, the tough question is, how long should you wait after a miscarriage before trying again to get pregnant? Claim Your 20 Free Pregnancy Tests – Click Here Healing physically It is very important to give your body enough time to heal physically from a miscarriage before trying again to get pregnant. The uterine lining has to have time to heal and become strong again. The uterus also has to have enough time to recover. Most doctors recommend waiting at least two to three months after having a miscarriage before trying to become pregnant again. Of course, every woman is different, and some women might need even more time before feeling ready to try again. Healing emotionally While taking time for your body to heal is important, perhaps even more important is taking the time for your mind and feelings to heal. Healing emotionally is very important, and there is no set time table to know when you are going to be emotionally ready to try again. It can sometimes take a very long time to emotionally heal from a miscarriage. Miscarriage can cause a lot of negative feelings such as guilt, depression, grief, and more. Women may feel withdrawn and lonely. It is very important to develop a strong support system to help deal with these feelings. Again, there is no set time to determine when a woman will be emotionally ready to try to conceive again. Some women might feel ready right away, and others might take an extremely long time to feel ready again. How to prepare There are a few things that you can do to help prepare you on how to get pregnant again. Eating healthy foods and exercising regularly can help get your body and mind both in better shape, and help prepare you to try again. Also try to cut back on caffeine and avoid alcohol. Try to get your mind and body both in the best shape possible before trying again to get pregnant. This will give you the best chance possible that your next pregnancy will be successful. Conceive Easy® TTC Kit™ is the most complete fertility system available over the counter. Clinically proven to dramatically increase your chances of conception and help you get pregnant fast from the very first use. And now for a limited time, Try a FREE starter pack today & receive 20 FREE pregnancy tests and a FREE Digital BBT Thermometer!Related posts: Miscarriage: 5 Helpful Tips for Coping Miscarriage and Pregnancy After Loss Pregnancy loss Dr. Renee Hanton, MD | Senior Physician Dr. Renee Hanton is Conceive Easy's Senior Physician with expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. Dr. Hanton specializes in the endocrine causes of infertility, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what gives butterscotch its flavor | What is the difference between butterscotch and caramel? Why is butterscotch named that? Food & Drink Other - Food & Drink What is the difference between butterscotch and caramel? Why is butterscotch named that? I know there is a huge difference in flavor... I just can't figure out what the difference is in recipes, like a: Caramel Cake with Caramel frosting vs Butterscotch Cake with Butterscotch frosting. Update: I also know that caramel is chewy and butterscotch is hard. What I need to know is how the difference in FLAVOR.1 following 4 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: Butterscotch is a type of confectionery made by boiling sugar syrup, butter, cream, and vanilla. In many ways the ingredients for butterscotch are similar to toffee; the major difference is that the sugar is boiled to the soft crack stage for butterscotch and the hard crack stage for toffee. Food historians have several theories regarding the name and origin of this candy; none are conclusive. It is possible that the "scotch" part of its name was derived from the word "scorch". The name may also be based on a connection to the country of Scotland. Some have documented that "buttery toffee" is often called butterscotch—Scotch being an old adjective for Scotland—which suggests it was invented in the country. However, the word was first recorded in Doncaster, a Yorkshire city in England, where Samuel Parkinson began making the candy in 1817. Parkinson's Butterscotch had royal approval and was one of Doncaster's attractions until it ceased production in 1977. The recipe was revived in 2003 when a Doncaster businessman and his wife discovered the recipe on an old folded piece of paper inside one of the famous St Leger tins that was in their cellar. The company Parkinson's Doncaster Butterscotch Ltd was formed and is now producing and trading butterscotch made to this original recipe. It sells the product all over the world. While many recipes reference 'butterscotch' as similar or identical to caramel or a caramel sauce, some recipes contain both butter and scotch whisky in the recipe. The scotch gives the confection or sauce a characteristic flavor that was common 50 years ago but has been replaced with a milder flavor profile. For best results, use a strongly flavored Scotch whisky that lacks smoky flavors. --------------------------------------... Caramel is a confection that is beige to dark brown in color, derived from the caramelization of sugar. Caramel is used to flavor puddings, desserts and beverages, such as Coca-Cola. Caramel is also used as a food colorant. Caramel is made by heating sugar slowly to around 170°C/340°F. As the sugar melts and approaches this temperature, the molecules break down into volatile compounds with a characteristic caramel color and flavor. A variety of candies, confections, and desserts are made with caramel: caramel apples, barley sugar, caramel with nuts (such as praline, nougat, or brittle), and caramel with custard (such as crème caramel or crème brûlée). Caramel also refers to a soft, chewy, caramel-flavored candy made by boiling milk, sugar, butter, vanilla essence, water, and glucose syrup. Caramel candy is not heated above the firm ball stage (no more than 120°C/248°F), which would cause caramelization. --------------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------ ----------- ----- --Mad Greek · 1 decade ago3 3 Comment Caramel Vs Butterscotch Source (s):https://shrinks.im/a8KLZkroeck · 1 year ago0 0 Comment The flavor of butterscotch is a blend of butter and brown sugar. Caramel is a mixture produced when granulated sugar has been cooked (caramelized) until it melts and becomes a thick, clear liquid that can range in color from golden to deep brown. A soft caramel is a candy made with a caramelized sugar, butter, and milk. Basically the difference is the type of sugar used. Source (s):http://whatscookingamerica.net/Q-A/Butterscotch Vs Caramel.htm Anonymous · 1 decade ago8 0 Commentdifference butterscotch caramel butterscotch named Maryjane · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Paleo diet its a diet based around eating real food unprocessed and organic. Learn here https://tr.im/M1g P6 Whether you have or not, what you probably don't realize is that it’s the fastest growing “diet” in the world right now. From celebrities, chefs, elite athletes. Even fitness experts is eager to try it or adopt it. And for good reason, because no other diet or eating plan provides so many benefits so fast.delmy · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Interested in Life Alert? Want to buy a domain name? Train To Be a Project Manager Need a Small Business Loan? | Why are carrots orange? Why are carrots orange? December 25, 2009 knowledge beta-carotene, carrots, color, colour, orange, Sue Hartley Carrots are orange because they absorb certain wavelengths of light more efficiently than others. Beta-carotene is the main pigment and is mainly absorbs in the 400-500nm region of the visible spectrum with a peak absorption at about 450nm. Carotenoids are one of the most important groups of natural pigments. They cause the yellow/orange colours of many fruit and vegetables. Though beta-carotene is most abundant in carrots it is also found in pumpkins, apricots and nectarines. Dark green vegetables such as spinach and broccoli are another good source. In these the orange colour is masked by the green colour of chlorophyll. This can be seen in leaves; in autumn, when the leaves die, the chlorophyll breaks down, and the yellow/red colours of the more stable carotenoids can be seen. However, the properties of beta-carotene are not what prompted me to make this blog. Last night I was watching the 4th in the series of Christmast Lectures by Prof Sue Hartley – the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures are a series of lectures given by a prominent scientist each year to an audience of children and broadcast on TV – http://www.rigb.org/registration Control?action=home. Prof Hartley’s lecture was about selective breeding and how humans had used this technique of thousands of years to make food safer and easier to eat. The section about wheat was particularly good. However, she also talked about the colour of carrots and said that not all carrots are indeed orange at all. They come in many varieties including white and purple. Prof Hartley said that it was the Dutch who selectively bred wild (white) and cultivated (purple) carrots to create the orange ones that we all know today. The orange was popular because it is the Netherland’s national colour and, at the time, the Dutch were fighting for independence. It was this story that has led me today – yes, Christmas Day – to make a virtiual visit to the British Carrot museum to research this story. You can follow my tracks at – http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/. Yes, such a place really does exist!It turns out the story is not so clear as that told by Prof Hartley (though I am sure she is aware of this and was simply making it interesting to the children). Certainfly the first cultivated carrots – in the Afghanistan region – were purple and orange carrots were cultivated in Northern Europe about 500 years ago. However, some scholars dispute the Dutch story about breeding orange carrots because orange was the national colour. Indeed, there is, apparently, a Byzantine manuscript from as long ago as 512AD that depicts orange carrots. So the mystery deepens and I have far better things to do on Christmas day than to research this further. Perhaps if any experts in carrot technology come across this page they can add an informative footnote? Share this: Facebook Linked In Google Twitter Email |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.when is best time to plant a tree | . Tree Planting When to Plant a Tree Generally, mid November to late February is the best time to plant trees in the Houston area. Planting in late fall or winter will allow roots to become established before moisture demanding summer sets in. How To Plant A Tree Planting A Container Grown Tree Do not remove tree from container until you're ready to place into planting hole. Fine roots dry out rapidly when exposed to air. Hole Size Dig a hole 2 to 3 times wider than the root ball and slightly shallower. The tree should be planted slightly above the original soil level (this is especially important in heavy clay soils to aid in drainage). Roughen the bottom and sides of your planting hole with a shovel or garden trowel making it easier for roots to penetrate the native soil. When the hole is ready, gently remove tree while lightly pressing against sides of container. If necessary, cut container vertically to dislodge root ball. Placing The Tree In The Hole Set tree gently into hole, lifting by root ball. Tree should be centered and plumb. Cut any circling roots along outer edge of root ball with pruning shears. Hold the tree while backfilling around root ball and tamp soil lightly to eliminate air pockets. Make sure not to cover the root crown (the area of the tree where the roots end and the trunk begins) with soil. Soil covering the root crown can lead to rot at the trunk base. The root ball should be about 1/2 to 1 inch above the surrounding soil. Large clods should be broken apart before backfilling. Mulching Remove any grass or weeds within a 3' minimum diameter circle around tree and create a watering saucer. Cover with 3-4" mulch composed of bark, woodchips compost, pine needles, etc. Do not use fresh grass clippings. Watering Adequate water is essential at planting time. Root zones should be slow-soaked every seven days for four weeks when the tree is first planted. To properly water your new tree place your hose at the base of the tree and allow water to trickle slowly until soil is saturated. The following is a recommended watering schedule for trees in the Houston area. Adjustments to the schedule should be made during prolonged periods of rain or drought. Initial watering after planting: Root zones should be slow-soaked every seven days for four weeks. November-February: Root zones should be slow-soaked every three weeks. October, March & April: Root zones should be slow-soaked every two weeks. May-September: Root zones should be slow-soaked once a week. Care Of Newly Planted Tree After watering, add mulch to compensate for any settling. If necessary, stake tree to keep upright and prune dead, diseased or damaged branches. Research has proven that pruning the crown to "compensate for root loss" actually impedes root regeneration and slows establishment. Structural pruning should be delayed until the second year of growth. WHAT TO PLANT When creating a planting design for your home the first thing you should do is decide what your desired benefits are and match the correct tree to the site conditions. Remember every tree has specific needs that must be met in order for them to develop properly. Some question you should ask include: Is the soil well drained or does it retain water? Is the soil acidic or alkaline? Is there direct sunlight available or mostly shade? Are there any overhead utilities or nearby structures to consider? These and other site factors must be considered when selecting a tree. Once you've determined what species are best suited for your site, you need to decide what you prefer. Do you want a shade tree or a fruit tree? Would you favor a flowering tree or one with attractive fall color? If you are planting near your home for energy savings, consider a deciduous tree. These trees provide shade in the summer while allowing the suns warming rays to penetrate through bare branches during the winter. Once you've determined your needs and wishes your list of candidate trees should be short. Now consider what trees are currently growing in your yard and neighborhood? Providing diversity in your landscape is a good way to minimize the potential impact of disease and insect damage. Tree diversity also benefits your landscape by providing a variety of aesthetic features and wildlife habitats. To assist you with your selection refer to the list of recommended trees for the Houston area. Selecting Your Tree When selecting trees at your nursery, remember, bigger is not always better. The largest trees in a group may have outgrown their containers. Generally, the smaller a tree is when planted, the healthier it will be as it develops and matures. Circling roots can girdle your tree causing stunted growth and poor anchoring. Trees should be free of insects, disease and physical damage. They also should have straight trunks and balanced branching. If a tree appears dormant, scratch a twig to make sure it is green and moist inside. Where To Plant Space is a major factor when deciding where to plant a tree. Trees that are given ample space for growth to their mature size are healthier and require less maintenance. Common problems associated with improperly placed trees include power outages, buckled sidewalks and driveways, and obstructed views of traffic. Deciduous shade trees should be planted on the south and west sides of your house to provide cooling shade in the summer and allow the sun to warm your house in the winter. Some common problems associated with improperly placed trees can include power outages , buckled sidewalks and driveways, and obstructed views of traffic. Trees and power lines can coexist, and potential conflicts can be avoided by selecting and planting trees with size and growth characteristics appropriate to their location. Mature Tree Height Minimum Distance From Structure Up To 30'10' Minimum Distance From Structure30' To 50'15' Minimum Distance From Structure50' Plus Feet20' Minimum Distance From Structure Power outages can occur when branches come close to utility power lines. Trees and power lines can coexist, and potential conflicts can be avoided by selecting and planting trees with size and growth characteristics appropriate to their location. Tree Links• COH Tree Protection Ordinance • Adopt-An-Esplanade • Guide for Community Planting • Harris County Flood Control District • Houston's Regional Forest • Texas Forest Service • Tree Diseases Professional Groups• Int'l Society of Arboriculture • Society of American Foresters Non-Profit Groups• Buffalo Bayou Partnership • Hermann Park Conservancy • Houston Parks Board • Houston Arboretum and Nature Center • Keep Houston Beautiful • Mercer Arboretum • Scenic Houston • Tree City USA • Trees for Houston • Texas Urban Forestry Council | How to Plant Seeds Using the Almanac Planting Table Home »Produce How to Plant Seeds Using the Almanac Planting Table By Robin Coe; Updated September 21, 2017The Old Farmer's Almanac has been used as a guide by farmers since 1792. The original editor, Robert B. Thomas, devised a weather forecasting formula based on his observations of natural cycles. The same formula is used today and is kept secret by the publishers. The almanac provides a guideline for when to begin planting seeds either indoor or outdoors. It also has recommendations for the best times to plant seeds by the moon. Select the types of vegetables you would like to grow in your garden. Make a list in your notebook. Find the Farmer's Almanac Planting Table in either a printed copy or go online at almanac.com/gardening/planting-dates. Type the city and state where you live in the location space above the planting table on the website, or find the regional planting table in your printed copy. Decide where you plan to start plants such as squash, pumpkins, melons, lettuce, cucumbers, cauliflower, cabbage or broccoli indoors. These plants can be started in trays indoors or seeded directly into a garden bed. Tomato, pepper and brussels sprout plants are always best started indoors. Decide if you want to plant your seeds by the moon phases. The Farmer's Almanac provides alternative planting dates for those that like to plant by the moon. The moon is believed to affect both water levels in the soil and seed development. Find each of the vegetables you are planting in the chart. Check the first column of the chart for the best dates to start indoor plant seeds, and the second column for starting indoor plants by the moon. Check the third column of the chart for the best time to plant outdoor plants, or the fourth column if you plan to plant outdoor plants by the moon. Write the dates you've chosen by the vegetable in your list to guide you while planting your garden seeds. Things You Will Need Farmer's Almanac Notebook References The Farmer's Almanac: How the Almanac Got off to a Good Start The Farmer's Almanac: What's an Almanac? The Farmer's Almanac: Planting Dates Resources The Farmer's Almanac: Planting Dates About the Author Based in Ann Arbor, Mich., Robin Coe has reported on a variety of subjects for more than 15 years. Coe has worked on environmental health and safety issues in communities across Ohio and Michigan. Coe holds a Bachelor of Science in journalism with a double-major in international politics from Bowling Green State University. She has also received training and experience as a nurse aide. More Articles Starting Perennials From Seed The Best Tomato Plant Seeds for Pennsylvania Planting Vegetables by the Moon Cycle What Seeds to Plant When in Virginia Information About Outdoor Plants How to Control Scale Insects on Indoor Plants |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.is pandora free on t mobile | Pandora Radio From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Pandora Pandora homepage in November 2016Type of business Public Available in English Traded as NYSE : PRussell 1000 Component Founded January 2000; 18 years ago (as Savage Beast Technologies) Oakland, California, U. S. Headquarters Oakland, California, U. SNo. of locations 26Area served United States Founder (s) Will Glaser Jon Kraft Tim Westergren Key people Roger J. Lynch ( CEO) [1]Services Internet radio Revenue $ 1.38 billion ( FY 2016) [2] [3]Employees 2,200+Subsidiaries Rdio (as of December 22, 2015), Next Big Sound Website pandora .com Alexa rank 371 (May 2017) [4]Advertising Banner ads, video ads, audio ads Registration Optional (required to save stations)Users 81 million active (2016), [5] 4.3 million subscribers (2016) [5]Current status Active Native client (s) on Universal Windows App, i OS, Android Written in Java Pandora Radio (also known as Pandora Internet Radio or simply Pandora) is a music streaming and automated music recommendationinternet radio service powered by the Music Genome Project. As of August 1, 2017, the service, operated by Pandora Media, Inc., is available only in the United States. [6] The service plays songs that have similar musical traits. [7] The user then provides positive or negative feedback (as thumbs up or thumbs down) for songs chosen by the service, and the feedback is taken into account in the subsequent selection of other songs to play. The service can be accessed either through a web browser or with its mobile app on a smartphone. Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Acquisitions2 Features2.1 Streaming2.2 Limitations2.3 Mobile devices3 Technical information4 Business model5 Royalties6 Reception7 Advertising7.1 Revenue7.2 Pitch to advertisers7.3 Methods of advertising7.4 Market segments8 Internet radio competitors9 See also10 References11 External links History [ edit]In 2000, Pandora Media Inc. began as Savage Beast Technologies, and was founded by Will Glaser, Jon Kraft and Tim Westergren. [1] [8] The idea was to create a separate, individualized radio station for each user, with music that the user prefers without music that he or she does not prefer. The company quickly ran through its initial $2 million in funding, running out of money by 2001. Founder Tim Westergren then convinced Pandora's 50 employees of the company to work for two years without pay. [9]Initially, the company pursued a transitional strategy of technology licensing to third parties including AOL, Best Buy, Barnes & Noble, and Tower Records. In 2004, the company returned to its initial vision of producing customized radio stations and changed its name to Pandora Media. [10] The website began as a paid service but quickly changed to an advertising service to make it also available free for users. In 2011, Pandora launched its IPO on the NYSE and is listed as 'P'. [11] On March 7, 2013, Pandora chairman and chief executive Joseph J. Kennedy announced that he would leave the company after nine years. [12] In April 2013, Pandora announced that their radio streaming service had passed 200 million users, about 70 million of whom were active monthly. [13] By December 2013, Pandora was noted as accounting for 70 percent of all Internet radio listening in the United States. [1]On September 1, 2013, Pandora removed a 40-hour-per-month limitation for free mobile listening. [14] In December 2013, i Tunes was described as Pandora's "biggest existential threat". [1]In early 2015, Pandora removed lyrics from song pages but returned them by July. On April 16, 2015, song samples were officially removed. At around the same time, a new feature was introduced to give users the ability to receive notices about their favorite artists through the music player. They also redesigned the thumbs up/down feature to allow the listener to undo their action. By January 2015, songs played on Pandora had received more than 50 billion thumbs up from users. [15]In early 2017, Pandora revealed that 56 million of its 81 million active users subscribe to the Today's Country station and that country music accounted for more than 1.7 billion listening hours on the platform in 2016. [16]On July 14, 2017, Pandora emailed Australian users to notify them that New Zealand and Australian access to Pandora would cease on July 31, 2017. [6]Acquisitions [ edit]On June 11, 2013, Pandora announced it would purchase FM radio station KXMZ in Rapid City, South Dakota. [17] [18] On October 7, 2015, Pandora announced it had acquired independent ticketing agency Ticketfly for $450 million. [19]In November 2015, streaming music service Rdio, founded by Skype co-founders Janus Friis and Niklas Zennstroem, declared bankruptcy and sold its assets to Pandora for $75 million in an all-cash deal. [20] Pandora retained 100 Rdio employees, including Iain Morris and Rich Masio, who joined a growing licensing department in pursuit of direct licenses with labels and publishers. [21]In March 2018, Pandora announced it would acquire digital audio ad technology firm Ads Wizz for $145 million. [22]Features [ edit]Streaming [ edit]This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)A station is set by specifying an artist or song, or a combination of multiple items of any kind in a single station. Listeners can tune into established genre stations, other users' stations or create their own stations based on their musical interests. [23] Each track played can be responded to with favorable (thumbs up) or unfavorable (thumbs down) buttons, which determine if it should be played, and if similarly classified songs should be played in the station. A second negative response to the same artist will ban that artist from the selected station unless the user has marked the artist positively on another occasion or if that artist is listed under the station's variety. No response is applicable to musical attributes or to albums. An unfavorable response immediately stops play of the track. Clicking the thumbs down or skipping to the next song too many times in a row will result in a short ban of skips. Pandora also utilizes short advertisements between every couple of songs. A menu is provided with options, such as "I'm tired of this song" (allowing a user to remove a song from the station temporarily, which counts as a skip), "Why was this song selected?" (allowing users to learn more about the composition of each song), "Move song to another station," "New station," and "Bookmark." A "Buy" button is located at the top of each song block. From there, listeners can click on links to purchase the song from i Tunes or Amazon. There is a setting in each member's account allowing the user to censor songs with explicit lyrics. The censoring option applies exclusively to song versions from albums with a Parental Advisory label, as other songs with censored versions will have that version played. An example is the song Jet Airliner by the Steve Miller Band, which had one word censored for radio play. With explicit lyrics off, that version will play, because the album did not have a PA label. While listening, users are offered the ability to buy the songs or albums at various online retailers. [23] More than 450 musical attributes are considered when selecting the next song. These 450 attributes are combined into larger groups called focus traits. There are 2,000 focus traits. Examples of these are rhythm syncopation, key tonality, vocal harmonies and displayed instrumental proficiency. The service has two subscription plans: a free subscription supported by advertisements, and a fee-based subscription without advertisements. There are advertisements in Pandora Mobile for mobile phones and in the Pandora computer appliance. In October 2014, less than 5 percent of active listeners were paying subscribers. [24] At the time of Pandora's IPO in 2011, Pandora had 800,000 tracks from 80,000 artists in its library and 80 million users. [25] By November 2014, Pandora had approximately doubled its library size, topping 1.5 million songs. [26] As of October 2016, Pandora had 77.9 million active users. [27]In September 2016, Pandora announced additional features and subscription options, including a mid-level subscription service known as Pandora Plus that offers advertisement-free streaming, offline playback support using a prediction mechanism and more skips and replays. Users of the free advertisements-included service also were provided more skips and replays in exchange for watching an advertisement. Pandora also announced the launch of an on-demand service similar to competitors such as Apple Music and Spotify. [28] [29]On March 13, 2017, Pandora launched Pandora Premium, a new service allowing users to listen to and create playlists of individual songs on demand. Pandora's suggestions engine suggests and recommends songs and albums, as well as generate playlists based on similar songs. Pandora also emphasized a use of machine learning and manual curation, and that it had filtered "karaoke tracks, knock-off covers and pet sounds (but not Pet Sounds) that slow down other services" from its library. [30]Limitations [ edit]To comply with the requirements and protections offered by the DMCA, Pandora serves users only in the United States, using IP addresses to block users from non-complying countries. [31]Rewind is not permitted. Until May 2009, six skips per station were allowed per hour, further limited to 72 skips every 24 hours. Giving a thumbs-down response, or a "don't play for a month" response count as skips. [ citation needed] On May 21, 2009, the skip limit was altered such that it counts total skips from all stations with the limitation of twelve total skips every 24 hours. If a listener gives a song a thumbs-down or "don't play for a month" after the limit has been exceeded, the song will continue to play; it is only after the song has completed that it becomes subject to the listener's restrictions. [ citation needed] Play of a single artist is limited, as Pandora provides similar music, not a play-on-demand service. [ citation needed]Initially, users with free accounts could listen to 40 hours of music a month, and could pay $0.99 per month for unlimited streaming. In September 2011, Pandora removed the 40-hour listening limit. [32] This 40-hour limit on free listening was re-introduced in March 2013 for mobile devices. [33] However, this limit was removed once more on September of the same year. [14]Mobile devices [ edit]Pandora i OS App Pandora is available on i OS devices. [34] It is ad-supported and retains the original skip limits. Pandora is also available on Android (for tablets and mobile phones) [35], and Black Berry 10 handsets via the Amazon app store. The Windows Mobile client is limited to a select number of handsets; however, the installer is available from 3rd party sources and works fine or with only minor display glitches on most devices. In March 2013, it became available on Windows Phone 8 as a free app with ad-free streaming until 2014. [36]The Pandora for Black Berry OS (7.1 and earlier) application is limited to AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, T-Mobile, Boost Mobile, and U. S. Cellular carriers, but visiting the Pandora website directly other Black Berry users have been successful in downloading and using the application. [37]Technical information [ edit]The Pandora media player is based on Open Laszlo. [38] Pandora can also be accessed through many media streaming devices such as Roku, Reciva-based radios (from companies like Grace Digital, Sanyo, and Sangean ), Frontier Silicon-based connected audio systems, Slim Devices, Sonos, [39] and HEOS by Denon. [40] product (s). On July 11, 2008, Pandora launched a mobile version of their software for the Apple i Phone and i Pod Touch through the i Tunes App Store. Pandora is also available for Windows Phone, Windows 10, Android phones, [41] Black Berry platforms, HP web OS (used on the Palm Pre, Palm Pixi, Palm Pre 2, and HP Veer ). Pandora was the provider for MSN Radio until MSN discontinued their internet radio service on June 18, 2008. [42] A modified version of Pandora has been made available for Sprint. Pandora is available on Comcast 's X1/X2 cable TV products. A GNU/Linux-based application, called Pithos, which is available for accessing Pandora Radio, is available for most distributions via their repositories and is also available to build from source. Sound Spectrum 's i OS-based visualizing application Tunr [43] has native support for Pandora, but requires a ONE subscription. With a subscription to Pandora's One service, Windows and Mac users can download a desktop application for Pandora that uses the Adobe Air without using a web browser to access Pandora. All the normal functionality is included such as thumbs up/down, skip, pause and access to all channels on a user's account. Business model [ edit]Pandora decided to be a consumer-oriented music discovery service, specifically a non-interactive radio station. In the three months that ended October 31, 2011, advertising comprised 88% of Pandora's total revenues; [44] a figure of 80% was reported for this metric in December 2013. [1] RPM (revenue per 1000s of hours) is determined based on CPMs (cost per thousand impressions). CPMs are largely dependent upon network effects and thus increase as a website scales and adds users. As such, Pandora's strategy in order to allow for widespread distribution was to offer a service unbundled from devices and transport. Pandora is currently working with system-on-chip manufacturers to embed its technologies on the chips they sell to consumer electronics manufacturers like Samsung, Sony, and Panasonic. [45]Pandora's cost structure is highly variable, with content acquisition costs representing roughly 50% of total costs. [44] There are three main costs associated with content acquisition. First, Sound Exchange collects content fees on behalf of labels or artists on the recording themselves. These are by far the largest content acquisition costs. [ citation needed] Second, Pandora pays licensing fees to agencies such as BMI, ASCAP, or SESAC in order to compensate composers, songwriters and publishers. Lastly, Pandora also pays Rovi for song and artist information; this has recently been structured as a flat monthly fee. High variable costs mean that Pandora does not have significant operating leverage, and in the next couple years might actually have negative operating leverage due to an unfavorable shift in product mix towards mobile. Pandora is currently estimated to monetize mobile hours at roughly one-ninth the rate of desktop hours. [46] Since Pandora pays the same licensing cost per hour irrespective of the user's platform, the net contribution to earnings per mobile hour is even more skewed with respect to contribution to earnings from desktop hours. Mobile revenues will improve over time as Pandora shifts from relying on third-party ad networks to selling ad inventory internally at premium rates. In January 2011, Pandora met with investment banks to consider a possible $100 million IPO. [47] [48] The company filed with the SEC for a $100mm IPO on February 11, 2011 and officially began trading on the New York Stock Exchange with ticker symbol "P" on June 15, 2011 at a price of $16/share. This gave them a valuation of nearly $2.6 billion. [49]Pandora announced $80.8 million in total revenue for their first quarter of fiscal 2012, which was up 58% over their previous year Q1 results. Of the $80.8 million, $70.6 million came from advertising, while the other $10.2 million came from subscription. In addition, Pandora has seen a 62% advertising revenue increase, and a 38% subscription revenue increase year-over-year. [50] However, the vast majority of Pandora's users remain on the free, ad-supported model. Royalties [ edit]In 2007, a federal panel agreed with a Sound Exchange request and ordered a doubling of the per-song performance royalty that Web radio stations pay to performers and record companies. Under this scheme, internet radio would pay double the royalty paid by satellite radio. Because of the passage of DMCA in 1998 that increased fees and asked for licensing guarantees, the Pandora service was only available in Australia, New Zealand and the United States, [51] [52] until service to Australia and New Zealand ceased on 1 August 2017 after "consideration of external factors". [6] These rulings affect all U. S.-based Internet-based radio stations (terrestrial radio is not affected). As of July 2008, Pandora was in talks with major music labels regarding royalty issues to allow a return to the European market. Costs remain a concern because of European royalty standards and a low demand for paid music services. [53]In 2008, the founder of Pandora stated that the company may be on the verge of collapse. Royalty fees account for a majority portion of Pandora's revenues. If an agreement between Pandora and Sound Exchange had not been reached, it could have meant the end of Pandora. "We're losing money as it is," said Tim Westergren. "The moment we think this problem in Washington is not going to get solved, we have to pull the plug because all we're doing is wasting money." [54]On September 30, 2008, a bill was passed by the U. S. House and Senate to allow sites like Pandora to continue negotiations with Sound Exchange into 2009. On July 7, 2009, Pandora announced that an agreement had been reached regarding the royalty issue, which would significantly reduce the royalty rate, making it possible for Pandora to stay in business. Also announced was that free listening would be limited to 40 hours per month, but can be extended to unlimited for that month for USD $0.99. "The revised royalties are quite high," the company's blog notes, "higher in fact than any other form of radio". [55] The extended listening fee differs from "upgrading", which also disables advertisements, increases the bitrate from 64 to 192 kbps, and provides a dedicated music player (as opposed to listening through browser). This service, known as "Pandora One", costs $36 and is billed annually. [56] Pandora has since introduced an option to purchase Pandora One subscriptions on a monthly basis at a rate of $3.99 per month. [57] Also, in September 2013, Pandora began working with Hit Bliss to make Pandora One subscriptions available for Hit Bliss earned-payment. [58]With an update to the Pandora player in September 2011, the 40 hour cap was extended to 320 hours. [32] [59]On November 22, 2011, Pandora reported its Q3 earnings. Royalty costs accounted for 50% of revenue, slightly better than expected. Its revenue, most of it from advertising, continues to rise at respectable rates. Not only has Pandora attracted more users but the average number of hours per user have also increased. Pandora now accounts for an estimated 4% of total US listening hours. As Pandora grows, it hopes to gain leverage on music labels and drive royalty costs down. [60]On December 9, 2011, the CEO of Spotify, Daniel Ek, announced Spotify Radio would offer an unlimited number of stations and unlimited skips. Though Pandora's usage is 70% mobile, the Spotify Radio app competes against Pandora's mobile market. [61]Pandora CEO Tim Westergren has supported The Internet Radio Fairness Act or IRFA (H. R. 6480/S. 3609), which would reduce the company's royalty payments to the performers by 80 percent. [62]On November 5, 2012, Pandora filed suit in federal district court against ASCAP over royalty fees. [63] In the suit, the company sought to advocate for lower licensing fees on all the songs represented by the ASCAP's 435,000 members. [64] On February 27, 2013, Pandora announced a 40-hour-per-month limit on free mobile listening. Pandora CEO Tim Westergren cited escalating royalty costs as the reason for the mobile cap. [65]In a ruling made public earlier this year, US District Judge Denise Cote ruled that Pandora's rate paid to ASCAP should remain the same—1.85%. She cited (p. 97) "troubling coordination" between two of the biggest publishing companies (Sony and UMPG) and ASCAP that alludes to core antitrust concern in the industry. [66]After arguing that both ASCAP and BMI were showing bias towards international broadcasters who own terrestrial radio stations, Pandora announced on June 11, 2013 that it would attempt to acquire KXMZ, a radio station in South Dakota, under the presumption that doing so would allow it to access the same preferential licensing terms offered to services such as i Heart Radio (which is owned by i Heart Media, Inc., itself America's largest radio broadcaster). [17] [18] The move was criticized by David Israelite, CEO of the National Music Publishers Association, who declared that Pandora was now "at war with songwriters," and had lost its credibility because it was resorting to "lawsuits and gimmicks" to make its point. However, a member of Public Knowledge praised the move, by stating that it was "a perfect example of the twisted incentives and strange results we get from a music licensing system that is based on who wants a license instead of just what they want to do with the music they’re using." [67] [68] ASCAP also objected to the deal, filing a petition to deny with the FCC. The organization argued that the acquisition was not in the public interest because of Pandora's intent to use it as a "bargaining chip" for royalty payments. ASCAP also alleged that Pandora did not provide enough information about its ownership structure, failing to prove that less than 25% of the company was owned by foreign interests. On January 14, 2014, the FCC denied the acquisition until Pandora "demonstrate [s] adequate support for its foreign ownership compliance certification." [69] [70]On September 1, 2013, Pandora removed the 40-hour-per-month limit on free mobile listening (originally announced on February 27, 2013). Pandora stated that it was able to make this change "thanks to the rapid progress of its mobile advertising." [71]In 2014, Pandora signed an agreement with some music copyright owners for lower royalties in exchange for more frequent streaming of songs. Though not illegal, this practice raised comparisons to payola, which is illegal payment for airplay on terrestrial radio. [72]On September 15, 2016, Pandora released "Pandora Plus", a new subscription service to compete with other streaming services; the price was set at $4.99 and was available in later months. [73]Reception [ edit]In May 2010, Pandora was named in Lead411's 2010 Hottest San Francisco Companies list. [74] In 2013, Entertainment Weekly compared a number of music services and granted Pandora a "B-", writing, "Free streaming radio, $36 a year to go ad-free. Launched in 2005, Pandora is available on just about every platform. There's no on-demand, though, and stations tend to draw from a relatively small pool of albums." [75] As of March 2014, the annual option was eliminated, and the $3.99 monthly plan was the only way to get Pandora One. The price rose to $4.99 a month in July 2014. The annual subscription was brought back and is now $54.89 a year. Advertising [ edit]Before Pandora introduced advertising it initially offered a subscription-only service without commercials. However, the idea of paying did not sit well with most U. S. consumers and the company had to consider alternative business models to offer a free service. Then, in December 2005 Pandora sold its first advertisement. [76]In 2015, Pandora began playing more advertisements per hour in certain geographies and demographics. Pandora normally plays no more than 3 advertisements per hour for free users. [77]Revenue [ edit]Pandora became fairly popular within just two years. Starting from 2010 to 2012 Pandora's registered users had increased from 45 million to 125 million. The company's revenue increased from $55 million to $274 million, in which a majority of it from advertising. In order to appeal to a large audience of consumers, Pandora offers ad-free access for $36 a year. [78] During its 2011 fiscal year, Pandora reported $138 million in revenue with a $1.8 million net loss, excluding the cost of a special dividend associated with the IPO. [79] Overall, Pandora controls 78 percent of Internet radio, and it has a 9.3 percent share of the U. S. public radio. Finally, in 2013 industry-wide total radio ad revenue increased to $17.6 billion in the U. S. [80]Pitch to advertisers [ edit]Pandora obtains its advertisers by explaining that the company reaches a narrower audience compared to terrestrial radio. "Pandora's pitch to advertisers is that its technology can cater to consumers with far greater precision than radio – it can pinpoint listeners by age and sex, ZIP code or even musical taste." [78]Methods of advertising [ edit]There are a few different methods of advertising on Pandora. Audio advertising comes in spots of 15 to 30 seconds, and run once every 20 minutes. However, users only encounter ads if they are engaging with the site, like contributing a thumbs up or a thumbs down when changing a song or station. [81]Next, there are banner ads which are featured on the wallpaper of the site. As noted by the New York Times, banner ads are on Pandora in order "to promote engagement, audio segments can be accompanied by clickable display ads offering coupons or product information. [81]Advertising on Pandora works through a method of collecting data from the users online browsing activity. Once the data is collected, the company uses the data to show the user target ads. This process of advertising is also known as behavioral advertising. Pandora offers its users the option of submitting out of the targeted ads, by an opt-out configuration on its website. Opting-out will only prevent targeted ads, meaning users may continue to see generic (non-targeted ads) from these companies after they opt-out. Eventually, Pandora offers either targeted advertisements or generic advertisements for its non-subscribed users. [82] However, Pandora's advertising does not offer local content such as the local news, weather, traffic, and talk. [78]Market segments [ edit]Pandora has created two market segments, one for Spanish listeners, and another for English listeners. By creating multiple market segments, Pandora's advertising is customized to its users' needs. In order to create the first two market segments, the company cross-referenced its registered user data with U. S. census. Then, the cross reference allows the company to identify zip codes with high populations of Hispanic and Spanish-speaking people, and finally it ran tests overlaying the two data sets to infer which listeners fit into those buckets. [83]Internet radio competitors [ edit]Starting in the early 2010s, new entrants entered the personalized radio market, such as Grooveshark (launched 2007), i Heart Radio (launched 2008), Mog.com, Tune In (founded 2002), Accu Radio, Rhapsody (launched 2001), and Europe's Spotify, all threatening to use the concept of "true" on-demand access to online music as a challenge to Pandora's personalized radio. Europe's most popular online streaming music service, Spotify, launched in 2006 and arrived in the U. S. in mid-2011. As of 2016, Spotify has a catalogue of over 30 million songs compared to Pandora's library of around 1.5 – 2 million. [84] As pointed out by editors Miranda Ferrara and Michele La Meau, "Spotify allows users to upload their own songs to the online library. While Pandora allows listeners to connect to the social media site Facebook to see what their friends are listening to, Spotify users can quickly and easily share playlists with their friends through Facebook, Twitter, email, and SMS text messages". The second competitor that is targeting Pandora's personalized radio appeal is i Heart Radio. Editors Miranda Ferrara and Michele La Meau note "i Heart Radio is the largest radio operator in the United States with 237 million listeners and 800 stations in 150 markets, i Heart Radio, like Pandora, offers listeners the opportunity to like or dislike a song in order to receive recommendations on other tunes. It also offers custom tools that allow the listener to discover new artists or more songs based on existing choices". [76]Sirius XM has also become a competitor in recent years due to online-only accounts and being able to customize stations; their wide availability in both the new and used car market also gives it an advantage over Pandora. When acquiring XM Satellite Radio in 2007, Sirius actually accurately predicted that it would be competing against streaming services like Pandora in its argument with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over whether the merging of the only two satellite radio companies in North America would cause antitrust issues. [85] [86]As recognized by the Ad Age staff, "Pandora has about 76 million monthly users, and about a 70% share of the internet radio market in the U. S." [87] Ad Age predicted that competition would likely intensify due to Apple's acquisition of the Beats Music service, but Apple announced that it would be closing the service on November 30, 2015. [88]Yet even with all of its competition, Pandora's Promoted Stations rely on its core Music Genome Project. Overall, the Music Genome Project of more than 450 attributes assigned to each song with a human-curated database of recorded music gives a big edge over competitors like Spotify and Beats Music. [89]See also [ edit]List of Internet radio stations List of online music databases References [ edit]^ a b c d e Guglielmo, Connie (December 2, 2013). "Pandora Plays Nice" (paper). Forbes. pp. 46, 48.^ "Pandora Reports Q4 and Full Year 2016 Financial Results" (PDF). February 9, 2017. Full Year 2016 Financial Results. [ self-published source]^ Di Pietro, Frank (July 12, 2017). "Back to the Future With Pandora". The Motley Fool. Retrieved July 23, 2017.^ "Pandora.com Site Info". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017.^ a b "Pandora Reports Q4 and Full Year 2016 Financial Results" (Press release). Pandora. February 9, 2017 – via Business Wire. [ self-published source]^ a b c "Pandora No Longer Available in Australia and New Zealand". Pandora Customer Support. Retrieved July 14, 2017.^ Layton, Julia. "How Pandora Radio Works". How Stuff Works. Retrieved July 23, 2017.^ Clifford, Stephanie (October 1, 2007). "Pandora's Long Strange Trip". inc.com. Retrieved October 1, 2015.^ Par, Sam (May 26, 2016) "How Pandora's Founder Convinced 50 Early Employees to Work 2 Years Without Pay." The Hustle.^https://web.archive.org/web/20050620075040/http://www.pandora.com/^ In The War Over Tech IPOs, The New York Stock Exchange Is Drawing Some Blood June 24, 2011^ Sisario, Ben. "Chief Executive at Pandora Media to Step Down". Media Decoder Blog. Retrieved October 29, 2016.^ Wauters, Robin (April 9, 2013). "Pandora hits 200 million registered users in the US, 1.5 billion monthly listener hours". TNW News. Retrieved October 1, 2015.^ a b "Pandora will remove its 40 hour per month mobile listening cap on September 1st". The Next Web. August 22, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.^ 50 Billion Thumbs January 29, 2015.^ Can country music save Pandora? The Verge Retrieved March 15, 2018^ a b "Pandora buys FM radio station in a wily move to fight music labels". The Verge. Retrieved June 13, 2013.^ a b Harrison, Christopher (June 11, 2013). "Why Pandora bought an FM radio station".^ "Game changer: Pandora confirms $450m acquisition of Ticketfly". musicbusinessworldwide. October 7, 2015. Retrieved December 30, 2015.^ By James Risley, Geek Wire. " Rdio to shut down streaming music service, sells assets to Pandora for $75M ." November 16, 2015. November 17, 2015.^ "Can these former Rdio execs woo the music biz for Pandora? - Music Business Worldwide". Music Business Worldwide. January 25, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.^ "Pandora doubles down on ad tech with acquisition of Ads Wizz for $145 million – Tech Crunch". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 2018-04-04.^ a b "Guide to Pandora Internet Music Streaming". Lifewire. Retrieved 2017-12-06.^ "Pandora Media's (P) CEO Brian Mc Andrews on Q3 2014 Results – Earnings Call Transcript". Seeking Alpha. October 24, 2014.^ "With 80 Million Users, Pandora Files To Go Public". Tech Crunch. February 11, 2011.^ Sydell, Laura (November 26, 2014). "Pandora's New Deal: Different Pay, Different Play". NPR. Retrieved June 30, 2015.^ "Pandora Media Number of Employees". DMR. October 25, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2016.^ "Pandora relaunches its mid-level $5 monthly subscription tier [Updated]". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved March 13, 2017.^ "Pandora launches song replays, more skips for all". CNET. Retrieved March 13, 2017.^ "Pandora's on-demand music service finally arrives". Tech Crunch. AOL. Retrieved March 13, 2017.^ "Breaking Pandora's Heart..." Pandora Blog. Retrieved September 27, 2015.^ a b "New Pandora for All" Archived September 23, 2011, at the Wayback Machine .. Pandora Blog. September 22, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.^ Pandora caps monthly free tunes on mobiles to 40 hours — Tech News and Analysis. Gigaom.com (February 28, 2013). Retrieved January 17, 2014.^ "Pandora Music on the App Store". App Store.^ Pandora (November 19, 2017). "Pandora Music" – via Google Play.^ "Pandora for Windows Phone 8 is here—for free, ad-free until 2014, and with exclusive features". Retrieved March 24, 2013.^ "Pandora Radio - Free Download & App Review". www.softandapp.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.^ "Showcase". Open Laszlo. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2014.^ "Sonos Multi-Room Music System". Web.archive.org. April 21, 2008. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2014.^ "HEOS by Denon Wireless Speakers".^ Pandora Radio is now available to stream music on your Android phone. Retrieved September 17, 2009.^ "Free online radio removed from MSN". Msrplans.com. June 19, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2014.^ "Tunr - All-in-One Visual Music Player by Sound Spectrum". www.soundspectrum.com. Retrieved March 4, 2017.^ a b Pandora Media, Inc. " 2011 3rd Quarter Report, SEC Form 10-Q ." November 29, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2011.^ "An Update on Pandora in Your Living Room". Archived from the original on November 28, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2011.^ Fixmer, Andy; Levy, Ari (October 11, 2011). "Pandora Slow to Lure Mobile-Ad Dollars Even as Users Flock". Bloomberg. Retrieved December 2, 2011.^ Baldwin, Clare (January 13, 2011). "UPDATE 1-Groupon, Pandora met this week with IPO bankers". Reuters.^ Yarow, Jay (March 8, 2010). "Pandora Was Saved By The i Phone, Now It's Thinking IPO". Business Insider. Retrieved November 6, 2012.^ "Internet Radio Company Pandora Sets IPO". Cabot Investing Advice. June 15, 2011. Archived from the original on July 31, 2011. Retrieved November 6, 2012.^ Lardinois, Frederic. May 24th, 2012. "Pandora's Quarterly Results: $80.8M In Revenue, 52M Active Users & 3.09B Listening Hours." https://techcrunch.com/2012/05/23/pandoras-quarterly-results-80-8m-in-revenue-52m-active-users-3-09b-listening-hours-per-month/^ "Breaking Pandora's Heart..." Pandora Blog. May 3, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2007.^ "Canada". Pandora Blog. May 14, 2007. Retrieved May 15, 2007.^ "Pandora UK closes after royalties demands". The Register. January 8, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2008.^ Peter Whoriskey, "Giant of Internet Radio Nears Its 'Last Stand'", The Washington Post, August 16, 2008^ "Pandora: Important update on royalties". Blog.pandora.com. July 7, 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2014.^ Unlimited ad-free listening for $36 per year, pandora.com. Retrieved September 17, 2009.^ Pandora One Cost, pandora.com^ "Pandora One Subscriptions via". Hitbliss.com. Retrieved April 8, 2014. [ permanent dead link]^ "Pandora Unleashes Redesigned Music Player With No Listening Cap". Retrieved September 21, 2011.^ Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry and Henry Blodget, "Pandora Still Growing Like Gangbusters -- Now 4% Of Total US Radio Listening" Archived January 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ., Business Insider, November 23, 2011.^ Henry Blodget and Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry, "Spotify Announces 'Spotify Radio' -- Presumably A Pandora-Killer" Archived December 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ., Business Insider, December 9, 2011^ Orlowski, Andrew (October 17, 2012). "Pandora boss urges 85% pay cut for musicians". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved April 8, 2014.^ "Pandora sues ASCAP over songwriter fees, asks court to establish 'reasonable' licensing". November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012.^ "Pandora sues ASCAP Seeking Lower Songwriter Fees". Bloomberg. November 5, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2012.^ Tim Westergren, "A note to our listeners", Pandora.com, February 27, 2013^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF COMPOSERS, AUTHORS, AND PUBLISHERS, Defendant. 97. United States District Court, Southern District of New York. March 18, 2014. Title 17: The S (c)ite For Copyright Law. Paul Fakler, March 19, 2014. Web. November 23, 2014.^ "CEO of top music publishers' trade group says Pandora is at war with songwriters". The Verge. Retrieved June 13, 2013.^ Griffin, Jodie. "Why Internet Radio Royalties Led Pandora to Buy an FM Radio Station". Public Knowledge. Retrieved June 14, 2013.^ "FCC Shelves Pandora's Bid For South Dakota Radio Station". Billboard.biz. Retrieved February 12, 2014.^ "Music licensor seeks to block Pandora from running a radio station". The Register. Retrieved February 12, 2014.^ "Pandora Removes 40-Hour-Per-Month Limit On Free Mobile Listening" [ permanent dead link], Pandora.com, August 22, 2013^ "Pandora's New Deal: Different Pay, Different Play". NPR.org. November 26, 2014.^ "Pandora launches "Pandora" Plus replacing Pandora One". reuters.com. September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.^ "Lead411 launches "Hottest Companies in San Francisco" awards". Lead411.com. May 18, 2010. Archived from the original on October 17, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2014.^ Anderson, Kyle (January 18, 2013). "What's the Best Music Service?". Entertainment Weekly. New York: Time Inc.: 14.^ a b "Pandora Radio/Music Genome Project." Innovation Masters: History's Best Examples of Business Transformation. Ed. Miranda H. Ferrara and Michele P. La Meau. Detroit: Gale, 2012. 267-270. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. June 10, 2014.^ Wilking, Rick. "Yes, you're hearing more ads on Pandora these days". Quartz. Reuters. Retrieved July 25, 2015.^ a b c Sisario, Ben; Vega, Tanzina (April 15, 2012). "Pandora Courts Local Advertisers by Reaching a Narrow Audience". The New York Times.^ Pandora Media, Inc. " Prospectus, SEC Form S-1 ." June 14, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.^ Palazzo, Anthony (May 20, 2014). "Pandora Can Extend Lead in Online Music, CFO Herring Says". Bloomberg.^ a b Sisario, Ben; Vega, Tanzina (April 15, 2012). "Pandora Courts Local Advertisers by Reaching a Narrow Audience" – via www.nytimes.com.^ "Your Advertising Choices".^ Tim Peterson (November 14, 2013). "Pandora Looks Past the Tracking Cookie By Mining User Data".^ Peckham, Matt. "13 Streaming Music Services Compared by Price, Quality, Catalog Size and More". Time.com. Time. Retrieved November 13, 2015.^ Scott Moritz, "Justice Department approves XM-Sirius deal," Fortune, March 24, 2008.^ Philip Shenon, "Justice Dept. Approves XM Merger With Sirius," New York Times, March 25, 2008.^ "U. S. to Review Rules Covering Pandora Songwriter Fees – Media – Advertising Age". June 4, 2014.^ Variety-Yahoo Partner, "Apple To Close Down Beats Music In Two Weeks," Yahoo Music, November 13, 2015.^ Evangelista, Benny (May 11, 2014). "Pandora advertisers hope to turn tunes into dollars". The San Francisco Chronicle. External links [ edit]Official website Pandora featured in Fast Company Inside Pandora: Web Radio That Listens to You (O'Reilly Digital Media article)The Flux podcast interview with Tim Westergren, founder of Pandora Pandora feature on WNBC-TVClosing Pandora's Box: The End of Internet Radio?, May 3, 2007 interview with Tim Westergren Pandora adds classical music Interview with Tim Westergren about the Music Genome Project and Pandora Dave Dederer & nu Tsie Challenge Pandora Inc. Magazine profile of Tim Westergren New York Times article on Tim Westergren and Pandora Pink Floyd: Pandora's Internet radio royalty ripoff USA TODAY, 2013 [ hide]v t e Music digital distribution platforms Digital library Music download Online music store Streaming media Active7digital 8tracks.com Amazon Music Anghami Apple Music Baidu Music Bandcamp Bandit.fm Beatport Bleep.com CD Baby Classical Archives Claro Música Deezer Digitally Imported Ditto Music Djshop Electric Jukebox Emu Bands e Music Gaana.com Google Play Music HDtracks Hoopla Icecast i Heart Radioi Tunes Store Jamendo JOOX Juno Records KKBox Ku Gou Last.fm Line Music Live365 Magnatune Melon Mixcloud MOOV Murfie Music Station Music Glue Mziiki Napster Net Ease Music Nimbit Noise Trade ONErpm Over Drive, Inc. Pandora Patari Pay Play. FM Play Station Music Playster Pono Qobuz QQ Music Raaga.com Radical.fm Radionomy Saavn Sellaband Slacker Spinlet Spotify Sound Cloud Shazam Style Jukebox Tidal Twine Wi MP You Tube Discontinued Amie Street Aupeo Beats Music Black Berry World Blinkbox Music Buy Music Ghost Tunes Go Music Now Groove Music Grooveshark Guvera Internet Underground Music Archive imeem i Mesh Kazaa Mixcrate Mog MP3.com Music Unlimited Nokia Store Mix Radio Play Now Arena Press Play Puretracks rara Rdio Simfy Songza Spinner Spiral Frog Stardock Central Streamwaves Ubetoo Wowloud Yahoo! Music Radio/LAUNCHcast Yahoo! Music Unlimited Zune Marketplace Categories: Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Online music and lyrics databases Internet radio in the United States Android (operating system) software Black Berry software IOS software Streaming music services Windows Phone software Companies based in Oakland, California2000 establishments in California Recommender systems Watch OS software 2011 initial public offerings | . Sorry about that... An extension caused this webpage to stop working. Please disable any extensions that might block ads to continue. ERROR_19847 |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how long is flight from honolulu to tokyo | Flight time from Honolulu to Tokyo Flight time from Honolulu to Tokyo If you are actually flying from Honolulu, United States to Tokyo, Japan or if you are just curious to know the flight time between Honolulu and Tokyo, this page will give you the information you are looking for. Departure Honolulu Arrival Tokyo Flight time from Honolulu to Tokyo is 8 hours 10 minutes Non-Stop flight duration from HNL to HND is 8 hours 10 minutes (Operated by American Airlines)RELATED: Flight time from Tokyo to Honolulu The nearest airport to Honolulu, is Honolulu International Airport (HNL) and the nearest airport to Tokyo, is Tokyo Haneda International Airport (HND)Distance from Honolulu to Tokyo is approximately 6200 kilometers. Flights from Honolulu to Tokyo • Airlines & Flight Duration Flights operated by major airlines departing from Honolulu arrive at Tokyo Haneda International Airport, New Tokyo International Airport or Yokota Afb Airport. Tokyo is served by 3 international airports. Airline & Journey Duration Hawaiian Airlines HNL ➝ HND 8 hrs 10 mins Japan Airlines HNL ➝ HND 8 hrs 10 mins United Airlines HNL ➝ HND 8 hrs 25 mins Korean Air HNL ➝ NRT 9 hrs 20 mins China Airlines HNL ➝ NRT 9 hrs 25 mins Flight time from Honolulu to Tokyo via Los Angeles • HNL to NRT via LAXFlight duration from Honolulu International Airport to New Tokyo International Airport via Los Angeles International Airport, United States on American Airlines flight is 22 hours 54 minutes HNL to LAX 5 hrs 18 mins LAX Waiting Time 5 hrs 41 mins LAX to NRT 11 hrs 55 mins Total Duration: 22 hrs 54 mins Flight time from Honolulu to Tokyo via Seoul • HNL to NRT via ICNFlight duration from Honolulu International Airport to New Tokyo International Airport via Incheon International Airport, South Korea on Korean Air flight is 29 hours 40 minutes HNL to ICN 10 hrs 40 mins ICN Waiting Time 16 hrs 40 mins ICN to NRT 2 hrs 20 mins Total Duration: 29 hrs 40 mins How long does it take to fly from Honolulu to Tokyo? Non-stop flights from Honolulu to Tokyo takes anywhere between 8 hours to 10 hours based on the airline you choose. Fastest one-stop flight between Honolulu and Tokyo takes close to 13 hours . However, some airlines could take as long as 39 hours based on the stopover destination and waiting duration. This is the average non-stop flight time from Honolulu to any of the 3 airports in Tokyo. Apparantly, connecting flights and direct flights with stopover take longer time than non-stop flights. In such cases, Honolulu - Tokyo flight time depend on the layover destination specified by your airline or the one you choose while booking your ticket. Waiting time at intermediate airports could be anywhere between 1 hr to 24 hrs . Flight time from Honolulu, United States to airports near Tokyo, Japan Direct flight and one stop flight time from Honolulu International Airport, Honolulu to airports nearest to Tokyo is given in the table below Journey To Stops & Duration Sendai, Sendai Airport HNL - SDJ8 hrs 20 mins Non-Stop Tokyo, New Tokyo International Airport HNL - NRT8 hrs 55 mins Non-Stop Tokoname, Centrair Airport HNL - NGO9 hrs 20 mins Non-Stop Airlines operating flights between Honolulu and Tokyo American Airlines All Nippon Airways Delta Air Lines Hawaiian Airlines Japan Airlines United Airlines Honolulu time is 19 hours behind Tokyo Current time in Honolulu, United States : Mon, 2 Apr, 2018, Honolulu Timezone: HST (-10:00)03:19 AMCurrent time in Tokyo, Japan :, Mon, 2 Apr, 2018, Tokyo Timezone: JST (+09:00)10:19 PMHNL to HND Flight - Honolulu Airport to Tokyo Airport Flight Route Map Location of Honolulu Airport & Tokyo Airport is given below. Click the map to view Honolulu to Tokyo flight path and travel direction. Load Map Find flying time from Honolulu International Airport or Honolulu or any other airport or city in United States to various other destinations around the world using this flight time calculator. A list of major Cities/Airports around the world is given below. Click on any of the airport names given below to find the flight distance from Honolulu to those airports. Dubai, Dubai Airport New York, John F Kennedy International Airport Toronto, Lester B. Pearson International Airport Minneapolis, Minneapolis - St. Paul International Airport Cancun, Cancun International Airport Jakarta, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Newark, Newark Liberty International Airport Houston, George Bush Intercontinental Airport Nairobi, Jomo Kenyatta International Airport Addis Ababa, Bole International Airport Find flight time from Honolulu International Airport or Honolulu or any other airport or city in United States to various other destinations around the world using this flight time calculator. Find Flight Time Between Cities Between Airports From City To City Enter the name of cities or airports between which you wish to travel and calculate flight time. Airports Indian Railway Jet Lag Calculator Maps Timezones Distance Calculator | Flights from Dallas to Honolulu, United States Cheap Flights > Dallas-United States > Dallas-Hawaii > Dallas > Honolulu Did you mean flights from Honolulu to Dallas? Flights from Dallas to Honolulu, United States TIPSave $125 by flying into Maui Kahului instead of Honolulu from Dallas Dallas to Honolulu We've scanned 66,374,763,237 round trip itineraries and found the cheapest flights to Honolulu. United & Alaska frequently offer the best deals to Honolulu flights, or select your preferred carrier below to see the cheapest days to fly. DFW HNL Tue 4/24 United 1 stop HNL DFW Tue 5/1 United 1 stop Check Rates$543Select DFW HNL Sat 4/28 Alaska 1 stop HNL DFW Fri 5/4 Alaska 1 stop Check Rates$563Select DFW HNL Sun 4/15 Virgin America 1 stop HNL DFW Thu 4/19 Virgin America 1 stop Check Rates$589Select DFW HNL Tue 4/24 American 1 stop HNL DFW Mon 4/30 American 1 stop Check Rates$627Select How Much is a Flight from Dallas to Honolulu? We have collected flight cost data from across the web for travel from Dallas to Honolulu, and have found the average flight price for this trip to be $560. Where To Buy Cheap Flights from Dallas to Honolulu? The best way to find a great deal on airfare is to search multiple sites. When you run a search on Fare Compare, we search multiple sites and fare sources all at once so you don't have to - which is why we think Fare Compare is the best place to find cheap tickets. Airlines can adjust prices for tickets from Dallas to Honolulu based on the day and time that you decide to book your flight. We have collected data from all airlines, and have found that Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays are often the best days to book flights. If you'd like to learn more, read our article about the best time to buy airline tickets. How far in advance should I book tickets from Dallas to Honolulu? The chart below shows up-to-date information regarding how far in advance to book your flight from Dallas to Honolulu. Non Stop versus Connecting ($ USD)$1298$799$799$799$798$897$799$964$665$604$573$543$665$638< 7 days 7-14 days 14-21 days 21-30 days 30-60 days 60-90 days 90+ days Non Stop Connecting Cheapest Day To Fly from Dallas to Honolulu We've examined 67,945,108,926 itinerary searches that we've seen for departures in the next 90 days and found that the cheapest day to fly from Dallas to Honolulu is Tuesday. See the chart below to compare prices for other days of the week. Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday$565 $543 $550 $565 $565 $563 $567Compare Flight Prices from Dallas to Honolulu by Month Low priced flights are most commonly available by purchasing between one and three months in advance. International or holiday flights may need to be purchased even further in advance. The chart below shows the cheapest flight prices by month for Dallas to Honolulu flights.$964$550$665$781$655$638$698$543March April May June July August September October Cheap Last Minute Flights from Dallas to Honolulu Looking for cheap last minute flights or a weekend getaway? We've got you covered with weekend flight deals from Dallas to Honolulu. The chart below shows the best last minute deals and cheap flights this weekend we could find. Next 30 Days Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat25 26 27 28 29 30 31$10121 2 3 4 5 6 7$1012 $7778 9 10 11 12 13 14$777 $64215 16 17 18 19 20 21$642 $60322 23 24 25 26 27 28$603 $57029 30 1 2 3 4 5$570Connecting Flights vs Direct Flights from Dallas to Honolulu Flights between some cities may be significantly cheaper if you choose a multi-stop airline ticket. Although these connecting flights sacrifice some convenience, on average, travelers save 20%-60% when they choose to fly multi-stop versus a direct flight. The average price for connecting flights from Dallas to Honolulu is $693. The average price for direct flights from Dallas to Honolulu is $898. The chart below shows up to date information regarding non-stop flights from Dallas to Honolulu. Weekly Direct Flights from Dallas to Honolulu - By Carrier Carrier Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Earliest Flight Latest Flight American 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 09:15 11:15One Way Flights vs Round Trip Flights from Dallas to Honolulu We have found that there is often no price difference between buying a round trip flight versus a one way flight. Increased flexibility is the main benefit when it comes to buying a one way flight from Dallas to Honolulu. However, booking a round trip flight can be a simpler process. You can compare round trip and one way flights by using our flight comparison. The average price for one way flights from Dallas to Honolulu is $375. The average price for round trip flights from Dallas to Honolulu is $693. Dallas to Honolulu Flight Questions Below are some common questions that asked about this flight route: Question: How long is the flight from Dallas to Honolulu? Answer: The average Dallas to Honolulu flight time is 8 hours and 29 minutes. Question: How far is Honolulu from Dallas? Answer: The distance from Dallas to Honolulu is 3,776 miles (6,076 kilometers). Question: How common are direct flights from Dallas to Honolulu? Answer: There are 13 direct flights from Dallas to Honolulu. Question: What are the most popular Dallas airlines for direct flights from Dallas to Honolulu? Answer: American Airlines provides 100% of the non-stop flights between Dallas and Honolulu. Question: What are the most popular connecting cities when flying from Dallas to Honolulu? Answer: Los Angeles, CAAirlines in Dallas flying to Honolulu Wondering which airlines fly out of Dallas to Honolulu? We've gathered the average price of Dallas airlines with flights to Honolulu. Different airlines offer different levels of comfort and service, so consider convenience when choosing your airline. Below is the full flight schedule summary showing which days of the week individual carriers offer flights for the next 30 days. Dallas to Honolulu Airline Connections Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun American - √ √ √ √ √ √ √American CLT √ √ √ √ √ √ √American LAX √ √ √ √ √ √ √American PHX √ √ √ √ √ √ √Alaska LAX √ √ √ √ √ √ √Alaska PDX √ √ √ √ √ √ √Alaska SAN √ √ √ √ √ √ √Alaska SEA √ √ √ √ √ √ √Alaska SFO √ √ √ √ √ √ √Major Airlines ATL √ √ √ √ √ √ √Major Airlines DTW √ √ √ √ √ √ √Major Airlines LAX √ √ √ √ √ √ √Major Airlines MSP √ √ √ √ √ √ √Major Airlines SLC √ √ √ √ √ √ √JAL NRT √ √ √ √ √ √ √United DEN √ √ √ √ √ √ √United EWR √ √ √ √ √ √ √United IAD √ √ √ √ √ √ √United IAH √ √ √ √ √ √ √United LAX √ √ √ √ √ √ √Virgin America LAX √ √ √ √ √ √ √Virgin America SFO √ √ √ √ √ √ √Dallas to Honolulu Airports These are the major commercial airports we're currently monitoring in Dallas and Honolulu. If your route includes a city with multiple airports, you may be able to find substantial savings by choosing an alternate airport. Dallas - Ft Worth International (DFW)Dallas Love Field (DAL)Honolulu International (HNL)Farecompare Research Tools Fare Compare's Flight Schedule Search Tool helps you find information about airline schedule filings, including flight numbers, depart times, and travel distance. Research Schedules from Dallas to Honolulu Cheap Domestic Flights from Dallas - DFWFlights Lowest Price Dallas to Kauai $502Dallas to Maui Kahului $503Dallas to Kona $552Dallas to Las Vegas, Nevada $105Dallas to Los Angeles, California $115Dallas to Seattle $177Dallas to Hilo $869Dallas to Atlanta $103Dallas to Hoolehua Check Dates Dallas to Lanai City Check Dates Dallas to San Francisco $141Dallas to Kapalua Check Dates Dallas to Houston $193Cheap Domestic Flights to Honolulu - HNLFlights Lowest Price Austin, Texas to Honolulu $561Oklahoma City to Honolulu $676Shreveport to Honolulu $813Killeen/Fort Hood to Honolulu $805Lawton to Honolulu $854Tyler to Honolulu $1000Waco to Honolulu $855Abilene to Honolulu $902Texarkana to Honolulu $974College Station to Honolulu $905Wichita Falls to Honolulu $845Austin, Texas to Kauai $563Austin, Texas to Maui Kahului $536Oklahoma City to Maui Kahului $625Oklahoma City to Kauai $583Austin, Texas to Kona $586Austin, Texas to Hoolehua Check Dates |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what does the name tatianna mean | Tatianna Meaning Tatianna Meaning Name: What does Tatianna mean? The name Tatianna is of Russian origin. The meaning of Tatianna is "fairy princess". Tatianna is generally used as a girl's name. It consists of 8 letters and 4 syllables and is pronounced Ta-ti-a-nna. The Given Name Tatianna Tatianna is a form of Tatiana. See Tatiana for further details. Tatianna is quite a valiant name and a welcome find. An auspicious name, it is one that will be admired. Although unique, your little refined Tatianna, is sure to make it a memorable one. Tatianna falls into the royal title name category. Tatianna Popularity In the U. S. in 2016, it ranked 3,121 in baby name popularity for girls with 53 occurrences. Less than 5 boys were given the name. In contrast, the year before it ranked 3,328 in baby name popularity for girls with 49 occurrences. Less than 5 boys were given the name. Want to see how Tatianna sizes up? How it compares to some other names? Then check out the Tatianna Name Popularity Page. Tatianna Related Names Tatianna is a form of Tatiana. Famous Tatiannas Tatianna Numerology What will your new little Tatianna be like? It may all be in the numbers. The numbers that make up your child's name. Numerology may give you some insight. Children named Tatianna are often square and eager but most of all they are read more >>Tatianna Name Fun Would you like to fingerspell the name Tatianna in American Sign Language? Then just follow the diagram below. Be creative with the name Tatianna. Just for fun, see the name Tatianna in Hieroglyphics, learn about ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics and write a Hieroglyphic message. Learn about nautical flags and see your name or message written in nautical flags, on the Tatianna in Nautical Flags page. | New .COMs just $11.99 *Reg. $14.99Search Welcome tosickipedia.org Learn how you can get this domain »|See more domains like this »This Web page is parked FREE, courtesy of Go Daddy. Award-winning, 24/7 support We're here to help, day or night. Call (480) 505-8877. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what does the strange situation measure | . Types of attachment including insecure and secure attachment Much of what we’ve seen in Psychology so far looks at ways in which we are similar. It has tried to find models or theories that explain human behaviour but without considering ways in which our behaviours differ. An important area in the subject however is individual differences which, as the title suggests seeks to explain the differences we find between peop This section seeks to explain how: · Individuals differ in the types of attachment they form · Different cultures influence the types of attachment we form The Strange Situation This is a method devised by Ainsworth and Bell to measure the type of attachment that a child has formed. It uses many terms and concepts that you should already be familiar with from earlier work in the topic, e.g. Glasgow Babies and the Love Quiz. The experiment is set up in a small room with one way glass so the behaviour of the child can be observed. Children were aged between 12 and 18 months. Each phase of the procedure lasts 3 minutes and a session progresses as follows: · Parent (or caregiver) enters room with child, child explores for 3 minutes · A Stranger enters and joins the parent and infant, talks to mother · Parent leaves the infant with the stranger · Parent returns and the stranger leaves. Parent settles the infant. · Parent leaves again · Stranger returns · Parent returns and stranger leave In all the stranger enters on average eight times, more if the child is okay, less if it is showing signs of distress. Throughout the procedure the child is observed by a team of researchers who make notes every 15 seconds about the following behaviours: · Proximity and contact-seeking behaviours · Proximity and contact-maintaining behaviours · Interaction-avoiding behaviours · Contact and interaction-resisting behaviours · Search behaviours To get more reliable results Ainsworth and her co-workers combined the results of several studies so that a total of 106 different child observations were included in the final report. This combining of studies is called a meta-analysis. The observations made allowed Ainsworth to judge the child’s reaction to the following four variables: Separation anxiety: how the child reacts when the caregiver leaves Stranger anxiety: how the child reacts to being alone with a stranger Reunion behaviour: how the child behaves when caregiver returns Exploration: how freely the child explores its environment using the caregiver as a safe base. Findings and conclusions From her observations Ainsworth (Mary) concluded that there were three types of attachments However, after reviewing a further 200 tapes of children in the strange situation Main and Solomon (1986) added a fourth type of attachment that they referred to as ‘disorganised.’ The infant’s behaviour is not consistent and shows signs of indecisiveness and confusion. Sometimes the child will freeze or rock back and forth. Evaluation of the Strange Situation Subsequent studies that have used the 'Strange Situation' have found it to be reliable and valid. · Reliability refers to whether you can produce the same results if tested again. · Validity refers to the extent to which the 'Strange Situation' actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability of the 'Strange Situation' was demonstrated by Main, Kaplan and Cassidy (1985): They tested babies at 18 months and then retested them at 6 years of age. They found that 100% of the secure babies were still classified as secure and 75% of the avoidant babies were still under the same classification. This is called test-retest reliability and checks for consistency over time. Ainsworth herself also tested inter-rater reliability (the extent to which different observers score a behaviour in a similar way). This was also found to be very high. Validity of the 'Strange Situation.' Some have argued that the strange situation only measures the relationship between the child and one other person (usually the mother) so rather than measuring attachment type it is simple measuring relationship. However, Bowlby argued the case for montropy, the idea that there is only one primary attachment figure (the mum) and all others are of lesser importance anyway. If the test is a valid measure of attachment type then we should be able to use its findings to predict the future stability of a child’s relationships (again assuming Bowlby was right about the internal working model). Secure attachments in childhood should result in more stable adult relationships. Evidence here is not so conclusive, different researchers reaching different conclusions: Sroufe (1983) found support for its validity. Infants that were rated as secure went on to become more popular, have higher self esteem, and be social leaders. However, Bates, et al (1985) disagreed. They claimed that early attachment styles did not predict the presence of behaviour problems at 3 years of age. The strange situation study seems to imply that attachment types influence personality and therefore affect later attachments. However, the strange situation may actually be testing the relationship between the infant and the caregiver. Main and Weston (1981) found that children behaved differently depending on which parent they were with. This suggests that attachment type is not consistent. Other issues with the strange situation The test was devised by Ainsworth in the USA using American children. The test is therefore culturally biased. Desirable attachments in the USA may not be seen as desirable elsewhere. Nevertheless the test has been used worldwide and used to judge infants in other cultures. This is an example of imposed etic when we create a theory, test or construct in one culture (usually Western) and impose it on the rest of the world! The strange situation also seems to exaggerate behaviours. Children over-react when placed in the strange situation so do not behave as they would normally in the real world. Finally Ainsworth is criticised for over-simplification in her belief that children can be categorised into only three groups. Other studies have suggested that there big individual differences between children within in attachment group. Explaining the different attachment types Sensitive responsiveness Ainsworth herself believed that the kind of attachment the child develops is due entirely to the mother. Secure children have mothers who respond appropriately to the child’s needs by picking up on the signals. Insecure children on the other hand have mothers that are less responsive and the attachments they develop are coping strategies that enable them to deal with this lack of response. Temperament hypothesis. Perhaps the reason for a relationship between early attachment and later relationships has nothing to do with the type of attachment formed. Kagan (1984) believed it was all down to the temperament of the child. Those who are naturally good at forming relationships do so early in life and form close relationships with parents and this is true later in life as well; because of their pleasant temperament they are more popular with people in later life too. Thomas and Chess (1977) thought that children were born with a certain personality type and suggested three main categories;Easy: eat and sleep regularly and accept new experiences (under 50%)Difficult: eat and sleeping a problem, as is accepting anything new or different (10%)Slow to warm up: Take a while to get new to new experiences (15%)Easy babies go on to form secure attachments. Slow to warm up babies require a lot more encouragement so will only form secure attachments with patient mothers. Belsky and Rovine (1987) found that babies in the first few days of life have certain physiological characteristics that seemed to match later attachment styles. Calmer and less anxious children at this age were more likely to develop secure attachments a few months later. Cross cultural studies Bowlby believed that attachments were innate so the need to form this initial bond should be genetic and as a result experienced by the infants of every culture. However, the kind of attachment formed may vary between societies and between cultures depending upon the child rearing techniques seen most desirable within that community. This section (a favourite for examiners) looks at different patterns of attachment found in other cultures and possible explanations for the differences. Ainsworth carried out most of her research in the USA but others have found broad agreement with her findings in other parts of the World (worth mentioning in an essay!). The ones I’ll mention below are exceptions in that they are different and we shall consider possible explanations for this. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) carried out a meta-analysis combining the findings of 32 other studies of the strange situation from a variety of countries and based on the observation of over 2000 children. Note: if the question asks you to describe the procedure of a study into cross-cultural differences in attachment describe the strange situation but emphasise it was carried out in a variety of countries. | This page is not available right now This page is not available right now This can sometimes happen if you have internet connectivity problems or are running software/plugins that affect your internet traffic. Click here to try this page again, or visit: http://www.msn.com Ref 1: f9a853a0-6cca-434b-a6ad-cd1c6cf14b47 Ref 2: 000000 Ref 3: Wed, 28 Mar 2018 00:02:13 GMT |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what qualities do you need to survive | Survival skills From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search This article is about survival techniques. For the hip-hop album by KRS-One and Buckshot, see Survival Skills. [ hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages)This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. (July 2011)This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (May 2009)Astronauts participating in tropical survival training at an Air Force Base near the Panama Canal, 1963. From left to right are an unidentified trainer, Neil Armstrong, John H. Glenn, Jr., L. Gordon Cooper, and Pete Conrad. Survival training is important for astronauts, as a launch abort or misguided reentry could potentially land them in a remote wilderness area. Survival skills are techniques that a person may use in order to sustain life in any type of natural environment. These techniques are meant to provide basic necessities for human life which include water, food, and shelter. The skills also support proper knowledge and interactions with animals and plants to promote the sustaining of life over a period of time. Survival skills are often associated with the need to survive in a disaster situation. [1] Survival skills are often basic ideas and abilities that ancients invented and used themselves for thousands of years. [2] Outdoor activities such as hiking, backpacking, horseback riding, fishing, and hunting all require basic wilderness survival skills, especially in handling emergency situations. Bushcraft and primitive living are most often self-implemented, but require many of the same skills. Contents [ hide ]1 First aid2 Shelter3 Fire4 Water5 Food6 Navigation7 Mental preparedness8 Important survival items9 Common Questionable Survival Skills10 See also11 References12 Further reading13 External links First aid [ edit]Main article: Wilderness medical emergency First aid ( wilderness first aid in particular) can help a person survive and function with injuries and illnesses that would otherwise kill or incapacitate him/her. Common and dangerous injuries include: Bites from snakes, spiders and other wild animals Bone fractures Burns Drowsiness Headache Heart attack Hemorrhage Hypothermia (too cold) and hyperthermia (too hot)Infection through food, animal contact, or drinking non-potable water Poisoning from consumption of, or contact with, poisonous plants or poisonous fungi Sprains, particularly of the ankle Vomiting Wounds, which may become infected The survivor may need to apply the contents of a first aid kit or, if possessing the required knowledge, naturally occurring medicinal plants, immobilize injured limbs, or even transport incapacitated comrades. Shelter [ edit]Main article: Bivouac shelter Shelter built from tarp and sticks. Pictured are displaced persons from the Sri Lankan Civil War A shelter can range from a natural shelter, such as a cave, overhanging rock outcrop, or fallen-down tree, to an intermediate form of man-made shelter such as a debris hut, tree pit shelter, or snow cave, to completely man-made structures such as a tarp, tent, or longhouse. Fire [ edit]Making fire is recognized in the sources as significantly increasing the ability to survive physically and mentally. Lighting a fire without a lighter or matches, e.g. by using natural flint and steel with tinder, is a frequent subject of both books on survival and in survival courses. There is an emphasis placed on practicing fire-making skills before venturing into the wilderness. Producing fire under adverse conditions has been made much easier by the introduction of tools such as the solar spark lighter and the fire piston. To start a fire you’ll need some sort of heat source hot enough to start a fire, kindling, and wood. Starting a fire is really all about growing a flame without putting it out in the process. One fire starting technique involves using a black powder firearm if one is available. Proper gun safety should be used with this technique to avoid injury or death. The technique includes ramming cotton cloth or wadding down the barrel of the firearm until the cloth is against the powder charge. Next, fire the gun up in a safe direction, run and pick up the cloth that is projected out of the barrel, and then blow it into flame. It works better if you have a supply of tinder at hand so that the cloth can be placed against it to start the fire. [3]Fire is presented as a tool meeting many survival needs. The heat provided by a fire warms the body, dries wet clothes, disinfects water, and cooks food. Not to be overlooked is the psychological boost and the sense of safety and protection it gives. In the wild, fire can provide a sensation of home, a focal point, in addition to being an essential energy source. Fire may deter wild animals from interfering with a survivor, however wild animals may be attracted to the light and heat of a fire. Water [ edit]Hydration pack manufactured by Camelbak A human being can survive an average of three to five days without the intake of water. The issues presented by the need for water dictate that unnecessary water loss by perspiration be avoided in survival situations. The need for water increases with exercise. [4]A typical person will lose minimally two to maximally four liters of water per day under ordinary conditions, and more in hot, dry, or cold weather. Four to six liters of water or other liquids are generally required each day in the wilderness to avoid dehydration and to keep the body functioning properly. [5] The U. S. Army survival manual does not recommend drinking water only when thirsty, as this leads to underhydrating. Instead, water should be drunk at regular intervals. [6] [7] Other groups recommend rationing water through "water discipline". [8]A lack of water causes dehydration, which may result in lethargy, headaches, dizziness, confusion, and eventually death. Even mild dehydration reduces endurance and impairs concentration, which is dangerous in a survival situation where clear thinking is essential. Dark yellow or brown urine is a diagnostic indicator of dehydration. To avoid dehydration, a high priority is typically assigned to locating a supply of drinking water and making provision to render that water as safe as possible. Recent thinking is that boiling or commercial filters are significantly safer than use of chemicals, with the exception of chlorine dioxide. [9] [10] [11]Food [ edit]Culinary root tubers, fruit, edible mushrooms, edible nuts, edible beans, edible cereals or edible leaves, edible moss, edible cacti and algae can be searched and if needed, prepared (mostly by boiling). With the exception of leaves, these foods are relatively high in calories, providing some energy to the body. Plants are some of the easiest food sources to find in the jungle, forest or desert because they are stationary and can thus be had without exerting much effort. [12] Skills and equipment (such as bows, snares and nets) are necessary to gather animal food in the wild include animal trapping, hunting, and fishing. Focusing on survival until rescued by presumed searchers, the Boy Scouts of America especially discourages foraging for wild foods on the grounds that the knowledge and skills needed are unlikely to be possessed by those finding themselves in a wilderness survival situation, making the risks (including use of energy) outweigh the benefits. [13]Navigation [ edit]Survival situations can often be resolved by finding a way to safety, or a more suitable location to wait for rescue. Types of navigation include: Celestial navigation, using the sun and the night sky to locate the cardinal directions and to maintain course of travel Using a map, compass or GPS receiver Dead reckoning Natural navigation, using the condition of surrounding natural objects (i.e. moss on a tree, snow on a hill, direction of running water, etc. )Mental preparedness [ edit]The mind and its processes are critical to survival. The will to live in a life-and-death situation often separates those that live and those that do not. Stories of heroic feats of survival by regular people with little or no training but a strong will to live are not uncommon. Among them is Juliane Koepcke, who was the sole survivor among the 93 passengers when her plane crashed in the jungle of Peru. Situations can be stressful to the level that even trained experts may be mentally affected. One should be mentally and physically tough during a disaster. To the extent that stress results from testing human limits, the benefits of learning to function under stress and determining those limits may outweigh the downside of stress. [14] There are certain strategies and mental tools that can help people cope better in a survival situation, including focusing on manageable tasks, having a Plan B available and recognizing denial. [15]Important survival items [ edit]Civilian pilots attending a Survival course at RAF Kinloss learn how to construct shelter from the elements, using materials available in the woodland on the north-east edge of the aerodrome. Main article: Survival kit Often survival practitioners will carry with them a "survival kit". This consists of various items that seem necessary or useful for potential survival situations, depending on anticipated challenges and location. Supplies in a survival kit vary greatly by anticipated needs. For wilderness survival, they often contain items like a knife, water container, fire starting apparatus, first aid equipment, food obtaining devices (snare wire, fish hooks, firearms, or other,) a light, navigational aids, and signalling or communications devices. Often these items will have multiple possible uses as space and weight are often at a premium. Survival kits may be purchased from various retailers or individual components may be bought and assembled into a kit. Common Questionable Survival Skills [ edit]Some survival books promote the "Universal Edibility Test". [16] Allegedly, it is possible to distinguish edible foods from toxic ones by a series of progressive exposures to skin and mouth prior to ingestion, with waiting periods and checks for symptoms. However, many experts including Ray Mears and John Kallas [17] reject this method, stating that even a small amount of some "potential foods" can cause physical discomfort, illness, or death. Many mainstream survival experts have recommended the act of drinking urine in times of dehydration and malnutrition. [ citation needed] However, the United States Air Force Survival Manual (AF 64-4) instructs that this technique is a myth and should never be applied. [ citation needed] Several reasons for not drinking urine include the high salt content of urine, potential contaminants, and sometimes bacteria growth, despite urine's being generally " sterile ". Many classic cowboy movies and even classic survival books suggest that sucking the venom out of a snake bite by mouth is an appropriate treatment and/or also for the bitten person to drink their urine after the poisonous animal bite or poisonous insect bite as a mean for the body to provide natural anti-venom. However, venom can not be sucked out and it may be dangerous for a rescuer to attempt to do so. Modern snakebite treatment involves pressure bandages and prompt medical treatment. [18]See also [ edit]Distress signal Mini survival kit Survivalism Ten Essentials Woodcraft References [ edit]^ "12 Outdoor Survival Skills Every Guy Should Master". Men's Fitness. 2017-09-28. Retrieved 2017-09-28.^ "Wilderness Survival Skills". www.wilderness-survival.co.uk. 2017-09-28. Retrieved 2017-09-28.^ Churchill, James E. The Basic Essentials of Survival. Merrillville, IN: ICS, 1989. Print.^ How Stuff Works by Charles W. Bryant^ Water Balance; a Key to Cold Weather Survival by Bruce Zawalsky, Chief Instructor, BWI^ "Army Survival Manual; Chapter 13 – Page 2". Aircav.com. Retrieved 2011-10-21.^ "U. S. Army Survival Manual FM 21-76, also known as FM 3-05.70 May 2002 Issue; drinking water". Survivalebooks.com. Retrieved 2011-10-21.^ "Water Discipline" at Survival Topics^ "US EPA". Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-27.^ "Wilderness Medical Society". Wemjournal.org. Retrieved 2011-10-21. [ dead link]^ "Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources". Dnr.wi.gov. 11 March 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-21.^ "Master The Great Outdoors". www. Survival Grounds.com. Retrieved 2011-10-21.^ Wilderness Survival Merit Badge pamphlet, January 2008, at 38^ Krieger, Leif. "How to Survive Any Situation". How to Survive Any Situation. Silvercrown Mountain Outdoor School.^ Leach, John (1994). Survival Psychology. NYU Press.^ US Army Survival Manual FM21-76 1998 Dorset press 9th printing ISBN 1-56619-022-3^ John Kallas, Ph. D., Director, Institute for the Study of Edible Wild Plants and Other Foragables. Biography [ not in citation given] Archived 13 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.^ Lawson, Malcolm (2013). "Top 10 Survival Myths Busted". SCS. DNM International. p. 1. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015. Further reading [ edit]Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills; 8th Ed; Mountaineers Books; 596 pages; 1960 to 2010; ISBN 978-1594851384. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Survival skills. Survival at Curlie (based on DMOZ)Media The short film Aircrew Survival: Cold Land Survival is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Aircrew Survival: Hot Land Survival is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Aircrew Survival: Survival Kits, Rafts, Accessories is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Aircrew Survival: Survival Medicine is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Aircrew Survival: Surviving on Open Water is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Aircrew Survival: Survival Signalling is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Aircrew Survival: Tropical Survival is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Aircrew Survival: The Will to Survive is available for free download at the Internet Archive Authority control GND: 4117273-5 NDL: 01059274Categories: Survival skills Foraging | 404 404Oops!We can't seem to find the page you're looking for : (Click on the home page button to start your journey again!Home Ways you can help Please do what you can today and help save and change the lives of thousands Fundraise Donate Become a befriender |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is artificial boundaries | What are artificial boundaries? What are artificial boundaries? An artificial boundary is a boundary that is man made instead ofnaturally formed by nature. These boundaries include fences anddams. What is an artificial boundary?one of europes bounderies like a golf course Kelly Jameson 34,271 Contributions What is the definition of artificial immunity? Having immunity to something means that you will be unaffected by that particular disease or condition. Artificial immunity is when a person is deliberately exposed to an anti …Ms.holliepop 1 Contribution What is the definition for boundaries? Something that indicates or fixes a limit or extent.artificial boundaries are languages What is The definition of boundary?the point where a system ends and surroundings begin Nathen Gomez 1 Contribution What are some examples of artificial boundaries? The line that separates the U. S and Canada!Austin erik 99 Contributions What are some examples artificial boundaries?\na fence, wall, or trench. What is some examples of artificial boundaries? Some examples of artificial boundaries are state borders that donot follow a river or other natural feature, such as the boundarybetween Oregon and California. Most city and c …What are artificial political boundaries?imaginary lines that divide or seperate tribes, cultures, territories, or traditions Peter Forrest 73,540 Contributions Give definition of Artificial Intelligence? A machine that, under blind testing, is completelyindistinguishable from a human. Such machines do not yet exist. Ntembu 33,932 Contributions What is a artificial boundaries? An artificial boundary is created where no other means of identification is available. Land divisions can be created by seas, rivers and mountains or something that indicates …What are the artificial boundaries of Ontario?a natural boundary is lake ontario | . The page you are looking for is no longer available... Continue |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.average pay for a nurse in richmond va | Registered Nurse (RN) in Richmond, Virginia Salary Registered Nurse (RN) in Richmond, Virginia Salary$22 $23 $26 $30 $35MEDIAN: $25.9210% 25% 50% 75% 90%Add this chart to your site: 640px 300px+ experience+ skill+ employercityjob Show Annual Salary Hourly Data $0 $58Hourly Rate$21.54 - $35.24Hourly Tips$27.75Overtime$5.21 - $58.55Annual Data $0 $74KBonus$0.00 - $5,017Profit Sharing$7,861Total Pay (? )$44,172 - $74,570Country: United States Currency: USD Updated: 9 Apr 2018 Individuals Reporting: 365Is Registered Nurse (RN) your job title? Get a personalized salary report!Location: Years in Field/Career: United States (change)Your Market Worth Over Time How has your pay changed over time for your market? Find out by taking our salary quiz. Get a free salary report »How much does a Registered Nurse (RN) make in Richmond, VA? In Richmond, a Registered Nurse (RN) takes home approximately $25.92 per hour on average. This is 12% less than the national average for a Registered Nurse (RN) which is $29. Show More... Job Description for Registered Nurse (RN)Most of the time, registered nurses (RN) work for hospitals or medical clinics. They may also work for other organizations, such as outpatient facilities, rehabilitation centers, or senior centers. Their main job is to promote wellness and health. Read More... Registered Nurse (RN) Tasks Assess patient health problems and needs, develop and implement nursing care plans, and maintain medical records. Advise patients on health maintenance and disease prevention or provide case management. Administer nursing care to ill, injured, convalescent, or disabled patients. Popular Employer Salaries for Registered Nurse (RN)About Richmond, Virginia County, State Richmond city, Virginia Population220,289Gender Male: 104,793 (47.6%)Female: 115,496 (52.4%)Richmond (/ˈrɪtʃmənd/ RICH-mənd) is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States. It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and the Greater Richmond Region. While it was incorporated in 1742, Richmond has been an independent city since 1871. As of the 2010 census, the population was 204,214; in 2015, the population was estimated to be 220,289, the fourth-most populous city in Virginia. The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029, the third-most populous metro in the state. Richmond is located at the fall line of the James River, 44 miles (71 km) west of Williamsburg, 66 miles (106 km) east of Charlottesville, and 98 miles (158 km) south of Washington, D. C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is located at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288. Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest,... Read more from Wikipedia »Median Household Income (2015)Richmond: $39,906Virginia: $66,262Median Gross Rent (2015)$927Median House/Condo Value (2015)Richmond: $199,900Virginia: $257,800Unemployment Rate5.6%Sources: Wikipedia, Wikidata, Census Registered Nurse (RN) Job Listings Pay by Experience Level for Registered Nurse (RN)Pay by Experience for a Registered Nurse (RN) has a positive trend. An entry-level Registered Nurse (RN) with less than 5 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of $51,000 based on 159 salaries provided by anonymous users. Average total compensation includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay. A Registered Nurse (RN) with mid-career experience which includes employees with 5 to 10 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of $58,000 based on 58 salaries. An experienced Registered Nurse (RN) which includes employees with 10 to 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of $66,000 based on 38 salaries. A Registered Nurse (RN) with late-career experience which includes employees with greater than 20 years of experience can expect to earn an average total compensation of $76,000 based on 25 salaries. More Cities for Registered Nurse (RN)Castle Rock Alamogordo Folsom Northbrook Falmouth Glenview Massillon Goodyear Watertown Crystal Lake Methuen Oswego Wheaton Sewell Gettysburg Madera Carlsbad Broomfield Dubois Mountain Home Orangeburg Fishersville Enterprise Quakertown Ridgecrest Coatesville Zion Holyoke Elizabeth Cambridge Mequon Washington Browse Other Categories | $77,993 (USD) $77,993 (USD)Average Base Salary$37 (USD) /hr Average Hourly Rate$1,263 (USD)Average Bonus The average occupational therapist salary in Richmond, Virginia is $77,993 or an equivalent hourly rate of $37. This is 1% lower (-$705) than the average occupational therapist salary in the United States. In addition, they earn an average bonus of $1,263. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in Richmond, Virginia. Change Location Salary by Experience$55,382 (USD)Entry Level Salary$96,561 (USD)Senior Level Salary55382 96561 77993An entry level occupational therapist (1-3 years of experience) earns an average salary of $55,382. On the other end, a senior level occupational therapist (8+ years of experience) earns an average salary of $96,561. Are you paid fairly? Calculate your market salary rate to find out. Calculate Salary Job Description Assess, plan, organize, and participate in rehabilitative programs that help build or restore vocational, homemaking, and daily living skills, as well as general independence, to persons with disabilities or developmental delays. Education Less Than HS0%Jobs that May Interest You Occupational Therapist (Program Director)access_time Posted 5 days agoaccount_balance Department of Veterans Affairslocation_on Richmond Occupational Therapist Program Coordinator, Program Director, Polytrauma Rehabilitation Center (PRC) GS-0631-12 Bargaining Unit Position: No Travel Required: 25% or Less Travel Description: May be ... Occupational Therapist (OT) - Travel - Home Health - 134273access_time Posted 24 days agoaccount_balance Delta Companies location_on Richmond Occupational Therapist / Therapy Responsibilities and Duties * Provide treatment per facility, professional, and federal regulations and guidelines. * Home Health Opening Just Outside Of D. C. * 13-17 ... Virginia Tele Position in Occupational Therapyaccess_time Posted 1 month agoaccount_balance OTJobs.comlocation_on Richmond At Vocovision, becoming a remote Occupational Therapist gives you the ability to advance your career to a new level! Vocovision provides clinical and technical training for all our Occupational ... Therapist / Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant Job in Petersburg, Virginia / Skilled Nursin...access_time Posted 15 days agoaccount_balance Thera Ex Staffing Serviceslocation_on Petersburg We are seeking Certified Occupational Therapist Assistants to join our team. The ideal candidate has experience in geriatric rehabilitation, adult neurological, cardiac and general rehabilitation Therapist / Physical Therapist Job in Richmond, Virginia / Outpatient Settingaccess_time Posted 1 month agoaccount_balance Aureus Medical Group location_on Richmond Our Therapy Division specializes in the placement of physical, occupational, speech and respiratory therapy professionals in national contract (travel), local contract, and direct-hire opportunities ... View more keyboard_arrow_right About the Data The above data is a sample of data available in ERI"s Global Salary Calculator. The Global Salary Calculator provides compensation data for over 45,000 positions in 8,000+ cities in 69 countries. If you need to calculate competitive levels of salaries, incentives and total compensation by industry, organization size and salary planning date, please view a demonstration version of ERI"s Salary Assessor, which is used by the majority of the Fortune 500 for salary survey data and compensation planning. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is the savannah river used for | . Savannah River Basin The Chattooga and Tallulah Rivers join in the Savannah River headwaters to form the Tugaloo River. Further downstream near Hartwell, Georgia, the Tugaloo River joins with the Seneca River from South Carolina to form the Savannah River. From here the Savannah River flows southeasterly to the Atlantic Ocean. Finally, at the terminus of the river is the Savannah River harbor. The Savannah River, which is approximately 300 miles long, is the most extensively used surface water resource in the basin. It is fed by many moderate-sized tributaries, some of which have drainage areas greater than 200 square miles and are significant surface water resources in their own right. The major impoundments in the basin are Hartwell Lake, Richard B. Russell Lake, and J. Strom Thurmond Lake (Clarks Hill Lake), all Corps of Engineers reservoirs. Hartwell Lake is a 56,000 acre reservoir located at the confluence of Tugaloo River and Seneca River. Richard B. Russell Lake is a 26,000 acre reservoir just downstream from Hartwell Lake. Clarks Hill Lake is a 70,000 acre reservoir on the Savannah River northwest of Augusta. Other significant lakes include Lake Keowee and Lake Jocassee which are found in the South Carolina headwaters and drain to Hartwell Lake. | Catchphrases To be amused at what you read — that is the great spring of quotation. — Charles Edward Montague While researching the origin of the assertion, “It’s the economy, stupid*” for a paper I was writing on the influences on election outcomes, I came across a Wikiped ia entry devoted to well-known political catchphrases. It was organized by country, and I paid most attention to the United States because I am (relatively) familiar with US political history. I was able to identify who first introduced almost all of the phrases, maybe because I do know something about US politics but more probably because these phrases are memorable and have become part of the common culture. There are also well-known catchphrases from movies (“Go ahead, make my day”) and advertising (“Sorry, Charlie”). Many others come from popular songs (“All you need is love ”). Sometimes catchphrases even jump domains, like Clara Peller’s “Where’s the beef?” which was originally used in an ad for Wendy’s hamburgers and later by Walter Mondale in his 1984 primary campaign against Gary Hart. By definition, a catchphrase is a frequently-repeated expression that spreads to the common culture through the media and by word of mouth. The term catchphrase first appeared in common parlance around 1850 and was used to described words or phrases that got “caught” in one’s mind. Some catchphrases become a trademark or signature, not only of the person who first uttered them but also — on occasion — for those who like to repeat them. So, years ago I had a colleague who signified his apparent agreement with anything I would say not by responding “Yes” or “OK” but instead by saying “There you go.” I never asked, but I always fretted that he was being dismissive and making fun of me, as in “There you go again,” the phrase used to devastating effect by Ronald Reagan in his 1980 presidential campaign debate with Jimmy Carter. Or maybe my colleague was simply being encouraging, riffing on the more positive catchphrase “You go girl [boy]!” But regardless, the phrase was very much a defining feature of my colleague and how he interacted with me. An interesting study by psychologist Richard Harris and his colleagues (2008) asked several hundred US college students to think of a movie from which they liked to quote. What was the quote? From what movie did it come? When did they use the quote? How did they feel when quoting? And why did they quote? Every single research participant — 100% — could describe a movie from which he or she liked to quote, and almost all of them could provide the quote correctly and identify its source. For both males and females, comedies were the most frequent source of favorite movie quotes (70%). Participants usually repeated the quote to their friends or family members who had seen the movie in question, and participants typically said that quoting made them feel “happy” (67%). Amusement — of the self and others — was the typical reason for using the quote (80%). So, catchphrases from movies — especially comedies — play a positive role in the lives of young people. They allow terse communication. They are amusing. They make one feel happy. Whether these conclusions apply to catchphrases from other domains is unknown, as is whether they apply to catchphrases repeated by older individuals. But I suspect that the communication function of catchphrases in particular generalizes well. Catchphrases tap a common, rich, and indeed vivid understanding, and they offer up an implied metaphor, likening the situation in which they are used to the situation in which they originated. So, when temporarily leaving a contentious group meeting, I like to say “I’ll be back,” in effect promising that like the Terminator, I will return with my strong intentions and opinions intact.article continues after advertisement Is a catchphrase a cliché? I suppose it depends on whether the catchphrase has lost its power with repetition. But even when they become clichéd, catchphrases have special properties that set them apart from clichés per se. Catchphrases are invariably short. They have very simple sentence structures, sometimes using understood rather than explicit subjects (“Make my day!). Catchphrases are often funny or ironic (“Yada, yada, yada"). Does positive psychology have catchphrases? Of course. At least for those familiar with the field, there are familiar phrases like:“ business-as-usual psychology ” (referring to the problem-focused orientation of typical psychological theory, research, and application);“ Break through the zero point ” (referring to the goal of positive psychology to address and assess what goes right in life as well as what goes wrong, where a score of zero that signifies being problem-free is as good as it apparently gets); and“ Other people matter ” (referring to the central role of social relationships in the good life). At least as I remember things, these phrases originated in my own writing and lecturing. At the very least, I certainly helped to popularize them within positive psychology. A few years ago, when invited to write a chapter for an edited book on positive psychology, I received standardized instructions from the editor saying that clichés should not be used. My own catchphrases were cited as examples. Hmmm. I was both amused and annoyed. If I thought of a catchphrase myself, can’t I at least use it? Catchphrases may also exist at a purely individual and idiosyncratic level. These are sayings that are not obviously drawn from another source but are frequently used by someone to communicate with friends and associates, as in the example of my “there you go” colleague. I am not aware of any research on idiosyncratic catchphrases, but I speculate that they also have positive roles in communication.article continues after advertisement How would you know if you have your own catchphrase? Ask your friends, who may be in a better — i.e., more aware — position that you to comment on your own habits. A year ago, a friend of mine gave me a t-shirt she had made up for me that proclaimed “It is what it is,” and once I saw it, I realized that I am prone to this proclamation. Since then, I continue to use the catchphrase but now more deliberately. I hope it has a greater impact as a result. So, live long and prosper, dear readers. It is what it is. After all, resistance is futile. * This phrase is widely attributed to Bill Clinton's advisor James Carville and was used by Clinton in his 1992 presidential campaign against George H. W., Bush. Reference Harris, Richard J., Werth, Abigail J., Bures, Kyle E., & Bartel, Chelsea M. (2008). Social movie quoting: What, why, and how? Ciencias Psicologicas, 2, 35-45. Postscript I am writing this essay as the Fall 2012 semester approaches at the University of Michigan. I am already thinking of exam questions, which require a certain mindset I am now practicing. And oh yes, as you may also be aware, there is a presidential election looming in the United States. Will any memorable catchphrases emerge from the campaign? We shall see. Que sera, sera. In the meantime, here is a brief quiz about well-known US political catchphrases. Some were said by Republicans, others by Democrats. Some are funny, usually on purpose. Some are ironic, given subsequent events. Still others are inspirational, always on purpose. And all are terse. Who first said each? Answers are provided at the end. Don’t peek!A. "You won't have Nixon to kick around anymore. "article continues after advertisement B. "Yes, we can."C. "Read my lips: no new taxes."D. " Ich bin ein Berliner."E. “Four-score and seven years ago.”F. “I hate broccoli.”G. "I'm not a crook."H. "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall."I. "The buck stops here."J. "Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy." For extra credit: To whom was this said? K. “Mission accomplished.”’L. "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."M. "Are you better off than you were four years ago? "Answers A. Richard Nixon B. Barack Obama C. George H. W. Bush D. John Kennedy; according to an urban legend, this statement literally translates as “I am a jelly donut,” but per Wikipedia, most German-speaking individuals seem to disagree and understand its intended meaning “I am a Berliner.”E. Abraham Lincoln F. George H. W., Bush G. Richard Nixon H. Ronald Reagan I. Harry Truman J. Lloyd Bentsen, to Daniel Quayle K. George W. Bush L. Franklin Roosevelt M. Ronald Reagan |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.mla how to quote the bible | Library Answers - Ask a Question, Search for Information, Explore APU Libraries With MLA style, you need to cite the Bible two ways: in the text of your paper, and on your Works Cited page. In Text The first time you include a quote from the Bible, you need to include the translation, chapter (abbreviated), book, and verse, like this: Paul urges Christians to "not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect" ( English Standard Version, Rom. 12.2). If you include quotations from the same translation later in your paper, you only need to include the book, chapter, and verse:"Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God. And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus" (Phil. 4.6-7). Works Cited On your works cited page, your citation should include the translation you used; the editor's name, if given; and the publication information. Examples are given below (note that The Message is slightly different because it has an author, not an editor). Printed Bibles The English Standard Version Bible . New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print. The New Oxford Annotated Bible. Ed. Michael D. Coogan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print. Peterson, Eugene H. The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language . Colorado Springs: Nav Press, 2002. Print. Bible Gateway English Standard Version. Bible Gateway. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. Peterson, Eugene H. The Message. Bible Gateway. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. | What is MLA format? Ssanjeet1 17 Contributions What is MLA format? MLA format or style means Modern Language Association, is widely accepted in most Literature and Humanities field. It provides a quick reference to the body of an academic pap …Mlaformat 693 Contributions What is the MLA format? There are many research paper formatting styles and amongst them MLA format is the most common one, found by the Modern Language Association. MLA format is a formatting style …Duncan Hamra 3 Contributions What is a MLA Format? MLA format is a widely accepted template teachers have theirstudents use. It makes it easier for the teacher to grade, checkfor plagiarism, compare length, and mark mistakes. …Approximately how many pages are in a 400-word essay in mla format?\nlike a one page of typing What is MLA formating? This is great awesome. According to MLA style notes should be formatted like all other paragraphs in the paper? Yes Robert Siekman 247,569 Contributions Engineer and college professor. Work with the American Red Cross as an instructor and instructor trainer. How many sentences are in a paragraph using APA format? The number of sentences in a paragraph has nothing to do with APA; the paragraph length is determined by the subject matter within the paragraph. APA has no requirements on se …Envy009 23 Contributions What does MLA formatting stand for? Modern Language Association. It is the format typically used when writing college level essays. Mlaformat 693 Contributions Why do you use MLA format? The "MLA" abbreviation stands for Modern Language Association style the most frequent use of which is found when writing papers in liberal arts and humanities. If people use t …Claudia Paur 1 Contribution How many words in MLA format equals one page? It's approximately 230 words per page. How many paragraphs in apa format?69 paragraphs123789k 3 Contributions What is the paragraph formatting when writing in MLA format?intro paragraph, 3 body paragraphs, conclusion paragraph |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.in the farewell to arms who or what are the antagonist | . <- Previous Page | First Page | Next Page -> Free Study Guide-A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway-Book Notes Table of Contents | Message Board | Printable Version | Barron's Booknotes CONFLICTProtagonist Lieutenant Frederic Henry, who does not suffer from any grand illusions about honor, glory, patriotism, or courage, deserts the army by leaving his post. He is wounded in the knee, is in love with Catherine Barkley, lives with her, gets her pregnant, but in the end, loses both his son and Catherine. Antagonist The war, with its devastating effect on the individual’s life, the tragic disillusionment it fosters, and the despair that is its consequence, is the antagonist in the novel. On a secondary level, biology, that claims Catherine’s life, is the second antagonist. Climax The climax occurs in Caporetto where a retreat is forced on the Italian army. Henry tries to put up a brave and dogged fight but in the ensuing chaos, he is forced to desert his post. From now on, he becomes the hunted rather the hunter and has to live incognito. The action too undergoes a marked change after the climax. Before the retreat, it seems slow-paced but after it becomes faster and the events unfold so quickly that they leave the reader breathless. Here the setting shifts from Italy to Switzerland. Outcome The conflict ends in a tragedy that is double-edged or twin-peaked. Henry cannot pursue a military career because he has abandoned his post. There are no more choices for him as far as professions go because he had given up architecture to join the army and now he has given up the army too. He intends to lead a life of married bliss with Catherine and his son but both die, leaving him a victim of unalterable circumstances. As Henry says, though he lives on after Catherine’s death, his tragic story has come to an end. This novel is tragic because it shows Catherine biologically double- crossed, Europe war-crossed and life, death-crossed. Table of Contents | Message Board | Printable Version | Barron's Booknotes<- Previous Page | First Page | Next Page -> Free Study Guide-A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway-Chapter Summary | Home Your guide to everything Smallville. With 1,919 articles & 19,905 images (and counting! )Related wikis: Smallville Comics - Superman - DC Comics Database Clark Tom Welling Lex M. Rosenbaum Lana Kristin Kreuk Chloe Allison Mack Lois Erica Durance Pete Sam Jones IIIMartha A. O'Toole Jonathan John Schneider Lionel John Glover Oliver Justin Hartley Tess C. Freeman Jimmy Aaron Ashmore Zod Callum Blue Kara L. Vandervoort Davis Sam Witwer Whitney Eric Johnson Jason Jensen Ackles One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Actors Characters Recurring Metahumans Relationships Places Objects Kryptonites Abilities Timeline Random Quote" Clark, I'm not sure that it's Lana, but I am sure that someday there'll be someone you can tell. "—Jonathan Kent [src]Refresh for another quote"Always hold on to Smallville. "What is your favorite season finale? Tempest - 1x21116Exodus - 2x23141Covenant - 3x2298Commencement - 4x22364Vessel - 5x2295Phantom - 6x2295Arctic - 7x2097Doomsday - 8x22139Salvation - 9x21326Finale, Part 1/2 - 10x21/221967The poll was created at 13:41 on October 17, 2012, and so far 3438 people voted. Please wait, submitting your vote... Who is your favorite main antagonist? Lex Luthor741Lionel Luthor114Davis Bloome37Zod87The poll was created at 17:35 on September 30, 2015, and so far 979 people voted. Please wait, submitting your vote...• Categories • Newest Pages • Stubs• Community Portal • Images • Editing• List of Policies • Templates Statistics Number of active users: 17Number of administrators: 7Number of articles: 1,919Number of pages: 45,218Number of edits: 309,167Number of files: 19,905This site is a free Wikia encyclopedia that anyone can edit. All trademarks and copyrights belong to their respective owners, and are used here under the terms of Fair Use. All images and videos © copyright of The CW Television Network. Please see Wikia: Licensing for details of the licensing on this wiki. Pages on the Smallville Wiki are best viewed on a 1024x768 screen resolution. Live action: Arrow • Batman • Birds of Prey • Black Lightning • Constantine • DC's Legends of Tomorrow • The Flash (1990) • The Flash (2014) • Gotham • Human Target • i Zombie • Krypton • Lucifer • Powerless • Preacher • Smallville • Supergirl • Titans Animated: Batman: The Animated Series Wiki • Batman Beyond • Batman: The Brave and the Bold • Beware the Batman • DC Animated Universe • Green Lantern: The Animated Series • Justice League Action • Super Friends • Teen Titans • Teen Titans Go! • Young Justice CW Shows Go to these sites for info or for help with your own wiki!The 100 • 7th Heaven • 90210 - Melrose Place • Arrow - DC's Legends of Tomorrow - The Flash • Beauty and the Beast • Black Lightning • The Carrie Diaries • Crazy Ex-Girlfriend • Dynasty • Gilmore Girls • Gossip Girl • Hart of Dixie • i Zombie • Jane the Virgin • Life Sentence • Reign • Riverdale • Smallville • Star-Crossed • Supergirl • Supernatural • The Vampire Diaries - The Originals • Veronica Mars Want your community included? See how!Action Shows Go to these sites for info or for help with your own wiki!Agents of S. H. I. E. L. D. • Arrow, Constantine, DC's Legends of Tomorrow, The Flash, Vixen • The Gifted • Gotham • Kamen Rider • Mac Gyver • Power Rangers and Super Sentai • Smallville • Supergirl • Tokusatsu • Ultraman Want your community included? See how!Categories: Community Main page Languages: Deutsch Español Français Русский |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is refried beans | Refried beans This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Refried beans Refried beans (Spanish: frijoles refritos) is a dish of cooked and mashed beans and is a traditional staple of Mexican and Tex-Mex cuisine, although each cuisine has a different approach when making the dish. Refried beans are also popular in many other Latin American countries. Contents [ hide ]1 Name2 Ingredients and preparation3 Usage4 See also5 References Name [ edit]The name is a direct calque of Spanish frijoles refritos, refritos meaning "well-fried", and not "fried again" as might be assumed from the use of re- in English. In this dish, after being boiled and then mashed into a paste, the beans are sometimes then fried or baked, though usually neither, thus making the term "refried" even more misleading. [1]Ingredients and preparation [ edit]Refried beans In northern Mexico and in American Tex-Mex cuisine, refried beans are usually prepared with pinto beans, but many other varieties of bean are used in other parts of Mexico, such as black, Peruano, or red (kidney) beans. The raw beans can be cooked when dry or soaked overnight, then stewed, drained of most of the remaining liquid, and converted into a paste with a masher (such as a potato masher ), or pressed through a fine mesh sieve (to remove the skins). Some of the drained liquid, or chicken or vegetable stock, is added if the consistency is too dry. The paste is then baked or fried, usually with onion and garlic in a small amount of lard, vegetable oil, bacon drippings or butter and seasoned to taste with salt and spices. Lard is generally used more often in Mexico, and it has a large effect on flavor. Epazote is a common herb used to add a special and unique flavor. [2] It is also a carminative, which means it reduces the gas associated with beans. [3]Usage [ edit]In home cooking, refried beans are often served as a side dish accompanying a larger meal, or rolled in a tortilla to form a bean burrito. In the United States, refried beans are most commonly made from pinto beans. They are served as a side dish with most Tex-Mex restaurant meals. They also have become very popular as a dip for corn tortilla chips. Refried beans are also a primary ingredient in many tostada, chimichanga, and pupusa recipes. Additionally, they are a typical ingredient in layered dips, such as seven-layer dip or in nachos. See also [ edit]Food portal List of legume dishes References [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Refried beans.^ Rosengarten, David (2003). It's All American Food: The Best Recipes for More Than 400 New American Classics. Little, Brown and Company. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-316-05315-0.^ "How to Make Great Refried Beans". Serious Eats. Retrieved 16 January 2016.^ "Mexican Magic: Epazote's Special Flavor". Serious Eats. Retrieved 16 January 2016. [ show]v t e Legume dishes [ show]v t e Mexican cuisine | Additional Headlines Top Stories Additional Headlines Events Upcoming Events Recent Results Composite Social Photo Galleries Latest Photos All Photo Galleries Latest Videos All Videos |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what does citrix receiver do | Citrix Receiver Definition Citrix Receiver This definition is part of our Essential Guide: Citrix Synergy 2016 conference coverage Posted by: Margaret Rouse What Is.com Contributor (s): Gabe Knuth Citrix Receiver is a product bundled with Citrix Xen App and Xen Desktop that allows client devices to connect to various desktop virtualization services offered by Citrix. Download this free guide PDF: Essential Guide to End-User Experience Monitoring Download this guide to compare tools in the end-user experience monitoring market and discover how they can help IT pinpoint and resolve problems faster. Corporate E-mail Address: By submitting your personal information, you agree that Tech Target and its partners may contact you regarding relevant content, products and special offers. You also agree that your personal information may be transferred and processed in the United States, and that you have read and agree to the Terms of Use and the Privacy Policy. What Citrix Receiver is used for Citrix Receiver is used primarily for connecting users to Xen Desktop and Xen App desktops and applications, but it can also be used to deliver apps via Microsoft App-V, links to websites and individual documents, among other things. Using Citrix Store Front in conjunction with Receiver allows organizations to provide users with self-service access to their applications and services -- all with a common user interface, regardless of the endpoint device hardware, OS or form factor. Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video. Citrix Receiver Windows installation. Even with broad device support, not all features are available to all devices. The Windows version of Citrix Receiver has the largest feature set and best performance, but the differences are increasingly negligible. How Citrix Receiver works Citrix Receiver can connect client devices to Xen App and Xen Desktop applications and desktops via the HDX protocol. The combination of plug-ins available to each version of Citrix Receiver varies based on the client's form factor and capabilities. PRO+Content Find more PRO+ content and other member only offers, here.360 Guide IT industry trends: Six major vendors chart new courses Versions Citrix Receiver was formerly known as ICA Client. As Citrix added more products and capabilities to its ecosystem, the ICA Client became one of several other components endpoint devices required. Citrix created the Citrix Receiver as a way of incorporating these features together in way that IT could manage centrally and update in one motion, as opposed to maintaining several different packages. Margaret Rouse asks: What is the best way to put Citrix Receiver to use? Join the Discussion Versions exist for many different types of client platforms and form factors, including Windows, Windows Mobile, mac OS, i Pad, i Phone, Android, Black Berry, HTML5, Linux, Google Chromebook, thin clients, zero clients, Raspberry Pi and embedded operating systems. Citrix Citrix Receiver on an i Pad This was last updated in March 2017Continue Reading About Citrix Receiver Using Store Front with Xen App and Xen Desktop How to upgrade Citrix Receiver Explore the app virtualization deployment market Downloading and installing Receiver How to download Receiver on a Mac Related Terms Citrix App Layering (formerly Citrix App Disk)Citrix App Layering, formerly Citrix App Disk, is a tool that delivers applications in layers independently from the virtual ... See complete definition Citrix Cloud Citrix Cloud is a workspace management tool IT can use to deliver resources, including virtual desktops and apps, to users from a... See complete definition Citrix Secure Browser Citrix Secure Browser is virtualization software that allows web applications to run in incompatible browsers. See complete definition | Oops! Oops!The page you are looking for could not be found. Try to search our site or return to the homepage: SEARCHor BACK TO HOME |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.can john mccain be declared unfit to serve | Obama says Trump 'unfit' for presidency Obama says Trump 'unfit' for presidency By Kevin Liptak, CNN White House Producer Updated 9:45 PM ET, Tue August 2, 2016JUST WATCHEDObama: Trump 'woefully unprepared' to be president Replay MUST WATCHObama: Trump 'woefully unprepared' to be president 02:58Story highlights"Yes, I think the Republican nominee is unfit to serve as president," Obama said Obama cited Trump's criticism of a Gold Star family Washington (CNN) President Barack Obama offered one of his sharpest denunciations of Donald Trump to date Tuesday, declaring the Republican nominee entirely unfit to serve as president and lambasting Republicans for sticking by their nominee. The strong rebuke in the White House East Room came after Trump's criticism of the family of a slain Muslim US soldier, along with comments that displayed apparent confusion related to the Russian incursion into Ukraine. "The Republican nominee is unfit to serve as president," Obama said at a White House news conference with the Prime Minister of Singapore. "He keeps on proving it. "The Trump campaign responded by going after the Democratic nominee as well as the President. "Hillary Clinton has proven herself unfit to serve in any government office," a Trump statement said, listing a number of policy concerns. "Obama-Clinton have single-handedly destabilized the Middle East, handed Iraq, Libya and Syria to ISIS, and allowed our personnel to be slaughtered at Benghazi. "Later Trump in an interview with WJLA said of Obama: "He's a terrible president. He'll probably go down as the worst president in the history of our country. He's been a total disaster. "Obama on Tuesday described his feelings about Trump as unprecedented, recalling disagreements with previous GOP presidential nominees Sen. John Mc Cain and Mitt Romney -- but never an outright sense they were unfit to serve. "The notion that he would attack a Gold Star family that made such extraordinary sacrifices on behalf of our country, the fact that he doesn't appear to have basic knowledge of critical issues in Europe, the Middle East, in Asia, means that he's woefully unprepared to do this job," Obama said. RELATED: Donald Trump's bad 72 hours Speaking alongside Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong in the White House East Room, Obama said there are now weekly episodes in which even Republican party leaders distance themselves from Trump. "There has to be a point at which you say, 'Enough,' " Obama said. Obama goes after Trump's party Obama placed responsibility for Trump's statements squarely on his fellow Republicans, many of whom denounced his statements on the slain soldier's family but didn't withdraw their support. "What does this say about your party that this is your standard-bearer?" Obama asked of GOP leaders. "This isn't a situation where you have an episodic gaffe. This is daily and weekly where they are distancing themselves from statements he's making. There has to be a point at which you say, 'This is not somebody I can support for president of the United States, even if he purports to be a member of my party.' "Obama said that denunciations from Republicans of Trump's remarks "ring hollow" without an accompanying withdrawal of support. READ MORE: Russia continues to shadow Trump"I don't doubt their sincerity. I don't doubt they were outraged by some of the statements that Mr. Trump and his supporters made about the Khan family," Obama said. "But there has to come a point in which you say, 'Somebody who makes those kinds of statements doesn't have the judgment, the temperament, the understanding to occupy the most powerful position in the world.' "Trump and the family of the slain soldier have been locked in an increasingly bitter dispute over Muslims in America and the nature of patriotic sacrifice. JUST WATCHEDLt. Gen. Flynn: Bigger issue is radical Islam Replay More Videos ... Lt. Gen. Flynn: Bigger issue is radical Islam 11:29 After Khizir Khan, who lost his son in a suicide bombing in Iraq, declared at last week's Democratic National Convention that Trump had "sacrificed nothing," the Republican nominee claimed he'd been "viciously attacked" and questioned why Khan's wife, Ghazala, didn't make her own remarks. Criticism from Trump's own party came swiftly, including in a lengthy statement from Mc Cain, whom Trump previously derided for having been taken captive in the Vietnam War. But he and other top GOP leaders, including Senate Majority Leader Mitch Mc Connell and House Speaker Paul Ryan, made little indication they would withdraw support for the Republican candidate. Trump has also taken flak for appearing unaware that Russian forces had annexed Crimea in early 2014, saying on ABC's "This Week" Sunday that President Vladimir Putin is "not going into Ukraine." Later, he argued that the people of Crimea "would rather be with Russia than where they were" -- an argument that Putin himself has made in justifying his annexation of the disputed Ukrainian territory. Trump looks for better Russia ties And he's maintained his view that fostering better ties to Putin would benefit areas of American foreign policy, including in the fight against ISIS. "If we could get along with Russia, wouldn't that be a good thing, instead of a bad thing?" Trump asked Monday during a campaign appearance in Pennsylvania. Trump also took heat for calling on Russia last week to release deleted emails from Clinton if they had obtained them in a hack of the Democratic National Committee, which US officials have fingered Moscow for. At the news conference, Obama said the alleged Russian hacking wouldn't necessarily prompt a complete freeze in relations between the the country and the United States. Noting that the FBI was still investigating the hack, Obama said cybersecurity was just another dispute of many between Putin and himself. "If in fact Russia engaged in this activity, it's just one on a long list of issues that me and Mr. Putin talk about," Obama said. "I don't think that it wildly swings what is a tough, difficult relationship that we have with Russia right now. "RELATED: Russia continues to shadow Trump Obama's administration, through the Justice Department's national security division, continues to investigate the hack. Neither the White House nor the FBI have publicly blamed Russia for the intrusion. But federal officials said there is strong evidence indicating the breach was perpetrated by hackers working on behalf of Russia intelligence. Trump has brushed off Democratic charges that Putin could be behind the hack in order to tip the US election in his favor, claiming he's never met the Russian leader and doesn't maintain a relationship with him. In statements from only a few years ago, however, Trump said he enjoyed warm ties with Putin. Obama's remarks Tuesday intensify his patten of inserting himself into the rancorous presidential race. While the President has freely criticized Trump in the year since the businessman entered the race, his denunciations have come faster and harsher in the last several weeks. At last week's convention, Obama named Trump repeatedly, arguing the candidate was ignorant of facts and intent on dividing the nation. And in June, Obama lit into Trump's response to the mass shooting in Orlando, saying he was peddling a dangerous vision. The President is expected to play an outsized role on the campaign trail in the coming months as Clinton works to motivate the supporters who helped elect Obama to office twice. Content by Lending Tree Experts are urging Americans to refinance in 2018Pay off your house with this insane trick How much could you save by refinancing? Eliminate your debt: refinance to a 15 yr fixed Mortgage Payoff Trick Eliminates Up to 15 Years of Payments Paid Partner Content My Finance Two savings accounts that pay 10 times what your bank pays Bankrate CD rates skyrocket - Lock in your rate today My Finance How to 10x your savings with these new accounts Furthermore from Equinox5 minutes to better sleep The Motley Fool Bitcoin up 30,000X -- here's your backdoor in | John McCain Has a Bizarre History of Hiding Evidence About His Fellow POWs John Mc Cain Has a Bizarre History of Hiding Evidence About His Fellow POWs Mc Cain has worked very hard to hide from the public stunning information about American prisoners in Vietnam who, unlike him, didn't return home. By Sydney H. Schanberg / The Nation Institute September 21, 2008, 7:00 PM GMT Print COMMENT NOW!Research support provided by the Investigative Fund of The Nation Institute; a longer version of this article is available at nationinstitute.org. John Mc Cain, who has risen to political prominence on his image as a Vietnam POW war hero, has, inexplicably, worked very hard to hide from the public stunning information about American prisoners in Vietnam who, unlike him, didn't return home. Throughout his Senate career, Mc Cain has quietly sponsored and pushed into federal law a set of prohibitions that keep the most revealing information about these men buried as classified documents. Thus the war hero people would logically imagine to be a determined crusader for the interests of POWs and their families became instead the strange champion of hiding the evidence and closing the books. Almost as striking is the manner in which the mainstream press has shied from reporting the POW story and Mc Cain's role in it, even as Mc Cain has made his military service and POW history the focus of his presidential campaign. Reporters who had covered the Vietnam War have also turned their heads and walked in other directions. Mc Cain doesn't talk about the missing men, and the press never asks him about them. The sum of the secrets Mc Cain has sought to hide is not small. There exists a telling mass of official documents, radio intercepts, witness depositions, satellite photos of rescue symbols that pilots were trained to use, electronic messages from the ground containing the individual code numbers given to airmen, a rescue mission by a Special Forces unit that was aborted twice by Washington and even sworn testimony by two defense secretaries that "men were left behind." This imposing body of evidence suggests that a large number -- probably hundreds -- of the US prisoners held in Vietnam were not returned when the peace treaty was signed in January 1973 and Hanoi released 591 men, among them Navy combat pilot John S. Mc Cain. The Pentagon had been withholding significant information from POW families for years. What's more, the Pentagon's POW/MIA operation had been publicly shamed by internal whistleblowers and POW families for holding back documents as part of a policy of "debunking" POW intelligence even when the information was obviously credible. The pressure from the families and Vietnam veterans finally produced the creation, in late 1991, of a Senate "Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs." The chair was John Kerry, but Mc Cain, as a POW, was its most pivotal member. In the end, the committee became part of the debunking machine. Included in the evidence that Mc Cain and his government allies suppressed or tried to discredit is a transcript of a senior North Vietnamese general's briefing of the Hanoi Politburo, discovered in Soviet archives by an American scholar in the 1990s. The briefing took place only four months before the 1973 peace accords. The general, Tran Van Quang, told the Politburo members that Hanoi was holding 1,205 American prisoners but would keep many of them at war's end as leverage to ensure getting reparations from Washington. Throughout the Paris negotiations, the North Vietnamese tied the prisoner issue tightly to the issue of reparations. Finally, in a February 1, 1973, formal letter to Hanoi's premier, Pham Van Dong, Nixon pledged $3.25 billion in "postwar reconstruction" aid. The North Vietnamese, though, remained skeptical about the reparations promise being honored (it never was). Hanoi thus held back prisoners -- just as it had done when the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 and withdrew their forces from Vietnam. France later paid ransoms for prisoners and brought them home. Two defense secretaries who served during the Vietnam War testified to the Senate POW committee in September 1992 that prisoners were not returned. James Schlesinger and Melvin Laird, secretaries of defense under Nixon, said in a public session and under oath that they based their conclusions on strong intelligence data -- letters, eyewitness reports, even direct radio contacts. Under questioning, Schlesinger chose his words carefully, understanding clearly the volatility of the issue: "I think that as of now that I can come to no other conclusionsome were left behind." Furthermore, over the years, the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) received more than 1,600 firsthand reports of sightings of live American prisoners and nearly 14,000 secondhand accounts. Many witnesses interrogated by CIA or Pentagon intelligence agents were deemed "credible" in the agents' reports. Some of the witnesses were given lie-detector tests and passed. Sources provided me with copies of these witness reports. Yet the DIA, after reviewing them all, concluded that they "do not constitute evidence" that men were still alive. There is also evidence that in the first months of Reagan's presidency, the White House received a ransom proposal for a number of POWs being held by Hanoi. The offer, which was passed to Washington from an official of a third country, was apparently discussed at a meeting in the Roosevelt Room attended by Reagan, Vice President George H. W. Bush, CIA director William Casey and National Security Adviser Richard Allen. Allen confirmed the offer in sworn testimony to the Senate POW committee on June 23, 1992. Allen was allowed to testify behind closed doors, and no information was released. But a San Diego Union-Tribune reporter, Robert Caldwell, obtained the portion of the testimony relating to the ransom offer and wrote about it. The ransom request was for $4 billion, Allen testified. He said he told Reagan that "it would be worth the president going along and let's have the negotiation." When his testimony appeared in the Union-Tribune, Allen quickly wrote a letter to the panel, this time not under oath, recanting the ransom story, saying his memory had played tricks on him. But the story didn't end there. A Treasury agent on Secret Service duty in the White House, John Syphrit, came forward to say he had overheard part of the ransom conversation in the Roosevelt Room in 1981. The Senate POW committee voted not to subpoena him to testify. On November 11, 1992, Dolores Alfond, sister of missing airman Capt. Victor Apodaca and chair of the National Alliance of Families, an organization of relatives of POW/MIAs, testified at one of the Senate committee's public hearings. She asked for information about data the government had gathered from electronic devices used in a classified program known as PAVE SPIKE. The devices were primarily motion sensors, dropped by air, designed to pick up enemy troop movements. But they also had rescue capabilities. Someone on the ground -- a downed airman or a prisoner on a labor gang -- could manually enter data into the sensor, which were regularly collected electronically by US planes flying overhead. Alfond stated, without any challenge from the committee, that in 1974, a year after the supposedly complete return of prisoners, the gathered data showed that a person or people had manually entered into the sensors -- as US pilots had been trained to do -- "no less than 20 authenticator numbers that corresponded exactly to the classified authenticator numbers of 20 US POW/MIAs who were lost in Laos." Alfond added, says the transcript: "This PAVE SPIKE intelligence is seamless, but the committee has not discussed it or released what it knows about PAVE SPIKE." Mc Cain, whose POW status made him the committee's most powerful member, attended that hearing specifically to confront Alfond because of her criticism of the panel's work. He bellowed and berated her for quite a while. His face turning anger-pink, he accused her of "denigrating" his "patriotism." The bullying had its effect -- she began to cry. After a pause Alfond recovered and tried to respond to his scorching tirade, but Mc Cain simply turned and stormed out of the room. The PAVE SPIKE file has never been declassified. We still don't know anything about those 20 POWs. The committee's final report, issued in January 1993, began with a forty-three-page executive summary -- the only section that drew the mainstream press's attention. It said that only "a small number" of POWs could have been left behind in 1973. But the document's remaining 1,180 pages were quite different. Sprinkled throughout are findings that contradict and disprove the conclusions of the whitewashed summary. This insertion of critical evidence that committee leaders had downplayed and dismissed was the work of a committee staff that had opposed and finally rebelled against the cover-up. Pages 207-209 of the report, for example, contain major revelations of what were either massive intelligence failures or bad intentions. These pages say that until the committee brought up the subject in 1992, no branch of the intelligence community that dealt with analysis of satellite and lower-altitude photos had ever been informed of the distress signals US forces were trained to use in Vietnam -- nor had they ever been tasked to look for such signals from possible prisoners on the ground. In a personal briefing in 1992, high-level CIA officials told me privately that as it became more and more difficult for either government to admit that it knew from the start about the unacknowledged prisoners, those prisoners became not only useless as bargaining chips but also a risk to Hanoi's desire to be accepted into the international community. The CIA officials said their intelligence indicated strongly that the remaining men -- those who had not died from illness or hard labor or torture -- were eventually executed. My own research has convinced me that it is not likely that more than a few -- if any -- are alive in captivity today. (That CIA briefing was conducted "off the record," but because the evidence from my reporting since then has brought me to the same conclusion, I felt there was no longer any point in not writing about the meeting.) For many reasons, including the absence of a constituency for the missing men other than their families and some veterans' groups, very few Americans are aware of Mc Cain's role not only in keeping the subject out of public view but in denying the existence of abandoned POWs. That is because Mc Cain has hardly been alone in this hide-the-scandal campaign. The Arizona senator has actually been following the lead of every White House since Richard Nixon's and thus of every CIA director, Pentagon chief and National Security Adviser, among many others (including Dick Cheney, who was George H. W. Bush's defense secretary). An early and critical attempt by Mc Cain to conceal evidence involved 1990 legislation called the Truth bill, which started in the House. A brief and simple document, the bill would have compelled complete transparency about prisoners and missing men. Its core sentence said that the "head of each department or agency which holds or receives any records and information, including reports, which have been correlated or possibly correlated to United States personnel listed as prisoner of war or missing in action from World War II, the Korean conflict and the Vietnam conflict, shall make available to the public all such records held or received by that department or agency." Bitterly opposed by the Pentagon (and thus by Mc Cain), the bill went nowhere. Reintroduced the following year, it again disappeared. But a few months later a new measure, the Mc Cain bill, suddenly appeared. It created a bureaucratic maze from which only a fraction of the documents could emerge -- only the records that revealed no POW secrets. The Mc Cain bill became law in 1991 and remains so today. Mc Cain was also instrumental in amending the Missing Service Personnel Act, which was strengthened in 1995 by POW advocates to include criminal penalties against "any government official who knowingly and willfully withholds from the file of a missing person any information relating to the disappearance or whereabouts and status of a missing person." A year later, in a closed House-Senate conference on an unrelated military bill, Mc Cain, at the behest of the Pentagon, attached a crippling amendment to the act, stripping out its only enforcement teeth, the criminal penalties, and reducing the obligations of commanders in the field to speedily search for missing men and report the incidents to the Pentagon. Mc Cain argued that keeping the criminal penalties would have made it impossible for the Pentagon to find staffers willing to work on POW/MIA matters. That's an odd argument to make. Were staffers only "willing to work" if they were allowed to conceal POW records? By eviscerating the law, Mc Cain gave his stamp of approval to the government policy of debunking the existence of live POWs. Mc Cain has insisted again and again that all the evidence has been woven together by unscrupulous deceivers to create an insidious and unpatriotic myth. He calls it the work of the "bizarre rantings of the MIA hobbyists." He has regularly vilified those who keep trying to pry out classified documents as "hoaxers," "charlatans," "conspiracy theorists" and "dime-store Rambos." Family members who have personally pressed Mc Cain to end the secrecy have been treated to his legendary temper. In 1996 he roughly pushed aside a group of POW family members who had waited outside a hearing room to appeal to him, including a mother in a wheelchair. The only explanation Mc Cain has ever offered for his leadership on legislation that seals POW information is that he believes the release of such information would only stir up fresh grief for the families of those who were never accounted for in Vietnam. Of the scores of POW families I've met over the years, only a few have said they want the books closed without knowing what happened to their men. All the rest say that not knowing is exactly what grieves them. It's not clear whether the taped confession Mc Cain gave to his captors to avoid further torture has played a role in his postwar behavior. That confession was played endlessly over the prison loudspeaker system at Hoa Lo -- to try to break down other prisoners -- and was broadcast over Hanoi's state radio. Reportedly, he confessed to being a war criminal who had bombed a school and other civilian targets. The Pentagon has copies of the confessions but will not release them. Also, no outsider I know of has ever seen a nonredacted copy of Mc Cain's debriefing when he returned from captivity, which is classified but can be made public by Mc Cain. In his bestselling 1999 autobiography, Faith of My Fathers, Mc Cain says he felt bad throughout his captivity because he knew he was being treated more leniently than his fellow POWs, owing to his propaganda value (his high-ranking father, Rear Adm. John S. Mc Cain II, was then the commander of US forces in the Pacific). Also in this memoir, Mc Cain expresses guilt at having broken under torture and given the confession. "I felt faithless and couldn't control my despair," he writes, revealing that he made two "feeble" attempts at suicide. Tellingly, he says he lived in "dread" that his father would find out about the confession. "I still wince," he writes, "when I recall wondering if my father had heard of my disgrace." Mc Cain still didn't know the answer when his father died in 1981. He got his answer eighteen years later. In his 1999 memoir, the senator writes, "I only recently learned that the tape had been broadcast outside the prison and had come to the attention of my father." Does this hint at explanations for Mc Cain's efforts to bury information about prisoners or other disturbing pieces of the Vietnam War? Does he suppress POW information because its surfacing rekindles his feelings of shame? On this subject, all I have are questions. But even without answers to what may be hidden in the recesses of someone's mind, one thing about the POW story is clear: if American prisoners were dishonored by being written off and left to die, that's something the American public ought to know about. Alter Net is a nonprofit organization and does not make political endorsements. The opinions expressed by its writers are their own. Sydney H. Schanberg, a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter, has since 1959 been a reporter and columnist for the New York Times, Newsday and the Village Voice. He has reported extensively on the POW story. No compatible source was found for this media. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Report typos and corrections to ' [email protected] '. COMMENT NOW!Sign Up! Get Alter Net's Daily Newsletter in Your Inbox EMAIL:+ sign up for additional lists |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what zip is in monument colorado | Zip Code 80132 Map and Profile Zip Code 80132 Map and Profile Map of Zip Code 80132 Border Map data ©2018 Google Terms of Use Map Satellite Zip Code 80132 Profile Data Official Zip Code Name Monument Zip Code State Colorado Zip Code Type Non-Unique Primary County: El Paso Area Code 719Current Population: 19637Racial Majority: 88.48%Public School Racial Majority: White 81.6%Unemployment Rate: 3.35%Median Household Income $112919Average Adjusted Gross Income $104450School Test Performance: Excellent Average Commute Time 28.2 Minutes Curent Temperature:42°FCurrent Time: 12:18:48 PM MDTTime Zone: Mountain Daylight Time Elevation Range 6998 - 7402 ft. Area 34 Sqm. Coordinates (Y,X) 39.07099915, -104.88780975 | . Request Id: 41ee6ada-bea9-4c7e-9728-03d8c4285200Correlation Id: 4d882df7-0a39-45bc-aee8-6a6b16a9eb84Timestamp: 2018-04-01T14:50:33ZMessage: AADSTS90015: Requested query string is too long. Sign in Sorry, but we’re having trouble signing you in. AADSTS90015: Requested query string is too long. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where were the holocaust camps located | Details You Should Know About the Holocaust Humanities ›History & Culture Details You Should Know About the Holocaust Share Flipboard Email Print Christopher Furlong / Getty Imagesby Jennifer Rosenberg Updated March 30, 2018The Holocaust is one of the most notorious acts of genocide in modern history. The many atrocities committed by Nazi Germany before and during World War II destroyed millions of lives and permanently altered the face of Europe. Introduction to the Holocaust The Holocaust began in 1933 when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany and ended in 1945 when the Nazis were defeated by the Allied powers. The term Holocaust is derived from the Greek word holokauston, which means sacrifice by fire. It refers to the Nazi persecution and planned slaughter of the Jewish people and others considered inferior to "true" Germans. The Hebrew word Shoah, which means devastation, ruin or waste, also refers to this genocide. In addition to Jews, the Nazis targeted Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the disabled for persecution. Those who resisted the Nazis were sent to forced labor camps or murdered. The word Nazi is a German acronym for Nationalsozialistishe Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Worker's Party). The Nazis sometimes used the term "Final Solution" to refer to their plan to exterminate the Jewish people, although the origins of this are unclear, according to historians. Death Toll It is estimated that 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust. Six million of these were Jews. The Nazis killed approximately two-thirds of all Jews living in Europe. An estimated 1.1 million children died in the Holocaust. The Beginning of the Holocaust On April 1, 1933, the Nazis instigated their first action against German Jews by announcing a boycott of all Jewish-run businesses. The Nuremberg Laws, issued on Sept. 15, 1935, were designed to exclude Jews from public life. The Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriages and extramarital sex between Jews and Gentiles. These measures set the legal precedent for anti-Jewish legislation that followed. Nazis issued numerous anti-Jewish laws over the next several years. Jews were banned from public parks, fired from civil service jobs, and forced to register their property. Other laws barred Jewish doctors from treating anyone other than Jewish patients, expelled Jewish children from public schools and placed severe travel restrictions on Jews. Overnight on November 9-10, 1938, the Nazis incited a pogrom against Jews in Austria and Germany called Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). This included the pillaging and burning of synagogues, the breaking of windows of Jewish-owned businesses and the looting of these stores. Many Jews were physically attacked or harassed, and approximately 30,000 were arrested and sent to concentration camps. After World War II started in 1939, the Nazis ordered Jews to wear a yellow Star of David on their clothing so they could be easily recognized and targeted. Homosexuals similarly targeted and forced to wear pink triangles. Jewish Ghettos After the beginning of World War II, Nazis began ordering all Jews to live in small, segregated areas of big cities, called ghettos. Jews were forced out of their homes and moved into smaller dwellings, often shared with one or more other families. Some ghettos initially were open, which meant that Jews could leave the area during the daytime but had to be back by a curfew. Later, all ghettos became closed, which meant that Jews were not allowed to leave under any circumstances. Major ghettos were located in the cities of Polish cities of Bialystok, Lodz, and Warsaw. Other ghettos were found in present-day Minsk, Belarus; Riga, Latvia; and Vilna, Lithuania. The largest ghetto was in Warsaw. At its peak in March 1941, some 445,000 were crammed into an area just 1.3 square miles in size. In most ghettos, Nazis ordered the Jews to establish a Judenrat (Jewish council) to administer Nazi demands and to regulate the internal life of the ghetto. The Nazis routinely ordered deportations from the ghettos. In some of the large ghettos, 1,000 people per day were sent by rail to concentration and extermination camps. To get them to cooperate, the Nazis told the Jews they were being transported elsewhere for labor. As the tide of World War II turned against the Nazis, they began a systematic plan to eliminate or "liquidate" the ghettos they had established. When the Nazis attempted to liquidate the Warsaw Ghetto on April 13, 1943, the remaining Jews fought back in what has become known as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The Jewish resistance fighters held out against the entire Nazi regime for 28 days, longer than many European countries had been able to withstand Nazi conquest. Concentration and Extermination Camps Although many people refer to all Nazi camps as concentration camps, there were actually a number of different kinds of camps, including concentration camps, extermination camps, labor camps, prisoner-of-war camps, and transit camps. One of the first concentration camps was in Dachau, in southern Germany. It opened on March 20, 1933. From 1933 until 1938, most of the people held in concentration camps were political prisoners and people the Nazis labeled as "asocial." These included the disabled, the homeless, and the mentally ill. After Kristallnacht in 1938, the persecution of Jews became more organized. This led to the exponential increase in the number of Jews sent to concentration camps. Life within Nazi concentration camps was horrible. Prisoners were forced to do hard physical labor and given little food. Prisoners slept three or more to a crowded wooden bunk; bedding was unheard of. Torture within the concentration camps was common and deaths were frequent. At a number of concentration camps, Nazi doctors conducted medical experiments on prisoners against their will. While concentration camps were meant to work and starve prisoners to death, extermination camps (also known as death camps) were built for the sole purpose of killing large groups of people quickly and efficiently. The Nazis built six extermination camps, all in Poland: Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz, and Majdanek. (Auschwitz and Majdanek were both concentration and extermination camps. )Prisoners transported to these extermination camps were told to undress so they could shower. Rather than a shower, the prisoners were herded into gas chambers and killed. (At Chelmno, the prisoners were herded into gas vans instead of gas chambers.) Auschwitz was the largest concentration and extermination camp built. It is estimated that 1.1 million people were killed.cite | Dachau The Holocaust As Allied troops move across Europe, they encounter the horror of thousands of prisoners in Nazi camps. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what decreases intestinal motility | Approach Considerations Approach Considerations Because several different drugs can cause intestinal motility disorders, avoiding them, if possible, may resolve the condition. In selected patients, pharmacotherapy may be helpful. Gastric preprandial dysrhythmia may lead to impaired gastric emptying, thus contributing to irregular absorption of drugs from the small intestine and conducing to disabling response fluctuations of the therapy. Cognitive interventions (eg, cognitive behavorial therapy, hypnotherapy) have been successful in managing abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome; however, they have limited utility for routine use in daily practice owing to their labor intensiveness and tight availability. [ 22]Surgery is not usually performed to treat patients with primary intestinal motility disorders, except in the treatment of idiopathic constipation that does not respond to medical therapies and in the treatment of intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Surgery for these patients is always palliative. Only patients who are incapacitated by their symptoms or those whose nutritional status is adversely affected undergo surgery. Neural stem cell transplantation may be beneficial for patients with intestinal motility disorders associated with enteric neuropathy. [ 23] A murine study demonstrated that transplanted enteric neural progenitor cells could generate functional enteric neurons in the postnatal bowel. [ 23]Patients with intestinal motility disorders must be educated in ways of coping with their condition and instructed to avoid any situation or substance that may cause the symptoms to worsen. Psychological counseling may be helpful. Next: Pharmacologic Therapy | Abnormal Respiratory Rate Abnormal Respiratory Rate Respiratory rate, also known as breathing frequency (BF), pulmonary ventilation rate and respiration rate, is the numerical representation of the breaths taken by a living creature like human in a specified period of time. There is inadequate investigation on the examination of respiratory rate. Nonetheless, up till now it has not been demonstrated if this is because of surroundings or age and these observations have concentrated on issues such as the imprecision of the rate of respiration dimension rate of respiration as a pointer for any kind of respiratory dysfunction. The human rate of respiration is typically calculated when one is inactive and simply engages itself in adding on the number of breaths taken in 1 minute by calculating how frequently the chest rises. Rates of respiration may rise due to medical conditions such as illness or fever. When inspecting respiration, it is vital to also make a note of whether one has any kind of trouble in breathing. Standard respiratory rate accounted in an adult in good physical shape during inactivity is generally specified as twelve breaths per minute but approximates do differ between basis. With slower rates, more exact readings are attained by calculating the number of breaths in an entire minute. A skilled, methodical way of deep breathing might lower rates of respiration in cardiac patients, assisting them to preserve healthy levels of blood oxygen and turn out to be more bodily fit. Any lower or higher rate in respiration than the normal twelve breaths per minute (in adults) is considered abnormal and can be attributed to usual or petty occurrences such as age, agitation, sleeping and crying to severe respiratory problems like asthma etc. More Articles : Abnormal Respiratory Rate Human Infant Normal Respiratory Rate Normal Respiratory Rate Temperature Effects On Respiratory Rate Physical Examination : Blood Pressure Blood Test Body Temperature Biometrics Family History Medical Record Mental Exam Pulse Respiratory Rate Vital Signs Human Infant Normal Respiratory Rate The respiratory rates in infants are measured at a time when they are at rest. This is done by counting the number of their breaths or the number of times their chest rises in one minute. People often get confused about the respiratory rates and the pulse rates; they believe that both of them depict the same thing which is entirely a misconception because they both are entirely different things. More.. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.highest jump guinness world records | Highest standing jump (male) Share Apply Now This record is for the highest vertical jump an individual can perform out of a standing position. This is to be attempted by an individual male. This record is measured in metres and centimetres, with the equivalent imperial measurement also given in feet and inches. All records listed on our website are current and up-to-date. For a full list of record titles, please use our Record Application Search. (You will be need to register / login for access)Comments below may relate to previous holders of this record. | . Map key | Location is at 366158,311166 | Click here to convert coordinates. | Click here to toggle map adverts500m |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.alachua county jail phone number | Alachua County Jail Alachua County Jail Florida Jail Information: The Alachua County Jail is located at 3333 NE 39th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32609. You can reach the Alachua County jail reception desk by using the phone number (352) 491-4444. For help with Alachua County bail bonds or legal matters please see our local listings posted to the right. Reviews and comments are what keep our Florida jails under the public eye. If you have any information to share about the Alachua County Jail please comment below, your experience gives great insight to others. Jail Address: 3333 NE 39th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32609Jail Phone: (352) 491-4444Bail Bonds Assistance: Be the first to list your Bail Bonds Company in Alachua County - Free List a Bail Bonds Company >>Criminal Defense Assistance: Be the first to list your Attorney Office in Alachua County - Free Listing List a Law Firm >> | . Password: |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how soon do cipro start working | Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) for Urinary Tract Infection Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) for Urinary Tract Infection Generic Name: Ciprofloxacin Trade Names: Cipro, Cipro XR, Pro Quin Pharmacologic Category: Fluoroquinolone antibiotic Dosage Forms: Tablets 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg Microcapsules for oral suspension 250 mg per 5 m L, 500 mg per 5 m L Extended-release tablets 500 mg, 1000 mg Fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is widely used to treat Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) because it reaches high urinary concentrations, has an excellent activity against most uropathogens, and is available in oral and intravenous formulations. Ciprofloxacin dosage for UTIChildren 1–17 years of age: Complicated UTIs and pyelonephritis: 10-20 mg/kg (up to 750 mg) every 12 hours for 10-21 days. Adults: Cystitis (bladder indection): 250 mg every 12 hours for 3 days. Cipro XR: 500 mg once daily for 3 days, preferably given with the evening meal. Mild to moderate UTIs: The standard dose is 250 mg every 12 hours for 7-14 days. Complicated UTIs, pyelonephritis: 500 mg every 12 hours for 7-14 days. Cipro XR: 1 g once daily every for 7–14 days. How long before ciprofloxacin works on UTI? Ciprofloxacin usually works fast. You may begin to feel much better within 24 hours. The symptoms are usually gone by day three. Mild symptoms may persist for up to 5-7 days. The e Xt Ra study [2] found that more than a third of the women taking Cipro XR (ciprofloxacin extended-release) for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections get significant improvement within just 3 hours of taking the antibiotic and half of the women reported symptom improvement within 6 hours. Additionally, 87% reported significant symptom improvement and 22% reported complete relief within 24 hours. Does ciprofloxacin always cure UTI? No. Ciprofloxacin may fail to cure urinary infection caused by resistant bacteria. Research indicates emerging ciprofloxacin resistance among bacteria causing urinary tract infections. UTI cases caused by E. coli resistant to ciprofloxacin account for about 17% [1]. See also: Urinary Tract Infections symptoms, causes Sources & References:1. Sanchez GV, Master RN, Karlowsky JA, Bordon JM. In vitro antimicrobial resistance of urinary Escherichia coli isolates among U. S. outpatients from 2000 to 2010. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Apr;56 (4):2181-3.2. Cipro® XR in Therapeutic Response and Activity (e Xt Ra) - Assessing Symptom Relief in Urinary Tract Infections. | . Copyright © 2003-2012 Bio-Medicine. All rights reserved. ABOUT | CONTACT US | DISCLAIMER | PRIVACY POLICY | TERMS AND CONDITIONS |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is a poogy? | . Top definitionpoogy A mild insult, used to mock one's friends and convey affection at the same time. Can also be used to describe objects that are useless or annoying. "You're a poogy" when laughing at a friend's stupid antics; "It's just ... poogy" when frustrated beyond words with something annoying.by Stacey June 24, 200410 4The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the mug2Poogy When something smells like Poog. Ugh, it smells so bad that I would even say it smells poogy!by Asperism May 03, 20170 0The Urban Dictionary Mug One side has the word, one side has the definition. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Lotsa space for your liquids. Buy the mug Trending RN - October 15, 20171. tennesee log jammer2. massachusetts slurpee3. thats a neck4. big r5. ass fang6. carpin all those diems7. vanilla sex8. cincinnati switcheroo9. dingle berry10. blink-18211. acorn head12. thunder buddy13. tkfb14. cushioning15. forsyth county, ga16. draymond green17. swillered18. lawrence high school19. ten-head20. feltch21. mrtlexify22. abbas23. tmt24. thunder bucket25. binged26. blink 18227. bazante28. lachey29. tgif30. average joe | . Oops! There was a problem!There was an unexpected issue while trying to process your request. Please refresh the page and try again. If the problem persists, please contact support. Refresh |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.who was the dj in house of pain | Upcoming concerts (1) Upcoming concerts (1)Sunday 08 July 2018House of Pain with Birdy and Archive Parc de Valmy , Argelès-sur-Mer, France Buy tickets Track event I’m going Don’t miss out. Track this event and we’ll remind you when it’s coming up. Similar artists with upcoming concerts Sir Mix-a-lot Sat 30 Jun 2018 Grand Chapiteau at Marymoor Park Redmond, WA, USBeyoncéThu 04 Oct 2018 Century Link Field Seattle, WA, USFoo Fighters Sat 01 Sep 2018 Safeco Field Seattle, WA, USBarenaked Ladies Sat 09 Jun 2018 Grand Chapiteau at Marymoor Park Redmond, WA, USEverclear Fri 22 Jun 2018 Showbox So Do Seattle, WA, USFranks & Deans Fri 18 May 2018 The Funhouse Seattle, WA, USFranks & Deans Wed 16 May 2018 The Shakedown Bellingham, WA, USNaughty By Nature Sat 26 May 2018 Fox Theatre Detroit, MI, USSalt-N-Pepa Thu 12 Jul 2018 Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre Tinley Park, IL, US2 Live Crew Fri 24 Aug 2018 BB&T Pavilion Camden, NJ, USEn Vogue Fri 25 May 2018 Maryland Live Casino / Rams Head Center Stage Hanover, MD, USDigable Planets Thu 31 May 2018 The UC Theatre Berkeley, CA, USBiz Markie Fri 08 Jun 2018 House of Blues Dallas, TX, USSalt-N-Pepa Sat 13 Oct 2018 Hard Rock Hotel & Casino - Biloxi Biloxi, MS, USArrested Development Fri 25 May 2018 Bogart's Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, USRob Base Sun 27 May 2018 Concord Pavilion Concord, CA, USBiz Markie Sat 02 Jun 2018 The Fillmore Silver Spring Silver Spring, MD, USBiz Markie Sat 09 Jun 2018 House of Blues Houston, TX, USKRS-One Thu 31 May 2018 Ardmore Music Hall Ardmore, PA, USTone-Lōc Fri 17 Aug 2018 DTE Energy Music Theatre Clarkston, MI, USRob Base Fri 18 May 2018 Mystic Lake Casino Hotel Prior Lake, MN, USLong Beach Dub All-Stars Fri 04 May 2018 The Glass House Pomona, CA, USEric B. & Rakim Thu 03 May 2018 The Fillmore San Francisco, CA, USCoolio Wed 02 May 2018 Baltimore Soundstage Baltimore, MD, US123456Biography House Of Pain are a rap group hailing from New York City, New York, United States who formed in 1991. They are famous for their 1992 global hit “Jump Around” and have released three studio albums since their self-titled debut effort, released in the same year. Fashioning themselves as Irish-American hooligans, the band began life as a collaboration between rappers Everlast (A. K. A Erik Schrody) and Danny Boy O’Connor, along with turntablist and producer DJ Lethal (Leor Dimant), who has since gained notoriety as Limp Bizkit’s DJ. Everlast and Danny Boy met while at high school in California, where Danny Boy was already conceptualising House Of Pain. After their families had moved to New York City, Danny Boy impressed Everlast with his skills as a rapper. He asked him to front the group while Danny Boy himself would act as his hype man, but to complete the group they needed someone to DJ for them. For that role, Everlast called upon Lethal, who was an old friend of his who had made his name on the L. A hip-hop scene as a beatboxer before taking up the turntables. Before they’d realized it, they’d formed one of the very few all white hip-hop groups around, and their early success put them solidly in the same league as their spiritual predecessors The Beastie Boys. They started gigging and making a name for themselves on the New York City hip-hop scene and attracted the attention of Tommy Boy Records. The band were soon signed to the label but no-one at all could have guessed where they’d go from there. Their self-titled debut was released in 1992, and was a multi-Platinum selling hit fuelled by the astonishing success of its single “Jump Around”, which hit number three on the Billboard Hot 100 months after its release. Unfortunately, that left them with nowhere to go but down, and after two lacklustre albums that didn’t produce any hits, the band called it a day in 1996 after the tensions between the members had sucked all the fun out of working together. Surprisingly, the band members have had pretty fruitful careers since, with Everlast going on to front a celebrated solo career and Lethal going on to join one of the most commercially successful rock bands of the 1990’s, Limp Bizkit. Danny Boy went behind the scenes after attempting a couple of aborted comebacks. The musical projects A. T. F (Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms) and XSupermodels didn’t go anywhere, but afterwards he found gainful employment as a graphic designer in the hip-hop world. The band couldn’t stay away for long though, and in 2010 they got back together and have been sporadically reuniting for short tours ever since. Those that say that hip-hop doesn’t work live clearly haven’t seen the utter carnage that “Jump Around” can still cause to this day, and for that reason, the band comes highly recommended. Read more Live reviews I had heard years ago House Of Pain split up due to a disagreement within the band. If this gig is anything to go by Everlast & Danny Boy still hate each other. The gig opened with a 10min set from DJ Lethal. He was brilliant, played classics and really got the crowd ready. House Of Pain hit the stage and it was electric. They opened with the appropriate "Back From The Dead". Hearing those old songs again was magical. During the song Danny Boy it was Everlast who changed the lyrics at one point to "Fuck Danny Boy". This was a hint for what was to come. Then after HOP had been on for a mere 20min the strangeness began. Danny Boy left the stage and Everlast gave us a haunting rendition of "Folsom Prison Blues" by "The original gangsta rapper" Johnny Cash. He then played the hit song "What It's Like" from his solo record. I was very surprised and overjoyed to hear this live, love that song. Then we were introduced to his new band Warporn Industries. B-Real from Cypress Hill was in the building as he had been seen moving through the bar area. He was supposed to take the stage at this point but for some reason never explained he did not show up. We were treated to Everlast and Sick Jacken tearing through Warporn songs. Then Sick done a couple on his own while Everlast stood next to DJ Lethal's desk and drank more whiskey. At this point I realised Danny Boy had been gone over 30min. At the end of one song Danny Boy showed back up on stage looking ready to go, but he was ignored and Warporn took over again. Danny Boy just left the stage. In the end HOP had not performed a song in over 45mins. Eventually Danny Boy came back on and we were requested to "Put on our shit kickers and kick some shit" then to obviously "Jump Around". Brilliant performance. Just over 20min later, while music from the last song was beginning to fade out Danny Boy walked to his jacket and put it on. He then said goodnight and walked off the stage. All through the gig there was zero chemistry between the two. They did not appear to look each other in the eye once all night. Despite this they managed to deliver a more than solid performance for the little time they were together on stage. It is rare to find two voices that compliment each other so highly. I would definitely go see Everlast again. Despite being obviously drunk he did not slip a single syllable all night. In the end half the show was without Danny Boy and so no House Of Pain songs. As good as Warporn were this was not really what we paid for. All in all it was a good night. Main talking point for everyone I spoke to on the slow walk to the doors was how strange the stage chemistry was. Overall conclusion is Danny Boy done it for the money and only got Everlast to sign up by agreeing to Warporn taking over mid show. Don't expect another tour anytime soon unless they start selling venues out making the cash lure is strong... Read more Report as inappropriateby joeembleton With any review of House of Pain, you’re going go to go into it wondering how many words will go by before there’s mention of ‘Jump Around’. In this case, it’s twenty five. To be fair, though, it is the track that defines the New York trio’s raucous approach to a typical hip hop sound, and to accusations that they’re a one hit wonder, never managing to match that classic’s success again, you’d have to respond that they didn’t have too much time to go about bettering it; they were only a going concern for five years, before Everlast left to pursue a solo career. They did reform, though, for a brief time in 2010; no new music stemmed for the reunion, making 1996’s Truth Crushed to Earth Shall Rise Again their most recent output, but they did tour extensively - although as a duo this time, with DJ Lethal having joined Limp Bizkit in the interim. Everlast and Danny Boy brought precisely what you’d imagine to their live shows; a minimal setup that allowed their energy to do the talking. Alongside ‘Jump Around’, they dropped choice cuts from the House catalogue that included ‘Shamrocks and Shenanigans’ and ‘Put on Your Shit Kickers’. They proved their crossover success, too, by appearing at both T in the Park and Sonisphere in the summer of 2011. There’s been no live activity since, but their reunion proved there’s demand for the House still; don’t be surprised to see them dust off their mics again in the future. Read more Report as inappropriateby Joeg_67Everlast, Danny Boy and DJ Lethal are better known as the hip hop collective House of Pain. Despite having only released three studio albums to date, there is a huge demand to see the group live partially due to the mammoth success of their breakout single 'Jump Around'. This track has graced dance floors for the past two decades and is considered an iconic piece of alt-hip hop. However away from this, the band has a selection of other hits and three albums that all performed well. They also attain enough bombast to really command both the stage and their audience. The crowd is enthusiastic from the offset as the band's reputation clearly proceeds them. Kicking off with an up tempo 'Danny Boy, Danny Boy', Everlast paces up and down the stage to make sure the entire audience is moving. After a back to back performance of 'Shamrocks and Shenanigans' and 'On Point' the band deems the audience to be suitably ready to 'Jump Around'. And jump they do to this old-school gem, they are still bopping as a collective even after the band has left stage whilst chanting 'JUMP, JUMP EVERYBODY JUMP'. Read more Report as inappropriateby sean-ward I went to my first concert almost 25 years ago, back when House of Pain was on the Soul Assassins tour (Whooliganz, Funkdoobiest, House of Pain and Cypress Hill). I couldn't have asked for a better first live show, definitely no disappointment. I followed Everlast closely in the following years and I've seen him live probably 6-7 times, although it's been quite awhile. When I heard H. O. P. was touring together again and coming to my area I thought I might croak from excitement. So of course I'm off to the show tonight, which fittingly will be the last concert I attend. From what I've heard, they still bring it and fans leave happy. I am confident they won't disappoint. Read more Report as inappropriateby snappylulu These guys are awesome! Still killin' it after all these years, what a time, playing some of the bangers still looking rough and tough as if they just started but with a touch of experience in there. I would see these guys anytime they come around and recommend that any fans do as well you will not be disappointed, they rock hard they get the crowd going and if you seen them before they are "the same as it ever was" (for those that don't know that's one of there songs) always awesome and hope you guys keep rocking parties..until the next time HOUSE OF PAIN! What a blast and from the past.- D. J. Read more Report as inappropriateby derek-joppen Show was OK. Danny Boy wasn't even there! Just Everlast and DJ Lethal. Not too many people showed up either. Venue was inside a casino. No bathrooms inside venue!! Had to walk out into casino to piss. Overall was expecting a little more for a 25th anniversary tour. Read more Report as inappropriateby 1phillyfan Cracking night good memories brought back great venue as always ! So glad I got to see these 3 guys ! Sound was great one gig ticked off the "to do list" !!! !Report as inappropriateby Gav1977Photos (1)See all photos (1)Posters (65)See all posters (65)Past concerts (212) See all Friday 06 October 2017 – Saturday 07 October 2017House of Pain Gulfport Music Festival 2017Jones Park , Gulfport, MS, USI was there Friday 08 September 2017House of Pain Harrah's Chester Casino & Racetrack , Chester, PA, USI was there Saturday 05 August 2017 – Sunday 06 August 2017House of Pain Festival de Ronquieres 2017Braine Le Comte, Belgium I was there See all past concerts (212) | Bill Watson's Chronology of Chrysler Corporation: 1920-1939 Bill Watson's Chronology of Chrysler Corporation: 1920-19391864-1911 • 1912-19 • 1920-39 • 1940-49 • 1950-63 • 1964-1971 • 1972-80 • 1981-92 • 1993-97History • By Year • Coming: 1998-2007 (Daimler disaster) • 2007-09 (Cerberus) • 2008-2015 (FCA)Chrysler History, Part 3: The Story So Far The Dodge Brothers started their own company, which rapidly grows based on a reputation for reliability. Rising star Walter P. Chrysler is put in charge of faltering Buick, with excellent results.1920: Chrysler goes to Willys, Dodges die, Maxwell weakened The post-war recession, coupled with material shortages and rising prices, weakens Maxwell and Chalmers . Maxwell has a debt of $32 million and had 26,000 unsold cars — out of 34,169 made in 1920. Maxwell places the emergency brake on the driveshaft, beginning a Maxwell, then Chrysler, trademark. John Francis Dodge dies January 14; Horace Elgin Dodge dies December 10Fred M. Zeder, Owen Skelton, and Carl Breer (the “Three Musketeers”) leave Studebaker and form Zeder-Skelton-Breer Engineering Co. Walter P. Chrysler is hired to save the Willys Corporation, at a highly unusual $1,000,000 per year; he hires Zeder-Skelton-Breer Engineering to design a new car, the Chrysler, to be produced in the Elizabeth, NJ, plant. Frederick J. Haynes becomes president of Dodge Brothers.1921: Chrysler hired to save Maxwell-Chalmers Maxwell ceases production in the Chalmers plant; its cars, built with weak axles and poorly mounted gas tanks, are “patched” for the late-1921 model year with two straps on the gas tank and two steel trusses on the rear axles. John North Willys puts the Willys-Overland puts its plant in Elizabeth, NJ on the auction block. The plant and the protoype Chrysler (later called the model A by the Chrysler folk; the 1924 Chrysler would be the model B) are auctioned to General Motors founder William C. Durant. Durant builds his low-priced Star at the plant and hires Zeder-Skelton-Breer Engineering Co. (“ZSB”) to transform the Chrysler Model A into the Flint; ZSB work on their new straight-six engine for Durant as part of this. Late in 1921, the company bankers ask Walter P. Chrysler to save Maxwell and (since Maxwell owned 90% of it) Chalmers. Chrysler agrees, for $100,000 a year plus stock options. The Maxwell Reorganization Committee is forced to put the company on the auction block. Faced with heavy bidding from William C. Durant, Studebaker, the White Motor Company, and others, the committee pays $10.8 million for the company and its assets. A new Maxwell Motor Corporation is incorporated in West Virginia, and Walter P. Chrysler becomes chairman of the board with W. R. Wilson as president. (Maxwell had been through numerous changes already, including a year as U. S. Motor Car Company. )Dodge Brothers and Graham Brothers sign an agreement whereby Graham Brothers will use Dodge Brothers engines and sell their trucks through Dodge Brothers dealers. Production of Graham Brothers Trucks begins at Hamtamck, MI. Byron C. Foy becomes president of Reo Motor Car Company of California, Los Angeles, CANew Process Gear Company, Syracuse, NY, a subsidiary of Willys Corporation, is purchased by William C. Durant.1922: Maxwell buys Chalmers assets Walter P. Chrysler's contract with Willys-Overland ends. Maxwell Motor Corporation purchases assets of Chalmers Motor Company for $2,000,000.1923: First Chrysler introduced Fred M. Zeder, Owen R. Skelton, and Carl Breer head a team to design a new car, the soon-to-be Chrysler Model B. The car is introduced to the public later that year, during the New York Auto Show . The 1924 Chalmers is introduced in the fall of 1923, with 4-wheel hydraulic brakes - a test bed for the brakes on the new Chrysler. Production of the Chalmers quickly ceases and is replaced by the Chrysler . K. T. Keller becomes general manager of General Motors Products of Canada Limited.1924: Zeder, Skelton, Beer join Maxwell Zeder-Skelton-Breer Engineering Co. dissolved as Fred M. Zeder, Owen R. Skelton and Carl Breer accept posts with Maxwell Motor Corporation. April - Fred Zeder’s younger brother, James C. Zeder, goes to work for Maxwell Motor Corporation.1 millionth Dodge Brothers car1925: Chrysler takes over Maxwell. First four. Dodge Brothers purchased from the widows of the Dodge brothers by Dillon, Read & Co. for $146,000,000. Chrysler Motor Corporation formed to handle sales of the Chrysler car. From 34,169 cars in 1920, to 79,144 in 1924, the new Maxwell-Chrysler combine produces 132,343 cars in 1925. June 26 - After two years of stock acquisition by Walter Chrysler and Harry Bronner, the Chrysler Corporation is incorporated in Delaware and takes over the Maxwell Motor Corporation. Walter P. Chrysler is president and chairman of the board. May - the last Maxwell is built. It is replaced one month later by the first Chrysler four, which is essentially an updated Maxwell. October 1 - Dodge Brothers Inc. purchases 51% of Graham Brothers, Inc ., with plants in Evansville, IN and Stockton, CA. Ray A. Graham becomes general manager, Joseph C. Graham becomes vice-president of manufacturing and Robert C. Graham becomes sales manager of Dodge Brothers Inc. Edward J. Wilmer appointed president of Dodge Brothers Inc.. as Frederick J. Haynes becomes chairman of the board. Byron C. Foy vice-president of of J. H. Thompson Company, Detroit, MI, Chrysler distributors1926K. T. Keller leaves General Motors and joins the Chrysler Corporation. May 1 - Dodge Brothers Inc. purchases remaining 49% of Graham Brothers Inc.1927Chrysler Motors Limited purchased in London, United Kingdom. Graham brothers leave Dodge Brothers and purchase Paige Motor Co., which becomes the Graham-Paige Motor Corporation. Byron C. Foy becomes vice-president of Simons, Stewart & Foy, Chrysler distributors in New York.1928: Plymouth and De Soto formed; Chrysler buys Dodge May - The Plymouth Motor Corporation and the De Soto Motor Corporation are formed. Walter P. Chrysler is president of Plymouth Motor Corporation and Joseph E. Fields is president of De Soto Motor Corporation. July 7 - The 1929 Plymouth 4 (model Q) is unveiled; it is basically the former Chrysler Four (née Maxwell), which is now dropped. The name was suggested by Joseph W. Frazer, sales manager; reportedly to take advantage of the good reputation of a popular binder twine. The cars are made in the Highland Park plant . July - De Soto production begins at Highland Park. Some claim it was aimed directly at Dodge Brothers, and was intended to give Chrysler more power in negotations with Dodge Brothers’ owners. July 31 - Chrysler purchases Dodge Brothers Inc, which has its main plants and forge facilities in Hamtramck, MI, with other assembly plants in Stockton, CA, Evansville, IN, and and Toronto, Ontario (a knockdown assembly plant), with land on Lynch Road, the future site of the Plymouth plant. Walter P. Chrysler becomes president of Dodge Brothers Corporation, and K. T. Keller becomes general manager. Frederick J. Haynes and Edward J. Wilmer leave Dodge Brothers. August 4 - The 1929 De Soto 6 (model K) is unveiled. September - The Fargo Motor Corporation is formed to provide Plymouth dealers with trucks; production begins that month at Highland Park. Walter P. Chrysler is the first president of the Fargo Motor Corporation. The Chrysler Export Corporation is created. James C. Zeder becomes chief engineer of Plymouth and De Soto.2 millionth Dodge Brothers car1929: Lynch Road opens New Lynch Road plant opens for Plymouth and De Soto production. Chrysler Motor Parts Corporation (later Mopar) formed. Byron C. Foy becomes vice-president, Chrysler Corporation David A. Wallace becomes master mechanic for the Chrysler Corporation. Walter P. Chrysler begins construction of the Chrysler Building in New York City. Walter Chrysler asks his company to create an efficient air conditioning system, and his engineers revolutionize air conditioning, creating Airtemp Division to sell the results; Airtemp would remain highly profitable for many years. Chrysler Motor Corporation is not otherwise involved in building the skyscraper. See related article: Chrysler and Plymouth, 1929-321930: Fargo ends, Dodge Bros. and Graham become Dodge Graham Brothers Truck and Dodge Brothers Truck become Dodge Truck and the Dodge Brothers car becomes Dodge. Both use the Dodge Brothers Star of David emblem to the end of the 1938 model year, then the original meaning (intertwined triangles showing the close relationship of the brothers) is drowned out. January - De Soto model CF, with a straight-eight engine, unveiled. Dodge introduces an eight cylinder model. November - Fargo Truck production ends, for the moment. The division carries on for export and fleet car sales. F. L. Rockelman named president of Plymouth Motor Corporation. K. T. Keller names president of Dodge Brothers Motor Corporation. Also see: Plymouth cars, 1929-32 and Plymouth of 1930: the Model 3o U1931: Floating Power Plymouth introduces “floating power” engine mounts in the revolutionary new Plymouth PA. Eventually used in every car, these greatly reduce vibration of the chassis, and likely increase reliability by doing so. Last De Soto straight-eight built; first Chrysler straight-eight. Joseph E. Fields named president of Chrysler Motor Corporation. Byron Foy named president of De Soto Motor Corporation. David A. Wallace, vice-president of Chrysler Corporation in charge of manufacturing. Plymouth cars now sold by De Soto, Dodge and Chrysler dealers. Chrysler Building completed. Also see: Plymouth cars, 1929-32; and Plymouths of 1931-321932Dodge Truck assembly ceases at Evansville, IN. Herman L. Weckler resigns as works manager at Buick Motor Company and becomes assistant to K. T. Keller at Chrysler Corporation B. E. Hutchinson named president of Plymouth Motor Corporation. Also see: Plymouth PA cars of 1931-32 and the 1932 Plymouth PB1933June - production of the De Soto shifted from Lynch Road to Jefferson Avenue . Plymouth production begins at Los Angeles, CA plant . Dodge Truck assembly shifted from Stockton, CA to Los Angeles, CA, plant . Last year for Dodge straight-eight engine. Chrysler Technical Institute organized. Also see: Plymouth cars, 1929-32; and 1933 Plymouth PC, PD, and PCXX1934: Airflows across brands; Airtemp formed The Airflow appears - the De Soto Six, Chrysler Eight, Chrysler Imperial Eight, Chrysler Custom Imperial Eight (in 2 sizes), and, in Canada, the Chrysler Six. Chrysler Custom Imperial Airflow CW has the world’s first one-piece, curved windshield. Airtemp Division created to make heating, cooling and refrigeration equipment. Chrysler buys Wyoming Avenue plant from General Motors. Fargo Trucks begins export production for 1935, starting in August, 1934. Dan S. Eddins named president of Plymouth Motor Corporation.1 millionth Plymouth Also see: Plymouths of 1934: more innovations in the PE, PF, PG, and PFXXComparison test: 1934 Chevrolet, Ford, and Plymouth Plymouth pickup trucks: 1934 only1935: Corporations become divisions; Keller becomes president The Evansville, IN plant, renovated and expanded, begins building 1936 Plymouth cars. Dodge introduces a Plymouth-based export market Dodge (model DV), assembled at Lynch Road . July 22 - K. T. Keller becomes president of Chrysler Corporation; Walter P. Chrysler continues as chairman of the board. Plymouth launches its first commercial van Marysville (Michigan) plant acquired. Plymouth Motor Corporation becomes Plymouth Division, Dodge Brothers Corporation becomes Dodge Division, De Soto Motor Corporation becomes De Soto Division and Chrysler Motor Corporation becomes Chrysler Sales Division. Also see: Plymouths of 1935: The PJ and others, with comparison to 1935 Ford.1936Herman L. Weckler spearheaded conversion of the Wyoming Avenue to De Soto production; the plant opened in September, and became the head office and main plant for De Soto. Airtemp Division moves to Dayton, OH.3 millionth Dodge car1937: Kokomo plant Plymouth Truck launched, finally replacing Fargo in the United States. De Soto Six (export) goes into production: model SP3, based on the Plymouth P3, is assembled at Lynch Road. Dodge cars assembled at Evansville, IN, plant for 1937 and 1938. Transmission plant opened in Kokomo, IN. David A. Wallace named president of Chrysler Division. Herman L. Weckler named general manager of De Soto Division, under Byron C. Foy.2 millionth Plymouth1 millionth Chrysler First model year Chrysler Corporation builds over one million cars in one year Also see: Plymouths of 1937 in a record sales year; and Imperial, 1937-381938: Warren plant; expedition to China New Dodge Truck plant completed in Warren, MI . Della Chrysler, wife of Walter P. Chrysler, dies. W. J. O'Neil named president of Dodge Division. Joseph W. Frazer leaves Chrysler Corporation to become president of Willys-Overland. Dr. Roy Chapman Andrews took his 1938 Dodge through the Gobi Desert, following an earlier Dodge-powered expedition through China. Also see: Plymouths of 1938 including the PT57; and Imperial, 1937-381939: UK production ends as war heats up; Fluid Drive First 1939 De Soto Truck built in September, 1938, for export markets. Fluid Drive introduced on Chrysler Imperial line. Chrysler buys land for future expansion in San Leandro, CA. Assembly of Chrysler and Dodge vehicles in United Kingdom ceases due to war in Europe.3 millionth Plymouth Also see: Dodge cars of 1939 and Plymouths of 1939: the engineering improvements continue, including a radio, downdraft carb, and fuel pump1864-1911 • 1912-19 • 1920-39 • 1940-49 • 1950-63 • 1964-1971 • 1972-80 • 1981-92 • 1993-97History • By Year • Coming: 1998-2007 (Daimler disaster) • 2007-09 (Cerberus) • 2008-2015 (FCA)Chrysler Heritage • History by Year • Chrysler People and Bios • Corporate Facts and History Home • Engines • Reviews • Chrysler 1904-2018 • Upcoming • Trucks • Cars Spread the word via Tweet or Facebook!We make no guarantees regarding validity or accuracy of information, predictions, or advice — see the terms of use and privacy policy. Copyright © 2018 Vertical Scope Inc. All rights reserved. Dodge, Jeep, Chrysler, Ram, and Mopar are trademarks of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.2018 Demon runs a 9.86 FCA’s surprise US sales gain and Canadian sales drop Pullied Demon makes almost 900 wheel horsepower More Mopar Car and Truck News |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how many gallons of water does average household use | How Much Water Do Californians Use and What Does 25 Percent Less Look Like? Water and Drought How Much Water Do Californians Use and What Does 25 Percent Less Look Like? Photo courtesy of NASAFeeling a bit dry lately? It's not just your imagination. California is mired in its fourth year of historic drought, with snowpack in the Sierra Nevada -- which supplies about a third of the state's water -- at 6 percent of the long-term April average. From a grassy mountain meadow usually blanketed with feet of snow, Gov. Jerry Brown on Wednesday observed the dismal snow survey results before announcing California's first ever mandatory statewide water reductions. The executive action mandates the state’s 400 local water supply agencies, which serve roughly 90 percent of California residents, to reduce urban (non-agricultural) water consumption by 25 percent of 2013 levels over the coming year. The reductions will likely vary by community, based on significant differences in per capita water consumption from region to region. Keep in mind, though, that residential water use is just a small fraction of the state's total water consumption -- with roughly 80 percent of all water resources used for agriculture, and the remainder split between residential and commercial/industrial uses. [The NY Times produced an interactive map of winter and summer water use rates in various cities and water districts throughout California]. | . Error. Page cannot be displayed. Please contact your service provider for more details. (32) |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is a side stroke | sidestroke sidestrokenoun side·stroke \ ˈsīd-ˌstrōk \Popularity: Bottom 20% of words Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLTime Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared Definition of sidestroke: a swimming stroke which is executed on the side and in which the arms are swept in separate strokes towards the feet and downward and the legs do a scissors kick See sidestroke defined for kids First Known Use of sidestroke1852Learn More about sidestroke See words that rhyme with sidestroke Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about sidestroke Seen and Heard What made you want to look up sidestroke? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show | . The website you were trying to reach is temporarily unavailable. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.calories in a sand pear | What Are the Benefits of Asian Pears? Written by Matthew Lee; Updated June 22, 2017Related Articles"What Is the Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load & Carbohydrates for an Asian Pear? "What Are the Health Benefits of Nashi Pear? Asian Pear Nutrients The Nutritional Properties of Apple Pears Despite having a texture similar to that of apples, Asian pears closely resemble other pear varieties in their nutritional profile. These fruits are high in fiber, low in calories and contain a number of micronutrients that are important for blood, bone and cardiovascular health. Although delicious on their own, the light sweetness and crispy texture of Asian pears makes them a unique addition to any salad or stir fry. Fiber One large Asian pear contains 116 calories and only 0.6 grams of fat. The majority of these calories come from carbohydrates, with 9.9 of the 29.3 grams of total carbohydrates coming from dietary fiber. Daily recommendations for fiber vary with your age and gender, ranging from 25 to 38 grams. As such, one large Asian pear provides between 26.1 and 39.6 percent of your daily intake. Dietary fiber is essential for your intestinal health and helps to promote healthy blood cholesterol and blood pressure levels. In addition, a high dietary fiber intake helps you to feel full longer, which, coupled with the relatively low caloric content of an Asian pear, may help you to attain or maintain a healthy body weight. Potassium The proper functioning of all your body's cells, organs and tissues relies on a healthy balance of electrolytes. Two of the most important electrolytes are sodium and potassium. Asian pears contribute to this balance by being sodium free and providing 7.1 percent of your daily potassium. Sodium and potassium have opposite and complementary effects, and the high potassium content in Asian pears can help to counteract the high sodium content in other foods. This is particularly important for its effects on blood pressure, as reducing your sodium intake and increasing your daily potassium can help to lower high blood pressure. Vitamin K and Copper Vitamin K is important for bone health and vital to your blood's ability to clot, or coagulate. With 13.8 percent of a woman's and 10.3 percent of a man's daily vitamin K, one large Asian pear can play a significant role in maintaining the regular functioning of your blood. Another important micronutrient for blood and bone health is copper, which is essential to the production of energy, red blood cells and collagen. One large Asian pear contains 15.3 percent of your daily copper. Vitamin CAside from vitamin K and copper, the only micronutrient found in high concentrations in Asian pears is vitamin C. With 11.6 percent of a man's and 13.9 percent of a woman's daily intake, one large Asian pear helps you to meet your body's daily vitamin C needs. This vitamin is important for the growth and repair of bodily tissues, healing wounds and repairing and maintaining bones and teeth. Similar to copper, vitamin C boosts iron absorption and plays the role of an antioxidant in your body. By removing free radicals from your body, these antioxidant effects add cancer prevention to the list of health benefits of Asian pears. References (5)U. S. Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference: Pears, Asian, Raw Mayo Clinic.com: Dietary Fiber: Essential for a Healthy Diet University of Maryland Medical Center: Vitamin KUniversity of Maryland Medical Center: Copper University of Maryland Medical Center: Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)About the Author Matthew Lee has been writing professionally since 2007. Past and current research projects have explored the effect of a diagnosis of breast cancer on lifestyle and mental health and adherence to lifestyle-based (i.e. nutrition and exercise) and drug therapy treatment programs. He holds a Master of Arts in psychology from Carleton University and is working toward his doctorate in health psychology. Photo Creditsasian pears 6 image by Eric E from Fotolia.com Cite this Article | How many Calories in a Red Pear How many Calories in a Red Pear Share on Facebook Tweet on Twitter Pear is a fruit which is considered to be one of the most nutritious fruit as it has no calories at all and it is also low on sugar content. This fruit is quite rich in the fibre content which is needed for proper circulation of blood and digestive system of the human body. There are about 2000 varieties of it and nutrition content differs from variety to variety. The red pear is highly nutritious and should be taken on daily basis. A one ounce pear has approximately 16 calories. A small pear has about 83 calories and a larger one might have about 121 one of those. A freshly sliced pear of about one cup may have 96 calories. The pear which is about 100 grams possesses 15 grams of carbohydrates and 83 grams of pure water in it. It also contains about 9.8 grams of sugar, in which 6.23 grams is fructose, 2.76 grams is glucose and .78 grams is sucrose. The protein content is of 0.38 grams with 0.33 grams of ash. A red pear does not have much fat as it is just 0.12 grams per 100 grams of red pear. Calories in a Red Pear Iron is present in 0.17mg per 100g of pear with 9 milligrams of calcium. Pear also contains vitamin A and vitamin K. Vitamin K is present in 4.5mcg amount in red pear. Ti also has vitamin C in it. The human body requires vitamin on a regular basis and that is why citrus fruits are prescribed in the deficiency of vitamin C. The red pear has about 6 percent of vitamin C in it which is ju7st about the prescribed amount on daily basis. One should make a habit of eating pear daily as it helps to function the body well and supplies the necessary nutrition. SHAREtweet Previous article How Many Calories in Butter Chicken Next article How many Calories in a Sausage mcmuffin |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what type of rifle did oswald use | What kind of gun did Lee Harvey Oswald use to kill John Kennedy? Answers.com ® Wiki Answers ® Categories History, Politics & Society History History of the United States US Presidents John F. Kennedy What kind of gun did Lee Harvey Oswald use to kill John Kennedy? Flag What kind of gun did Lee Harvey Oswald use to kill John Kennedy? Answer by JPaganel Confidence votes 6.5KLee Harvey Oswald used a 6.5 x 52 mm Italian Carcano M91/38 bolt-action rifle, serial number C2766. The rifle was equipped with a 4x Hollywood brand scope. The military surplus rifle and scope were sold through Klein's Sporting Goods Company by mail order. Alternate theories The Kennedy assassination is one of the most debated events of the 20th century. There are many alternate theories as to the exact circumstances of the assassination. Some hold that Oswald was not the real shooter, in which case he did not use any rifle. There is also some controversy as to which exact Carcano rifle was used since there is a 36" and a 40" version and Oswald may have owned both. Another alternate theory is that the actual rifle found in the book repository was a Mauser, but the Carcano was substituted to frame Oswald.33 people found this useful Was this answer useful? Yes Somewhat No J. P. Helm 124,843 Contributions Retired professor of math and computer science having taught for 36 years at a state supported university in Virginia Did lee Harvey oswald kill Kennedy? Yes- there is little doubt that he did even though he did not live to stand trial and be convicted. Pygar2 3,923 Contributions Was there anyone who helped Lee Harvey Oswald kill John F Kennedy? Not that anyone knows and has been able to prove. Some people pick out someone they don't like, such as Vice President Johnson, or Castro, or gays, or the Mafia, and simply cl …USCitizen 477,196 Contributions What kind of gun was used to kill Lee Harvey Oswald? The gun used to kill Lee Harvey Oswald was a .38 caliber Colt Cobra Revolver. Pygar2 3,923 Contributions Did Lee Harvey Oswald Kill John F. Kennedy? That was the consensus of the Warren Commission. It fits the available hard evidence, which none of the conspiracy theories do. Pygar2 3,923 Contributions Lee Harvey Oswald did not kill John F. Kennedy? Lee Harvey Oswald killed John Fitzgerald Kennedy at Dallas Texas, while JFK was riding in a motorcade with his wife on the left, and the governor of Texas in the front seat wi …Lalithgeorge 33,322 Contributions How Did Lee Harvey Oswald kill John F Kennedy? Lee Harvey Oswald shot John F. Kennedy from a window in a book depository. Gekambi 1,223 Contributions Did David Ferrie help lee Harvey oswald kill john f. Kennedy? No, according to every investigation into the assassination Lee Harvey Oswald was the only person involved. Pygar2 3,923 Contributions How was John F. Kennedy killed for Lee Harvey Oswald? JFK was killed BY Oswald, with a rifle. Pygar2 3,923 Contributions When did Lee Harvey Oswald kill John F. Kennedy?12:30 PM, Dallas time, 11/22/63Tonylevin 1,536 Contributions Where did Lee Harvey Oswald kill Kennedy from? He fired the shots from the sixth-floor window of a warehouse on the corner of Dealey Plaza (where he worked). Notyouraveragedummy ... 327,682 Contributions Who sent Lee Harvey Oswald to kill John F. Kennedy? Answer To this day there is still an argument as to whether he killed Kennedy alone or was with a group. Nobody knows if anybody sent him because two days after his arrest h …USCitizen 477,196 Contributions Who accused Lee Harvey Oswald of killing John F. Kennedy? The Warren Commission named him as the shooter. Sherri Robinson 2 Contributions Answered In US Presidents What was Lee Harvey Oswald charged with after killing John F. Kennedy? Oswald was formally charged with assassinating President Kennedy. Answered In History of the United States Was John Kennedy the 1st politican that Lee Harvey Oswald tried to kill? Lee Harvey Oswald wife said that he onced tried to shoot and kill a local politican but failed USCitizen 477,196 Contributions Answered In History of the United States How did they know if Lee Harvey Oswald really killed John F. Kennedy? It was his rifle that was found at the Texas School Book Depository and his fingerprints were on it. J. P. Helm 124,843 Contributions Retired professor of math and computer science having taught for 36 years at a state supported university in Virginia Answered In US Presidents Who ordered Lee Harvey Oswald to kill John F. Kennedy? The Warren Commission after an extensive investigation concluded that he acted on his own volition to kill Kennedy. J. P. Helm 124,843 Contributions Retired professor of math and computer science having taught for 36 years at a state supported university in Virginia Answered In US Presidents How long was Lee Harvey Oswald in prision for after killing John F. Kennedy? Oswald was arrested at about 2 pm on November 22. He was shot at 11:21 a.m. on November 23, at police headquarters , was taken to a hospital and died at 1:07 p.m.. So, he was … | . In addition to the many plant and animal fossils in the paleontological collections, the Illinois State Museum is home to the North American Fossil Pollen Database. Scientists contribute pollen data from study sites throughout North America to add to this body of information. As the database grows, we can learn more and more about past environments. What are fossils? Fossils are the remains of ancient plants and animals. Preserved evidence of plants and animals (footprints left in wet clay, preserved wastes, stains left in sediments) are also considered fossils. Fossils occur at natural sites (in caves, in lake sediments, etc), as well as at archaeological sites (places where human activity occurred). They can serve as direct evidence that a specific plant or animal existed in a certain place at a certain time. How do we know how old a fossil is? Scientists use radiocarbon dating and relative dating to determine a fossil's age. At Charleston Quarry in eastern Illinois, for example, a glacier overrode a spruce forest. Glacial geologists dated the wood from these trees to learn more about the timing of this event. (To learn more, read Dating . )Learning from fossils Organisms that preserve well can provide us with many clues to the past. This is especially true when the fossil has a living counterpart whose environmental preferences are known. If the fossil has a living counterpart, modern specimens of the organism can be used to create a 'reference collection.' When a scientist is unsure of the identity of a fossil specimen, he or she may use a reference collection of modern examples to help with the identification. Bones, pollen, seeds, mussel shells, and even whole plants are examples of some of the materials used to create reference collections. If the environmental preferences of an organism are known, we can then say something about the kind of environment in which the organism thrived. Was it wetter than today or drier? Colder or warmer? The kind fossils that are found together and the kind of deposit that they are found in also provide clues to past environments. Abundance of the fossils is an important factor. If there are enough fossils, statistical methods can be used to interpret data and information from different sites or levels within sites can be compared. Spruce tree stumps in situ at Charleston Quarry Fossils provide information about past environmental conditions. Fossils that provide indirect (proxy) information on past environmental conditions are called paleo-indicators. Certain types of plants, for example, require specific temperature and moisture conditions in order to thrive. Some kinds of aquatic organisms are sensitive to water chemistry, and can tolerate only narrow ranges of p H and salinity. Ice Age mammals that became extinct at the close of the alst glaciation had specific environmental requirements that were different than those of today. The presence of fossils representative of these organisms can tell us a great deal about the environments of the past; what the climate was like, and what sorts of plants and animals inhabited the landscape. Some fossils provide a continuous record of environmental change. Many of the organisms that are preserved in lake sediments have the potential to provide scientists with a continuous record of environmental change through time. This is because these fossils are preserved in sediment that is deposited in new layers every year. The oldest sediments, or the first to be laid down, are at the bottom of the lake muds, and the youngest are at the top. Many small organisms can be preserved within these layers of sediment through time. The changing abundances of these fossils through time can tell us whether a change in the environment or climate was gradual or abrupt. Some examples of good indicators of ancient environmental conditions are: (click for image): Diatoms Ostracodes Non-marine mollusks Mosses Plant parts Insects Fossil pollen Studying fossil pollen and other fossils helps scientists to learn more about climate change. Based on the evidence these fossils provide, we can find out whether or not climate has changed in the past, and how fast and frequently climate changes occurred. By looking at a long period of climate change in the past, we are able to see patterns that might help us understand climate change today. Many people are interested in this topic; climate change is often mentioned today when unexpected weather occurs. If the fossil is abundant; if there are many examples of the fossil available in a particular environment. This allows researchers to draw meaningful conclusions about the presence of an organism. They can use statistical methods to evaluate the data.if the fossil is easily identifiable. A fossil is easier to identify if it has a living, present-day representative. The modern organisms can be used to create a reference collection to help in identifying the fossils. A good example is that of a spruce pollen grain. A modern spruce pollen grain can be collected and used to help identify an ancient spruce grain. The same is true of beetles, some bones, etc., modern examples of which can be acquired to create a reference collection.if we know the environmental requirements of living representatives of the fossil. Knowing the environmental conditions that allow an organism to thrive enables scientists to deduce the conditions that prevailed when the organism represented by that fossil was alive. For more information about palynology (the study of fossil pollen), go to: The North American Fossil Pollen Databaseand Behind the Scenes, Botany Research Oak pollen. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what kind of plant is sunflower | How to Plant Sunflower Seeds Part 1 Germinating Sunflower Seeds1 Check the outdoor temperatures. While sunflowers can be started indoors, they work best if they're started in the ground. Sunflower roots are sensitive to being moved, so transplanting them may kill them. They grow best at temperatures between 64 and 91ºF (18–33ºC), but you can plant at slightly lower temperatures, once the last frost has passed. [1]Sunflowers usually take 80 to 120 days to mature and produce new seeds, depending on the variety. [2] If the growing season is shorter than this in your area, plant the sunflowers two weeks before the last frost; most seeds will probably survive. [3]2 Select a sunflower variety. There are many sunflower varieties and hybrids, but most gardeners will only need to look at a couple characteristics, usually described on the seed packet or online listing. Be sure to check the sunflower's maximum height, since this ranges from dwarf varieties under 1 foot (30 cm), to giant sunflowers 15 ft (4.6 m) or taller. Also, decide between a sunflower that produces one stalk and flower, or one that branches out into multiple stalks with several smaller blooms. It is not possible to grow plants from roasted sunflower seeds, but you can grow it from sunflowers in bird seed, as long as the outer shell is present. [4]3 Fold the seeds in a damp paper towel. Moisten a paper towel slightly, so it is damp but not soaked or dripping. Place the sunflower seeds on one half of the towel, then fold it over to cover them. If you have a large number of sunflower seeds, and don't mind a lower success rate, you can skip straight to planting. Seeds planted directly in the soil typically take 11 days to emerge. [5]If you have a long growing season, try germinating seeds in batches one or two weeks apart, so you'll have blooms in your garden for a longer period of time.4 Keep the paper towels in a plastic bag. Put the damp paper towels in a plastic bag. [6] Check on them once or twice a day, and continue once the seeds have sprouted. Typically, you'll see sprouts emerge from most of the seeds within 48 hours. [7] Once this happens, move on to planting the seeds. Keep the paper towels at a temperature above 50ºF (10ºC) for best results. [8]5 Clip the edge of the seed shells (if necessary). If the seeds don't sprout within two or three days, try using a fingernail clipper to remove the edge of the shell. [9] Be careful not to damage the seed inside. Add a few more drops of water if the paper towels are drying out. | . This Account has been suspended. Contact your hosting provider for more information. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.only _______ can propose a measure dealing with raising money. | The Heritage Guide to The Constitution We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I: Legislative Essays »Section 1All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. Section 3The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. Section 4The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. Section 5Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section 6The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same;and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. Section 7All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Section 8The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;To establish Post Offices and post Roads;To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;To provide and maintain a Navy;To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States,and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; — And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Section 9The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. Section 10No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. Article II: Executive Essays »Section 1The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President. The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation: — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "Section 2The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States,and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States;he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur;and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Section 3He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. Section 4The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. Article III: Judicial Essays »Section 1The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Section 2The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; — to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; — to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; — to Controversies between two or more States; — between a State and Citizens of another State; — between Citizens of different States; — between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States,and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Section 3Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. Article IV: States Essays »Section 1Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Section 2The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due. Section 3New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Section 4The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence. Article V: Amendment Essays »The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. Article VI: Supreme Law Essays »All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. Article VII: Ratification Essays »The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,G°. Washington Presidt. and deputy from Virginia Delaware Geo: Read Gunning Bedford jun John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jaco: Broom Maryland James Mc Henry Dan of St Thos. Jenifer Danl. Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison Jr. North Carolina Wm. Blount Richd. Dobbs Spaight Hu Williamson South Carolina J. Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abr Baldwin New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorhamrufus King Connecticut Wm. Saml. Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey Wil: Livingston David Brearley Wm. Paterson Jona: Dayton Pennsylvania B Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robt. Morris Geo. Clymer Thos. Fitz Simons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouv Morris Attest William Jackson, Secretary Amendment I Essays »Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Amendment II Essays »A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment III Essays »No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Amendment IV Essays »The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendment V Essays »No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Amendment VI Essays »In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial,by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. Amendment VII Essays »In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Amendment VIII Essays »Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendment IX Essays »The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Amendment X Essays »The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Amendment XI Essays »The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. Amendment XII Essays »The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; — the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; — The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. — The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Amendment XIII Essays »Section 1Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XIV Essays »Section 1All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any lawwhich shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Section 4The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Amendment XV Essays »Section 1The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude —Section 2The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XVI Essays »The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. Amendment XVII Essays »The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. Amendment XVIII Essays »Section 1After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Amendment XIX Essays »The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XX Essays »Section 1The terms of the President and the Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. Section 2The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 3If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. Section 4The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. Section 5Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article. Section 6This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. Amendment XXI Essays »Section 1The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. Section 2The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. Section 3This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Amendment XXII Essays »Section 1No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. Section 2This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress. Amendment XXIII Essays »Section 1The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment. Section 2The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XXIV Essays »Section 1The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax or other tax. Section 2The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XXV Essays »Section 1In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Section 2Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress. Section 3Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. Section 4Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. Amendment XXVI Essays »Section 1The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age. Section 2The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Amendment XXVII Essays »No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of representatives shall have intervened. | . The website you were trying to reach is temporarily unavailable. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where is metallica next concert | Watch Metallica's 'The Night Before' Pre-Super Bowl Concert Live Watch Metallica's 'The Night Before' Pre-Super Bowl Concert Live Live-stream metal band's sold-out hometown gig from San Francisco's AT&T Park Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 0:00Watch Metallica's pre-Super Bowl "The Night Before" concert via live-stream from San Francisco's AT&T Park. The concert begins at around 8:30 p.m. PSTBy Rolling Stone February 6, 2016Tonight at approximately 8:30 p.m. PST, Metallica will take the stage at AT&T Park in their native San Francisco for their "The Night Before" concert, a sold-out blowout to get the party started before Super Bowl 50 invades Santa Clara's Levi's Stadium on Sunday night. To celebrate the gig, Metallica are offering up a live-stream of their hometown gig, also their first concert of 2016, in the video above. Related Metallica's Lars Ulrich Promises 'Vivid' Pre–Super Bowl Show"It's big," drummer says of new stage production. "I mean, it's really big""There's a lot of excitement in the air, both from people that live here in the Bay Area and from all corners of the world," Ulrich told Rolling Stone. "It's an awesome thing to be a part of and to have in our backyard." Ulrich added that, in the weeks leading up to their pre-Super Bowl concert, he was routinely checking the weather, hoping a wet winter in the Bay Area wouldn't mar the pre-Super Bowl show. As for what Metallica might play for their return to the stage, Ulrich said, "If I told you that we were going to play all the deep, obscure tracks from Load and Re Load, you know I'd be lying to you. I don't want to dampen anyone's enthusiasm, but we're leaning a little bit towards the classics. "Before Saturday night's concert, Metallica invited around 300 lucky fan club members Friday to watch the band's "The Night Before" soundcheck, a rarity for the group. "Soundchecks can be notoriously uninspiring, but since we have to get some cobwebs out, and we figured people will be coming in from far away for the game, we invited 250 fan club members," Ulrich said. "It'll up the ante and keep us on our toes. "More News45 Most Anticipated Albums of 2016Metallica's Kirk Hammett Pens Appreciation for David Bowie Metallica Streaming Pre-Super Bowl Concert All Stories Topics: Super Bowl 50 | whatâs a metered connection in windows 10? what’s a metered connection in windows 10? What’s a metered connection? A metered connection is an Internet connection that has a data limit associated with it. Mobile data connections are set as metered by default. Wi Fi network connections can be set to metered, but aren’t by default. Some apps and features in Windows will behave differently on a metered connection to help reduce your data usage. To set a Wi Fi network connection as metered: Select Start > Settings > Network & Internet. Select Wi Fi > Advanced options > Set as metered connection.ଏକ ମିଟରଯୁକ୍ତ ସଂଯୋଗ କଣ ଅଟେ?¿imataq tupuy tinkisqa kanchu?нәрсә ул исәпләнүче тоташу? Support24/01/2016Windows 10Windows 10 |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.statute of limitations for contempt of court | If a Party to a Divorce in California Violates a Court Order: Can They Be Held Accountable? California courts, like the courts in all states, have the power to issue orders to the parties in a lawsuit, including parties to a divorce. Willful violation of a court order is an offense known as “contempt of court.” California courts may issue various orders with respect to a divorce proceeding, including orders compelling all parties to comply with the court’s previous directives. Orders Subject to Contempt Penalties Because contempt of court carries a potential penalty of imprisonment, not all legal obligations are subject to court orders enforceable by contempt of court. A routine money judgment, for example, cannot be enforced by contempt of court sanctions because the Constitution bans imprisonment for debt. A number of divorce-related issues that involve the payment of money or relinquishment of assets can be enforced by contempt of court sanctions, however. A court may impose contempt penalties for failure to comply with an order for child support; failure to pay court costs; failure to pay the other spouse's attorneys' fees; failure to comply with the court-ordered division of marital property between spouses; failure to honor court-ordered assignment of marital debts; and in some cases, failure to comply with a marital settlement agreement. Other types of divorce-related issues enforceable by contempt of court penalties include orders regarding child custody and visitation, restraining orders and financial disclosure requirements. Divorce is never easy, but we can help. Learn More Defenses A successful prosecution for contempt of court requires that the defendant willfully disobey a court order of which he was aware and capable of complying with. The defendant may assert numerous defenses under California law. Defenses include an assertion that failure to comply was unintentional, the defendant didn't know about the court order (for example, he didn't attend the hearing and his attorney failed to inform him), he lacked the ability to comply with the order, or the assertion of noncompliance is false. Enforcement Procedures To initiate a prosecution for contempt of court, the aggrieved party must file an Order to Show Cause and Affidavit for Contempt (Family Law) with the family law court that issued the relevant order. These forms are available on the California Courts website. The affidavit must be personally served on the defendant. The family court will convene a hearing, and divorce proceedings will be suspended until the contempt charge is resolved. The defendant is entitled to attend the hearing and to be represented by an attorney. Because of potential criminal liability, he is entitled to criminal law protections under the Constitution, such as the right to remain silent to avoid self-incrimination. Guilt must be established beyond a reasonable doubt rather than by a mere "preponderance of evidence," a lower standard of proof that applies to civil proceedings. Penalties Penalties for contempt of court include up to five days in jail for each count. This can add up quickly – for example, each month for which a defendant fails to pay child support can be treated as a separate count. Alternatively, the court may sentence a defendant to up to 120 hours of community service per count. Repeat offenders can be sanctioned by up to 10 days in jail or 240 hours of community service per count. If the conviction for contempt resulted from the defendant's failure to perform an act that he is still able to perform, the court may simply order him imprisoned until he performs it. In California, the statute of limitations for contempt is two years after the act or omission that constituted the contempt occurred. Divorce is never easy, but we can help. Learn More Post Divorce Contempt Issues References Resources Related articles The Penalties for Not Paying Alimony in Illinois In Illinois, alimony is known as spousal maintenance and is an important tool for ensuring that former spouses can maintain their lifestyle after a divorce. In Illinois, failure to pay spousal maintenance can invoke significant penalties. Prior to pursuing a remedy through courts, it may be a good idea for an ex-spouse not receiving payment to speak to her former spouse first. Attempting to resolve the issue outside of court may save both time and expense, and result in the ex-spouse receiving her maintenance payments faster. What Happens if an Ex-Spouse Breaks Divorce Decrees in Tennessee? Tennessee is one of the more unforgiving states when someone defies a court order, including a divorce decree. Penalties are multi-pronged, depending on how your ex breaks the terms of the decree. They range from paying your court and attorney fees to suspension of his driver’s license and even jail time. What to Do if You Are Named in a Divorce Petition A third party or co-litigant named in a divorce petition should review the allegations and file a responsive pleading right away. If the third party does not respond to the allegations, the court could make a potentially damaging ruling in his absence. In general, if a person is named as a third-party in a divorce petition, his participation is considered absolutely necessary to resolve the dispute. Third parties are often named for purposes of dividing property or proving allegations of adultery within the marriage. | Using Exemptions to Protect Your Wages From Garnishment Free Case Evaluation Please answer a few questions to help us match you with attorneys in your area. Select a Practice Area"In Nolo you can trust. "— The New York Times Why You Can Trust Us We match 50,000 consumers with lawyers every month. Our service is 100% free of charge. Nolo is a part of the Martindale Nolo network, which has been matching clients with attorneys for 100+ years. Featured In Copyright © 2018 Nolo ® Self-help services may not be permitted in all states. The information provided on this site is not legal advice, does not constitute a lawyer referral service, and no attorney-client or confidential relationship is or will be formed by use of the site. The attorney listings on this site are paid attorney advertising. In some states, the information on this website may be considered a lawyer referral service. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Terms of Use, Supplemental Terms, Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy .7031 Koll Center Pkwy, Pleasanton, CA 94566 |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.wow plays rick in walking dead | Anonymous Source Claims Andrew Lincoln (Rick Grimes) Wants to Be Written Off 'The Walking Dead' #Tv Anonymous Source Claims Andrew Lincoln (Rick Grimes) Wants to Be Written Off 'The Walking Dead'October 27, 2015 at 11:09AMBy Stephen Adamson, writer at Creators.co I love the game. I love the hustle. MP Staff Writer and Retired Rapper. Twitter: @_Stephen Adamson Fresh off one of the most devastating episodes in the history of the show, some The Walking Dead news has surfaced that we admittedly should take with a grain of salt. It's only an unverified source from OK! Magazine that claims this to be true, but if it's true, it's a little disheartening for fans of Rick Grimes. The news? It's that Rick Grimes (played by Andrew Lincoln) wants out of the series. Check out this quote from that aforementioned unverified source. Keep in mind, this came from about a month ago:"Andrew Lincoln, who plays deputy Rick Grimes, wants to be zombie feed! His rep denies it, but our sources are reporting that the actor is tired of dragging his wife and two kids from their native England to Georgia where the show shoots, so he is planning his exit. "It makes sense that a man with a family would want to end the constant relocating to Atlanta, Georgia thing that has taken over his life over the past few years. It's difficult, and any actor with a life outside of their career has to understand this. However, I just don't know how they would kill him off, especially since he's still alive and kicking in the comics right now. Recently, with Glenn getting killed off in brutal fashion, it seems that anyone is fair game, though. I'm pretty sure people want to see Carl and Rick together again at least one more time before he were to die. These rumors are always kind of dicey, but a few months back, Andrew Lincoln accidentally gave away that Glenn would pass in this season, which ended up being true, of course. There was this quote, though, from a rep who spoke with Gossip Cop that takes away from the validity of the claim that Lincoln wants out:“Gossip Cop checked in with a rep for [Andrew] Lincoln, who tells us that there’s ‘no truth’ to the tabloid’s story about him wanting to leave the show.”How could they kill off Rick? And would it be in a brutal fashion or would they let him die with some dignity? Is there even any legitimacy to this quote? The representatives for the actor are denying it to be true. What do you think? (Via: Cosmic News)Subscribe to our newsletter!Stay close to your fandom and get the latest stories and updates about all things Movie Pilot. Comments Powered by Creators You Comment Trending Latest from our Creators#Netflix Netflix's 'Step Sisters' Is A Comedy About Cultural Appropriation — Can We Laugh About That?by Marty Beckerman on Jan 18, 2018#The Death Cure Dylan O'Brien's Long, Strange Trip To Finish The 'Maze Runner' Seriesby Alisha Grauso on Jan 17, 2018#The Maze Runner Which Gladers Have Escaped The Maze, Survived The Scorch And Are On The Hunt For 'The Death Cure'?by Alex Scorseby on Jan 16, 2018#Black Panther Here's Your Guide To The Main Characters In 'Black Panther'by Franco Gucci on Jan 16, 2018#12Strong7 Films That Defined Chris Hemsworth’s Careerby S. C. O'Donnell on Jan 15, 2018#Movies Leonardo Di Caprio To Star In Quentin Tarantino's New Movie About The Manson Murdersby Stephen Patterson on Jan 12, 2018#Horror6 Upcoming Horror Movies To Tide Audiences Over Until Summerby Grant Hermanns on Jan 12, 2018#Den Of Thieves How 'Den Of Thieves' Puts A New Spin On Good Guy-Bad Guy Dynamicsby Franco Gucci on Jan 12, 2018 | The WoW Name Generator About The World of Warcraft Name Generator Create World of Warcraft names with the Wo W name generator! View lists of Wo W names, generate random names, or select a unique name based on your own name. It's great for new characters in Wo W and online multiplayer games (MMORPGs), as well as other tabletop roleplaying games (RPGs). World of Warcraft is the biggest and longest running MMORPG, and when you create your character, there are thirteen different races you can choose from: Pandaren (panda-like people), Worgen (wolf-like beasts), Draenei (alien warriors), Dwarves, Gnomes, Humans, Night Elves, Goblins, Blood Elves, Orcs, Tauren (bull-like beasts), Trolls, and Forsaken (undead humans). I've written this name generator so that you can create different types of either male names or female names with different themes for each race. Many World of Warcraft name generators out there just create medieval sounding Wo W names - but instead, I've tried to add some character to each different race, whilst staying within the Wo W naming policies. To be sure your World of Warcraft name complies, check the Blizzard Wo W names policy. Because there are so many (thousands!) of different unique name combinations, the results have a lot of variety, and I plan to keep adding new name parts to the Wo W data to generate even more combinations of World of Warcraft names. Please note: this is a fan commentary page intended to encourage interest in World of Warcraft. The Wo W name generator is not an official publication and is not in any way affiliated with or endorsed by Blizzard Entertainment, or any of their licensees. Copyrights and trademarks for the game, books, articles, and other promotional materials are held by their respective owners and reference to them is allowed under the fair use clause of copyright law. This World of Warcraft character name generator is in no way intended to harm or undermine the market value of Blizzard Entertainment's works, rather to encourage fans to engage with and seek out those works.~ NGF |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what hypothesis paved the way for the present theory of plate tectonics? | Origins of Plate Tectonic Theory Bookmark Glossary Terms The Himalayas are often referred to as the "roof of the world" because they host the highest peaks on Earth, most famously Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters above sea level. But the rock that caps Mt. Everest is limestone, a type of rock that forms at the bottom of warm, shallow seas and is composed primarily of fossilized marine creatures, everything from plankton to clams and fish. For years, geologists struggled to explain how the remains of tiny sea organisms could exist at the top of a mountain range. Into the 1900s, many scientists believed that as Earth cooled after its formation, the planet's surface contracted and wrinkled like the skin of an apple, subjected to the sun and drying out over time. The contraction theory, independently proposed by two prominent scientists in the late 1800s and early 1900s, implied that mountain ranges like the Himalayas were forced up by the wrinkling process. This theory assumed that all of the features on Earth had formed during one cooling event and that the planet was relatively static, changing little as the cooling (and wrinkling) slowed to a halt over millions of years. Wegener proposes "continental drift"Alfred Wegener, a German geophysicist and meteorologist, was not satisfied by this explanation. His ideas drew on the widely recognized fact that Africa and South America appeared to fit together like jigsaw puzzle pieces. He collected paleoclimate data, or information about what the climate was like in the geologic past as recorded in rocks, from the continents on both sides of the Atlantic (Figure 1). He recognized that belts of coal, which forms in tropical regions, crossed from North America in Europe and Asia, far north of the modern tropics. He also found evidence that an ice sheet had once advanced from southern Africa and India (see Figure 1), a phenomenon that was impossible to explain in the modern arrangement of the continents. Figure 1: Wegener’s map of paleoclimate data from his 1915 publication, showing the continents joined together and the bands of similar rock types that crossed the oceans (Wegener, 1924). To explain these data, Wegener proposed the theoryof continental driftin his book The Origins of the Continents and the Oceans, published in German in 1915 and in English in 1924 (Wegener, 1924). His theory stated that all of the continents had originally been joined together during the time period called the Carboniferous (now known to be about 300-360 million years ago) in a supercontinent called Pangaea (see Figure 2 for his depiction). By the Eocene (about 50 million years ago), when new fossil species were present that were not as widely distributed, the continents as we know them today had broken apart and were far enough apart that species could not easily migrate from one to the other (see Figure 3 for his depiction). Figure 2: Wegener’s depiction of Pangaea (Wegener, 1924). The dotted areas would have been warm, shallow seas. Wegener provided the present-day outlines and the rivers for the purpose of identification only. Figure 3: Additional images from Wegener’s publication, showing how the continents “drifted” through time (Wegener, 1924). Driving the drift When Wegener's book was translated into English, French, Spanish, and Russian in 1924, he was widely ridiculed for his suggestion that the continents had moved. One of the main problems with his theory was that he did not propose a driving mechanism for the motion of the continents. What was the force that moved the continents? Where did it come from? How much force was needed to move a continent? The driving mechanism, an important key to the continental drift theory, lay out of reach until the 1960s. Wegener had made his claims based on data from the continents, but the oceans cover 70 percent of Earth's surface – a vast area hidden from his view under kilometers of water. But the first and second World Wars brought major technical and scientific developments that allowed scientists to (1) map the ocean floor and (2) measure the magnetism of seafloor rocks in detail. These two sets of data provided geologists with additionalevidencefor theprocessof continental drift. Comprehension Checkpoint Why wasn't Wegener's theory of continental drift widely accepted at first? Wegener did not propose a driving force behind continental drift. The continents of the world did not look as if they could have fit together. Mapping the ocean floor Before the 1920s, the crustbelow the seas was thought to be flat and featureless. During World War I, however, ships equipped with sonar began to produce data about the topography of the seafloor. These sonar maps showed the seafloor to be anything but featureless – instead, the ocean floor hosted valleys deeper than the Grand Canyon, mountain chains rivaling the Andes both in length and height, as well as vast, flat plains. Most surprising to scientists, a long ridge was found to run down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, rising 1 to 2 km above the surrounding ocean floor and paralleling the continental coasts on both sides. Similar features, called “mid-ocean ridges” by their discoverers, were mapped in the eastern Pacific Ocean and the western Indian Ocean. Based on the fact that they were parallel to the edges of the continents, the ridges had something to do with continental drift, but what? In a 1962 paper entitled "History of Ocean Basins," Harry Hess, a geologist at Princeton University, proposed that the mid-ocean ridges marked regions where hot magma rose close to the surface (Hess, 1962). Further, he suggested that the extrusion of magma at the ridges pushed the ocean floor away from the ridges like a conveyor belt. In deep trenches like those found off the coast of South America and Japan, the spreading ocean floor was forced down below the thick continents in regions he called subduction zones. Hess's theory of "seafloor spreading" offered a compelling driving mechanism for Wegener'scontinental drift, but it needed more proof. Comprehension Checkpoint Ocean floors around the worldare mostly flat with some random ridges and valleys.have deep valleys and ridges that parallel continental coasts. Seafloor magnetism The same year that Hess proposed his theory, the US Navy published a report that summarized its findings concerning seafloor magnetism. During World War II, ships dragged magnetometers, which are devices to measure magnetism, in order to locate submarines. The magnetometers were on and measuring at all times while the ships traveled back and forth across the Atlantic and Pacific, and they found a lot more than submarines. When Navy scientists examined the data, they found bands of alternating strong and weak magnetism in the rocks of the seafloor (see Figure 4). Figure 4: An example of magnetic data collected by ship across the Juan de Fuca ridge off the coast of Washington state. Gammas are a unit of magnetic force. The magnetismwas caused by the presence of magnetic mineralsin the rocks, primarily one called magnetite, which is common in the basalt that makes up the rocks of the ocean floor. When magma cools and crystallizes, the magnetite crystals are locked into alignment with Earth's magnetic field like the needle of a compass (see our Earth Structure module). The existence of Earth's magnetic field had been known since ancient times, but only after World War II did scientists realize that the magnetic field is not constant - it fluctuates in intensity and frequently reverses itself. Today we consider the field to have "normal" polarity, and our compass needles point to the north. But at various times in the past, the polarity has been reversed - any compass needles would have instead pointed to the South Pole. This phenomenon of magnetic reversals had previously been observed in continental rocks, and was clearly the case for oceanic rocks as well. The basalt on the ocean floor preserved paleomagnetic reversals: evidence that Earth’s magnetic field had flipped from normal to reversed many times throughout geologic history. Proof of seafloor spreading In 1963, Fred Vine and Drummond Matthews, two British geologists, joined the topographic map of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge with the symmetric bands of magnetism on the seafloor (Vine and Matthews, 1963). Where the navy ships mapped strong magnetism, rocks showed normal polarity; where they mapped bands of weak magnetism, the rocks showed reversed polarity. The bands not only paralleled the mid-ocean ridges, but were patterned symmetrically about the crest of those ridges (see Figure 5 for an example). Figure 5: The magnetic profile shown in Figure 4 combined with topography and the location of the spreading ridge. At the crests, the magnetismwas strong; therefore, the polaritywas normal. But moving in either direction away from the ridge, the magnetism would drop suddenly at about the same distance from the crest – the polarity was reversed. Continue away from the ridge in both directions, and magnetism would suddenly be strong again – back into rocks with normal polarity. The symmetry suggested that magma was rising at the ridges and cooling to lock in the magnetic field at the time, then being pushed away from the ridge in both directions, preserving a record of paleomagnetic reversals and the generation of newcrustover time (see Mid-Ocean Ridgesconcept simulation). Interactive Animation: Mid-ocean ridges These strongly patterned paleomagnetic reversalsrecorded on the seafloorprovided the necessary proof of Hess's seafloor spreading. Specifically, they proved that new crust was continuously being generated at the mid-ocean ridges, where magma cooled and magnetite crystals "locked in" according to the orientation of Earth's magnetic field at that time. The continents no longer had to "drift" to their present locations – they could be driven by slow and steady magma "conveyor belts" that originated at the mid-ocean ridges. The work of Hess, Vine, and Matthews resulted in a new map of Earth that highlighted the features of the ocean floor, one that included plate boundaries in addition to coastlines. Plate boundaries could be drawn at mid-oceanic ridges andsubductionzones (see Figure 6). Figure 6: Red lines indicate spreading ridges; yellow lines indicate subduction zones. Light blue lines don’t fit either category. Comprehension Checkpoint Magnetic stripes on the seafloor are evidence forconstant addition of magma to the crust at mid-ocean ridges.drifting of continents through the crust. Ongoing Evidencefor Plate Tectonics Today, much of the evidenceconcerning plate tectonics is acquired with satellite technology. Through use of the global positioning system (GPS) and other satellite-based data collection techniques, scientists can directly measure the velocity (or speed and direction of movement) of plates on Earth’s surface. Speeds range from 10 to 100 mm per year, confirming the long-held belief that plates move at a slow but constant rate (see our module on Linear Equations for more detail on how to calculate rates of plate movement). The Himalayas, as it turns out, started forming about 40 million years ago when the Indian Plate collided head-on with the Eurasian Plate, shoving and folding rocks that had formed below sea level into lofty peaks. Because the Indian Plate is still moving northward, the Himalayas are still rising at a rate of about 1 cm per year. We no longer need to invoke a shrinking, wrinkled Earth to explain the marine fossils at the top of these tall mountains; it is the process of plate tectonics that continues to liftseafloorrocks to the sky. Earth is incredibly dynamic – mountain chains build and erode away, volcanoes erupt and go extinct, seas advance and recede – and these changes are all a result of the processes of plate tectonics. Before Wegener, few had conceived of such a world. His continental drift theory was the first step in the development of plate tectonic theory, the foundation upon which modern geology is built. Summary The theory of continental drift was the first step toward plate tectonic theory, which became the foundation upon which modern geology is built. This module describes how the work of Alfred Wegener, Harry Hess, and others led to our understanding of plate tectonics. It explains plate tectonics as the driving force behind ongoing changes on Earth. Key Concepts The idea that continents can move was proposed by Wegener in 1915 on the basis of fossil evidence, the way in which coastlines seemed to fit together, and other features, but it was not widely accepted at the time. Evidence that led to the development of plate tectonic theory in the 1960s came primarily from new data from the sea floor, including topography and the magnetism of rocks. Seafloor spreading was proposed as a mechanism to drive the movement of the continents on the basis of symmetrical patterns of reversed and normal magnetic rocks on the sea floor. NGSSHS-C3.2Further Reading Earth Structure Plates, Plate Boundaries, and Driving Forces References Hess, H. H. (1962). History Of Ocean Basins, in Engel, A. E. J., James, H. L., & Leonard, B. F., eds. Petrologic Studies: A volume in honor of A. F. Buddington. Boulder, CO, Geological Society of America, 599-620. Vine, F. J., & Matthews, D. H. (1963). Magnetic Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges. Nature, 199 (4897), 947-949. Wegener, A. (1924). The origin of continents and oceans (Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane). Methuen & Co. Anne E. Egger, Ph. D. “Origins of Plate Tectonic Theory” Visionlearning Vol. EAS-1 (1), 2003. | Welcome to MORE THAN TRUCKS Welcome to MORE THAN TRUCKSSaved Vehicles Price Alerts Recently Viewed Social Media Contact Us You have not saved any vehicles. Search Inventory Enter your email below to save vehicles and receive price alerts. Email Address *First Name Last Name Phone Submit Opt-in for price alerts and to be contacted about other special offers. I have read and agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Clear all Saved Vehicles Logout or click to unsubscribe . |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where is the headquarters of microsoft corporation located? | Microsoft Redmond campus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Microsoft Redmond Campus)navigation search Microsoft campus A sign at the campus entrance Built 1986Location Redmond, Washington Coordinates 47°38′31″N 122°07′38″WCoordinates: 47°38′31″N 122°07′38″WIndustry Technology Employees 30,000–40,000Buildings 80Area 500 acres (200 ha) [1]Address One Microsoft Way, Redmond, Washington Owner (s) Microsoft The Microsoft campus is the informal name of Microsoft 's corporate headquarters, located at One Microsoft Way in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft initially moved onto the grounds of the campus on February 26, 1986, weeks before the company went public on March 13. The headquarters has experienced multiple expansions since its establishment. It is estimated to encompass over 8 million square feet (740,000 m 2) of office space and 30,000–40,000 employees. [2] Additional offices on the Eastside area of the Seattle metropolitan area are located in Bellevue and Issaquah. Building 92 on the campus contains a visitor center (with interactive exhibits) and store that are open to the public. [3]Contents [ hide ]1 History1.1 Future expansion2 Transportation3 References4 External links History [ edit]The Commons shopping mall at the Microsoft headquarters Building 92, home of the Microsoft Visitor Center Microsoft chose to move its headquarters from Bellevue to nearby Redmond in January 1985, selecting a 29-acre (12 ha) plot of land that would be developed by Wright Runstad & Company. [4] Construction began on August 9, and Microsoft moved into the $25 million facility on February 26, 1986, several weeks before the company's initial public offering. [5] [6] The move generated some concerns about increased traffic congestion on the unfinished State Route 520 freeway between Bellevue and Redmond; [7] a new freeway interchange at Northeast 40th Street would later be built in 2000 to service the campus, after lobbying and partial funding from Microsoft. [8] [9] The initial campus was on a 30-acre (12 ha) lot with six buildings, and was able to accommodate 800 employees but eventually grew to 1,400 by 1988. [10] The campus was originally leased to Microsoft from the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association, a pension fund manager, until it was bought back in 1992. [11]The first major expansion of the campus came in 1992, bringing the total amount of office space to 1.7 million square feet (160,000 m 2) on 260 acres (110 ha) of land. Microsoft also announced its intention to contain most of its future growth within Redmond, while retaining some offices in Downtown Bellevue and Factoria. [12]In January 2006, Microsoft announced the purchase of Safeco's Redmond campus after the company had begun consolidating its offices at the Safeco Tower in Seattle's University District a year earlier. [13] In February 2006, Microsoft announced that it intended to expand its Redmond campus by 1,100,000 square feet (100,000 m 2) at a cost of $1 billion and said that this would create space for between 7,000 and 15,000 new employees over the following three years. [14]In 2009, a shopping mall called "The Commons" was completed on the campus, bringing 1.4 million square feet (130,000 m 2) of retail space, as well as restaurants, a soccer field and pub to the West Campus. [15]Future expansion [ edit]The Seattle Times reported in early September 2015 that Microsoft had hired architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill to begin a multibillion-dollar redesign of the Redmond campus, using an additional 1.4 million square feet (130,000 m 2) allowed by an agreement with the City of Redmond. [1] The city of Redmond had also approved a rezone in February 2015 to raise the height limit for buildings on the campus from 6 stories to 10. [16]In November 2017, Microsoft announced plans to demolish 12 buildings on the older East Campus and replace them with 18 new buildings, adding 2.5 million square feet (230 × 10 3 m 2) to house 8,000 additional employees. The newer buildings would be arranged like an urban neighborhood, centered around a 2-acre (0.81 ha) open space with sports fields, retail space, and hiking trails. The program, scheduled to be completed by 2023, will raise the total number of buildings on the campus to 131. [17] [18] [19]Transportation [ edit]The campus is located on both sides of the State Route 520 freeway, which connects it to the cities of Bellevue and Seattle as well as the Redmond city center. Microsoft paid part of the cost for an overpass over the freeway at NE 36th Street to relieve congestion on other cross-streets in the area. [20]The campus is served by buses to Seattle and some Eastside cities at the Overlake Transit Center, operated by Sound Transit and King County Metro. The Rapid Ride B Line also runs through the campus, connecting to downtown Bellevue and Redmond. [21] The transit center opened in 2002 and will be the eastern terminus of the East Link light rail extension, scheduled to open in 2023. [22] [23] Microsoft partnered with Sound Transit and the City of Redmond to fund a pedestrian bridge connecting the light rail station to both sides of its campus to open in 2020, providing $33.3 million of the cost. [24] [25]For employees, Microsoft also operates a commuter bus service called "The Connector" that provides non-stop service to neighborhoods in Seattle, the Eastside, and Snohomish County from the Redmond campus. [26] The shuttles, which began operating in 2007, were targeted in early 2014 as a symbol of gentrification in similar fashion to the Google bus protests in San Francisco, California that same year. [27] [28] [29]The company also runs a shuttle bus service, named the "Shuttle Connect", between buildings on the campus. [30]References [ edit]^ a b Yu, Hui-yong; Bass, Dina (September 4, 2015). "Microsoft considers multibillion-dollar overhaul to Redmond campus". The Seattle Times. Retrieved September 8, 2015.^ "Facts About Microsoft". Microsoft. Retrieved July 21, 2015.^ https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/visitorcenter^ "Microsoft Corp. to move its headquarters to Redmond". The Seattle Times. January 15, 1985. p. B2.^ Buck, Richard (March 9, 1986). "Computer Memory Explored Conference reveals just how many are interested in the technology". The Seattle Times. p. D6.^ Summerford, Tina (April 16, 2009). "The History of Microsoft - 1985". Channel 9. Microsoft. Retrieved July 11, 2016.^ Casey, Carolyn (November 28, 1984). "Firm appears headed for site in Redmond". The Seattle Times. p. F1.^ Whitely, Peyton (October 5, 2000). "Hwy. 520 ramps expected to ease Redmond commute". The Seattle Times. p. B1.^ Ervin, Keith (March 7, 1996). "And now...the Microsoft Inerchange: Company uses clout to determine 520 exit". The Seattle Times. p. B1.^ Lalonde, James E. (January 28, 1988). "Microsoft deals with pressure: Heavy demand, not enough room". The Seattle Times. p. E2.^ Williams, Scott (January 8, 1992). "4 original headquarters buildings and land repurchased by Microsoft". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 15, 2016.^ "Microsoft will not expand beyond Redmond campus". The Seattle Times. December 2, 1992. Retrieved July 15, 2016.^ Bishop, Todd (January 19, 2006). "Microsoft makes a deal for Safeco's Redmond campus". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved January 15, 2008.^ Dudley, Brier (February 9, 2006). "Microsoft speeding up plans for huge campus redevelopment". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 15, 2008.^ Chan, Sharon Pian (April 20, 2009). "Microsoft workers get their very own mall, The Commons, on corporate campus". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 21, 2015.^ Day, Matt (December 28, 2015). "Microsoft's next Redmond expansion expected to go vertical". The Seattle Times. Retrieved December 28, 2015.^ Jenkins, Aric (November 29, 2017). "Microsoft Will Demolish Its Campus to Build a Mini-City". Fortune. Retrieved November 29, 2017.^ Wingfield, Nick (November 29, 2017). "Microsoft to Expand Campus, as Amazon Looks Elsewhere". The New York Times. Retrieved November 29, 2017.^ Bass, Dina (November 28, 2017). "Microsoft Plans Multibillion-Dollar Campus Overhaul, Adding Open Spaces". Bloomberg News. Retrieved November 29, 2017.^ "Stimulus money goes for a bridge to Microsoft". The Seattle Times. March 14, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2015.^ "Overlake Transit Center Boarding Locations". King County Metro. Retrieved July 21, 2015.^ Lindblom, Mike; Brooks, Diane (February 2, 2002). "Modern transit centers for riders in Everett, Redmond to debut Monday". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 15, 2016.^ "Sound Transit kicks off East Link light rail construction" (Press release). Sound Transit. April 22, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016.^ Ervin, Keith (November 26, 2013). "Microsoft pitches in on bridge over Overlake Transit Center". The Seattle Times. Retrieved July 21, 2015.^ "City of Redmond, Sound Transit team up for new pedestrian-bicycle bridge" (Press release). Sound Transit. August 28, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2015.^ "The Connector Fact Sheet". Microsoft. September 6, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2015.^ Bishop, Todd (February 10, 2014). "Activists block Microsoft shuttles in Seattle, in anti-gentrification protest". Geek Wire. Retrieved December 12, 2015.^ Grande, Alison (February 10, 2014). "Microsoft Connector shuttles targeted by protestors". KIRO-TV. Retrieved December 12, 2015.^ Wingfield, Nick (February 10, 2014). "Seattle Gets Its Own Tech Bus Protest". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2015.^ "Fostering Alternative Ways to Commute at Microsoft". Microsoft. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2015. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microsoft Redmond campus. Images of the campus Campus map [ hide]v t e Microsoft History Outline People Founders Bill Gates Paul Allen Board of directors John W. Thompson (Chairman) Satya Nadella (CEO) Dina Dublon Maria Klawe David Marquardt Charles Noski Helmut Panke Mason Morfit John W. Stanton Senior leadership team Satya Nadella (CEO) Scott Guthrie Amy Hood (CFO) Terry Myerson Harry Shum Phil Spencer Corporate VPs Gabe Aul (VP) Joe Belfiore Richard Rashid (SVP) S. Somasegar (SVP)Divisions Engineering groups Mobile Skype unit Digital Crimes Unit Garage Press Research Studios . NET Foundation Outercurve Foundation Estates Microsoft Redmond campus Microsoft Talo Microsoft Algeria Microsoft Egypt Microsoft India Microsoft Japan Product families Operating systems Windows Software Office Servers Visual Studio Hardware Holo Lens Surface Xbox Web properties Azure Bing Channel 9 Code Plex Developer Network MSN Mixer Office.com One Drive Outlook.com Store Tech Net Conferences Build Inspire MIX PDC Tech Ed Win HECCampaigns Where do you want to go today? (1994) Champagne (2002) Mojave Experiment (2006) I'm a PC (2008) Scroogled (2012)Criticism Bundling of Microsoft Windows Clippy i Loo Internet Explorer Microsoft Bob _NSAKEY Windows XP Vista 10Litigation Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft Apple v. Microsoft European Union Microsoft competition case Microsoft v. Lindows Microsoft vs. Mike Rowe Soft Microsoft v. Shah United States v. Microsoft (2001 antitrust case) Microsoft Ireland case Acquisitions6Wunderkinder Altamira Software Altspace VR a Quantive Azyxxi The Blue Ribbon Sound Works Beam Bungie Calista Technologies Colloquis Connectix Consumers Software Danger Farecast FASA Studio Fast Search & Transfer Firefly Forethought GIANT Company Software Green Button Groove Networks High Heat Major League Baseball Hotmail Jellyfish.com Linked In Link Exchange Lionhead Studios Maluuba Massive Incorporated Mobile Data Labs Mojang Nokia Devices and Services Onfolio Pando Networks Perceptive Pixel Place Ware Powerset Pro Clarity Rare Revolution Analytics Screen Tonic Secure Islands Simplygon Skype Sunrise Atelier Swift Key Winternals Software Teleo Telekinesys Research Tellme Networks Twisted Pixel Games Vermeer Technologies Visio Corporation Vivaty Volo Metrix VXtreme Web TV Networks Xamarin Yammer Yupi Category Portal Categories: Microsoft Information technology company headquarters in the United States Redmond, Washington | Office Locations Office Locations North America Latin America Europe Middle East and Africa Asia-Pacific Australia and New Zealand |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where do serrano peppers come from | Serrano pepper Serrano pepper From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Serrano pepper Serrano pepper plant with red and green fruits Species Capsicum annuum Origin Puebla and Hidalgo Mexico Heat Hot Scoville scale 10,000–23,000 SHUThe serrano pepper ( Capsicum annuum) is a type of chili pepper that originated in the mountainous regions of the Mexican states of Puebla and Hidalgo. [1] The name of the pepper is a reference to the mountains ( sierras) of these regions. [1]Contents [ hide ]1 Serrano plant2 Serrano fruit3 See also4 References Serrano plant [ edit]Mature serrano pepper plants reach a height of 0.5 to 1.5 m (1.5 to 5.0 ft) tall. [1] Each plant can hold up to 50 pepper pods. [1] The fruit can be harvested while they are green or ripe. Unripe serrano peppers are green, but the color varies at maturity; common colors for the ripe fruit are green, red, brown, orange, and yellow. Serrano peppers do better in soils with a p H between 7.0 and 8.5 in warm temperatures above 75°F (24°C), with a low tolerance for frost. [2]Serrano fruit [ edit]Peppers, serrano, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy 121.336 k J (29.000 kcal)Carbohydrates 6.70 g Sugars 3.8 g Dietary fiber 3.7 g Fat 0.4 g Protein 1.7 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv. (6%) 47 μg Thiamine (B 1) (5%) 0.054 mg Riboflavin (B 2) (7%) 0.081 mg Niacin (B 3) (10%) 1.537 mg Vitamin B 6 (39%) 0.505 mg Folate (B 9) (6%) 23 μg Vitamin C (54%) 44.9 mg Vitamin E (5%) 0.69 mg Vitamin K (11%) 11.8 μg Minerals Calcium (1%) 11 mg Iron (7%) 0.86 mg Magnesium (6%) 22 mg Phosphorus (6%) 40 mg Potassium (6%) 305 mg Sodium (1%) 10 mg Zinc (3%) 0.26 mg Other constituents Water 90.25 g Capsaicin 0.01g – 6 g Unitsμg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database The Scoville rating of the serrano pepper is 10,000 to 23,000. [3] They are typically eaten raw and have a bright and biting flavor that is notably hotter than the jalapeño pepper. Serrano peppers are also commonly used in making pico de gallo and salsa, as the chili is particularly fleshy compared to others, making it ideal for such dishes. [1]It is the second most used chili pepper in Mexican cuisine. [4] The Mexican states of Veracruz, Sinaloa, Nayarit, and Tamaulipas produce about 180,000 tons of serranos each year. [5]Close-up of unripe serrano peppers See also [ edit]Pickled pepper Scoville scale References [ edit]^ a b c d e De Witt, Dave; Paul W. Boslund (2009). The Complete Chile Pepper Book: A Gardener's Guide to Choosing, Growing, Preserving, and Cooking. Timber Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-88192-920-4.^ "Growing Serrano Peppers". Plant Dex. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.^ "Types of hot peppers". Retrieved 12 March 2010.^ "Serrano Pepper | World Crops". worldcrops.org. Retrieved 17 August 2017.^ Nolte, Kurt. "Serrano Peppers" (PDF). cals.arizona.edu. Retrieved 30 August 2012. [ hide]v t e Capsicum cultivars C. annuum var. annuum Aleppo · Banana pepper · Bell pepper · Bird's eye · Cascabel · Cayenne · Cheongyang · Chilaca · Cubanelle · De árbol · Dundicut · Espelette · Facing heaven · 'Fresno Chili' · Friggitello · Guajillo · Guntur Sannam · Hungarian wax · Jalapeño · Medusa · Mulato · New Mexico (a.k.a. Anaheim/Hatch) · Padrón · Pasilla · Peter · Pimiento · Poblano · Santa Fe Grande · Serrano · Shishito C. annuum var. glabriusculum Piquín · Wild chiltepin C. chinense Adjuma · Ají dulce · Bhut jolokia · ' Carolina Reaper ' · Datil · ' Dragon's Breath ' · Fatalii · Habanero · Hainan yellow lantern · ' Madame Jeanette ' · ' Naga Morich ' · 'Red Savina' habanero · Scotch bonnet · Trinidad moruga scorpion · Trinidad scorpion 'Butch T' · ' Pepper X 'C. frutescens African bird's eye · Kambuzi · Malagueta · Siling labuyo · Tabasco C. baccatum Ají · Bishop's crown · Lemon drop · Peppadew C. pubescens Rocoto pepper Category Commons Categories: Chili peppers Mexican cuisine Spanish language Capsicum cultivars | . This Account is Unavailable. Contact your hosting provider for more information. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is overwatched | overwatch overwatchtransitive verb Popularity: Bottom 40% of words Trending Now:oligarch glib depose omnibus acrimony ALLTime Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared Definition of overwatch1 archaic: to weary or exhaust by keeping awake2 a obsolete: to watch through or throughout (as the night)b: to watch over3: to support by fire another element which is movingtanks overwatching an assault battalion There's more!Love words? You must — there are over 200,000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: More than 250,000 words that aren't in our free dictionary Expanded definitions, etymologies, and usage notes Advanced search features Ad free!Join Our Free Trial Now!Already a subscriber? Log in. Seen and Heard What made you want to look up overwatch? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).show | . Sorry for the inconvenience. It seems that the page you were trying to reach doesn't exist anymore, or maybe it has just moved. Go to Home |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is target | targetnoun uk â / ËtÉË.ɡɪt / us â/ ËtÉËr.ɡɪt / Meaning of “target” in the English Dictionary English American Business"target" in English See all translationstargetnoun uk / ˈtɑː.ɡɪt / us / ˈtɑːr.ɡɪt /target noun ( OBJECT SHOT AT )B2 [ C] an object shot at during shooting practice, often a circle with a pattern of rings, or any object or place at which bullets, bombs, etc. are aimed: I had four shots but I didn't even hit the target. Any major airport or station is potentially a terrorist target. More examples Aim for the dead centre of the target. Aim the arrow a little above the target. When you've aligned the notch on the gun with the target, fire!They received intelligence that the factory was a target for the bombing. The missile strike was devastating - the target was totallyobliterated. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words Target sportsaim archer archeryarrow bolt bullseyeclay pigeon dartdartboard marksmanmarksmanshipmarkswoman potquiver sharpshootershooter shootingshooting gallerytarget practice trapshooting See more results »target noun ( PERSON/GROUP )C2 [ C usually singular] a person or a particular group of people that something is directed at, or that something is intended for: The target audience for the TV series is young people aged 13 to 18. C1 [ C usually singular] one or more people who are criticized or laughed at, or who experienceunpleasant treatment from others: Recently she has been the target of a series of obscene phone calls. More examples They flew into heavy flak over the target area. Major tourist attractions are a soft target for pickpockets. We must decide on our target market, then zero in on it. The target of these new laws is people whose dogs foul the streets. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words Getting, receiving and acceptingacquihire acquireacquisition awardee carvedraw earn fillget sth out of sthglom onto sth/sb go to sbgrasp obtain pickscore securesnatch snatch at sthwangle wrest See more results »You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics: Experiencing and sufferingtarget noun ( AIM )B2 [ C] a level or situation that you intend to achieve: The government's target of 3.5 percentannual growth seems easilyattainable. More examples Do you think we will be able to meet our target? He's set himself the goal /target of making his first million by the time he's 30. We set ourselves a target of becoming self sufficient within four years. Government targets for waitinglists are beginning to be met. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words Goals and purposesaffordance aim ambitionaspiration availcause 1 dedicateddeliverable end KPIobjective orderorientation pointpoodlepoodle around (sth) prizeshould use utility See more results »Idiom (s)on targettargetverb [ T] uk / ˈtɑː.ɡɪt / us / ˈtɑːr.ɡɪt /target verb [ T] ( DIRECT )C2 to direct advertising, criticism, or a product at someone: The advert for the energy drink is targeted specifically at young people. More examples The adverts target yoof culture. These adverts are designed to target young people. High repayment loans are often targeted at the people who can least afford them. Cigarette manufacturers have been criticized for targetting youngsters. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words Aiming and aimaim direct homehome in on sth/sb levellevel sth at sb trainzerozero in on sth/sbtarget verb [ T] ( ATTACK )to aim an attack, or a bullet, bomb, etc., at a particularobject, place, or person: It is hoped that civilians will not be targeted during the war. Thesaurus: synonyms and related words Aiming and aimaim direct homehome in on sth/sb levellevel sth at sb trainzerozero in on sth/sb (Definition of “target” from the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)English American Business"target" in American English See all translationstargetnoun [ C] us / ˈtɑr·ɡɪt /target noun [ C] ( OBJECT AIMED AT )an object aimed and fired at during shooting practice, often a circle with a pattern of rings, or any object or place at which arrows, bullets, bombs, and other missiles are aimed: I missed the target. The plane passed over the target. A target is also a person or group attacked in some way: The president was the main target of the senator’s speech.target noun [ C] ( INTENDED RESULT )a result or situation that you intend to achieve: We met our sales target for the year. Your calculations were on target (= accurate).targetverb [ T] us / ˈtɑr·ɡɪt /target verb [ T] ( AIM )to direct an action, advertising, or a product at a particularperson or group: The paper is targeted at young people.target verb [ T] ( AIM ATTACK )to direct an attack or criticism against someone or something: The candidate targeted his opponent's comments on the policy. (Definition of “target” from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)English American Business"target" in Business English See all translationstargetnoun [ C] uk / ˈtɑːɡɪt / us MANAGEMENT, FINANCE,ECONOMICS,GOVERNMENTa result, level, or situation that an organization or group wants or plans to achieve: The company gave employees the details of performance targets for bonuses.economic / financial targetsemissions / production / sales targetsearnings / inflation / budget targetshit/meet/reach a target The French economy is on track to meet its growth targets.lower / raise / reduce a targetexceed/miss/set a target The company has set a target of 10 million wholesale broadband connections by 2014.a target date/level/price They plan to finish the manufacturing process by the new target date of October 31st. MARKETING, POLITICSa person, place, etc. that an action is directed at or intended for:a/the target for sb/sth The abundance of resources makes these areas a prime target for development. Savers have replaced borrowers as the priority target for banks and building societies.a/the target of sth Their chiefexecutive officer is the target of an investigation into fraud.also target company FINANCEa company that another company wants to buy:an acquisition/bid/buyout target Their plan is to be a buyer rather than a buyout target. The City has tipped the group as a takeover target.also target price FINANCE,MARKETINGthe price at which someone wants to buy or sell something: Prices have remained below the $21 target because demand growth has been slow. The investment house has a 1,125p target price on the shares.an easy target (for sb/sth)someone or something that is easy to attack or criticize, often because they cannot defend themselves: Advertisers view themselves as an easy target for regulators. Big oil companies make easy targets for politicians anxious to take the heat off their own taxation policies.on targetif you are on target with a project, etc., you are likely to achieve what you planned at the time you intended: The company's ambitiousgrowth plans are on target.on target to do sth We are on target to meet our salesgoals for the coming year. See alsoon target earningstargetverb [ T] uk / ˈtɑːɡɪt / us MARKETING, POLITICSto direct something, especially advertising or a product, at a particular group of people or a particular area:aggressively/carefully/specifically target sb/sth The marketingcampaign is specifically targeting a different type of customer.target sth at sb/sth We need government restrictions on ads targeted at children.target sth to sb/sth They plan to target the tax cut to the middle classes. MANAGEMENT, FINANCEto choose someone or something for a particular type of treatment:target sb/sth for sth They have targeted the failing retailing group for takeover.target sb/sth as sth Certain areas of manufacturing have been targeted as priorities. See alsotargeted (Definition of “target” from the Cambridge Business English Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)Translations of “target”대상, 목표…هَدَف…sasaran…blanco, objetivo…мишень, цель, объект…靶, 靶，靶子, （攻擊、轟炸等的）目標…bersaglio, traguardo, obiettivo…hedef, amaç, gaye…cel…blanco, objetivo…đích ngắm, mục tiêu bắn phá, đối tượng…alvo, meta, objetivo…จุดมุ่งหมาย, เป้า, เป้าหมายการนินทา…blanc, objectiu…標的, 的, ターゲット…靶, 靶，靶子, （攻击、轰炸等的）目标…sasaran…Need a translator? Translator tool Get a quick, free translation!What is the pronunciation of target? | . The website you were trying to reach is temporarily unavailable. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is the donabe ceramic potter | The donabe pot is an essential and handy item to have in your kitchen if you enjoy the savory flavors of cooking one pot meals. Page 1 of 2Filter Items by Keyword1 2View All Items Sort By Default Sort By Name Sort By Price Grid View List View9-7/8 Inch Contemporary Blue and Black Japanese Donabe Pot Was: $84.95SALE: $75.0510 Inch Classic Mingei Stripes Japanese Clay Pot Was: $96.95SALE: $81.558-1/2 Inch Owl Family Japanese Nabe Pot Was: $81.95SALE: $68.458-1/2 Inch Red and Black Stripes Rustic Japanese Donabe$68.45Cherry Blossom Motif Small Donabe Pot$4.95Unique Fish and Veggie Earthen Chinese Clay Pot Was: $7.95SALE: $6.25Sakura Cherry Blossom Pattern Japanese Donabe Pot Was: $106.25SALE: $94.45Maple Leaves Japanese Clay Pot Was: $74.95SALE: $66.65Large Classic Brown Engraved Daisies Japanese Donabe Clay Pot$30.95Classic Brown Engraved Daisies Personal Clay Pot$24.95Large Rustic Jade Green and Brown Japanese Donabe Clay Pot Was: $75.55SALE: $66.65Rustic Earthen Brown and Green Donabe Japanese Hot Pot Was: $53.95SALE: $44.45Adorable Pink Bunny Japanese Clay Pot Was: $41.25SALE: $33.35Friendly Panda Glazed Clay Japanese Donabe$41.25Adorable Yellow Cat Donabe Japanese Hot Pot$41.257 Inch Blue Lines Japanese Donabe Was: $49.95SALE: $42.358-3/4 Inch Blue Lines Donabe Was: $78.75SALE: $64.45Pink Cherry Blossoms Large Japanese Donabe Pot Was: $75.85SALE: $64.45Medium-Size Cherry Blossom Donabe Clay Pot Cookware Was: $70.35SALE: $56.45Small Cherry Blossom Donabe Clay Cooking Pot Was: $39.95SALE: $32.95Page 1 of 21 2Top | . Error. Page cannot be displayed. Please contact your service provider for more details. (30) |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what role does the juxtaglomerular apparatus have in controlling blood pressure and urine formation | What is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus? The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure found within the kidneys. Kidneys are made up of hundreds of thousands of units known as nephrons, which filter fluids so that the body can express waste, maintain the right balance of salts, and regulate its blood pressure. Each nephron contains a juxtaglomerular apparatus, which is involved in the regulation of the function of the nephron. Working together, the nephrons of the kidneys play a complex role in human physiology. This structure is located near the glomerulus of the nephron, the network of tangled and twisted tubes that act as a filtration system. Viewed under magnification, the tiny apparatus can be seen surrounding the afferent arteriole, the tube that brings fresh blood into the kidney for filtration. As the blood is forced through the tubes, it is filtered, and the nephron can express waste or selectively reuptake liquids and salts to balance the blood pressure. When blood volume is low, it triggers the juxtaglomerular apparatus to produce a hormone called renin. Renin stimulates the production of angiotensin, a hormone that contracts the blood vessels. This causes blood pressure to rise, as the same amount of blood is suddenly forced through a series of smaller blood vessels. Angiotensin also promotes the production of aldosterone, a hormone that tells the kidneys to retain more fluid and salts, which will increase blood volume over time. As blood volume rises, the juxtaglomerular apparatus reduces renin production. This keeps the blood pressure in balance. If there are errors with this system, blood pressure can get too high, or drop too low, depending on the nature of the problem. This structure is one among many in the kidney that perform a range of functions, including releasing and responding to hormones that are intended to regulate blood pressure and blood volume throughout the day in response to changing environmental factors. People with kidney disorders can experience a variety of health problems related to the organs, including illness as a result of being unable to express wastes and unregulated blood pressure, which can put strain on other systems of the body, such as the heart. Disorders are usually diagnosed starting with bloodwork to learn more about the hormones present and the balance of salts in the blood, and can include medical imaging of the kidneys to look for signs that they are not functioning as they should be. Ad | President Law and Legal Definition President Law and Legal Definition According to 8 USCS § 1701 (Title 8, Aliens and Nationality; Chapter 15, Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform), the term "President" means “the President of the United States, acting through the Assistant to the President for Homeland Security, in coordination with the Secretary of State, the Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization, the Attorney General, the Director of Central Intelligence, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Secretary of Transportation, the Commissioner of Customs, and the Secretary of the Treasury.”Legal Definition list Preservation Restriction Preservation of Wilderness and Wildlife Presentment Warranty Presentment Notice (Banking)Presentment for Acceptance President President Pro Tempore President's Crime Commission President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Presidential Archival Depository Presidential Historical Materials Related Legal Terms Expenditure Report Period in Presidential Election Lame Duck President Major Party in Presidential Election Minor Party in Presidential Election New Party in Presidential Election President Pro Tempore President's Crime Commission President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Presidential Archival Depository Presidential Historical Materials |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.does va cover tubal ligation | Health Benefits VA Health Care for Women Veterans Each VA Medical Center has a Women Veterans Program Manager who is designated to advise and advocate for women Veterans. They can assist Women Veterans with accessing medical services from primary care to specialized care for chronic conditions or reproductive health. VA health care for women Veterans includes: Primary Care General care includes health evaluation and counseling, disease prevention, nutrition counseling, weight control, smoking cessation, and substance abuse counseling and treatment as well as gender-specific primary care, e.g., cervical cancer screens (Pap smears), breast cancer screens (mammograms), birth control, preconception counseling, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, menopausal support (hormone replacement therapy). Mental health includes evaluation and assistance for issues such as depression, mood, and anxiety disorders; intimate partner and domestic violence; sexual trauma; elder abuse or neglect; parenting and anger management; marital, caregiver, or family-related stress; and post-deployment adjustment or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Military Sexual Trauma (MST). Women—and men as well—may experience repeated sexual harassment or sexual assault during their military service. Special services are available to women who have experienced MST. VA provides free, confidential counseling and treatment for mental and physical health conditions related to MST. Specialty Care Management and screening of chronic conditions includes heart disease, diabetes, cancer, glandular disorders, osteoporosis, and fibromyalgia as well as sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Reproductive health care includes maternity care, infertility evaluation and limited treatment; sexual problems, tubal ligation, urinary incontinence, and others. VA is prohibited by legislative authority from providing either in-vitro fertilization or abortion services. Rehabilitation, homebound, and long-term care. VA referrals are given to those in need of rehabilitation therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech-language therapy, exercise therapy, recreational therapy, and vocational therapy. Homebound and long-term care services are available as well, limited to those meeting specific requirements. Woman Veterans who are interested in receiving care at VA should contact the nearest VA Medical Center and ask for the Women Veterans Program Manager. Still Have Questions? The Department of Veterans Affairs has launched a new hotline – 1-855-VA-WOMEN – to receive and respond to questions from Veterans, their families and caregivers about the many VA services and resources available to women Veterans. Additional information can be found on the VA Women Veterans Health Care website www.womenshealth.va.govreturn to top | . We're sorry. United Healthcare Online.com is temporarily unavailable. We are working quickly to resolve the issue. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where do leaf insects live | Phylliidae Leaf insects Temporal range: Eocene - Recent Phyllium from the Western Ghats Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Phasmatodea Superfamily: Phyllioidea Family: Phylliidae Redtenbacher, 1906Genera Chitoniscus Microphyllium Nanophyllium Phyllium † Eophyllium The family Phylliidae (often misspelled Phyllidae) contains the extant true leaf insects or walking leaves, which include some of the most remarkably camouflaged leaf mimics in the entire animal kingdom. They occur from South Asia through Southeast Asia to Australia. At present, there is no consensus as to the preferred classification of this group; some sources treat Phylliidae as a much larger taxon, containing the members of what are presently considered to be several different families. [1]Contents [ hide ]1 Characteristics2 History3 References4 External links Characteristics [ edit]A leaf insect in the permanent collection of The Children’s Museum of Indianapolis Leaf insects are camouflaged (using mimicry) to take on the appearance of leaves. They do this so accurately that predators often are not able to distinguish them from real leaves. In some species the edge of the leaf insect's body even has the appearance of bite marks. To further confuse predators, when the leaf insect walks, it rocks back and forth, to mimic a real leaf being blown by the wind. [2]Leaf insect in Pakke Tiger Reserve The scholar Antonio Pigafetta probably was the first to document the creature. Sailing with Ferdinand Magellan 's circumnavigational expedition, he studied and chronicled the fauna on the island of Cimbonbon as the fleet hauled ashore for repairs. During this time he documented the Phyllium species with the following passage: [3]In this island are also found certain trees, the leaves of which, when they fall, are animated, and walk. They are like the leaves of the mulberry tree, but not so long; they have the leaf stalk short and pointed, and near the leaf stalk they have on each side two feet. If they are touched they escape, but if crushed they do not give out blood. I kept one for nine days in a box. When I opened it the leaf went round the box. I believe they live upon air. [4]History [ edit]A 47-million-year-old fossil of Eophyllium messelensis, a prehistoric ancestor of Phylliidae, displays many of the same characteristics of modern leaf insects, indicating that this family has changed little over time. [5]References [ edit]^ Bradley, J. C.; Galil, B. S. (1977). "The taxonomic arrangement of the Phasmatodea with keys to the subfamilies and tribes". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 79 (2): 176–208.^ Hidden Beauty^ Bergreen, Laurence (2003). Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe. William Morrow. ISBN 0-06-621173-5.^ Pigafetta, Antonio. "Anthony Pigapheta, Patrician of Vincenza, and King of Rhodes, to the very illustrious and very excellent Lord Philip de Villers Lisleaden, the famous Grand Master of Rhodes, his most respected Lord." Alderley, Lord Stanley of. The First Voyage Round the World, by Magellan. New York: Burt Franklin, n.d. 35-163.^ Wedmann, Sonja; Bradler, Sven; Rust, Jes (9 January 2007). "The first fossil leaf insect: 47 million years of specialized cryptic morphology and behavior". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (2): 565–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606937104. PMC 1766425. PMID 17197423. Retrieved 2007-01-15. External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phylliidae. Phasmid Study Group: Phylliidae [ show]v t e Extant Phasmatodea families Taxon identifiers Wd: Q282198 Eo L: 654 Fossilworks: 192769 GBIF: 9461 i Naturalist: 121497 NCBI: 58555This Phasmatodea related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. | . I Say Tomayto, You Say Tomahto... Sam Cox December 2000The United States Congress passed the Tariff Act of 1883, a rather innocuous piece of legislation requiring a 10% tax on imported vegetables, in response to growing international trade. Just a few short years later, a tomato importer evaluated the law closely, and decided to challenge it on the botanical grounds that a tomato was in fact technically a fruit, not a vegetable, and should therefore be exempt from said tax. John Nix's case posed merit enough to land the case before the Supreme Court in 1893. In Nix vs Hedden, 149 U. S. 304 (1893), Justice Gray wrote, "Botanically speaking, tomatoes are fruits of a vine, just as are cucumbers, squashes, beans, and peas. But in the common language of the people...all these are vegetables, which are grown in kitchen gardens, and which, whether eaten cooked or raw, are, like potatoes, carrots, parsnips, turnips, beets, cauliflower, cabbage, celery and lettuce, usually served at dinner in, with or after the soup, fish or meats which constitute the principal part of the repast, and not, like fruits generally, as dessert [1]." The court rejected the botanical truth that the tomato is in fact a monstrously sized berry, and deferred to the culinary vernacular of vegetable to describe it. Thus is tax yet paid on imported tomatoes. The giant berry traded abroad has a colorful history, and the story above is typical of a fruit that originated in one hemisphere, became popular in another, and returned back close to home for intense breeding that produced the tomato now familiar to most people today. Lycopersicon esculentum now enjoys worldwide distribution and is integral to the culinary disposition of multiple cultures. Where did the tomato come from? For more than a century, tomatoes have been grown in gardens from Kazakstan to California, and in many locales cultivation of the red fruit goes back centuries. Pinpointing where it all began is not always easy. Vavilov was a renowned Russian scientist who conceived the idea that if one wants to locate the very center of origin for any crop species, look for the area which still has the highest diversity of that crop [2]. This is grounded on the idea that only a portion of the wild plant gene pool will be incorporated into a domesticated plant line, such that the cultivated crop will represent only a portion of the genetic variety found in the wild ancestors which presumably are still inhabiting the area, in more or less the same form, to this day. By that logic, one would look closely at the western coast of South America, in present day Peru, where eight species in the tomato genus still grow wild in the Andes Mountains (Table 1) [3]. The current range of wild tomato relatives extends from the northern tip of Chile on the south, to Ecuador on the north, and reaching inland from the Pacific 100-200 miles, also including the Galapogos Islands. Tomatoes belong to the genus Lycopersicon, which is in the same family, Solanaceae, as potatoes. The resemblance betwixt leaves and flowers of potato and tomato plants seems to validate this taxonomic grouping. Two members of the genus Solanum (the genus which potato is classified in) have been successfully hybridized with members of the Lycopersicon genus [4]. These are S. lycopersicoides and S. pennellii. Wild tomato species have tiny fruits, and only the red ones are edible. Tomato plants do not tolerate frost, and grow as annuals in colder regions. In warmer regions, they are perennial, and flower regardless of day length. All members of the genus have perfect flowers (hermaphroditic). Cultivated tomato is self fertile, whereas all other members of the genus are self-incompatible [5], with the exception of L. pimpinellifolium, which undergoes various degrees of self-fertilization. The major feature of domestication, aside from increased fruit size, is the gradual shortening of the flower style length from very long and prone to outcrossing, to very short and outcrossing-inhibitive (Fig 2). Full enclosure of the pistil by the anthers, a feature which virtually guarantees self-fertilization, did not occur until 1965 in California, although early North American and European cultivars were close to this state [6]. Table 1 . The Genus Lycopersicon [3, 7]Subgenera Species Common Name Chromosome Number Eulycopersicon (red-fruited) L. esculentum esculentum Tomato 24L. esculentum cerasiforme Cherry Tomato 24L. pimpinellifolium Currant Tomato 24Eriopersicon (green-fruited) L. peruvianum Wild species 24L. hirsutum Wild species 24L. cheesmanii Wild species 24L. chilense Wild species 24L. chmielewskii Wild species 24L. glandulosum Wild species 24From Peru, an unidentified wild ancestor of the tomato made its way north at some time several thousand years prior to the Spanish exploration of Central America in the early 16th century [6]. Tomatoes of the species L. esculentum cerasiforme were in wide cultivation throughout Central America when the first conquistadors arrived in the Yucatan area of what is now Mexico. L. esculentum cerasiforme is thought to be the direct ancestor of cultivated tomato based on its wide presence in Central America and the presence of a shortened style length in the flowers [7]. Cultivated tomato, L. esculentum has since been classified into five botanical varieties (Table 2). Table 2. Botanical varieties of cultivated tomato, L. esculentum Botanical Variety Common Namecommune common tomatocerasiforme cherry tomatopyriforme pear tomatograndifolium potato-leaved tomatovalidum upright tomato That the tomato originated in South America, and that the tomato was an important crop among New World Indians by the 15th century is supported by strong evidence. The riddle that has kept some botanists on edge for many years is the question of where and when the wild tomato became a domesticated tomato. Most evidence supports Central American domestication. The strongest evidence is cultural. Pre-Columbian cultures in Peru were inclined to decorate textiles and pottery with depictions of crops and figures important to their well being. It may be significant that depictions of tomatoes on artifacts have not been unearthed. If the tomato had undergone domestication there, one would expect to find tomato representations on artifacts [6]. Linguistic evidence also supports this theory. The Aztecs of Central America called it "xitomatl", and wild Central American tribes called it "tomati" [3]. The writings of ancient Peruvian tribes fail to mention a tomato-like fruit as being an important part of the diet or even a word meaning tomato, while Aztec writings in Central America mention dishes comprised of peppers, salt and tomatoes, a concoction which seems likely to be the original salsa recipe [1]. And finally, genetic evidence also exists in support of Central American domestication. Genetic analysis of old cultivars descended from the original stock brought out of the New World by the Spanish showed modern cultivars to be more closely related to a cultivar grown widely in Mexico at that time than any wild species in Peru [6]. This cultivar was subsequently named as a variety of the domesticated tomato, called cerasiforme, and is regarded to be the direct ancestor of the modern cultivated tomato. The cerasiforme variety still grows in a somewhat wild state in Central America, producing small, cherry-like fruits on a creeping vine, thus it is known commonly as a cherry tomato [3]. Since domesticates were known to be cultivated in Central America, the lack of a genetically similar cultivar in South America suggests that domestication took place only to the north. Taken together, it seems well founded that initial domestication of tomato occurred in Central America. As for how it traveled to Central America, the evidence is less conclusive. It could have spread as a weed of maize and beans cultivated by natives [8]. Many crops of worldwide importance, such as rye and oats, were considered weeds at one time or another. Over time, a weed in a crop production system begins to evolve under the same selection pressures as the crop, and soon, becomes dependent on the irrigation and fertile soil provided such that it, too, becomes domesticated. Alternatively, migrating natives feasibly traded seeds of maize and beans, and could have spread seeds of the small but tasty tomato as well. The evidence on this point is simply inconclusive. The Spanish explorer Cortez conquered the Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, later to be renamed Mexico City, in 1521. It is presumed that the tomato found its’ way across the Atlantic shortly after. The earliest mention of the tomato in European literature is found in an herbal written by Matthiolus in 1544 [3]. He described tomatoes, or as they were called in Italy, pomi d'oro (golden apple), and wrote that they were "eaten in Italy with oil, salt and pepper". This provides evidence that the first tomatoes to reach the Old World were a yellow variety, and that they were introduced via the Mediterranean. Red tomatoes were said to be introduced to Italy by two Catholic priests many years later [9]. Although not specifically documented, early tomatoes were probably small fruited, since they most likely were of the small-fruited cerasiforme variety cultivated by the Aztecs. Additionally, later emphasis on breeding for smooth-skinned cultivars [3] suggests that early cultivars had a rough skin. Undoubtedly it was initially received in Spain, and the name pome dei Moro (Moor's apple), was probably among the first [1]. Cultivation of perhaps several varieties became widespread in the ensuing decades in Spain, Italy, and in France, where it was called pomme d'amour (love apple) [9], perhaps because of suspected aphrodisiac properties, but more likely the result of a corruption of the early Spanish name, pome dei Moro. Although used in a limited manner as a food in Mediterranean countries, northern European countries regarded the tomato as a curiosity for over a century [6]. English authors referred to the tomato as a horticultural ornamental as early as 1578 [3]. One such English cultivator wrote in 1596, "these love apples are eaten abroad", but went on to describe them "of rank and stinking savour" [1]. By 1623, four types of tomatoes were known: red, yellow, orange and golden [3], with the distinction between yellow and golden perhaps only in the mind of different authors. The first cookbook to mention tomatoes was published in Naples in 1692 [1]. By 1700, seven types are mentioned in one article, including a large red type [3]. In 1752, English cooks used tomatoes sparingly in the flavoring of soups [1]. In 1758, a tomato recipe allegedly showed up in the popular British cookbook, The Art of Cookery by Hannah Glass [1]. Earliest records of marketing tomatoes are from the early 1800's in Europe [3]. The introduction of the tomato did not proceed peacefully in all areas of Europe. Northern cultures associated the tomato plant with poisonous members of the Solanceae family, specifically henbane, mandrake and deadly nightshade, which bore morphological resemblance. Deadly nightshade, Atropus belladonna, in particular bears good resemblance to a tomato plant. It is a poisonous plant which has been used as both a hallucinogenic drug and a beauty aid in different parts of Europe. The Latin name "belladonna" literally means beautiful woman, in reference to the practice of ladies in medieval courts who would apply a few drops of nightshade extract to their eyes to dilate their pupils, a look considered most fashionable at the time. The hallucinogenic properties of the plant, comprised of visions and the sense of flying, most likely led to the association of nightshade with witchcraft. Old German folklore has it that witches used plants of the nightshade family to evoke werewolves, a practice known as lycanthropy. The common German name for tomatoes translates to "wolf peach", and was avoided for obvious reasons. In the 18th century Carl Linnaeus conjured up binomial nomenclature to name species, and took note of this legend when he named the tomato Lycopersicon esculentum, which literally means, "edible wolf peach" [1]. Plants were brought to North America with colonists early on as ornamentals from Britain, the fruits of which were reportedly most valued for pustule removing properties [5]. In 1781, Thomas Jefferson brought tomatoes to his table, along with french fries (a visionary). George Washington Carver, the man who made peanut butter a household item, strongly advocated tomato consumption to his poor Alabama neighbors in an effort to improve their woefully vitamin-deficient diet, but met with limited success [11]. Early efforts by merchants to peddle their crops were not highly successful. One account has it that the fruit was brought to the liberal hamlet of Salem, Massachusetts in 1802 by a painter who had difficulty even convincing people to taste the fruit [3]. Although New Orleans cuisine is reported to have incorporated tomato by 1812, suspicion about the fruit remained in some areas [3]. Lingering doubts about the safety of the tomato were supposedly put to rest in 1820, when Colonel Robert Gibbon Johnson announced that at noon on September 26, he would eat a bushel of tomatoes in front of the Boston courthouse. The story goes that thousands of eager spectators turned out to watch the poor man die after eating the poisonous fruits, and were shocked when he lived [5]. The source of this story, an old farm journal, may be less reliable than it is entertaining. Nevertheless, around the western world, tomatoes began to steadily grow in popularity. Several cookbooks from the 1820's include tomatoes in recipes [1]. In 1835, tomatoes were sold by the dozen in Boston’s Quincy Market. In 1847, Thomas Bridgeman listed four varieties in his seed catalogue: Cherry, Pear, Large Yellow and Large Squash. A seed merchant named Buist in 1858 commented on the tomato: "In taking retrospect of the last eighteen years, there is no vegetable on the catalogue that has obtained such popularity in so short a period as the one now under consideration. In 1828-29, it was almost detested; in ten years most every variety of pill and panacea was extract of tomato. It now occupies as great a surface of ground as cabbage, and is cultivated the length and breadth of the country." Buist listed eight cultivars in his catalogue that year. In 1863, a popular seed catalogue listed 23 cultivars, among which was Trophy, the first modern-looking large, red, smooth-skinned variety which fetched 5 dollars for a packet of 20 seeds. Large scale breeding for particular traits became commonplace in the 1870's in both Europe and the US, and by the 1880's, several hundred cultivars had been named (Table 3). A study done at Michigan Agricultural College in the late 1880's showed that 171 named cultivars represented only 61 truly different lines, many of which were only marginally different [3]. By the late 1800's, it was clear that the tomato had firmly implanted itself in western culture. The original center of domestication was, as mentioned, Central America. However, further domestication on a much more intense level occurred throughout Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and later in North America. Eastern Europe seemed to produce a particularly large number of high quality cultivars. Tomato plants are naturally self pollinating, and a general characteristic of self-pollinating plants is that they become genetically homozygous after many generations. Since they do not naturally outcross very often, seeds of a tomato will produce plants resembling the parents. Early cultivars did not change much because of this property, and were kept in a family or community for long periods of time, thus earning the name heirlooms. Heirloom cultivars dating back over a hundred years are still grown today. Most heirloom varieties are unique in size, shape or color. Some are black, dark purple, or red with black shoulders. Many are green, some have green stripes. Some are rainbow colored, or shaped like peppers. Of course there are orange and yellow cultivars too, and everything in between. Some are cherry size, some are over 2 pounds. Many heirloom cultivars have colorful histories as well. Consider the story regarding the cultivar Mortgage Lifter. A West Virginian named Charlie owned a radiator repair shop that fell on hard times in the Great Depression as people abandoned their cars. He used the four largest-fruited tomato plants he had and crossed them repeatedly among each other to create a plant that produced two pound fruits. He sold plants for a dollar each, claiming one plant would feed a family of six. Within four years, he had made enough money to pay off the four thousand dollar mortgage on his house [12]. Names of heirloom cultivars often reflect some of the history of the plant. Polish is a cultivar said to have been smuggled into the US on the back of a postage stamp in the late 1800's. Soldacki came to the US with Polish immigrants who settled in Ohio in the early 1900's. First Pick was grown by generations of the Baptiste family in Reims, France. Picardy has a history that dates back to 1890 in France. Besser came from the Freiburg region of Germany. Schellenburg's Favorite comes from the Schellenburg family near Manheim, Germany. Elbe originated in 1889 near the Elbe River in Germany. Amish Paste is a cultivar that has been cultivated by the Amish in Pennsylvania since the 1870's. Brandywine was developed by Amish farmers near Brandywine Creek in Chester County, Pennsylvania in 1885. Hillbilly came from the hills of West Virginia. Old Virginia was grown by locals in Virginia since the early 1900's. Jeff Davis is an old cultivar from Alabama honoring the Confederacy's only president. Ace was introduced by the Campbell Soup Company in 1953, and is still popular for canning today [13]. A cultivar found growing at Edgar Allan Poe’s estate in Pennsylvania bears his mother’s maiden name, Hopkins. 1884 was said to have been found growing in a pile of flood debris near Friendly, WV by a Mr. Williamson in 1884. D. J. Doster of Monroe, NC grew seeds he brought back from Germany after WWII for over 50 years, and named the cultivar Belgium. Broad Ripple Yellow Currant was found growing in a sidewalk crack near 56th and College in Indianapolis, IN, 1984 [14]. Stories of immigrants smuggling seeds into the United States hidden in waistbands or hollow canes seem to pop up frequently in heirloom descriptions. Of course, the tendency toward exaggeration must be considered with all these stories. Table 3. Some Popular Early Cultivars in the United States [3]Cultivar name List Dates Ferry's Improved Tilden's General Grant Red Pear Trophy Canada Victor Acme Essex Early Hybrid Turk's Turban Favorite Golden Queen Early Michigan Mikado Buckeye State Matchless Earliana Globe Bonny Best Avon Early Cooper's Special 1868-1888 1868-1878 1871-1883 1872-1936 1872-1926 1874-1892 1879-1930 1881-1912 1880-1882 1883-1907 1886-1936 1889-1930 1889-1902 1895-1915 1901-1922 1904-1936 1906-1936 1916-1936 1921-1936 1926-1936As with any homozygous crop, hybrid breeding can result in terrific gains in production and quality. When two homozygous lines are crossed, the resulting progeny inherit a high degree of genetic variability which leads to heterosis, or hybrid vigor, and perform much better and/or produce much more than either one of the parents. In this case, 1+1=3. One of the first hybrid tomatoes, Mikado, was introduced in 1880 by Rice's Seed Company of New York [5]. Like most early hybrids, the Mikado's claim to fame was increased fruit size. Soon, higher yields were incorporated. By the beginning of the twentieth century, disease resistance, bush type and determinate growth habits were also found in hybrid cultivars. These traits were mostly incorporated into cultivated tomato by crossing with a wild relative, since all will hybridize with varying amounts of success [6]. Hybrid cultivars have come to dominate every area of tomato production, from large scale to backyard. One drawback, as far as the home gardener is concerned, is that hybrid seed or plants must be purchased every year. Seed from hybrid plants, if propagated, will produce the F2 segregating generation, and plants will be very diverse and not at all like that parent. This is the very property that makes hybrids so attractive to seed producers since it ensures that customers must buy new seed each year. Heirloom cultivars grow true from seed, and are still propagated by many home gardeners and seed companies. Many people argue that new hybrid cultivars bred for size and yield have overlooked the taste, and that the flavor of heirloom cultivars can't be beat. Hybrid cultivars have historically looked and tasted very similar to each other. Heirlooms definitely present greater variety, but typically have lower yields and lower disease resistance. Tomato production in western countries began to soar in the early 1920's with the advent of mass canning. Canning of tomatoes was first documented in 1847 by Harrison Crosby of Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania [3]. Prior to 1890, all tomato canning was done by hand. Mechanized peeling tables were put into use in the 1890's. Juice extractors were invented in the 1920's. Shortly after, a young entrepreneur named Joseph Campbell found a ready market for canned tomato products, and went on to make millions with his soup company. High-solids cultivars have been introduced to maximize paste and solids for canning. Roma is a backyard favorite spanning half a century of cultivation and has been widely used for sauces because of its high solids content. As the potential for introducing new traits into tomato cultivars through hybridization with wild relatives became more lucrative, the Tomato Genetics Cooperative was established at Cornell University in 1951 to collect and disseminate useful germplasm for breeding projects [3]. A prominent tomato breeder named Charles Rick heads up the Tomato Genetic Resource Center at University of California at Davis. In addition, tomato germplasm is kept in storage at the USDA National Seed Storage Laboratory in Fort Collins, Colorado. The late sixties sci-fi flick Attack of the Killer Tomatoes scared no one, but entertained millions. Tomatoes have been subject to politicking as well. In 1981, the USDA chairman declared ketchup to be a vegetable in order to justify Reagan administration budget cuts in the school lunch program [1]. The most recent contribution to tomato breeding has been biotechnology. For years merchants have tried to balance a good tasting fruit with a tough, good-shipping fruit. Ripe tomatoes are very soft, bruise easy, and begin to decline in quality after only a few days. Tomatoes ripen off the vine in response to the chemical ethylene, which is produced by the fruit as the development of the seeds nears completion. Traditionally, growers pick the fruits in the green-mature stage just as the shoulders of the fruit lose their dark green color. The fruit is then shipped to other locations, sometimes thousands of miles, and resists bruising or rotting because of its immature stage. The fruits are usually red by the time they reach their destination, or they can be induced to ripen with the application of an ethylene spray. Consumers often complain that taste suffers because of this practice. In the 1980's a project was undertaken by Calgene Fresh, Inc. using biotechnology to tweak the tomato genetics to inactivate the gene responsible for softening the tomato during ripeness. These tomatoes turned red, but remained firm indefinitely. The practice of picking tomatoes green could be discarded, and everyone would be happy. They called this cultivar Flavr Savr because vine-ripening supposedly gave it better flavor. It hit the produce sections of stores in the US during 1993 [1]. The Flavr Savr tomato represents one of the greatest public relations blunders of the decade. Industry executives severely underestimated the public's concern over biotechnology, and failed to anticipate the backlash from consumers over this new and potentially risky technology applied to human food. Although evidence suggesting any danger over genetically engineered food is lacking, consumers are nervous about potentially unknown and unforeseen side effects. The Flavr Savr tomato was soon removed from supermarket shelves, and has never been reintroduced. The latest buzz surrounding tomatoes is the purported benefit of lycopene, the major carotenoid contained in tomatoes that is responsible for the deep red color. Similar to beta-carotene, lycopene has been touted as a potent anti-oxidant, a molecule which snuffs out cancer-causing free radicals within mammalian systems [15]. Tomatoes are an excellent source of lycopene, and numerous studies have confirmed that people who consume increased amounts of tomato products experience marked reductions in cancer risk [16]. Results from cancer research has already driven tomato breeders at the University of Florida to produce high lycopene cultivars. L. esculentum's wild relative, L. pimpinellifolium, also known as the currant tomato, produces tiny fruits which contain over 40 times more lycopene than domesticated tomatoes. Since hybrids between the two are relatively simple to achieve, this source of genetic diversity is open for exploitation, and will most likely become a sought-after hybrid trait. The top five tomato producing countries of the world are United States, China, Turkey, Italy and India, in that order. Within the US, Florida, California and Georgia are the top commercial producing states, with about 200 square miles under cultivation in 1997. An estimated 35 million backyard gardens across the country grow tomatoes as well. Per capita yearly consumption of tomatoes in the US increased from 16.6 lb in 1985 to 18.8 lb in 1995 [11]. Continued increase in this figure is expected due to the purported health benefits associated with tomatoes in the diet. Specifically, these include a ranking of 16th among all fruits and vegetables as a source of vitamin A, 13th in vitamin C, and when adjusted for consumption, the most important provider of these two vitamins in the western diet. It also contains significant amounts of lycopene, beta-carotene, magnesium, niacin, iron, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, sodium and thiamine. A University of California at Davis survey ranked the tomato as the single most important fruit or vegetable of western diets in terms of overall source of vitamins and minerals. After only a few hundred years in European culture, the tomato has firmly implanted itself as a major player in diets of many nationalities. Italian cooking has become synonymous with tomato sauce. Pizza would be lost without it. Where would Mexican restaurants be without salsa? Tomato soup, slices on a burger and ketchup are all highly integrated uses for the versatile fruit in American culture. Additionally, millions of Americans grow tomatoes in their backyards each year. From one continent to another, the tomato has crossed through a variety of cultural barriers to become one of the world's foremost vegetables. References [1] Cutler KD. 1998. From Wolf Peach to Outer Space. www.bbg.org/gardening/kitchen/tomatoes/cutler.html [2] Harlan JR. Agricultural Origins: Centers and Noncenters. Science 174: 468-473 [3] Gould WA. 1983. Tomato Production, Processing and Quality Evaluation, 2ed. AVI Publishing Company, Inc. Westport, CT. pp 3-50 [4] Rick CM, De Verna JW, Chetelat RT. 1990. Experimental introgression to the cultivated tomato from related wild nightshades. In: AB Bennett and SD O'Neill (eds), Horticultural Biotechnology. New York. pp 19-30 [5] Simpson BB, Ogorzaly MC. 1986. Economic Botany: Plants In Our World. Mc Graw-Hill, New York [6] Rick CM. Tomato. In: J Smartt and NW Simmonds (eds), Evolution of Crop Plants. Longman Scientific and Technical, Essex, England. pp 452-457 [7] Hancock JF. Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species. 1992. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. pp 275-276 [8] Ucko PJ, Dimbleby GW. The domestication and expoitation of plants and animal. Aldine-Atherton, Inc. Chicago. p 25 [9] NMSU College of Agriculture and Home Economics Web Page horizon.nmsu.edu/garden/history/tomatoes.html [10] Heiser CB. 1973. Seed to Civilization. WH Freeman & Co., San Francisco, CA. p 176 [11] Jones JB. Tomato Plant Culture. 1999. CRC Press, LLC., Boca Raton, FL. pp 1-3 [12] www.heirloomseeds.com [13] www.homegrowntomatoes.com [14] Seed Savers 2000 Yearbook; Seed Saver’s exchange, Inc., Decorah, IA. pp 302-446 [15] Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H, Arch. Biochem Biophys. 274 (1989) 532. [16] Giovanucci IL, Ashcerio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MM, Colditz GA, Willett WC, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87 (1995) 1767. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is the baroreceptor reflex? | . Using this site means you're happy for us to use a few essential cookies to keep it going. Full details can be found here. | . The website you were trying to reach is temporarily unavailable. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how far above stove should microwave be mounted | Installing an Over-the-Range Microwave Oven Installing an Over-the-Range Microwave Ovenby Michael Chotiner Technical diagrams courtesy Whirlpool Corporation Like all disruptive technologies, microwave cooking is controversial. Most people don't really understand how microwaves work or how to use all of their available features. An estimated 90% of families in the U. S. use microwaves to cook and/or reheat foods, yet this handy appliance continues to take flak from chefs and foodies. I can speak to some other contentious issues with authority: Many folks want built-in microwaves rather than freestanding models, to save usable counter space, but installers complain that the available sizes of microwave ovens don't really correspond to the typical dimensions of stock cabinets and other objects that must be coordinated in kitchen layouts, so it's often difficult to line things up for seamless visual effect without filler panels and other contrivances. Size Matters!Microwave ovens designed for use by consumers are available in three size classes: Compact, Mid-size and Full Size. While the size of a microwave oven expressed in cubic feet gives you an idea of whether it's too small for much more than heating up a cup of coffee or large enough to roast a turkey, it tells you nothing about the overall width, height and depth of the appliance -- important to know if you're planning to build-in. Pro installers complain that many spec sheets purporting to give the overall dimensions do so inaccurately. I know one contractor who won't start to build a microwave cabinet until he has the actual unit in hand. If you look at all of the available variants of microwave ovens on the market in terms of width, height and depth, you'll see that there really are no standard sizes, but microwaves designed for over-the-range installation all fit into a 30-in. wide space. The Over-The-Range Microwave Option Purpose-made microwaves are available with handy kits for installing them over a range, but OTR installations aren't always simple. Here are some issues to consider: Ventilation: All microwave ovens have a built-in blower for a recirculating venting system. Most microwaves designed for over-the-range installation offer two more options for venting to the outdoors: The blower can be positioned to direct exhaust air up and out through the roof via ductwork above the unit or horizontally through ductwork in the wall behind the unit. While microwaves themselves don't need venting to the outdoors, when they're installed over a range or cooktop, vents for carrying odors, moisture and grease from conventional cooking out through the roof or an exterior wall should be provided, if possible. Installed height: For safety and convenience, you don't want to install an OTR microwave too high. The National Kitchen and Bath Association says that the bottom of the microwave to be no higher than 54 inches off the floor. If anyone likely to use the microwave is shorter than, say 5'4", even the recommended standard might be uncomfortably high. Clearance between stovetop and bottom of microwave: Building codes and other standards are inconsistent on the allowed clearance between a stove top and anything above it. At least one existing rule allows a minimum of 13 inches, but pro installers and others who know their way around kitchens argue that there should be 20 to 24 inches of clearance above the stove top. ( A note from NH : I received a note on this height issue from a reader so some clarification is necessary. Both height locations are general recommendations. The height above the floor is to accommodate people of various heights to be able to comfortably use the microwave and read the display. The distance above the range top is 1) to allow for the widest range of kitchen pots and pans and also to allow full visibility of the range top to all but the tallest people and 2) to accommodate the normal distance that the manufacturer recommends. There is some variability... taller people might want the microwave installed higher! Of course, the top cabinet may need to be modified or replaced in any installation if the microwave needs to be moved higher. I think the author may have been trying to cover all bases, but in any installation I have done the first order of business is to use the manufacturer's recommendations as to the MINIMUM distance to the cooktop. This protects the microwave from excessive heat which could be an issue with some models if mounted too close to the range. I don't know for sure, but the manufacturer's height recommendation might also include an optimal height for the exhaust fan to have the most effect, though admittedly above the range microwave fans in general are not as good as a strong range hood! )Preparation for installation Long story short: To install an over-the-range microwave oven, you need to have enough space between wall cabinets flanking the range and between the cooktop and ceiling. There should be a cabinet or shelf above the spot where the microwave will be installed so that you can fasten the top of the microwave to it. Most OTR microwaves are just under 30 in. wide; heights vary from about 10 to 18 inches and depths vary from 12 to about 18 inches. You need to choose a model that allows adequate clearance above the range but can be installed at a comfortable height. Determine that the space between wall cabinets flanking the range is at least 30 inches. If the space is wider, determine about how you'll fill the space between the sides of the installed microwave and the flanking cabinets. Some OTR microwave kits include filler strips, or you can order filler panels that match your cabinets from the manufacturer or a cabinet shop. If a wall cabinet is present above the range, measure the distance between the top of the range and the bottom of the cabinet. Subtract 20 inches (or whatever minimum between the microwave and cooktop suits you) from that distance to determine the overall height of a microwave that will fit. You may find that you'll need to cut down the wall cabinet or install another of suitable height before starting the microwave installation. If a vented range hood is present, turn off power to the circuit by flipping the breaker, and disconnect the blower wiring. Remove the hood and determine if a suitable outlet into which you can plug the installed OTR microwave is present nearby. If not, have a professional electrician install one. How to Install an Over-the Range Microwave Oven All OTR microwave kits come with detailed instructions. Read them before starting your installation. Most manufacturers include templates in the package. You'll need these to lay out the holes that need to be bored in the wall behind the microwave and in the wall cabinet above for fasteners. In other cases there's a wall plate attached to the back of the microwave that must be unscrewed from the machine and held up against the back wall to so you can mark the fastener layout.1. Find and mark the position of at least one stud in the wall behind where the microwave will be installed. You can try using a stud finder (I've never had much luck with them), or look for fasteners inside the wall cabinets and measure in 16-inch increments over toward the wall where the microwave will be mounted. Wall studs are usually spaced 16 inches on-center, so you should be able to project the stud positions. Don't be afraid to probe around with your drill to make sure that you find something solid. Example of a wall-mounted support plate for an over-the-range microwave installation.2. Hold the microwave wall template in position against the wall and mark the positions of the required fasteners. At least one of those fasteners must go into a stud; where no stud is present, drill holes for toggle bolts. Fasten the back plate to the wall and check it for level and plumb. Typical template for marking fastener locations and cutouts on the cabinet above a microwave.3. Position the template for the fasteners that will join the top of the microwave to the bottom shelf of the cabinet above it and make your marks. That template should also help you lay out the position of the opening that will need to be cut for the exhaust damper and for the microwave power cord, which will most likely plug into an outlet inside of that cabinet. Drill the holes and make other cutouts as needed, according to the manufacturer's instructions.4. Following the manufacturer's instructions, orient the blower for roof, through-the-wall or recirculating venting as needed. With the bottom back edge engaged in the wall support plate, the microwave is rotated upward to bring the top of the housing up to meet the bottom of the wall cabinet above. The power cord is threaded through the bottom of the cabinet to bring it to a grounded outlet inside. Bolts through the bottom shelf must be threaded through pre-drilled holes into mounting holes in the top of the microwave. With a helper, lift the microwave into its approximate position. Thread the power cord through holes in the cabinets, as needed, so it can ultimately be plugged into its receptacle. Trying not to strain or snag the power cord, tilt the microwave so you can engage the bottom back edge with the retaining strip on the wall plate. Then rotate the front end upward to get the top of the microwave tight against the bottom of the upper cabinet. With the helper supporting, thread the bolts provided in the kit through the holes you've pre-drilled in the bottom shelf of the cabinet and into the mounting holes in the top of the microwave. Use all of the fasteners recommended by the manufacturer and check the installed unit for level and plumb. Ductwork for outside venting can be connected to the microwave's blower/damper and concealed inside the cabinet. Options for venting over-the-range microwaves to the outdoors include through-the-roof and through-the-wall ductwork assemblies.5. Connect the blower/damper assembly to the ductwork with the appropriate fitting -- usually a 3-1/4-in. X 10-in. rectangular-to-round transition. Plug 'Er in and heat up a cup of coffee, or soften a pint of your favorite ice cream and eat it all up. You will have earned it. Now enjoy having a microwave that's out of the way yet entirely convenient. About the author: Michael Chotiner is an expert on appliance installation, and writes on his experiences for Home Depot. Michael's appliance installation tips for microwave ovens are based on his years as a general contractor. Home Depot's selection of microwave ovens, including models mentioned by Michael, can be viewed on its website. | Can I install a countertop microwave over the stove? My daughter has a double cabinet above her stove- there is only enough room to install an 11 or 12 inch microwave under the cabinet and above her stove to provide the sufficient amount of space needed between the two. I wanted to get her one for Christmas---Can I use a countertop microwave above the stove? They are the only ones I can find that are small enough to fit. I don't want to redo her cabinets, etc--I do not have someone who can do that. - it wouldn't have the "over-the-stove" venting system, but should that really be a major problem? Respond to this topic here on forum.oes.org I think she really needs a vent over the stove, in fact it might be a code requirement. Plus the underside of the microwave designed for countertop use might get too hot over a stove. Darcy is a kitchen designer and she might be able to chime in. I *just* removed the vent hood over the stove and cut the cabinets down in size and installed a microhood in my kitchen. The door openings are still just bare door openings, with no new doors having been made. I have the old doors sitting here with me in my office. I will probably get new doors when I go to fix up the place to sell it. Or when my heirs do the same.if it is over the stove, there needs to be a vent of some sort....they have micros that are self venting or recirculating which would work in this case.. a normal stove is 30'' wide.. a space saver micro is the same width..different models come in different heights...personally, i like having at least 24'' from counter top to bottom of micro...also these micros have lights on the bottom which helps light your cooking surface.... if you do a regular micro, you will need to build a full shelf for it to set on...the problem with this is, that the bottom of htat shelf can get gunky and if theyre painted, from the steam, the paint can peel and fall onto the cooking surface..... so, all in all, id say look at recirculating micro's, they have a charcoal filter and do okay in the venting dept....i would love a over the range microwave, but the distance between the bottom of her cabinet and the top of her stove is only 29" - there is no over-the-range microwave that small in heighth except for a counter top, unless I also buy her a cabinet that is smaller--but her cabinets were there in the house when she bought it so it would probably be very hard to find one to match close enough not to stand out. dilemnas dilemnas Instead of hiring a carpenter to take down the cabinet and cut it down to size then put in a couple of doors or a wine rack thingy, why not buy her a portable microwave stand with nice big casters. You will be able to put a big, fullsize 1.3+ cubic foot oven on it and it will have the additional benefit of adding some storage space under the microwave.she has a microwave on a portable stand, but because of the very very small kitchen, that is what we are trying to get rid or - it is sitting in front of a door at this moment because she doesn't have any room to put it anywhere else. i was just hoping i could put up the smaller microwave under her cabinet so she could get rid of the other one that she has to move everytime she wants to go out the door Afraid I can't offer much more in the way of suggestions. Like I said, I had a carpenter cut down (meaning he made the cabinet shorter to give more room for the appliance) the cabinet over the stove so I could remove the hood and install a microhood (vent/microwave combo). Here it is in the process of being re-installed: It used to come down to just about the edge of the backsplash tile. Here's what it looked like before: Note that I also had the left cabinet cut into two and the top half made into normal upper cabinet depth as well. Also note in the bottom picture the microwave on a stand in front of the window on the left as it didn't fit in the hole designed for some sort of a wall oven or something. I feel for your daughter!I was going to install one that was built to go under cupboards, then the directions did say not over the oven, due to heat from stove. But there are microwaves out there that have a fan under them not sure of sizes and they are around $300.00. Didn't find exactly what you're looking for? Search again here: Custom Search |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.who was lillie johnson | My Dream Paperback â December 6, 2014 Books › Biographies & Memoirs Share Buy New $20.00Qty: FREE Shipping on orders over $25—or get FREE Two-Day Shipping with Amazon Prime In Stock. Ships from and sold by Amazon.com. Gift-wrap available. Add to Cart Turn on 1-Click ordering for this browser Have one to sell? Sell on Amazon See all 3 images My Dream Paperback – December 6, 2014by Lillie Johnson (Author)Be the first to review this item See all formats and editions Paperback$20.001 Used from $19.991 New from $20.00Read more The Amazon Book Review Author interviews, book reviews, editors picks, and more. Read it now Special offers and product promotions Your cost could be $0.00 instead of $20.00! Get a $50 Amazon.com Gift Card instantly upon approval for the Amazon Rewards Visa Card Apply now Product details Paperback: 204 pages Publisher: Resources Supporting Family & Community Legacies Incorporated (December 6, 2014)Language: English ISBN-10: 1553070836ISBN-13: 978-1553070832Product Dimensions: 6 x 0.5 x 9 inches Shipping Weight: 13 ounces ( View shipping rates and policies)Average Customer Review: Be the first to review this item Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #6,757,987 in Books ( See Top 100 in Books )#478199 in Books > Biographies & Memoirs Would you like to tell us about a lower price? If you are a seller for this product, would you like to suggest updates through seller support? Tell the Publisher!I'd like to read this book on Kindle Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here, or download a FREEKindle Reading App . The Amazon Book Review Author interviews, book reviews, editors picks, and more. Read it now Customer Reviews There are no customer reviews yet.5 star5 star (0%)0%4 star4 star (0%)0%3 star3 star (0%)0%2 star2 star (0%)0%1 star1 star (0%)0%Share your thoughts with other customers Write a customer review Set up an Amazon Giveaway Amazon Giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz, reward your audience, and attract new followers and customers. Learn more about Amazon Giveaway This item: My Dream Set up a giveaway | . Oops! There was a problem!There was an unexpected issue while trying to process your request. Please refresh the page and try again. If the problem persists, please contact support. Refresh |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what helps itch from ant bites | 34 Home Remedies for Ant Bites Swelling and Itching 34 Home Remedies for Ant Bites Swelling and Itching Ant bites is not a killer health issue, at least for those who do not have an allergy to insect bites, such as wasp and bee sting. Ant bites could be actually very distressing and it can lead to something even more hateful than the single painful feeling, which can last for just a few seconds – probably the itchiness that are uncontrollable and hard for many people to cope with. In addition, people will be also forced to struggle with swellings all over the affected skin area caused by the action of histamines, and this could be extremely irritating if you are off for much awaited meeting or a function. Home Remedies For Ant Bites Swelling – Best Natural Treatments: Fire ants are highly swarmed and they usually attack just when their nests are facing some signs of danger. The venom of some species of ants can cause problems such as dizziness, shortness of breath or a shock … The reaction of the body depends on the immune system of the person being burned, and it is often worse for the elderly, children, or sick people. Therefore, preventing the chances of ant bites is also the simplest way to ensure health safety. Today, in this article, I would like to reveal some of the best home remedies for ant bites swelling that are proven to work useful for dealing this issue. The home remedies contain:1. Aspirin2. Fruit And Vegetable3. Clay4. Honey5. Herbal Tea6. Cucumber7. Milk Paste8. Lemon Juice9. Olive Oil10. Cornstarch11. Onion12. Meat Tenderizer13. Lavender Oil And Eucalyptus Oil14. Lime Juice15. Worcestershire Sauce16. Raw Potato17. Peroxide18. Cool Compress19. Hot Water20. Hand Sanitizer21. Ammonia22. Diluted Bleach23. Fingernail Polish24. Baking Soda25. Aloe Vera26. Soap Bar27. Apple Cider Vinegar28. Calamine29. Alcohol30. Salt31. Tea Tree Oil32. Tea Bags33. Toothpaste34. Vinegar35. Ice Some ant bites can cause a prolonged discomfort. Fortunately, there are a lot of home remedies you can follow easily to treat this common problem. They are:1. Aspirin Aspirin tablets contain anti-inflammatory properties, and they can be used for preventing the swelling and also removing the itching and pain that come from severe ant & insect bites. You just need to take an aspirin tablet, crush it to create a paste together with water. Next, you apply this paste on your affected skin then let it leave overnight. Aspirin is actually effective in treating the swelling and itching caused by ant bites, so try it out!2. Fruit And Vegetable Fruits and vegetable juices and extracts bring us a soothing effect on our affected skin. The acidity found in these juices and extracts can help us neutralize and sooth the itching and swelling caused by the ants formic acid. There are some fruits and vegetables commonly used to sooth ant bites. In case you have any succulents available in your kitchen, you can cut them in half and gently rub its liquids on your ant bite to reduce the swelling and itching. Read More: Benefits Of Juicing: 20 Advantages For Health, Skin & Hair3. Clay Clay is another home remedy for ant bites that you and my other readers should know. You just need to mix clay and water to create a paste. Next, you apply it to your irritation area and the surrounding area. This paste will provide effective relief from itchiness and pain. Natural clay contains good curing properties as well as soothing properties that will make it a great home remedy. In case you have a garden, you can find some clay easily to use.4. Honey Honey is an amazing home remedy for ant bites. In fact, honey is very famous as a natural ingredient widely used in several products in various fields, such as beauty, medical, as well as natural remedies to cure ailments. When it comes to home remedies for ant bites, honey, once again, is also one of the best things that people will ever find around! It will help you provide soothing benefits to the skin. It will also reduce the swelling and itching caused by ant bites. As it is a very good solution, so you can apply honey on the bitten area. Let it rest for some time and then wash off, and you will get the better results soon. Learn More: Honey For Skin Care: 15 Recipes & Benefits Of Using It On Skin5. Herbal Tea It is an excellent solution to treat ant bites naturally. You can use herbal tea easily on your affected skin. You can rub wet herbal tea on ant bites to get the best result son. Since the herbal tea contains the antioxidant agents in it, it will help you reduce the swelling and itching caused by ant bites. Especially, you should use black tea to get the best result. In fact, it is an effective one on the list of home remedies for ant bites, so my readers should know and follow it whenever you suffer from itching and swelling caused by ant bites.6. Cucumber Cucumber is another one among home remedies for ant bites. It will bring you the instant cooling effect and relief from the pain and irritation caused by ant bite. This natural ingredient and its use as a remedy would be very good for you in this health condition, so you should take a cucumber slice and rub it slightly on your infected skin. Continue reading this entire article to discover other home remedies for ant bites!7. Milk Paste In order to soothe itchiness from ant bites, you can create a paste with powdered milk and water in 1:2 ratio. Add a pinch of salt, and apply it to your ant bites. The enzymes containing in the milk powder can help you neutralize the ant’s venom. In fact, milk paste is one of the home remedies used to treat ant bite swelling and itching at home. It is really effective, so you should not skip it out, but follow it as soon as possible to get the best results.8. Lemon Juice Lemon juice is known as one of the best home remedies for ant bites. The acidic nature of lemon will help in removing the poison that gets into the skin due to the ant bite. At first, you need to get a lemon and then take its juice. After that, you directly apply this lemon juice on the ant bite, Use this home remedy regularly until you get a relief from this problem. This can help in reducing the burning sensation. In conclusion, lemon juice, besides several medical and beauty uses, is also one of the best and cheapest home remedies for ant bites that everyone can make use at home with ease!9. Olive Oil By using olive oil, your infected area will be relieved. You need to fold a paper towel in half, and put some drops of olive oil on the towel. Next, you dab it on your bitten area and hold this olive oil towel for 5-7 minutes. Leave the olive oil on your infected area for an hour and a half. Rinse it thoroughly with warm water. This treatment should smooth the skin. Read More: Olive Oil On Skin – Top 18 Benefits And Uses Of This Oil10. Cornstarch Cornstarch is another home remedy for ant bites that I want to reveal in this article. You can create a paste by mixing cornstarch with water. Apply this paste on your ant bites 3-4 times a day. This application can give you the desired results.11. Onion Onion is known for its medicinal values. The anti-inflammatory properties of onion can help you in reducing the itching and swelling caused by ant bite. All you need is to place a fresh onion slice on your ant bites in order to get a relief from the swelling and redness resulting from ant bites.12. Meat Tenderizer Meat tenderizer is one of the effective home remedies for ant bites. It containing the proteolytic enzyme papain was checked for therapeutic efficacy in the swelling and itching caused by ant bites. You can apply directly a paste that is created with the use of water and meat tenderizer on your affected area to treat itching, swelling and burning sensation.13. Lavender Oil And Eucalyptus Oil You can dab a few drops of these essential oils on your ant bites every few hours to reduce the pain and swelling from them. Apply it in the regular intervals in order to safeguard it from common symptoms related to this condition.14. Lime Juice Lime juice acts as a natural anti-itch. You can cut open a lime and rub your infected area in some different directions until you feel your swelling and itching better. It also helps to neutralize the poison on the ant bites. Once you have saturated your bite area with the lime juice, you will not get any scabs, pustules, and scars.15. Worcestershire Sauce This is one of the best home remedies for ant bites because this product is often available in your kitchen. This will help in combating the ant bite at once due to the soothing properties it owns. You can pour some sauce over a paper towel and apply it on your infected area for quick relief. The various ingredients can help it to be a great home remedy for bites caused by ants.16. Raw Potato Like an onion, a raw potato can also be used to treat a lot of symptoms caused by an ant bite. In fact, potato is well-known and widely used as a popular – one of the most common natural and food material – that is contained in several and various delicious and nutritious dishes all over the world. However, when it comes to home remedies for ant bites, potato is also on top! Everything you need to prepare is a single potato. Cut a thin potato slice and place it on your affected area. This will help in reducing the irritation and swelling caused by ant bite.17. Peroxide It can reduce the pain, swelling, and itching. You can bring a spray bottle of some mixtures with you in order to use at once if you know that you will be in an infested place where is far from your house. In fact, this is a great home remedy that can help you reduce the signs and symptoms caused and triggered by the ant bite issue and you will have an ability to cure the issue timely without leaving any harmful effect after all!18. Cool Compress Place a cool compress on the area where you were bitten. This will help in alleviating the itching and swelling. It also helps in constrict blood vessels.19. Hot Water When it comes to dealing with the horrible swelling and itching, you do not need to make the water too hot that you can get burned. Remember that as hot as you can stand without screaming. Place your affected area under the hot water. At first, you will feel your itch increased, but after a few seconds, you will feel like this itch has been disappeared. You will feel relief for 30-45 minutes. Besides, you should not leave the skin under the hot water past some seconds of relief as there is no extra benefit by this. After some hours, your itch may return, but you can repeat this treatment. Each time, your relief will last longer and your itching will be less.20. Hand Sanitizer You should get a bottle of hand sanitizer handy. When you get an ant bite, apply this hand sanitizer to your affected area liberally after brushing off the ants. Let it rest in place. This will be effective in alleviating usual symptoms in a couple of hours and you can continue with your daily activities. When you get back home, follow other home remedies for ant bites to get the best results.21. Ammonia As soon as you are bitten, use ammonia to wash the area as quickly as you can. A common product containing ammonia is Windex or other window cleaner products. This will help you minimize the effects of the swelling and itching. A touch of ammonia on your ant bite will neutralize the venom immediately. In fact, this is also one of the most effective home remedies for ant bites that everyone should try making use at the comfort of their own home if they are suffering from this skin issue.22. Diluted Bleach The ant’s venom is a mixture of an oily alkaloid and a little protein, and your chance to relieve the effect of ant bite is to break down the protein quickly. You can dab the ant bite with diluted bleach. A simple solution of half water and half bleach applied to the area can relieve the pain and itching. However, this remedy is not effective in case more than 15 minutes have passed, so it is important to apply it quickly.23. Fingernail Polish You can also use clear fingernail polish on ant bites and it will work. It takes a couple of minutes to calm down and you can see no swelling and itching after that.24. Baking Soda: This is the first out of the most effective home remedies for ant bites swelling and itching that I want to introduce in this full writing. Baking soda can help to restore the p H balance of human skin and prevent any type of skin infection and itching that might be caused by the ant bites. To make use of this method, you just need to prepare some baking soda and add water to form a thick paste. Use the paste to rub onto your affected skin areas directly and then apply a thin coat of that paste onto your skin as well. Read more: How To Get Rid Of Urticaria With Natural Urticaria And Angioedema Treatment – another skin issue.25. Aloe Vera: This is also one of very easy to apply home remedies for ant bites that you can find right in the kitchen. Aloe vera gel can provide an immediate cooling effect on your skin and this will thereby help to soothe the swelling, pain, and itching. The gel extracted from the fresh aloe plant could be very effective for soothing ant bites if you use it to apply onto your affected skin area. Apply this method whenever your situation is required and let it dry on its own. Read more: How To Get Clear Skin With Moles, Warts, And Skin Tags Removal26. Soap Bar: You should apply a soap bar as soon as you get an ant bite. A soap bar could be gently pressed and rubbed onto your affected skin areas and spots. This method would bring about a protective coating, covering the skin surface and preventing the activity of the harmful bacteria, as well as destroying the bacteria on the skin surface that might migrate to your deeper skin layers through wounds and cuts. Pressing the soap onto the affected area is also an useful way to inhibit the swelling, pain, and itching. Use the soap bar to rub onto your skin with the bites many times throughout the day. This would be best for you to make use of an antibacterial soap for this purpose. In fact, this is one of the best home remedies for ant bites swelling and itching that people should remember to learn and make use for good!Read more How To Get Rid Of Bumps Naturally With Banish My Bumps – also a common skin issue that causes skin itching and inflammation.27. Apple Cider Vinegar: This is a powerful antibacterial and inflammatory agent. You just need to apply apple cider vinegar to prevent the infections and also to control the pain and the itchiness associated with any ant bite. It can also help to prevent skin swelling if you apply it onto the skin on time, and in case of peeled skin due to scratching, it will help you heal up faster.28. Calamine: Another out of the most effective home remedies for ant bites swelling and itching that I would like to introduce in this writing and want my readers to make use is calamine. Calamine is well-known for soothing the skin and preventing swelling and itching on the skin caused by any insect bite, including ant bites. To make use of this home remedy, you just need to apply calamine lotion in abundant amounts and let it stay till the discomfort and itching totally reduced or disappear. This will allow you to completely take care of the ant bites as well as preventing further distress.29. Alcohol: Another out of the most efficient home remedies for ant bites swelling that people should not look down is making use of alcohol. Using alcohol or any type of products or beverages containing high content of alcohol to rub onto the affected skin area could be used on insect bites, such as ant bites, to suppress the activity of histamine as well as preventing swelling. Alcohol can also help to prevent the pain and itching due to the astringent effect it contains. Dab some mouthwash, alcohol, or vodka and let it stay for a while. Apply fresh coats every now and then until the swelling and itching completely subsides.30. Salt: Another out of simple home remedies for ant bites that I want to mention in this article is salt. Applying salt onto the affected skin area is also a great method to prevent your body from the influences of the infections, as well as preventing swelling, itching, and scratching on the skin. Make a paste using a proper amount of salt and water. Use this mixture to rub onto your skin thoroughly and let that coat stay on your skin to prevent skin itching and swelling. This can help to make use that you do not scratch the area and there would be no spread of germs to the surface of your skin. In fact, this is also one of the simplest to follow yet also effective home remedies for ant bites swelling that I would like to introduce in this entire writing and want my readers to learn and apply to stop the ant bites issue fast and effectively.31. Tea Tree Oil: You can dilute tea tree oil and use it to apply onto the affected skin areas with ant bites if you suffer from severe swelling and itching. This might take care of the distress as well as preventing people from scratching the affected skin regions. Tea tree oil is extremely potent and you should not apply this tip without getting the oil diluted because it can lead the skin to get burned. Tea tree oil can also aid well in keeping any germs and bacteria out from the ant bite areas, thereby inhibit any secondary infection from the surface of your skin. This is also among the best home remedies for ant bites that people should learn and apply at home.32. Tea Bags: Tea bags also contain powerful anti-inflammatory properties because of the tannic acid content contained in tea bags. Let the tea bags cool after moistening and press them onto the ant bite areas as soon as you can. This is actually a wonderful way to suppress the itching and swelling at the same time. Pressing can also aid in controlling the sensations of itching and pain, and this help you control and take care of the bites caused by ants, as well as preventing any inflammation and scar.33. Toothpaste: Thanks to the presence of menthol or peppermint or the cloves presented in most brands of toothpaste contains a powerful cooling effect for the skin. You just need to use toothpaste to apply onto the area so that the pain and itching will be numbed. This will also help in preventing the skin swelling from being formed because the action of histamine is masked when you apply the toothpaste onto your skin. Toothpaste with peppermint can help effectively to soothe the skin as well and many people prefer using this type rather than many other varieties. In fact, using toothpaste is one of the fastest ways to prevent the skin swelling.34. Vinegar: Vinegar has natural antibacterial properties so that it can help to prevent any bacterial action on the surface of the skin if it has been peeled, resulted from scratching with your nails. For soothing this issue, you need to make use of white vinegar instantly to apply onto your affected skin areas, and this will also help well to control the itch and also prevent you from scratching the areas as well. This is actually one of the best home remedies for ant bites that people should not miss!35. Ice: This is the last but also very important out of the list containing the best home remedies for ant bites that I want to introduce in this entire article. The histamine action is one of the major causes of the skin swelling and making sure that the histamines will not stay and expose on your skin. This is actually the best way to get rid of skin itching and swelling and prevent them to become more severe. You just need to get an ice cube and use it to apply onto the spots of bites. This can act as a natural anti histamine and numb the pain and the itching as well. It is not common to be allergic to ant bites, but in case you are, you need to see the doctor immediately. Swelling and itching are normal, but in case you have some severe symptoms, you need medical treatment. Some symptoms are: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea difficulty breathing, tightness in the chest hives, itching and swelling in areas out of the area where you were bitten swelling of the tongue, throat and lips, difficulty swallowing anaphylactic shock, which can result in blackout, dizziness, and cardiac arrest Now, after reading this entire article and learning exactly how you can make use of home remedies for ant bites swelling to overcome the hateful and stubborn feelings due to ant bites, what you should do next is spending more time if you can to learn ways to deal with the mosquito bites (another type of the bites caused by insects) problem – the Top 13 Natural Home Remedies For Mosquito Bites For Toddlers article. This is actually a revolutionary gathering of proven effective and safe tips that can help people know what to do if they get an itching bite triggered by a mosquito and how to relieve the symptoms and the complications without using any type of drug, pill, or medication. In fact, the home remedies that this article includes are proven good for every case of mosquito bite as long as the sufferers do not have any killer allergy to this insect, so people should spend time reading this list to get more knowledge of how to deal with this skin issue as effective as possible. One more thing, the natural remedies revealed in this article are 100% based on nature ingredients and safe to use so that people should not concern about this!The full article I revealed today consist of some of the best home remedies for ant bites swelling and itching that readers of VKool.com and other people who are also looking for natural ways to solve the problem caused by ant bites. These home remedies are 100% based on nature and proven simple to follow at home using just available natural ingredients in the kitchen so that everyone even newbies can make use of them without dealing with any difficulty. If you think that the home remedies for ant bites swelling and itching that I introduced above will work for your skin issue due to ant bites, and if you also want to share these home remedies widely to make use together with other people struggling or concerning about this skin issue, you can share it without hesitating about anything. As an author, I always want to see my readers’ personal opinions and thoughts, as well as evaluations for my articles, so remember to leave your feedbacks and comments in the comment form below to let me see yours!Related articles about some skin issues, including ant bites, how to deal with them, and how to improve skin health:14 Natural Tips On How To Get Clear Skin At Home6 Natural Home Remedies For Skin Fungus List Of 33 Common Skin Infections In Children16 Natural Treatments For 6 Common Skin Problems10 Simplest Tips On How To Get Rid Of Itchy Skin Top 6 Natural Home Remedies For Rashes Want More Content Like This In Your Inbox? ALSO ON VKOOLHeath benefits of grape juice – 9 best advantages Natural Clear Vision Review – Is Kevin’s Guidebook Useful? Reduce Waist Size Quickly In 2 Weeks At Home8 Natural Home Remedies For Goiter Pain: Amazing Treatments23 Best yoga poses for back pain relief How to treat candida naturally at home – 12 best tips ever How to use ginger for acid reflux? 17 easy and simple ways Best cleanser for dry skin on face – 5 facial cleaning tips10 Health Dangers Of Mobile Phones You Should Not Ignore15 Useful ways on how to use coconut oil for wrinkles treatment23 ways on how to get rid of flies naturally in house20 Natural Home Remedies For Sore Eyes How to cure migraines naturally without medication – 10 tips7 Home Remedies For Vertigo Attacks And Dizziness Tags Healthy Living Herbal Remedies Natural Remedies Last Updated: January 26, 2017 by Brown Join The Discussion VKool encourages comments, but please remember: Play nice, keep it clean, stay on-topic, and avoid promotional content. For additional, read our full comment policy. To report spelling errors, misinformation, or corrections in general, please contact us JOIN THE CONVERSATION Comments JOIN THE CONVERSATION | . Free Membership Offer! Receive free email newsletters about healthy living, our store and more. Your E-mail: My Account Contact Us |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.iowa clay county population | Clay County, Iowa (IA) Clay County, Iowa (IA)Follow city-data.com founder on our Forum or @Lech Mazur County population in 2016: 16,627 (66% urban, 34% rural); it was 17,372 in 2000County owner-occupied with a mortgage or a loan houses and condos in 2010: 3,034 County owner-occupied free and clear houses and condos in 2010: 2,110 County owner-occupied houses and condos in 2000: 5,020 Renter-occupied apartments: 2,138 (it was 2,239 in 2000)% of renters here: 31%State: 28%Land area: 569 sq. mi. Water area: 3.6 sq. mi. Population density: 29 people per square mile (low). Mar. 2016 cost of living index in Clay County: 79.1 (low, U. S. average is 100)We are giving away a $200 prize - enter simply by sending us your own pictures of this county! Click here to upload your Clay County photos (outside city limits)Industries providing employment: Agriculture,forestry,fishing and hunting, and mining (29.4%), Educational, health and social services (21.7%), Information (13.4%). Type of workers: Private wage or salary: 59%Government: 1%Self-employed, not incorporated: 40%Unpaid family work: 1%Clay County, Iowa business data: stores, dealers, real estate agents, wholesalers, restaurants... OSM Map General Map Google Map MSN Map+-Leaflet | Data, imagery and map information provided by Carto DB, Open Street Map and contributors, CC-BY-SAOptions XUser-defined colors Preset color patterns Most recent value% change since 2k Data: Options Get link Loading data... Based on 2000-2016 data Loading data...123Hide US histogram Races in Clay County, Iowa: White Non-Hispanic Alone (94.1%)Hispanic or Latino (3.3%)Two or more races (1.9%)Median resident age: 41.7 years Iowa median age: 38.0 years Males: 8,164 (49.1%)Females: 8,463 (50.9%)Recent posts about Clay County, Iowa on our local forum with over 2,000,000 registered users. Clay County is mentioned 11 times on our forum: Thoughts on Spencer...? (45 replies)looking for opinions on certain iowa towns/cities (44 replies)Is Cedar Rapids/Iowa City area about to over throw DSM for overall growth this year? (14 replies)Iowa's Largest County Fair This Month! (2 replies)Clay County Fair Camping and tips (1 reply)So You Are Thinking of Moving to Iowa (64 replies)Average household size: Clay County: 2.0 people Iowa: 2 people Estimated median household income in 2016: $50,390 ($35,799 in 1999)This county: $50,390Iowa: $56,247Median contract rent in 2016 for apartments: $527 ( lower quartile is $392, upper quartile is $695)This county: $527State: $611Estimated median house or condo value in 2016: $119,583 ( it was $75,700 in 2000 )Clay: $119,583Iowa: $142,300Lower value quartile - upper value quartile: $78,547 - $187,809Mean price in 2016: Detached houses: $140,348Here: $140,348State: $179,425Townhouses or other attached units: $176,111Here: $176,111State: $194,502In 5-or-more-unit structures: $84,421Here: $84,421State: $129,372Mobile homes: $29,303Here: $29,303State: $49,582Median monthly housing costs for homes and condos with a mortgage: $1,004 Median monthly housing costs for units without a mortgage: $416 Institutionalized population: 208Crime in 2005 (reported by the sheriff's office or county police, not the county total): Murders: 0Rapes: 0Robberies: 0Assaults: 1Burglaries: 33Thefts: 42Auto thefts: 10Crime in 2004 (reported by the sheriff's office or county police, not the county total): Murders: 0Rapes: 0Robberies: 0Assaults: 3Burglaries: 11Thefts: 23Auto thefts: 4Single-family new house construction building permits:2007: 20 buildings, average cost: $176,9002008: 20 buildings, average cost: $223,7002009: 21 buildings, average cost: $159,4002010: 16 buildings, average cost: $219,1002011: 7 buildings, average cost: $167,1002012: 31 buildings, average cost: $142,7002013: 48 buildings, average cost: $139,0002014: 12 buildings, average cost: $246,300Number of permits per 10,000 residents Average cost (in $1000s)Presidential Elections Results1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 20161996 Presidential Elections Results2000 Presidential Elections Results2004 Presidential Elections Results2008 Presidential Elections Results2012 Presidential Elections Results2016 Presidential Elections Results Graphs represent county-level data. Detailed 2008 Election Results Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with mortgages in 2016: $1,586 (1.3%) Median real estate property taxes paid for housing units with no mortgage in 2016: $1,623 (1.5%)Percentage of residents living in poverty in 2016: 11.3%Clay County: 11.3%Iowa: 11.8% (11.4% for White Non-Hispanic residents, 6.9% for Hispanic or Latino residents, 46.2% for Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander residents, 6.0% for two or more races residents) Median age of residents in 2016: 41.7 years old ( Males: 40.4 years old, Females: 43.8 years old) ( Median age for: White residents: 43.9 years old, Black residents: 25.0 years old, American Indian residents: 58.9 years old, Asian residents: 33.2 years old, Hispanic or Latino residents: 25.5 years old, Other race residents: 29.6 years old)Fair market rent in 2006 for a 1-bedroom apartment in Clay County is $377 a month. Fair market rent for a 2-bedroom apartment is $498 a month. Fair market rent for a 3-bedroom apartment is $605 a month. Cities in this county include: Spencer, Everly, Royal, Peterson, Fostoria, Dickens, Webb, Greenville, Rossie, Gillett Grove. Clay County has a predicted average indoor radon screening level greater than 4 p Ci/L (pico curies per liter) - Highest Potential Click to draw/clear Clay County borders Notable locations in this county outside city limits: Notable locations in Clay County: Black Walnut (A), Crippin Corners (B), Geelan Farm (C), Jade Farms (D), Wigdahl Farm (E), Rockhill Farms (F), Hawkeye Dairy (G), Brennan Farms (H), Bruch Side Farms (I), Generations Farm (J), Great Oak Farms (K), Henningsen Farms (L), Herke Farms (M), Jennett Farm (N), J R Farms (O), West Bend Golf and Country Club (P), Cylinder (Q), Cylinder Co-op Elevator (R), Mallard Golf Course (S), Rodman Elevator (T). Display/hide their locations on the map Churches in Clay County include: Lost Island Church (A), Saint Lukes Church (B), Saint Johns Lutheran Church (C), Prairie View Church (D). Display/hide their locations on the map Cemeteries: Valley View Cemetery (1), Ellington Cemetery (2), Riverside Cemetery (3), Lincoln Cemetery (4), Saint Marys Cemetery (5), Rush Lake Cemetery (6), Saint Johns Cemetery (7). Display/hide their locations on the map Lakes and swamps: Kennedy Slu (A), Lost Island Lake (B), Five Island Lake (C), Virgin Lake (D), Blue Wing Marsh (E), Silver Lake (F), Rush Lake (G), Perkins Marsh (H). Display/hide their locations on the map Creeks: Cylinder Creek (A), Jack Creek (B), Silver Creek (C). Display/hide their locations on the map Parks in Clay County include: Rush Lake State Wildlife Management Area (1), Blue Wing Marsh Wildlife Management Area (2), Sportsman County Park (3), Fallow Marsh Wildlife Management Area (4), Watson Heritage Area (5), Cylinder City Park (6), Lost Island Prairie Wetland Nature Center (7), Virgin Lake State Game Management Area (8), Grand Army of Republic Monument Historical Marker (9). Display/hide their locations on the map Neighboring counties: Buena Vista County, Natrona County, Wyoming, Emmet County, Otsego County, New York, Hancock County, Osceola County, Plymouth County. Unemployment in September 2015: Here: 3.0%Iowa: 3.3%Unemployment by year (%)County total employment by year County average yearly wages by year ($)Current college students: 502 People 25 years of age or older with a high school degree or higher: 92.7% People 25 years of age or older with a bachelor's degree or higher: 21.8%Number of foreign born residents: 297 (39.7% naturalized citizens)Clay County: 1.8%Whole state: 5.1%Year of entry for the foreign-born population2010 or later: 722000 to 2009: 681990 to 1999: 941980 to 1989: 641970 to 1979: 46Before 1970: 40Note: State values scaled to Clay County population Mean travel time to work (commute): 14.2 minutes Percentage of county residents living and working in this county: 87.0%Housing units in structures: One, detached: 6,639One, attached: 161Two: 1783 or 4: 2105 to 9: 33510 to 19: 19120 to 49: 28950 or more: 87Mobile homes: 107Boats, RVs, vans, etc. : 6Housing units in Clay County with a mortgage: 2,960 (91 second mortgage, 312 home equity loan, 55 both second mortgage and home equity loan) Houses without a mortgage: 2,241Here: 50.0% with mortgage State: 60.6% with mortgage Religion statistics for Clay County Religion Adherents Congregations Mainline Protestant 5,976 19Evangelical Protestant 3,079 13Catholic 2,485 2Other 330 2None 4,797 -Clay County Religion Details Source: Clifford Grammich, Kirk Hadaway, Richard Houseal, Dale E. Jones, Alexei Krindatch, Richie Stanley and Richard H. Taylor. 2012. 2010 U. S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study. Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. Jones, Dale E., et al. 2002. Congregations and Membership in the United States 2000. Nashville, TN: Glenmary Research Center. Food Environment Statistics: Number of grocery stores: 3Clay County: 1.80 / 10,000 pop. State: 2.14 / 10,000 pop. Number of supercenters and club stores: 1Here: 0.60 / 10,000 pop. Iowa: 0.23 / 10,000 pop. Number of convenience stores (with gas): 9Clay County: 5.39 / 10,000 pop. Iowa: 5.55 / 10,000 pop. Number of full-service restaurants: 14This county: 8.39 / 10,000 pop. State: 8.01 / 10,000 pop. Adult diabetes rate: Clay County: 8.3%Iowa: 7.8%Adult obesity rate: Clay County: 28.5%State: 27.3%Low-income preschool obesity rate: Here: 15.7%State: 14.5%Agriculture in Clay County: Average size of farms: 451 acres Average value of agricultural products sold per farm: $227,306 Average value of crops sold per acre for harvested cropland: $235.86 The value of livestock, poultry, and their products as a percentage of the total market value of agricultural products sold: 59.41% Average total farm production expenses per farm: $187,041 Harvested cropland as a percentage of land in farms: 86.73% Irrigated harvested cropland as a percentage of land in farms: 0.09% Average market value of all machinery and equipment per farm: $120,950 The percentage of farms operated by a family or individual: 80.75% Average age of principal farm operators: 57 years Average number of cattle and calves per 100 acres of all land in farms: 6.01 Corn for grain: 133323 harvested acres Soybeans for beans: 127467 harvested acres Vegetables: 5 harvested acres Land in orchards: 4 acres Tornado activity: Clay County historical area-adjusted tornado activity is significantly below Iowa state average. It is 2180772.4 times below overall U. S. average. Tornadoes in this county have caused 2 injuries recorded between 1950 and 2004. On 6/7/1984, a category 2 (max. wind speeds 113-157 mph) tornado injured 2 people and caused between $500,000 and $5,000,000 in damages. Earthquake activity: Clay County-area historical earthquake activity is slightly above Iowa state average. It is 78% smaller than the overall U. S. average. On 7/9/1975 at 14:54:15, a magnitude 4.6 (4.6 MB, Class: Light, Intensity: IV - V) earthquake occurred 182.8 miles away from Clay County center On 3/4/1983 at 06:32:18, a magnitude 4.6 (4.4 MB, 4.6 LG, 4.4 ML) earthquake occurred 226.2 miles away from the county center On 11/3/2002 at 20:41:56, a magnitude 4.3 (4.3 MB, 4.3 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 190.8 miles away from the county center On 6/5/1993 at 01:24:53, a magnitude 4.1 (4.1 LG, Depth: 6.2 mi) earthquake occurred 186.5 miles away from the county center On 10/25/1990 at 06:25:25, a magnitude 3.9 (3.6 MB, 3.9 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi, Class: Light, Intensity: II - III) earthquake occurred 173.2 miles away from Clay County center On 2/6/1996 at 15:10:28, a magnitude 3.6 (3.6 LG, Depth: 3.1 mi) earthquake occurred 127.8 miles away from the county center Magnitude types: regional Lg-wave magnitude (LG), body-wave magnitude (MB), local magnitude (ML)Most recent natural disasters: Iowa Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, and Flooding, Incident Period: July 09, 2011 to July 14, 2011, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-4016: August 24, 2011, FEMA Id: 4016, Natural disaster type: Storm, Flood, Wind Iowa Severe Storms, Flooding, and Tornadoes, Incident Period: June 01, 2010 to August 31, 2010, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1930: July 29, 2010, FEMA Id: 1930, Natural disaster type: Storm, Tornado, Flood Iowa Severe Winter Storms, Incident Period: January 19, 2010 to January 26, 2010, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1880: March 02, 2010, FEMA Id: 1880, Natural disaster type: Winter Storm Iowa Severe Winter Storms and Snowstorm, Incident Period: December 23, 2009 to December 27, 2009, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1877: February 25, 2010, FEMA Id: 1877, Natural disaster type: Snowstorm, Winter Storm Iowa Snow, Incident Period: February 28, 2007 to March 02, 2007, Emergency Declared EM-3275: March 30, 2007, FEMA Id: 3275, Natural disaster type: Snow Iowa Hurricane Katrina Evacuation, Incident Period: August 29, 2005 to October 01, 2005, Emergency Declared EM-3239: September 10, 2005, FEMA Id: 3239, Natural disaster type: Hurricane Iowa Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding, Incident Period: May 19, 2004 to June 24, 2004, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1518: May 25, 2004, FEMA Id: 1518, Natural disaster type: Storm, Tornado, Flood Iowa Severe Weather, Tornadoes and Flooding, Incident Period: June 13, 1998 to July 15, 1998, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-1230: July 02, 1998, FEMA Id: 1230, Natural disaster type: Tornado, Flood Iowa Flooding, Severe Storm, Incident Period: April 13, 1993 to October 01, 1993, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-996: July 09, 1993, FEMA Id: 996, Natural disaster type: Storm, Flood Iowa Ice Storm, Incident Period: October 31, 1991 to November 29, 1991, Major Disaster (Presidential) Declared DR-928: December 26, 1991, FEMA Id: 928, Natural disaster type: Ice Storm3 other natural disasters have been reported since 1953. The number of natural disasters in Clay County (13) is near the US average (13). Major Disasters (Presidential) Declared: 11 Emergencies Declared: 2 Causes of natural disasters: Floods: 8, Storms: 4, Tornadoes: 3, Winter Storms: 2, Heavy Rain: 1, Hurricane: 1, Ice Storm: 1, Snow: 1, Snowstorm: 1, Wind: 1 (Note: Some incidents may be assigned to more than one category). Class of Workers in 2016 (%)Most common industries in 2016 (%)Males Females Health care and social assistance (30%)Retail trade (14%)Educational services (10%)Finance and insurance (6%)Accommodation and food services (6%)Manufacturing (6%)Other services, except public administration (4%)Health care and social assistance (33%)Retail trade (15%)Educational services (11%)Finance and insurance (7%)Accommodation and food services (6%)Manufacturing (6%)Other services, except public administration (4%)Most common occupations in 2016 (%)Males Females Sales and related occupations (14%)Management occupations (13%)Production occupations (10%)Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (8%)Transportation occupations (8%)Construction and extraction occupations (8%)Office and administrative support occupations (6%)Office and administrative support occupations (18%)Sales and related occupations (12%)Health diagnosing and treating practitioners and other technical occupations (10%)Education, training, and library occupations (9%)Food preparation and serving related occupations (8%)Production occupations (7%)Management occupations (6%)Most common places of birth for the foreign-born residents (%): Mexico (50%)Guatemala (11%)El Salvador (8%)Thailand (7%)Germany (4%)Nicaragua (4%)Canada (3%)Most common first ancestries reported in Clay County (%): German (42%)American (8%)Norwegian (6%)Irish (6%)English (4%)Swedish (4%)Dutch (4%)Means of transportation to work: Drove a car alone: 7,404 (81.8%)Carpooled: 795 (8.8%)Bus or trolley bus: 7 (0.1%)Taxicab, motorcycle, or other means: 84 (0.9%)Bicycle: 45 (0.5%)Walked: 193 (2.1%)Worked at home: 527 (5.8%)Owners and renters by unit type in %Breakdown of mean house values by ages of householders ($)People in group quarters in Clay County, Iowa in 2000:240 people in nursing homes31 people in mental (psychiatric) hospitals or wards12 people in local jails and other confinement facilities (including police lockups)7 people in job corps and vocational training facilities2 people in other noninstitutional group quarters People in group quarters in Clay County, Iowa in 2010:196 people in nursing facilities/skilled-nursing facilities19 people in college/university student housing12 people in local jails and other municipal confinement facilities7 people in group homes intended for adults Average gross adjusted income of non-migrant taxpayers in this county in 2010 was $57,181.5.90% of this county's 2011 resident taxpayers lived in other counties in 2010 ( $32,534 average adjusted gross income)Here: 5.90%Iowa average: 5.75%10 or fewer of this county's residents moved from foreign countries. 4.10% relocated from other counties in Iowa ($23,384 average AGI) 1.80% relocated from other states ($9,150 average AGI)Clay County: 1.80%Iowa average: 2.41%Percentage of residents relocating from other counties or countries Top counties from which taxpayers relocated into this county between 2010 and 2011:from Dickinson County, IA 0.83% ($41,544 average AGI)from Buena Vista County, IA 0.48% ($36,212)from O'Brien County, IA 0.41% ($27,429)from Palo Alto County, IA 0.39% ($27,037)from Emmet County, IA 0.26% ($24,944)from Polk County, IA 0.19% ($38,308)6.15% of this county's 2010 resident taxpayers moved to other counties in 2011 ( $34,927 average adjusted gross income)Here: 6.15%Iowa average: 5.94%10 or fewer of this county's residents moved to foreign countries. 3.78% relocated to other counties in Iowa ($23,085 average AGI) 2.36% relocated to other states ($11,844 average AGI)Clay County: 2.36%Iowa average: 2.60%Percentage of residents relocating to other counties or countries Top counties to which taxpayers relocated from this county between 2010 and 2011:to Dickinson County, IA 0.93% ($41,563 average AGI)to Polk County, IA 0.33% ($39,435)to Palo Alto County, IA 0.33% ($32,696)to O'Brien County, IA 0.30% ($49,095)to Buena Vista County, IA 0.23% ($23,000)to Cherokee County, IA 0.17% ($55,750)to Johnson County, IA 0.17% ($22,083)Births per 1000 population from 1990 to 1999: 11.9 Births per 1000 population from 2000 to 2006: 12.1Births per 1000 population in Clay County Deaths per 1000 population from 1990 to 1999: 10.2 Deaths per 1000 population from 2000 to 2006: 10.4 Deaths per 1000 population from 2007 to 2014: 11.6Deaths per 1000 population in Clay County Infant deaths per 1000 live births from 1990 to 1999: 5.2 Infant deaths per 1000 live births from 2000 to 2006: 3.6Infant deaths per 1000 live births in Clay County Population without health insurance coverage in 2013: 9.3% Persons under 19 years old without health insurance coverage in 2013: 4.0% Percentage of population without health insurance coverage in Clay County All 18-64 40-64 50-64 Under 19Percentage of population without health insurance coverage in Clay County Persons enrolled in hospital insurance and/or supplemental medical insurance (Medicare) in July 1, 2007: 3,433 (3,060 aged, 373 disabled) Children under 18 without health insurance coverage in 2007: 228 (6%)Persons enrolled in hospital insurance and/or supplemental medical insurance (Medicare)Aged persons enrolled in hospital insurance and/or supplemental medical insurance (Medicare)Disabled persons enrolled in hospital insurance and/or supplemental medical insurance (Medicare)Most common underlying causes of death in Clay County, Iowa in 1999 - 2014: Atherosclerotic heart disease (234)Acute myocardial infarction, unspecified (187)Bronchus or lung, unspecified - Malignant neoplasms (168)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified (149)Stroke, not specified as haemorrhage or infarction (136)Senility (132)Unspecified dementia (104)Pneumonia, unspecified (91)Alzheimer's disease, unspecified (76)Breast, unspecified - Malignant neoplasms (54)Population without health insurance coverage in 2000: 6% Children under 18 without health insurance coverage in 2000: 5%Short term general hospitals per 100,000 population in 2004: 5.93 Short term general hospital admissions per 100,000 population in 2004: 17,772 Short term general hospital beds per 100,000 population in 2004: 504 Emergency room visits per 100,000 population in 2004: 49,760 General practice office based MDs per 100,000 population in 2005: 1,302 Medical specialist MDs per 100,000 population in 2005: 1,207 Dentists per 100,000 population in 1998: 6 Total births per 100,000 population, July 2005 - July 2006: 51 Total deaths per 100,000 population, July 2005 - July 2006: 118 Limited-service eating places per 100,000 population in 2005 : 30Household type by relationship: Households: 16,627In family households: 12,997 (2,288 male householders, 2,280 female householders ) 3,624 spouses, 4,187 children (3,938 natural, 96 adopted, 152 stepchildren ), 88 grandchildren, 15 brothers or sisters, 16 parents, 74 other relatives, 421 non-relatives In nonfamily households: 3,317 (1,452 male householders (1,017 living alone )), 1,303 female householders (1,236 living alone )), 557 nonrelatives In group quarters: 317Size of family households: 2,257 2-persons, 853 3-persons, 798 4-persons, 509 5-persons, 105 6-persons, 33 7-or-more-persons. Size of nonfamily households: 2,254 1-person, 424 2-persons, 30 3-persons, 34 4-persons, 3 6-persons.2,556 married couples with children. 938 single-parent households (254 men, 684 women ).97.1% of residents of Clay speak English at home. 2.4% of residents speak Spanish at home (38% speak English very well, 28% speak English well, 17% speak English not well, 16% don't speak English at all ). 0.4% of residents speak other Indo-European language at home (79% speak English very well, 21% speak English not well ). 0.1% of residents speak Asian or Pacific Island language at home (100% speak English very well ). 0.2% of residents speak other language at home (50% speak English very well, 29% speak English well, 21% speak English not well ). In fiscal year 2004: Federal Government expenditure: $97,333,000 ($5,770 per capita) Department of Defense expenditure: $1,656,000 Federal direct payments to individuals for retirement and disability: $44,245,000 Federal other direct payments to individuals: $17,795,000 Federal direct payments not to individuals: $13,472,000 Federal grants: $15,964,000 Federal procurement contracts: $958,000 ($0,000 Department of Defense) Federal salaries and wages: $4,900,000 ($482,000 Department of Defense) Federal Government direct loans: $4,483,000 Federal guaranteed/insured loans: $4,246,000 Federal Government insurance: $68,041,000Population change from April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005: Births: 1,091Here: 65 per 1000 residents State: 66 per 1000 residents Deaths: 928Here: 55 per 1000 residents State: 48 per 1000 residents Net international migration: +75Here: +4 per 1000 residents State: +10 per 1000 residents Net internal migration: -692Here : -41 per 1000 residents State : -14 per 1000 residents Population growth in Clay County Total withdrawal of fresh water for public supply: 2.45 millions of gallons per day (all from ground)Median number of rooms in houses and condos: Here: 6.8State: 6.7Median number of rooms in apartments: Here: 4.2State: 4.2Year house built2014 or later: 1132010 to 2013: 2612000 to 2009: 4241990 to 1999: 6371980 to 1989: 5431970 to 1979: 1,5381960 to 1969: 8921950 to 1959: 1,1451940 to 1949: 6271939 or earlier: 2,009Note: State values scaled to Clay population Rooms in houses/apartments in Clay County, Iowa Owner-occupied Renter-occupied Note: State values scaled to Clay County population1 room: 292 rooms: 523 rooms: 1154 rooms: 4675 rooms: 7746 rooms: 9407 rooms: 9748 rooms: 6679+ rooms: 1,1921 room: 212 rooms: 1023 rooms: 3884 rooms: 6565 rooms: 4386 rooms: 3117 rooms: 698 rooms: 889+ rooms: 35Bedrooms in houses/apartments in Clay County, Iowa Owner-occupied Renter-occupied Note: State values scaled to Clay County populationno bedroom: 241 bedroom: 1662 bedrooms: 1,1483 bedrooms: 2,4524 bedrooms: 9905+ bedrooms: 410no bedroom: 201 bedroom: 4882 bedrooms: 9373 bedrooms: 5124 bedrooms: 1305+ bedrooms: 23Cars and other vehicles available in Clay County, Iowa in houses/condos/apartments Owner-occupied Renter-occupied Note: State values scaled to Clay County populationno vehicle: 651 vehicle: 1,2022 vehicles: 2,2993 vehicles: 1,0844 vehicles: 4195+ vehicles: 131no vehicle: 3641 vehicle: 9502 vehicles: 6003 vehicles: 1484 vehicles: 155+ vehicles: 2785% of Clay County residents lived in the same house 1 years ago. Out of people who lived in different houses, 30% lived in this county. Out of people who lived in different counties, 73% lived in Iowa. Clay County: 85.0%State average: 84.7%Place of birth for U. S.-born residents: This state: 12,040Other state: 4,222Northeast: 245Midwest: 2,936South: 470West: 570Year Householders Moved Into Unit Most commonly used house heating fuel in Clay County Houses and condos Apartments Utility gas (52.9%)Electricity (25.6%)Bottled, tank, or LP gas (20.8%)No fuel used (0.6%)Solar energy (0.5%)Fuel oil, kerosene, etc. (0.4%)Wood (0.4%)Electricity (48.0%)Utility gas (43.5%)Bottled, tank, or LP gas (8.7%)Wood (0.1%)Other fuel (0.1%)Private vs. public school enrollment: Students in private schools in grades 1 to 8 (elementary and middle school): 190Here: 11.3%Iowa: 9.6%Students in private schools in grades 9 to 12 (high school): 2Here: 0.2%Iowa: 6.9%Students in private undergraduate colleges: 108Here: 21.8%Iowa: 23.8%Educational Attainment (%)School Enrollment by Level of School (%)Age and Sex of Sensory-Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Physically-Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Mentally-Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Self-Care Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Go-Outside-Home Disabled Residents (Noninstitutionalized)Age and Sex of Residents with Employment Disability (Noninstitutionalized)Expenditure Revenue Regular Highways Health Services - Other General - Other Financial Administration Police Protection Judicial and Legal Services Central Staff Services Natural Resources - Other General Public Buildings Corrections - Other Welfare - Other Solid Waste Management......... Current Operations... General General ... Intergovernmental to Local NECPolice Protection Other Capital Outlay Total Salaries & Wages Total Salaries & Wages Clay County government finances - Expenditure in 2002 (Click on an item to get a detailed view for the given category)Clay County government finances - Expenditure in 2002: Current Operations - Regular Highways: $3,099,000 Health Services - Other: $1,593,000General - Other: $1,373,000Financial Administration: $1,140,000Police Protection: $714,000Judicial and Legal Services: $496,000Central Staff Services: $350,000Natural Resources - Other: $349,000General Public Buildings: $324,000Corrections - Other: $235,000Welfare - Other: $197,000Solid Waste Management: $46,000Private Transit Subsidies: $15,000Welfare, Vendor Payments for Other Purposes: $11,000Welfare, Vendor Payments for Medical Care: $10,000General - Interest on Debt: $33,000Intergovernmental to Local NEC - General: $193,000 Libraries: $38,000Other Capital Outlay - Police Protection: $140,000Total Salaries & Wages: $3,016,000Clay County government finances - Revenue in 2002: Charges - All Other: $148,000Federal Intergovernmental - All Other: $21,000Local Intergovernmental - Public Welfare: $114,000 All Other: $108,000Miscellaneous - General Revenue, NEC: $148,000 Interest Earnings: $116,000Rents: $61,000Special Assessments: $25,000State Intergovernmental - Highways: $2,164,000 General Support: $1,238,000Public Welfare: $923,000All Other: $383,000Tax - Property: $3,891,000 Total General Sales: $629,000Motor Vehicle License: $116,000NEC: $83,000Clay County government finances - Debt in 2002: Long Term Debt Beginning Outstanding, NEC: $634,000Long Term Debt Outstanding - Full Faith & Credit - Other, NEC: $554,000Long Term Debt Retired Unspecified - Other, NEC: $80,000Clay County government finances - Cash and Securities in 2002: Other Funds - Cash & Deposits: $4,470,000Supplemental Security Income (SSI) in 2006: Total number of recipients: 216Number of aged recipients: 16Number of blind and disabled recipients: 200Number of recipients under 18: 37Number of recipients between 18 and 64: 137Number of recipients older than 64: 42Number of recipients also receiving OASDI: 93Amount of payments (thousands of dollars): 89Clay County Fatal accident statistics for 1975 - 1994Count Vehicles DUI Fatalities Persons Fatal accident count (per 100,000 population)Clay County Fatal accident statistics for 1995 - 2014Count Vehicles DUI Fatalities Persons Pedestrians Fatal accident count (per 100,000 population)Most common first names in Clay County, IA among deceased individuals Name Count Lived (average)John 128 78.2 years William 86 76.9 years Mary 81 80.2 years Robert 74 73.6 years George 63 77.7 years Harold 56 75.8 years James 55 73.7 years Charles 55 77.7 years Donald 55 73.5 years Ruth 55 80.7 years Most common last names in Clay County, IA among deceased individuals Last name Count Lived (average)Johnson 116 77.8 years Anderson 60 76.7 years Peterson 49 77.9 years Smith 42 78.6 years Nelson 37 81.0 years Miller 33 74.7 years Hansen 32 78.7 years Meyer 30 80.3 years Olson 25 79.9 years Kruse 23 81.2 years Businesses in Clay County, IAName Count Name Count Americ Inn 1 Mc Donald's 1Arby's 1 Menards 1Burger King 1 New Balance 2Chevrolet 1 Nike 1Curves 1 Pizza Hut 1Dairy Queen 2 Quiznos 1Days Inn 1 Radio Shack 1Econo Lodge 1 SAS Shoes 1Fed Ex 2 Sears 1Ford 1 Slumberland 1GNC 1 Staples 1Goodwill 3 Subway 3H&R Block 1 Super 8 1Hardee's 1 Taco Bell 1JCPenney 1 U-Haul 1Jones New York 1 U. S. Cellular 1KFC 1 UPS 6La-Z-Boy 2 Walgreens 1Lane Furniture 1 Walmart 1Master Brand Cabinets 1 YMCA 1Maurices 1Browse common businesses in Clay County, IA | About Clay County About Clay County Address: Clay County Court House609 E. National Avenue Brazil, IN 47834Cities and Towns Brazil Clay City Center Point Carbon Harmony Knightsville Staunton Townships Brazil Cass Dick Johnson Harrison Jackson Lewis Perry Posey Sugar Ridge Van Buren Washington School Corporation Clay Community Schools Local Media The Brazil Times Terre Haute Tribune Star WTWO Channel 2WTHI Channel 10 |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is the notary stamper called | Notary A notary at work (painting by German artist Max Volkhart ). Entrance to notary's office in Vigo, Spain. Fotothek df tg 0008473 Ständebuch ^ Amt ^ Notar ^ Jurist A notary is a person licensed by the government to perform acts in legal affairs, in particular witnessing signatures on documents. The form that the notarial profession takes varies with local legal systems. [1]Contents [ hide ]1 Overview2 Online systems3 See also4 References5 External links Overview [ edit]Most common law systems have what is called in the United States a notary public, a public official who notarizes legal documents and who can also administer and take oaths and affirmations, among other tasks. In the United States, a signing agent, also known as a loan signing agent, is a notary public who specializes in notarizing mortgage and real estate documents. Although notaries public are public officials, they are not paid by the government; they may obtain income by charging fees, provide free services in connection with other employment (for example, bank employees), or provide free services for the public good. Documents are notarized to deter fraud and to ensure they are properly executed. An impartial witness (the notary) identifies signers to screen out impostors and to make sure they have entered into agreements knowingly and willingly. Loan documents including deeds, affidavits, contracts, powers of attorney are very common documents needing notarization. In the US (except Puerto Rico ), any person – lawyer or otherwise – may be commissioned as a notary. Most civil law -based systems have the civil law notary, a legal professional working in civil law performing many more functions. The Worshipful Company of Scriveners use an old English term for a notary, and are an association of notaries practising in central London since 1373. To "notarize" a document or event is not a term of art, and its definition varies from place to place; but it generally means the performance by a notary of a series of possible steps, which may include the following (not an exhaustive list): Identifying the person appearing before the notary by reference to significant proofs of evidence including passport, driving license, birth certificate, diplomatic documents etc. The notary may have to exercise considerable ingenuity in some cases, such as in the case of Holocaust victims who lack formal documentation or illegal immigrants Where land titles are involved or significant rights may accrue by reference to the identity, signatures may also be verified, recorded and compared Recording the proof of identity in the notarial register or protocol Satisfying the notary that the person appearing is of full age and capacity to do whatever is intended Taking an affidavit or declaration and recording that fact Taking detailed instructions for a protest of a bill of exchange or a ship's protest and preparing it Recording the signature of the person in the register or protocol Taking an acknowledgment (in the United States) of execution of a document and preparing a certificate of acknowledgement Preparing a notarial certificate (in most other jurisdictions) as to the execution or other step Sealing or stamping and signing the document Recording all steps in the register or protocol Delivering the completed original to the person appearing In some cases, retaining a copy of the document in the register or protocol Charging the person appearing a fee for the service Often, in the case of lawyer notaries, the certificate to be provided will not require the person appearing to sign. Examples are: certificates authenticating copies - which are mostly not within the permissible functions of U. S. notaries, and certificates as to law, such as certificates as to the capacity of a company to perform certain acts, or explaining probate law in the place. However, in civil-law jurisdictions (including Puerto Rico and Quebec), notaries are qualified lawyers who provide many of the same services as common-law attorneys/solicitors (negotiation and drafting of contracts, legal advice, settlement of estates, creation of a company and its status, writing of wills and power of attorney, interpretation of the law, mediation, etc...) except any involvement in disputes to be presented before a court. Notaries are specialized in all matters relating to real estate, for example, completing title exams in order to confirm the ownership of the property, the existence of any encumbrances such as easements or mortgages. Online systems [ edit]In the United States, the states of Virginia, Texas, and Nevada have all passed laws allowing for online witness by notaries, using screen sharing or webcam as well as identity verification processes. Virginia was the first state to pass legislation allowing online notarization in 2012. Texas and Nevada passed similar laws in 2017 that go into effect in July, 2018. Some sites and apps include Notarize, Doc Verify, Notary Cam, Safedocs, and SIGNi X. Notarize is also the first company to offer fully online mortgage closings, executing the first in August of 2017 with United Wholesale Mortgage and Stewart Title. In the United States as of 2017 there are estimated to be over 4 million notaries employed. [2]See also [ edit]Civil law notary Notary public Certified copy References [ edit]^ "What is a Notary". http://www.nationalnotary.org/. National Notary Association. Retrieved 9 May 2013. External link in |work= ( help)^ "Notaries Are Starting To Put Down The Stamp And Pick Up A Webcam". NPR.org. Retrieved 2017-06-12. External links [ edit]The dictionary definition of notary at Wiktionary Media related to Notaries at Wikimedia Commons Authority control GND: 4042660-9 NDL: 00566767 | Page no longer available. Page no longer available. The page you requested is no longer available. We apologize for any inconvenience. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where can i buy an oxygen concentrator | Oxygen Concentrators NARROW YOUR RESULTS ++ Category+ Brand+ Price Range Oxygen Concentrators Home Oxygen Concentrators Prices Start at $769.00Portable Oxygen Concentrators Prices Start at $2,495.00Selecting Oxygen Concentrators +Common Questions + | . Awkward That page doesn't exist. Get it Together |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.whitfield mental institution | . Mississippi State Hospital is a publicly funded behavioral health program of Mississippi Department of Mental Health. The hospital is located on a 350-acre campus in Whitfield, MS, 15 miles southeast of Jackson, the state capital. Mississippi State Hospital operates 384 hospital beds and is accredited by the Joint Commission. The program also includes 355 licensed nursing home beds. Mission To help the individuals we serve achieve mental wellnessby encouraging HOPE, promoting SAFETY, and supporting RECOVERY while utilizing RESOURCES efficiently. Notice of Patient/Resident Privacy Rights Joint Commission Public Notice MSH Public Notice Mississippi State Hospital does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or genetic information in admission to, participation in or receipt of, the services and benefits under any of its programs and activities whether carried out by Mississippi State Hospital directly or through a contractor or any other entity with which Mississippi State Hospital arranges to carry out its programs and activities as these relate to either treatment of patients/residents at or employment with MSH. This statement is in accordance with the provisions of Section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Age and Discrimination Act of 1975, Regulations of the United States Department of Health and Human Services issued pursuant to these statutes at Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 80, 84, 91, and 92, and Regulations enforced by the U. S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. For further information about Mississippi State Hospital’s Notice of Nondiscrimination Policy, contact Bo Blanks, Civil Rights Coordinator, 601-351-8500. NOTICE OF NONDISCRIMINATION POLICY (FULL)For more information contact: Mississippi State Hospital PO Box 157-A Whitfield, MS 39193 Telephone: (601) 351-8000 (main switchboard and after hours)Public Relations: Telephone: (601) 351-8018 E-mail: [email protected] Press & Media: (601) 351-8155BUDGET REQUEST FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 2018 BUDGET REQUEST FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 2017USDA NONDISCRIMINATION STATEMENTCharges for services at Mississippi State Hospital and Jaquith Nursing Home are available upon request Copyright © 1997-2005 Mississippi State Hospital | QuickFacts Sedgwick County, Kansas Kansas People Population Population estimates, July 1, 2017, (V2017) 513,687 2,913,123Population estimates, July 1, 2016, (V2016) 511,995 2,907,289Population estimates base, April 1, 2010, (V2017) 498,358 2,853,130Population estimates base, April 1, 2010, (V2016) 498,365 2,853,129Population, percent change - April 1, 2010 (estimates base) to July 1, 2017, (V2017) 3.1% 2.1%Population, percent change - April 1, 2010 (estimates base) to July 1, 2016, (V2016) 2.7% 1.9%Population, Census, April 1, 2010 498,365 2,853,118Age and Sex Persons under 5 years, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) 7.2% 6.7%Persons under 5 years, percent, April 1, 2010 7.9% 7.2%Persons under 18 years, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) 26.1% 24.6%Persons under 18 years, percent, April 1, 2010 27.2% 25.5%Persons 65 years and over, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) 13.5% 15.0%Persons 65 years and over, percent, April 1, 2010 11.4% 13.2%Female persons, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) 50.6% 50.2%Female persons, percent, April 1, 2010 50.6% 50.4%Race and Hispanic Origin White alone, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) (a)81.0% 86.6%Black or African American alone, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) (a)9.3% 6.2%American Indian and Alaska Native alone, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) (a)1.4% 1.2%Asian alone, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) (a)4.5% 3.0%Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) (a)0.1% 0.1%Two or More Races, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) 3.7% 2.9%Hispanic or Latino, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) (b)14.4% 11.6%White alone, not Hispanic or Latino, percent, July 1, 2016, (V2016) 68.4% 76.3%Population Characteristics Veterans, 2012-2016 33,983 192,340Foreign born persons, percent, 2012-2016 8.6% 6.9%Housing Housing units, July 1, 2016, (V2016) 216,541 1,259,864Housing units, April 1, 2010 211,593 1,233,215Owner-occupied housing unit rate, 2012-2016 63.7% 66.3%Median value of owner-occupied housing units, 2012-2016 $128,000 $135,300Median selected monthly owner costs -with a mortgage, 2012-2016 $1,214 $1,284Median selected monthly owner costs -without a mortgage, 2012-2016 $447 $461Median gross rent, 2012-2016 $750 $775Building permits, 2016 1,857 9,807Families & Living Arrangements Households, 2012-2016 193,927 1,115,858Persons per household, 2012-2016 2.59 2.53Living in same house 1 year ago, percent of persons age 1 year+, 2012-2016 84.7% 83.5%Language other than English spoken at home, percent of persons age 5 years+, 2012-2016 14.0% 11.3%Education High school graduate or higher, percent of persons age 25 years+, 2012-2016 89.0% 90.3%Bachelor's degree or higher, percent of persons age 25 years+, 2012-2016 30.0% 31.6%Health With a disability, under age 65 years, percent, 2012-2016 8.3% 8.7%Persons without health insurance, under age 65 years, percent 11.2% 10.6%Economy In civilian labor force, total, percent of population age 16 years+, 2012-2016 66.3% 66.0%In civilian labor force, female, percent of population age 16 years+, 2012-2016 61.1% 61.3%Total accommodation and food services sales, 2012 ($1,000) (c)1,029,758 4,873,411Total health care and social assistance receipts/revenue, 2012 ($1,000) (c)3,501,436 18,248,370Total manufacturers shipments, 2012 ($1,000) (c)15,547,099 86,076,260Total merchant wholesaler sales, 2012 ($1,000) (c)8,308,425 60,226,324Total retail sales, 2012 ($1,000) (c)7,201,507 38,276,461Total retail sales per capita, 2012 (c)$14,292 $13,263Transportation Mean travel time to work (minutes), workers age 16 years+, 2012-2016 18.8 19.2Income & Poverty Median household income (in 2016 dollars), 2012-2016 $51,157 $53,571Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2016 dollars), 2012-2016 $26,672 $28,478Persons in poverty, percent 14.9% 12.1%Businesses Businesses Total employer establishments, 2015 11,941 74,526 1Total employment, 2015 231,175 1,189,876 1Total annual payroll, 2015 ($1,000) 10,507,678 51,259,676 1Total employment, percent change, 2014-2015 1.6% 1.0% 1Total nonemployer establishments, 2015 31,576 195,777All firms, 2012 39,648 239,118Men-owned firms, 2012 20,313 125,169Women-owned firms, 2012 13,493 77,194Minority-owned firms, 2012 6,300 26,127Nonminority-owned firms, 2012 31,578 204,562Veteran-owned firms, 2012 3,558 21,610Nonveteran-owned firms, 2012 33,212 203,401Geography Geography Population per square mile, 2010 499.6 34.9Land area in square miles, 2010 997.51 81,758.72FIPS Code 20173 20 |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.when was california adventure built | Disney California Adventure Disney California Adventure is a featured article, which means it has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Disney Wiki community. If you see a way this page can be updated or improved without compromising previous work, please feel free to contribute. Disney California Adventure Park Park Information Resort Disneyland Resort Location Anaheim, California, USAOpened February 8, 2001Owner The Walt Disney Company Operator Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Status Open Theme California Previous names Disney's California Adventure (2001–2010)Operating season Year-round Source Disney California Adventure is the second theme park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, located adjacent to Disneyland. It opened on February 8, 2001, as Disney's California Adventure. It is adjacent to the south of Disneyland and southeast of Downtown Disney . Contents [ show]Dedications Original Dedication To all who believe in the power of dreams, welcome. Disney's California Adventure opens its golden gates to you. Here we pay tribute to the dreamers of the past: the native people, explorers, immigrants, aviators, entrepreneurs and entertainers who built the Golden State. And we salute a new generation of dreamers who are creating the wonders of tomorrow, from the silver screen to the computer screen, from the fertile farmlands to the far reaches of space. Disney's California Adventure celebrates the richness and the diversity of California... its land, its people, its spirit and, above all, the dreams that it continues to inspire. — Michael D. Eisner, February 8, 2001Rededication To all who come to this place of dreams, welcome. Disney California Adventure celebrates the spirit of optimism and the promise of endless opportunities, ignited by the imagination of daring dreamers such as Walt Disney and those like him who forever changed- and were forever changed by- The Golden State. This unique place embraces the richness and diversity of California... Its land, its people, its stories and, above all, the dreamers it continues to inspire. —Robert A. Iger, June 15, 2012History and Development Development (1991-2001)Originally, the Disneyland Resort's second theme park was to have been West COT, a West Coast version of EPCOT Center, including versions of that park's Future World and World Showcase. It would've featured attractions similar to those found at Epcot, but instead of Spaceship Earth, it would've had Space Station Earth, a 300-foot golden structure much bigger than the 180-foot Spaceship Earth. West COT faced significant opposition from local residents, and the park's price tag of nearly $3 billion would prove unviable in the wake of Disney's financial problems with Euro Disneyland. In 1995, the West COT project was scrapped in favor of a California-themed park called "Disney's California Adventure", to be built on the land then occupied by Disneyland's massive parking lot, alongside a new resort hotel and shopping district, some portions of which would take over portions of the original Disneyland Hotel. This would turn Disneyland into the much larger Disneyland Resort, a multi-day entertainment destination in the vein of its much larger sister resort, Walt Disney World. Construction began on Disney's California Adventure in 1998, alongside the new Disney's Grand Californian Hotel and Downtown Disney District. Early years (2001-2006)Disney's California Adventure opened on February 8, 2001, with high expectations. In a January 2001 article in the Los Angeles Times, Disney executives ambitiously expected the park to reach capacity on some days, forcing the park to turn guests away. However, the park would not reach these expectations, and suffered from flagging attendance. Guests were underwhelmed by the small number of actual attractions and the quality thereof, compared to the much higher number of shops and restaurants. With thrill rides like California Screamin' and Maliboomer, guests complained that there were not enough attractions for younger children. Unlike Disneyland, which has a high tree line and a large berm surrounding the park, limiting guests' view of the surrounding neighborhoods, California Adventure was much more exposed, with nearby hotels, power lines, the Anaheim Convention Center clearly visible, thus spoiling the immersion that guests could find in other Disney parks. In 2001, California Adventure saw 5,000,000 guests compared to Disneyland's 12,300,000. The park lost two major sponsors in October 2001, when Wolfgang Puck and Robert Mondavi closed their restaurants in the park. Superstar Limo, the park's poorly-received lone dark ride, closed less than a year after park opening, in January 2002. In order to address these criticisms, Disney added new entertainment offerings and attractions such as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! and Disney's Electrical Parade in 2001, A Bug's Land in 2002, Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular in 2003, The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror in 2004, and Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue! in 2006 . Expansion and redesign (2007-present)California Adventure Park, as seen from the 'Paradise Pier' Hotel. In 2007, Disney CEO Bob Iger addressed the perceived subpar quality of the park and stated, "Any time you do something mediocre with your brand, that's a withdrawal. California Adventure was a brand withdrawal." That year, the Walt Disney Company announced a massive $1.1 billion expansion and redesign for the park, which was completed in stages. Toy Story Midway Mania! opened in June 2008. 2009 saw a redesign of portions of Paradise Pier, with the removal of Maliboomer, the retheming of the Sun Wheel, Orange Stinger, and Mulholland Madness to Mickey's Fun Wheel, Silly Symphony Swings, and Goofy's Sky School, respectively, and the opening of The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure. The highly successful World of Color premiered in Paradise Pier in 2010. The park's name was rebranded and modified to Disney California Adventure on June 11, 2010 . The park's main entrance area, Sunshine Plaza, underwent a major redesign. The main gate of the park was pushed out further towards the Esplanade and themed to Los Angeles' historic Pan-Pacific Auditorium, similar to the main gate of Disney's Hollywood Studios. In 2011, Sunshine Plaza, which was designed to resemble a stylized California postcard, was closed and completely stripped of its theming, renamed Buena Vista Street and redesigned to resemble 1920s Los Angeles, as Walt Disney may have seen it upon his arrival there. The park's Sun Icon was replaced by a replica of the historic Carthay Circle Theatre, a Los Angeles movie palace that premiered Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937. The Carthay Circle hosts a restaurant and 1901, a lounge accessible only by members of Club 33. Tracks were laid down Buena Vista Street and into Hollywood Pictures Backlot, now renamed Hollywood Land, to make way for the Red Car Trolley, a replica of the Pacific Electric Railway and the park's first transportation attraction. On June 15, 2012, the California Adventure was rededicated by Bob Iger, and Buena Vista Street and Cars Land opened. Cars Land opened with three new attractions based on the Disney/ Pixar Cars franchise, including the "E-ticket" Radiator Springs Racers, a high-speed dark ride based on technology originally designed for Epcot's Test Track . Following the redesign and opening of new lands and attractions, attendance and reception of the park increased significantly. In 2012, the park welcomed more than 7,000,000 guests for the first time. Two days after the rededication, the park reached a record 45,000 guests in a single day. In 2014, Condor Flats, an original land themed to a desert airfield and opened with the park in 2001, was closed for refurbishment. In May 2015, it reopened as Grizzly Peak Airfield, now a subsection of Grizzly Peak. The more cohesively-themed Grizzly Peak Airfield is set as a 1950s National Recreation Area, though its signature attraction, Soarin' Over California still operates as it did in 2001. In 2016, the attraction became Soarin' Over the World . Lands The Disney California Adventure is separated into several different lands. Buena Vista Street When it opened as Sunshine Plaza, it served as the entrance plaza to the park, and was anchored by several stores and quick-service restaurants, including Greetings From California, Engine Ears Toys, Baker's Field Bakery, and Bur-r-r Bank Ice Cream. The latter three locations were integrated within a replica of a Western Pacific Railroad California Zephyr EMD FP7 locomotive and rolling stock. As part of the re-imagined park, Sunshine Plaza was transformed into Buena Vista Street, representing the Los Angeles that Walt Disney saw when he first arrived there in the late 1920's. Transportation to Hollywood Land is now provided by the Red Car Trolley attraction. Buena Vista Street officially opened on June 15, 2012 . Hollywood Land Hollywood Land (formerly Hollywood Pictures Backlot) is divided into two areas: one representing Hollywood Boulevard and the other a movie studio backlot. Many of the building facades in Hollywood Land are inspired by real-life buildings in the Los Angeles area. Attractions in Hollywood Land include Disney Animation, Sunset Showcase Theater, Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue!, and Disney Junior: Live on Stage!. Shopping destinations include Gone Hollywood, Off the Page, and the Studio Store, while dining is provided by Award Weiners and Schmoozies!. Golden State The Golden State was divided into several areas: The Bay Area, Condor Flats, Golden Vine Winery, Grizzly Peak Recreation Area, and Pacific Wharf. As of Summer 2015, Pacific Wharf is now its own land, The Bay, Condor Flats, and Recreation Area names were discontinued, Golden State became known as Grizzly Peak, and Golden Vine Winery is now a part of Pacific Wharf. Grizzly Peak Attractions include Grizzly River Run, Soarin' Over California, and the Redwood Creek Challenge Trail. Dining includes Smokejumpers Grill. Pacific Wharf Pacific Wharf includes dining locations such as Cocina Cucamonga Mexican Grill, Lucky Fortune Cookery, and Pacific Wharf Cafe. There is also the Ghirardelli Soda Fountain and Chocolate Shop, the first Ghirardelli location inside a Disney park. Attractions include The Bakery Tour and the Walt Disney Imagineering Blue Sky Cellar. Paradise Pier Paradise Pier, located at the south end of the park, is a tribute to the beachside amusement parks of early 20th century California. Paradise Pier features a sprawling bay, which plays host to World of Color as of June 11, 2010. As of January 2018, Paradise Pier is in the process of being split into two distinct themed lands: Paradise Park and Pixar Pier, each comprising the northern and southern half, respectively.2009 refurbishment As part of the re-imagined park, Paradise Pier underwent a transformation into a more elegantly-designed beachside amusement park, with more Victorian-inspired architecture and less of the carnival-style theming the park was criticized for in its early days. The now-highly popular Toy Story Midway Mania! was added in 2008. The Sun Wheel was converted to Mickey's Fun Wheel and the Midway Games were completely redesigned in 2009, and the Orange Stinger was removed and replaced with the Band Concert -inspired Silly Symphony Swings in 2010. Mulholland Madness was converted to the Victorian-style Goofy's Sky School, and the Omnimover attraction, The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure, opened in 2011 on the former site of Golden Dreams .2018 retheming Pixar Pier will be split into several "neighborhoods", each themed to a different Pixar Animation Studios franchise. An Incredibles -themed neighborhood will be anchored by the Incredicoaster (formerly California Screamin' ). A Toy Story neighborhood will be anchored by Toy Story Midway Mania!. An Inside Out neighborhood will be home to a to-be-announced family-friendly attraction. Mickey's Fun Wheel will anchor a fourth neighborhood celebrating Pixar films as a whole, with the attraction's gondolas re-themed to Pixar characters while retaining Mickey Mouse 's face on its northern side. Paradise Park comprises the remainder of the former Paradise Pier on the west and northern sides of Paradise Bay, with attractions such as The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure, Silly Symphony Swings, and Goofy's Sky School . A Bug's Land Main article: A Bug's Land A Bug's Land (usually typeset as "a bug's land") is based on the 1998 Disney / Pixar film, A Bug's Life. It opened in the fall of 2002 to provide more attractions for young children, integrating the former Bountiful Valley Farm area that opened with the park with the Flik's Fun Fair expansion area. It features the 3-D film, It's Tough to Be a Bug! (originally opened with the park in 2001 as part of Bountiful Valley Farm), while the Flik's Fun Fair section features Francis' Ladybug Boogie, Flik's Flyers, Heimlich's Chew Chew Train, and Tuck and Roll's Drive 'Em Buggies. Cars Land Main article: Cars Land Cars Land is a 12-acre addition to Disney California Adventure and opened on June 15, 2012. Cars Land represents Route 66 and the California car culture, and is based on the 2006 Disney / Pixar film Cars. Cars Land includes three new attractions: Mater's Junkyard Jamboree, Luigi's Flying Tires, and Radiator Springs Racers. Luigi's Flying Tires is an updated version of the Flying Saucers, an attraction that operated in Tomorrowland at Disneyland from 1961 to 1966. Radiator Springs Racers, the centerpiece of the California Adventure expansion, is a massive E-ticket thrill ride similar to Epcot 's Test Track technology. Gallery The original logo from 2001-2010 The newest logo from 2010-present Artwork of Mickey Mouse helping with the expansion Artwork of Minnie Mouse helping with the expansion Artwork of Goofy helping with the expansion Artwork of Donald Duck helping with the expansion Artwork of Pete helping with the expansion Artwork of Pluto helping with the expansion Artwork of Daisy Duck helping with the expansion Artwork of Clara Cluck helping with the expansion Artwork of Mortimer Mouse helping with the expansion Artwork of Horace Horsecollar helping with the expansion Artwork of Clarabelle Cow helping with the expansion Artwork of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit helping with the expansion Artwork of The Three Little Pigs helping with the expansion Artwork of Big Bad Wolf helping with the expansion References Disney California Adventure Go California California Resort Life - Disneylandv - e - d Theme Parks Disneyland • Disney California Adventure Other Attractions Downtown Disney Resorts Disneyland Hotel • Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel • Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spav - e - d Buena Vista Street Red Car Trolley Hollywood Land Animation Academy • Disney Animation Building • Disney Junior - Live on Stage! • Frozen: Live at the Hyperion • Guardians of the Galaxy - Mission: BREAKOUT! • Monsters, Inc. Mike & Sulley to the Rescue! • Sunset Showcase Theater • Turtle Talk with Crush Grizzly Peak Grizzly River Run • Redwood Creek Challenge Trail • Soarin' Over California Pacific Wharf The Bakery Tour • Walt Disney Imagineering Blue Sky Cellar A Bug's Land (Closing in Summer 2018)Flik's Flyers • Heimlich's Chew Chew Train • Francis' Ladybug Boogie • Princess Dot Puddle Park • Tuck and Roll's Drive 'Em Buggies Paradise Park Goofy's Sky School • Silly Symphony Swings • Golden Zephyr • Jumpin' Jellyfish • The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure Cars Land Radiator Springs Racers • Mater's Junkyard Jamboree • Luigi's Rollickin' Roadsters Pixar Pier (Opening in Summer 2018)Incredicoaster • Toy Story Midway Mania! • Mickey's Fun Wheel • Games of the Boardwalk Current Entertainment World of Color Resorts Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa • Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel Former Attractions and Entertainment California Screamin' • It's Tough to Be a Bug! • The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror • A Bug's Land • Pixar Play Parade • King Triton's Carousel of the Sea • Muppet*Vision 3D • Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular • Luigi's Flying Tires • Maliboomer • Back to Never Land • Avengers Training Initiative • Mad T Party • Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It! • S. S. Rustworthy • Phineas and Ferb's Rockin' Rollin' Dance Party • Golden Screams • Muppet Mobile Lab • Disney's Lumin Aria • Disney's Eureka! A California Parade • Lucky the Dinosaur • For the First Time in Forever: A Frozen Sing-Along Celebration • Superstar Limo Categories: Article of the week Disney parks and attractions Disney California Adventure Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Disneyland Resort Kingdom Keepers locations Languages: Nederlands | Motorcycle helmets an election issue for Sikhs Motorcycle helmets an election issue for Sikhs News Sep 20, 2011 Waterloo Region Record Ajmer S. Mandur , shown in this 2003 photo when he ran for a seat on Waterloo Regional Council. He doesn't want to break with his faith and wear a helmet when riding his motorcycle. He hasn't ridden since the early 1990s and is calling for an exemption to Ontario's motorcycle helmet law. - David Bebee/Record staff file photo KITCHENER — Ajmer S. Mandur has had his motorcycle licence for more than two decades, but he hasn’t actually ridden a motorcycle in this province since the early 1990s. He used to let his hair down — literally — and hop on for a ride. But since getting married and having kids, he doesn’t want to break with his faith. Mandur is a Khalsa Sikh, which means he observes a religious practice that forbids cutting, trimming or otherwise removing any hair on his body. He’s also required to wear a dastaar, or turban.“I really don’t like to be in public with no turban,” Mandur said. “It’s just the way I was raised.”He’s just one of many Sikhs in Ontario calling for an exemption to the province’s motorcycle helmet law. They cite freedom of religion with an increasingly unified voice. On Sept. 11, members of the regional Sikh community met at a Kitchener gurdwara, or temple, to lend their names and voices to a growing petition that seeks an exemption to the helmet law for turban-wearing Sikhs. Of the more than 30 men present, both young and old said they would buy a motorcycle if the law was amended. The Ontario Highway Traffic Act currently requires all motorcyclists to wear a helmet. This poses a problem for Sikhs, whose turbans don’t fit under most helmets. The Highway Traffic Act also requires anyone under the age of 18 to wear a helmet while bicycling. While the Canadian Sikh Association would like this amended as well, it’s focusing on motorcycles.“Asking someone to take off their turban is literally like asking them to take off their clothes. That’s how it’s viewed,” said Baljit Singh Ghuman, chair of the Canadian Sikh Association. “It’s part of the religion. It’s part of the lifestyle.”YOU MIGHT BE INTERESTED IN... Local‘Show me your hands!’ Waterloo police shoot, wound... Local‘I don’t want anyone else to be a victim’:... Local Family of Kitchener man killed by police plan... The Canadian Sikh Association organized the meeting. It’s been holding similar public meetings in Sikh communities throughout the province in the run-up to the Oct. 6 provincial election.“This is the one issue the whole community seems to be united behind,” said Ghuman. Both British Columbia and Manitoba have exemptions in their helmet laws for turban-wearing Sikhs, but an Ontario Superior Court Justice dismissed a challenge to the law in 2008. In 2008, the most recent data available, 53 people died in motorcycle accidents in Ontario (three of them were passengers). In an analysis of factors that contributed to those fatalities, 9.8 per cent were found to be a result of the rider not wearing a helmet. But 51 per cent died as a result of speed and the driver losing control. An analysis of the data dating back to 1993 shows this ratio is relatively consistent: the percentage of fatalities attributed to speed ranges from 43 per cent to 60 per cent, while the percentage of fatalities attributed to not wearing a helmet ranges from five per cent to 18 per cent. The Ministry of Transportation stated its position in an email: “Research has shown that motorcycle helmets are effective in reducing the incidence of head injury … This focus (on safety) is one of the reasons why Ontario has the safest roads in North America.”It also pointed out that, “The Ontario Court of Justice recently ruled that Ontario’s mandatory helmet requirement does not infringe upon the freedom of religion or equality rights of the Charter, nor violates the Human Rights Code.”The Ministry cites a 1996 study that found motorcycle helmets were 67 per cent effective in preventing serious brain injury, and a 2004 study showed they were 37 per cent effective in preventing fatal injuries. But some suggest that at over 50 kilometres an hour, helmets do not affect an accident’s outcome. The last time the helmet issue was brought to Queen’s Park was in 1988, when a private member’s bill that would have granted Sikhs such an exemption failed. John Milloy, the Kitchener Centre MPP who’s running for re-election for the Liberals, said Premier Dalton Mc Guinty has announced his intentions to “have a conversation” about the issue should he win re-election. Milloy said it’s a very complicated issue that melds public safety and freedom of religion. He supports his party’s stance and would be open to having that conversation when the election is over. J. D. Mc Guire, who’s running for the Green party in Kitchener-Waterloo, said in an email that he’s very open to having a conversation with the Sikh community about the issue, should he be elected.“I personally wouldn’t support a law that endangers any Ontarian,” said Mark Cairns, NDP candidate for Kitchener-Conestoga, the riding that contains the temple. “I don’t see how someone could get away with not wearing their seatbelt in a car based on some matter of religious freedom.”Candidates for the Progressive Conservative party declined to comment on the issue, but the official party line is “public safety should be the top concern.”Yet, the B. C. ruling stated the “marginal risk and costs associated with unhelmeted motorcycle riding does not constitute undue hardship” to the province. The 1999 ruling “found that the unhelmeted rider alone bears the risks associated with riding a motorcycle without a helmet.”The tribunal’s findings highlighted the fact that, since motorcyclists are more likely to die or be seriously injured than automobile drivers, there’s a certain level of societal risk that’s accepted. And, as there was insufficient evidence to prove that unhelmeted riding for as small a population as the Sikh community posed a statistically significant risk to public safety, the tribunal ruled the helmet law was discriminatory. The practice of not cutting one’s hair (referred to as Kesh) is one of Sikhism five Ks, rules every baptized member must follow. Despite the fact that only Sikh men wear the turban, it is not a gendered practice. Women are also forbidden from cutting or otherwise altering any body hair and are expected to wear the kirpan — a small knife Sikhs carry that’s another of the five Ks. The kirpan has been another source of controversy for the faith, as Sikhs have had to fight for their right to carry what’s perceived as a weapon into stadiums, public buildings and public schools. The 2001 census (the last year religious data was collected until the 2011 numbers are released) reported just over 77,000 Sikhs in Ontario. Estimates place the current population at more than 100,[email protected] Commenting is closed. Tags: News - Local, News, Sports |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.description missense mutation | Missense Mutation: Definition & Example Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds Add to Timeline Autoplay 29K views Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days!Create An Account Recommended Lessons and Courses for You Related Lessons Related Courses Nonsense Mutation: Definition & Example Silent Mutation: Definition & Example Insertion Mutation: Diseases & Examples Point Mutations in DNA: Types, Diseases & Examples Lesson Transcript Instructor: Angela Lynn Swafford Lynn has a BS and MS in biology and has taught many college biology courses. While people with sickle-cell disease show many symptoms, such as pain and fatigue, this disease is caused by only a single change in a DNA sequence. You can learn more about this kind of change, called a missense mutation, in this lesson. Definition of Missense Mutation A mutation is a permanent change in a DNA sequence. DNA is the unit of heredity of all organisms, so this means that mutations can often be passed on to offspring. You probably associate the word mutation with something that is bad, but mutations don't have to be bad. Some are beneficial, and some can have no effect. There are many different categories of mutations, but in this lesson we will focus on missense mutations. A missense mutation occurs when one DNA nucleotide is changed so that a different amino acid is inserted into a protein. DNA to RNA to Protein Let's back up a little and talk about what DNA is and what it does. Nucleotides are the repeating units of a DNA sequence. There are four nucleotides, each with different nitrogenous bases: thymine (T), adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The coding region of a DNA molecule is made up of genes that code for proteins. Proteins are strings of amino acids. It is the order of nitrogenous bases that determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein. There are two processes involved in using DNA to make proteins: Transcription uses a DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule. RNA is made up of nucleotides and nitrogenous bases just like DNA, except that thymine is replaced with uracil or U. Translation uses an RNA sequence to string amino acids together and build a protein. Amino acids are specified by a three-letter sequence in RNA called a codon. The whole process of transcription and translation that involves going from DNA to RNA to protein is called the central dogma of molecular biology. The set of rules that indicates which codons specify which amino acids during translation is called the genetic code. There are a total of 64 possible codons and 20 amino acids. This means some amino acids are specified by multiple codons. The genetic code is shown in this chart. The Genetic Code: All possible codons and which amino acids they specify. Missense Mutation Example Remember, a missense mutation is a mutation in which one DNA nucleotide is switched out with another one in a way that changes the amino acid specified. When a missense mutation occurs in a DNA molecule, it changes one of the RNA codon sequences made during transcription. This different codon will then cause a different amino acid to be inserted into a protein during translation. Proteins made when missense mutations occur may look very different and may not even be functional. A good way to think about missense mutations is to imagine you have a sentence in which one letter was changed and the entire meaning was also changed. For example, 'I have a cat' is like your normal DNA sequence. If for some reason the 'c' was changed to an 'r', now you have 'I have a rat'. This new sentence has a very different meaning than the original. The same is true of missense mutations because the new DNA sequence will code for a different amino acid. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student I am a teacher | . This Account has been suspended. Contact your hosting provider for more information. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is misinterpretations in statistics | Misinterpretation of statistics Misinterpretation of statistics Archived Content Information identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please contact us to request a format other than those available. Misinterpretation is a common problem when using statistical information. It may be caused by a number of factors. This section explains how statistics can be misused by Misunderstanding the data Using incomparable definitions Deliberately misinterpreting the information Each day, we are bombarded by numbers in the media. Many of the facts and figures quoted in the news, such as unemployment and divorce rates, originate from The Daily, Statistics Canada's first and official release of statistical data and publications produced by Statistics Canada. It presents analysis of newly released data with source information for more detailed facts. Although the information from The Daily is objective, it is interesting to analyse how newspapers from different regions can put a different spin on the same facts. Misunderstanding the data Sometimes, data are misunderstood by the media. Example 1 shows how crime patterns can be oversimplified and misinterpreted. Example 1 – Crime statistics The Daily published data on crime statistics with the following subheadings in the release: The Daily. Tuesday, July 18, 2000Crime statistics Crime statistics, 1999Violent crime declines in all categories Large decline in break-ins Drug offences on rise, impaired driving stable Youth crime down for seventh consecutive year Based on the information in the release from The Daily, Canadian newspapers headlines read: Hot economy stalls murder rate Declining homicide rates knock steam out of election platforms Homicide rate at a 32-year low The newspaper headlines above strayed from the content of the main feature. Focusing on one aspect of the data, the newspapers ignored the main finding—that the national crime rate had declined for the eighth consecutive year. Secondly, the data revealed that the rate for violent crime fell 2.4% in 1999, the seventh consecutive decrease after 15 years of increases. All major categories of violent crime declined in 1999, including homicide (-4.7%), attempted murder (-8.8%), assault (-2.0%), sexual assault (-7.3%), and robbery (-1.5%). The release also reported that the national homicide rate has generally been falling since the mid-1970s. That trend continued in 1999; 536 homicides were reported by police, 22 fewer than the previous year. The 1999 homicide rate—1.76 homicides for every 100,000 people—was the lowest since 1967. Although it is possible to speculate that rising prosperity may have contributed to a lower crime rate, the data provided by Statistics Canada did not measure the relationship between the economy and crime statistics. And if it had, the observation would appear to be that the crime rate had been decreasing since 1991, the year that the Canadian recession began. The Daily did mention that numerous factors contribute to changes in the crime rate. However, it looks as if some journalists took this statement to be a fact. The connections found in the newspaper headlines are purely speculation and were not revealed in the objective data. The journalists misinterpreted the release most likely because they misunderstood the underlying causes and effects of crime. Statistics Canada representatives spend much time reviewing the media use of release data each day. These representatives also answer media questions regarding the data and make certain that the data are properly understood. If a misunderstanding has occurred, then the representatives try their best to correct it. Top of Page Using incomparable definitions It is important to understand the statistical definitions and concepts behind the information that you are using. If you are examining labour force issues, you should become familiar with the definitions for terms such as unemployment, employment, and participation rate. If you are looking at data on environmental issues, you will need to consider the definition and concepts associated with words such as forest, woodland, extinct, endangered species, and national park. A great advantage of statistical information is that it can be compared, allowing trends and characteristics to be revealed. For example, one can compare the weather of Vancouver with that of Halifax, past sporting results with the present, or the academic performance of men with that of women. However, problems can arise in the comparison of statistics when the underlying definitions, classification or methods of data collection are different. This is especially true for statistics from different sources. Nowhere is this more apparent than with vital statistics. Consider Table 1 below. Table 1 Married people by sex, 1998 to 2002Number of persons Married1998 1999 2000 2001 2002Both sexes 14,630,173 14,711,793 14,806,694 14,913,766 15,018,130Males 7,299,132 7,337,226 7,381,266 7,431,522 7,476,537Females 7,331,041 7,374,567 7,425,428 7,482,244 7,541,593Source: CANSIM table 051-0010. According to Statistics Canada, the definition of married includes people who are legally married and living together, those who are legally married and separated, and those who are living in common-law unions. If you were to compare the numbers in the table with numbers from a survey that did not include 'common-law' in the 'married' category, the results would be very different since the definitions are not the same. Look at the data in the above table. Why do they indicate that there are more married women than men? Logically, the two numbers should be the same. What appears to be happening here is that individuals are attaching their own definitions to the term married, and this causes the numbers to be slightly different. Top of Page Deliberately misinterpreting the information Factual information must have integrity, objectivity and accuracy. Yet it is important to recognize that information can be misinterpreted by personal bias, inaccurate statistics, and even by the addition of fictional data. Consider this quotation below: Political tacticians are not in search of scholarly truth or even simple accuracy. They are looking for ammunition to use in the information wars. Data, information, and knowledge do not have to be true to blast an opponent out of the water. —Alvin Toffler Toffler may be overly cynical in his point of view, but in reality, people and organizations do manipulate information for their own uses. For this reason, you should always be critical about the information that is provided to you. Make certain you know where the information is coming from and find out whether or not the source is credible. Also, try to find out what methodologies were used to collect and process the data. Finally, it is important to know how accurate the statistics are because surveys are subject to two types of errors: sampling and non-sampling errors. Sampling errors occur in sample surveys because only a portion of the population is studied, not the entire population. Non-sampling errors are present in both sample surveys and censuses. | . Comments Submit missing/incorrect information An error occured while loading the comment form. Please try again later and report this on the forums if the problem persists. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what are side effects of radiation for breast cancer | Select your province Français Select your province Find information and services near you. Select province/territory The Canadian Cancer Society is a national, community-based organization of volunteers whose mission is the eradication of cancer and the enhancement of the quality of life of people living with cancer.© 2018 Canadian Cancer Society All rights reserved. Registered charity: 118829803 RR 0001Connect with us: | Dr. Hyman Discusses Vitamin D on the Dr. Oz Show ONE DAY VITAMIN D seems like a cure for everything. The next we are inundated with the dangers and the lack of science. Some doctors recommend 5000 IU a day or more, but the new daily recommended intake is only 600-800IU. So which is it? How much should we take? Is vitamin D really a super supplement or is it all just more hype? In my appearance on the Dr. Oz Show, my friend Mehmet and I discussed vitamin D and revealed what the science really says about this essential vitamin. The evidence shows that over the half the population is deficient, almost none of them are diagnosed, and low levels of vitamin D have been related to every from cancer to autoimmune disease, depression to dementia, and more. Based on my work with thousands of patients I can tell you that for some getting optimal levels of vitamin D can mean the difference between health and illness. I encourage you to watch the show. Here are links to each part: The One Pill Quick Fix Part 1The One Pill Quick Fix Part 2The One Pill Quick Fix Part 3Mehmet and I had a fascinating discussion on the topic that I feel will unravel a lot of the mystery for many. Here I have provided you a few additional resources that help you learn the truth about this critical, and often misunderstood, vitamin. The Sunshine Vitamin: A Closer Look at Vitamin DNow that the warmer weather months are here, it’s a good time to discuss vitamin D, since it’s also known as the sunshine vitamin. Ironic, because vitamin D is not a vitamin nor a nutrient; it is a hormone produced by the body in the skin from a photolytic reaction with ultraviolet light. Read more …What’s Missing from the New Vitamin D Recommendations? Confusion is rampant about the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI’s) for Calcium and Vitamin D recently released from the Institute of Medicine. I have reviewed the report carefully and gathered input from international experts on vitamin D and the clinical team at my medical center—which includes four master’s degrees in nutrition, authors of textbooks on nutrition, and international leaders in nutrition education for physicians and dietitians. Collectively we have 100 years of reviewing nutrition research and applying it with thousands of patients. Here is what I think about the new vitamin D recommendations based on a synthesis of all this information. Read more …Mark Hyman MD is the Director of Cleveland Clinic’s Center for Functional Medicine, the Founder of The Ultra Wellness Center, and a ten-time #1 New York Times Bestselling author. If you are looking for personalized medical support, we highly recommend contacting Dr. Hyman’s Ultra Wellness Center in Lenox, Massachusetts today. SHARE ON FACEBOOKSHARE VIA EMAIL |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what are coiled up dna and histones called | Chromatin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search The major structures in DNA compaction: DNA, the nucleosome, the 10 nm "beads-on-a-string" fibre, the 30 nm chromatin fibre and the metaphase chromosome. Chromatin is a complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA. [1] The primary functions of chromatin are 1) to package DNA into a more compact, denser shape, 2) to reinforce the DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis, 3) to prevent DNA damage, and 4) to control gene expression and DNA replication. The primary protein components of chromatin are histones that compact the DNA. Chromatin is only found in eukaryotic cells (cells with defined nuclei). Prokaryotic cells have a different organization of their DNA (the prokaryotic chromosome equivalent is called genophore and is localized within the nucleoid region). Chromatin's structure is currently poorly understood despite being subjected to intense investigation. Its structure depends on several factors. The overall structure depends on the stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the chromatin is structurally loose to allow access to RNA and DNA polymerases that transcribe and replicate the DNA. The local structure of chromatin during interphase depends on the genes present on the DNA. That DNA which codes genes that are actively transcribed ("turned on") is more loosely packaged and associated with RNA polymerases (referred to as euchromatin) while that DNA which codes inactive genes ("turned off") is more condensed and associated with structural proteins ( heterochromatin ). [2] [3] Epigenetic chemical modification of the structural proteins in chromatin also alters the local chromatin structure, in particular chemical modifications of histone proteins by methylation and acetylation. As the cell prepares to divide, i.e. enters mitosis or meiosis, the chromatin packages more tightly to facilitate segregation of the chromosomes during anaphase. During this stage of the cell cycle this makes the individual chromosomes in many cells visible by optical microscope. In general terms, there are three levels of chromatin organization: DNA wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes; the "beads on a string" structure ( euchromatin ). Multiple histones wrap into a 30 nm fibre consisting of nucleosome arrays in their most compact form ( heterochromatin ). (Definitively established to exist in vitro, the 30- nanometer fibre was not seen in recent X-ray studies of human mitotic chromosomes. [4])Higher-level DNA packaging of the 30 nm fibre into the metaphase chromosome (during mitosis and meiosis ). There are, however, many cells that do not follow this organisation. For example, spermatozoa and avian red blood cells have more tightly packed chromatin than most eukaryotic cells, and trypanosomatid protozoa do not condense their chromatin into visible chromosomes for mitosis. Contents [ hide ]1 Dynamic chromatin structure and hierarchy1.1 DNA structure1.2 Nucleosomes and beads-on-a-string1.3 30 nanometer chromatin fibre1.4 Spatial organization of chromatin in the cell nucleus1.5 Cell-cycle dependent structural organization2 Chromatin and bursts of transcription2.1 Alternative chromatin organizations3 Chromatin and DNA repair4 Methods to investigate chromatin5 Chromatin: alternative definitions6 Nobel Prizes7 See also8 References9 Other references10 External links Dynamic chromatin structure and hierarchy [ edit]Chromatin undergoes various structural changes during a cell cycle. Histone proteins are the basic packer and arranger of chromatin and can be modified by various post-translational modifications to alter chromatin packing ( Histone modification ). Most of the modifications occur on the histone tail. The consequences in terms of chromatin accessibility and compaction depend both on the amino-acid that is modified and the type of modification. For example, Histone acetylation results in loosening and increased accessibility of chromatin for replication and transcription. Lysine tri-methylation can either be correlated with transcriptional activity (tri-methylation of histone H3 Lysine 4) or transcriptional repression and chromatin compaction (tri-methylation of histone H3 Lysine 9 or 27). Several studies suggested that different modifications could occur simultaneously. For example, it was proposed that a bivalent structure (with tri-methylation of both Lysine 4 and 27 on histone H3) was involved in mammalian early development. [5]Polycomb-group proteins play a role in regulating genes through modulation of chromatin structure. [6]For additional information, see Histone modifications in chromatin regulation and RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure. DNA structure [ edit]The structures of A-, B-, and Z-DNA. Main articles: Mechanical properties of DNA and Z-DNAIn nature, DNA can form three structures, A-, B-, and Z-DNA. A- and B-DNA are very similar, forming right-handed helices, whereas Z-DNA is a left-handed helix with a zig-zag phosphate backbone. Z-DNA is thought to play a specific role in chromatin structure and transcription because of the properties of the junction between B- and Z-DNA. At the junction of B- and Z-DNA, one pair of bases is flipped out from normal bonding. These play a dual role of a site of recognition by many proteins and as a sink for torsional stress from RNA polymerase or nucleosome binding. Nucleosomes and beads-on-a-string [ edit]Main articles: Nucleosome, Chromatosome and Histone A cartoon representation of the nucleosome structure. From PDB: 1KX5 . The basic repeat element of chromatin is the nucleosome, interconnected by sections of linker DNA, a far shorter arrangement than pure DNA in solution. In addition to the core histones, there is the linker histone, H1, which contacts the exit/entry of the DNA strand on the nucleosome. The nucleosome core particle, together with histone H1, is known as a chromatosome. Nucleosomes, with about 20 to 60 base pairs of linker DNA, can form, under non-physiological conditions, an approximately 10 nm "beads-on-a-string" fibre. (Fig. 1-2). . The nucleosomes bind DNA non-specifically, as required by their function in general DNA packaging. There are, however, large DNA sequence preferences that govern nucleosome positioning. This is due primarily to the varying physical properties of different DNA sequences: For instance, adenine and thymine are more favorably compressed into the inner minor grooves. This means nucleosomes can bind preferentially at one position approximately every 10 base pairs (the helical repeat of DNA)- where the DNA is rotated to maximise the number of A and T bases that will lie in the inner minor groove. (See mechanical properties of DNA . )30 nanometer chromatin fibre [ edit]Two proposed structures of the 30nm chromatin filament. Left: 1 start helix "solenoid" structure. Right: 2 start loose helix structure. Note: the histones are omitted in this diagram - only the DNA is shown. With addition of H1, the beads-on-a-string structure in turn coils into a 30 nm diameter helical structure known as the 30 nm fibre or filament. The precise structure of the chromatin fibre in the cell is not known in detail, and there is still some debate over this. [7]This level of chromatin structure is thought to be the form of heterochromatin, which contains mostly transcriptionally silent genes. EM studies have demonstrated that the 30 nm fibre is highly dynamic such that it unfolds into a 10 nm fiber ("beads-on-a-string") structure when transversed by an RNA polymerase engaged in transcription. Four proposed structures of the 30 nm chromatin filament for DNA repeat length per nucleosomes ranging from 177 to 207 bp. Linker DNA in yellow and nucleosomal DNA in pink. The existing models commonly accept that the nucleosomes lie perpendicular to the axis of the fibre, with linker histones arranged internally. A stable 30 nm fibre relies on the regular positioning of nucleosomes along DNA. Linker DNA is relatively resistant to bending and rotation. This makes the length of linker DNA critical to the stability of the fibre, requiring nucleosomes to be separated by lengths that permit rotation and folding into the required orientation without excessive stress to the DNA. In this view, different lengths of the linker DNA should produce different folding topologies of the chromatin fiber. Recent theoretical work, based on electron-microscopy images [8] of reconstituted fibers supports this view. [9]Spatial organization of chromatin in the cell nucleus [ edit]The spatial arrangement of the chromatin within the nucleus is not random - specific regions of the chromatin can be found in certain territories. Territories are, for example, the lamina -associated domains (LADs), and the topological association domains (TADs), which are bound together by protein complexes. [10] Currently, polymer models such as the Strings & Binders Switch (SBS) model [11] and the Dynamic Loop (DL) model [12] are used to describe the folding of chromatin within the nucleus. Cell-cycle dependent structural organization [ edit]Interphase: The structure of chromatin during interphase of mitosis is optimized to allow simple access of transcription and DNA repair factors to the DNA while compacting the DNA into the nucleus. The structure varies depending on the access required to the DNA. Genes that require regular access by RNA polymerase require the looser structure provided by euchromatin. Karyogram of human male using Giemsa staining, showing the classic metaphase chromatin structure. Metaphase: The metaphase structure of chromatin differs vastly to that of interphase. It is optimised for physical strength [ citation needed] and manageability, forming the classic chromosome structure seen in karyotypes. The structure of the condensed chromatin is thought to be loops of 30 nm fibre to a central scaffold of proteins. It is, however, not well-characterised. The physical strength of chromatin is vital for this stage of division to prevent shear damage to the DNA as the daughter chromosomes are separated. To maximise strength the composition of the chromatin changes as it approaches the centromere, primarily through alternative histone H1 analogues. It should also be noted that, during mitosis, while most of the chromatin is tightly compacted, there are small regions that are not as tightly compacted. These regions often correspond to promoter regions of genes that were active in that cell type prior to entry into chromatosis. The lack of compaction of these regions is called bookmarking, which is an epigenetic mechanism believed to be important for transmitting to daughter cells the "memory" of which genes were active prior to entry into mitosis. [13] This bookmarking mechanism is needed to help transmit this memory because transcription ceases during mitosis. Chromatin and bursts of transcription [ edit]Chromatin and its interaction with enzymes has been researched, and a conclusion being made is that it is relevant and an important factor in gene expression. Vincent G. Allfrey, a professor at Rockefeller University, stated that RNA synthesis is related to histone acetylation. [14] The lysine amino acid attached to the end of the histones is positively charged. The acetylation of these tails would make the chromatin ends neutral, allowing for DNA access. When the chromatin decondenses, the DNA is open to entry of molecular machinery. Fluctuations between open and closed chromatin may contribute to the discontinuity of transcription, or transcriptional bursting. Other factors are probably involved, such as the association and dissociation of transcription factor complexes with chromatin. The phenomenon, as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription, can account for the high variability in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations [15]Alternative chromatin organizations [ edit]During metazoan spermiogenesis, the spermatid 's chromatin is remodeled into a more spaced-packaged, widened, almost crystal-like structure. This process is associated with the cessation of transcription and involves nuclear protein exchange. The histones are mostly displaced, and replaced by protamines (small, arginine -rich proteins). [16] It is proposed that in yeast, regions devoid of histones become very fragile after transcription; HMO1 an HMGB protein helps in stabilizing nucleosomes-free chromatin. [17] [18]Chromatin and DNA repair [ edit]The packaging of eukaryotic DNA into chromatin presents a barrier to all DNA-based processes that require recruitment of enzymes to their sites of action. To allow the critical cellular process of DNA repair, the chromatin must be remodeled. In eukaryotes, ATP dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and histone-modifying enzymes are two predominant factors employed to accomplish this remodeling process. [19]Chromatin relaxation occurs rapidly at the site of a DNA damage. [20] This process is initiated by PARP1 protein that starts to appear at DNA damage in less than a second, with half maximum accumulation within 1.6 seconds after the damage occurs. [21] Next the chromatin remodeler Alc1 quickly attaches to the product of PARP1, and completes arrival at the DNA damage within 10 seconds of the damage. [20] About half of the maximum chromatin relaxation, presumably due to action of Alc1, occurs by 10 seconds. [20] This then allows recruitment of the DNA repair enzyme MRE11, to initiate DNA repair, within 13 seconds. [21]γH2AX, the phosphorylated form of H2AX is also involved in the early steps leading to chromatin decondensation after DNA damage occurrence. The histone variant H2AX constitutes about 10% of the H2A histones in human chromatin. [22] γH2AX (H2AX phosphorylated on serine 139) can be detected as soon as 20 seconds after irradiation of cells (with DNA double-strand break formation), and half maximum accumulation of γH2AX occurs in one minute. [22] The extent of chromatin with phosphorylated γH2AX is about two million base pairs at the site of a DNA double-strand break. [22] γH2AX does not, itself, cause chromatin decondensation, but within 30 seconds of irradiation, RNF8 protein can be detected in association with γH2AX. [23] RNF8 mediates extensive chromatin decondensation, through its subsequent interaction with CHD4, [24] a component of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase complex Nu RD. After undergoing relaxation subsequent to DNA damage, followed by DNA repair, chromatin recovers to a compaction state close to its pre-damage level after about 20 min. [20]Methods to investigate chromatin [ edit]Ch IP-seq (Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing), aimed against different histone modifications, can be used to identify chromatin states throughout the genome. Different modifications have been linked to various states of chromatin. DNase-seq (DNase I hypersensitive sites Sequencing) uses the sensitivity of accessible regions in the genome to the DNase I enzyme to map open or accessible regions in the genome. FAIRE-seq (Formaldehyde-Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements sequencing) uses the chemical properties of protein-bound DNA in a two-phase separation method to extract nucleosome depleted regions from the genome. [25]ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposable Accessible Chromatin sequencing) uses the Tn5 transposase to integrate (synthetic) transposons into accessible regions of the genome consequentially highlighting the localisation of nucleosomes and transcription factors across the genome. DNA footprinting is a method aimed at identifying protein-bound DNA. It uses labeling and fragmentation coupled to gel electrophoresis to identify areas of the genome that have been bound by proteins. [26]MNase-seq (Micrococcal Nuclease sequencing) uses the micrococcal nuclease enzyme to identify nucleosome positioning throughout the genome. [27] [28]Chromosome conformation capture determines the spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus, by inferring genomic locations that physically interact. MACC profiling (Micrococcal nuclease ACCessibility profiling) uses titration series of chromatin digests with micrococcal nuclease to identify chromatin accessibility as well as to map nucleosomes and non-histone DNA-binding proteins in both open and closed regions of the genome. [29]Chromatin: alternative definitions [ edit]The term, introduced by Walther Flemming, has multiple meanings: Simple and concise definition: Chromatin is a macromolecular complex of a DNA macromolecule and protein macromolecules (and RNA). The proteins package and arrange the DNA and control its functions within the cell nucleus. A biochemists’ operational definition: Chromatin is the DNA/protein/RNA complex extracted from eukaryotic lysed interphase nuclei. Just which of the multitudinous substances present in a nucleus will constitute a part of the extracted material partly depends on the technique each researcher uses. Furthermore, the composition and properties of chromatin vary from one cell type to the another, during development of a specific cell type, and at different stages in the cell cycle. The DNA + histone = chromatin definition: The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus is packaged by special proteins termed histones. The formed protein/DNA complex is called chromatin. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome. Nobel Prizes [ edit]The following scientists were recognized for their contributions to chromatin research with Nobel Prizes: Year Who Award1910Albrecht Kossel (University of Heidelberg) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the five nuclear bases: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil.1933Thomas Hunt Morgan (California Institute of Technology) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of the role played by the gene and chromosome in heredity, based on his studies of the white-eyed mutation in the fruit fly Drosophila. [30]1962 Francis Crick, James Watson and Maurice Wilkins (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Harvard University and London University respectively)Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of the double helix structure of DNA and its significance for information transfer in living material.1982Aaron Klug (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology) Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"1993Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp Nobel Prize in Physiology "for their independent discoveries of split genes ," in which DNA sections called exons express proteins, and are interrupted by DNA sections called introns, which do not express proteins.2006Roger Kornberg (Stanford University) Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the mechanism by which DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA. See also [ edit]Active chromatin sequence Chromatid Epigenetics Histone-Modifying Enzymes Position-effect variegation Salt-and-pepper chromatin Transcriptional bursting References [ edit]^ Monday, Tanmoy (July 2010). "Characterization of the RNA content of chromatin". Genome Res. 20 (7): 899–907. doi: 10.1101/gr.103473.109. PMC 2892091. PMID 20404130.^ "Chromatin Network Home Page". Retrieved 2008-11-18.^ Dame, R. T. (May 2005). "The role of nucleoid-associated proteins in the organization and compaction of bacterial chromatin". Molecular Microbiology. 56 (4): 858–870. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04598.x. PMID 15853876.^ Hansen, Jeffrey (March 2012). "Human mitotic chromosome structure: what happened to the 30-nm fibre?". The EMBO Journal. 31 (7): 1621–1623. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2012.66. PMC 3321215. PMID 22415369.^ Bernstein BE, Mikkelsen TS, Xie X, Kamal M, Huebert DJ, Cuff J, Fry B, Meissner A, Wernig M, Plath K, Jaenisch R, Wagschal A, Feil R, Schreiber SL, Lander ES (April 2006). "A bivalent chromatin structure marks key developmental genes in embryonic stem cells". Cell. 125 (2): 315–26. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.041. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 16630819.^ Portoso M, Cavalli G (2008). "The Role of RNAi and Noncoding RNAs in Polycomb Mediated Control of Gene Expression and Genomic Programming". RNA and the Regulation of Gene Expression: A Hidden Layer of Complexity. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-25-7.^ Annunziato, Anthony T. "DNA Packaging: Nucleosomes and Chromatin". Scitable. Nature Education. Retrieved 2015-10-29.^ Robinson DJ; Fairall L; Huynh VA; Rhodes D. (April 2006). "EM measurements define the dimensions of the "30-nm" chromatin fiber: Evidence for a compact, interdigitated structure". PNAS. 103 (17): 6506–11. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601212103. PMC 1436021. PMID 16617109.^ Wong H, Victor JM, Mozziconacci J (September 2007). Chen P, ed. "An All-Atom Model of the Chromatin Fiber Containing Linker Histones Reveals a Versatile Structure Tuned by the Nucleosomal Repeat Length". PLo S ONE. 2 (9): e877. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000877. PMC 1963316. PMID 17849006.^ Nicodemi M, Pombo A (June 2014). "Models of chromosome structure". Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 28: 90–5. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.04.004. PMID 24804566.^ Nicodemi M, Panning B, Prisco A (May 2008). "A thermodynamic switch for chromosome colocalization". Genetics. 179 (1): 717–21. doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.083154. PMC 2390650. PMID 18493085.^ Bohn M, Heermann DW (2010). "Diffusion-driven looping provides a consistent framework for chromatin organization". PLo S ONE. 5 (8): e12218. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012218. PMC 2928267. PMID 20811620.^ Xing H, Vanderford NL, Sarge KD (November 2008). "The TBP-PP2A mitotic complex bookmarks genes by preventing condensin action". Nat. Cell Biol. 10 (11): 1318–23. doi: 10.1038/ncb1790. PMC 2577711. PMID 18931662.^ ALLFREY VG, FAULKNER R, MIRSKY AE (May 1964). "ACETYLATION AND METHYLATION OF HISTONES AND THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE REGULATION OF RNA SYNTHESIS". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 51 (5): 786–94. doi: 10.1073/pnas.51.5.786. PMC 300163. PMID 14172992.^ Kaochar S, Tu BP (November 2012). "Gatekeepers of chromatin: Small metabolites elicit big changes in gene expression". Trends Biochem. Sci. 37 (11): 477–83. doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.07.008. PMC 3482309. PMID 22944281.^ De Vries M, Ramos L, Housein Z, De Boer P (May 2012). "Chromatin remodelling initiation during human spermiogenesis". Biol Open. 1 (5): 446–57. doi: 10.1242/bio.2012844. PMC 3507207. PMID 23213436.^ Murugesapillai D, Mc Cauley MJ, Huo R, Nelson Holte MH, Stepanyants A, Maher LJ, Israeloff NE, Williams MC (August 2014). "DNA bridging and looping by HMO1 provides a mechanism for stabilizing nucleosome-free chromatin". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (14): 8996–9004. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku635. PMC 4132745. PMID 25063301.^ Murugesapillai D, Mc Cauley MJ, Maher LJ, Williams MC (February 2017). "Single-molecule studies of high-mobility group B architectural DNA bending proteins". Biophysical Reviews. 9 (1): 17–40. doi: 10.1007/s12551-016-0236-4. PMC 5331113. PMID 28303166.^ Liu B, Yip RK, Zhou Z (2012). "Chromatin remodeling, DNA damage repair and aging". Curr. Genomics. 13 (7): 533–47. doi: 10.2174/138920212803251373. PMC 3468886. PMID 23633913.^ a b c d Sellou H, Lebeaupin T, Chapuis C, Smith R, Hegele A, Singh HR, Kozlowski M, Bultmann S, Ladurner AG, Timinszky G, Huet S (2016). "The poly (ADP-ribose)-dependent chromatin remodeler Alc1 induces local chromatin relaxation upon DNA damage". Mol. Biol. Cell. 27 (24): 3791–3799. doi: 10.1091/mbc. E16-05-0269. PMC 5170603. PMID 27733626.^ a b Haince JF, Mc Donald D, Rodrigue A, Déry U, Masson JY, Hendzel MJ, Poirier GG (2008). "PARP1-dependent kinetics of recruitment of MRE11 and NBS1 proteins to multiple DNA damage sites". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (2): 1197–208. doi: 10.1074/jbc. M706734200. PMID 18025084.^ a b c Rogakou EP, Pilch DR, Orr AH, Ivanova VS, Bonner WM (1998). "DNA double-stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phosphorylation on serine 139". J. Biol. Chem. 273 (10): 5858–68. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.10.5858. PMID 9488723.^ Mailand N, Bekker-Jensen S, Faustrup H, Melander F, Bartek J, Lukas C, Lukas J (2007). "RNF8 ubiquitylates histones at DNA double-strand breaks and promotes assembly of repair proteins". Cell. 131 (5): 887–900. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.09.040. PMID 18001824.^ Luijsterburg MS, Acs K, Ackermann L, Wiegant WW, Bekker-Jensen S, Larsen DH, Khanna KK, van Attikum H, Mailand N, Dantuma NP (2012). "A new non-catalytic role for ubiquitin ligase RNF8 in unfolding higher-order chromatin structure". EMBO J. 31 (11): 2511–27. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2012.104. PMC 3365417. PMID 22531782.^ Giresi, Paul G.; Kim, Jonghwan; Mc Daniell, Ryan M.; Iyer, Vishwanath R.; Lieb, Jason D. (2007-06-01). "FAIRE (Formaldehyde-Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements) isolates active regulatory elements from human chromatin". Genome Research. 17 (6): 877–885. doi: 10.1101/gr.5533506. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 1891346. PMID 17179217.^ Galas, D. J.; Schmitz, A. (1978-09-01). "DNAse footprinting: a simple method for the detection of protein-DNA binding specificity". Nucleic Acids Research. 5 (9): 3157–3170. doi: 10.1093/nar/5.9.3157. ISSN 0305-1048. PMC 342238. PMID 212715.^ Cui, Kairong; Zhao, Keji (2012-01-01). "Genome-wide approaches to determining nucleosome occupancy in metazoans using MNase-Seq". Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N. J.). Methods in Molecular Biology. 833: 413–419. doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-477-3_24. ISBN 978-1-61779-476-6. ISSN 1940-6029. PMC 3541821. PMID 22183607.^ Buenrostro, Jason D.; Giresi, Paul G.; Zaba, Lisa C.; Chang, Howard Y.; Greenleaf, William J. (2013-12-01). "Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position". Nature Methods. 10 (12): 1213–1218. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2688. ISSN 1548-7105. PMC 3959825. PMID 24097267.^ Mieczkowski J, Cook A, Bowman SK, Mueller B, Alver BH, Kundu S, Deaton AM, Urban JA, Larschan E, Park PJ, Kingston RE, Tolstorukov MY (2016-05-06). "MNase titration reveals differences between nucleosome occupancy and chromatin accessibility". Nature Communications. 7: 11485. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11485. PMC 4859066. PMID 27151365.^ "Thomas Hunt Morgan and His Legacy". Nobelprize.org. 7 Sep 2012Other references [ edit]Cooper, Geoffrey M. 2000. The Cell, 2nd edition, A Molecular Approach. Chapter 4.2 Chromosomes and Chromatin. Corces, V. G. (1995). "Chromatin insulators. Keeping enhancers under control". Nature. 376 (6540): 462–463. doi: 10.1038/376462a0. PMID 7637775. Cremer, T. 1985. Von der Zellenlehre zur Chromosomentheorie: Naturwissenschaftliche Erkenntnis und Theorienwechsel in der frühen Zell- und Vererbungsforschung, Veröffentlichungen aus der Forschungsstelle für Theoretische Pathologie der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Springer-Vlg., Berlin, Heidelberg. Elgin, S. C. R. (ed.). 1995. Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression, vol. 9. IRL Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo. Gerasimova, T. I.; Corces, V. G. (1996). "Boundary and insulator elements in chromosomes". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 6 (2): 185–192. doi: 10.1016/s0959-437x (96)80049-9. Gerasimova, T. I.; Corces, V. G. (1998). "Polycomb and Trithorax group proteins mediate the function of a chromatin insulator". Cell. 92 (4): 511–521. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674 (00)80944-7. Gerasimova, T. I.; Corces, V. G. (2001). "CHROMATIN INSULATORS AND BOUNDARIES: Effects on Transcription and Nuclear Organization". Annu Rev Genet. 35: 193–208. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090349. PMID 11700282. Gerasimova, T. I.; Byrd, K.; Corces, V. G. (2000). "A chromatin insulator determines the nuclear localization of DNA [In Process Citation]". Mol Cell. 6 (5): 1025–35. doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765 (00)00101-5. PMID 11106742. Ha, S. C.; Lowenhaupt, K.; Rich, A.; Kim, Y. G.; Kim, K. K. (2005). "Crystal structure of a junction between B-DNA and Z-DNA reveals two extruded bases". Nature. 437 (7062): 1183–6. doi: 10.1038/nature04088. PMID 16237447. Pollard, T., and W. Earnshaw. 2002. Cell Biology. Saunders. Saumweber, H. 1987. Arrangement of Chromosomes in Interphase Cell Nuclei, p. 223-234. In W. Hennig (ed. ), Structure and Function of Eucaryotic Chromosomes, vol. 14. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. Sinden, R. R. (2005). "Molecular biology: DNA twists and flips". Nature. 437 (7062): 1097–8. doi: 10.1038/4371097a. PMID 16237426. Van Holde KE. 1989. Chromatin. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96694-3. Van Holde, K., J. Zlatanova, G. Arents, and E. Moudrianakis. 1995. Elements of chromatin structure: histones, nucleosomes, and fibres, p. 1-26. In S. C. R. Elgin (ed. ), Chromatin structure and gene expression. IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford. External links [ edit]Chromatin, Histones & Cathepsin; PMAP The Proteolysis Map -animation [ Recent chromatin publications and news]Protocol for in vitro Chromatin Assembly ENCODE threads Explorer Chromatin patterns at transcription factor binding sites. Nature (journal) [ show]v t e Cytogenetics: chromosomes [ show]v t e Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein Authority control GND: 4010152-6 NDL: 00567038Categories: Molecular genetics Nuclear substructures | What is the difference between Nucleosome, chromatin, histone, and chromosome? Science & Mathematics Biology What is the difference between Nucleosome, chromatin, histone, and chromosome? I know these are all related to DNA packaging, but can anyone clearly distinguish between these names and briefly describe their roles in the DNA packaging process? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. Follow 3 answers Answers Relevance Rating Newest Oldest Best Answer: DNA is the genetic information in an individual it is coiled into small ball like structures called histones histones are coiled into small structures called nucleosomes the nucleosomes are then coiled into chromatin, which is our chromosomes Genie Ruler · 7 years ago4 12 Comment Asker's rating Histones And Nucleosomes Source (s):https://shrinke.im/a9ngmweberg · 1 year ago0 0 Comment DNA is a linear polymer of nucleotides, the sequence of nucleotides determines the information carried in our genes. A nucleosome is a protein complex with DNA wrapped around it. This protein complex found in the nucleosome is known as a histone. A histone is a positively charged protein. A nucleosome that is further compacted is known as chromatin. Chromatin is found in the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is a long sequence of DNA carrying genes containing chromatin. Anonymous · 4 years ago6 0 1 comment This Site Might Help You. RE: What is the difference between Nucleosome, chromatin, histone, and chromosome? I know these are all related to DNA packaging, but can anyone clearly distinguish between these names and briefly describe their roles in the DNA packaging process? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. Source (s):difference nucleosome chromatin histone chromosome: https://shortly.im/TD4lz Lily · 3 years ago0 0 Comment1. Chromatins make up chromosomes 2. Chromatins are extended; chromosomes are condensed Mary · 2 years ago0 0 Comment Maybe you would like to learn more about one of these? Want to build a free website? Hard drive full? Cloud storage Masters of marketing online Need an electronic signature? |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is cetesomate e | Palmer's, Cocoa Butter Formula, Skin Therapy Oil, 5.1 fl oz (150 ml) Brands A-Z Palmers Categories Beauty Facial Care Skin Type, Hyperpigmentation, Sun Damaged Skin MSRP: $13.20Our Price: $10.03You Save: $3.17 ( 24 )Quantity: Add to Cart Add to Lists Earn 5% Loyalty Credit? Palmer's, Cocoa Butter Formula, Skin Therapy Oil, 5.1 fl oz (150 ml)By Palmer's53 Reviews In Stock Shipping Weight:? 0.53 lbs Switch to Metric units Product Code: PAL-04153UPC Code: 010181041532Package Quantity: 5.1 fl oz Dimensions: 2.4 x 1.4 x 7.2 in, 0.45 lbs Switch to Metric units Product Overview Description NEW! No Mess Pump Dispenser With Vitamin ERapidermal Absorption With Cetesomate-E Complex Paraben & Phthalate Free Dermatologically Tested Hypoallergenic Formulated to help improve the appearance of: Scars Stretch Marks Dry, Damaged Skin Uneven Skin Tone Aging Skin Cetesomate-E Complex is an integral component of our unique Rapidermal Absorption Syteme. The Rapidermal Absorption Systeme allows for maximum penetration of the epidermal layer allowing our powerful ingredients to deliver targeted benefits. This fast drying formula penetrates deeply without greasiness. Non-staining, it allows one to dress immediately after application. Palmer's Cocoa Butter Formula Skin Therapy Oil is an advanced, multi-purpose skin perfection product that can be used all over the body, including face. Cetesomate-E Complex helps improve the skin penetration and absorption characteristics of the formula into the epidermal layer of the skin. Cetesomate-E Complex along with our exclusive blend of key ingredients helps improve the appearance of scars, stretch marks, dry, damaged skin, uneven skin tone, aging skin and fine lines and wrinkles. Skin looks and feels instantly soft and smooth with this unique non-greasy, non-staining formula. Also ideal when used as a bath oil for a deep moisturizing treatment. Targeted Skin Solution For: Cocoa Butter Vitamin E Sesame Oil Canola Oil Cetesomate-E Rosehip Oil Results Scarsx x x x Helps diminish scar's appearance. Stretch Marksx x x x Helps improve the appearance of stretch marks. Dry, Damaged Skinx x x x x x Deeply moisturizing ingredients absorb quickly while improving skin's moisture levels. Skin looks hydrated, firmer and more plump. Uneven Skin Tonex x x x x Targets marks and spots and helps even skin tone for a more perfect complexion. Fine Lines/Wrinklesx x x x x Keeps skin conditioned, forming a protective barrier while allowing skin to breathe. Suggested Use Gently massage into affected area 3 times daily or as often as desired. Other Ingredients Canola oil, isopropyl myristiate, sesamum indicum (sesame) seed oil, cetearyl ethylhexanoate, theobroma cacao (cocoa) seed butter, tocopheryl acetate, dimethicone, rosa canina seed extract, fragrance (parfum), linalool, citronellol, coumarin, gerianiol. Warnings Palmer's is against animal testing Palmer's does not manufacture store brands. Visit Manufacturer's Websitei Herb Customer Reviews4.5535 Star 0% ( 33)4 Star 0% ( 15)3 Star 0% ( 4)2 Star 0% ( 0)1 Star 0% ( 1)See All Reviews Top Positive Review Best Scar Therapy Oil Out There!Posted by MGG-Three Two Four on Jul 22, 2015have had four leg surgeries in the past year. In an effort to make the scars go away, I have tried every high-end product on the market. This is a reasonably-priced excellent product. Not gooey like others I have tried. Product soaks in right away and you can be dressed and on your way. Plus, I can see a difference in the redness of my scars in just two weeks. ** For new customers of i Herb, please also visit my page for more product reviews ** 13 people found this helpfulใช้ดีมาก ใช้มาหลายขวดแล้วค่ะPosted by wanwisa on Dec 15, 2017 | Verified Purchaseกลิ่นหอมดี รอยแตกลายจางลง ไม่เหนอะหนะด้วยค่ะShare Was this review helpful to you? Yes (0)No (0)Report Abuse Nice Texture Posted by i Herb Customer on Nov 28, 2017 | Verified Purchase It has a nice texture that doesn’t leave a greasy film on skin. The smell is also delicious without being too overwhelming. On drier days, I would also put Body Shop Shea Butter after putting on this oil. The combine of two products really leave my skin nice and smooth, no more scaly legs in winter!Share Was this review helpful to you? Yes (0)No (0)Report Abusenot sure about this product Posted by i Herb Customer on Nov 17, 2017 | Verified Purchase Not very sure what this product do good to my skin after using longer than 1 month.. Share Was this review helpful to you? Yes (0)No (0)Report Abuse Love It Posted by i Herb Customer on Oct 11, 2017 | Verified Purchasemake my body smoother Share Was this review helpful to you? Yes (0)No (0)Report Abuse Great!Posted by i Herb Customer on Aug 05, 2017 | Verified Purchase I love it!! This oil is perfect for my skin, the smell is divine and I love the feeling of my skin in the morning. I will buy it again!Share Was this review helpful to you? Yes (0)No (0)Report Abuse See All Reviews | Cetirizine Disease Interactions Cetirizine Disease Interactions Overview Side Effects Dosage Professional Tips Interactions Pregnancy Warnings More Breastfeeding Warnings User Reviews Drug Images Support Group Q & ACompare Alternatives Pricing & Coupons Drug Interactions (578) Alcohol/Food Interactions (1) Disease Interactions (2)There are 2 disease interactions with cetirizine: Moderate Cetirizine (Includes Cetirizine) ↔ Alcohol Moderate Potential Hazard, Moderate plausibility Applies to: Acute Alcohol Intoxication Alcohol should be avoided when using cetirizine, and some other antihistamines. Cetirizine may produce drowsiness that may be increase by the use of alcohol, sedatives and tranquilizers. Moderate Cetirizine (Includes Cetirizine) ↔ Renal/Liver Disease Moderate Potential Hazard, High plausibility Applies to: Renal Dysfunction, Liver Disease Cetirizine is eliminated primarily by the kidney but also undergoes metabolism in the liver to some extent. Patients with renal and/or liver disease may be at greater risk for adverse effects from cetirizine due to decreased drug clearance. The manufacturer recommends an initial dosage of 5 mg once daily in patients 6 years of age and older with decreased renal function (Cr Cl <= 30 m L/min, including those on hemodialysis) and/or impaired hepatic function. Cetirizine should preferably not be used in children less than 6 years of age with renal and/or hepatic impairment because of the difficulty in reliably administering doses smaller than 2.5 mg (1/2 teaspoonful) and a lack of pharmacokinetic and safety data in this population. References Simons FE, Watson WT, Minuk GY, Simons KJ "Cetirizine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in primary biliary cirrhosis." J Clin Pharmacol 33 (1993): 949-54"Product Information. Zyrtec (cetirizine)." Pfizer US Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY. Horsmans Y, Desager JP, Hulhoven R, Harvengt C "Single-dose pharmacokinetics of cetirizine in patients with chronic liver disease." J Clin Pharmacol 33 (1993): 929-32View all 8 referencescetirizine drug Interactions There are 578 drug interactions with cetirizinecetirizine alcohol/food Interactions There is 1 alcohol/food interaction with cetirizine See Also Side Effects of Cetirizine Cetirizine Consumer Information Drug Interactions Checker Drug Interaction Classification The classifications below are a general guideline only. It is difficult to determine the relevance of a particular drug interaction to any individual given the large number of variables. Major Highly clinically significant. Avoid combinations; the risk of the interaction outweighs the benefit. Moderate Moderately clinically significant. Usually avoid combinations; use it only under special circumstances. Minor Minimally clinically significant. Minimize risk; assess risk and consider an alternative drug, take steps to circumvent the interaction risk and/or institute a monitoring plan. Unknown No information available. Do not stop taking any medications without consulting your healthcare provider. Disclaimer: Every effort has been made to ensure that the information provided by Multum is accurate, up-to-date and complete, but no guarantee is made to that effect. In addition, the drug information contained herein may be time sensitive and should not be utilized as a reference resource beyond the date hereof. This material does not endorse drugs, diagnose patients, or recommend therapy. Multum's information is a reference resource designed as supplement to, and not a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge, and judgement of healthcare practitioners in patient care. The absence of a warning for a given drug or combination thereof in no way should be construed to indicate that the drug or combination is safe, effective, or appropriate for any given patient. Multum Information Services, Inc. does not assume any responsibility for any aspect of healthcare administered with the aid of information Multum provides. Copyright 2000-2018 Multum Information Services, Inc. The information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. If you have questions about the drugs you are taking, check with your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what causes powdery mildew | Powdery mildew From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Powdery mildew Example of powdery mildew (right) along with Downy mildew on a grape leaf Causal agents Species of fungi in the orders Erysiphales Hosts plants Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of fungi in the order Erysiphales, with Podosphaera xanthii (a.k.a. Sphaerotheca fuliginea) being the most commonly reported cause. [1] Erysiphe cichoracearum was formerly reported to be the primary causal organism throughout most of the world. [1] [2] Powdery mildew is one of the easier plant diseases to identify, as its symptoms are quite distinctive. Infected plants display white powdery spots on the leaves and stems. The lower leaves are the most affected, but the mildew can appear on any above-ground part of the plant. As the disease progresses, the spots get larger and denser as large numbers of asexual spores are formed, and the mildew may spread up and down the length of the plant. Powdery mildew grows well in environments with high humidity and moderate temperatures. [3] Greenhouses provide an ideal moist, temperate environment for the spread of the disease. This causes harm to agricultural and horticultural practices where powdery mildew may thrive in a greenhouse setting. [4] In an agricultural or horticultural setting, the pathogen can be controlled using chemical methods, bio organic methods, and genetic resistance. It is important to be aware of powdery mildew and its management as the resulting disease can significantly reduce important crop yields. [5]Powdery mildew growing on a leaf (magnified). Powdery mildew growing on a leaf in high magnification. Contents1 Reproduction1.1 Vectors of transmission2 Management3 Powdery mildews of various plants3.1 Wheat, barley and other cereals3.2 Legumes3.3 Grape3.4 Onions3.5 Apples and pears3.6 Gourds and melons3.7 Lilacs3.8 Strawberries3.9 Tree leaves3.10 Oregon grape3.11 Arabidopsis4 Hyperparasites of powdery mildew5 See also6 References7 External links Reproduction [ edit]Powdery mildew fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction is via chasmothecia (formerly cleistothecium ), a type of ascocarp. Within each ascocarp are several asci. Over time, ascospores mature and are released to initiate new infections. Conditions necessary for spore maturation differ among species. Vectors of transmission [ edit]Wooly aphids ( Eriosomatinae) and other sucking insects are often vectors of transmission for powdery mildew, and other infectious diseases. Typically wooly aphids in sub temperate climates precede and are an indicator of various infections, including Powdery mildew. Aphids penetrate plant surfaces where they often reside and provide a host of potential inoculants through physical, digestive or fecal secretions. Aphids are often an indicator of other potential plant problems. Management [ edit]In an agricultural setting, the pathogen can be controlled using chemical methods, genetic resistance, and careful farming methods. Chemical control is possible with fungicides such as triadimefon and propiconazole. Another chemical treatment involves treating with a silicon solution or calcium silicate slag. Silicon helps the plant cells defend against fungal attack by degrading haustoria and by producing callose and papilla. With silicon treatment, epidermal cells are less susceptible to powdery mildew of wheat. [6]Potassium bicarbonate is an effective fungicide against powdery mildew and apple scab, allowed for use in organic farming. [7] [8] [9] [10]Sulfur and Fish Oil + Sesame Oil are effective bio fungicides that act against powdery mildew. [4]Powdery mildew on a maple leaf as seen under a scanning electron microscope Milk has long been popular with home gardeners and small-scale organic growers as a treatment for powdery mildew. Milk is diluted with water (typically 1:10) and sprayed on susceptible plants at the first sign of infection, or as a preventative measure, with repeated weekly application often controlling or eliminating the disease. Studies have shown milk's effectiveness as comparable to some conventional fungicides, [11] and better than benomyl and fenarimol at higher concentrations. [12] Milk has proven effective in treating powdery mildew of summer squash, [12] pumpkins, [11] grapes, [13] and roses. [13] The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but one known effect is that ferroglobulin, a protein in whey, produces oxygen radicals when exposed to sunlight, and contact with these radicals is damaging to the fungus. [13]Dilute sprays containing sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and vegetable or mineral oils in water are often recommended for controlling powdery mildew, but such mixtures have limited and inconsistent efficacy. [14] While sodium bicarbonate has been shown to reduce to growth of mildews in lab tests, sprays containing only baking soda and water are not effective in controlling fungal diseases on infected plants, and high concentrations of sodium are harmful to plants. [14]Powdery mildews of various plants [ edit]Wheat, barley and other cereals [ edit]Main article: Powdery mildew (barley)Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, causes powdery mildew of wheat, whereas f. sp. hordei causes powdery mildew of barley. Legumes [ edit]Legumes, such as soybeans, are affected by Microsphaera diffusa. [15]Powdery mildew in Soyabean leaves. Grape [ edit]Powdery mildew of grape Erysiphe necator (or Uncinula necator) causes powdery mildew of grapes. Onions [ edit]The fungus causing powdery mildew of onions is Leveillula taurica (also known by its anamorph name, Oidiopsis taurica ). It also infects the artichoke. Apples and pears [ edit]Podosphaera leucotricha is a fungus that can cause powdery mildew of apples and pears. Gourds and melons [ edit]Powdery mildew of cucurbits Multiple species of fungus can cause powdery mildew of cucurbits: cucumbers, squashes (including pumpkins ), luffas, melons, and watermelons. Since 1925, commercial Cucumis melo (cantaloup and muskmelon) production has been engaged in a biological "arms race" against cucurbit powdery mildew ( CPM) caused by the fungus Podosphaera xanthii, with new cultivars of melons being developed for resistance to successively arising races of the fungus, identified simply as race 1, race 2, etc. (seven in total by 2004), for races found around the world, and race N1 through N4 for some divergent races native to Japan. [16] Various subraces have been identified, and given names such as race 2U. S., race 3.5, and race 4.5. [17] A new race S was discovered in 2003, and a specific melon cultivar ( C. melo var. acidulus 'PI 313970') found resistant to it, then used for backcrossing to increase resistance in other cultivars. [17] Such modern selective breeding of plants for phytopathological resistance to particular fungal races involves a great deal of genetic research; this PI 313970 versus race S case involved multi-stage hybridization to propagate a recessive gene, pm-S in successive generations, and how this may affect other recessive and codominant genes for resistance to other races of P. xanthii "remains to be determined". [17]A 2004 literature review regarding powdery mildew races that parasitize various cucurbit plants concluded that "race identification is important for basic research and is especially important for the commercial seed industry, which requires accuracy in declaring the type and level of resistance ... in its products". However, identifying specific races was seen as having little utility in horticulture for choosing specific cultivars, because of the rapidity with which the local pathogen population can change geographically, seasonally, and by host plant. [16]At least three other Erysiphaceae fungi can cause powdery mildew in cucurbits: The most frequent, after P. xanthii, is Erysiphe cichoracearum, the former primary causal organism throughout most of the world. [1] [2] Podosphaera fusca is another, sometimes considered synonymous with P. xanthii. [18] Cucumbers in greenhouse environments have also been reported to be susceptible to Leveillula taurica. [19]Lilacs [ edit]Microsphaera syringae is a fungus that can cause powdery mildew in lilac. [20]Strawberries [ edit]Podosphaera aphanis is the cause of powdery mildew in strawberries and other Rosaceae like Geum rivale (the water avens)Tree leaves [ edit]Sawadaea tulasnei is a fungus that causes powdery mildew on tree leaves. This fungus attacks the leaves of the Acer platanoides (Norway maple) in North America, Great Britain, and Ireland, Acer palmatum (also known as the Japanese maple or smooth Japanese maple). [21]Oregon grape [ edit]Erysiphe berberidis is a fungus that causes powdery mildew on Oregon grape leaves. [22]Arabidopsis [ edit]Golovinomyces orontii causes powdery mildew on Arabidopsis (rockcress) leaves. Hyperparasites of powdery mildew [ edit]In the family Sphaeropsidaceae of Sphaeropsidales fungi, species of the genus Cicinnobolus are hyperparasites of powdery mildew. [23]Ampelomyces quisqualis is an anamorphic fungus that is a hyperparasite of powdery mildews. This parasitism reduces growth and may eventually kill the mildew, so investigations on biological control of powdery mildews (especially in high-value crops such as grapes) have taken place for over 50 years, resulting in the development of products such as 'AQ10'. [24] [25]See also [ edit]Erysiphales Oidium (genus)References [ edit]^ a b c Mc Grath, M. T., 1997. Powdery Mildew of Cucurbits. http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Cucurbits_PM.htm^ a b Tetteh, A, et al. Watermelon Crop Information. http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/wmelon/wmhndbk/wmpm.html^ Huang, X. Q. et al. (2000). Molecular mapping of the wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm24 and marker validation for molecular breeding. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 101. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/engc84epbg6feqvk/fulltext.pdf.^ a b Keinath, Anthony P.; Du Bose, Virginia B. (2012-12-01). "Controlling powdery mildew on cucurbit rootstock seedlings in the greenhouse with fungicides and biofungicides". Crop Protection. 42: 338–344. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2012.06.009. ISSN 0261-2194.^ Maloy, Otis and Debra Inglis (1993) Powdery Mildew, Washington University extension, Diseases of Washington Crops. Retrieved from http://pnw-ag.wsu.edu/smallgrains/Powdery%20Mildew.html [ permanent dead link]^ Belanger, R. r. et al. (April 2003). Cytological Evidence of an Active Role of Silicon in Wheat Resistance to Powdery Mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici). Phytopathology, 93. Retrieved from http://www.siliforce.com/pdf/7c/Belanger-%20%20evedence%20silicon%20powdery%20mildew%20on%20wheat.pdf.^ http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/bakingsoda.html^ Powdery Mildew - Sustainable Gardening Australia Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine.^ Organic Fruit Production in Michigan Archived 2012-02-16 at the Wayback Machine.^ Tamm, Lucius; Amsler, Thomas; Schaerer, Hansjakob; Refardt, Mathias (2006). "Efficacy of Armicarb (potassium bicarbonate) against scab and sooty blotch on apples". In Boos, Markus. Ecofruit: 12th International Conference on Cultivation Technique and Phytopathological Problems in Organic Fruit-growing (PDF). pp. 87–92. Retrieved 10 August 2015.^ a b De Bacco, Matthew. "Compost Tea and Milk to Suppress Powdery Mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) on Pumpkins and Evaluation of Horticultural Pots Made from Recyclable Fibers Under Field Conditions". University of Connecticut. Retrieved 5 May 2013.^ a b Bettiol, Wagner (September 1999). "Effectiveness of cow's milk against zucchini squash powdery mildew ( Sphaerotheca fuliginea) in greenhouse conditions". Crop Protection. 18 (8): 489–492. doi: 10.1016/s0261-2194 (99)00046-0.^ a b c Raloff, Janet. "A Dairy Solution to Mildew Woes". Science News Magazine. Retrieved 5 May 2013.^ a b Chalker-Scott, Linda. "Miracle, myth...or marketing? Baking soda: will fungi fail and roses rejoice?" (PDF). Puyallup Research and Extension Center. Washington State University. Retrieved 12 August 2017.^ Bennett, J. Michael; Rhetoric, Emeritus; Hicks, Dale R.; Naeve, Seth L.; Bennett, Nancy Bush (2014). The Minnesota Soybean Field Book (PDF). St Paul, MN: University of Minnesota Extension. p. 85. Retrieved 21 February 2016.^ a b Cohen, R.; Burger, Y.; Katzir, N. (2004). "Monitoring Physiological races of Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea ), the Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew in Curcubits: Factors Affecting Race Identification and the Importance for Research and Commerce". Phythoparasitica. 32 (2): 174–183. doi: 10.1007/BF02979784. Retrieved 10 August 2015.^ a b c Mc Creight, James D.; Coffey, Michael D. (June 2011). "Inheritance of Resistance in Melon PI 313970 to Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Incited by Podosphaera xanthii Race S". Hort Science. 46 (6): 838–840. Retrieved 10 August 2015.^ Pérez-García, A.; Romero, D.; Fernández-Ortuño, D.; López-Ruiz, F.; De Vicente, A.; Torés Montosa, Juan Antonio (March 2009). "The powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera fusca (synonym Podosphaera xanthii ), a constant threat to cucurbits". Molecular Plant Pathology. 10 (2): 153–160. doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00527.x. First published online 9 December 2008, doi: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00527.x.^ Velkov, Nikolay; Masheva, Stoika (2002). "Species and Races Composition of Powerdy Mildew on Cucurbits in Bulgaria" (PDF). Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report. 25: 7–10. Retrieved 10 August 2015.^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-08-03.^ Sawadaea tulasnei (Fuckel) Homma 1937 - Encyclopedia of Life^ Pacific Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook^ faculty.ucr.edu (retrieved December 2015)^ http://www.rebeca-net.de/downloads/Ampelomyces%20AQ10%20Sergio%20Franceschini.pdf^ Powdery mildew in the Pesticide Properties Data Base (PPDB)External links [ edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Powdery mildew. Wikibooks' A Wikimanual of Gardening has more about this subject: Powdery Mildew About Erysiphe necator Authority control GND: 4169276-7Categories: Fungal plant pathogens and diseases | Knock Out Rose Fungus Related Articles Homemade Remedies to Kill Rose Bush Diseases & Insects Organic Fungicide for Roses & Shrubs Double Knock Out Rose Problems How to Get Rid of Powdery Mildew on Rose Bushes The rose's heady scent can perfume an entire garden. Unfortunately, these delicate blooms can be attacked by a number of fungi. The most common in California is powdery mildew, but rust, black spot, canker and other blights can wipe out a rose garden. Some diseases can be prevented by choosing the right rose varieties and employing proper watering practices, while others respond best to the application of fungicides. Black Spot New leaves with powdery mildew become bumpy before this fungi's trademark white or gray powder-like substance appears on both the leaves and blossoms. Although powdery mildew won't kill the plant, it mars a rose bush's beauty. Prevent powdery mildew by growing roses in a dry area with lots of sun and air circulation. Shrub varieties, such as hybrid tea roses and grandifloras, are most resistant to this fungus. Fungicides, such as triforine, can prevent rather than treat this fungus. Less toxic preventatives include neem and jojoba oils. Canker An umbrella term for a number of fungi, cankers infect rose stems and leaves with tell-tale dark lesions that can eventually kill the plant if not controlled. Brand canker shows up as reddish brown oval spots on rose stems, while stem canker appears in brownish patches. The only treatment to remove canker is to cut the stem below the fungus and disposed of it. Cankers can spread so easily that garden shears should be dipped in a bleach solution after each use to kill the fungus. Black Spot Just as its name implies, roses infected with black spot fungus grow black or purplish spots on their leaves and stems. While black spot doesn't cause as many problems as other fungi in California, it does harm miniature roses. Black spot loves moisture, so if you are wiping or hosing off leaves due to other pests, do so early in the day so they will dry more quickly. A non-toxic method of ridding roses of black spot is to apply a homemade spray of baking soda and horticultural oil or liquid detergent mixed with water. Spray both sides of the leaves. The baking soda changes the leaves' p H, making them less hospitable to black spot. Rust The reddish-brown to orange powdery spots on the underside of leaves give this fungus its name. Like many fungi, rust thrives in dampness. When watering, dampen the soil rather than the leaves of the rose bush to help avoid this problem. Fallen leaves should be disposed of to keep rust from spreading. In the early spring, apply sulfur or lime sulfur to the plants to help keep rust in check. References (2)University of Minnesota Extension; Rose Diseases; F. L. Pfleger and S. L. Gould University of California Integrated Pest Management: Roses: Diseases and Abiotic Disorders Resources (1)Roses and Everything About Them: Bad Fungi: The Number One Rose Problem About the Author Barbara Ruben has been a journalist for over 25 years. She has written extensively for the "Washington Post" and served as editor for an international health-care magazine and a group of newspapers for older adults. She earned a master's degree in journalism from Indiana University. Photo Credits Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images Cite this Article |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.meaning of art the dinner party | Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party Triangles Judy Chicago's The Dinner Party Triangles The Installation"There were thirteen men present at the Last Supper. There were also thirteen members in a witches' coven, and witches were always associated with feminine evil. The fact that the same number had both a positive and a negative connotation seemed perfect for the dual meaning of the piece.... It became evident...that thirteen plates were not enough to represent various stages of Western civilization, and therefore the number tripled. I arrived at the idea of an open triangular table, equilateral in structure, which would reflect the goal of feminism — an equalized world. (Also, the triangle was one of the earliest symbols of the feminine. )""I decided to place the triangular table on a floor inscribed with the names of additional women of achievement besides those represented by place settings. This would suggest that the women at the table had risen from a foundation provided by other women's accomplishments, and each plate would then symbolize not only a particular woman but also the tradition from which she emerged. "Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party: A Symbol of Our Heritage (Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1979), pp. 56 & 11-13." The Dinner Party is a work of art, triangular in configuration, that employs numerous media, including ceramics, china-painting, and needlework, to honor women's achievements. An immense open table covered with fine white cloths is set with thirty-nine place settings, thirteen on a side, each commemorating a goddess, historic personage, or important woman.... The Dinner Party suggests that these female heroes are equally worthy [as male heroes] of commemoration, as are those hundreds of others whose names are inscribed upon the Heritage Floor. This lustred porcelain surface serves as the foundation for The Dinner Party and the many important human accomplishments it symbolizes. "Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party (New York: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 3." The Dinner Party is, on one level, a reinterpretation of the Last Supper from the point of view of those who have done the cooking and serving throughout history. It is also a work which uses women's traditional needle skills to record and celebrate women's lives and achievements."" The Dinner Party employs a Eucharistic metaphor in the use of not only altar cloths, but also plates or patens (the surface that holds the wafer during Communion); chalices (which hold the wine); and fair linens (rectangular cloths placed over the altar during the service), which are the basis for our runners. In The Dinner Party the 'Communion' is performed as the audience moves around the table, viewing this assembled community of women — Apostles, if you will — all of whom have served women through their lives and work. The viewers participate in the joy of women's heritage, but also experience the sadness that comes with the realization that this heritage has been obscured, fragmented, and denied for so long. ""I like to think of the potluck suppers we often had in the project as a kind of return to the original celebration of the Mass: a coming together to share our feelings, a time when we became renewed through the assembling of our community. Moreover, I hope that the piece itself suggests the importance of the role art can have in communicating human values, and the way it can provide a spiritual, even religious, meaning to life. "Judy Chicago, Embroidering Our Heritage: The Dinner Party Needlework (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1980), pp. 265 & 267. The Millennium Triangles"The Dinner Party altar cloths are called 'Millennium runners,' M being the thirteenth letter of the alphabet and thirteen being the number of women represented on each wing of the table as well as the number of guests at the Last Supper. The Millennium is a symbolic reference to that moment in the future when the double standard — which defines men's rituals as not only significant but sacred, while rendering women's invisible — will end, and all human effort will be honored for its part in the richness of human experience. The 'M' in the centers of the Millennium triangles, like the overall pattern, changes in appearance with shifts in technique. The first 'M' — worked in petit point — dominates the delicate areas surrounding it. The assertion of this central form is a symbol for the strength of the female principle as it existed in pre-history and as it is emerging today. The first wing of the table, chronicling the gradual decline of women's social position, ends with the second triangle, which is softer in appearance. Although the 'M' is still differentiated from the other stitches areas, it is more difficult to perceive. By the end of the second wing, women's status had reached its lowest point. The thousands of tiny stitches in the third Millennium triangle reflect the suppression of women's autonomy at this time. The bold technique of the petit-point 'M' has been replaced by a crochet pattern that renders the apocalyptic symbol an indistinguishable part of the whole design. "The first Millennium triangle marks the entryway to The Dinner Party; it links the past and present and signifies the future. The second Millenium triangle marks the transition from classical to Christian times; it is executed in traditional ecclesiastical embroidery techniques. The third Millenium triangle symbolizes the nadir of women's history; its needlework is small in scale, obsessive, and indistinct, symbolizing the confinement of women's lives. Judy Chicago, Embroidering Our Heritage: The Dinner Party Needlework (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1980), pp. 265, 274, 33, 105, & 193. The Dinner Party Overview The Dinner Party Runners Kay's Passions Page Kay's Home Page Disclaimer and Credits Last modified on April 24, 2007 by Kay Keys ( [email protected]) | Oops! You Encountered the Following Error: Oops! You Encountered the Following Error: The Page you're looking is currently down. We apologize for this inconvenience. Please try again shortly. Until then please check out our Lit Note and Study Guide content! Thank you for your patience. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what part of the body are carbohydrates found | Carbohydrates Carbohydrates A sugar molecule is the basic building block of every carbohydrate. The body uses carbohydrates to break it down to glucose (blood sugar), which is the source energy for the cells, tissues and organs of most living things. The glucose can be used immediately or stored in the liver and muscles to be used later, when needed. The most common forms of carbohydrates are sugars, starches and fibers. Starch carbs are found in all cereal grains, as well as roots and tubers. Starchy foods include: bread, pasta, rice, noodles, couscous, tapioca, potatoes, sweet potatoes and yams. Dietary fiber carbs are found in most plant foods, like fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grain cereals. The digestive system handles all carbs in the same way - by breaking them down into single sugar molecules so they are small enough to absorb into the bloodstream. Fiber is an exception because it can't be broken down into sugar molecules by the human digestive enzymes and as a result passes through the body undigested. Simple carbs are digested very quickly whereas complex carbs take longer to digest and are usually packed with fiber, vitamins and minerals. There are two types of dietary fibers: soluble (dissolves in water) and insoluble (doesn't dissolve in water). Soluble fiber binds to fatty substances in the intestines and carries them out as a waste and insoluble fiber helps push food through the intestinal tract, which promotes regularity and helps prevent constipation. Soluble fiber is found in the following: oatmeal, oat bran, nuts and seeds, most fruits (e.g., strawberries, blueberries, pears, and apples), dry beans and peas. Insoluble fiber is found in the following: whole wheat bread, barley, brown rice, couscous, bulgur or whole grain cereals, wheat bran, seeds, most vegetables, and fruits. Digestible or Net Carbs It is common to see the phrase "Digestible Carbs" or "Net Carbs". This refers to the total amount of carbs in a particular food that can be absorbed and digested in the intestinal tract, which excludes dietary fiber, as they cannot be digested. Sugar alcohols are carbs that we do not completely absorb. The most common ones are sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, and maltitol. These sugar alcohols can cause increased bloating, gas and diarrhea since the unabsorbed components end up fermenting in the intestine. Sugar alcohol has also been advocated as a low calorie sweet substitute. One unique beneficial side effect of the Xylitol is it inhibits bacterial growth in the mouth, and reduces the chance of tooth decays. The easiest way to calculate the net carbs in a food is to subtract the dietary fiber and sugar alcohol content from the total carb content. Example: Total Carbs: 30g Dietary Fiber: 5g Sugars: 1g Sugar Alcohol: 15g Net Carbs: 10g (30 - 5 - 15 = 10)Also, remember that in general not to eat carbs before bedtime as it triggers insulin and this initiates fat storage, which is probably counterproductive when it comes to weight loss. A DS Carb Primer By Kelly L. All carbohydrates (carbs) begin digesting in the mouth when it comes in contact with the enzyme amylase. Even complex carbs begin the process of breaking down into simpler types at this point. Since monosaccharides need no further digestion to be absorbed, the body begins absorbing, a very small percentage of the total, them as soon as they hit the mouth. Enzyme activity continues in the stomach but it is slowed by the contact with stomach acids. When carbs enter the small intestines this is where DS may assist in preventing some absorption of the more difficult to digest polysaccharides (starches). This reduced absorptive capacity is because of the separation of the secreted enzymes by the pancreas and the liver, from the food that is being delivered for breakdown. A type of enzyme, amylase, is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum that cuts carbs down into simple sugars. As it passes further, more enzymes break the carbs down into even smaller bits until they are eventually converted to glucose and absorbed by the mucosa lining, villi, of the small intestinal walls. Because of the switch portion of the DS, the amount of time that a polysaccharide is in contact with pancreatic enzymes is reduced. This is probably why many people have gastrointestinal issues when eating starches. Also, glucose is absorbed by the villi in the intestine, so those with shorter common channels and those earlier out will also absorb less. As the body adjusts to the DS, a patients villi becomes thicker and more efficient to counteract the malabsorption; this may be a component of some weight regain years after DS. Carbs and Gas By Diana C. Fruits comprise simple carbs (primarily fructose, which is a monosaccharide and doesn't have to be digested at all) so they are fully absorbed in the small intestine, and fiber, which is indigestible by both our guts and our bacterial symbionts. Flour products contain starches, which are made up of long chains of monosaccharides -- thus, polysaccharides -- which are only partially digestible by our rearranged guts with the diminished contact with digestive enzymes. This results in some of the starch ending up in the colon where it is digested by our bacterial symbionts to produce gas. The more whole grain-y the complex carbs we put in our guts, the higher the fiber (indigestible) to starch ratio, and the less likely to cause issues. Other things that cause gas are specific starches that are indigestible in our guts, which our colon bacteria are happy to process, such as raffinose, inulin (the offensive starches in beans, broccoli, etc.) and retrograded starch, which is caused by cooking then cooling of amylose. The primary starch in white flour products, which produces a form of amylose is indigestible in our small intestine, but can be digested by our colon bacteria. This of course is a worse problem for DS patients who digest starches even less than others. For more information on gas and flatulence-producing foods: Natural Gas: Myths and Facts More Information on Carbohydrates Artificial Sweeteners and Cancer: Questions and Answers | Page Not Found YOUR HEALTHPersonal Health Health Reference Health Topics Additional Resources Print Share | Connect with Us: Text Size Page Not Found The page you were looking for cannot be found. Please return to the homepage, or use the sitemap to find what you're looking for. If you feel this should be brought to our attention, you can report a website problem here. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.how many carbs a day to be in ketosis | What Is Ketosis? What Is Ketosis? In this Article Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets Test Your Ketones Ketoacidosis" Ketosis " is a word you'll probably see when you're looking for information on diabetes or weight loss. Is it a good thing or a bad thing? That depends. Ketosis is a normal metabolic process, something your body does to keep working. When it doesn't have enough carbohydrates from food for your cells to burn for energy, it burns fat instead. As part of this process, it makes ketones. If you're healthy and eating a balanced diet, your body controls how much fat it burns, and you don't normally make or use ketones. But when you cut way back on your calories or carbs, your body will switch to ketosis for energy. It can also happen after exercising for a long time and during pregnancy. For people with uncontrolled diabetes, ketosis is a sign of not using enough insulin. Ketosis can become dangerous when ketones build up. High levels lead to dehydration and change the chemical balance of your blood. Continue Reading Belowyou might like Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets Ketosis is a popular weight loss strategy. Low-carb eating plans include the first part of the Atkins diet and the Paleo diet, which stress proteins for fueling your body. In addition to helping you burn fat, ketosis can make you feel less hungry. It also helps you maintain muscle. For healthy people who don't have diabetes and aren't pregnant, ketosis usually kicks in after 3 or 4 days of eating less than 50 grams of carbohydrates per day. That's about 3 slices of bread, a cup of low-fat fruit yogurt, or two small bananas. You can start ketosis by fasting, too. Doctors may put children who have epilepsy on a ketogenic diet, a special high-fat, very low-carb and protein plan, because it might help prevent seizures. Adults with epilepsy sometimes eat modified Atkins diets. Some research suggests that ketogenic diets might help lower your risk of heart disease. Other studies show specific very-low-carb diets help people with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Researchers are also studying the effects of these diets on acne, cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ), and nervous system diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Lou Gehrig's disease.1 2 View All Diabetes Guide Overview & Types Symptoms & Diagnosis Treatments & Care Living & Managing Related Conditions | Ketogenic Calculator Starting on a ketogenic diet? Let’s calculate how much you should eat. We use the information you put in to create an accurate keto nutrition profile for you. What unit type do you prefer? METRICIMPERIALYour genderfemale male Height & weight Your age Body fat percentage What is your body fat percentage? BMI and body fat are two different measurements. If you don't have calipers or a DEXA machine, use our guide to visually estimate body fat percentage. ACTIVITY LEVELHow active are you on a daily basis? Sedentary Not much activity with little to no exercise. Typically a desk job. Lightly Active Daytime walking with less than 20 minutes exercise per day. Usually light strolls after meals. Moderately Active A lightly active day job with physical labor or scheduled exercise (i.e. riding your bike to work or lifting a few times a week). Very Active A very active day job (i.e. construction or industrial worker) or intense amount of exercise every day. Add your own custom level DEFICIT / SURPLUSWhat are your end goals of a ketogenic diet? Lose Weight Maintain Gain Muscle How much of a deficit do you want?%It's recommended to never go above a 30% calorie deficit. It's also recommended that you never go above a 15% calorie surplus. If you do, negative results may happen. CARBS & PROTEINHow many carbs do you want to consume? It is highly recommended that on a ketogenic diet, you keep your carb intake to 5% or less of total calories. This works out to be an average of 20g net carbs a day. Net carbs. How much protein do you want to consume? Protein shouldn't be over-consumed on a ketogenic diet. If too much is eaten, it could lead to slower weight loss and smaller levels on ketones in the blood. If you're sedentary, we suggest between 0.6g and 0.8g protein. If you're active, we suggest between 0.8g and 1.0g protein. If you lift weights, we suggest between 1.0g and 1.2g protein.g. Your macros How much should you be eating per day?0 calories0 g fats0 g carbs0 g protein Based on your inputs, we suggest you eat: 0 calories. From those, 0 g fats, 0 g net carbs, and 0 g protein Your life doesn’t have to revolve around the planning aspect. You can go the easy route and get detailed shopping lists and months of meal plans made for you with The Keto Academy >Or, if you want a different idea of how to get to these macro calculations, you can also see our 30 Day Keto Diet Plan for ideas. We also have an ever-growing library of keto recipes that you can take a look at for different meal ideas. Why do you need my gender/age/height/weight? Most people aim for a specific goal on a ketogenic diet. We aim to make sure the results of the calculator are accurate and can be used by anyone. Our keto calculator uses the Mifflin-St. Jeor Formula which was the most accurate (versus the Katch-Mc Cardle Formula or the Harris-Benedict Formula) in a few studies. In this formula, the gender, height, weight, and age are needed to calculate the number of calories to consume. Why do you need my body fat percentage? Our keto calculator uses body fat percentage to calculate your lean body mass. Using this number, we’re able to calculate how much protein you need to sufficiently lose weight without losing excess muscle. Eating too little or too much protein on a ketogenic diet (or any diet) can lead to dangerous or unwanted results. DEXA scans are proven to be the most accurate measurement of body fat. They’re commonly available at gyms and some doctor offices when requested. If you don’t have access to this, you can always go the old-fashioned route and use a good quality caliper. The last resort is using a guide to visually estimate – this can sometimes be a little bit inaccurate, so try to over estimate your body fat percentage. Why do you need to know my activity level? This will give us an idea of how much the minimum amount of calories your body will burn in a day. Our keto calculator uses this to calculate your Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). We use this number, along with your body fat percentage, to estimate how many calories you’ll need for your goals. The BMR is simply a number of calories we burn while our bodies are at rest and from eating and digesting food. Together they form what’s known as TDEE, or total daily energy expenditure. This is the keto calculator’s estimate for your total calories burned per day. If you use a heart rate monitor or third party software to monitor your calories, you can use the custom input in the activity level section for an even more accurate macro profile. What is a deficit/surplus? A deficit or surplus just relates to the number of calories you want to intake. A surplus means you are eating more than your body needs. A deficit means you are eating less than your body needs. Typically if you are losing weight, you want to have a deficit in calories. 10-20% is standard for people. 20-30% ranges are considered high deficits and are typically difficult to do (you will be fighting hunger). You can go up to a 30% deficit, but going past that can lead to metabolic damage in the long run ( study ). Typically if you want to gain muscle, you want to have a surplus in calories. You need extra calories if you want to put on lean mass. Typically, 5-10% is suggested, but going over 10% can lead to excess weight gain. Why should I eat so few carbs? There are numerous benefits that are scientifically proven on the ketogenic diet. On keto, it’s a general rule of thumb to stay under 30g net carbs a day. We recommend for weight loss to stay at or below 20g net carbs a day. The end goal of a ketogenic diet is to be in a metabolic state known as ketosis. We do this through starvation of carbohydrates. How much protein should I be eating? Protein intake is imperative when it comes to keto. Too much and you can lower your ketone levels, too little and you can lose excess muscle. You want to be in the sweet spot. If you’re sedentary, we recommend having between 0.6g and 0.8g protein per pound of lean body mass. If you’re active, we recommend having between 0.8g and 1.0g protein per pound of lean body mass. If you want to gain muscle, we recommend having between 1.0g and 1.2g protein per pound of lean body mass. You should not need to consume more protein than that, according to these studies. It can seem complicated, but it’s honestly not! It’s just a ratio of protein. If you are 100 lbs. of muscle and want to gain muscle (1.0g protein), you eat 100g protein. If you’re still confused, don’t worry – the keto calculator automatically sets your protein based on your activity level. I’m not sure about my macros, are they right? Generally speaking, many people are concerned that the keto calculator too many calories to eat. It’s very common for the average person to lose weight on a 1600 calorie a day keto diet. If you’re not 100% sure or confused about anything, you can also read more about macronutrients on a keto diet >You should try to eat according to the macros given and try to spread your meals out during the day. Don’t worry about getting exact numbers to the tee. You can afford a small fluctuation in your macros, but as long as you are close to your ranges, it will balance itself out. If you’re just getting started and still want to learn more about keto, consider reading our extensive guide to keto > |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what are the resources needed to start a business in india | 5 Resources You Need to Succeed to Start a Business Related Articles1Three Basic Strategic Resources in Business2What Types of Information Resources Does a Business Usually Need?310 Most Important Business Objectives4How to Figure the Amount of Money Needed to Start a Business Starting a business can be daunting, but many people open successful businesses each year. Those who do succeed typically spend signficant time raising capital, doing market research and developing a realistic business plan before launching their new company. Of course, careful preparation isn't an absolute guarantee of success, but it can improve your chances enormously. Take stock of your resources and be prepared to meet the challenges you'll encounter. Financial Resources The most important element in starting a business is funding. Even the most basic home business incurs a multitude of startup costs, including registering a business name, obtaining a business telephone line and printing business cards. Financial resources can be obtained from a variety of sources, the easiest being from the personal accounts of the company’s founder. Alternatively, loans and lines of credit may be granted from financial institutions, friends and relatives, private investors and even the United States government. In addition, many grants are offered from private and public sources to entrepreneurs of all demographics and personal situations. Human Resources The success of an organization is heavily reliant on the talent and strength of its employees. The hiring of experienced professionals with track records of excellence within their area of expertise ensures that the mission and goals of the company will be carried out efficiently and with competence. Strong team members can be recruited using a variety of methods. Staffing agencies and executive search firms specialize in placing talent of all levels within every industry. An alternative is to find employees through referrals from individuals whose judgment is trusted. Educational Resources Perhaps the greatest thing an entrepreneur can do when establishing a new business is to gain as much education possible. By understanding her competition and gaining an in-depth knowledge of her industry, she will be better prepared to make smarter decisions regarding the direction of her firm. Educational resources can be found through professional trade associations that are geared toward her industry, her local chamber of commerce as well as the Small Business Administration. Physical Resources Whether a small home business or a retail operation with multiple locations, every organization must have the appropriate physical resources to survive. This includes a proper workspace, working telephone line, adequate information systems and effective marketing materials. This aspect of business planning can be one of the costliest. As such, it is important for an entrepreneur to realistically assess his needs before making any purchases. Emotional Resources Starting a business can be an extremely stressful endeavor for an entrepreneur to undertake. To maintain her sanity as well as stay motivated, it is important she have a support team that can give her inspirations and guidance as needed. This team may be composed of friends and family as well as a mentor or professional group. References (3)About the Author KJ Henderson has more than a decade of HR and talent acquisition experience. He has held roles at a Fortune 100 investment bank, a media conglomerate and at one of NYC's largest executive staffing firms. He currently heads recruitment sourcing at a major movie studio. He read literature at Oxford. Photo Creditsstack of cash image by jimcox40 from Fotolia.com Cite this Article | Coordination of benefits Connect with us Contact HCAWebsite feedback: Tell us how we’re doing Accessibility Language assistance Log in (HCA employees/vendors/visitors)Nondiscrimination Privacy practices Public disclosure requests Public notices Voter registration Copyright © 2018 Washington Health Care Authority |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.is the lumbar area the back | Lumbar Spinal Stenosis - Topic Overview Lumbar Spinal Stenosis - Topic Overview Articles On Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Topic Overview Health Tools Cause Symptoms What Happens What Increases Your Risk When To Call a Doctor Exams and Tests Treatment Overview Prevention Home Treatment Medications Surgery Other Treatment Other Places To Get Help Related Information References Credits Is this topic for you? This topic is about spinal stenosis of the lower back, also known as the lumbar area. If you need information on spinal stenosis of the neck, see the topic Cervical Spinal Stenosis. What is lumbar spinal stenosis? Lumbar spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back, known as the lumbar area. This usually happens when bone or tissue-or both-grow in the openings in the spinal bones. This growth can squeeze and irritate nerves that branch out from the spinal cord. The result can be pain, numbness, or weakness, most often in the legs, feet, and buttocks. What causes lumbar spinal stenosis? It's most often caused by changes that can happen as people age. For example: Connective tissues called ligaments get thicker. Arthritis leads to the growth of bony spurs that push on the nerves that branch out from the spinal cord. Discs between the bones may be pushed backward into the spinal canal. Continue Reading Belowyou might like What are the symptoms? Symptoms may include: Numbness, weakness, cramping, or pain in the legs, feet, or buttocks. These symptoms get worse when you walk, stand straight, or lean backward. The pain gets better when you sit down or lean forward. Stiffness in the legs and thighs. Low back pain. In severe cases, loss of bladder and bowel control. Symptoms may be severe at times and not as bad at other times. Most people aren't severely disabled. In fact, many people don't have symptoms at all. How is lumbar spinal stenosis diagnosed? Your doctor can tell if you have it by asking questions about your symptoms and past health and by doing a physical exam. You will probably need imaging tests such as an MRI, a CT scan, and sometimes X-rays. How is it treated? You can most likely control mild to moderate symptoms with pain medicines, exercise, and physical therapy. Your doctor may also give you a spinal shot of corticosteroid, a medicine that reduces inflammation. You may need surgery if your symptoms get worse or if they limit what you can do. Surgery to remove bone and tissue that are squeezing the nerve roots can help relieve leg pain and allow you to get back to normal activity. But it may not help back pain as much.1 2 View All Next In Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Health Tools | Log into Squarespace Log into Squarespace Log In Create an Account Recover Account |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.definition of electrical potential energy | What is Electrical Energy? - Definition & Examples Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds Add to Timeline Autoplay 383K views Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days!Create An Account Recommended Lessons and Courses for You Related Lessons Related Courses What is Electric Energy? - Definition, Sources & Examples What is Chemical Energy? - Definition & Examples Light Energy Examples: Lesson for Kids What is Mechanical Energy? - Definition & Examples Lesson Transcript Instructor: John Simmons John has taught college science courses face-to-face and online since 1994 and has a doctorate in physiology. This lesson defines electrical energy and explores its role as a form of potential energy. It also offers an explanation of how it functions within electric fields and provides examples of its applications. What Is Electrical Energy? Energy is the ability to do work, where work is done when a force moves an object. We need and we use energy every day, and energy is available in all different forms. Electrical energy is energy that's stored in charged particles within an electric field. Electric fields are simply areas surrounding a charged particle. In other words, charged particles create electric fields that exert force on other charged particles within the field. The electric field applies the force to the charged particle, causing it to move - in other words, to do work. What Are Electric Fields? Well, what are these electric fields? To better understand electrical energy, let's explore electric fields in a bit more detail. Electric fields are like gravitational fields in that both fields are areas surrounding an object that are influenced by the object. A gravitational field surrounds the earth, providing a force that pulls us down. Likewise, electric fields surround charged sources and exert a force on other charged particles that are within the field. Have you ever heard the expression 'opposites attract'? This certainly applies to electric fields. The image below shows electric fields surrounding both positive and negative sources. The arrows you see illustrate the direction that a positive test charge would move if placed within the field. Electric fields point in the direction that positive particles would move within them. Positive objects create electric fields that repel other positive objects; therefore, the arrows are pointing away from the positive source. Negative sources create electric fields that attract positive objects; therefore, the arrows you see are directed towards the negative source. It's very important to remember that the direction of the electric field always points in the direction that a positive particle would move within that field. Electrical Energy Is Potential Energy Electrical energy is potential energy, which is energy stored in an object due to the object's position. Well, in terms of electrical energy, the object is the charged particle, and the position is the location of that charged particle within the electric field. The charged particle will have the potential to move, or to do work, due to the force of the electric field. This is much like the potential energy you would have if you rode your bike to the top of the hill. Muscular contractions in your leg muscles provide the energy to move that bike to the top of the hill. The higher you move up the hill, the more potential energy the bike will contain. At the top of the hill, gravity then provides a force that would move the bike back down the hill. Moving electric field charges against their natural direction adds potential energy to an object. In a similar manner, to move a charge in an electric field against its natural direction of motion requires effort. For example, an external force is needed to move a positive test charge away from a negative source. The exertion of work by an external force would in turn add potential energy to the object, just like working hard to ride your bike up the hill. If the force holding the charge in place is removed, the charged particle will move within the field. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student I am a teacher | Category:Electricity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Energy portal Electronics portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electricity. Wikinews has related news: Category: Energy Electricity is a collective term describing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. Charge is a conserved property of matter, and gives rise to the electromagnetic field, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. The main article for this category is Electricity. Subcategories This category has the following 23 subcategories, out of 23 total. A► Electrical analogies (15 P)D► Dielectrics (6 C, 48 P)E► Electric arcs (6 C, 19 P)► Electric charge (1 C, 7 P)► Electric current (1 C, 16 P)► Electric musical instruments (4 C, 3 P)► Electric power (22 C, 153 P)► Electrical breakdown (3 C, 34 P)► Electrical conductors (3 C, 10 P)► Electrical resistance and conductance (6 C, 16 P)► Deaths by electrocution (3 C, 4 P)► Electrodes (1 C, 50 P)► Electron (4 C, 30 P)► Electronics (43 C, 20 P)► Electrotherapy (1 C, 27 P)F► Fictional characters with electric or magnetic abilities (2 C, 70 P)► Firelighting using electricity (5 P)► Electric fish (2 C, 14 P)M► Electrical meters (3 C, 23 P)P► People associated with electricity (5 C, 54 P)S► Electrical safety (3 C, 82 P)► Electrical systems (3 C, 16 P)T► Thermoelectricity (1 C, 22 P)Pages in category "Electricity"The following 108 pages are in this category, out of 108 total. This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ). Electricity Mains electricity by country AAbmho Adaptive voltage scaling Advanced superionic conductor Aerial bundled cable Alkali-metal thermal to electric converter Ampere balance BBatteryless radio Berkshire Hathaway Energy Bonding jumper Break junction Bridgman effect CCapacitance Capacitance multiplier Characteristic admittance Chiral magnetic effect Common rail (electricity)Conductivity factor Correlated double sampling Coulomb's constant Cylinder fuse DData collector Debye length Dielectric barrier discharge Dielectric breakdown model Dielectric strength Distribution Transformer Monitor Diversity factor EElectric charge Electric potential energy Electric shock torture Electric transient Electrical burn Electrical conductor Electrical energy Electrical junction Electrical network Electrical polarity Electrical resistance and conductance Electricity on Shabbat Electro Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process Electrochemical cell Electrocution Electrode Electrolithoautotroph Timeline of electromagnetism and classical optics Electrometer Electronic circuit Electrostatic induction Electrostatic units Electrovibration Energoland Energy mix Erotic electrostimulation Etymology of electricity Experiments and Observations on Electricity Extension cord FField coil Fluid theory of electricity Franklin bells GGeothrix fermentans HHigh voltage History of electromagnetic theory Home idle load Hygroelectricity ICharacteristic impedance Isolated ground JJoule heating KKite experiment LLichtenberg figure Lighting power density Line of force List of forms of electricity named after scientists Low voltage MMeter operator Method of images User: Zrokeach/sandbox Motor control center Mutual capacitance NNegative resistance NFPA 70BNode (circuits)OOverheating (electricity)PPeriodic steady-state analysis Plug load Polarity (mutual inductance)Power distribution center Power-off testing Programme for Economic Advancement and Community Empowerment RRating (electrical)Relative permittivity SList of electricity sectors Short circuit Signal reflection Space charge Speed of electricity Standby power Static electricity Statmho TThermionic emission Thermo-dielectric effect Thermophotovoltaic Triboelectric effect UUfer ground Unified power flow controller VVolt-ampere reactive Voltage drop Categories: Electromagnetism |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what is a spl ccc | General Information About ASHA Certification General Information About ASHA Certification What Does it Mean to Be Certified? Being "certified" means holding the Certificate of Clinical Competence (CCC), a nationally recognized professional credential that represents a level of excellence in the field of Audiology (CCC-A) or Speech-Language Pathology (CCC-SLP). Those who have achieved the CCC—ASHA certification—have voluntarily met rigorous academic and professional standards, typically going beyond the minimum requirements for state licensure. They have the knowledge, skills, and expertise to provide high quality clinical services, and they actively engage in ongoing professional development to keep their certification current. The standards for certification for audiology and speech-language pathology are established by audiologists and speech-language pathologists, respectively, who are members of ASHA's Council for Clinical Certification in Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology (CFCC). Certificate holders are expected to uphold these standards and abide by ASHA's Code of Ethics. More than 170,000 professionals currently hold ASHA certification. Why Choose ASHA Certification? ASHA is the nation's leading professional, credentialing, and scientific organization for speech-language pathologists, audiologists, and speech/language/hearing scientists. ASHA has been the guardian of the professions since 1926 and initiated the development of national standards for the professions. ASHA has been certifying professionals since 1952. ASHA collaborates with the Educational Testing Service (ETS) in developing the national examinations for both professions. No other certification body for these professions can make that claim. ASHA's certification standards are based on skills validation studies and practice analyses involving employers, leaders in the discipline of communication sciences and disorders, and practitioners in the professions of speech-language pathology and audiology. ASHA certification is not contingent upon membership in any professional organization. How to Get Certified Audiology applicants Speech-language pathology applicants Promoting ASHA Certification Planning a communication piece that will be sent to a student, consumer, or member audience? Consider including a link or a brochure that focuses on the CCC. | This page is currently unavailable This page is currently unavailable If you are the webmaster for this site, please contact your hosting provider's support team for assistance. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what position does samaje perine | Samaje Perine Samaje Perine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedianavigation search Samaje Perine Perine in 2017No. 32 – Washington Redskins Position: Running back Personal information Born: September 16, 1995 (age 22)Jackson, Alabama Height: 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight: 236 lb (107 kg)Career information High school: Pflugerville (TX) Hendrickson College: Oklahoma NFL Draft: 2017 / Round: 4 / Pick: 114Career history Washington Redskins ( 2017 –present)Roster status: Active Career highlights and awards Big 12 Offensive Freshman of the Year (2014)Second-team All-American ( 2014)First-team All- Big 12 (2014)Career NFL statistics as of 2017Rushing yards: 603Rushing average: 3.4Rushing touchdowns: 1Receptions: 22Reception yards: 182Receiving touchdowns: 1Player stats at NFL.com Samaje Perine (born September 16, 1995) is an American footballrunning back for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Oklahoma, and was drafted by the Redskins in the fourth round of the 2017 NFL Draft. Contents [ hide ]1 Early years2 College career2.1 2014 season2.2 2015 season2.3 2016 season2.4 College statistics3 Professional career3.1 2017 season4 Personal life5 References6 External links Early years [ edit]Perine was born and raised in Jackson, Alabama, but later moved with his family to Pflugerville, Texas, where he attended Hendrickson High School as a member of their football and track and field teams. [1] [2] He was a three-year starter at running back for the Hendrickson Hawks football team. He rushed for 1,993 yards and 16 touchdowns as a junior. In his final year, he rushed for 1,492 yards and 12 touchdowns. [3]In track & field, Perine competed in sprints and jumps. At the 2011 Manor Relay, he earned first-place finishes in both the triple jump (46 ft, 0.5 in) and long jump (20 ft, 8 in) events, while also anchoring the 4 × 100 and 4 × 200 relay squads, helping lead them to victory. [4] He recorded a personal-best time of 11.37 seconds in the 100-meter dash in 2011. [5]Perine was ranked as a four-star recruit and the No. 13 running back in the nation by Rivals.com. [6] In March 2013, he committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football. [7] [8] He also had offers from Alabama, Nebraska, TCU, and Tennessee. [1]College career [ edit]Perine attended and played college football for the University of Oklahoma from 2014–2016. [9]2014 season [ edit]Perine earned immediate playing time as a true freshman at Oklahoma in 2014. [10] In his first career game, he rushed for 77 yards on 13 carries with one touchdown in a victory over Louisiana Tech. [11] In his fourth game, he rushed 242 yards on 34 carries with four touchdowns. [12] [13] He rushed for 200 yards a second time, gaining 213 on 25 carries along with three touchdowns against Texas Tech on November 15. [14] Perine rushed for 427 yards on 34 rushes along with six touchdowns in a victory over Kansas, breaking the NCAA FBS single game rushing record set by Wisconsin's Melvin Gordon just a week earlier. [15] [16] [17] He finished his freshman season with 1,713 rushing yards on 263 carries with 21 touchdowns. [18]2015 season [ edit]Perine started the 2015 season with 33 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in a victory over the Akron Zips. [19] In the next game, a 2OT win over the Tennessee Volunteers at Neyland Stadium, he had 78 rushing yards and a receiving touchdown. [20] In the following game against Tulsa, he had 152 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. [21] On October 24, against Texas Tech, he had a season-high 201 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns. [22] He followed that up with 90 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns against Kansas in the next game. [23] On November 14, against Baylor, he had 166 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. [24] He followed that performance up with 188 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown against TCU. [25] In the annual rivalry game against Oklahoma State, he had 131 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. [26] Oklahoma qualified for the College Football Playoff in the 2015 season. They faced off against Clemson in the National Semifinals. In the 37–17 loss in the Orange Bowl, he had 58 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, two receptions, and 23 receiving yards. [27] Overall, in the 2015 season, he finished with 1,349 rushing yards, 16 rushing touchdowns, 15 receptions, 107 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown. [28]2016 season [ edit]Perine started off the 2016 season with 31 rushing yards and 28 receiving yards in a loss to Houston. [29] The next week, he had 58 rushing yard, two rushing touchdowns, and 38 receiving yards in a win over Louisiana–Monroe. [30] On October 1, in a win over TCU, he had 214 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. [31] On November 12, against Baylor, he had 100 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. [32] In the following game at West Virginia, he had 160 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. [33] On December 3, in the Bedlam game, he had 239 rushing yards and a touchdown against Oklahoma State. [34] He broke the school career rushing yard record on January 2, 2017 with 86 rushing yards and a touchdown against Auburn at the Allstate Sugar Bowl passing Billy Sims with a total of 4,122 yards. [35] [36] He finished the 2016 season with 1,060 rushing yards, 12 rushing touchdowns, 10 receptions, 106 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown. [37] After the season, Perine decided to forgo his senior year and enter the 2017 NFL Draft. [38]College statistics [ edit]Rushing Receiving Year Team GP GS Att Yards Avg Long TDs Rec Yards TDs2014 Oklahoma 13 8 263 1,713 6.5 66 21 15 108 02015 Oklahoma 13 13 226 1,349 6.0 72 16 15 107 12016 Oklahoma 10 9 196 1,060 5.4 66 12 10 106 1College Totals 36 30 685 4,122 6.0 72 49 40 321 2Source: [39]Professional career [ edit]Perine playing against the Oakland Raiders in his rookie year. The Washington Redskins selected Perine in the fourth round (114th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. [40] He was the ninth running back selected in that year's draft. [41] [42] On May 11, 2017, Perine signed a four-year, $3.05 million contract with the team. [43]2017 season [ edit]Perine joined a committee backfield of Chris Thompson, Robert Kelley, and Mack Brown. After the two starters combined for 34 yards in Week 1, Perine debuted September 17 against the Los Angeles Rams with 21 rushes for 67 yards. [44] Despite being granted the majority of the team's rushes, he had fewer yards than either Thompson (78) or Kelley (77). [45] In Week 3 against the Oakland Raiders, he again led the team in carries with 19 but for only 49 yards, and was moved back into a supporting role. Perine collected just 59 rushing yards total in Weeks 4-9, though he did pick up his first career touchdown on a three-yard reception from Kirk Cousins against San Francisco in Week 6. [46]After nine rushes for 35 yards and a 25-yard reception in Week 9, Perine moved back to starting following injuries to both Thompson and Kelley. [47] He had success in Week 10 with 23 rushes for 117 yards, as well as his first career rushing touchdown against the New Orleans Saints, [48] marking the first 100-yard rushing game for the Redskins of the season. He followed this up the following week with 24 rushes for 100 yards against the New York Giants, marking first Redskin with consecutive yard games of over 100 yards since Alfred Morris in 2013. [49] [50] Overall, he finished his rookie season with 603 rushing yards and one rushing touchdown to go along with 22 receptions for 182 yards and a receiving touchdown. [51]Personal life [ edit]During his time in high school and Oklahoma, Perine was noted for his acts of great physical strength, such as helping lift a car to help a fellow student who did not have a car jack change a flat tire. [52] Jerry Schmidt, strength coach of the Sooners, stated that he could often out bench press most of the team's lineman, with his max being 440 lbs. Schmidt also noted that nobody else on the team was able to top Perine's max squat (540 lbs), power clean (380 lbs), or incline bench (315 lbs) numbers. [52] [53]Perine's cousin is Florida Gators running back Lamical Perine. [54]References [ edit]^ a b Aber, Ryan. "Oklahoma football: Why running back Samaje Perine turned down Alabama for OU". newsok.com. Retrieved 27 July 2017.^ Emig, Guerin. "Birth of a bull: Samaje Perine's powerful running style was evident in high school". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ Shadid, Trent (2014-02-07). "Oklahoma coaches rave about Samaje Perine's combination of size and ability". News OK.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ http://parser.dyestat.com/search.jsp?meet ID=40254^ http://tx.milesplit.com/meets/141029/results/241525^ Rivals.com^ Watch List RB Perine commits to Sooners^ Oklahoma football: Pflugerville Henderson's Samaje Perine commits to OU^ "Samaje Perine College Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ Oklahoma football: Freshman running back Samaje Perine has always looked, played mature beyond his years^ "Louisiana Tech at Oklahoma Box Score, August 30, 2014". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ Oklahoma's Samaje Perine runs for 242 yards and four TDs in win over West Virginia^ OU football: Freshman running back Samaje Perine leads Sooners to 45-33 win over West Virginia^ Samaje Perine powers Oklahoma past Texas Tech^ Hinnen, Jerry (November 22, 2014). "Oklahoma's Samaje Perine sets new FBS rushing record with 427 yards". CBSSports.com. Retrieved November 22, 2014.^ Trotter, Jake (November 22, 2014). "Samaje Perine breaks FBS record". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 22, 2014.^ "Kansas at Oklahoma Box Score, November 22, 2014". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Samaje Perine 2014 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Akron at Oklahoma Box Score, September 5, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Oklahoma at Tennessee Box Score, September 12, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Tulsa at Oklahoma Box Score, September 19, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Texas Tech at Oklahoma Box Score, October 24, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Oklahoma at Kansas Box Score, October 31, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Oklahoma at Baylor Box Score, November 14, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Texas Christian at Oklahoma Box Score, November 21, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Oklahoma at Oklahoma State Box Score, November 28, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Orange Bowl - Oklahoma vs Clemson Box Score, December 31, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Samaje Perine 2015 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Oklahoma vs Houston Box Score, September 3, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Louisiana-Monroe at Oklahoma Box Score, September 10, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Oklahoma at Texas Christian Box Score, October 1, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Baylor at Oklahoma Box Score, November 12, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Oklahoma at West Virginia Box Score, November 19, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Oklahoma State at Oklahoma Box Score, December 3, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Sugar Bowl - Auburn vs Oklahoma Box Score, January 2, 2017". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Oklahoma Sooners Rushing". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Samaje Perine 2016 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^http://www.espn.com/nfl/draft2017/story/_/id/18400149/samaje-perine-declares-draft-hours-breaking-oklahoma-sooners-career-rushing-record^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/player/_/id/3116389/samaje-perine^ Orr, Conor (April 29, 2017). "Redskins draft Oklahoma running back Samaje Perine". NFL.com.^ "2017 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-10.^ "Draft Finder Query Results". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-10.^ "Sportrac.com: Samaje Perine contract". sportrac.com. Retrieved May 15, 2017.^ "Philadelphia Eagles at Washington Redskins - September 10th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Washington Redskins at Los Angeles Rams - September 17th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 28 October 2017.^ "San Francisco 49ers at Washington Redskins - October 15th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2017-11-05.^ "Minnesota Vikings at Washington Redskins - November 12th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ "Watch Washington Redskins vs. New Orleans Saints [11/19/2017] - NFL.com". www.nfl.com. Retrieved 2017-11-20.^ "New York Giants at Washington Redskins - November 23rd, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ Fendrich, Howard. "Samaje Perine gives Redskins back-to-back 100-yard games". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 November 2017.^ "Samaje Perine 2017 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.^ a b Keim, John. "Lifting a car, daredevil pullups: Redskins rookie's amazing feats of strength". ESPN. Retrieved 27 July 2017.^ "IN OTHERS' WORDS: How Strong is Samaje?". soonersports.com. University of Oklahoma. Retrieved 27 July 2017.^ Lamical Perine Florida Footballhttp://floridagators.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=6393. Retrieved 17 September 2017. Missing or empty |title= ( help)External links [ edit]Oklahoma Sooners bio Washington Redskins bio [ show]v t e Washington Redskins 2017 NFL Draft selections [ show]v t e Washington Redskins current roster Categories:1995 births Living people People from Travis County, Texas Players of American football from Texas American football running backs Oklahoma Sooners football players Washington Redskins players African-American players of American football People from Jackson, Alabama | Odds of Becoming a NBA Basketball Player Odds of Becoming a NBA Basketball Player Blog > Youth Basketball > Odds of Becoming a NBA Basketball Playerby Lamar Hull on April 6, 2015What are the chances of making it to the NBA? Written by Lamar Hull @ Google+Why do we play basketball? Do you want to play in the NBA? One of the ultimate goals and dreams of millions is to become a NBA basketball player. A lot of questions young basketball players have about the NBA surrounds the following: can I make it to the NBA, how to make it to the NBA, what are the odds of playing in the NBA, how to become a NBA player, or even how hard is it to make it to the NBA. If you have asked yourself this question, then this article is for you!Making it to the NBA takes a lot of consistent hard-work, luck, determination, basketball skill and talent, exposure, and many other things!A lot of people say they want to become a NBA basketball player, but if there was a blueprint for how to become a NBA basketball player, would you follow that “How to Be a NBA Player” blueprint perfectly? A lot of us say yes, but would you really? The basketball players who make it to the NBA are talented, but they truly work their butts off everyday to make it to that level, spending long hours in the gym, perfecting their game. Here are 7 Training Secrets Proven to Increase In-Game Basketball Performance. Learn From The Pros!It is not easy making it to the NBA. This article isn’t to discourage anyone, but to present the facts. I have provided some interesting data, see the chart below. Only 0.03% of high school players make it to the NBA!The odds of playing in the NBA is super low. I remember when I had the dream of becoming a NBA basketball player. I spent about 4 hours a week working on my game, at my height, that wasn’t enough. I was at a disadvantage because I’m only 5’9″, so I believe that I would have needed to practice 6-7 hours a day including the weekends to have any chance of playing in the NBA and there is still no guarantee with that type of work-ethic. All NBA players agree that practice is what got them to the NBA. Whatever level that you desire to play in (NBA, overseas, etc. ), you have to practice A LOT. Apart from the talent, NBA players will tell you that they spent a lot of time on the court playing with others or having solitary time to improve their basketball skills. According to Cedric Henderson of the Memphis grizzlies; he would spend at least 5 hours a day on the court practicing. He did not have to do it all at once, but he would spread out the hours, in between breaks. He would make around 700 shots a day. Jerry Dupree, a former USC forward spent at least three hours each day in the gym during the week. One of my favorite basketball quotes was stated by Jason Kidd, “A lot of late nights in the gym, a lot of early mornings, especially when your friends are going out, you’re going to the gym, those are the sacrifices that you have to make if you want to be an NBA basketball player”. He couldn’t have said it any better!Practice…Practice…Practice For some NBA players, they would spend most of their free time in the gym in order to get away from the world. Basketball was there way of escaping all of the issues that surrounded them and was a way that allowed them to devote their energy in a controlled environment. A NBA player’s typical day consists of school, basketball and more basketball. This includes players such as Michael Jordan, who is the best basketball player ever. There is no question that a lot of time has to be spent to perfect the skill from early on; and many professionals have lived by this virtue. Before the NBABefore you start dreaming about what suit you are going to wear when you get drafted to the NBA, you need to play basketball at the collegiate level. Players get drafted to the NBA once a year. In the past, it was possible for high school players to be drafted. However, since 2006 the rules for drafting have changed. Nowadays, college and international players are typically the ones being drafted to the NBA. U. S. players now have to play one year in college before declaring for the NBA draft. Once you are recruited and land a position with your favorite collegiate program, you need to be a standout basketball player. Guess what will help you to do that? P-R-A-C-T-I-C-E. Don’t think you can make it just off of talent alone because there are tons of players who have raw talent. AND don’t have the Allen Iverson practice syndrome, “Practice…You talking about Practice!?”. Before you get the opportunity to play in college, you need to be a standout high school player. This also includes getting exposure at developmental camps, AAU tournaments, and etc. Some of the notable players that you can do some research on that were drafted or recruited as high school seniors include the following. This will give you an idea of what skills, talent, persistence, dedication, and work-ethic that you will need to posses to go to the NBA after your first year playing college basketball. Notable High School Players who were Drafted to the NBA:1995 – Kevin Garnett (Minnesota Timberwolves), Farragut Academy1996 – Kobe Bryant (Charlotte Hornets), Lower Merion High School2003 – Lebron James (Cleveland Cavaliers), St. Vincent-St. Mary2004 – Dwight Howard (Orlando Magic), Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy Some of the international players drafted include the following players:2002 – Yao Ming (Houston Rockets), China2005 – Andrew Bogut (Milwaukee Bucks), Australia2006 – Andrea Bargani (Toronto Raptors), Italy2013 – Anthony Bennet (Cleveland Cavaliers), Canada2014 – Anthony Wiggins (Cleveland Cavaliers), Canada How NBA players perform in High School and College It is super important to have good grades, especially in high school. One of my family members, will not say any names had some big time basketball programs recruiting him. He played around in class and didn’t take his academics seriously and he wasn’t able to attend any of those programs. The better your grades are, the less pressure you have on the SAT or ACT. You still want do your best on those exams! Your academics are super important in high school and college. In college, you may not get drafted or want to pursue a basketball career after college, so you want to set yourself up for the business world. Interestingly, a lot of NBA players are average to below average in terms of academic performance. But for some players, they are able to strike a balance and are able to stand out in the academic world. There is a need for you to be disciplined in your academics, so that you can have a future after basketball. Recently, basketball in the NBA has started associating itself with excellence and promoting good academic performance in sports. Performing on the court is super important as well. NBA players are typically dominate in high school! Check out this highlight reel of Kobe, Lebron James, Derrick Rose, and Kevin Durant in high school. High School Clips of current NBA Players (LBJ, KD, Kobe, Blake, DRose, VC,..)Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available. Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video.0:00 / 6:37Highlight Video of NBA Players in High School Some of the notable top academic performers in the NBA include the following players: Brandon Knight – He was a straight A student in high school Grant Hill – He was his high school’s Valedictorian Mark Pope – He wanted to go to Med school before joining the NBAChris Bosh – He was a member of the National Honor Society and graduated with Honors Thaddeus Young – Had a 4.0 GPA at Georgia Tech Danny Granger – He was accepted to several Ivy League universities Average NBA Height Most people associate basketball with tall people. I remember my peers at a young age telling me that I couldn’t be successful at basketball because I was too short. The average height of a NBA player is 6 feet and 7.62 inches. Don’t let that discourage you if you are not super tall. If you work hard and get the right opportunity, the skies are the limit. Height alone doesn’t guarantee anyone a spot in the NBA. Talent, work-ethic, and drive will take you a long way. Some of the research done indicates that the following is the average height of a NBA players by position. Average NBA Height by Position: Center – 7 feet 0 inches Power Forward – 6 feet 10 inches Small Forward – 6 feet 8 inches Shooting Guard – 6 feet 6 inches Point Guard – 6 feet 2 inches AAU BASKETBALL SPOTLIGHTSome of the most successful basketball players in the NBA played AAU. The main purpose of AAU is to promote and develop the talent of amateur basketball players. Some of the players who participated in AAU basketball includes the following; Shaquille O’Neal, Carmelo Anthony, Paul pierce, Kevin Garnett, Lebron James, Baron Davis, Patrick Ewing, and plenty others. There are others who opted to participate in some of the top basketball camps to get more exposure from college and NBA coaches. This might be an expensive venture but it has proven to be quite fruitful. The NBA is made up of 45% of players who participated in some type of basketball exposure camp. Conclusion Have you ever wonder how to become a NBA player? I think all basketball players want the answer to that question! Guess what? There is no blueprint, you will have to create a way for yourself. You need to be working on your game everyday, spending long hours in the gym. Working on your fundamentals is super important! This will help you develop your basketball IQ and your ability to adjust and perform in any basketball game. One important thing to note, you could work on your game everyday and still not make it to the NBA, but you could set yourself up for a healthy basketball career overseas, in the D-League, and etc. You can’t be drafted to the NBA straight out of college as the rules have changed. To be drafted to the NBA, you must have completed high school and spent at least 1 year playing collegiate basketball. You also must be at least 19 years old before considering the NBA. A lot of young basketball players dream of making it to the NBA, only a select few are chosen each year, will you prepare your self everyday in hopes of making that dream come true? I wish I would have had these facts a long time ago, if I did, would I have worked harder? TAGaverage height in the nba average height of an nba player average height of nba playeraverage nba height chances of becoming a nba player how tall is the average nba playerhow to become a nba player how to become a professional basketball playerodds of becoming a nba player odds of making it to the nba PREVIOUS ARTICLEAugie Johnston Interview NEXT ARTICLE5 Man Weave Passing Drill Step-by-Step RELATED POSTSHow to Build Team Chemistry in Basketball November 14, 2015 By Lamar Hull2013 NBA Finals: Miami Heat versus San Antonio Spurs June 22, 2013 By Lamar Hull Happy Birthday to Me!! – Affordable Charlotte Massage June 9, 2013 By Lamar Hullprev next ( 152 )Drake I think that those percentage statistics are real, but I don’t think they are inspirational. I think that the REAL statistics are 50/50. Either, you put in the most amount of hard-work that you can give, or you just say “I want to be a Basketball player, but I don’t want to have to put in the effort”. My friend and I are training ourselves to the maximum of our ability to get into the NBA, or at least close to it, and we aren’t going to give up just because of those bullshit chances. It’s simple, either you do, or you don’t. Those are the REAL statistics. Reply Lamar Hull Drake – thanks for responding! The statistics are definitely reality which is okay! A few players defy the odds of becoming an NBA basketball player by working hard on their game everyday, getting exposure at the right camps, focusing on their academics, and etc. Man don’t ever give up, this isn’t what this article is for, i had the dream of playing in the NBA and worked my butt off. Had the opportunity to play collegiate and professionally overseas! The purpose of this article is to simply provide the facts, but read the questions at the very end of the article. This will give you a better sense of the purpose of this article. Reply Ballkill What if no one cares what you do then you make half cort. Would they let you in the NBA. Reply Lamar Hull Thanks for the comment, but that has nothing to do with making it to the NBA. Reply Xavier RLamar, did you ever play college ball? Lamar Hull Yes at Davidson College and then Overseas in England. Thanks!Dawn My son aged 15 is determined to get into the NBA and has a professional Coach, plays way above his age level and is continuing to play in leagues that challenge him (gone are the days of playing at the YMCA and him being the best player!). He spends all of his time either playing basketball, reading about basketball, watching You Tube videos on Basketball, Watching all levels of basketball on the tv channel (we have to pay for!) And on top of that he spends about 8 hours a day either playing basketball in pick up games with kids older than him or at the club he belongs to where his professional Coach is. He can only do this because he’s unschooled and grades and memorizing information is not something that is going to help him get to the NBA. I watch some of the kids over the years who are really, really good and would love to get to the NBA but they don’t have the parental support. My husband coached my son for about 5 years and put teams together around my son. Then it was time to move onto professional coaching and that’s what we pay for. I’d rather give it to a professional basketball coach than buy pencils for a school. Anyway enough ranting… thanks for the great information. Reply Just a guy I understand what your saying but say basketball doesn’t work for your son due to injury, loss of love for the game, or just a bad situation, now he has no education and back up plan and life will be extremely difficult please don’t post anti educational things on the internet because I would hate to see a dream missed and life turned much more difficult than necessary due to immaturity of parents. I highly suggest you put your kid in school. Reply Rolph Harris EXACTLY! !Reply Leopold It’s extremely reckless and dumb of you to disregard his education, because if he doesn’t make it to professional basketball, you’ve managed to destroy any other type of future because you couldn’t “buy him pencils” or keep him in school. It’s disgusting for you to say others don’t have the right parental support when you’ve potentially destroyed any other chance for him to have a career in anything but basketball. That is what you call bad parental support. Well maybe thanks to you he can have the great opportunity of sleeping in the streets or have to clean the streets as his only mean of income. Well done. Reply Lamar Hull That’s awesome Dawn! I appreciate the response. I love hearing stories like your sons. That reminds of me when I was young without the parental support that is why I created this website. What is his name? I would love to follow him. Also, check my other website out for my detailed book on how to be successful on and off the basketball court! http://betterbasketballplayer.com/Thanks again!Lamar Replychristian salvia This article is really inspirational to me and also it just lets me know that i have to work hard. Even tho i already knew that, but it reminds me. I am also trying my hardest to reach the NBA and i know its hard, but that doesn’t mean i’m going to quit. I practice about 5 hours everyday and sometimes if i have time to go early i practice 7 hours. I have been playing basketball all my life and sometimes it feels like this is what i was born to do. I’m a sophmore in high school and real soon i will hopefully play in the basketball team. The coach says he really wants me to play but he also wants to see if i have the heart for this sports. Basketball isn’t just a sport, its a way of life. Thats all i mostly do. Play play play practice practice practice. My favorite quote is “Hard work beats talent, when talent fells to work hard”. Anyways, thanks for this article it helps alot and gives me alot to think about and ofcourse work harder. Reply Lamar Hull Christina – I’m glad to hear stories like yours and all of the hard work you are putting in to the game. I’m glad this article is inspiring you because that is what it is meant to do. I will definitely follow you because I want to hear about your success! Keep up the hard work!Reply Noah rutledge Yeah I’m 15 and I love the game of basketball I work hard everyday an get told i will never make it by everyone and I just ignore them just like Jason Kidd said friends are out partying and I’m in the gym that’s how I am then there’s homerwork to I have to do all the time but I run cross country then play ball for 2 to 3 hours then go home and play ball for like 1 almost 2 hours then I do homework eat then do the same thing the next day any ways this article was inspiring to me also it’s made me think about a lot of things and If I want to make it in gonna have to work even harder every day thank you for all the good tips to I would love to hear more advise from you to help me out and I don’t have an email but I do have and Instagram it noah__rutledge__Reply Lamar Hull Noah – it is great to hear your passion for the game of basketball. It takes discipline to do what you do, which is to choose working out and focus on academics versus partying and consuming yourself with the many other things that could keep you distracted. I wish I had more focus when I was your age! I would recommend getting exposure if you are not and that is through AAU and top basketball camps. This is something that I wished I would have done more of, but I wasn’t fortunate to have wealthy parents. Not to say you need to have a ton of exposure outside of high school if you are really good, but it definitely helps! Just followed you, keep up the good work!Reply Jordan Cooper I am 13 years old, and I’m a freshman, and everyone in my grade is older than me. So I go to a gym every day to perfect my game. I have also been told I’m not going to make it. I get good grades in school also. This article really inspired me to become the best basketball player i can be. I will continue to practice everyday, and perfect my game. I am only 5’5, but i’m not going to let that stop me. I am determined to make it to the NBA. Reply Lamar Hull Hey Jordan, keep working on your game! Don’t worry about what the haters say, they are just mad they are not doing what you are doing, which is working on your game everyday! The only way you can shut the doubters up is by working hard everyday and letting your results and accomplishments speak for you. Having great grades is super important! I can’t stress that enough!! I’m glad this article inspired you because that is what it is meant to do! You are the next Nate Robinson, you may hit a growth spurt…you never know! Keep up the hardwork and keep me posted on your progression on and off the court. You can email me at [email protected]. Reply Quentin Bellasse I’m in the 8th grade but since my dad is in the military I live in spain. I practice and play pick up games about 8-9 hours on weekends but during the week I do about 3-4 . I’m the best shooter in the middle school. But I can’t do aau because I live overseas. I wish I could. And there’s no middle school basketball team because DODEA or DODDS schools don’t allow it. I am 4th best dribbler in Middleschool. But personally if they had a basketball team that would be better. Reply Lamar Hull Quentin – thanks for providing your thoughts! I love to hear from young players and see their passion for the game. You are right, playing on a basketball team would help with team chemistry, your basketball IQ, developing your skill set within a team system and against other teams is necessary. I will say don’t worry about what you can’t control at the moment. I would encourage you to continue to work on the game. Since you can’t play on a team, find more time to work on your skills and perfect your game. When that opportunity comes, you will be ready! Are there camps, local leagues, etc. in Spain that you can attend in conjunction to playing pick-up? I always wanted to play professionally in Spain when I played in England!Reply Quentin Bellasse I’m 13 in 8th grade so they always pick on me . They always say stuf like short stack. I’m 5″2 at first I wanted to be shooting guard because I could shoot . But now since I’m so short I play PG. Reply Lamar Hull Don’t worry about what people say about you or your height. That happened to me when I was young! At a young age, you have to work hard on your game and let your game do the talking. Basketball success comes to players who are gym rats and work on their skills day-in and day-out. You will gain respect no matter your height, when your game does the talking. That typically shuts the haters up. Reply T'Varsky Freeman Can you make it to the NBA as a redshirt in Junior College? Some people work harder than others and still dont make it to the NBAReply Lamar Hull T’Varksy – thanks for taking the time to read my article and asking such an important question! To answer your question, what college you go to and what your current situation is will not define who you can become. Yes, you can make it to the NBA as a redshirt in Junior College, but guess what, it won’t be easy. It may be a harder journey compared to others, but working harder than the next player, performing on the court, having the right coach and basketball program, and a little bit of luck a dream can become a reality, but again it isn’t easy. The article describes how hard it is to make it to the NBA, but those players that make it, make it through working hard every single day. Their work ethic and performance takes them to another level!Reply T'Varsky Freeman I’m also around people that dont work hard. Is that a bad thing? I cant find my motivation to just push me to go hard everyday. Reply Lamar Hull Yes, studies show when you surround yourself around people who are competing and pushing themselves to get better every single day, that will motivate you to work harder. For me, I never really spent time with other people in my spare time. I was too busy working on my game even when no one else wanted to participate, which was fine with me because I knew what I wanted to do in life and understood my purpose in basketball. Something you should ask yourself, do you truly want to be good at basketball and reap the benefits of being a really good basketball player or are you doing it for some other reason? Your motivation should come from within. I loved the game so much, I was eager to get home from school and work on my game whether anybody else did it with me or not. I worked on my game and saw the benefits on the basketball court, which continue to increase my inner-motivation. Hope that helps!Reply David So basically, my parents always tell me that basketball means nothing. And for me basketball is life.im 14 years old, 5’3/5. And I don’t know any team I can play for. And I live in Canada. And that makes it even harder. Now I don’t know what to do people keep on telling that I’m toot short. And I workout 7h a week. And I’m trying to improve that but I don’t know how. Reply Lamar Hull Hey David – thanks for responding and providing thoughts on “your dream”. I emphasized on “your dream” because that is what matters. Everyone should live their dream! You can’t focus on what other people think about your dream. You definitely need supportive people in your circle to continue to push you, you have to go to your local gym and find out who those people are. If you put in the work every single day, you will get better and your parents will come to see what basketball means to you. Being short doesn’t defy who you can become through hard work. I’m 5’9″ and played Division 1 basketball and professionally overseas. Guess how many times I was told I was too short and couldn’t make it? A LOT! I was even told by my brother and close relatives, but guess what they only became fans after I proved them wrong through working on my game every single day and showing them different. That’s what matters kid! How many hours, blood sweating tears, time, commitment, etc. are you willing to put in to the game. Everyone wants to become a great basketball player, but ask yourself are you willing to work harder, longer than the next kid your age? Are you hanging out with friends during the week or on the weekend rather than practicing? A lot of kids tell me they are working on their game several hours a week/day, but when I watch them play it doesn’t show. When you show people your skill, they will respect your height! I don’t know a lot about Canada, is there not a middle school, high school team that you can tryout for? I know there are school systems there, how do they give you the opportunity to play on a team? Last advice, stop caring about what people think, work on your game, let what people say be a chip on your shoulder and become the best basketball player you can be!Reply Jack cromer I’m jack I’m 13 and really good at basketball I’m really good at basketball and was one of only five people in my grade to make the a or b team at my school and 67 people tried out. I averaged 18.3 points last year and I play for an elite Aau team called the family do you think that I have a real shot at the nba? Reply Lamar Hull Hey Jack – thanks for reading and providing insights to your basketball story! I love seeing kids who truly have passion for the game. I would say this, every basketball player with the dream to play basketball starts out the same way, with a dream! The ones who work harder and smarter every single day, has the right coach and experiences with a little luck, anything is possible. You can definitely make it, the journey will be very tough, but it is truly up to you! You don’t need me to tell you that you can make it or not, believe in yourself and put in the time, that’s the most important thing!Reply Josh Hey Lamar im Josh im 16 and 6’4 i am currently comming off an injury and my grades are a little behind but i am very good in basketball and i am dedicated i am a junior in high school and although i know im going to miss this season i am going to work very hard to prepare for my senior year what can I do to improve and get ready for the next level of basketball Reply Lamar Hull Hey Josh – thanks for sending me a note and expressing your interest in taking your game to the next level! You are a junior in high school, so this is prime time for you. Sorry to hear that you got an injury! Get well soon man! Since you will be sitting out an entire season don’t waste it. Basketball players who take their game to the next level has not only the skill but a high basketball IQ. Since you will be out the first thing I would say do is get your grades up as high as they can be. It will be tough to make it to the level you know you can be at if you don’t have really good grades so don’t let them slip behind, make that your top priority. Think about, how many kids want to play D-1 basketball? Look at how many kids have already expressed their interest in playing in the NBA in the comment section of this blog post. That means there are a lot of players with great skill. If a D-1 college matches you up with another player or players and you guys are equal across the board, you are better in certain areas, but on the contrary one stands out by having really good grades, they are most likely going to bet on the kid with really good grades. The coaching staff knows they have a player who will not flunk out of school after they invested in him. Secondly, study the game. Watch film if you can, ask your coaches to watch film with you. Learn the areas where you can get better. We all can get better at basketball! Lastly, if you have any highlight tapes send them to schools of your choice. Check out my blog post about how to earn a basketball scholarship – https://inspirationalbasketball.com/how-to-earn-a-college-basketball-scholarship/. Also, have you taken the SAT, have you prepared for it? There is a lot to what you are asking for, it isn’t as simple as big just good at the game. You got this! Follow-up with me and let me know if you used some of the things we discussed and how it worked out for you. If i can help in any way let me know. Thanks!Reply Amos Abraham I told my mom that I want to be a NBA player, and she started talking about how it’s like playing lottery and that I should no longer want to be an NBA player. What should I do Reply Lamar Hull Keep working on your game, work harder than you ever have before and very frequently! Imagine where NBA players would be now if they listened to all the negative voices in their life? I’m sure at some point in their lives, someone told them they wouldn’t make it. NBA players work hard, have a lot of talent, and have the right opportunities. Always have a plan B and C, we all have the dream of making it to the NBA. If you don’t as we all can’t make it, what else do you want to do, what else do you be? Always keep that focus! Work hard on your game, be strong minded, and have options for your life!Reply Charlie I really want to be an nba player and I think the two things that are most important of all to become an nba player are good grades and practice. I’ve been trying hard all my life and if I keep it up I believe that I can make it the nba. Every day at the end of my practice I set goals and accomplish them. I believe Reply Lamar Hull Charlie, thanks for providing your story! You are right grades and practice is important. I would say it is also about how you practice when it comes to grades, basketball, life, etc. I can practice more hours, but if someone is out working me in less hours, they are benefiting long-term. Keep that perspective in mind. It is a good goal to set your eyes on the NBA, but also have a backup plan. Know what your passions are at every level. Keep dreaming and keep working hard!Reply Ezekiel Junior Good day Lamar i’m Ezekiel Junior i’m 18 years old i’m a citizen of Nigeria i’m 6’3 tall i have more interest in playing the basket ball and joining the NBA basketball team but i don’t have anyone to give me details on how to register to the college please i need your help on details thanks Reply Lamar Hull Ezekiel – Happy New Year! Thanks for sending me a message. Send me an email to my personal email address, you can find that on my contact page. Reply Kevin Jackson I did not use my real name for good reason. I played elite basketball in AAU, college, and in the pros (overseas). I just want to provide deeper insight into those statistics that were posted. The average basketball fan doesn’t have a clue of how good elite basketball players are – by elite, I mean guys playing major college basketball on up to the pro level (s) – and their work ethic and the quality of their training is reflected in this. It is hard. Very, very, very, hard. Everyone is a starry-eyed dreamer who believe that the odds don’t apply to them. There are players who could go down to virtually any YMCA in the country, and look like Michael Jordan … who will not log a single minute in the NBA. I am one of those players. These kids need to understand what they’re truly up against. The truth is better than coddling a child’s feelings, because then they can make a decision on whether they want to buckle down or just play for fun. The odds are, no matter how hard you work, you will not make it. While a lot of NBA players worked to make it, the same is true for the players who didn’t make it. I know many total gym rats who were never close to being NBA prospects. IMG Academy spits out well coached, well conditioned and hard-working basketball players every year who never sniff the league. Parents spending thousands upon thousands per year to give their child an advantage and they don’t make it to the NBA. Thats just one academy. Talent matters whether people want to accept it or not. If the NBA is your goal, just know that you are talking about being in the top 1% of prospects in the WORLD. Even then, there are no guarantees for a long career, as the average is about 4.5 to 5 years. This post was not to discourage but to encourage. Its not IMPOSSIBLE, but you should know that it is extremely unlikely, and that you should work on your game, mentally and physically, in a way that reflects that reality. Reply Lamar Hull Thanks for sharing Kevin! I appreciate someone who has accomplished a lot in the game of basketball to share their opinion. I agree no article can reflect what it really takes to make it to college, NBA or overseas. That’s not the goal of this article, but the statistics are accurate. Really read the article and the comments. The goal is to encourage young players but be realistic! Yea, you can be like every other kid wanting to play in the NBA, but you must have a backup plan, like playing overseas, becoming specialized in a specific field, etc. The percentages of making it the NBA or even college on a full scholarship is a small percentage, kids miss this point and have to plan for what happens when they don’t achieve that dream that every other kid is dreaming about. Overall, I agree with what you are saying because it is reality. I still encourage kids to dream, work hard and become a better person at the end of the day. Dreaming is what young people do and it is a great thing! Have dreams, there is nothing wrong with trying…if we said don’t try because the percentages are low, the American dream dies which is what makes this country great. It is believed anybody can be successful with a lot of hard work. Doesn’t necessarily mean at basketball, but at something!Reply Dru Ouellettei am 12 years old, i have played at the td garden . and i have been playing since i was 3. Ive always loved the game and it is the one sport i would practice 5-6 times a week for 3-6 hours. I am 5’6 Im the best on my team. and i average at least 20 points a game. i would like to know if I should keep pushing myself or should I still consistently do this? THANKS =)Reply Lamar Hull Hey Dru – thanks for sharing your story! That’s impressive. You are doing what you love to do and if you are passionate about it, keep doing it! Not to say this hard work is going to result in you making the NBA, because the odds are so small, but that doesn’t mean your hard work won’t payoff. I worked out a lot at your age…and I would say I’m successful now running my own business. I would create this success to my work ethic, determination, and perseverance on and off the court. Those habits created behaviors that stuck with me for the rest of my life and I’m so thankful for it. So, there is a purpose continue to do what you love and wherever it takes you, you will look back and be thankful for the hard work in your younger days!Reply Email Hi I was wondering if you could answer my question is how do you get in the nba and what nba scouts are looking thank you Reply Lamar Hull Hey – thanks for reading and commenting. There is no sure way to get in the NBA. I would suggest first and foremost, love the game! Have a genuine passion and love for the game. Next, work on your game every chance that you get. Work on the fundamentals of the game every single day. Spend hours in the gym perfecting your game. Don’t just go through the motions, push yourself every time you workout. Play a lot of basketball, recreational, competitive in the AAU arena, go to various local and national camps. Have good grades! Get in to college by being recruited. You have to work on a lot of the things mentioned. Are you a superstar on your high school team? Create a highlight video, write men’s basketball programs. Do these things and there are a lot of other things you can do as well, but there is no guarantee you will make it to the NBA. Give yourself the best chance to take your career as far as you can whether that is the NBA, D-League, Overseas, etc. Always have a back-up plan or another passion because making it to the NBA is very tough and is a slim chance. Reply Pratyansh Sehgal Hey lamar that was a really good article! !…This is pratyansh…I’m a citizen of India…I’m 17 yrs old standing 5’10″…looking forward to enter in the nba or nba d league is it possible for me to do so?? I Work Hard every day for 3 to 4 hours…Day by day the interest of basketball is increasing in India. And the numbers of players r too! !…The above question is for me as well as for all the talented players of our nation who r eager to know as well..we r working our butt off every single day to reach that level,to enter in that zone,that aura! !..soo plz we r eager to know….plz do reply…Reply Lamar Hull Pratyansh….thanks for the message and its great hearing that players from your country are interested in playing in the NBA. As the article mentions, the NBA isn’t for everyone. It takes a unique skill and talent to make it to the NBA. As a 17 year old who is 5’10”, my question to you is how much time did you put in to the game growing up? You have to understand there are millions of kids your age doing the exact same thing that you are. Are you being recruited by the tops schools in your country? Do you have any opportunities to play on any national teams there? Those are the questions I would ask someone in your shoes. If the answer is yes, you are doing a lot of the right things! I played overseas and there are a ton of great opportunities there as well to make a living playing the game you love. I would say keep working hard, make the right connections, market yourself on You Tube, write college coaches, get yourself out there so that people can see your talent. Reply Khalid Hey Lamar! My name is Khalid I’m 5’3 and a half a little overweight in 8th grade. Im a starting Point Guard who plays JV level instead of U14 i average about 16 PPG and 7 assists. I was wondering if you can give me advice on how to lose weight and get taller! And can u please read the link below? Reply Lamar Hull Khalid – thanks for reading and commenting…In terms of losing weight, the first step is to eat the right foods that are healthy. Reduce the amount of junk food and unhealthy foods. That has to be a top priority! Make conditioning, whether that is basketball and/or weightlifting workouts a part of your every day schedule. Running and exercise is important. You have to be diligent and consistent about the things mentioned to help you lose weight. In terms of getting taller, please let me know if you find out…I have always wanted to know that answer as well :)…Replyjoseph migilaiam Joseph migila, an albino person in condition, i live in the eastern part of Africa a country named Tanzania, i am very very inspired with this article. off course i know that great things don’t happen so simple, i am 19 years old and i play basketball, i am in the last year of my college now but due to my albino condition i have been pushed away and i have misses a lot of chances to exercise my talent, i have never give up and yes i have this dream of becoming an NBA player i need you to help me even the procedures because i have got no idea where to start. i do drills everyday and i even played in my college team but the situation here is bad because albinos are hunted and killed so most of the time i hide please help me just the procedures for outside US players to focus to the NBA. Reply Lamar Hull Hi Joseph – thanks for reading my article. I’m glad the article inspired you…that’s the goal, but on the contrary, the real purpose of this article is to be realistic about what it takes to make it to the NBA. Your situation is very interesting and I honestly don’t know any legal ways for you to get out of your situation. For me, I wouldn’t even talk about what it takes to make it to the NBA, it is more so how do you survive? It is sad to see a specific type of person or group is hunted by other people, that is disturbing to me. Your focus should be how do you survive and get out of that country? That would be the first step for you to open up better basketball opportunities for yourself. To answer your question, it takes a ton of hard work, dedication, skill, talent, and many other things. There is no secret formula on making it to the NBA…you have love the game and sacrifice many things to develop your skills in to a NBA caliber type player. This comes with experience, hard work, the right exposure, coaching, and many other things. Replyjoseph migilathank you very very much you have just opened up my mind and yes the first step i gotta go out of this country i know it is hard but it is all about being dedicated, i really thank you for a good advice. you asked me on how do i survive, off course it is sad but what i always do is i play where there are a lot of people and that is an outdoor court as you know people like me cannot take 10 minutes on sun so i always wait till 4 pm and most of the time i stay inside.it is becouse there are no indoors courts even in my college, anyways i wont give up and i will do my best thank you .. Reply Lamar Hull Never give up Joseph! I will pray for your situation. Replyjoseph migilathank you (asante sana) God bless you …Jaike Lockhart I’m 13 yrs old and like others love the sport of basketball. I’m 5’7 and play with some other the starting players for the varsity because they stay on my block. I would have thought I couldn’t make it before I saw this web site. By the way i’m going to focus more on my grades. Thank you Mr. Hull Reply Lamar Hull Jaike – thanks for reading! That’s awesome to see you on the varsity team at such a young age. I will say this article doesn’t say it is easy to make it to the NBA and doesn’t even mean if you are the best in your area or your high school team you have a great chance of making it to the NBA. I don’t want to kill your confidence, but it is very tough to make it to the NBA. Not to say you can’t do it, but there are a lot of factors that get players to that level and yes, grades are one of them. Even if you don’t make it to the NBA, grades should be one of the most important things you focus on because you always need a backup plan. Having good grades will help you standout amongst all of the other applicants for a specific job. Reply John Espinosa Hey I’m 21 years old, I was going to college but then I had stopped because I didn’t have enough money to go on with my next semester. Plus I had to start all over and become a freshmen in college, just because I had transferred from one school to another and not all my credits had went over. But I never wanted to give up playing but I somewhat had to just to get a job and try to save up money to go back to school and play. If I do go to the gym everyday work in my game try my best to perfect it would I still have a chance of making it or is it too late for me ? I don’t really go to camps because I don’t have the money for it or the transportation so if I was to try and get exposure i wouldn’t really get it. For parental support I don’t really have much I mainly just have me, myself, and I. Which is fine cuz I can do it all on my own but my main problem with that is money. Reading this article helped me a lot and I wanted to know if it was too late for a guy like me. Also if you don’t mind if you can tell me how much would it be to have a good basketball coach/trainer to come and help me try and make it. Reply Lamar Hull John – thanks for the comment and for reading my article! I think any player that has a unique talent and are really good will be noticed. Biggest thing for you is to get back in school and display your skills, and whatever happens after that will be based on your basketball performance. I’m not sure what level you are playing at but I think about Allen Iverson. He went to jail in high school and was counted out, and still made it to the NBA. Again, he was a unique talent, all state in high school basketball and football. Dominated as a freshman as a D-1 player. Making it to the NBA is a slim chance, but work hard and live with the results. Replyquintenfrom quinten im 13 and going to high school and I have been working hard and putting in the work as much as I can but people around me that are 15 16 hardly put in work and they are better then me and idk y and is it ok to ball hog a little to get like 25 points or so a game and get no assit or get assit and points because I really want scouts to find me and watch me play and get noticed but I here its hard when you are living in Canada Reply Lamar Hull Quinten – keep working hard man. Don’t compare your game to your peers, let your game speak for itself by working hard every single day! It isn’t hard anymore to get noticed with today’s technology. Get your highlights on You Tube, consistently display your skills there…a lot of stars are born from You Tube. Create a high light tape and send them to colleges of your choice! In my book, I discuss how to write to college coaches. Network on basketball sites or platforms that can get people to see your skills. Don’t accept defeat, have initiative to set yourself a part!Reply Quinten Thank I I’m now so motivated to go back on the court and work hard every day and were can I find the book you were talking about Reply Lamar Hull On my homepage here: inspirationalbasketball.com or on Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/Beginners-Becoming-Better-Basketball-Player/dp/150058407X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1408790602&sr=8-1&keywords=lamar+hull Reply Sergey Ok so I was at a clippers game yesterday and i said wow these people play basketball and get paid. I have been playing basketball since i was 6 years old and im 13 now. Im really good at it and everyone says so to. Im 5’3 but im not letting that stop me. But i relized that its so so hard to get in and thats kinda holding me back and i dont have any motivation. Im in 8th grade and i have good grades Reply Lamar Hull Don’t let the fact that it is hard to make it to the NBA, stop you from working on your game and perfecting your skills. If that was the case, none of the players you are watching would have made it. Yes, it is hard to make it to the NBA, but that doesn’t stop millions of players from trying. Developing your skills provides a sense of satisfaction whether you make it to the NBA or not. There are other avenues such as overseas, D-league where you get paid to play the game. Please don’t make your passion about getting paid, that will get you nowhere because that motivation will not last. Your passion should be for the love of the game and let everything else fall in place. Keep working hard!Reply Leon This article just makes it that much easier for me to appreciate the players talent that is being displayed at the NBA or even college level. It seems like too many people forget that all the players in the NBA had to work extremely hard to get to the position they are in. People are quick to say that an average or under average player is bad or terrible, but at the same time seem to forget that that average player was most likely a standout college and high school player and just happens to be surrounded by all of the bests standout college players who are doing whatever they can to stop him. The NBA is really the best of the best and this article really reminded me that a bench warmer in the NBA would probably look like a legend if he went to a local gym and joined a pickup game. Reply Lamar Hull You are exactly right Leon. Thanks for reading!Reply Jose Ozuna Great article ! Im 21 right turn 22 next month and last year I tried out for the NBA D league in NY and was nervous at first. Once I got into the groove I was fine and honestly was not scared of the competition. I told myself with more hard work I can see myself over most of those guys in the tryout. It was an amazing experience and showed me what it takes to play at that level. I definitely want to make the NBA one day and I will not give up until I do. For most kids nowadays who to play in the NBA keep playing and practicing don’t ever let up those slim chances could make your dream a reality. College is not necessary to play in the NBA if you haven’t attended but obviously it’s preferred many players like myself have just tried out for the D league made it and then find themselves into the NBA but you have to work hard and put your heart out there. If you believe in yourself then you are half way to achieving your dreams Reply Lamar Hull Jose that’s awesome man! I wish you nothing but success. It is good to hear players who are so close to fulfilling their dream. You are right, keep working hard, have the passion for the game, and let the chips fall. Thanks for sharing!Reply Kobe Bryant I’m 14 years old and a freshman in high school. I played for the freshman team at my school team this year and fared alright. It is my dream to make it to the NBA but as much as I want to work on my game, I never get a chance to for more than a couple hours a day. Some people count me out because I don’t look the part as I am Indian. But I’ve got one of the better shots in my high school and I’m a solid 5’11 and still growing. Any suggestions? Reply Lamar Hull It doesn’t matter what you look like, so don’t let that discourage you. Hard work and determination doesn’t discriminate. My suggestion is find as much time as you can to work on your game. You have to outwork all of the players that are going after the same goal. It is wanting it more than your competition. I’m sure there are some talented guys in your school, do you want it more than them? I know you said your time is limited but you can pick up a basketball and work on your game outside in the driveway. Perfecting your game every day the right way, will be the key to your success. You are practicing for tomorrow’s opportunity!Reply Josh Story Hi, im 12 years old and I want to join the NBA. This website is awesome, have anymore tips Reply Lamar Hull Hi Josh – thanks for the comment! Check out my book on the homepage of this site or on Amazon, see here: http://www.amazon.com/Beginners-Becoming-Better-Basketball-Player/dp/150058407X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1462544123&sr=8-1&keywords=lamar+hull. You will find a ton of tips!Reply Demond Clayton Lamar Hull said “You were at a disadvantage because you are only 5’9″ how so? There were several people shorter than you have made their way on to a NBA roster. The famous Muggsy Bogues is 5’3 and the recently retired Earl Boykins is 5’5,could you clarify your statement? Reply Lamar Hull Demond – thanks for the comment! I’m saying I was at more of a disadvantage because of the great odds of making it to the NBA, then being as short as I am. You mentioned a few short NBA players. Let me ask you this, what’s the percentage of short players that size compared to the total number of NBA players to ever play in the league? Let me know that percentage is! I’m not saying I ever doubted myself and always believed I could make it, what I’m saying based on my size it was lot harder, I needed to be super special at that size to make it, because you don’t see it as often. Reply Josh lanceon I’m doing suicide if I don’t make it to the NBA or I’ll ask the Illuminati to put me in the nba. Like y waste half of your life on nothing Reply Lamar Hull Definitely wouldn’t want you to commit suicide, but why wasting half of your life on nothing is one way of looking at it. What if all the current NBA players thought that it was for nothing, what would the NBA look like? Everybody has a dream, those who work hard consistently, have the determination and perseverance and some luck are successful at whatever they do. Not saying you would make it, but if you don’t try if you truly love the game, then you have wasted time. Reply Shawn Shaukat I’m 13 years old and am 6’3. I play on a 9th grade team and manage to still average a double-double. My love for basketball is so high. The NBA has been a dream of my since i was 9. I work hard and practice almost everyday for 2-3 hours. I feel like i have the potential but i just don’t know how to get in the eyes of scouts. I just wanted to know if i have the chance of going big or not. Reply Lamar Hull Shawn that is a pretty good size for 13 year old. Those are pretty good stats as well! I would say just keep working on your game everyday and getting better, improve on your strengths and weaknesses. Play AAU, go to exposure basketball camps in your local area, get a good college or high school mentor/basketball trainer who can help improve you skills, post your highlights on You Tube, dominate the game in middle school and high school, write the colleges of your choice NOW while you are in middle school and let them know you are interested and why (basketball and school reasons), send the coaches your stats, grades, accolades, basketball schedule, coaches/parents contact info, and most importantly have AWESOME grades. Not just okay grades, but standout from the million kids who have the same dream as you and want to make it to the NBA. Here are 2 good articles you should read that I wrote: https://inspirationalbasketball.com/how-to-earn-a-college-basketball-scholarship/ and https://inspirationalbasketball.com/99-ways-to-earn-a-basketball-scholarship/. Hope that helps. Good luck and thanks for reading/commenting!Reply Hunter I’ve been playing basketball since the 4th grade but it’s hard to get outside since I live in new York but I get outside when I can no matter the weather I work my hardest and my team had the best record in new York this year and I just don’t really have the parental support though. Reply Lamar Hull Hunter – thanks for the comment. That’s tough when young kids do not have the parent support. I would say don’t let that stop you. I think about all the players who make it to college and NBA, some not all, have some interesting stories where they didn’t have any support, but still made a way to the NBA through perseverance, not taking no for an answer, and determination. So many kids want to make it to the NBA, so I’m not sure how you will get more practice time, but you need to figure it out. Whether that is sitting down with your parents yourself and showing them your passion for the game and having their support to get to a local gym would be so important for you. I don’t know what that looks like, but find relatives, friends, etc. that can help. I think about the story of Derek Anderson former NBA player, read here: https://inspirationalbasketball.com/stamina-book-written-by-derek-anderson/. This guy grew up without his mom and dad for the most part, lived in abandoned apartments, had a son when he was a teenager, was helping the elder take their groceries in for money. This guy made it to the NBA, he didn’t let his circumstances dictate his passion and dedication and will to live out his dream. Read this story and don’t let your surroundings determine your next steps. Don’t take no for an answer!Reply John Blessing Shyiramberei live in the u.k. and i want to make it to the nba, would it be easier going there through an american college or through a professional team here. Or should i join the euroleugue. If im not studying, im ever playing basketball or watching it, my parents dont want me to play proffessional bball, but that just gives me a desire to be better. I am 13 yrs old and play for a national team in england, i also bought cant be guarded, do you think it will work,Reply Lamar Hull Hi John, thanks for the comment and reading this article! I would say it would definitely be great to be a standout collegiate player here in the states, but if you are a great basketball player it doesn’t matter where you are located. If you are 13 and are playing for the national team, you have a lot of upside. A lot more European players are being drafted in to the NBA. Rubio was a young PG on the national team and now he is playing in the NBA. I actually played in Kings Lynn England for a bit. Great country! Anyways, talent will always get noticed if you are a great player, that’s the key! Having the skill set, displaying that skill set at a high level and being in the right environment helps. I would encourage you to keep working on your game everyday, displaying great skill at a young age for the national team, write some US college coaches if your desire is to come to the states. If you are a standout college player here at a high level, you will get noticed more for the NBA draft. A lot of kids don’t make it to the NBA, so the journey is tough but believe in yourself and continue to work on your game and let everything else take care of itself. Reply Nadhav This article was a good inspiraton to me thank you. Iam an indian in ohio, iam the best shooter in my county with an amzing stroke i make my shots a lot. Iam going to 9 grade trying to make jv and varsity, but the coaches don’t have a good impression on me even though i averaged 15 pts in 8 grade. Iam 5/9 at 128 pds. The problem is that the coaches only think i can shoot even though iam working super hard on my weaknesses which my team mates have recognized and told me but the coaches arent honoring that. What should i do? and what are some stuff as a 9 grader i should do for stronger and bigger arms? How many hrs should i spend in the gym. What are some reallly good camps i should go for exposure? Is the img basketball camp worth it? Thanks a lot Reply Lamar Hull Thanks for reading and providing your comment. That’s good to hear you are a great shooter. I would say be an all around player, do the the little things, such as rebounding (boxing out), diving on the floor for loose balls, playing great defense, being able to handle the ball very well. Those things will definitely put you ahead. Don’t worry about what people think, understanding your weaknesses is what you have to do (this is the hardest step) and then improving on those weaknesses is the next step! Get a mentor who knows the game that can really help you. Players who are good, shouldn’t have a hard time with that because people gravitate to talent. I’m not going to put a number on how many hours you should practice in the gym, look Pistol Pete Maravich up, he used to spend north of 4-5 hours a day practicing. He wanted greatness, so he just worked on his skill set to make himself a better player everyday. He was in love with the process. Be in love with the process and journey and your will, should help you determine how many hours you need to get better and improve at a higher level. A lot of kids are spending tons of hours in the gym everyday, I spent about 2 hours practicing every day and wish i would have gave more. I made it to college and professional basketball overseas, but could have definitely gave more. I’m not sure of any camps in Ohio, just go to Google and search for “youth basketball camps + location” or “basketball camps + location”. I’m hopeful I will have my basketball camp finder updated soon with a ton of great local basketball camps for each state. Stay tuned…Reply Nate Hey, my name is Nate and I’m in eight grade and I’m 6’3. Ball is my life. I’m currently not on an aau team right now. I play at a small D5 school, But one day I am looking to play at a high level such as D1 ball. My team went to state this year, and I’m just looking to get my name out there. I love to play the sport, I spend about 3 hours a day working on my game, and I will be joining a school summer league team. I’m a good mid-range shooter and three shooter. Just curious on what the chances are of playing at a higher level on day? Reply Lamar Hull Nate thanks for the comment! It is really up to you. How bad do you want to play at the next level? Are your 3 hours a day spent wisely? Are you working extremely hard during those 3 hours? Are you working on the right skill set and fundamentals? Are you improve your weaknesses and your strengths? Are your grades outstanding? I would encourage you to play AAU to get that type of experience. Put some highlights on You Tube and attend exposure camps or basketball camps that college programs are having. Write college coaches expressing your interest in their school and basketball program and providing a highlight tape. Let your talent speak for itself, be the best in your area period! Don’t leave any question!Reply Daniel Hi, great article, i’m sure it will motivate plenty of young people. I am 15 years old living in Lithuania, so college basketball or AAU aren’t an option, it will be even harder for me to make it. Anyway, i’m a great shooter, the best in my school (i’m a freshman). I really want to make it in to the NBA and I believe that i am prepared to work my butt off for it. I practice about 5 hours a day, and when i’m not playing ball, i’m usually at home watching NBA games and studying them. My grades are good, so academics won’t be trouble when it comes to my career. I do have very bad genetics everywhere except in height (my grandpa is 6’7). I’m 6’1 and I weigh only about 140lbs, so I can’t play above the Small Forward position and I sometimes struggle to post-up smaller guards depending on their toughness. I’m also not the fastest, so I’ve been running a lot lately trying to solve that problem. I’ve also been going to the gym and eating a lot, looking to gain that weight and athleticism. My favourite player is Kobe, and I believe that i have a similar mentality and mindset to him. That’s about all I have to say, if you’d like to contact me and ask about how my career is going, you can add and pm me or Instagram (dakarorskis) or Facebook (Danielius Karakorskis). I’m thinking about buying your book, it really intrigued me and I hope it will help. Reply Lamar Hull Hi Daniel, thanks for the comment. You sound like you have a good plan and are very focused and determined. My advice is to get better everyday and work harder than the next person, be in love with the process and journey and continue to improve. Seek a mentor that has the knowledge to guide you through the process. Yes, my book can be a mentor but will be a supplement to a personal mentor who you can see face to face. If you buy the book let me know how it helped or didn’t help. My email address is [email protected]. I added you on Facebook. I’m looking forward to seeing your career unfold. Lastly, have no fear when it comes to guarding any other player!Reply Nate Thanks for the reply. Do you think cause I’m playing in such a small school that it will be harder for me to go on to the next level? Reply Lamar Hull Not at all. If you have unseen talent then no…Put yourself in position to be different and highly skilled. Put your highlights on You Tube, write coaches, do the things others won’t do. Continue to work on your game everyday, harder than the next!Reply Chris Dear Lamar,I’m 15 and I was born and lived in Athens, Greece until 2009 when I moved to America. My dream is to be an NBA player. I practice as much as I can but its hard because I have an ingrown toenail that can’t be operated on. I’m a really good midrange shooter and I can explode to the basket. It helps having a double rim because I’ve only practiced on it for a year and I went from 0 to 100 from then to now with my shooting. I only started playing basketball last year as well. I didn’t make the freshman team but that just motivated me to keep practicing. Once I get rid of this injury, do you think that with how quickly I keep getting better, I can make my team next year, put up good numbers that keep getting better throughout the years and then one day make it to the NBA? The only thing keeping me back from practicing all day is that injury. I hope it’s done soon. Reply Lamar Hull Hi Chris – sorry to hear about your toenail issue, but your story is still inspiring. Experiences are what make people who they are! You getting cut from the team was probably the best thing for you. That puts a certain type of drive in you to want to succeed whether you make it next year or not, you are developing a specific characteristic that will make you successful in life. I wouldn’t focus on making it to the NBA as it is very difficult. I would focus on being the best basketball player you can be by consistently working on your game, making your team, getting playing time and continuing your success in the game. Good luck this upcoming year and I wish you luck in your basketball career. Reply Raffie Banisa Hi I’m 13 years old and I’m about 5’9 5’10 ish. I play basketball a lot and I really love the game. I have dreams of making to the NBA or playing in college. But the bad part is I know that I won’t. I just know that there are a lot of people that are a lot better than me. I am a really good player in my opinion but I just know that I won’t make it. I do some camps and play on some teams and I am the best out of all my friends. Can you give me some reasons or motivation on what to do or what kind of mind set to have? Reply Lamar Hull Raffie – thanks for the comment! It is always interesting to hear young player’s story and what they are going through. Playing in the NBA and even college is tough. Your first step to being a better basketball player is your mindset. If you don’t believe you can make it whether you make it or not, you have defeated yourself already, you might as well stop playing the sport! I didn’t care how many people told me I was too short, the odds, wasn’t good enough, etc. I still worked on my game every day to prove them wrong and to prove to myself that hard work pays off and it did for me. At 5’8″ I played D-1 and professionally overseas. Even in the business world, I was told I’m not good enough, not smart enough and now I own my own business. Again, the first step is to change your mindset and believe in yourself. Don’t worry about what you can’t control, which is knowing there are a ton of kids who have the same dream. Control your perspective of what you need to accomplish which is getting in the gym and work out as hard as you can every day consistently. Go to google and search for the motivational speaker Eric Thomas. I listen to him every morning when I get discouraged because we all do at times. However, there is a difference between feeling discouraged and being discouraged. Overcome your fears of failing and give it your all and let the chips fall. Good luck, you can accomplish great things by having a positive mind and outlook!Reply Isaiah Lamar, I, like millions of other kids, have a passion for basketball. I absolutely love the game. My problem is that I’m 14, and I work 20-30 hours at a local restaurant. I spend a lot of time with my family. My parents do not like the game, and tell me that it is just impossible to be in the NBA when there are kids living in poverty with nothing else to do but to play basketball 24/7. I know that with my tight schedule, it is very hard to ride my bike 20 minutes to a nearby park to practice for 3-4 hours. It’s hard for me to find time, but I love the game too much to give it up. If I’m lucky, I practice once a week for 3-4 hours at that park. I’ve asked my parents to install a basketball goal or purchase a portable one, but being the anti-basketball people they are, they won’t. Currently, I’m going into the eighth grade. In 7th, I was on the bench for the B team and was only 5’3″. I have grown a couple inches and have improved my mechanics, but still lack the time to play. What should I do? Reply Isaiah I should add… I work only in the summers at this restaurant… It’s hard to get to a gym in the fall or winter for my parents…Reply Lamar Hull Isaiah – thanks for the comment. My question for you is how bad do you want it? I know you are young and I have seen families and parents make decisions for their kids not understanding that they are crippling their child from future development. It is tough when your parents don’t support your passion, but do you support your passion is the question? I can’t give you specific advice on how because I’m not in your shoes, but figuring out will be a challenge for you, but it comes back to how bad do you want it. Do you want it kind of bad or will you be fully invested in the development of your game. I guarantee there are other kids in your shoes somewhere in the world, but they are finding a way. Whether that is dribbling outside, working on your form, getting to that park when you can on a consistent basis, working on your game before work or when you have time to get some extra reps at practice. You mentioned that you play on the B team, how many times have you went before practice and stayed after practice while the gym was still open and worked on your game? Reply Marcel Jr Dieurestil I want to get better at basketball everyday so after high school I can play at a good college but my parents don’t support me in basketball what should I do. Reply Lamar Hull Marcel – I’m actually writing an article on this topic…stay tuned. It seems like this happens to a lot of kids. Can you be specific about how your parents don’t support you in basketball? Reply Ryan I’m 15 and everyone told me I should try out for the basketball team and I made the team. But my coach quit before we started practice and now I have no way of practicing with my team. I can only practice by myself until we find a coach and I’m great at basketball but I can’t get better without no coach BTW I’m about 5,10 9th grade and can almost dunk Reply Lamar Hull Ryan – congrats on making the team. You will have to change your mindset! Don’t get me wrong have an experienced coach/mentor guiding you along the way is super important in developing your game, but what about the ton of hours you spend at home working out on your game alone, your coach won’t be there. That is what You Tube and the internet are for. There are tons of resources to help you develop your game, great coaches are online and will provide tons of drills to develop your skill as long as you execute. You can only control what you can control. If there is no coach, no team, work on your game religiously until that situation changes. Don’t put your destiny in your view of your circumstance by not having a coach right now. Reply Charles I am 12 and i wanted to go to the nba since i was 10 put i always made pg jv not pg varisty i want to go pro like any time soon Reply Lamar Hull Keep working hard Charles!Reply Jasper Kibari Nyanjom I’m a 19 year old living in Kenya. I’m 6″1_ – – 1.84m tall and I want to make it to the NBA badly enough…I know I’ll make it there soon enough…I’m still in High school and I workout everyday…I work very hard because I have to make my dream a reality…thankyou for this article,It’s shown me I’m on the right track. Reply Lamar Hull Thanks for the comment Jasper! Keep working hard my man. Look forward to hearing your story. Reply Emiliano Hernandez Im 14 and want to be in the NBA but basketball is my one and only dream I need advice on how to make it as a high school player, collage, then NBA please if you can reply it would mean the world to me Reply Lamar Hull Emiliano – thanks for the comment. Work hard on your game every chance you get, have a good grades, be noticed online and at popular camps. Small percentage of players make it, but don’t give up not trying!Reply Blake Thank you for this website Lamar it has made me think that I will have to work my butt of even more and I will say this to you I am a 13 soon 14 year old 6 footer but I am on the chunkier side which I hate but I am willing to put in the hard work to at least move past the highschool level my dream of course is to become an nba player but I don’t know if I will have the talent I’m a pretty good fadeaway shooter and I hope that I can start being more ambidextrous so I can go right or left instead of just right. I just want to say thank you Lamar you honestly sound like a great guy and all of these comments about basketball you reply to them thank you for putting the time and effort into this article for everyone to see I hope you get better at basketball and have a fun life doing it. Sincerely, Blake My Instagram is balakay_is_ballin Thanks again Lamar Reply Lamar Hull No problem Blake. Glad you found some value here! Keep working hard!Reply Westley Hi, my name is Westley I’m 14 years old and about 5ft 7 inches I understand from reading the previous comments that you believe amazing things can happen if you out in the work and time. Anyway I was wondering I’m in 8th grade and am a shooting guard I’m wondering if I should ask my coach to play point guard which I am defiantly good enough to be starting point guard, I was wondering this because if I ever do make it to the NBA I will most likely play point guard because of my height. Can I have your thoughts on this Reply Lamar Hull Westley – thanks for commenting. A lot of questions to ask before I can help you. Are members of your family tall (dad, mom, uncles, siblings)? What’s your shooting percentage? Does your coach put you at the PG spot at all? I can tell you from my experiences, I’m 5’9 and most of my family members are short. I played PG in high school but averaged 30 points per game my senior year. I was the best shooter, ball-handler and everything else, but no way would i play SG in college. Reply Lamar Hull For all the comments that said their parents don’t support their dream. I wrote an article here: https://inspirationalbasketball.com/parents-dont-support-your-basketball-dreams/ that provides actionable steps on what to do if that happens! Enjoy!Replypawas I am a 8th grader extremely well at ball 2 time best player of my school,dreaming of NBA,but I think that I have REALLY less time for it. Is it true? Reply Lamar Hull I’m not sure I understand your question, are you saying you don’t have time for your dream? Reply Sam Colin I take a bunch of AP classes and my parents make me do all my homework and projects before I go outside. When I finally get outside itso dark and I can barely see. I’m a sophomore and I’m trying to make the team and I think I’ll make it cause the people ineed my school are lazy but I’m more worried about after I make the team if I’ll get picked up by a college any advice? Reply Lamar Hull Sam you can’t worry about what is out of your control, focus on what you can do everyday to improve your skills (basketball, IQ, academics, etc. ), ability to be recruited, which i mention in a lot of my comments and this post. Position yourself! That’s all you can ask of yourself, work hard and good talent isn’t hard to find!Reply Shawn A. Shaukat I am 14 years old and 6’5. I weigh 200 pounds. I am currently playing varsity basketball as a freshman at Seminole high school. I average about 14 points and 12 rebounds. Our team went to the final 5 of Florida last year so the team is pretty good. I have a strong work ethic. I play all positions but mainly Small Forward and Center. I am a big man that can shoot, dunk, make smart plays and passes. I play aau and my team went to the international finals at Disney. My grades are good and i maintain a 3.8 GPA with advanced classes. I still manage to practice 2 hours a day. My coach said if i could become more athletic then i could be ranked in the state. I feel like i have incredible potential but i need some way to get my name out to coaches and colleges. But i don’t know how to and also i dont know if i have a chance to be something special or not. Most of the people I’ve played against have said that i could make it somewhere big if i kept practicing. I wanted to ask a professional like to get some accurate information. Reply Lamar Hull Shawn – that’s great stuff. You definitely sound like you have talent! Read a lot of my comments and this post. Check out my book on my homepage or Amazon “Beginners Guide to Becoming a Better Basketball Player by Lamar Hull”. The resources are out there, You Tube, books, creating highlight videos, going to exposure camps, playing AAU, dominating in high school, they are endless. Replydavid maltohi do you think i can make the nba if i work hard iam really weak and only 5’9 a freshman the coaches dont think iam really good at basketball but everyone around me does any tips Reply Lamar Hull David – it doesn’t matter what I say, what coaches or what other people think. It is on you and the work ethic you have and the consistent time you put in to your game. Making it to the NBA is very hard and as you can see tons of kids have that same dream. Only a select few make it. Work on your game religiously and let the outcome play out the way it is supposed to. You will see if your skills are comparable to other top players based on your work ethic, persistence, determination, and energy. This will give you a good understand to see what it takes! You need to put yourself up against the top players and one way to do that is play AAU and be a star on whatever team you play on. Don’t let outside voices determine your success, put the time in!Reply Jordan young So how good would u have to be to join the nba?cuz you said your averaged 30 points and still didn’t make it…Reply Lamar Hull Jordan – great question…I averaged about 30 points in high school my senior year. Tons of players can and do average that in high school but doesn’t mean they are going to the NBA. Some players average less than that in high school and make it to the NBA. It all depends on exposure, skill set, competition level, playing against some top prospects. I was one of the most talented players in my area and didn’t really test my skill set against top Division 1 players on a consistent basis. If I did I probably wouldn’t have averaged 30 a game. My high school was small and so where all the schools we played against. I don’t take anything a way from my work ethic and the time I put in to the game, but I wasn’t good enough especially at 5’9″ I needed to be exceptional at that size and in high school and i didn’t play against top players who already had division 1 scholarships wasn’t my fault, high school just didn’t play against those types of schools. There are a million of kids and only a select few make it to the NBA, not everyone is going to make it. The best of the best will!Reply Ginobili Cornwall I’m 13 I started playing basketball last year summer I’m a great student and I love basketball I’ve been training hard putting up shots bit this article has really helped me and showede what I have to do I mean I’ve been training hard but not hard enough I’m 6’1 I play SG but I live in a small island of Antigua and Barbuda I’ve watched alllll the basketball videos I sleep with my too but I think I’m lacking opportunity because of where I live but I won’t let that stop me I have to work harder putting in hours every single day but I know I will make it and I know you guys will too see you guys in 2023. Ginobili Cornwall Reply Lamar Hull Ginobili – I like your mindset and determination. Don’t every think where you are located determines your opportunity. A lot of kids make it from small areas. Get your stuff up on youtube consistently. Write college coaches, go to any exposure basketball camps that you can near your area if there are any. You should be recording all of your workouts and games, etc. If your talent comes through that screen, people will see. Reply Shahbaz Singh Goraya Hii Lamar, I’m from India & a 19 yr old guy & 6’3″ tall. I played for last 3 seasons of my high school as a main starter & competed at d district level. But since I had to migrate to Australia, I dropped over an year & a half after completing my high school with good grades, & didn’t competed or played with a team & a coach for almost 2 years now. I haven’t been able to find d necessary guidance & supervision needed 2 succeed & learn at a young age. Despite all d hardships I’m trying my level best 2 become d best ball player I can become, whatever I know from past experiences & learning from Internet (You Tube especially). D Situation will stay like this till I don’t get 2 Australia & get started with my life on track, while at d same time , utilizing my free time working out, playing with local college guys 2 makemy NBA dream become a reality. So I wanna ask u2 how 2 take that next step of getting even closer 2 my ambition ………. Reply Lamar Hull Shahbaz – please email me at [email protected] for more clarification, so I can provide the best advice. Thanks and looking forward to hearing from you. Thanks!Reply Abdul I know I was born to be a Basketball player, I am 16 and 6″3 1/2 and a very athletic player I can dunk as well..and I think I’m still growing taller. However I’m in my Junior yr and I didn’t play on the team my Sophomore and Freshman yr due to me failing Math class. I am not good at Math and I really don’t want that to get in the way of me playing at the next level. I want to be the best player and dominate the game…but my coach told me I have a lack of experience and said it would be tough for me to understand the pace of the game…I want to prove him wrong and show him I can be his best and dominate…All my life I’ve been an underdog. I wanna show people and prove doubters I’m up next! Anyways I live in Canada and want to play D1 in the States…with me lacking experience is it possible?? Or do I need to do D2 or D3 then work my way up?? Either way I have one more yr of Highschool to show scouts I’m a beast…do I need to avg 20 and above?? Thank you. Reply Lamar Hull Abdul – thanks for the comment. To keep that chip on your shoulder, work hard every day. Make your grades a top priority or it won’t matter how good you are. There is always someone just as good with better grades. Don’t worry about how many points you need to average, focus on being the best at your position, hustling on every play, being a great teammate, be coachable, have great grades, and work hard every day. Everything else will take care of itself!Reply Abdul I’m posting this comment just in case if you didn’t receive the other one. Man I’m 16 and 6’3 and really love this game of Basketball.. I fell in love with this game since grade 6 and from that moment I knew my future is Basketball. I want to become the best NBA I can become. I work hard but it’s inconsistent and there are many factors for that, I have failed Math in Grade 9 and 10…I really struggle with Math and have tutors but I don’t see a huge improvement and that cost me from not being able to play on the court in Grade 9, in Grade 10 I tried out for the team and made Varsity but I couldn’t play cause of my Mathematics again..and I’m now in grade 11 and I am lacking experience, my coach doesn’t think I will get the plays and everything…I wan’t to prove him wrong and everyone else that doubts me I just want to become the best player. Also since I’m in Grade 11 and I have one more yr left.how can I approach US D1 schools if I live in Canada?? And since I’m lacking experience but can understand the game very well..here let me describe my game to you. I’m very athletic, long and lanky and like to attack the basket and get some dunks in, I’m a very great defender and shot blocker, I also have a pretty good midrange game and my catch and shooting is pretty good. But I need to work on my left hand and handles and get bigger as well..and I also inconsistent with my mental game..some games I’ll be aggressive…other games I’ll be timid..how can I stop this?? Anyways, thanks man. Reply Lamar Hull Abdul – thanks for the comment. You need to work harder and stay in the gym. Inconsistency comes because you are not confident in your game. The more you practice and see the improvement in your game, the more you will confident on the court. Play as much basketball in your free time as well to validate your hard work when your practicing on your game. Hope that helps!Reply Abdul Thank you, also how can I ignore people that mock my dream and tell me I can’t do it?? Reply Lamar Hull Ignore them and work on your game every day. That ignorance from others, can help be a part of your driving passion to succeed. They mock you because they can’t do it. Remember that! No matter if you make it or not, you will be a better person for it and find other successful things to happen in your life because of your consistent dedication for the game of basketball. Replyaustin tibbs Thank you for the advice about basketball and the efforts its been helping my alot being that im 6’1 and staring my freshman year. I think i wouldnt be as good as i am by practicing if i didnt have inspiration Reply Lamar Hull Austin – thanks for the comment! What is your inspiration? Reply Enny Hey my name’s enny and I stay in nz am currently 15 and 5″7 I get discouraged by my parents cos every time I play a game and have the chance to show myself I get nervous and messup. I go to school training everyday I would like to work more but there are really no gyms around the only way I could get a gym is to pay but since my parents are not the richest or kindest I don’t really go I get chances to go to camps but same problems I aspire to make it to the NBA but I am always put down every where I go sometimes I give up but bring myself backup any idea how u can help me thinking of applying for a scholarship but I just don’t think I could make it thisng like this just inspire me to work harder ty so much Reply Lamar Hull Enny – thanks for the comment. If you go outside and work on your game with just a basketball, what will your parents say? If all you have is a basketball and a dream, why do you have to be at school training or a gym? I understand the weather may not always permit, but be creative in your passion and use what you have. Getting nervous is okay, but if you work on your game tirelessly, eventually that nervousness will turn in to confidence. Don’t let any one stop you from trying with what you have. Reply DCI am a pretty good basketball player, my coach recently compared me to lebron because of my great decision making, and my passing. I am also a threat from the 3 point line. I have okay grades, but not as good as I would like them to be. I would like to play for a big time program, and get noticed early. I am constantly working on my craft, and I want to be successful. Do you have any advice for me? P. S. I really liked your article, it really inspired me Reply Lamar Hull Thanks for the comment. Continue to work on your game more and harder than the next player in your region, city, etc. If your not considered the top player in your area, then you still have a lot of work to do. Having that skill set and talent will attract coaches. Don’t listen to comparisons develop your self on and off the court, know who you are by your work ethic, passion and dedication to the game. Play AAU, write coaches, go to camps, etc. When your talent shows up in everything you do related to basketball, community and academics the notice part will follow inevitably. Reply DCThank you Reply Islam Awad Hi Lamar. I am not sure if you will reply to this at all but I want to share this with you anyways. I am 15 years old. Not only am I just barely 5 ft and not very big but I have been cut from the team for my 3rd consecutive time. The last time I played team basketball was in 5th grade in my old school. I dont want to sound cocky but I am very good. I make up for my size wth exceptional ball handling. A nice shot and very good defense and work ethic. During tryouts I give it my all. My first two years trying out (7th and 8th grade) I played better than anyone out there. That is what the other kids said. I showed the coaches my all. I got cut. I was angry and depressed for months after and I still couldnt forget it until now. The kids they picked tried out for fun and they didn’t even want to make it. Some of them kept getting in trouble at school and not showing up to games. Instead of the coach learning that picking those kids was a mistake he picked them again. I was literally the only kid that had a lot of determination and work ethic. I asked my coach why and he honestly had no answer that made sense. A little while later I learned he was biased towards the kids he liked and the ones that were on the select team before (he had a pre selected list on his desk so teh kids he knew played before can play again no matter what). I couldnt be on the select team because I was not in that school district yet. Then came this year. I practiced as hard as I could and I was ready. There was a few other kids trying out for fun and they honestly were not at the level they should have been at for their freshman year basketball. Before the tryouts I had my so called friends making fun of me and telling be that there was no way i would make it and i might as well not tryout. I ignored them believing this was my year. On my first day of tryouts I sprained my foot really badly from one drill. I kept going through even though I could not walk. My mom told me to not tryout because I am risking further injury but I told her that I just cant give up. I told her this was my year. At least I thought. I gave it my all but in the end my injury held me back from performing at my max level. I got cut again. I hoped the coach would at least take me for my work ethic but no. He told me that he was sorry but it looked to him like I started playing a couple years ago and other things that made my heart crumble. I wanted to tell him that I’ve been playing my whole life and I have dreamed of playing in the NBA since I was a little boy but I couldnt. I went out and did what anyone would do. I cried and cried and cried. What hurt me even more was that the kids that made it were the kids that really started playing like a month ago and they were the ones making fun of me. They had no experience whatsoever and even this season they are not trying at all like I would. They are not playing well and all they do is mess around. I cant tell them that because they have the team jersey on their side. Now everyday I come home i get a text from one of them asking me if I am going to practie to piss me off or making fun of me and telling me I suck and I sould just kill myself. I cant handle it. This was my year. I gave it all. I have the skills and motivation to be something. But every single time I get put down. My dreams are crumbling and I just cant do it anymore. I dont even think I’ll have a chance to make it next year because they probably have that preselected list thing again I would have given it my all if I had the chance. If only they could take me for who I really am. If only they knew how good I was but now I am losing all interest in anything. Please help me. Reply Lamar Hull Thanks for the comment. I hear your story and am not sure what advice I could give you because I’m not in your environment and don’t know truly what the issue is without seeing what is truly happening. Not saying you are not providing all of the information, but whether I had 3 sides of the story I have to visually see what is accurate. My only advice is think about Jordan, he was cut from his varsity team, I was cut from the team as a college freshman, read this article as well: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2208503-big-time-athletes-who-got-cut-from-teams/. What you will notice, all these professional athletes, was told the same, had some of the same poor experiences, but guess what, they didn’t give up. They found ways and i’m sure there are some positive influences in your life. Let your work ethic speak louder than your frustration. Whether you make the team or not, build something in yourself from your frustration, failures, determination, work-ethic, to become a better person for future success in life. Reply Connor I have a question on basketball camps.. I’m 13 right now and next year I’m going to be in high school.. So What kind of places can I go to that would be good for me. Basketball camp rise.. Reply Lamar Hull Where are you located? I would say start with basketball camps in your local area. Go to basketball camps that are hosted by Colleges/Universities in your area. There are also a ton of youth basketball programs that have camps all over the US and I’m sure there are some in your local area. Go to google, search for “basketball camps location”. So for example. “basketball camps los angeles california”. Reply Omar Ehab Hey man I’m 14 years old and I started playing basketball 2 years ago after my parents finally got convinced that swimming wasn’t for me, I have been stuck with the sport for 6 or more years but finally I got the chance to play the sport I love, basketball. So I spent 4 months just training in my club without making the team then I managed to join a n average team and now I’m the best player on the team and I would like to take the next step because I’m nowhere near ready for high level basketball and I will definitely try my best. The problem is I’m in Egypt so basketball is not a famous sport and if I wanted to practice on my own I’d probably have to go somewhere far. Anyway I hope you read this and give me some advice. Reply Lamar Hull Omar – excited you get to follow your dreams. I’m not familiar with Egypt basketball, so don’t have much advice for you, but talk with those who you can find connections with online or in your immediate area that can help guide you. Good luck!Reply Omar Ehab Oh btw I’m about 5’9 or 5’10 and I play SG SF and PF in case that matters. Reply Jullian Newmancan I make it to nba with 26.7 points per game and 15.5 rebound, 20.9 assist a game. Reply Lamar Hull Jullian – thanks for the comment. That’s not up to me. That’s up to you! Keep working hard, keep performing and getting noticed by college coaches. Take one step at a time, be obsessed with improvement no matter your stats!Reply Archelaus Yazzie Can I make it to the nba with 30 points,11 rebounds, and 16 assists Reply Lamar Hull Archelaus – thanks for the comment. That’s not up to me. That’s up to you! I will tell you the same thing I stated to Jullian in the comments. Keep working hard, keep performing and getting noticed by college coaches. Take one step at a time, be obsessed with improvement no matter your stats!Reply Jackson Quentin Im 6 foot nine and in eighth grade, will be 7 feet by sophomore year. what are the odds of me making the nba? Reply Lamar Hull Thanks for the comment Jackson! Pretty tall man for your age. Odds are odds, work on your game and continue to improve!Reply Classified Hello i am 11 years old and average 20 points a game 9 rebounds and 10 assists. Can you give me a percentage of how likely I will make the NBA. P. S I am only4’11Reply Lamar Hull Don’t worry about the percentages. Focus on getting better every day, statistics are based on numbers if you surround your life around that, you are missing the point. NBA players are not born, they work on their game tirelessly! Everyone can’t make it, but give your best effort at trying!Reply LEAVE A COMMENTYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Name Email Website Comment You may use these HTML tags and attributes: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <s> <strike> <strong>Submit Now |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.where was the ending for thelma and louise filmed | Thelma And Louise film locations Thelma and Louise location: the ending: Dead Horse Point State Park, Utah Photograph: i Stockphoto Feminist road movie or male fantasies in drag? You takes your choice. The movie’s journey is from ‘Arkansas through Oklahoma and Colorado to Arizona’, but the master of deceptive locations, Ridley Scott, filmed only the last third of the movie, in the desert, outside greater Los Angeles and Bakersfield. And that was in mainly in Utah. The green, wet landscape of ‘Arkansas’ is actually an area around Gorman, north of Los Angeles and the Lockwood Valley, dressed with appropriate cattle. The gradual descent into the central valley of California at Bakersfield is used for the transition from the crowded, narrow mountains of ‘Arkansas’ to the open plains of ‘Oklahoma’. It’s north to Shafter for the train sequence, then to the dust fields and oil rigs of Taft in the west central valley. The mid-west C&W bar, where the attempted rape that turns the adventure sour takes place, is in southern Los Angeles. It was the Silver Bullet, and is now Cowboy Country, 3321 South Street, between Obispo and Downey Avenues, Long Beach. Thelma and Louise location: Meeting JD at the ‘mid-west’ motel: Vagabond Inn, South Figueroa Street, downtown Los Angeles The motel, where the pair meet up with studly JD ( Brad Pitt ), can also be found in Los Angeles. It’s the Vagabond Inn, 3101 South Figueroa Street, south of downtown LA. There’s some filming in the real Colorado, at Unaweep Canyon, Grand Junction on I-70 in the west of the state. Louise ( Susan Sarandon) phones the FBI agent from Bedrock General Store, Bedrock, Colorado. The desert scenes, while pretending to be the rather flat ‘New Mexico’, are the spectacular sandstone landscapes of the La Sal Mountains, Route 46, southeast of Moab in eastern Utah; Arches National Park, to the north of Moab and Canyonlands to the southwest. The police chase is at Cisco, Utah. Filming also took place at Thompson Springs and Valley City. And the Grand Canyon? Nope. The spectacular gorge of the final scene is not the Grand Canyon, but the Colorado River flowing through Dead Horse Point State Park, on SR 313 18 miles off Hwy 191 about 30 miles southwest of Moab. Home Movies People Places | List of known large volcanic eruptions From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from List of large volcanic eruptions)navigation search For a list of the largest recorded eruptions, see List of largest volcanic eruptions. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)This is a sortable summary of the pages Timeline of volcanism on Earth, List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions, and Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references. They are given as VEI-equivalent, as orientation [ clarification needed] of the erupted tephra volume. Overview [ edit]VEI Volcano name Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot Historical Date Geological Date in Ma Tephra or eruption name5 Puyehue-Cordon Caulle Andean Volcanic Belt 2011-06-04 AD 0.0000045Mount Hudson Andean Volcanic Belt 1991-08-08 AD 0.0000246Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 1991-06-15 AD 0.0000245 El Chichon. 1982-04-04 AD 0.0000345Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1980-05-18 AD 0.0000355Mount Agung. 1963-03-17 AD 0.0000535Bezymianny Kamchatka Peninsula 1955 AD 0.0000615 Kharimkotan Kuril Islands 1933 AD 0.0000836Quizapú Volcano Andean Volcanic Belt 1932-04-10 AD 0.0000846Novarupta Aleutian Range1912-06-06 AD 0.0001035Ksudach Kamchatka Peninsula 1907-03-28 AD 0.0001096Santa María Central America Volcanic Arc 1902-10-24 AD 0.0001135Mount Tarawera Taupo Volcanic Zone 1886-06-10 AD 0.0001296Krakatoa Sunda Arc1883-08-26 AD 0.0001325Cosigüina Central America Volcanic Arc 1835-01-20 AD 0.0001817Mount Tambora Lesser Sunda Islands 1815-04-10 AD 0.0002016? Source unknown Source unknown1808/1809 AD 0.000207 Undocumented 1808/1809 eruption [1]6 Grímsvötn Iceland 1783-85 AD 0.000231 Skaftáreldar at Laki6 Long Island (Papua New Guinea) [ citation needed]Bismarck Volcanic Arc 1660 AD 0.0003566Kolumbo, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 1650-09-27 0.0003656Huaynaputina Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 1600-02-19 AD 0.0004166Billy Mitchell Bougainville & Solomon Is.1580 AD 0.0004366 Bárðarbunga Iceland 1477 AD 0.0005396 Kuwae Vanuatu 1452-53 AD 0.0005636Quilotoa Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 1280 AD 0.0007367 Mt. Rinjani Lombok Island1257 0.000759 1257 Samalas eruption; may have triggered the Little Ice Age [2]7 / Baekdu Mountain Balhae (China – North Korea border) ~946 AD 0.001047Tianchi eruption6 Katla Iceland 934-940 AD 0.001076 Eldgjá eruption6Ceboruco Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 930 AD 0.0010866Dakataua Bismarck Volcanic Arc 800 AD 0.0012166Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 710 AD 0.0013066Mount Churchilleastern Alaska, USA 700 AD 0.0013166Rabaul caldera Bismarck Volcanic Arc 540 AD 0.0014766Lake Ilopango Central America Volcanic Arc 450 AD 0.0015666Ksudach Kamchatka Peninsula 240 AD 0.0017767Taupo Volcano Taupo Volcanic Zone 230 AD 0.001786Hatepe eruption5Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 79 AD 0.001937Pompeii eruption6Mount Churchilleastern Alaska, USA 60 AD 0.0019566 Ambrym Vanuatu 50 AD 0.0019666Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc 50 BC 0.0020656 Mount Okmok Aleutian Islands 100 BC 0.0021156 Raoul Island Kermadec Islands 250 BC 0.0022655Mount Meager massif Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 400 BC 0.002415Bridge River Ash5Mount Tongariro Taupo Volcanic Zone 550 BC 0.0025656 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 1050 BC 0.0030655Avachinsky Kamchatka Peninsula 1350 BC 0.003365 tephra layer IIAV36Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 1370 BC 0.0033856Taupo Volcano Taupo Volcanic Zone 1460 BC 0.0034755Avachinsky Kamchatka Peninsula 1500 BC 0.0035157 Youngest Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 1610 BC 0.003625Minoan eruption6 Mount Aniakchak Aleutian Range 1645 BC 0.0036606 Mount Veniaminof Aleutian Range 1750 BC 0.0037656Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1860 BC 0.0038756Mount Hudson Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 1890 BC 0.0039256 Black Peak Aleutian Range 1900 BC 0.0039156 Long Island (Papua New Guinea) Bismarck Volcanic Arc 2040 BC 0.0040757 Cerro Blanco (Argentina) Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 2300 BC 0.0043156Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 2420 BC 0.004435Avellino eruption5Avachinsky Kamchatka Peninsula 3200 BC 0.005215 tephra layer IAv20; AV36 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 3550 BC 0.0055656 Taal Volcano Luzon Volcanic Arc 3580 BC 0.0055955Haroharo Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 3580 BC 0.0055956Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 4000 BC 0.0060156Masaya Volcano Central America Volcanic Arc 4050 BC 0.0060655Avachinsky Kamchatka Peninsula 4340 BC 0.006355 tephra layer IAv12; AV46 Macauley Island Kermadec Islands 4360 BC 0.0063756Mount Hudson Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 4750 BC 0.0067656 Mount Aniakchak Aleutian Range 5250 BC 0.0072657 Kikai Caldera Ryukyu Islands 5284 BC 0.007299 Akahoya eruption6 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 5550 BC 0.007565 Ma-f, g, h, i, j eruption6 Tao-Rusyr Caldera Kuril Islands 5550 BC 0.0075655Mayor Island/Tuhua Taupo Volcanic Zone 5560 BC 0.0075757 Crater Lake (as Mount Mazama) Cascade Volcanic Arc 5677 BC 0.0076926Khangar Kamchatka Peninsula 5700 BC 0.0077156Crater Lake Cascade Volcanic Arc 5900 BC 0.0079155Avachinsky Kamchatka Peninsula 5980 BC 0.007995 tephra layer IAv16 Menengai East African Rift 6050 BC 0.0080655Haroharo Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 6060 BC 0.0080757Kurile Lake Kamchatka Peninsula 6440 BC 0.008455Ilinsky eruption6Karymsky (volcano)Kamchatka Peninsula 6600 BC 0.0086156Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 6940 BC 0.008955Mercato eruption6 Fisher Caldera Aleutian Islands 7420 BC 0.0094356 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 7460 BC 0.0094756 Lvinaya Past Kuril Islands 7480 BC 0.0094955Rotoma Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 7560 BC 0.0095755Ko'olau Range Honolulu Volcanic Series 8000 BC 0.0100157 Semisopochnoi Island Aleutian Islands 8000 BC 0.0100155Taupo Volcano Taupo Volcanic Zone 8130 BC 0.0101456 Grímsvötn Iceland 8230 BC 0.0102456Nevado de Toluca Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 0.0105 Ma Upper Toluca Pumice6 Ulleungdo South Korea 8750 BC 0.0107655Mount Tongariro Taupo Volcanic Zone 9450 BC 0.0114655Taupo Volcano Taupo Volcanic Zone 9460 BC 0.0114755Mount Tongariro Taupo Volcanic Zone 9650 BC 0.0116656 Sakurajima Kyūshū 0.0128 Ma Satsuma Tuff6 Laacher See Eifel hotspot 0.0129 Ma5Phlegrean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 0.015 Ma Campanian Tuff5Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 0.016 Ma Green Pumice6 Emmons Lake caldera Aleutian Range 0.017 Ma6Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 0.0183 Ma Basal Pumice? Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 0.021 Ma8Taupo Volcano Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.0245 Ma Oruanui eruption? Laguna Caldera Luzon Volcanic Arc 0.027-29 Ma? Menengai East African Rift 0.029 Ma7? Mount Batur Sunda Arc 0.0293 Ma Ubud Ignimbrite7 Aira Caldera Kyūshū 0.03 Ma Irito Ignimbrite6Morne Diablotins Lesser Antilles island arc 0.03 Ma Grand Savanne Ignimbrite7 Gorely Kamchatka Peninsula 0.38 Ma7Phlegrean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 0.039 Ma Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption7 Lake Kussharo Hokkaidō 0.03931 Ma Kutcharo Shoro Ash7 Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas Kamchatka Peninsula 0.396 Ma5Galeras Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 0.04 Ma6 Irosin Caldera Luzon 0.041 Ma7 Kurile Lake Kamchatka Peninsula 0.0415 Ma Golygin eruption7 Lake Shikotsu Hokkaidō, Japan 0.04396 Ma7 Okataina Volcanic Complex Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.05 Ma Rotoiti Ignimbrite7 Maninjau Caldera Sunda Arc 0.052 Ma? Skaros Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 0.07 Ma8 Lake Toba Caldera Sunda Arc 0.073 Ma Youngest Toba Tuff7? Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 0.081 Ma Inararo Tuff7 Lago de Atitlán Central America Volcanic Arc 0.084 Ma Los Chocoyos eruption7 Mount Aso Kyūshū 0.09 Ma Aso-4 Ignimbrite7 Kikai Caldera Ryukyu Islands 0.095 Ma Tozurahara eruption6 Sierra La Primavera Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 0.095 Ma Tala Tuff7 Ata Caldera Kyūshū 0.105 Ma Ata eruption7 Akademia Nauk Kamchatka 0.11 Ma Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite7 Lake Tōya Hokkaidō 0.1135 Ma7 Lake Kussharo Hokkaidō 0.1175 Ma Kutcharo Haboro Ash7 Mount Aso Kyūshū 0.13 Ma Aso-3 Ignimbrite? Yellowstone Caldera Yellowstone hotspot 0.070-150 Ma magmatic6 Mount Aso Kyūshū 0.141 Ma Aso-2 Ignimbrite7Calabozos Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 0.15 Ma Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S5 Galeras Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 0.15 Ma7Kos-Nisyros Caldera South Aegean Volcanic Arc 0.161 Ma Kos Plateau Tuff7 Yellowstone Caldera Yellowstone hotspot 0.17 Ma Bluff Point Tuff7 Lake Akan Hokkaidō 0.175 Ma7 Southern Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 0.18 Ma7 Rotorua Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.23 Ma Mamaku Ignimbrite7 Maroa Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.23 Ma Ohakuri Ignimbrite7 Reporoa Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.23 Ma Kaingaroa Ignimbrite6 Emmons Lake caldera Aleutian Range 0.233 Ma7 Ata Caldera Kyūshū 0.24 Ma Torihama eruption7 Kapenga Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.24 Ma Ohakui Ignimbrite7 O'a Caldera Ethiopia 0.24 Ma Qi3 Pumice8 Whakamaru Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.254 Ma Whakamaru Ignimbrite6 Mount Aso Kyūshū 0.266 Ma Aso-1 Ignimbrite7 Haroharo Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.28 Ma Matahina Ignimbrite7 Kapenga Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.28 Ma Pakai Ignimbrite7 Lake Maninjau Sunda Arc 0.28 Ma6 Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas Kamchatka Peninsula 0.28 Ma7 Calabozos Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 0.3 Ma Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V7 Kapenga Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.3 Ma Chimpanzee Ignimbrite7 Mount Kirishima Kyūshū 0.325 Ma Kakutō Ignimbrite7 Lake Bracciano Lazio, Italy 0.37 Ma Mophi Tephra7? Suiendani Honshū 0.37 Ma6 Roccamonfina Caldera Campania, Italy 0.385 Ma7 Medvezhia Kuril Islands 0.41 Ma Medvezhia Ignimbrite7 Pauzhetka Caldera Kamchatka Peninsula 0.44 Ma Golygin Ignimbrite7 Aira Caldera Kyūshū 0.45 Ma Oda Ignimbrite7 Diamante Caldera Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 0.45 Ma7 Los Humeros México 0.46 Ma Xaltipan Ignimbrite7 Aira Caldera Kyūshū 0.5 Ma Yoshino Ignimbrite? Toba Caldera Sunda Arc 0.501 Ma Middle Toba Tuff7 Mount Kirishima Kyūshū 0.52 Ma Kobayashi Ignimbrite6 Galeras Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 0.56Ma7 Mount Kirishima Kyūshū 0.58 Ma Hiwaki Ignimbrite7 Hōhi Volcanic Zone Kyūshū 0.6 Ma Yufugawa Ignimbrite8 Yellowstone Caldera Yellowstone hotspot 0.64 Ma Lava Creek Tuff7 Acatlán Volcanic Field México 0.65 Ma Acatlán Ignimbrite7 Hōhi Volcanic Zone Kyūshū 0.65 Ma Seiganji-Toga Tephra7 Kamitakara Honshū 0.65 Ma7 Kapenga Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.68 Ma Matahana A7 Kapenga Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.71 Ma Waiotapu Ignimbrite7Long Valley Calderaeastern California, USA 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff7 Kapenga Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.83 Ma Matahana B7Calabozos Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 0.84 Ma Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L7 Lake Toba Caldera Sunda Arc 0.84 Ma Oldest Toba Tuff7 Shishimuta Caldera Kyūshū 0.87 Ma Imaichi Ignimbrite7 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.95 Ma Marshall Ignimbrite7 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 0.97 Ma Unit E7 North Vate Vanuatu 1 Ma Efaté Pumice Formation7 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 1 Ma Rocky Hill Ignimbrite7 Shishimuta Caldera Kyūshū 1 Ma Yabakei Ignimbrite7 Tamagawa Caldera Honshū 1 Ma7 Tōnohetsuri Calderas Honshū 1 Ma Saigō Ignimbrite7 Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera Hokkaidō 1 Ma8 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 1.01 Ma Kidnappers Ignimbrite7Kulshan Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.12 Ma Lake Tapps Tephra7 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 1.18 Ma Ahuroa Ignimbrite7 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 1.2 Ma Unit D7 Shishimuta Caldera Kyūshū 1.2 Ma Shikido Ignimbrite6 Toba Caldera Sunda Arc 1.2 Ma Haranggoal Dacite Tuff7 Tōnohetsuri Calderas Honshū 1.2 Ma Ashino Ignimbrite8 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 1.21 Ma Ongatiti Ignimbrite7Valles Caldera New Mexico, USA ( Raton hotspot) 1.22 Ma Upper Bandelier eruption7 Henry's Fork Caldera Yellowstone hotspot 1.3 Ma Mesa Falls Tuff7Puricó Complex Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 1.3 Ma Puricó Ignimbrite7 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 1.4 Ma Unit C7 Tōnohetsuri Calderas Honshū 1.4 Ma Kumado Ignimbrite7 Mount Tokachi Hokkaidō 1.4 Ma Tokachi Ignimbrite7 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 1.53 Ma Unit B7 Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone 1.55 Ma Unit A7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū 1.6 Ma Ōmine Ignimbrite7 Valles Caldera New Mexico, USA 1.61 Ma Lower Bandelier eruption7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū 1.65 Ma6Cerro Guacha Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex 1.7 Ma Puripica Chico ignimbrite7 Mount Hotakadake Honshū 1.75 Ma Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras7 Mount Hotakadake Honshū 1.76 Ma Nyūkawa Ignimbrite7 Karymshina Kamchatka 1.78 Ma7 Valles Caldera New Mexico, USA 1.78 Ma San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite7 Lake Atitlán Central America Volcanic Arc 1.8 Ma7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū 1.88 Ma Kitazawa Ignimbrite7 Mount Tokachi Hokkaidō 1.9 Ma Biei Ignimbrite7 Tamagawa Caldera Honshū 2 Ma7 Mount Hotakadake Honshū 2 Ma Sonehara Ignimbrite7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū 2 Ma Nyūnomi Ignimbrite7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū 2 Ma Ichiuda Ignimbrite7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū 2 Ma Reishōji Ignimbrite7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū 2 Ma Ht-3 Ignimbrite8 Island Park Caldera Yellowstone hotspot 2.1 Ma Huckleberry Ridge Tuff7 Mount Jiigatake Honshū 2.18 Ma Taniguchi Ignimbrite8Cerro Galán Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 2.2 Ma Cerro Galán Ignimbrite7 Hiwada Caldera Honshū 2.8 Ma Hotokezawa Ignimbrite7Pastos Grandes Caldera Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 2.9 Ma Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite7 Cerro Guacha Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex 3.5 Ma Tara Ignimbrite7 Yunosawa Caldera Honshū 3.5 Ma Obirakiyama Tuff8Pacana Caldera Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 4 Ma Atana Ignimbrite8 Heise volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot 4.45 Ma Kilgore Tuff? Heise volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot 5.51 Ma Conant Creek Tuff8 Cerro Guacha Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex 5.7 Ma Guacha ignimbrite7Cerro Panizos Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 6.1 Ma Panizos Ignimbrite? Heise volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot 6.27 Ma Walcott Tuff8 Heise volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot 6.62 Ma Blacktail Tuff7 Black Mountain Caldera Southwest Nevada volcanic field 7 Ma Thirsty Canyon Tuff7 Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 8.3 Ma Sifon Ignimbrite? Twin Falls volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot 8.6 to 10 Ma? Picabo volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot 10.09 and 10.21 Ma Arbon Valley Tuffs8Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera Yellowstone hotspot 10.0 to 12.5 Ma Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption7 Timber Mountain caldera complex Southwest Nevada volcanic field 11.45 Ma Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member8 Timber Mountain caldera complex Southwest Nevada volcanic field 11.6 Ma Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member8 Paintbrush Caldera Southwest Nevada volcanic field 12.7 Ma Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member8 Paintbrush Caldera Southwest Nevada volcanic field 12.8 Ma Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member7 Mount Sobo Kyūshū 12.8 Ma7 Mount Katamuki Kyūshū 13 Ma7 Silent Canyon caldera complex Southwest Nevada volcanic field 13 Ma Belted Range Tuff7 Crater Flat Group Southwest Nevada volcanic field 13.25 Ma Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member? Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot 12.8 to 13.9 Ma8 Ōdai Caldera Honshū 13.7 Ma Murō Ignimbrite8Mount Ōkue Kyūshū 13.7 Ma Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex7 Mount Ishizuchi Shikoku 14 Ma7 Shitara Caldera Honshū 13.1 to 15.1 Ma8 Kumano Caldera Honshū 14.4 Ma Kumano Acidic rock6 Campi Flegrei Campanian volcanic arc 14.9 Ma Neapolitan Yellow Tuff8 Source unknown Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 15 Ma Huaylillas Ignimbrite7 Mc Dermitt volcanic field, North Yellowstone hotspot 15 Ma Whitehorse Creek Tuff8Mount Osuzu Kyūshū 15.1 Ma Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex? Lake Owyhee volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot? 15 to 15.5 Ma7 Mc Dermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot 15.6 Ma Longridge Tuff member 2-37 Mc Dermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot 15.6 Ma Longridge Tuff member 57 Mc Dermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot 15.7 Ma Double H Tuff7 Mc Dermitt volcanic field, North Yellowstone hotspot 15.8 Ma Trout Creek Mountains Tuff? Mc Dermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot 16 Ma Hoppin Peaks Tuff7 Mc Dermitt volcanic field, South Yellowstone hotspot 16.548 Ma Oregon Canyon Tuff? Northwest Nevada volcanic field Yellowstone hotspot? 15.5 to 16.5 Ma? Columbia River Basalt Group Yellowstone hotspot 17 Ma? Source unknown Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 19 Ma Oxaya Ignimbrites7 Mount Belknap Caldera Marysvale volcanic field 19 Ma Joe Lott member7 Monroe Peak Caldera Marysvale volcanic field 23 Ma Osiris Tuff8La Garita Caldera San Juan volcanic field 27.8 Ma Fish Canyon Tuff7 Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex Skukum Group50 Ma Further reading [ edit]Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid Ukstins Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; J. S. Marsh; Jodie A. Miller (2010). "The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth". Earth-Science Reviews. 102 (3–4): 207–229. Bibcode: 2010ESRv..102..207B. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.07.001."VOGRIPA". Lee Siebert; Tom Simkin; Paul Kimberly (2011). Volcanoes of the World. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520268777. References [ edit]^ "Undocumented volcano contributed to extremely cold decade from 1810-1819". Sciencedaily.com. 2009-12-07. Retrieved 2012-11-18.^ Space (2013-09-30). "Samalas in Indonesia Identified as Source of the 1257 A. D. 'Missing' Eruption". WIRED. Retrieved 2015-12-16. Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11): 3188–3203. Bibcode: 2009TSF...517.3188W. doi: 10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19. Supplementary Table I: "Supplementary Table to P. L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009) Major volcanic eruptions and provinces" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16. Supplementary Table II: "Supplementary References to P. L. Ward, Thin Solid Films (2009)" (PDF). Teton Tectonics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-20. Retrieved 2010-03-16. "Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-04-17. [ hide]v t e Volcano topics Topics Decade Volcanoes Prediction of volcanic activity Volcanic Explosivity Index Volcanic Seven Summits Volcanic winter Volcano Number Volcano observatory Lists Currently erupting volcanoes Extraterrestrial volcanoes Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province Largest volcanic eruptions Earth timeline Quaternary volcanic eruptions Volcanic eruption deaths Categories: Geology-related lists Lists of volcanoes Cenozoic volcanism |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.height scales | . WS700 - Floor Model Without Weighing Scale Height Measuring Scale. Floor model without weighing scale. Measuring range : 20-205cm VIDEO Ask for Price WS703 - Floor Model With Digital Weighing Scale Height Measuring Scale. Floor model with DIGITAL weighing scale. Measuring range : 20-205cm Ask for Price WS706 - Floor Model With Mechanical Weighing Scale Height Measuring Scale. Floor Model With Mechanical Weighing Scale Measuring range : 20-205cm VIDEO Ask for Price WS708 - Height Measuring scale, Wall mounted Height Measuring Scale, Wall mounted Measuring Range : 60-200 cm Ask for Price WS041 - Baby Height Measuring Board, Wooden, Collapsible Height Measurement Range : 0 - 130cm Minimum Division : 1 mm Minimum Order Qty. 100 pcs. Ask for Price WS2010 - Weighing Scale, Mechanical Column Type For Adults Eye level sliding weights Capacity: 0-160kgs with 100g graduations Height measuring rod, range 75 to 200cm / division 5mm Large non-slip platform Robust manufacture, corrosion protected. Ask for Price Item Code Capacity WS2010 Capacity: 0-160kgs with 100g graduations WS2012 Same as above but the capacity 200 Kg. x 100 gms. graduation. WS021 - Height Measuring Scale (Infant) / Infantometer Sleek broad acrylic base with one sliding side adjustable as per length of baby, dual scale for direct reading in cms / inches upto 90cm, folding sides for easy storage, baby can comfortably lay on the chest of the scale. VIDEO BUY NOWBulk Buy Retail Item Code Size WS021 Size 18” x 5” (Length x Width). WS025 Size 18” x 7” (Length x Width). WS044 - Stature Meter Measuring Range : 0-220cm Division Value : 0.1cm Minimum Order Qty. 200 pcs. BUY NOWBulk Buy Retail WS045 - Stature Meter Measuring Range : 0-200cm Division Value : 0.1cm Minimum Order Qty. 200 pcs. BUY NOWBulk Buy Retail WS2042 - Weighing Scale, Standing, Adult, Digital with Height Rod Capacity : 300 Kg x 0.1 Kg Height Rod : 60 - 205 cm LCD Display 1.4"Platform Dimensions : 310 x 310mm Functions : Weight Measurement, BMI, BSA, Weight lock, Tare Features : Integrated BSA (Body Surface Area) and BMI (Body Mass Index) Function Sturdy Metal Platform Low Battery Consumption Non Skid Platform Surface Measures in Kilogram or Pounds Column mounted display and controls MOQ : 50 pcs BUY NOWBulk Buy Retail WS026 - Height Measuring Rod for babies Ask for Price Item Code Title WS026 Measuring Range : 0-96cm Height Measuring Scales- Manufacturer and Exporters of Height Measuring Scales, Height Scale, Height Weight Scales for Child, Infant & Adult, Manufacturer, Exporter, India. Trust NET brand for Surgical Instruments, Medical Supplies, Hospital Equipments, Laboratory Products & Goods. | . This Account has been suspended. Contact your hosting provider for more information. |
Given a web search query, retrieve relevant documents that answer the query.what medications can you use for neuropathy | Pain Medicines for Diabetic Neuropathy - Topic Overview Pain Medicines for Diabetic Neuropathy - Topic Overview Articles On Pain Medicines for Diabetic Neuropathy Topic Overview Related Information Credits Medicines used to relieve pain caused by damage from diabetes to the nerves that supply sensation and touch ( peripheral neuropathy) may include: Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline, desipramine, and imipramine. Duloxetine ( Cymbalta ), which is an antidepressant. It may cause dry mouth, nausea, constipation, diarrhea, and sometimes dizziness and hot flashes. Anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, gabapentin, and pregabalin. Anticonvulsants are also frequently prescribed to reduce pain linked with diabetic neuropathy. Lidocaine or mexiletine. Lidocaine comes as a patch that you can put on your skin where the pain is the worst. Mexiletine is an oral medicine similar to lidocaine. Both medicines are used to relieve pain caused by neuropathy. Capsaicin cream. Capsaicin is a substance contained in cayenne peppers. Although it may not provide complete pain relief, it may help relieve minor pain in some people. Capsaicin cream is applied directly to the skin over the painful area. Nonprescription pain relievers. These include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. Although they may provide some temporary pain relief, they are not effective for long-term treatment of severe pain. Note: People with diabetes need to be especially careful when taking NSAIDs because these medicines may upset kidney function. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label. Narcotic pain relievers such as oxycodone, which may reduce moderate to severe pain from diabetic neuropathy. But narcotics are usually only given to people who do not have a personal or family history of addiction. Narcotics may also cause side effects that could make symptoms of autonomic neuropathy worse. So narcotics are not often the first type of medicine tried for symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. Continue Reading Belowyou might like If you begin taking an antidepressant or an anticonvulsant medicine for pain, it may take several weeks to see whether it is working. The dose may have to be adjusted more than once to find the best balance between pain relief and medicine side effects. No matter what you or your doctor try, you may not be pain-free. Your doctor may recommend using two or more drugs together to control your pain best. Be clear with your doctor about what is working and what is not. Together you and your doctor can find the best combination of medicine and other treatments to help you the most. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an advisory on antidepressant medicines and the risk of suicide. Talk to your doctor about these possible side effects and the warning signs of suicide. Web MD Medical Reference from Healthwise This information is not intended to replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any liability for the decisions you make based on this information. © 1995-2015 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. Next In Pain Medicines for Diabetic Neuropathy Related Information | . Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. If you log out, you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit. Log out Cancel |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.